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I 


aV 


APPLETONS' 


ANNUAL   CYCLOPEDIA 


AND 


REGISTER  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS 


OF  THE  TEAS 


1878. 


ElTORACiyG  POLITICAL,  CIVIL,  MILITARY,  AND  SOCIAL  AFFAIRS;  PUBLIC  DOCU- 
MENTS; BIOGRAPHY,  STATISTICS,  COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  LITERATURE, 
SCIENCE,  AGRICULTURE,  AND  MECHANICAL  INDUSTRY. 


NEW    SEKIES,   VOL.    III. 


WHOLE  SERIES,  VOL.  XVHI. 


NEW  YORK: 
D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY, 

1,  8,  AND   6    BOND    STREET. 

1885. 


COPTBIOHT  BT 

D.    APPLETON   AND   COMPANY, 

1879. 


.  .?.9i-3 


PREFACE. 


••• 


Tmfl  volume  of  the  Annual  "Cyclopaedia"  is  the  third  of  the  new  series 
and  the  eighteenth  of  the  whole  series.  The  plan  of  this  work  comprises  the 
world's  history  during  the  year  in  every  department  of  human  affairs  of  suffi- 
cient importance  to  be  permanently  recorded. 

A  special  article  is  devoted  to  the  affairs  of  each  country,  which  contains  a 
sketch  of  its  history  during  the  year,  whether  it  is  at  peace  or  at  war,  in  a  state 
of  quiet  or  of  revolution,  and  full  official  and  reliable  information  on  its  area, 
population,  religion,  education,  army  and  navy,  commerce,  industry,  militaiy 
affairs,  the  public  questions  agitated,  and  the  reforms  effected.  (See  the  titles 
of  all  countries.)  No  efforts  are  spared  to  secure  the  fullest  information  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  and  it  is  considered  that  in  its  several  departments  the 
work  may  be  safely  consulted  as  the  completest  and  most  reliable  book  of  refer- 
ence. 

The  details  of  American  affairs  in  these  pages  embrace  the  speeches  and  pro- 
ceedings of  Congress  on  the  important  questions  of  silver  remonetization,  re- 
gumption  />f  specie  payments,  the  use  of  the  army,  etc.  (see  Conobess)  ;  the 
administration  of  the  Federal  Government  (see  Untied  States)  ;  its  army  and 
navy  (see  Ajonr  and  Navy)  ;  the  successful  progress  of  its  finances  to  a  specie 
basis;  the  revenue  from  commerce  and  internal  taxation;  the  demand  for 
Government  paper  money  (see  Finances);  the  organization  of  the  National 
party  and  its  principles ;  the  unusual  commercial  activity ;  the  labor  movements 
in  several  States,  especially  Massachusetts  and  California,  with  the  details  of  the 
Chinese  question ;  the  finances  of  the  States ;  their  debts  and  resources ;  their 
educational,  charitable,  and  reformatory  institutions ;  the  struggles  of  their  in- 
debted cities  and  counties ;  the  various  political  conventions  of  the  year,  with 
their  nominationg  and  resolutions ;  the  results  of  elections ;  the  proceedings  of 
State  L^islatures  on  a  number  of  local  questions  of  importance ;  the  extension  of 
railroads  and  telegraphs,  and  all  those  improvements  involved  in  the  peaceful 
and  rapid  progress  of  the  country,  for  which  see  each  of  the  respective  States. 

In  the  Old  World  the  year  1878  marks  a  turning-point  of  its  history.  The 
reconstruction  of  Eastern  Europe,  long  recognized  by  European  diplomatists  as 
an  unavoidable  necessity,  was  begun  in  earnest.  By  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  Bou- 
mania  and  Servia  have  been  added  to  the  list  of  independent  states ;  Bulgaria 
has  actually  become  independent ;  Eastern  Boumeh'a  has  received  the  hope  of 
future  independence,  which  decaying  Tm*key  can  not  withhold  for  any  length 
of  time ;  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  will  be  reorganized  by  Austria ;  Greece  has 
been  promised  an  increase  of  territory ;  Bussia  has  gained  new  regions,  both  in 
Europe  and  Asia,  which  she  considered  of  strategical  importance.  Turkey,  at 
last  comprehending  the  danger  of  an  entire  decomposition,  has  purchased  the 


iv  PREFACE. 

promise  of  English  aid  by  the  cession  of  Cyprus  and  the  pledge  of  internal  re 
forms.  For  these  important  changes,  see  the  articles  Eastebn  Question,  Turkey, 
BouMANiA,  Sebvia,  Cypbus,  Gbeece,  Buloabia,  and  the  map  of  Turkey.  The 
peaceful  change  of  rulers  in  France  and  the  rapid  advance  of  its  republicanism ; 
the  civil  struggles  in  Germany  to  withstand  the  growing  weight  of  the  empire ; 
the  frightful  internal  disorders  threatening  Russia ;  the  demise  of  the  venerable 
Pius  IX.,  and  the  peaceful  inauguration  of  his  successor,  with  the  declaration  of 
his  policy,  are  fully  described  under  the  appropriate  titles. 

A  complete  view  of  the  various  departments  of  internal  commerce  and  the 
commercial  prosperity  of  the  country,  and  the  astonishing  development  of  its 
manufacturing  industry,  will  be  found  under  the  title  Commebce,  Internal, 
while  the  vast  agricultural  crops  of  the  respective  States  are  noticed  under  the 
title  of  each. 

The  advance  in  astronomical  and  chemical  science,  and  the  inventions  and 
improvements  in  other  branches,  as  the  electric  light,  the  megaphone,  microphone, 
etc.,  etc.,  are  fully  and  carefully  set  forth,  with  numerous  illustrations. 

The  article  on  the  United  States  Life-saving  Service  (see  Sebvice),  with 
illustrations  of  every  important  step,  is  by  Mr.  William  D.  O'Connor,  Assistant 
General  Superintendent  of  that  service,  and  has  been  read  and  approved  by  the 
General  Superintendent,  Mr.  S.  I.  Kimball. 

The  article  on  Meteorology  is  from  the  pen  of  Professor  C.  Abbe,  a  member 
of  the  Signal  Service  Department. 

The  great  engineering  enterprises  of  the  worid  in  progress  are  f uUy  de- 
scribed, and  also  numerous  mechanical  improvements. 

The  narrative  of  geographical  discoveries  in  the  different  parts  of  the  world 
is  very  complete ;  also  under  the  title  Earth  are  presented  summaries  of  the 
large  divisions  of  the  globe  according  to  the  latest  statistics. 

The  record  of  Literature  and  Literary  Progress  in  the  United  States  and  in 
each  of  the  countries  of  Europe  is  extensive  and  important. 

The  results  of  the  World's  Exhibition  at  Paris  are  presented  in  a  summary 
but  very  complete  manner. 

As  Turkey  has  been  for  centuries  the  recognized  leader  of  Mohammedanism, 
the  late  Eastern  war  has  dealt  a  severe  blow  to  that  religious  belief.  Its  recent 
history,  present  condition,  and  the  progressive  decay  apparent,  have  been  de- 
scribed. 

Special  articles  on  the  great  religious  divisions  and  denominations  constitute 
probably  the  only  religious  history  of  the  year  now  accessible  in  the  English 
language. 

In  the  biographical  department  is  a  full  sketch  of  the  new  President  of  the 
French  Republic,  and  obituary  notices  of  eminent  persons  of  all  countries  de- 
ceased during  the  year. 

Abstracts  of  important  legal  decisions  in  various  States  are  herein  given. 

Besides  numerous  illustrated  articles,  the  volume  contains  steel  portraits  of 
William  Cullen  Bryrant,  Professor  Joseph  Henry,  and  Queen  Victoria. 

All  important  documents,  messages,  orders,  and  letters  from  officials  and 
'  others,  have  been  inserted  entire. 


APPLETOKS' 

ANNUAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


♦»♦ 


A 


ADVEin'ISTS.  Sbvshth-Dat  Advknt- 
Br&. — ^Tbe  seyenteenth  aannal  session  of  the 
General  Ckmferenee  of  the  Seventh-Day  Ad- 
ventists  was  held  at  Battle  Greek,  Miohigao, 
beginning  October  14th.  Elder  James  White 
presided.  The  following  statistics  of  the  con- 
dition of  the  denomination  were  presented : 


co?mcBSNCia. 

i 

1 

1 

1 

jUiijiit 

8 
7 
9 
8 
9 

91 
4 
8 
9 

14 

18 
4 
& 
8 
9 
8 
1 

.. 
9 

•  • 

•  • 

1 

9 

7 

8 

5 

10 

19 

4 

18 

7 

S 

5 
9 
8 
8 
6 
9 
0 
6 

•• 

■  • 

8 

16 

98 

91 

40 

14 

108 

19 

47 

95 

51 

79 

14 

96 

99 

6 

5 

4 

8 

16 

9 

• . 

5 

819 

Tmaont     tt 

695 

Vtv  durlsnd 

460 

Sr«ir  Tmind  Pennflylranift. . . . 
<Mo.           

850 
896 

Vvliiran              .r-r 

8,908 

iTHftglft                     •     ■......»•-» 

'880 

yji^anrfu - 

1,166 

Ufe^      ,      ,,.-,.,-, 

700 

IftHMW^II                           

860 

lam%. and  ISLtStaemA^ 

VXX) 

W^^pwyi                              ,.  r. 

^65 

696 

riBitL.  .-1*  ^ 

740 

Keatecky  and  TeBneaaee 

79 
915 

Tfxsa  Minkm   ■  ■ . . 

150 

toMnI  e^oatbern  Mission 

69 
900 

SeraiftMiwioo 

45 

r<J<w«iln  'U'lulnn 

80 

Hkmh  MlMkHiu 

80 

Total 

117 
106 

154 
97 

549 
478 

18,077 

AAKiTiB  ia  13TT 

11,708 

GaiB  dnrfa^  thie  jear 

11 

57 

71 

1,969 

The  total  amoant  of  the  pledges  for  sjste- 
matio  benerolence  was  $47,687.29.  A  new 
Conference  in  Nebraska,  called  the  Nebraska 
Conference,  and  the  North  Pacific  Oonference, 
v€re  recognized  and  admitted  to  representa- 
tion in  the  General  Oonference.  The  bodies 
of  Seventh-Daj  Adyentist  belicTers  in  Ne- 
Tida  and  Virginia  were  taken  nnder  the 
▼ateh-care  of  the  General  Oonference.  In 
mswer  to  applications  from  Oalifornia,  His- 
toQii,  Kansas^  Dakota,  and  Ohio  for  help  in 

Vol.  mn. — 1    A 


bnilding  up  and  strengthening  the  churches  of 
the  denomination,  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  consider  what  coidd  be  done  toward  sup- 
plying the  wants  of  those  districts^  "  and  those 
of  anj  other  portion  of  the  field  m  like  situa- 
tion, according  to  their  appeals  and  requests." 
The  general  circulation  of  the  works  called 
**  The  Spirit  of  Prophecy  "  and  "  The  Testi- 
monies" was  recommended:  and  the  Tract 
Societies  were  advised  to  make  special  efforts 
to  place  them  in  the  library  of  each  church, 
and  in  the  hands  of  scattered  brethren.  The 
General  Ooi^erence  Oommittee  were  charged 
with  the  consideration  of  the  subject  of  print- 
ing sermons  on  the  principal  points  of  the  de- 
nominational faith,  to  be  written  by  Elder 
James  White,  for  the  use  of  readers,  colpor- 
teurs, visitors,  and  others.  The  opening  of  a 
mission  in  Great  Britain  was  decided  upon, 
and  a  missionary  was  appointed  to  that  neld. 
A  committee  of  three  was  appointed  to  take 
the  sapervision  of  the  entire  work  in  Europe, 
with  the  understanding  that  they  should  act 
in  harmony  with  the  General  Oonference  and 
under  its  direction. 

Meetings  of  the  General  Tract  a/nd  M%a- 
9uma/ry  Society^  the  Educational  Society^  the 
PMuhing  Aeeoeiation^  the  General  Satibath- 
School  Asaociation,  and  the  Health-B^orm  In" 
ititute  were  held  in  connection  with  the  Gen- 
eral Oonference.  The  receipts  of  the  Tract 
and  Missionary  Societies  in  the  several  Oonfer- 
ences  had  been  in  the  aggregate  $12,818.67, 
and  they  returned  142  districts  of  operation 
and  5,462  members,  with  10,246  subscribers  to 
the  periodicals  of  the  society.  The  Oonfer- 
ence agents  had  distributed  62,710  "  annuals," 
188,261  periodicals^  and  6,296,802  pages  of 
tracts.  A  tract  society  having  been  organized 
in  Europe,  a  report  was  made  from  it  of  which 
the  following  is  a  summary :  Number  of  mem- 
bers, including  those  in  Germany,  Italy,  France, 
Egypt,  and  Switzerland,  201 ;  missionary  vis- 
its, 840;  letters  written,  108;  periodicals  dis- 


2  AFGHANISTAN. 

tribnted,  1,187 ;  pageH  of  tracts  distributed,  79,-  be  willing  to  go  ont  and  fight  wheneyerthe 
007 ;  monej  received,  $56.80.  The  receipts  jehad  should  be  proclaimed  and  a  part  of  the 
of  the  General  Tract  Society  during  the  year  country  allotted  to  tJiem  to  subdue,  objected 
had  been  $447.16,  and  its  expenditures  $455.-  to  being  brought  under  the  restrictions  of  a 
08.  The  larger  part  of  the  expense  had  been  regular  soldier^s  life.  In  some  cases  the  Ameer 
incurred  for  publications,  which  had  been  sent  induced  concurrence  with  his  plans  by  sobsi- 
to  nearly  all  the  Southern  States,  and  to  Eng-  dizdng  the  petty  chiefs  with  acceptable  gifts, 
land,  Holland,  Italy,  and  Africa,  and,  by  means  He  is  reported  to  have  said,  on  taking  leave  of 
of  agents  in  those  places,  to  ail  parts  of  the  some  of  the  minor  chiefs  wno  reside  near  Brit- 
civilized  world.  ish  territory :  *^  Ton  should  remain  outwardly 

The  Treasurer  of  the  Educational  Society  on  good  terms  with  the  English,  and  try  to  get 

reported  that  the  total  value  of  the  property  as  much  money  from  them  as  you  can.    Bnt 

of  the  Society  was  $52,259.79,  or,  deducting  be  sure  you  do  not  let  them  become  acquainted 

for  the  amount  of  debts  against  the  same,  with  your  mountain  retreats.    Manage  to  get 

$44,582.26.     The  receipts  for  the  year  had  back  tbe  hostages  you  have  given,  and  bind 

been  $10,499.89.     Resolutions  were  adopted  yourselves  only  on  personal  responsibility.^*  In 

recommending  the  selection  of  fifty   young  connection  with  these  measures,  the  Ameer  be- 

men  who  should  become  students  at  Battle  gan  to  rebuild  the  fort  near  Ali  Musjid.  close  to 

Creek  College,  to  prepare  for  the  ministry,  the  Khyber  Fass^  and  about  two  marcnes  from 

those  of  them  who  need  help  to  be  assisted  by  Peshawer.    In  June  rumors  became  prevalent 

loans  of  money  without  interest,  and  of  fifty  that  the  Ameer  was  massing  troops  on  the  firon- 

young  women  to  be  similarly  assisted  in  pre-  tier  of  Afghanistan,  and  was  trymg  to  intrigue 

paring  themselves  for  missionary  work ;  and  with  the  nobles  who  were  hostile  to  the  pres- 

that  efforts  be  made  to  raise  a  reserve  fuud  of  ence  of  the  English  troops  at  Eelat  and  Quet- 

five  thousand  dollars  for  each  of  these  purposes,  ta,  and  who  disapproved  of  the  friendliness  of 

The  receipts  of  the  Publishing  Association  the  Khan  of  Eelat  toward  the  British  Govern- 

for  the  year  had  been  $288,071.88,  and  its  ment    Evidence  of  the  unfriendly  disposition 

property  was  valued,  clear  of  debts,  at  $99,-  of  the  Ameer  was  given  by  the  publication 

112.68.    It  published  three  English,  one  Da-  at  Constantinople,  in  July,  of  a  letter  which 

nish,  and  one  Swedish  periodical,  which,  to-  he  had  addressed  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  in 

gether  with  the  publications  of  the  Californian  January,  in  which  he  expressed  regret  that  the 

and  Swiss  publishing  houses,  had  an  aggregate  English  had  remained  neutral  in  the  Russo- 

monthly  circulation  of  67,676  copies.  Turkish  war ;  advised  the  Sultan  that  the  Rus- 

The  receipts  of  the  Health-Reform  Institute  sians,  while  they  were  as  energetic  as  the  Eng- 

for  the  year  had  been  $185,228.87.    Its  prop-  lisb,  surpassed  them  in  real  friendship ;  de- 

erty  was  valued,  above  all  liabilities,  at  $67,-  clared  that  he  was  convinced  that  the  Russians 

591.56.    There  had  been  615  patients  treated  were  much  more  honest  and  sincere  than  the 

at  the  Institute,  and  its  gross  earnings  for  the  English;  and  begged  his  Majesty  "to  with- 

year  had  been  $82,000,  and  its  actual  gains  draw  from  the  English  alliance  and  to  ap- 

$15,000.  proach  Russia.-' 

The  meeting  of  the  General  Sabbath-School  About  the  same  time  it  was  noticed  that  the 

Association  was  the  first  in  its  history.    The  Russian  General  Eaufmann  had,  on  the  23d  of 

Secretary's  report  showed  that  auxiliary  asso-  June,  taken  the  command  of  an  expeditionary 

oiations  had  been  formed  in  twelve  of  the  dif-  force  to, march  through  Bokhara  to  the  upper 

ferent  Conferences.    Since  most  of  the  organi-  basin  of  the  Oxus.    The  "  Moscow  Gazette," 

zations  had  been  so  recently  formed,  their  re-  in  an  article  on  the  subject,  suggested  that  this 

ports  were  brief  and  incomplete.    Twelve  of  movement  might  be  the  Russian  answer  to  the 

them  (Michigan,   Iowa,    Kansas,  Wisconsin,  British  occupation  of  Cyprus,  and  showed  that 

New  England,  California,  Illinois,  Missouri,  the  presumea  destination  of  the  expedition  was 

Ohio,  Minnesota.  Vermont,  and  Indiana)  re-  hardly  more  than  four  hundred  versts,  or  twen^ 

ported  177  schools  and  5,851  members.  ty  days'  march,  from  the  British  possessions, 

AFGHANISTAN.    The  reports  of  the  in-  and  added :  "  England  has  constantly  shown 

temal  condition  of  Afghanistan  at  the  close  of  herself  Jealous  of  our  progress  in  Asia.    She 

1877  indicated  that  the  Ameer  was  endeavor-  knows  that  each  step  we  make,  each  new  dip- 

ing  to  combine  and  consolidate  his  forces,  and  lomatic  or  military  success  we  gain,  hastens 

to  carry  out  a  policy  which  would  eventually  the  moment  at  which  Russia  will  be  able  to 

reduce  the  divisions  of  his  state  and  give  it  a  extend  and  consolidate  her  influence  in  the 

more  compact  organization.    In  those  parts  of  countries  bordering  on  the  British  possessions, 

the  country  where  his  authority  was  accepted,  The  present  time  seems  very  favorable  for  a 

be  was  forming  an  army  on  the  system  of  com-  continuation  of  this  policy."    The  expedition 

pulsory  military  service,  by  forcing  one  man  was  supposed  to  be  aimed  at  Balkh,  a  point 

in  every  twenty  to  enlist.    Where  this  mea-  south  of  the  Oxus,  claimed  by  Shere  Ali  as  ar 

sure  could  not  be  carried  out,  a  poll  tax  was  Afghan  province,  and  lying  beyond  the  line 

levied.    Difficulty  was  experienced  in  getting  which  the  Russians  had  agreed  in  1878  that 

the  recruits  to  subject  themselves  to  dril^  they  would  not  pass.    The  menace  to  India 

since  the  new  levies,  while  they  professed  to  which  would  be  involved  in  a  Russian  oocupa- 


ATOHANISTAN.  8 

don  of  Baikh  was  mentioned  by  Lord  Olaren-  of  this  khanate  vonld  redaoe  th«  diatance  be- 

den  M  loDg  ago  as  1669,  when  in  his  cDrr»-  tween  the  Raaaian  and  English   frontiers  to 

nuDdeoEewitb  Prince  Gortchakoff  he  said  that  abont  826  miles,  b?  roads  easil;  passable  in 

Bilkb  codd  be  of  no  use  to  Russia  except  fur  SDmmer,  but  not  so  in  winter.    No  offlcial 

pDrposM  of  aegTession,  and  that  "  on  the  Bin-  news  was  given  reeptjcting  the  progress  of  the 

doo  Koosh  ue  British  possessions  might  be  expedition;  but  the  Russian  Agency iiabliHhed 

Tia>ed  u  a  traveler  on  the  summit  of  the  an  article  denying  the  statements  tliat  were 

Simpkin  might  sorrey  the  plains  of  Italy."    A  current  respecting  its  object,  and  professin); 

liter  and  more  definite  statement  of  the  ob-  that  they  related  to  old  oconcreoces  belonginjj 

jeds  of  the  Bastiao  expedition  represented  to  a  time  when  England  was  making  prepara- 

chtt  it  aimed  at  the  oooopation  of  the  six  tions  for  a  war  with  Rossia.     The  state  of 

miDor  khanates  between  the  soutbem  coarse  things  hod  ceased  with  the  causes  with  whicli 

of  the  AmOD  Darya  and  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  it  originated,  and  all  the  measnres  connected 

one  of  which,  Yakban.  was  acknowledged  to  therewith  bad  since  been  oonntermanded. 

be  feudatory  to  Afghanistan.    The  occnpation  A  Bnssian  mission,  consisting  of  three  En- 


ropttn  officers,  of  whom  the  chief  was  Oen-  senger  to  Tashkend.    This  embastiy  was  rep- 

tril  Stotietof^  accompanied  by  an  escort  of  resented  by  a  Rnsrian  diplomatist  to    have 

roaascks  and  Dzbecka,  reached  Cabool  on  the  been  ordered  a  long  time  l^efore  the  Con- 

!3dof  July,  and  was  received  bythe  Ameer  in  gress  of  Berlin,  when  the  Russian  relations 

iiriar,  when  the  chief  of  the  mission  deliv-  with  England  had  assamed  a  threatening  obar- 

tni  two  letters  to  the  Ameer — one  from  the  acter. 

(W.  ud  one  from  the  Govemor-Gieneral  of  1£.  Arminins  Yambfiry,  in  a  letter  written 

Tarkixtan.      On  the   !d  of    Aagnst   e,    grand  to  the  "AllgemeiDeZeitoog,"  represented  that 

reriew  was    held    in   honor  of  the  mission,  the  chief  oh^ect  of  this  Russisn  mission  was  to 

lo  which  troops  and  represeDtadves  had  been  establish  friendly  relations  between  Tashkeod 

nmmooed    from    all  parts   of   Afghanistan,  and  Cabool.    As  a  means  of  puttiog  prexsnre 

Afl«r  the  review,  the  Ameer  gave  ue  envoys  on  Shere  Ali  with  this  view,  Russia  was  hold- 

*nneo  replies  to  the  Rassian  letter,  which  ing  in  reserve  the  A^han  Prince  Abdurrahman 

were  immediatelr  sent  oS  by  a  special  mea-  Ehan,  a  relativeof  the  Araeer,andat  the  aame 


4  ATGHANISTAN. 

time  his  deadly  enemy.  Abdarrahman  had  for  before,  and  was  a  member  of  the  party  which 
some  time  been  residing  in  voluntary  esdle  at  aooompanied  Sir  Douglas  Forsyth  to  Yorkand 
Samarcand,  and  with  the  help  of  Bnssia  might  and  ^leishgar  in  1874. 
become  veiy  dangerous  to  Shore  Ali.  It  had  The  embassy  arrived  at  Simla  about  the  hi 
been  lately  reported  that  Russia  proposed  to  of  September.  An  envoy  had  been  sent  to  the 
exchange  Abdurrahman  for  Khndayar  Khan,  Ameer  at  Gabool  with  letters  announcing  the 
the  ex-ruler  of  Khokand,  who  had  escaped  dur-  intention  of  the  Governor-General  to  dispatch 
ing  the  preceding  winter  from  Orenburg  to  the  mission,  and  General  Chamberlain  and  his 
Cabool.  but  Ehudayar,  though  he  is  evidently  sti^  remained  near  the  frontier  for  several 
a  man  of  considerable  energy,  was  not  popular  days  awaiting  the  answer  of  the  Ameer.  The 
with  his  people,  who  had  thrice  expelled  him.  envoy,  Ghulam  Hussein  Khan,  who  was  per- 
from  their  country ;  and  M.  Yamb^ry  thought  sonally  well  known  and  popular  at  Cabool, 
the  Russians  were  not  likely  to  pat  themselves  having  resided  there  as  a  British  agent  fur 
to  any  trouble  to  get  him  again  into  their  hands,  several  years,  was  hospitably  received,  Sep- 
Abdurrahman,  on  the  other  hand,  was  very  tember  10th,  but  was  given  no  encouragement 
popular  in  northeastern  Afghanistan ;  and  by  concerning  the  object  of  his  visit ;  the  Ameer 
threatening  to  support  him  as  a  pretender  to  saying,  it  was  reported,  in  reference  to  the 
the  Afghan  throne,  Russia  could  at  any  mo-  Briti&  embassy,  tnat  if  he  chose  to  receive  a 
ment  secure  the  submisslveness  of  Shore  Ali  mission  he  would  himself  invite  it,  but  mean- 
to  its  wishes.  while  it  must  await  his  pleasure  at  Peshawer. 
A  special  mission  was  appointed  by  the  In-  Sir  Neville  Chamberlain,  having  learned  the 
dian  Government  in  August  to  proceed  to  Ca-  Ameer's  determination,  decided  to  proceed  on 
bool  for  the  purpose  of  opening  negotiations  his  expedition  without  waiting  tor  a  formal 
with  the  Ameer,  with  a  view,  among  its  other  answer.  He  left  Peshawer  on  the  21st  of  Sep- 
objects,  to  induce  the  Ameer  to  allow  a  British  tember  for  Jumrood,  a  point  in  British  terri- 
resident  to  remain  permanently  at  his  capital  tory  close  to  the  Afghan  frontier,  while  M^or 
It  was  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant-Gen-  Cavagnari  of  his  st^  was  dispatched  with  an 
eral  Sir  Neville  Chamberlain,  who  was  accom-  escort  of  ^yberies  to  Ali  Musjid,  a  station  in 
panied  by  several  other  officers  and  a  doctor,  Afghan  territory,  to  ask  for  a  safe  passage 
and  numbered,  with  his  retinue  of  escorts,  from  the  Ameer's  officer.  The  Afghan  officer 
{guides,  and  bearers,  about  one  thousand  men.  gave  a  courteous  but  decided  refusal  to  the 
Sir  Neville  Chamberlain,  the  chief  of  this  mis-  British  request  After  spending  three  hoars 
sion,  is  an  officer  of  the  Indian  service,  whose  in  parleying  with  the  Af^an,  M^jor  Cavagnari 
military  career  began  with  the  former  Afghan  returned  to  Jumrood.  The  embassy  then  re- 
war,  where,  although  he  was  hardly  more  than  tired  to  Peshawer,  in  obedience  to  instructions 
a  boy,  he  served  with  great  honor,  and  gained  telegraphed  from  the  Viceroy,  after  which  it 
a  high  reputation  for  gallantry.  He  was  soon  was  dissolved.  Ghulam  Hussein  Khan,  the 
made  commander  of  a  regiment  of  irregalar  Viceroy's  envoy,  was  recalled  from  Cabool, 
cavalry,  and  rose  by  rapid  steps  to  the  com-  and  orders  were  issued  for  the  concentration 
mand  of  the  Panjaub  frontier  force,  a  body  of  of  troops  on  the  Afghan  frontier.  ReSnforce- 
about  eleven  regiments  of  infantry  and  cavalry,  ments  were'  dispatched  for  the  garrison  at 
which  is  stationed  to  guard  the  line  of  the  Quetta ;  a  body  of  European  and  native  troops 
northwest  border,  is  directly  under  the  orders  was  stationed  at  Thull,  at  the  entrance  to  tlie 
of  the  Government  of  the  Punjaub,  and  has  Kuram  Valley :  a  reserve  force  was  collected 
been  engaged  in  almost  constant  conflict  with  at  Sukkur ;  and  the  Baroghil  and  Eorambar 
the  enemy.  From  this  command  he  was  called  Passes  were  occupied  by  the  troops  of  the 
during  the  mutiny  to  take  the  place  of  Colonel  Maharajah  of  Cashmere.  On  the  other  hand, 
Chester,  Adjutant-.General  of  the  Army,  who  the  Ameer  of  Af^anistan  threw  a  large  force 
was  killed  before  Delhi.  On  the  fall  of  Delhi  into  the  Ehyber  JPass,  having  a  little  i^ter  the 
he  returned  to  the  Punjaub,  whence  he  was  se-  middle  of  October,  as  was  estimated  at  that 
lected  to  command  the  troops  which  undertook  time,  collected  at  Ali  Musjid,  three  miles  from 
the  Umbeyla  compaign  of  1868.  He  was  here  the  British  station  at  Jumrood,  25,000  men. 
severely  wounded  for  the  eighth  time  during  The  Ameer  returned  by  the  envoy,  Nawab 
his  military  service,  and  the  campaign  was  com-  Ghulam  Hussein  Ehan,  a  reply  to  the  British 
pleted  by  Sir  John  Garvock.  General  Cham-  re<^uest,  which  Lord  Cranbrook,  in  a  dispatch 
berlain  after  these  events  retired  from  active  written  afterward,  characterized  as  evasive, 
service  to  the  more  quiet  but  highly  honorable  and  which  the  British  Government  refused  to 
position  of  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Madras  accept  as  Shore  All's  final  answer.  The  Brit- 
Army,  which  he  held  at  the  time  when  he  was  ish  Cabinet  then  instructed  the  Viceroy  of 
appointed  upon  the  mission  to  Cabool.  By  India  to  address  to  his  Highness  a  demand, 
reason  of  his  long  and  distinguished  service  *4n  temperate  language,"  requiring  a  full  and 
on  the  border,  it  is  said  *'  no  &iglish  name  is  suitable  apology  within  a  given  time  for  the 
better  known  or  more  respected  throughout  affront  he  had  offered  to  the  Imperial  Govern - 
Afghanistan."  Among  his  associates  was  Mr.  ment,  the  reception  of  a  permanent  British 
Walter  Henry  Bellew,  who  had  accompanied  mission  within  his  territories,  and  reparation 
Lomsden's  mission  to  Cabool  twenty-one  years  for  any  injury  which  had  been  inflicted  by  him 


AFGHANISTAK.  6 

on  the  tribei  which  bad  attended  the  embasej',  was  reached  with  Rnaaia  tlist  the  IndeDendenoe 

oith  u  nodertalciiig  not  to  molMt  them  here-  and  integrity  of  Afghanistan  shcmM  be  re- 

ifter:  ud  to  notify  hioi  that,  unless  a  dear  speoted  bj  both  powers,  the  Ameer  had  been 

•nd  utitfuitoiT  refjj  was  received  from  him  anxioas  for  an  Englirii  alliance  to  protect  him 

bj  die  iOth  of  November,  his  intentions  would  from  Enssia ;  then,  while  he  was  still  seeking 

b«  Mondered  hostile  and  he  would  he  treated  to  obttun  a  promise  of  protectioQ,  the  Vioerov, 

u  ■  declared  enemy.    The  dispatob  of  Lord  Lord  Nortbbrook,  by  instmotioii  of  the  Gov- 

Cruibrook  ooDt^ing  these  iostraotions  em-  ernment,  informed  him,  "  in  ooociliatory  lan- 

Ixxlfed  ■  review  of  the  transaotionB  of  the  gnage,"  that  "the  discussion  of  the  question 

Briiieh  Oovemment  with  Shere  Ali  since  his  vonld  be  best  postponed  to  a  more  convenient 

icKffiioa,  and  of  its  endeavors  to  secnre  the  season,"  and  the  feelings  of  his  Highness  be- 

iite^ty  of  iiis  territory.    The  ot^eot  of  the  oame  nnfavorable  to  the  British  Government. 

Bridib  Government  daring  the  whole  series  He  shortly  afterward  begtm  to  onltivate  the 

of  yean  bad  been,  it  said,  to  establish  on  its  Bnsaians,  and  met  British  overtnrea  with  in- 

Boribwestera  border  "  a  strong,  friendly,  and  creasing    coldness.     Although    the   previous 

independent  state  with  interests  in  nnison  with  efforts  to  secnre  the  admission  of  a  Briiish 

th<m  ol  the  Indian  Government  ready  to  act  in  ^ncy  into  the  oonntry  had  failed,  the  recep- 

Krtun  eveatnalitiee  as  an  auxiliary  in  the  pro-  tion  of  a  Russian  mission  in  18T8  "  left  him  " 

brtioD  of  the  frontier  from  intrigue  or  aggTe»-  (the  Ameer)  "  no  ftirtber  esooSe  for  deoliniag 

MO."    Cntil  the  lime  that  an  understanding  to  receive  at  hia  oaf)it«l  the  envoy  from  the 


British  Government " ;  and  the  embassy  of  Sir  Major-General  Sir  Samuel  Browne  command- 

^~«TiIle  Chamberlain  was  appointed,  and  oon-  ing ;   and  the  Qnetta  column,  Mtqor-General 

ftluted  of  men  chosen  because  they  were  per-  A.  S.  Biddnlph  commanding,  of  which  Lieu- 

'ouUj  acceptable  to  his  Highness.  The  Ameer  tenant- General  Donald  Stewart  afterward  took 

«u  swara  that  the  whole  policy  of  the  British  the  command.    The  whole  force  was  reckoned 

Gnrenmient  eince  his  aoceesion  to  the  throne  at  84,000  men,  one  third  Europeans. 

iitd  been  to  strengthen  his  power  and  anthori-  On  the  31st  of  November,  the  Ameer  having 

tr  and  to  protect  him  from  foreign  aggression,  failed  to  return  the  answer  and  give  the  assu- 

•il^Dgb  the  methods  adopted  for  doing  so  ranees  demanded  by  the  British  Government, 

niirlit  not  at  all  timee  have  accorded  with  his  a  detachment  of  British  troops  crossed  the 

nn  view;  and  he  was  bound  by  every  bond  frontier  and  occnnied  Fort  Eapion,  opposite 

"I  hitematianal  courtesy,  as  well  as  by  the  Thnll,  which  had  oeen  abandoned  by  the  Af- 

ir?stT  engagements  of  19SS,  to  a  line  of  oon-  ghan  troops.    On  the  next  day,  all  the  forces, 

dnrt'lhe  reverse  of  that  which  he  had  adopted,  nnmbering  about  SS,()00  troops,  more  than  half 

The  British  forces  were  organized  for  the  of  whom  were  native,  were  ordered  to  move 

'"nt^mplated  kdvanoa  in  three  divisions :  the  forward.    At  daybreak  on  the  Sist  bd  advance 

Eiram  Valley  oolnmn,  U^or-Oeneral  F.  S.  was  made  from  Jumrood  toward  Fort  Ali  Mus- 

Boberta  commanding ;  the  Jnmrood  oolumn,  Jid,  and  an  engagement  took  place  which  lasted 


6  AFGHANISTAN. 

through  the  daj.   The  British  having  occupied  The  internal  affiiirs  of  Alghanistan  were 

a  defile  in  the  rear  of  the  Afghans,  these  aban-  complicated  bj  the  death,  in  Aagost,  of  Ab- 

doDed  the  fort  daring  the  nightL  and  General  dallah  Jan,  the  jonngest  and  favorite  son  of 

Browne  occupied  it  on  the  morning  of  the  22d  Shere  All,  and  heir  apparent  to  the  throne, 

without  firing  another  gun.    On  the  28d  the  oc-  leaving  the  onestion  of  the  saccesdoD  again 

cupation  without  resistonce  of  Sibi,  by  a  column  in  dispute.    Of  the  five  sons  of  8here  All,  two . 

which  was  advancing  bj  the  way  of  Quetta,  are  now  dead :  Mohammed  All,  the  eldest,  who 

was  reported.    A  proclamation  to  the  Afghans  fell  in  battle  in  1865,  and  Abdalli^  Jan,  the 

was  issued  hj  the  Viceroy  on  the  22d,  which,  heir,  just  deceased.    The  eldest  surviving  son 

after  reciting  the  history  of  the  relations  be-  is  Ibrahim  Khan,  who  is  represented  to  be  of 

tween  India  and  Afghanistan  during  the  past  a  good  di^osition  and  loyal  to  his  father,  but 

ten  years,  and  the  recent  efforts  to  dispatch  an  of  no  ability,  and  hardly  to  be  thought  of  as 

embassy  to  the  Ameer,  declared  that  ^*  with  the  the  future  ruler  of  the  country.    Takoob  Khan, 

Sirdars  and  people  of  A^hanistan  the  Indian  the  third  son,  is  able  enough,  but  has  been  in 

Government  has  no  quarrel,  as  they  have  given  rebellion  and  always  at  difference  with  his 

no  offense.    The  independence  of  Afghanistan  father,  and  has  been  in  prison  since  1874  for 

will  be  respected ;  but  the  Government  of  India  intriguing  against  the  succession  of  Abdallah 

can  not  tolerate  that  any  other  power  should  Jan.    Ayoob  Khan,  the  fuU  brother  of  Ya- 

interfere  in  the'international  affairs  of  Afghan-  koob,  took  no  part  in  pnblic  affairs  till  he  fled 

istan  " ;  and  it  concluded  :  "  Upon  the  i^eer  with  Takoob  Khan  from  Oabool  in  1870.    He 

Shere  Ali  alone  rests  the  responsibility  of  afterward  lived  at  Herat  with  Takoob  Khan 

having  exchanged  the  friendship  for  the  hos-  till  the  time  of  that  prince's  imprisonment  in 

tility  of  the  Empress  of  India."    Leaving  Ali  1874,  when,  having  failed  in  an  attempt  to 

Musjid  in  charge  of  a  British  regiment.  General  instigate  a  rebellion,  he  retired  to  Persian 

Browne  continued  his  march  to  Laudikana  and  territory.    Another  claimant  to  the  throne  is 

Dakka,  where  he  reached  the  frontier  of  Af-  Abdurrahman,  the  son  of  Shere  All's  elder 

ghanistan  proper,  having  destroyed  by  his  sue-  brother  Afzool  Khan,  who  took  an  active  part 

cesses  the  Ameer's  authority  in  the  independent  in  his  father's  cause  against  Shere  Ali,  but 

territory.    On  the  route,  the  head  men  of  the  sought  refuge  in  Tashkend  after  the  latter  pre- 

hill  tribes  came  out  to  pay  their  respects  to  vailed.    The  Russians  have  for  the  last  five 

the  British  general,  among  tiiem  Monammed  years  allowed  him  a  subsidy  of  about  $16,000 

Shah,  chief  of  Ldpoor  and  head  of  the  Mah-  a  year ;  and,  as  he  is  thoroughly  Russianized, 

munds,  hitherto  the  Ameer's  allies.  he  will  be  a  good  candidate  for  them  to  set  np 

The  Russian  embassy  remained  at  Cabool  in  case  they  desire  to  take  a  part  in  settling  a 

after  the  breach  with  England,  and  showed  disputed  A^han  succession.    The  last  proba- 

no  signs  of  an  intention  to  withdraw  from  the  ble  claimant  to  the  succession  is  Ahmed  All, 

country.    It  was  reported  in  October  that  it  son  of  Mohammed  Ali,  the  first  named  of  Shere 

designed  to  visit  all  the  important  localities.  All's  sons.    He  is  described  as  being  an  Intel- 

and  seek  full  information  respecting  their  com-  lisent  youth  of  about  eighteen  ^ears  of  age, 

mercial  and  industrial  resources,  and  the  dis-  with  a  pleasing  demeanor  and  fairly  well  eda- 

position  of  the  people.    The  Russian  Govern-  cated.    He  has  always  been  in  favor  with  his 

ment  replied  to  the  inquiries  of  the  British  grandfather,  and  it  is  thought  that  he  will  be 

Government  respecting  the  purposes  of  the  preferred  as  the  heir.    His  mother  has  another 

mission,  that  it  had  been  decided  upon  at  a  son,  who,  however,  being  deaf  and  dumb,  is 

time  and  under  circumstances  now  no  longer  not  likely  to  be  brought  into  the  contest, 

existing  (under  the  probability  of  a  war  with  The  Afghans  in  front  of  the  column    of 

England),  but  was  now  intended  merely  as  an  General  Roberts   in   the  Kuram  Valley  fell 

act  of  courtesy  to  the  Ameer.    A  semi-oflScial  back  behind  Peiwar  Kotul.    General  Roberts 

statement  was  also  made,  to  the  effect  that  pushed  forward,  and  reached  the  foot  of  the 

there  was  no  ground  for  the  assumption  which  pass  with  his  column  on  the  29th.    The  enemy 

some  parties  had  made  that  the  Russian  Gov-  fired  upon  the  British  troops  when  they  were 

ernment  had  any  part  in  the  deciaon  of  Shere  about  to  take  up  tbeir  quarters  for  the  night. 

Ali  to  reject  the   British  mission.    On  the  After  a  light  engagement,  the   British    en- 

18th  of  December  an  announcement  was  made  camped  on  the  ground  they  had  occupied* 

that  the  Russian  embassy  had  been  formally  The  Afghan  position  was  turned  on  the  night 

and  oflScially  withdrawn.    It  was  afterwa^  of  December  1st,  and  the  enemy  were  entirely 

stated  that  tiie  recall  of  the  mission  had  been  defeated  at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of 

ordered  because  of  increased  friendly  feelings  the  next  day,  with  heavy  loss,  while  the  Brit> 

toward  England,   and  because  the   peaceful  ish  lost  ninety  killed  and  wounded.     Some 

policy  had  obtained  the  ascendancy.    It  was  trouble  was  experienced  in  the  Khyber  Pass 

suggested,  however,  that  the  step  was  also  from  the  depreoations  of  the  hiU  tribes,  who, 

partly  directed  by  motives  of  policy,  the  rapid  having  gained  positions  there,  harassed  the 

advance  of  the  British  arms  and  the  precarious  convoys  and  messengers  for  the  purpose  of 

situation  of  the  Ameer  threatening  to  put  the  plunder.    Migor  Oavagnari  was  sent  to  punisli 

mission  in  an  embarrassing  attitude  if  it  re-  the  marauders ;  he  broke  up  tlie  hostile  com- 

mained.  bination  and  cleared  the  pass.    (See  India.) 


AFRICA. 


ALABAMA. 


AFRICA    The  area  and  population  of  the    estimated  as  follows  by  Behm  and  Wagner 
iifferent  divisions  and  subdivisions  in  1878  are    (**  Bev5lkerung  der  Erde,"  vol.  v.,  Gotha,  1878) : 


Dmsioirs  jlsd  subdivisions. 


SoBiHnjr  AniOA. 

Moraooix ......••• ...••«• 

AJfwto 

Taais 

Tripoli  (todnaiTe  of  Fezzan  and  Barca). 

Mitn 

HoRmmur  AvaiCA 

Egypt  (laclnslTe  of  Darfbor,  Harar,  etc) 

Otb*r  territory 

CnrnuSooDAX 

WBTicr  SooDAir 

Urm  GnviA. 

TkunosTor  rm  Eqitatok. 

BQCTOI5  AmoA. .. 

Bffttah  territory  (inc.  of  CaAaria  and  Tranavaal  Bepobllc) 

Onage  Free  Btate 

OAv  territory 

fauna  Of  m  Atlahtxc  Oobajt , 

faUXM  or  TBI  IXDIAK  OOKAlff 

Total 


The  Csffre  rimng  in  the  Gape  Colony,  which 
seemed  to  have  been  quelled  in  1877,  broke 
OQt  anew  in  the  last  days  of  that  year,  and 
contmned  during  the  first  half  of  1878.  It 
guned  great  force  from  the  fact  that  numer- 
ous chiefs  who  hod  not  participated  in  the 
ming  of  1877  joined  the  GsJika  chief  Kicli  in 
1S78,  notably  among  them  SandiUi,  the  chief 
of  the  Gaikas.  It  was  considered  the  most 
formidable  rising  in  the  colony  since  1851. 
Risings  also  occurred  in  Griqaaland,  while  on 
the  horders  of  Natal  and  the  Transvaal  prov- 
ince a  war  with  the  Zooloos  was  imminent. 

A  complete  revolution  took  place  in  the 
fidministration  of  Egypt  during  1878.  A  finan- 
cial  crisis  brought  about  by  the  f  alling-off  of 
the  revenuee  1^  to  the  formation  of  a  Com- 
mittee of  Inquiry,  which  in  its  report  pro- 
posed sweeping  reforms  in  the  administration 
of  the  finances.  The  plan  of  the  commission 
received  the  sanction  of  the  Khedive  and  was 
immediately  carried  into  effect.    (See  Egtpt.) 

In  Abyasinia  the  state  of  affairs  continaed 
m  a  disordered  condition  during  1878.  The 
rehel  chief  Mdek  remuned  with  his  men  in 
the  heights  of  Hamaseen.  King  Johannes  in 
the  early  part  of  the  year  sent  him  a  message 
to  wait  until  lUPter  the  rains,  when  he  womd 
severely  punish  him. 

Morocco  was  visited  during  1878  by  the 
cholera,  the  disease  assuming  a  very  malignant 
form,  and  causing  great  distress. 

AGRICULTURE.  See  CoiaiEBCB  and  Unit- 
oStatss. 

ALABAMA.  The  fiscal  year  of  the  State 
terminates  on  September  SOth.  The  amount 
received  for  general  taxes  during  the  year  end- 
ing September  80, 1878,  was  $556,441.14 ;  from 
fKnerid  taxes  of  previous  years,  $87,058.20 ; 
total  trom  taxes,  $593,499.84.  The  sum  re- 
eved from  licenses  and  other  sources  was 
{1^729.02 ;  making  the  total  receipts  $718,- 


AMA  DV  SQUABS  MUiBS. 

POPULi 

ITIOK. 

Of  dhrMoaiu 

Of  MibdlvldoBi. 

Of  dlTblOBfc 

Of  rabdIvUook 

8,845,200 

•  •  •  *  *  ■ 

16,677,600 

•••••• 

260,000 

6,000,000 

122,914 

2,867,626 

4S,T0O 

2,100,000 

844,500 

1,010,000 

•••••• 

2,072,600 

•••••• 

8,700,000 

1,828,000 

•••••• 

41,880,000 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

860,400 

17,100,000 

•  •  •  •  ■  • 

050,000 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

21,280,000 

MT,&00 

81,400,000 

58^000 

17,600,000 

288,000 

26,000,000 

1,868,000 

44,000,000 

2,600,000 

26^270,000 

•••••• 

870^574 

^''SS'Si 

42,600 

65,000 

•••••• 

8,106,000 

•  •  •  •  • . 

28,464,000 

^96« 

570,668 

28\fi85 

8,812,242 

10,941,000 

205,219,000 

228.36.  The  sum  in  the  Treasury  October  1, 
1877,  was  $198,787.68 ;  of  this  amount  $37,- 
759.61  was  not  available  for  general  purposes, 
but  was  uDcurrent  or  belonged  to  the  swamp 
and  overfiowed  land  fund.  The  available  re- 
sources for  meeting  all  State  expenses  during 
the  fiscal  year  were  therefore  $879,206.38.  The 
total  disbursements  during  the  year  were  $651,- 
845.09,  and  the  amount  in  the  Treasury  Octo- 
ber 1,  1878,  was  $265,620.85.  Of  this  sum 
$34,492.61  is  not  available  for  general  pur- 
poses, leaving  subject  to  warrants  $231,128.41 
on  the  1st  of  October.  The  following  items 
became  due  and  payable  on  and  before  the  Ist 
of  January,  1879 : 

Interest  and  ezpenaea  on  State  obUgatfons $40,000 

Interest  on  bonded  debt 86,000 

Interest  on  UnlTersity  Fund 12,000 

Interest  on  A^rlenltaral  and  Meehantoal  OoUege  Fond.    6,070 

Insane  Asylum  appropriation 16^600 

Dea^Domb.  and  BHnd  Institution 4^ 

Salaries  of  officers,  sberift^  fees,  feeding  priscmers,  and 

oUier  claims,  not  less  than 65,000 

Expenses  of  Oeneral  Assembly  and  appropriations...  40,000 

Making  a  total  of $260,070 

This  added  to  $25,000  also  paid  out  makes  an 
aggregate  of  $284,070 ;  and  to  meet  it  there 
was  in  the  Treasury  October  1st  $231,128.41. 

The  issue  of  new  bonds  under  the  compro- 
mise of  the  State  debt  has  been  nearly  com- 
pleted. (See  volume  for  1876.)  The  amount 
issued  is  $7,508^00.  They  are  divided  into 
three  classes.  Class  A  consists  of  the  direct 
or  what  are  called  straight  bonds  of  the  State, 
that  in  no  wise  have  reference  to  railroads,  and 
bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  2  per  cent,  for  five 
years,  8  per  cent,  for  the  next  five  years,  4 
per  cent  for  the  next  ten  years,  and  thereafter 
5  per  cent.  Class  B  are  bonds  issued  to  take 
up  the  four-thousand-dollar-per-mile  gold 
bonds,  and  make  a  complete  and  final  separa- 
tion of  the  State  from  all  liabilities  for  and 
complications  with  the  railroads,  and  bear  5 


g  ALABAMA. 

per  cent,  interest.    Glass  0  are  bonds  issaed  to  of  $54,921.20  over  and  above  all  expenses, 

take  up  the  bonds  endorsed  hj  the  State  for  the  There  were  remaining  in  the  Insane  Hospittd 

Alabama  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  Company,  on  October  1, 1878, 408  patients.   Thirty-three 

and  bear  2  per  cent  interest  for  five  years,  and  have   been  discharged  as   recovered  duriBg 

thereafter  4  per  cent   Of  Glass  A  the  State  has  the  past  year.     The  Agricultural   and  Me- 

exchanged  $6,878,700,  leaving  of  that  class  yet  chanical  Gollege  of  the  State  at  Anbam  is  re- 

to  be  exchanged,  as  nearly  as  can  at  present  ported  as  more  prosperous  than  auy  other  sim- 

be  ascertained,  $586,469.50.    Of  Glass  B  the  ilar  institution  in  tne  Sonthem  States.   The 

State  has  exchanged  $586,000,  leaving  yet  to  be  beneficial  results  of  the  State  Normal  School 

exchanged  of  this  class  $7,500.    Of  Class  G  the  at  Florence  have  been  such  as  to  awaken  mnch 

State  had  to  issue  $1,000,000  of  new  bonds,  and  public  gratification  with  the  institution.    The 

exchange  them  for  the  bonds  of  the  Alabama  revised  public-school  system  went  into  opera- 

and  Chattanooga  Railroad  Company,  which  had  tion  on  October  1,  1877,  and  very  favorable 

been  endorsed  by  the  State  as  stated  in  the  law ;  results  have  followed  the  short  period  of  its  ex- 

and  the  State  has  issued  and  exchanged  of  the  istenoe. 

new  bonds  $600,000.  and  has  taken  up  of  the  A  convention  of  the  fire-insurance  under- 
old  endorsed  bonds  tne  proper  amount  for  the  writers  of  the  State  was  held  in  Montgomery 
new  bonds  thus  exchanged.  All  of  the  new  in  June,  when  a  State  Association  was  formed 
bonds  issued  and  exchanged,  or  to  be  exchanged,  and  officers  were  elected, 
are  thirty-year  bonds,  wiUi  the  right  of  re-  The  product  of  the  coal  mines,  especially 
newal  by  the  State  if  desired.  The  amount  yet  along  the  North  and  South  Railroad,  is  increas- 
to  be  exchanged,  including  the  $400,000  of  the  ing  rapidly.  From  88,180  tons  in  1874,  it  had 
Alabama  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  endorsed  increased  to  189,182  in  1877 ;  and  that  of  1878 
bonds,  is  $948,969.50  ^  provided  all  the  en-  was  expected  to  be  not  less  than  50  per  cent, 
dorsed  bonds  of  said  railroad  company  shall  be  higher.  The  quality  of  the  coal  appears  to  be 
presented  for  exchange.  To  which  must  be  well  established  as  excellent  It  is  used  for 
added  $1,000,000  of  fundin^^  obligations,  mok-  steam,  gas,  and  household  purposes, 
ing  the  total  amount,  exclusive  of  trust  funds.  Gold  is  found  in  Randolph,  Tallapoosa,  Clay, 
$9,452,669.50.  When  exchanging  is  completed,  and  Cleburne  Counties.  Some  years  ago  ex- 
the  debt  will  be,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained  pensive  mining  operations  were  commenced 
at  present,  as  follows :  and  subsequenUy  suspended.  It  is  anticipated 
flbuuiA        ftiLoiniMAA^fi»».<i*nf            AiMftM  M  that  thcy  wlll  bc  reucwed.    The  assay  gives 

SSb:::::7^m2;wo  oolsJSSSt;;;;;;;;;*  S?;???  So  22  pennyweights  to  1,000  pounds  of  ore,  and 

OmuO 1,000,000  00 S a p<r cant 80.000  00  in  some  districts  it  is  estimated  to  be  richer. 

$8,4fis,660  00  $186328  88       -^  State  Convention  of  the  Democratic  Con- 

ObBgmtioiis..  1,000,000  00  ^  8  per  oent 80,000  00  servative  party  was  held  at  Montgomery  on 

M^Monn  MMMflfta  ^^7  29th.  to  nominate  candidates  for  the  of- 

«9,4fiB,6w  00  isiM^M  88  ^^  ^^  (Jovemor,  Secretary  of  State,  Attor- 

This  amount  of  interest  will  be  decreased  ney-General,  Auditor,  Treasurer,  and  Saper- 

Bomewhat  because  of  the  amount  of  funding  intendent  of  Education.    The  Convention  was 

obUgations  canceled  and  burned,  and  such  as  organized  by  the  appointment  of  Walter  L 

may  be  lost  or  destroyed,  etc.  Bragg  as  chairman.    The  following  nomina- 

During  the  year  the  amount  of  interest  paid  tions  were  made :  For  Govemor^jKufns  W. 

on  funding  obligations  was  $71,042.86 ;  on  new  Cobb ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  W.  W.  Screws ; 

State  bonds,  $165,479.78 ;  making  the  interest  for  Treasurer,  Isaac  H.  Vincent;  for  Auditor, 

payment  for  1878  $286,522.59.    This  includes  WiUis  Brewer ;  for  Attorney-General,  H.  0. 

the  necessary  expenses  which  the  State  had  to  Tompkins :  for  Superintendent  of  Instruction, 

pay  in  making  the  payments  of  interest    The  Leroy  F.  Box.    The  following  platform  was 

amount  of  revenue  from  general  taxes  paid  adopted: 

f^i^-nwf  !f^J^^^  ^  i*^""  "^""i^"^'       The  Democratic  «id  Conserrativ  people  of  Ala. 

S.^,?®^  o   purposes,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  tama  in  Convention  aaaembled,  reaaserthig  the  prin- 

80th  of  September,  1878,  was  $818,269.59.    Ot  oiples  adopted  in  our  Convention  of  1876,  do  reaolve 

this  amount,  only  $598,499.84  was  paid  into  and  deolare— 

the  Treasury;  the  balance,  $224,770.25,  was  ^l.  That  the  Demooratio  and  Conaervative  party  of 

p«d  to  the  coonti^to  the  enperintcndents  for  ^i^}^:^,,^^^  S'd  A  ^^fe^SlS 
school  purposes.  The  surplus  remaimng  m  the  unoeaaing  efforto.  under  the  bleaainga  of  God,  ia  due 
Treasury  after  these  payments  was  $66,888.27.  the  Dnaldefeat  of  the  Radical  leaders  in  their  wicked 
The  rate  of  taxation  in  1874,  1875,  and  1876  deBign,nianifoBtedfh)m  the  inception  of  reconatruc- 
was  75  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  **;?», ^  dentroy  the  peace,  happiness,  and  prosperity 
T«./>*xA,.f  TT  T«  1  Qfrfr  ««^  1  QTo  :4.  «*»<.  »rA  ^«-.«.-  Of  both  raccs  in  the  South  by  involving  them  in  cease- 
property.    In  1877  and  1878  it  was  70  cents.  y^^  turmoil  and  ooUision. 

The  State  Penitentiary  yields  a  revenue  to       2.  That  the  financial  distreas,  extending  in  many 

the  State.    During  the  past  two  years  $80,000  localities  to  misery  and  want,  is  the  necessary  ont- 

in  cash  have  been  paid  into  the  Treasury — $12,-  growth  of  the  profli^to  expenditnree,  fraudulent 

000  in  labor,  in  payment  for  penitentiary  farm,  P»otloea.»dclaaa  legislation  which  havemarked  the 

-«^  A10  noi  on  C  •^A'  KYj-tK^uwa*  j   \t7  oourae  of  the  Kepublioan  party.    They  have  created 

and  $12,921.20,  building  a  raJroad  from  We-  ^ew  and  useless  offices,  and  endowed  those  already 

tumpka  to  the  S.  and  N.  R.  B.,  making  a  total  created  with  princely  perquisites  inconsistent  with 


ALABAMA.  9 

the  lifflplieity  of  our  syttem  of  government,  and  8.  We  heartily  eympathijEe  with  the  parposes  of 

hire  orgmiaad  en  army  of  offioiab  now  attaining  a  the  Preaident  in  hu  efforts  to  remove  all  supposed 

itreogth  which  Daniel  Webster  warned  us,  forty  causes  of  irritation  arising  from  the  alleged  acts  of 

j«en  ago,  would  endanger  the  libertiea  of  our  peo-  the  National  Administration,  and  thus  conduce  to 

pie.   We  denounce  the  methods,  the  measures,  and  establish  harmonious  relations  between  the  several 

toe  men  who  are  responsible  for  them  as  on  worth/  classes  of  Southern  society ;  to  eliminate  intolerance 

the  fopport  of  an  honest  and  free  people.  and  animosity  from  politiciu  contests ;  and  to  secure 

i.  We  congrBtalate  the  whole  people  of  Ali^  to  every  citixen  the  full  eigovment  and  exercise  of 

buns  opon  the  reign  of  good  will  ana  reconoilia-  his  political  rights  and  privileges.    We  regret  that 

tioo,  the  sense  of  uberty  and  security,  which  per-  these  efforts  have  not  been  more  successful .    Har- 

Tide  the  entiie  Umita  of  the  State ;  and  while  we  monious  relations  have  not  been  established :  citi- 

Knev  the  pledges  of  protection  to  all  the  colored  sens  are  denied  the  exercise  and  ei^oyment  of  their 


the  union  of  the  great  governing  race — the  white  maintained  exclusively  for  his  benefit. 

people  of  the  land.  4.  We  denounce  and  condemn  the  spirit  and  pur- 

4.  That  the  adminiatration  of  the  State  govern-  pose  with  which  the  committee  of  Congress,  known 
neat  has  been  ably,  wisely,  and  jnatly  adnuniatered  as  the  Potter  Committee,  are  inquiring  into  the  ex- 
liaoe  the  first  inauguration  of  hia  Excellency  George  istence  and  nature  of  alleged  Kepubhcan  Arauda  at 
S.  HoQiton;  and  we  hold  that  the  pledffea  of  the  the  late  Presidential  election  in  the  States  of  Florida 
partj  to  retrench  expenditures,  reform  aDuaea,  and  and  Louisiana.  If  this  investlnition  were  conducted 
unprove  the  laws  have  been  rally  redeemed.  In  fullv  and  impartially  in  the  States  of  Mississippi, 
rapport  of  this  aaaertion  we  refer  with  pleasure  and  Alabama,  ana  South  Carolina,  as  well  as  those  above 
oonfldenee  to  the  statute  booka,  the  financial  oondi-  named,  and  with  reference  to  both  political  parties, 
ti'ia  of  the  State,  and  the  peace  and  good  order  which  it  would  be  found  that  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  en- 
perrtde  the  whole  oommonwealth.  titled  to  a  great  minority  of  the  popular  vote,  and  to 

5.  That  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  Democratio  and  the  electoral  vote,  of  all  five  Statea. 

ConMrvative  party  of  this  State  to  preserve  invio-  5.  The  financial  question  having  been  disposed  of 
lite  its  obligauona  to  the  people  and  to  the  honaJUU  by  Congress,  and  the  oountry  at  preaent  needing  re- 
creditors  of  the  State ;  and  we  congratulate  the  tax-  pose,  in  order  that  capital  mav  seek  investment,  and 
pijen  upon  the  prospect  of  being  able  to  reduce  the  that  industries  may  revive,  tnus  increasing  the  de- 
rate of  taxation  without  impairing  the  credit  of  the  mand  for  labor,  the  situation  ou^ht  to  be  aooepted ; 
Stifie  or  tamiahing  its  good  name.  and  we  oppose  the  further  agitation  of  the  question 

-,    n       i.i«         om.  ^    r^           ^                LI  J]  tkt  this  time  as  injurious  to  business  and  devoid  of 

The  Repabiioan  State  Convention  assembled  other  than  evil  results. 

at  >£oQtgoinery  on  July  4th.    Oharles  Hays  was  6.  We  favor  the  construction  of  the  Southern  Pa- 

sppointed  chairman.    It  was  largely  oomposed  oific  Bailroad  by  the  aid  of  the  General  Government. 

of  colored  persons,  and  many  counties  of  the  ,.  ^-  1^^?^  an  amendment  t»  the  State  Constitu- 

c»-*^  -,^-«  Ci*i..nn  ^:.^4^  .^l»^<.»«4..f<^,*      T4.  tion  aboDshmg  the  provision  thereof  which  permits 

l?tate  were  without  direct  representation.    It  the  waiver  of  exemptions. 

resolved  to  make  no  nommations  for  State  of-  We  arraign  the  Democratic  party  before  the  peo- 

ficers,  and  not  to  contest  with  the  Democratic  pie  on  the  following  charges : 

fMrty  for  the  control  of  the  State.    An  address  !•  I*  has  been  fiuse  to  its  promises  that  it  would 

to  the  Republicans  of  Alabama  was  adopted,  ^<*^^J}^^  «te  of  taxation.    This  rate  U  in  excess  of 

.*    u-  \!iu    jpvtZi^l  iTT^  J^J:^  -^v^wc^,  ^y^  ^  necessary  to  defriiy  the  expenses  of  govem- 

of  which  the  foUo  wmg  is  an  extract :  aent  and  to  meet  the  obligations  tS  State  creaiton. 

We  poaitively  believe  that  between  the  time  ot  S.  That  in  the  parts  of  the  State  where  its  political 

the  opening  and  closing  of  the  polls  on  the  fifth  day  opponents  were  in  a  minority,  it  has  violated  the  prin- 

of  August  next,  a  greater  number  of  the  quidified  otples  of  looal  self-government  by  removing  from 

eleetors  of  the  State  would  east  their  ballota  for  the  office  the  penons  elected  by  the  people,  and  filling 

liOBuaees  of  this  Convention  for  State  offloen— if  any  their  placea  with  officen  appointed  by  the  Governor, 

vers  made— than  for  the  persons  who  were  nominat-  against  the  will  of  the  people. 

ed  by  the  Democratio  party.    We  positively  believe  8.  That  by  almost  destroying  the  Aree-sohool  sys- 

that  if  every  qualified  elector  in  the  State,  who  so  tem  it  has  infiicted  a  cruel  blow  upon  the  children 

desired,  were  to  vote  on  that  day,  and  the  ballots  of  the  State  committed  to  her  nurture  and  guardian- 

vers  honestly  eonnted,  our  oandidates  for  State  of-  ahip ;  that  the  money  expended  for  their  Muoation. 

Sees  woald  ba  eleoted.    The  Bepublicana  are  as  nu-  b^  which  ignorant  labor  would  become  skilled  ana 

aeroos  to-day  as  they  were  in  1878«  when  they  car-  divereified,  would  secure  benefits  of  inestimable 

Tied  the  State,  or  as  they  were  in  1374,  when  they  value  to  the  State.    Bv  its  failure  to  foster  the  f^e 

eut  more  than  97,000  ballots,  and  more  than  one  schools  and  provide  ror  their  maintenance,  it  has 

bilf  of  the  honest,  legitimate  votea  of  the  State,  been  fHithleaa  to  its  highest  snd  holiest  trust. 

There  have  been  nodeaertiona  from  their  party  in  4.  That  the  syatemestabliahedbyit  of  hiring  con- 

namber  soillcient  to  be  appreciable,  or  in  number  vietstowork  outside  ofthe  penitentiary  is  pernicious, 

gRiter  than  its  aoceaaions.  because  it  imposes  great  hudship  and  suffering  upon 

«.     .  „      .              ,_.                   ,       J     J.  J  the  prisonen.  and  Dccause  it  is  degrading  to  honest 

The  foUowmg  reeoiotions  were  also  adopted :  labor  to  be  plaeed  In  competition  with  the  labor  of 

The  Republicans  of  Alabama  in  Convention  as-  oriminals. 

•eobled  make  the  following  declaration  of  princi-  Hetah^d^  That  the  Governor  of  Alabama  is  deserv- 

pjeg .  ing  of  censure  for  his  refhsal,  on  ample  notice  and 

1.  We  reoognise  the  equality  of  all  men  before  the  'j "  information,  and  upon  the  call  of  the  sheriff  of 

liv,  snd  hold  thai  it  is  Uie  duty  of  the  Government,  *'^^  county,  to  take  action  to  prevent  a  mob.  in  April 

h  its  dealings  with  the  people,  to  mete  out  equal  J*»t»  ft?™  breAing  and  entering  a  jail  in  this  State, 

lai  exact  juSloe  to  alL  of  whatever  nativity,  race,  •*  ""l^^^i  ^^^^^^^^V^*??  !>"•<>?«"  therefrom,  and 

nht^w  persuMion,  religious  or  political.  depriving  them  of  life  without  form  or  color  of  law. 

1  We  pledge  ourselves  to  maintain  the  union  of  The  election  for  State  officers  was  held  on 

'  »r  thirteenth,  foSteenth,  and  fifteenth  amendments  Democratic  party.    The  vote  was  as  follows : 

•.fths  Constitution.  For  (3k>yemor,  Rufos  W.  Cobb,  89,671;  for 


10  ALABAMA. 

Secretary  of  State,  W.  W.  Screws,  87.678 ;  for  The  biennial  sessioxi  of  the  Legislatare  com- 
Auditor,  Willis  Brewer,  87,815 ;  for  Treasurer,  menced  at  Montgomery  on  ISoyember  12tb. 
I.  H.  Vincent,  88,281 ;  for  Attorney-General,  The  Senate  was  organized  by  the  choice  of  V. 
H.  G.  Tompkins,  88,204.  In  the  Senate  fifteen  G.  Little  as  President,  and  the  House  by  the 
members  held  over  and  eighteen  were  elected  choice  of  David  Olapton  as  Speaker.  1'be  Gov- 
—all  being  Democrats  but  two.  In  the  House  ernor  (Houston),  in  his  message  previous  to  the 
there  was  a  large  majority  of  Democratic  mem-  inauguration  of  his  successor,  thus  described  the 
bers.  The  election  of  members  of  Congress,  internal  condition  of  the  State : 
under  the  act  of  Congress,  was  held  on  No-  p^^  ^j^  ^f  ^^  ^^  importance  to  idl  goTern- 
vember  otli,  and  resulted  in  the  choice  of  tne  ments,  it  is  with  pleasure  I  note  the  fact  that  sever 
Democratic  candidates  in  every  district  except  in  its  history  has  Alabama  been  freer  from  strifei 
the  Eighth,  where  the  Independent  candidate  fnd  bloodshed,  nor  her  dtisens  more  orderly  and 
was  chosen  law-abiding,  than  at  the  present  time.  The  losff 
T>.  *4.Ai-*  ix*  ji  /\i.v^  and  auxiously  looked-for  day  when  States  can  hola 
Previous  to  this  election,  and  on  October  th^ir  elections  without  Federal  interference,  and 
8d,  the  following  letter  was  sent  by  united  regulate  and  control  their  internal  affairs,  hss  at  last 
States  Attorney-General  Devens  to  the  Unit-  dawned  upon  us.  The  entire  country  is  to  be  con- 
ed States  attorneys  in  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  R"tulated  upon  the  fact  that  »*  poTcrnment  bacon  " 
ftrknfVi  r*a*/^itn<i .  ^"i  ^^  longoT  csTTy  elections  in  Alabama,  nor  the 

Douin  v^arouna .                  arrests  or  threats  of  government  officials  deter  voters 

W^"e"™D.  0^  5SSZ2?8d  "d  keep  them  f^om  the  polls ;  that  the  time  has 
T    rtx    r     T>  IT          c       rr  '*  J  Z^  A     j^  passed  whcn  armed  soldiers  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
To  Charles  K  Mayor,  £tg,,  UnUed  btaUt  AUornty^  ^ent  can  enter  and  eject  from  the  legislative  halls 
Moiugomery,  Ala.  ^f  ^  g^^^  ^^  legslly  elected  representativea  of  the 
8iB :  Information  has  been  given  me  of  certain  people ;  that  Federal  bayonets  will  never  again  keep 
outrages  alleged  to  have  been  committed  and  threat-  the  members  of  a  Legislature  out  of  the  Capitol  of 
ened  to  be  commitited  in  northern  and  middle  dis-  their  State.     These  are  causes  for  congratulation. 
tricts  of  Alabama,  in  connection  with  the  approachinff  How  these  changes  and  grand  reforms  were  accom- 
Congressional  election.    This  information  is  of  such  plisbed,  it  is  needless  to  say. 
a  character  that  I  deem  it  proper  to  call  your  atten-  mv          v                  ^           ix»       is_        av    j 
tion  to  the  laws  of  Congress  intended  to  protect  the  The  embarrassments  resulting  from  the  ce- 
purity  of  such  elections.    Proper  steps  must  be  taken  pression  of  industrial  and  financial  affairs  have 
to  punish  those  who  offend  against  them,  and  to  reached  a  large  number  of  counties  and  cities 
secure  to  all  citisens,  without  distinction  of  piutv,  ^  ^  ^^^  ^^  ^he  United  States.    In  Alabama 
while  the  election  is  pending,  their  just  rights.    The  ^        ..     i^v  v***i.^  ^  .i^  .               •  ^; 
sutement  of  crimes  igainat  the  elective  iSanchise  is  ^^7  counties  and  citiej  failed  to  pay  pnnci- 
condensed  in  chapter  7,  title  70,  of  the  Revised  Stat-  P&i  or  interest  on  the  bonds  which  they  bad 
utes,  and  ^our  attention  is  especially  called  to  section  issued  for  local  improvements.    The  bonds  be- 
6620,  which  enacts :   "  If  two  or  more  persons  in  jn^  held  outside  the  State,  the  bondholders 
any  State  or  Terntoiy  conspire  to  prevent,  by  fo^  commenced  suits  in  the  Federal  Courts  and 
intimidation,  or  threat,  any  citizen  who  is  lawAilly  *^"'^^"^^**  ""*•«•"  *««  **^v*«  ^^i** 
entitled  to  vote  from  giving  his  support  or  advocacy  obtained  judgments.    These  were  foUowed  by 
in  a  lawful  manner  toward  or  in  favor  of  the  election  a  mandamtts  from  the  Court  commandiiig  a 
of  any  lawfullv  qualifled  person  as  elector  for  Presi-  tax  to  be  levied  to  pay  the  judgment.    Various 
dent  or  Vice-Fresident,  or  as  member  of  Congress  oi  measures  were  adopted  to  escape  the  tax,  and 
S\^°^^rtfo^^^?^^^^  generaUy  without  success.     tL  case  of  the 
each  ofsuch  persons  shall  be  puiished  by  a  fine  bt  city  of  Montgomery  will  serve  as  an  ilhistia- 
not  less  than  $60  nor  more  than  $600,  or  by  impris-  tion.    A  compromise  of  the  city  debt  was  pro- 
onment,  with  or  without  hard  labor,  not  less  than  posed  at  a  discount  of  one  fourth.    It  amount- 
six  inonths  nor  more  ^an  sixyears,  or  by  both  fine  ^^  to  $800,000.    All  the  bondholders  accepted 
and  impnsonment."    The  enforcement  of  this  pro-  ^^^^^7^^J  „.u^  *vV4.««««^  <.  4r.^»^^«f  in  i'ha 
vision  is  essential  to  proper  discussion  of  the  merits  S^5®P^^5®»  ^^^  obtained  a  judgment  m  the 
of  citizens  who  come  forward  as  candidates  for  Con-  J?  ederai  Court.    A  manaafniM  was  issued  com- 
f^ress.    When^  therefore,  it  is  invaded  by  combina-  manding  the  City  Council  to  levy  a  tax  to  pay 
tions  or  conspiracies,  by  force  or  threats,  to  prevent  the  judgment.     A  majority  of  the  Council  re- 

±T!<SS?  «!:;i5f.'!:S!:rLP°':fJSi^.j:te2:.l°  «gned.  and  _wc?e  then  fined  by  the  Conrt  for 


...  „    City 

warrants  to  be  issued  against  them  by  some  firm  and  cussed.    Numerous  cases  occurred  in  Arkansas. 

&:r S.'?^rp\l?'C^hraSl.»J;  (^  f^^-?)  ^I-mediately  after  the  oj^n- 

dealt  with  according  to  law.    Such  warrants  should  wg  of  the  legislative  session,  the  sentiment  of 

be  made  returnable  when  you  or  your  assistant  can  the  people  of  the  State  was  expressed  in  the  fol- 

attend  at  the  hearing.    On  account  of  the  importance  lowing  joint  resolutions,  offered  in  the  Senate, 

of  the  matter,  1  deem  it  nroper  also  to  add  that  in  ingtructing  their  Senators  and  Representatives 

such  cases  you  should  endeavor  to  select  those  who  »    n^«««™  *^  «-««  *\.^  ^^^^^^t^^^f^^  <m/«v  lawa 

you  are  satisfied  are  leaders  in  such  conspiracies,  ^^  Congress  to  urge  the  enactment  of  such  laws 

rather  than  the  mere  followers.    In  no  case  will  you  as  may  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  exercise  of 

permit  any  warrants  to  be  wantonly  or  causelesslv  jurisdiction  by  the  Courts  of  the  United  States 

ispued.    The  laws  are  to  be  executed  firmly,  but  al-  in  suits  against  municipal  corporations  in  the 

ways  fairly  and  unpiutially.    You  will  show  this  let-  ^  g^^^^ 

ter  to  the  Marshal,  if  you  should  have  occasion  to  "^'«*~  •^»«*^"- 

place  warrants  in  his  hands  relatinff  to  this  subject.  TFA^tmu,  Municipal  corporations,  namely,  counticF, 

Very  respectfully,         CHAKL£S  DEVENS,  cities,  and  towns,  as  organized  in  Alabama  and  otlier 

Attomey-Genextd.  States,  are  integral  parts  of  the  State  itself,  and  of 


ALICE  MAUD  MARY,  PRINCESS.  AMAT,  LUIGL  11 

the  gpvenuntnt  thereof,  and  in  bo  for  as  euob  oor-  the  grandson  of  the  Grand  Dake  Lndwig  II. 

poritioQi  exercise  power,  partioularly  the  power  to  gj^Q  nephew  of  the  Grand  Duke  Ludwig  III. 

U7tixei.ea^  power  ^  part  and  p(ux«l  of  the  bov-  ^   the  position  of  her  husband  was  not  such 

emjD  AuthontT  of  the  State  in  Its  highest  preroga-  -"•»  ""^  pwiwvu.  vi.  *«*  uuouau^  «*oo  uvt.  oi*«u 

tive;  and  as  to  compel  his  residence  in  his  paternal  do- 

Wlm^^  The  joriBdietion  aaaerted  by  the  Courts  tninions,  the  young  couple  remained  more  than 

of  the  United  States  over  suits  against  such  corpora-  a  year  in  England,  and  their  eldest  daughter, 

lioDs.  md  particularly  the  jurisdiction  by  writ  of  PHncess  Victoria,  was  born  at  Windsor  OasUe, 

±;rpr"o?fe;yt^gK™^^^^^^^  ^^"^  «'  !«««•  J^'  ^'^t  ""''j'  t'  ^^^ 

tfa«G«nenl  Assembly,  is  an  encroachment  upon  the  oess  was  very  happy,  and  blessed  with  seven 

ri^u  of  the  Sutes,  preserved  in  the  Constitntion  children,  five  girls  and  two  boys.    The  eldest 

9:  the  United  States,  and  a  plain  violation  of  that  soil  Prince  Ernst  Ludwig  Karl  Albrecht,  was 

clittM  of  the  Constitution  which  declares  "  that  the  v^-..  "Wovfimher  25  1868  and  WAacnnRennentlr 

jjiicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  con-  ff  ™  i:?J®^^?f  ,v  !  /^oVu^?  i^f^^^fw      TK^ 

'traed  toextend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  com-  ^^  7®*"  old  at  the  death  of  his  mother.     Ihe 

mdioed  or  jproseoated  against  one  of  the  United  youngest  son.  Prince  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Au- 

SiatM,  by  oitisens  of  another  State,  or  by  oitixens  or  gust  Victor  Leopold  Lndwig,  bom  October  7, 

subiecu  of  any  foreign  state,"  because  a  suit  or  pro-  1370  was  accidentally  killed  by  falling  from  a 

S:r,.^^?,:?r,X\rlt:?e%'±f^  ^"^ow.  M^  3T..1878     The  youngest  Prin- 

the  power  to  levy  uzm  upon  iu  oitixens,  is  in  sub^  c«88,  Marie  Victoria  Feodore  Leopoldine,  bom 

(Unoe  lad  effeot  a  suit  or  prooee<Uiig  against  the  May  24, 1874,  died  a  few  days  before  her  moth- 

Srate,  binding  and  controlling  its  action  in  the  mat-  er,  of  diphtheria,  the  same  disease  to  which 

^'^?*^  '*^^  **•  e»stence ;  and  ,  ,    .  ..  her  mother  succumbed.    Princess  Alice  made 

Ir4««w,  The  oontmaedezeroiseof  suon  Jurisdio-  u^^^\*  ««,—  ««yx.^r.i«.  ;•.  n^»«n4>«,r  k«  y.^m  »a 

tion  irUl  doubtless  lead  in  the  future,  as  in  the  past,  f.®"®^?  "^^^  popular  in  Germany  by  her  ao- 

tfl  unseemly  conflict  between  Federal  and  State  au-  tmty  m  promoting  hospital  arrangements  dur- 

thoritr,  detrimental  to  that  respect  for  law  and  es-  ing  the  Franco-German  war,  when  she  was  a 

ubiubed  aothority  which  is  the  foundation  of  sooi-  constant  visitor  at  the  '*  Alice  Hospital  *'  in 

*'^^  fre^j^ytrnm^nt:  and  ,  ^^^.     .,,  Darmstadt  and  President  of  the  Alice  Frauen- 

Jr*<r«M,  The  General  Assembly  observes  with  „^,  .^  ^.  ™.^«*««i„  oo-^«;«*;««  #«•  r»k««;*«Ki^ 

rwt  joy  the  InoreMing  respect  and  reverence  ^^rein  or  women's  assoaation  for  chantable 

thDB^hoat  the  land  for  the  form  of  government  es-  purposes,  affiliated  to  the  Berlm  V  aterl&ndische 

ubluhed  by  the  fathers,  and  believes  that  it  is  the  Verein.    She  was  also  an  eamest  patron  of 

FMimoant  will  of  all  the  people  that  this  form  of  education  and  literature,  and  zealously  inter- 

prtrnment  shidl  be  mamtained  in  its  true  Bptnt  in-  ^^  ^     ^  ^  movements  for  Uberal 

tact  for  ever,  and  to  aocomphsh  this  purpose  the  bar-  ""^^  i*w4to*j.   ui.  uaouj  ■uvtviuvuvd  «v»  «a^j«cu 

nwrnoaa  cooperation  of  State  and  Federal  authority  reform.    She  sent  her  oldest  son  for  education 

snder  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  is  India-  to  a  kindergarten  in  Darmstadt,  where  at  her 

peutble:  therefore,  express  demand  no  distinction  whatever  was 

Be^bgOeOfnertdAmmhiifo/Alab^  made  between  him  and  the  other  children.    On 

^"^IS^i^e'^JS.^s^i^^^^^^^  f-ne  18, 1877,  her  husband  succeed^  his  child- 

of  »och  laws  as  mar  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  ez-  l^^s  unoie,  Iiuuwig  ill.,   as  iirana  IiUKe  of 

erciM  of  jurisdiction  by  the  Courts  of  the  United  Hesse.    Her  death  occurred  on  the  anniver- 

Sute«  of  suits  or  proceedings  against  municipal  001^  gary  of  the  death  of  her  father.  Prince  Albert, 

^^tti^t^•^L''oo'v^^  be  recuested  to  for-  ^,^^.  T''  n  'tf  ^^^^^^^^  ^^'«  ^"H^ 

vinl  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  preamWe  and  resolu-  ^^  Wmdsor  Oastle  for  the  customary  memonal 

t-a  to  lion.  John  T.  Morgan,  of  the  Senate,  and  to  services. 

enhoftheBeproaentatives  fh>m  thU  State  in  Con-         AMAT  DI  SAN*  FILIPPO  £  SORSO,  LUI- 

^'»'-  GI,  Cardinal  Bishop  of  Ostia  and  Velletri.  Dean 

Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Federal  Re-  of  the  Sacred  OoUege,  and  Vice-Chancellor  of 

Ution^  the  Holy  Roman  Church,  born  June  21,  1706, 

On  Xovember  27th  Governor  Cobb  was  in-  died  March  80, 1878.    After  receiving  his  edu- 

iiTorated,  and  delivered  an  address  to  the  cation  in  the  ecclesiastical  Academy  of  Noble- 

Legblatare.    The  retiring  Governor,  George  men,  he  was  at  the  age  of  twenty-three  appoint- 

!>.  Houston,  waa  sabsequently  elected  Senator  ed  domestic  prelate.  On  April  9, 1827,  Leo  XII. 

to  represent  the  State  in  the  Federal  Congress,  named  him  Archbishop  of  Nicea  in  partibuB^ 

Id  the  place  of  George  £.  Spencer.    Mr.  Hous-  and  sent  him  as  Apostolical  Nuncio  to  Naples. 

too  was  elected  in  1865,  but  not  allowed  to  take  Subsequently  this  position  was  (Ranged  for 

l^is  seat.  that  of  Nuncio  in  Spain,  where,  in  consequence 

ALICE  MAUD  MARY,  Grand  Dnchess  of  of  the  will  of  Ferdinand  YIL,  a  civil  war  had 

Hese-Daraistadt,  Princess  of  England,  second  broken  out.    At  both  courts  he  was  quite  suc- 

^Qghter  of  Queen  Victoria,  bom  at  Windsor  oessful,  and  the  succeeding  Popes,  Pius  YIII. 

Ci^Ie,  April  25,   1843,  died  December   14,  and  Gregory  XYL,  held  him  in  high  honor. 

I'CB.    Princeaa  Alice  was  perhaps  the  best  In  1887  he  was  created  Cardinal.    In  the  fol- 

bovn  and  the  best  loved  of  all  the  daughters  lowing  year  he  was  sent  as  Apostolical  Legate 

^t  Qaeen  Victoria.    She  became  especially  en-  to  Ravenna,  where  he  remained  six  years,  and 

beared  to  the  English  people  during  ner  fatiier's  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Cardinal  Mastai- 

U^  illness,  when  her  name  became  '*synony-  Ferretti,  who  was  then  Archbishop  of  Imola 

mous  with  a  father's  farewell  and  a  mother's  (subsequently  Pope  Pius  IX.).    Having  been 

^  'oaolation."    On  July  1,  1869,  she  was  mar-  recalled  to  Rome,  he  was  made  prefect  of  the 

n«d  to  Prince  Ludwig  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  economical  department  of  the  Propaganda  and 


12  AHEHIOA. 

preddent  of  tbe  so^EtUed  "  camera  dd  Bp<^U."  aad  property  has  been  eetimated  at  two  Liid- 

when  Pins  LX.  Bsoended  the  throDe,  the  1^*-  dred  millioa  dollarB.     Prompt  contribationa 

tion  at  Bologna  waa  intrusted  to  him.    The  for  the  benefit  of  the  Buffering,  and  for  defraj- 

revolntionarymoTementaof ISiShaTingforoed  log  the  expenaes  incident  to   the  calamity, 

him  to  leave  Bologna,  he  joined  Piua  IX.  at  ponred  forth  from  everj  part  of  the  coonlfj. 

QaBta,  and  was  in  1863  appointed  to  the  two  The  harvests  of  the  jeer  have  been  vnasa- 

most  lucrative  positions  at  the  Patial  court,  ally  abondant,  and  the^  eiporta  fitr  exceed  the 

'those  of  Vice-CbHQcellor  of  the  Holj  Roman  imports. 

Chnrch  and  archivist  of  the  apostolic  letters.  The  year  jast  past  wae  marked  bv  no  io- 
He  retained  both  offices  ontil  his  death,  adding  temational  strife  among  the  Sonth  and  Central 
to  them  tamj  others  in  the  oonrse  of  tine.  American  states  or  Mexico;  nor  has  internal 
Doring  the  latter  part  of  hie  life  he  tnioe  had  diasennon  been  freqnent  or  of  an  alarming 
an  apoplectic  stroke,  in  oonseqaence  of  which  character  in  any  of  them.  There  was  a  mo- 
be  was  anable  to  leave  bis  arm-chair;  bnt  the  menCary  snspeiimoD  of  diplomatic  relations 
clearness  of  his  mind  remained  animpsired  between  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Bepnblic,  the 
nntil  his  death.  L.  Teste,  in  his  work,  "Pr6-  Santiago  Government  having  repudiated  the 
face  an  Oonclave  "  (PbHb,  1877),  says  of  his  treaty  of  limits  signed  by  the  Chilian  plenipo- 
character,  "He  has  always  been  looked  npoa  tentiary,  whose  condnct  was  nuanimoQ&lycen- 
as  an  able,  amiable,  and  obli^ng  man,  of  very  snred  by  the  Legislature.  Toward  the  end  of 
Independent  character,"  the  year,  however,  friendly  n^otjations  vtn 

AMERICA.  In  the  part  of  North  America  resumed, 
called  the  Dominion  of  Canada  the  year  seems  Ohili,  so  uniformly  prosperons  for  a  number 
to  have  passed  in  a  more  qniet  manner  than  of  years,  was  plonged  into  financial  troublw 
nsnal.  Some  local  excitements  in  Jnly,  which  of  no  ordinary  character,  the  full  extent  of 
threatened  for  a  moment  something  serions.  vhicii  was  realized  in  the  second  half  of  the 
happily  passed  away.  The  electiona  resnlted  year.  Several  unavoidable  and  a  few  avoids- 
in  a  Conservative  victory,  and  the  rctam  of  bio  causes  oontribcted  to  bring  about  that  state 
Sir  John  MacDonald  to  power.  The  principal  of  things:  failure  of  the  wheat  crop,  fall  in  the 
issue  advocated  by  the  Conservatives  was  the  price  of  copper,  and  decrease  In  tne  quantity 
protection  of  home  indnstry.  The  administra-  of  sliver  prodaced  by  the  mines,  constrnction 
tion  of  Lord  DuSerin  completed  its  sixth  year,  of  unproductive  railways,  mtuntenance  of  a 
and  he  retired  irom  the  office  of  Governor-  nseless  navy,  and  extravagant  expenditures  in 
Qeneral,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  John  Doug-  the  various  departments  of  the  Government. 
las  Sutherland  Campbell,  usually  called  the  In  Colombia,  public  affaire  had  been  gradn- 
Uarqnis  of  Iiorne.  Be  is  the  husband  of  Lonise,  ally  retnming  to  their  former  sstjsfactory  con- 
one  of  the  daughters  of  Queen  Yictoria.  Their  dition,  overturned  for  a  while  by  the  late  dis- 
arriva!  in  December  was  an  event  of  nnnsnsl  aertroQB  revolotion. 
interest  through  out  the  Dominion. 

In  the  United  States,  the  depression  in  com- 
mercial affairs  continued  throughout  tbe  year. 
It  was  mitigated  somewhat  by  an  increased 
feeling  of  confidence  toward  the  close,  and  by 
an  improvement  in  many  branches  of  industry. 
Prices  of  necessaries  were  greatly  reduced,  and 
the  expenses  of  living  diminished. 

The  returns  of  the  State  elections  were  less 
favorable  to  the  Democratio  party  than  in  the 
previous  year;  but  the  latter  still  retuned  its 
strength   in   the  Federal  Legislature.    Gom- 

Elaints  were  made  by  both  the  Republican  and 
'emocratio  parties  of  local  interference  with 
electors,  and  measures  were  adopted  by  Con- 
gress for  an  investigation.    The  affairs  in  the 

Southern  States  have  resumed  a  peaceful  and  cm  hou. 
indnatrious  aspect. 

Some  Indian  disturbances  occurred  among  The  political  and  commercial  situations  of 

the  remnants  of  the  Western  tribes,  btit  of  lesa  Porn  have  experienced  no  change  warranting 

importance  than  in  previous  years.  bright  hopcB  for  the  immediate  future ;  nor 

A  very  aerions  and  afflictive  visitation  of  the  has  violent  psrty  spirit  been  as  yet  completely 

yellow  fever  occurred  in  the  Southern  States,  divested  of  its  lawlessness,  as  attested  by  the 

It  appeared  in  New  Orleans  about  May  23d,  assassination  of  ex-President  Se&or  Don  Ua- 

and  spread  over  a  large  sectJon  of  country,  nuel  Pardo  in  November,  he  being  then  Presi- 

The  States  of  Lonlstana,  l^ssiBsippi,  and  Ten-  dent  of  the  Senate. 

nessee  were  the  greatest  sufferers.    Nearly  a  The  recognition  of  the  Diax  administration 

hundred  thousand  cases  occurred,  and  about  in  Mexico  by  the  United  States  took  place  in 

twenty  thonsand  deaths.    The  loss  to  industry  March. 


ANGUOAN  OHUROHES.                                              13 

ISQUOAS  OHUBOHES.  The  Conwea-  and  rearranged."  Farther,  the  Gonyocation 
turn  of  CdiUerhury  met  on  Febroary  12th.  A  resolved  that  '*  some  regulating  power  is  ne- 
petition  was  presented,  signed  by  15,008  of  the  oessary  by  means  of  which,  wbue  the  faith  and 
ditfj  and  80,140  of  the  laity  of  the  Church  doctrine  of  the  Church  remain  unaltered,  she 
of  MgUod,  declaring  that  "  we  consider  the  may  be  enabled  to  adapt  her  ceremonies  to  the 
cburchjardB,  subject  to  the  legal  right  of  the  changing  circumstances  of  the  time,"  and  re- 
parishioners  to  interment^  to  be  the  property  quested  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  to  embody  the 
of  the  Charch  of  England ;  that  we  are  op-  provisions  of  the  scheme  which  he  proposed  in 
posdd  to  any  legislation  which  shall  permit  the  form  of  a  draft  bill,  to  be  submitted  to 
pdrsooSf  not  being  ministers  of  that  Churchy  Convocation,  and  if  approved  by  it  introduced 
I)  claim  as  a  right  to  officiate  in  our  church-  into  Parliament. 

jttdi^  and  to  use  forms  and  ceremonies  there-  The  seventy-ninth  annual  meeting  of  the 
ia  which  are  not  sanctioned  by  the  English  Church  Mimoncvry  Society  wad  held  in  Lon- 
Charch/^    A  committee  which  had  been  ap-  don,  April  80th.    The  Earl  of  Chichester  pre- 
printed in  the  Lower  House  in  June  preceding,  sided.    The  general  receipts  of  the  Society  for 
on  the  snbjeot  of  the  **  burials  question,"  made  the  year  had  been  £207,058 ;  adding  what  had 
a  report  holding  that  the  present  law  was  the  been  received  for  the  India  and  China  famine 
onlj  secarity  against  the  making  of  the  grave-  funds,  and  for  special   missions,  the  whole 
j&nii  the  scene  of  strife  and  unchristian  con-  amount  intrusted  to  the  Society  had   been 
trorersy.    A  resolution  was  adopted  asserting  £228,088.    The  total  expenditures  had  been 
that  the  Church  can  not,  without  a  breach  of  £208,846.    The  total  number  of  clergymen 
£iith,  permit  in  its  own  burial  grounds  services  employed  by  the  Society  was  885,  of  whom 
Qot  it8  own,  but  suggesting  that  the  difficulties  208  were  Europeans,  and  182  native  clergy, 
of  Qonoonformists  might  be  met  by  an  altema-  Fifty-seven  European  laymen  were  also  at  work 
tire  service.    A  report  on  ecclesiastical  law  under  the  direction  of  the  Society.    A  report 
vas  adopted  in  the  Lower  House,  providing  was  made  of  the  condition  of  the  missions  in 
that  the  Convocation  might  frame  canons  to  West  and  East  Africa,  Turkey,  Persia,  north- 
be,  by  permission  of  the  Queen  in  Privy  Coun-  .  em,  southern,  and  western  India,  Ceylon,  Mau- 
cil,  kid  before  Parliament,  when,  if  not  ob-  ritius,  the  Seychelles  islands,  China,  Japan, 
jt^rted  to,  they  might  by  royal  license  become  New  Zealand,  and  northwest  America.    Some 
a  Uw.   The  Upper  House  approved  the  re-  steps  had  been  taken  toward  completing  the 
port,  and  recommended  that  a  draft  of  a  bill  independence  of  the  church  in  Sierra  Leone; 
be  made  in  accordance  with  its  suggestions,  Converts  from  Islam  had  publicly  professed 
&nd  submitted  to  Parliament.    A  committee  Christianity  at  Lagos.     Measures  had  been 
vtf  appointed  to  prepare  forms  of  family  and  taken  for  consolidating  and  extending  the  Ni- 
pHvate  prayer,  to  be  considered,  and  if  thought  ger  mission.    Two  of  the  agents  connected 
^:  aathorized,  by  Oonvooation.    The  Convo-  with  the  mission  on  the  Victoria  Nyanza  Lake 
cation  met  again  ICay  14th.    The  Lower  House  had  been  killed  in  an  affray  with  which  the 
fciopt^  reooDomendations  for  the  amendment  mission  had  no  direct  connection,  but  men 
of  the  Lectionary,  to  the  effect  that  in  the  were  to  be  sent  immediately  to  take  their 
cDorae  of  the  lessons  the  Gospel  should  be  places.    The  troubles  which  had  interrupted 
read  thrioe  in  the  year  instead  of  twice  as  at  the  progress  of  the  work  at  the  Tamil  Coo- 
present,  and  the  whole  of  the  Apocalypse  ly  mission  in  Ceylon   during  the  past  two 
•^^oold  be  read.    It  also  requested  tne  Upper  years  had  been  settled,  and  the  Bishop  of  Oo- 
Hi}ose  to  take  means  to  obtain  an  improved  lombo  had  consented  to  give  to  the  mission  the 
f  jr<n  of  baptismal  register.     In  the  Upper  same  recognition  as  had  been  accorded  to  it  by 
House,  a  report  was  presented  which  recom-  his  predecessors^  upon  a  guarantee  being  giveti 
^i^^l  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  stipends  that  it  should  be  conducted  consistently  witV 
t*)  curates  in  parishes  where  the  incumbent  is  the  principles  of  the  Church  of  England. 
poQ-regid^t,  and  tiiat  in  no  case  should  it  be  The  total  receipts  of  the  Society  for  the  PrO' 
'«» than  J8120,  or  the  amount  of  the  income  pagaUon  of  the  Ootpel  in  Foreign  Parte  for 
^  the  incumbent.     Some  attention  was  given  the  year  ending  in  May,  1878,  were  £148,488, 
*o  the  proceedings  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  of  which  £17,000  were  given  for  distribution 
Cliorch,  which  1^  been  recently  organized  in  by  missionaries  of  the  Society  to  sufferers 
tb«  kingdom,  under  the  superintendence  of  from  the  Indian  famine.      There  were  547 
Bdhop  Gregg,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  missionaries  and  about  1,100  oatechists  and  lay 
^i  consider  the  matter.  teachers  employed  by  the  Society  during  the 
the  CoiitoofUion  of  Torh  met  February  19th«  year.    Of  the  missionaries,  one  was  engaged 
^e  Bishop  of  Oarliale  introduced  resolutions  in  Europe,  64  labored  in  Australia  and  the  Pa- 
proposing  a  scheme  of  changes  in  le^lation,  oifio,  120  in  Africa,  185  in  Asia,  and  227  in 
•''  which  the  first  was  amended  and  adopted,  America  and  the  West  Indies.    The  Society 
'^fedaring  that  '*  in  the  judgment  of  this  Con-  had  also  255  students  in  colleges  abroad.  Hin- 
^oestion  the  time  has  arrived  when  it  has  be-  doo  students  of  Bishop's  College,  Calcutta, 
'"^  necessary  that  the  mode  of  legislation  had  begun  to  pass  the  preliminary  theological 
^  matters  affecting  the  spiritual  affairs  .of  examination  of  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
'•^i  Chnrch  of  England  should  be  reviewed  The  ordination  of  Peter  Masiza  as  a  priest  in 


14  ANGLICAN  0HUR0HE8. 

Oaffi'aria  was  mentioned  as  the  first  instanoe  Bishop  of  liohfield,  died  in  ApriL  The  Rev. 
of  a  Calfre  admitted  to  the  priesthood.  The  William  Dalrjmple  Maclagan,  vicar  of  Ken- 
work  of  the  missionaries  in  China  had  suffered  sington,  prebenaary  of  St.  PanVs  Cathedral, 
from  the  famine,  that  in  South  Afirica  from  the  chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  London,  and  hon- 
Caffre  insurrection,  and  that  in  the  West  Indies  orary  chaplain  to  the  Queeu,  was  appointed 
from  the  stru^le  with  the  difficulties  of  dis-  to  succeed  him  as  Bishop  of  Lichfield,  and 
endowment  Favorable  reports  were  made  of  was  consecrated  to  that  office  on  the  24th  of 
the  condition  of  missions  in  Australia,  New  June. 

Zealand,  and  Japan.    The  anniversary  meeting       A  final  decision  was  given  by  the  Qneen^s 

of  the  Society,  which  is  usually  held  in  April,  Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in 

was  postponed  till  the  last  of  June,  so  that  the  the  case  of  Martin  V9,  Mackonochie,  which  has 

colonial  and  American  bishops  who  were  then  been  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  of  England  for 

to  be  present  at  the  Pan- Anglican  Synod  might  several  years.    The  original  suit  in  this  case 

attend  it.  was  begun  in  June,  1874,  in  the  shape  of  a 

The  Ebme  Beunion  Society  is  the  name  of  prosecution  under  the  Church  Discipline  act 

an  organization  which  has  been  formed  for  the  (8  and  4  Vict.,  c.  86),  against  the  Rev.  Mr. 

purpose  of  presenting  the  Church  of  England  Mackonochie,  of   St.    Alban's.  Holbom,   for 

m  a  conciliatory  aspect  toward  those  who  re-  breaches  of  the  ecclesiastical  law,  principally 

gard  themselves  as  outside  of  its  pale,  and  of  in  the  use  of  ornaments  by  the  minister  and. 

promoting  the  corporate  reunion  of  all  Chris-  In  the  church.    The  case  was  heard  in  Decern- 

tians  holding  the  doctrines  of  the  Trinity  and  ber  of  the  same  year,  and  the  defendant  was 

the  Incarnation  and  Atonement.    The  Bishop  suspended  from  his  office  for  six  weeks.    Con- 

of  Winchester  is  president,  and  several  other  tinning  his  sJleged  breaches  of  the  law  after 

bishops  are   members  of  the  council.     The  his  return  to  his  church,  he  was  served   in 

Society  professes  that,  although  it  can  not  sup-  March,  1878,  with  a  notice  to  appear  before 

port    any  scheme   of  comprehension  which  Lord  Penzance  in  the  Court  of  Arches ;   and 

compromises  the  three  creeds  or  the  Episcopal  paying  no  attention  to  this,  he  was  served  in 

Constitution  of  the  Church,  it  '*  is  prepared  to  the  same  month  with  a  second  monition,  warn- 

advocate   all   reasonable    liberty  in   matters  ing  him  to  abstain  from  thepractices  mention* 

not  contravening  the   Church's  faith,  order,  ed  in  the  former  notice.    He  was  also  served 

or  discipline."     The  annual  meeting  of  the  with  a  further  notice  to  appear  in  the  Conrt 

Society  was  held  in  London,  July  10th,  when  of  Arches  on  the  11th  of  May,  but  did  not  ap- 

a  report  was  presented  of  its  progress  during  pear.    Lord  Penzance  thereupon  proceeded  to 

the  year,  ana  addresses  were  made  by  the  deal  with  the  case  in  his  absence,  and  in  time 

Bishop  of  Winchester,  the  Bishop  of  Louisiana,  issued  a  decree  suspending  him  ah  officio  et  a 

and  others.  henefldo  for  three  vears,  as  a  punishment  for 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  for  the  his  contempt  of  the  decree  of  the  Dean  of 
Liberation  of  Religion  from  State  Control  was  Arches  ana  the  monition  of  Lord  Penzance, 
held  in  London,  May  15th.  Mr.  Henry  Lee  of  warning  him  to  pay  obedience  to  the  previons 
Manchester  presided,  in  the  absence  of  Sir  monition.  Mr.  Mackonochie  then  applied  to 
Wilfred  Lawson,  Bart.,  the  actual  president,  the  Queen's  Bench  Division  for  a  writ  of  pro- 
The  income  of  the  Society  for  the  year  had  hibition  to  restrain  Lord  Penzance  from  pub- 
been  £16,000.  Nine  hundred  and  thirty  meet-  lishing  andproceeding  with  the  decree  of  sas- 
ings  and  lectures  had  been  held  under  its  pension,  llie  decree  of  the  Court  was  given 
direction  during  the  year,  and  2,820,000  copies  oy  a  majority  of  one  of  the  judges,  and  ^was 
of  publications  had  been  issued,  of  whicn  a  based  upon  technical  grounds  having  no  ref- 
considerable  number  had  been  circulated  in  the  erence  to  the  merits  of  the  case.  The  Lord 
agricultural  districts.  Suggestions  had  been  Chief  Justice  and  Chief  Justice  Mellor,  form- 
published  as  to  the  mode  in  which  disestablish-  ing  the  majority  of  the  Court,  and  whose  opin- 
ment  could  be  effected.  The  organization  for  ion  carried  the  decision,  held  that  the  monition 
promoting  the  objects  of  the  Society  had  been  issued  to  Mr.  Mackonochie  in  the  first  instance 
advanced  in  London  by  the  formation  of  a  was  in  the  nature  of  a  penalty,  and  ended  the 
council  in  each  of  the  metropolitan  constituen-  proceeding  against  him ;  and  that,  therefore, 
oies.  The  movement  for  disestablie^ment  in  no  further  penalty  could  be  inflicted  upon  hinoi 
Scotland  had  made  great  progress,  notice  of  without  beginning  a  new  suit.  The  sentence 
which  was  taken  in  one  of  the  resolutions  of  three  years' suspension,  being  in  form  a  con « 
adopted  at  the  meeting.  Another  resolution,  tinuance  of  a  suit  that  had  been  closed,  ^«ras 
referring  to  the  repeal  of  the  Corporation  and  upon  this  view  void. 

Test  acts,  whose  fiftieth  anniversary  was  near,        A  general  conference  of  the  bishops  of  the 

expressed  thanks  to   Earl  RdsscII    and  ^'  to  Church  of  England,  and  of  the  American  and 

others  associated  with  him  in  that  great  strug-  colonial  churches  affiliated,  with  the  mission* 

gle  who  still  survive,"  for  their  successful  ex-  ary  bishops,  currently  spoken  of  as  the   J^tgn^ 

ertions  "  to  diminish  the  civil  disabilities  in-  Anglican  Synods  or  Conference,  met  upon  in- 

fiicted  or  maintained  in  the  interest  of  the  vitation  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  at 

Church  Establishment."  Lambeth  Palace,  July  2d.    The  council  had  no 

The  Right  Rev.  George  Augustus  Selwyn,  authority,  but  was  a  purely  voluntary  meeting 


AISTGLIOAN  OHUROHES.                                                15 

of  bishops  from  varions  quarters  of  the  earth,  and  calling  npon  the  Conferenoe  to  '*  issae  a 
for  diBcuasion  and  consoltation  on  matters  of  solemn  and  consentient  declaration  that  it  is 
common  interest.  On  the  28th  of  Jnne,  at  a  the  first  duty  of  all  Christians  to  labor  and  praj 
meeting  held  in  connection  with  the  Society  for  the  uniting  into  one  body  of  all  those  who 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  previous  to  call  upon  the  name  of  Christ  and  agree  in  the 
the  formal  opening  of  the  Conference,  several  divine  authority  of  Holy  Scripture,  in  the 
of  the  foreign  bishops  gave  accounts  of  the  creeds,  and  in  the  decrees  of  the  Church,  so 
condition  of  their  churches  in  their  several  that  there  be  no  more  divisions  among  us  '* ; 
coontries.  The  Bishop  of  Madras  told  of  the  and,  further,  asking  it  *^  to  recommend  some 
conversion  daring  the  year  of  more  than  twen-  practical  means  and  mode  of  action  whereby 
tr  thousand  inhabitants  of  the  district  of  Tin-  a  consummation  so  devoutly  to  be  wished  for 
nevelly  within  his  diocese;  the  Bishop  of  Bom-  may,  in  God^s  good  time,  be  accomplished.*' 
Uy  read  a  paper  on  associated  missions ;  the  The  discussions  of  the  questions  which  were 
Bishop  of  Colombo  gave  an  account  of  the  considered  at  the  earlier  sessions  were  contin- 
various  tribes  of  Ceylon ;  papers  were  read  on  ued  until  the  day  of  adjournment,  July  27th. 
mi»ion  work  in  China  by  the  American  Biahop  The  reports  adopted  by  the  Conferenoe  were 
of  Shanghai,  on  foreign  missions  by  the  Bishop  published  after  the  a<y oumment.  The  first  re- 
of  Ohio,  and  woman's  work  in  his  diocese  by  port  deals  with  the  best  mode  of  maintaining 
the  Bishop  of  Bloemfontein ;  the  Bishop  of  union  among  the  various  ch  arches  of  the  An- 
Maritzbni^  spoke  on  the  Church  in  Africa ;  a  glican  communion.  It  admitted  that  the  as- 
paper  by  a  woman  was  read  on  the  value  of  sembling  of  a  true  general  council,  to  which 
the  female  education  undertaken  by  women  in  the  Church  of  England  has  always  declared  its 
India ;  and.  the  condition  of  the  Church  in  readiness  to  resort,  is,  in  the  present  condition 
Australia  and  America  was  reviewed.  One  of  Christendom,  unhappily  but  obviously  im- 
hondred  bishops  were  in  attendance  during  possible;  and  that  the  diflSculties  attending 
the  sessions  of  the  Conterence.  An  opening  the  assembling  of  a  synod  of  all  the  Anglican 
declaration  was  adopted:  first,  giving  thanks  churches,  though  different  in  character  and 
to  Almighty  God  for  having  brought  the  mem-  less  serious  in  nature,  are  too  great  to  allow 
bers  together  for  common  council  and  united  of  its  being  recommended  for  present  adop- 
worship;  second,  expressing  sorrow  at  the  di-  tion;  but  suggested  that  such  conferences  as 
Tided  condition  of  the  flock  of  Christ  through-  the  present  one  and  the  one  which  was  held 
OQC  the  world,  and  an  ardent  longing  for  unity ;  in  1867,  cidled  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
and  lasUj,  recording  the  conviction  *Hhat  unity  bury  at  the  request  of  or  in  consultation 
will  be  more  effectually  promoted  by  maintain-  with  the  other  bishops,  might  with  ad  van- 
in^  the  faith  in  its  purity  and  integrity  as  tage  be  invested  in  future  with  somewhat 
Uoght  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  held  by  the  larger  liberty  as  to  the  initiation  and  selec- 
primitive  church,  summed  up  in  the  creeds,  tion  of  subjects  for  discussion,  concerning 
and  affirmed  by  the  undisputed  general  ooun-  which  the  report  mentioned  a  few  particu- 
eils.  and  by  drawing  each  of  us  closer  to  our  lars.  Nevertheless,  although  there  was  no 
common  Lord  by  giving  oarselves  to  much  hope  ofageneriJ  council,  the  reunion  of  Chris- 
prayer  and  intercession,  by  the  cultivation  of  tendom  should  be  kept  in  view;  and  it  was  sug- 
s  ;^irit  of  charity  and  a  love  of  the  Lord^s  ap-  gested  that  the  Tuesday  before  Ascension  Day 
pearing/'  Daring  the  earlier  sessions  of  the  be  set  apart  as  a  day  of  intercession  for  that 
Conference  the  following  subjects  were  dis-  object.  Concerning  ritualism,  the  report  af- 
cussed  and  referred  to  committees,  viz. :  "The  firmed  the  principle  that  " no  alteration  from 
h«st  mode  of  maintaining  union  among  the  va-  long-accustomed  ritual  should  be  made  contra- 
rioos  chorches  of  the  Anglican  communion  *^ ;  ry  to  the  admonition  of  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
*'  Volnntarj  boards  of  arbitration  for  churches  cese."  Concerning  confession,  it  affirmed  that 
&>  which  such  an  arrangement  may  be  applicar  "  the  churches  of  the  Anglican  communion 
ble '^;  **  The  relation  to  each  other  of  mission-  hold  fast  those  principles  which  are  set  forth 
^rj  bishops  and  of  missionaries  in  various  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  which  were  professed 
oranch^  of  the  Anj^lican  communion  acting  by  the  primitive  church,  and  which  were  re- 
in the  same  country '' ;  "The  position  of  An-  affirmed  at  the  English  Reformation^';  that 
?!ican  chaplains  and  ohapldncies  on  the  conti-  "  no  minister  of  the  church  is  authorized  to 
oent  of  £arope  and  elsewhere " ;  "  Modern  require  from  those  who  may  resort  to  him  to 
(ijnoa  of  infidelity,  and  the  best  means  of  deal-  open  their  grief  in  particular  or  detailed  enu- 
ms^  with  them  " ;  and  "  The  condition,  prog-  meration  of  all  their  sins ;  or  to  require  private 
re:«,  and  needs  of  the  various  churches  of  confession  previous  to  receiving  the  holy  com- 
:!ie  Andean  communion.**  The  Conference  munion;  or  to  ei^oin  or  even  encourage  the 
then  adjoorned,  July  5th,  till  July  22d,  to  give  practice  of  habitual  confession  to  a  priest ;  or 
the  committees  time  to  consider  the  subjects  to  teach  that  such  practice  of  habitual  confes- 
vhich  had  been  referred  to  them.  On  reas-  sion,  or  the  being  subject  to  what  is  termed 
^-mbling  an  address  was  presented  from  the  the  direction  of  a  priest,  is  a  condition  of  at- 
As«ociation  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Unity  of  taining  to  the  highest  spiritual  life."  At  the 
C.'iristendom,  nrgingthat  the  present  time  was  same  time,  the  committee  would  not  be  under- 
favorable  to  the  purpose  of  the  Association,  stood  as  desiring  "  to  limit  in  any  way  the  pro- 


16           ANGLICAN  0HUR0HE8.  APPLETON,  GEORGE  S, 

• 
vision  made  in  the  Book  of  Oommon  Prayer  ered  the  opening  address,  in  which  he  defend- 
for  the  relief  of  troubled  consciences.^*  The  ed  the  Congresses  as  a  useful  medium  for  tlie 
report  *^  On  the  Relation  to  each  other  of  Mis-  exchange  of  thought,  and  pointed  out  the  good 
sionary  Bishops  and  of  Missionaries  "  involved  results  which  he  anticipated  would  follow  the 
the  consideration  of  some  of  the  questions  meeting  of  the  Pan-Anglican  Conference  at 
which  have  been  in  dispute  between  agents  of  Lambeth.  Papers  were  read  on  '^  Foreign  and 
the  Church  Miesionarj  Society  in  Ceylon  and  Colonial  Missions,  their  Condition,  Organiza- 
the  Bishop  of  Colombo.  The  report  recom-  lion,  and  Prosperity,*'  by  the  Bishop  of  Penn- 
mended  that  books  of  common  prayer  shoyld  sylvania,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Maclear,  and  the  Rev. 
be  framed  suitable  to  the  needs  of  native  con-  Thomas  Green ;  "  Modem  Doubts  and  Diffi- 
gregations  in  heathen  countries;  that  tiiey  culties  in  relation  to  Revealed  Religion,^' bj  the 
should  be  based  upon  the  "  Book  of  Common  Rev.  Prof.  Wilkins,  the  Rev.  Stanley  Leathes, 
Prayer,*'  with  only  such  deviations  in  point  of  and  Dr.  Thornton ;  **  The  Just  Limits  of  Coni- 
form as  should  be  required  by  the  ciroum-  prehensiveness  in  the  National  Church,'*  by 
stances  of  particular  churches;  and  that  such  the  Hon.  Charles  L.  Wood,  President  of  the 
books  when  prepared  should  be  submitted  to  English  National  (Ritualistic)  Church  Union, 
the  approval  of  boards  regularly  endowed  with  the  Rev.  Llewellyn  Davis  (Low  Churchman), 
authority  for  that  purpose;  that  every  mis-  the  Rev.  Canon  Ryle  (classed  as  a  Broad 
sionary  clergyman,  whether  appointed  by  a  so-  Churchman),  and  others  ;  *'  The  Church's 
ciety  or  otherwise,  should  receive  the  license  Work  among  the  Rural,  Urban,  and  Comnier- 
of  the  bishop  in  whose  diocese  he  is  to  labor;  cialPopulations*';^' The  Attitude  of  the  Church 
that  in  case  of  refusal  to  give  a  license  to  a  toward  Popular  Literature  and  Recreation,*'  in 
clergyman,  the  bishop  should,  if  desired,  state  connection  with  which  head  the  moral  aspects 
the  reason  of  his  refusal,  transmit  them  to  the  of  the  theatre  were  discussed  by  the  Earl  of 
metropolitan,  or  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canter-  Mussrave,  the  Bishop  of  Manchester,  and  other 
bury,  if  there  is  no  metropolitan,  and  make  speakers ;  "  Woman's  Work  in  the  Church," 
them  accessible  to  the  person  whose  license  is  by  the  Bishop  of  Ohio,  Miss  Whatcley  of  the 
in  question ;  and  it  recommended  a  similar  mission  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  and  the  Rev.  F. 
course  of  procedure  in  the  "case  of  revoca-  Pigou;  "Church  Property  and  Endowments"; 
tion  of  license,  which  it  advised  should  not  take  "Ecclesiastical  Patronage**;  "The  Marriage 
place  except  for  grave  ecclesiastical  offenses.**  Law  as  affecting  the  Church  '* ;  "  Parochial 
Further,  it  suggested:  "The  bishop  would  prob-  Councils  *' ;  "  Cathedrals  and  Cathedral  Insti- 
ably  find  it  desirable,  where  the  clergyman  is  tutionsj^  how  to  increase  their  Influence"; 
connected  with  one  of  the  great  missionary  so-  "The  Supply,  Training,  and  Examination  of 
cieties,  to  communicate  with  the  society  or  its  Candidates  for  Holy  Orders.*'  The  question, 
local  representatives  before  taking  steps  for  re-  "  What  definite  results  as  to  the  interpretation 
vocation  of  a  license."  It  held  that  lay  agents  of  Scripture  have  been  produced  by  the  dis- 
employed  in  more  important  spiritual  func-  coveries  in  Egypt,  Nineveh,  and  the  Catacomhs 
tlons  should  have  the  license  or  other  express  of  Rome?**  was  discussed  by  Canon  Rawlin- 
sanction  of  the  bishop,  and  other  lay  agents  son  and  Canon  Tristram.  A  "  Workingmen's 
should  be  considered  to  have  his  implied  sane-  Meeting "  was  held  In  connection  with  the 
tion ;  that  the  authority  of  the  bishop  in  ap-  Congress. 

pointing  places  for  public  worship  had  been  APPLETON,  George  Swett,  member  of  the 

always  admitted  in  the  Church ;  and  that  every  publishing  firm  of  Daniel  Appleton  and  Com- 

place  in  which  the  holy  communion  is  regularly  pany,  died  July  7th,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven 

celebrated  should  have  his  sanction.    Another  years.  He  was  bom  at  Andover,  Massachusetts, 

report  expressed  the  sympathy  of  the  Confer*  August  11, 1821.    Both  by  his  inherited  tastes 

ence  toward  the  Old  Catholics,  and  the  churches  And  by  education  he  was  eminently  well  fitted 

and  individuals  protesting  against  the  claim  of  for  the  vocation  in  life  which  occupied  all  his 

the  Papal  Court  to  supremacy  over  all  men  in  manhood*s  years — that  of  a  publisher.     Having 

matters  of  faith  and  morals  on  the  ground  of  its  studied  for  some  time  in  the  Phillips  Academy 

infallibility.  The  report  "On  Voluntary  Boards  — a  noted  educational  institution  in  his  native 

of  Arbitration  **  indicated  the  principles  which  village — ^he,  at  the  age  of  about  nineteen,  went 

might  be  applied  in  cases  wliere  an  appeal  is  abroad  for  the  sake  of  study  and  travel,  and 

sought  from  the  decisions  of  the  tribunals  of  passed  four  years  at  the  University  of  Leipsic. 

the  several  ecclesiastical  provinces,  and  under  These  student  years  were  devoted  especially  to 

similar  circumstances  in  the  case  of  the  trial  literary  and  historical  research,  and  in  the 

of  a  bishop.    The  "  Committee  on  Infidelity  mean  time  he  gained  an  intimate  acquaintance 

and  the  best  Mode  of  meeting  it  *'  reported  with  the  languages  of  Germany,  France,  and 

that  it  was  impossible  to  give  adequate  con-  Italy.    With  the  literatures  of  these  countries, 

sideration  to  that  wide  subject  within  the  lim-  as  also  with  that  of  England,  he  was  fully  con- 

ited  time  allowed  for  their  deliberation.  versant.    But  while  literature  was  for  him  an 

The    eighteenth   Church   Congress   met  at  object  of  close  and  systematic  study,  fine  art 

Sheffield,  October  1st.    The  introductory  ser-  occupied  his  leisure  moments,  and  ne  culti- 

mon  was  preached  by  the  Bishop  of  Ripon«  vated  it  with  distinguished  success.    In  partic- 

The  Archbishop  of  York  presided,  and  deliv-  ular  he  was  a  connoisseur  of  painting,  and  at 


ABGENTINE  REPUBLIC.  17 

tbe  time  of  his  death  had  accamnlated  a  rich  *R.  Garcia,  and  the  Secretary  of  Legation  (who 

ooUecdon  of  masterpieces  of  art.    Daring  the  is  also  Oharg^  d* Affaires  daring  the  absence  of 

TtcatioDfl  of  the  aniversity,  and  after  the  com-  the  Minister),  Sr.  Carrie.    The  Argentine  Con- 

p)edon  of  his  stadies,  Mr.  Appleton  traveled  sul-General  at  New  York  is  Mr.  Edward  F. 

extensively  in  Europe,  stadying  the  people  and  Davison.    The  Governors  of  the  several  Prov- 

the  treasares  of  art  and  literatare.    Having  inces,  etc.,  are: 

returaed  home,  he  embarked  in  business,  that         saenoe  Ayrea Dr.  c.  Tejedor  (May,  1878). 

of  i  pabhsher,  on  his  own  aCCOant,  at  Phlla-  Minister uf  the  interior..*!.  Aleorta. 

delpbia.    In  1847  he  married  Miss  Caroline         oito^JSS'''*''^*"'^ m.Mo^*''' 

Archer  Osgood,  who  survives  him.    Later,  he  Cdrdou. ..".'.!!!."."!!!.'!'!  iDr.  a.  del  Viso. 

joined  bis  three  brothers,  John  and  William,         S®"**'Sf* t^  i>  w 

hisseniors,  and  Sidney,  his  junior,  in  condacfr-  j5^".^::::::::;;::::m'*To^S 

iog  the  establishment  founded  in  New  York         LaBioja. '.'.*.'.!'.*'.y.  a.  Aimonadd. 

by  their  father,  Daniel  Appleton,  who  died  ^^'T^'\:V:^V''':V^J.VoU^''^^^ 

io  1849.    Here  his  eminent  attai nments  as  a  Ban  joim. '.'.'.'.    .'.'.*.'!!!!.'! B. bonoei. 

scholar  and  as  a  connoisseur  of  art  found         i*°.^«A J*}'S°!?**J" 

abondant  opportunity  for  their  display.  His  slSSi|o  .:::;.::::::v.;::B.oiil^^ 

coansel  as  a  literary  critic  was  of  the  highest         Tucuman v.  Ueiguera. 

Talae  to  the  firm.    He  rapidly  developed  the         ^^  ^^^  ^"^^ lieut-Ooi.  P.  Q6m^ 

biuiness  of  the  house  in  various  directions,  The  provincial  Governors  are  elected  by  the 

especially  in  the  publications  designed  to  facili-  people,  and  their  period  of  office  is  three  years. 

tate  the  study  of  languages,  and  to  familiarize  .  x  comprehensive  view  of  the  general  condi- 

the  American  public  with  the  classics  of  the  tion  of  affairs  in  the  repablic  may  be  had  from 

Tariona  European  literatures,  both  in  transla-  the  following  message  delivered  by  President 

tioM  and  m  their  original  forms.    Intimate  Avellaneda,  on  opening  Congress,  May  6, 1877 : 

relations  were  also  established  with  the  Span*    ,,  ^  *^ 

ish- American  states,  and  large  editions  of  Span-  ^?*T;  Sewatobs  ahd  DspimM : 

i«K  »<^*Va  ..^./^  .^^Kifok^^  \^  ♦^.^   A  ,v«viA4^no  A  salute  you  on  this  auapioious  day  and  aasure  you 

Bh  works  were  published  by  the  Appletons.  that  every  year  our  constitutional  principles  are  pro- 

io  Jlr.  ueorge  Appleton  is  in  great  measure  greasively  striking  their  roots  deeper  and  deeper, 

due  the  origination  and  successftil  completion  of  Your  presence  waa  much  needed,  owing  to  the  in- 

the  work  entitled  *•  Picturesque  America,"  the  tense  activity  of  political  life.    The  forum  is  full, 

noblest  iUustrated  work  published  in  America.  ?}'fl  parties  and  oninions  seek  in  this  arena  to  ven- 

TT*  -!»«.  .»^«,i:i.  ^^^^„^^^^A  ♦k«4.  ^♦i.*»  ««^«*  tilate  their  viewa,  for  it  is  from  oppoding  points  of 

He  also  steadily  encouraged  that  other  great  discuasion  that  the  country  becomes  enlfghtened. 

eoterpnse  of  the  house,  the  "  American  Oyclo-  Let  me  sketch  for  you  the  condition  of  affairs, 

pedis."     When  attacked  by  his  last  illness,  Many  European  and  American  statesmen  were 

Mr.  Appleton  waa  about  to  «o  abroad  for  an  »o  impressed  with  the  conciliation  policy  at  Buenos 

PTtMuiZi  f^ni.  rtf  4^1.017^1      trSa  n««t.A«»;4f  ^  of  Ayrcs  that  they  asked  themselves  if  »uch  were  not 

extended  tour  of  travel.     His  unremitted  at-  p^f^rable  to  tl»e  system  of  repression  used  In  En- 

tention  for  years  to  his  pursuits  made  an  in-  fope,  which  perpetuates  violent  rancor.    Theexam- 

termissiou  necessary  for  him.     But  disease  pie  we  have  given  does  honor  to  the  human  race, 

intervened,  and  he  died  at  a  comparatively  At  present  some  may  besin  to  doubt  about  the  con- 

eariy  age.     Five   cbUdren  survive  him,  all  oilUtion  policy,  but!  tell  you  my  progrramme  is  un- 

flmwn  nt«  «^«    fk^o^  oyv»o  »«^  4.»^  ;i««<.kV^^  altered.    It  is  one  of  the  privilef^es  of  my  office  to 

^Wv'S^F  RFPnS r ?S  ml^^nll?'  •P?^^?  °^^°^«*«"  .ccordinV to  my  own  ^lood  will 

AKOfc^  IIWJ!,  iCbfUiSLIU  (Kbpubuoa.  Ab-  and  this  is  essential  to  enable  me  to  govern  with 

clstuia),  an  independent  state  of  South  Amer-  firmness.  As  a  proof  of  conciliation  I  may  remind 
ict,  lying  between  latitudes  20°  and  41°  south,  you  that  S,000,000  Argentines  joyfully  celebrated 
and  longitudes  63°  and  70»  17'  west  It  is  ®«J«»1  San  Martin's  centenary. 
Kn««j2?Jl-lu  vl:  T^ri"  :  I  V  13  Two  or  three  provinces  are  in  a  disturbed  state. 
Jwmded  north  by  Bolivia ;  east  by  Paraguay,  Governor  Iriondo  has  put  down  a  revolution  in  Santa 
Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Atlantic ;  south  hj  f^,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  ho  will  now  try  con- 
Patagonia  ;  and  west  by  Bolivia  and  Chill.  cUiation.  The  state  of  Corrientes  is  more  critical. 
The  population  waa  returned  at  1,768,681  in  Minister  Pla^a  was  sent,  not  simply  to  suj^port  Gov- 
theoensusof  1869,butin  1876  it  was  estimated  ernorDerqui  but  to  study  tlie  order  of  to  ings.Tl^^^ 
•*  Q  jaaT^  *w«r,  vuvmu  xviu  xi»  it<h  vi>»iuA«t^  viotonous  reocls  laid  down  their  arm*  and  submit- 
tt  2,400,000,  exolosive  of  98,291  Indians  m  the  ted.  It  U  now  best  to  order  new  elections  in  Corri- 
lemtory  of  Gran  Chaco,  the  Pampas,  and  antes. 
Patagonia.    The   population  of   the   capital,  The  acoountBofl877Bhow  as  follows: 

Boenos  Ayrea,  was  estimated  at  280,000.  Appropriations  votod I?7.967,tm 

^The  Preaident  of  the  Republic  is  Dr.  Don         Acfiioi  expenditures H'm^ 

XicoUs  Avellaneda,  who  succeeded  Sefior  Sar-         DeSdu* Moo,'ot4 

miento,  October  12, 1874;  and  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent is  Dr.  Don  Mariano  Acosta.    The  Cabinet  Thus  we  spent  ei^ht  milliona  less  than  Conjfreaa 
uiv^m.^^^^  «#  ♦K^  «Aii^n.:n»  *»;..:o4^».c. .  t«*«  authonaed,  and,  although  the  revenue  did  not  come 
w  composed  of  the  following  ministers :  Inte-  „p  ^  ^,„  expectations,  Still  the  economy  of  our  Fi- 

.lor,  Ur.  Laspiar;  l<oreign  Affairs,  Dr.  Jdontes  nance  Department  saved  the  situation.    The  expen- 

<ie  Oca;  Finance.  Dr.  Victorino  de  la  Plaza;  ditures  or  the  last  six  years  were :  1872,  $2M62,7B5 ; 

Jaatioe,  Public  Worship,  and  Public  Instruc-  1878,  $81,026,070;  1874,  $29,784,196 ;  1875,  $28,667,- 

tian,  Dr.  Lastra ;   War  and  Marine,  General  tlUur^JS^i^^^^ 

p-^-1      on,      A :  «*a   ^   •»#•-•  J.       W    •   ^*.  year's  revenue  we  flna:  import  duties,  a'iv,c»4o,9ou ; 

r^.    ^le  Argentine  MmisterPlenipoten-  Jxport  duties,  $2,824,491.   ^he  returis  of' our  im' 

tury  to  the  Uoited  States  is  Sr.  Don  Manuel  port  and  export  trade  show: 
Vol.  zviu.— 2    A 


18  ARGENTINE  BEPUBUO. 


and  Bohoolfl  are  all  in  good  working  order  and  the 

J876 ^'•^^^         HJOBJ.Toa  number  of  acbolara  baa  increaaedrit  will  t>encoes- 

^*>*»- W,»»,i41  48,Ww««w  gm^  iQ  reaume  tbe  official  inapection  of  acboola  all 

Tbia  apparent  decline  of  7  per  cent,  in  our  exporta  over  tbe  country,  and  foater  a  spirit  of  learning  in 

ia  dne  to  tbe  fact  of  reduced  valuation  on  wool,  bidea,  9Aeh  localitj.     The  Miniater'a  report  abowa  that 

etc.,  aa  we  find  the  quantitiea  exported  iu  1877  ex-  there  ia  a  aligbt  inoreaae  in  the  number  of  acholara; 

ceea  tboae  for  the  previoua  year ;  but  the  valuation  there  are  at  preaent  C,900  atndenta  enrolled  in  tbe 

waa  reduced  15  per  cent.    Meantime  it  ia  deairable  national  ooUegea  and  acboola.*    Tbe  Obaervatory  at 

to  invent  new  aouroea  of  revenue,  since  cuatoma  du-  C6rcloba  baa  now  in  print  the  **  Uranometria  Argto- 

tiea  are  too  lUble  to  fluctuation.    We  muat  imitate  t»n*i"  ''Web  ia  likely  to  prove  tbe  moat  valuable 

the  United  Statea  in  tbia  regard.  acientiflG  work  of  iu  kind  ever  published.     Tbe 

The  money  for  the  coming  coupons  ia  already  in  Meteorological  Department  baa  publiabed  ita  first 

London.    We  have  been  nolesa  punctual  in  paying  volume,  a  work  also  due  to  the  seal  of  tbe  Director 

the  home  debt,  and  in  a  few  days  we  will  pay  to  the  of  the  Obaervatory,  and  which  ia  of  vaat  acientiflc 

Provincial  Bank  the  quarter'a  inatallment  due  last  imporUooe,  as  it  proves,  what  baa  long  been  sus- 

February  on  account  of  loan  of  September,  1876.  pected,  the  relation  between  changea  of  temperature 

Our  atooka  have  risen  in  London,  but  aome  of  the  ^u^d  tboae  in  the  spots  on  the  sun's  disk.    Dr.  Bu> 

Englisb  papera  continue  to  question  our  solvency,  meiater'a  great  work  on  the  pbyaical  geogxmphy  of 

although  we  honorably  pay  our  way.    Aa  we  have  *•>•  lepubue  ia  alao  progreaain^. 
aafely  gone  over  tbe  crisis,  there  is  no  reason  now  to        »  May,  1877,  tbe  new  fronuer  line  waa  defended 

propoae  any  alteration  of  the  terma  with  bondbold-  by  a  ditch  SO  leaguea  long,  and  aeveral  forte.    Tbe 

era.    English  capiUl  will  eteadUy  flow  into  tbia  ditch  ia  now  80  leMues  long,  and  there  are  4S8  kilo- 

oountry,  tHKsanae  Engliahmen  know  that  by  spend-  nietraa  of  telegraph,  uniting  Paun  and  Trenmielan- 

ing  millioiia  in  America,  India,  and  Auatralia  to  qnon.     Along  the  new  line  have  been  buUt  150 

Eww  cotton,  sugar,  and  wool,  they  have  enriched  brick  houses,  200  rancboa.  two  bospitala,  and  seven 

ngland  more  than  if  they  had  kept  the  money  in  acboola.  attended  by  900  children :  400,000  treea  have 

London.    During  the  last  three  trying  yean  we  been  nUnted  along  the  line ;  l,e00  national  guards 

hnve  notably  reduced  our  national  deM,  which  ia  have  been  released  from  aervice,  and  there  aire  now 

now  aa  foUowa:  only  900  national  f^uarda  on  tbe  frontier,  who  will 

LondoiibMBa 188,000.000  alao  be  aent  home  mimediately. 

Bomedebt ^I,979i40  Becent  expeditions  against  tbe  Indiana  have  been 

jnoatliigdebt.V.V..V.'.V.V.V.V...V.7...      M9Ma8  auceesaftil,  tne  aavagea  surrendering,  since  they  can 

no  longer  make  nutu  aa  bt  fore. 

'nK^ $81,917,8u£*  Measn.  Senaton  and  Depntiea,  there  is  a  vacant 

Sqoal  to  about  £19,000,000  ateriing,  including  £1,.  ?«*,1"^*^J:    VJZ'Va'^  ^I^  ^  T'^'^!'%^^' 

190,400  not  emitte<J  (of  the  Vareli  loan)lbit  re-  ??^y^*Sf  ^^^  ^i^:  ^^°*^®  -^"^  *^*J.*^  ^^ 

earned  to  make  a  port  at  Boenoa  Ayres.  l**5'f^^!!;-    H«diedin  harness,  and  on  hiadeatb- 

The  number  of  immigrenta  last  year  waa  99,000,  ^^  ^"^  ^^^'JP^  /^  ^^"•^  ^T***®  a  victorious 

being  neariy  the  aameaa  tbe  previous  year,  and  more  expedition.    Ths    Argentine  ipeople  and   Govem- 

thjuTthe  aggregate  of  arrivala  from  Europi  in  all  the  S?°*  ^^«  P"4  ^P-^Tm  •^  -n"*"  S*  ^^  memory, 

other  comtHM  of  South  America.    The  Solonixation  The  preaent  Minuter  of  War  wdl  contmue  the  work 

and  homestead  law  of  1876  is  carried  out  in  the  moat  ®^  *^  predeoeaaor.    Freab  efforta  are  neeeaawry.  We 

generous  manner,  and  we  can  boast  of  the  following  <f»  "^o*  reduce  the  wmy  tiDwe  push  on  to  a  lYonticr 

>  colonies  established  since  the  paa«*ing  of  aaid  law"  ^V  ^"J^  <*«f«°<^«4.  ^  «»«»  "^en-     ^  ^.         ,  ^, 

Libeitad  (Entre-Bioa),  672  in£abita^U;  Gen.  Al-  .  ^"»  f^.^.",?!^^  ^,  year  for  a  station  at  C6iw 

vear  (Entii-Bios),  850    Beeonquista  (Chiso),  1,900 ;  ^^H  *^  J^*"  ^«  .^^*^  •'^  tT^'S?  ^^i^*/'' 

Besistencia  (ChaS)),  600 ;  Iriondo  (CHaco),  914 ;  Sai!  »<*  ^.«  ^.«*  >»  li^  P"*^^  J^l  ^T'l^v^^'t 

Javier (Chaio),  169 ;  Olabairia  (Boenoa  Ayrea),  806;  5*f"*\f*^"  "nT^^^^SS^S!?!^^'?/' "^  nlthough 

Caroya  (Cordota),  616 ;  Santa  Crux  (Pat4oni5),47.  ?*  ^  >  ^'^  k  l"l^  ^;!^!1!l!f!:-*^l!**£.'^".P'"' 

Mon5>ver,  the  wilsh  oilony  of  Cbubut  bMdoutted.  Jf»*  '^fJi**^!!!' 'i;;i%*Sfi:?  ^^*^^**™n 

Thaoka  ti  Seaor  Cirlos  CaUVs  efforU  in  Europe,  the  \^^.  of  n'SrP^^K^a^Jfu^^TI^^V  J^JII**'^  ^^ 

steamships  allow  ua  a  reduction  of  40  per  c«S[it  for  ^^PJ*  *"  ^^^  ■i^„^^'i^*^j5'' Vfi^^    .   v 

immigra^U'  paasagea.    It  is  necessary  tto  be  more  J^^?  «P»)>1»«  ^"^^  ^^r^^^il}^!  Y'Z^  ^l 

libenS  in  proVidingfunds  for  new  colonies,  aa  Mr.  ^ibition  quite  as  well  oit  was  at  Philadelj)hia,  yet 

Dillon's  t^k  U  to  bnitate  the  homentead  Uw  of  tbe  ^«  ^^«  "<>'  exceeded  the  amall  sum  voted  for  tbe 

United  Statea,  and  prevent  the  woriungdaaaea  from  PMSP^S;  *.      ^  »  ^i.  v     i ^«    j      t 

crowding  into' town?.  *  Tiie  National  Bimk  baa  been  reorganiied.    I  muft 

TbTirSpublic  joined  the  Beme  postal  league  on  »P;«twhat  I  ""d  last  fwr  of  the  ncoesaity  for  a 

April  let.    The  Argentine  postage  atomp  wHl  now  wJi^nn  «irrency  throughout  the  country      Mints 

b-  known  and  reapicted  from  j!^  to  greenland,  ^o«><l  ««*  too  much  to  wtabliab  here,  but  we  can 

and  thence  to  IndU  and  Polynesia.    Tbe  post-of-  ^^  "O"*?  «?»"«^  ^^^^  °»  •^">*5-  J*  "  impossible  to 

floe  returns  for  tbe  yean*  1878  and  1877  weri  as  fol-  «"/ .^^  buMnew  with  auoh  a  fiuctuatong  coin  aa  Uie 

lows :  Beceipt»~18t8,  $158,906 ;  1877,  $973,801.   Tbe  B^bvian ;  and  BoUvian  notM  muat  be  got  nd  of  for 

latter  figurea  show  an  increase  of  70  per  cent.    Ex-  •^Jf'       ,  ^.  .»v    n  ^^       ^  £l:     ^^        ^ 

penditiSea-1878,  $486,716 ;  1877,  $898,804,  abowing       .^«'  relatione  with  all  eountnea  are  fijendly^  You 

rdeoreaaeof96peroent.    The  V>legTapb  returns  for  wiUbear^ithplewure  that  protects  of  a  toreatyput^^ 

the  aame  years  were :  Beoeipts-IST*,  fc5,278 ;  1877,  UK-^  *"t  ^^  *^*  !SP*L?^  vexed  questiona  with 

$79,819.  Bxpenditurea^ms,  $171,179 ;  1877,  $171,-  ^^^  *»"/•  ^^  "P>t^  f  "^  apPTored  by  both  Gov- 

172.    BepaiiTbecome  ooatly  ^fter  five  yVare'  wrvioi.  •">»•«>*• ;  they  wiU  be  laid  Wore  yon  at  onoe.  The 

In  spite  oTthe  state  of  the  public  excbclquer,  we  have  J^«««t»on»  •»  '/J^JJ'^U  ^e  left  to  arbitmioo.     If  the 

built  a  new  post-offlca,  the  handsomest  of  our  public  Congresaea  of  both  eountnea  m^'^^^l^^^J^r 

buildings,  ahd  extended  our  telegreph  lines  to  tbe  ETJ™"®  <>°  S''"™j°»  "^9^  W?  ^  ??*P*^-     ?'«• 

frontier  town«  of  Boli  vU.    The  number  of  miles  of  Tejedor  and  ElixsWe  ment  public  gratitude  for  their 

new  telegraph  was  880.  P»^»  «  *^»»  negotiation. 

The  estimatea  in  the  department  of  PnHicInPtrue-  ^^«  ^•^^  ^nduded  an  extradition  treaty  with 
tion  have  been  reduced  by  one  half.  The  collegea  S'S?"?'  •^^V  a  protocol  about  nver  navigabon. 
_1 1__  Batiflcationa  of  the  treaty  with  Paraguay  have  been 

•  For  d€tsiM  statetneata  of  tbe  oatloail  d*U.  i«ftfv<iee  ^changed,  and  a  trea^  of  extradition  with  France 

inaybeiiudetetiMvohDOii«aoftiM*AiiBiial(>dopiBdUa*' tv  " • ■ — 

J^4aBd  18T&  •Sea  •"Aaaaal  <^r«topiBdki^  Jbr  ISH,  fwtt. 


ARGENTINE  SEPUBUa 


bi  buB  unngvd.  Our  limit*  qoMtioa  witli  Fara- 
nr  it  btiof  vbitnited  on  tt  Wuhiugton.  Uii 
HoliiiHr  Knt  IX.  i>  dMd.  DnriDg  *  troubled 
ni(n  1h  nerer  lost  hia  «aiiiClr  otunotar  or  the  re- 

rl  sf  auotind.    Tjii  ArireaLlne  QoreTnmeut  and 
Cbgrsb  an  now  in  lelncion  witb  bU  luooesaor, 
LmIIIL 

Htm.  Seuton  and  Drputita,  I  am  about  to  oon- 
dode.  Th<  ooaalliitioo  of  partiea,  the  centenary 
of  gn  Jlutin.  tbe  trut;  vitta  Chili  thu  sntrance  of 
iMrapablia  into  the  Bani*leaiiue,tbelVa(itiera,and 
I  RdiiatiDa  in  the  national  enpenditure  aiatbaoliier 
iniDUintbia  meaHga.  But  1  must  likewise  note 
Vu  raiifil  of  boaineta,  and  tlie  inereasa  of  reveaua 
ud  ioiinicrattoo ;  JM  theao  will  prove  lIluBory 
mlcM  pablia  winlon  uproot  abaaea,  promote  oaaful 
R^nai,  and,  witbin  ligal  limita,  allow  tioTaiiunenta 
Ue  path  lliei  mnat  take. 

liluUaet  uopaiUallT,  without  fear  or  favor,  in  any 
pirt<  midicta  that  may  ariaa.  It  is  my  duty  lo  do 
w.  I  impiora  tbe  help  of  Providence  for  your  de- 
litxratiima,  and  da«lan  the  aaaaion  opeDod. 

N.  AVEliAMEDA. 

Ttie  foDawing  table  prweoti  the  eftimated 
apcDditore  mod  Krenoe  for  the  fivcal  jeu 
ISTS-'TS: 

bmuUd  EneadWoi* : 

HhiMrT  If  ika  iBtarioT |t,98>.tl% 

■UMiT  or  ronlfn  AAlra lDa,tBff 

HlaMiT ar  FlDSMia tK.'Kl 

UUnvnf  JnaOeaaadPablleliiitraetlini  1.1M,4SS 

MliilHiTBfWaraBdHaitiia li,1<M,<Ma 

latnanadaU lynfil* 

Total (IT.IM.SM 

TteNmiMlaaatlaiatalat 1<SI0,0(W 

DAtt |SH,1S( 

Tbe  utionol  re*eim«  uid  eipeaditiire  for 
tie  right  yean  18T3-'7d  were  aa  follows : 


TEUa. 

(.p.*. 

K-F-* 

IMU. 

•ass 

10,MS,MO 

Total 

•1M,»SS,0M 

»1«,MC),T1* 

|8B,S14.Clt 

This  shows  in  three  jeara  a  balance  of  trade 
in  favor  of  the  oountr;  of  tlO,37G,05d. 

There  has  been  an  almoat  uninterrupted 
improvement  in  the  tialauoe  of  trade  ever  since 
1870. 

The  exports  in  187Y  consisted  principsUr  of 
wool,  tallow,  hides,  ete,,  in  quantity  and  volne 
as  follows : 


ft—eij. 

Vd. 

»18,10S,T«S 

8,T^(K7 

ta^m.io» 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  importa 
fl-om  and  exports  to  the  United  States  for 
the  twenty- one  jeara  1867-77; 


TUM. 

Wl 

H&ITUTS 

lt.8W.«« 
I»WOO,OCN) 

l^s^(M»o 

11 

wi"::::!::::::::::;:::::;:: 

I 

The  pablie  debt  ts  Kt  down,  In  the  Presi- 
dent't  menage,  at  t61iST7,803,  from  which- 
cur  be  dedactad  the  amortization  fnnd, 
UKHmting  to  |S,83S,80a  in  December,  1677. 

In  view  of  »  possible  conflict  between  Chili 
ltd  tlie  Argentine  Repnblic,  it  may  be  not  dd- 
iiu«mting  to  exhibit  their  relative  finandal 
IMtitioiu  in  1877 : 


VXAHS. 

!.»«.. 

l-t.«. 

T*U. 

»4 

08 

S 

m 

'i 
:li 

i 

lie 

81 

IS 

^S08,M8 

JwTres 

vm.m 

•M.1M,0S1 
1,T*<,0M 

'"f» 

«,(»Mn 

^•ma 

Eipuftt  

^■bMiijtt. 


Tbe  trade  retanis  t  and  the  dndes  eolleoted 
<»  fanporu  in  1873,  IS78,  and  1377,  were  ■• 
foOows: 


American  manafactorers  have  lat«ly  shown 
a  great  desire  to  extend  their  trade  in  South 
America.  An  Argentdne  Journal  states  that 
en  American  agent  who  visited  Bnenos  Ayrea 
as  the  representative  of  a  namber  of  mana- 
factnring  firms  of  Philadelphia,  New  York, 
and  other  Amerioan  cities,  has  returned  to 
tbe  United  States  well  satisfied  witii  tlie  re- 
salts  of  his  canvass.  "  He  has  l>een  literally 
overwhelmed  witb  orders,  and  looks  forward 
with  confidence  to  permanent  and  profitable 
trading  relations  witn  the  Biver  Plate." 

The  snbJoiDed  report  of  the  cost  and  profits 
of  the  Argentine  railways  for  the  year  16T7  is 
from  ofBoial  sources ; 


_  aod  to  tbe  ArgenUDa  Be- 
"  fcr  letl,  p.  M. 


20 


ARGENTINE  BEPUBLIO. 


LINES. 


OreM  Sottthera. 

Northern 

'Western 

GampaflA 

SniwCnaria. 


CmptUL 

Praeu. 

£120.253 

lod,iH)0 

H»,4U.> 

4,yoO 

8,000 

■ 

800,000 
87T,000 
T0vl,000 

Ftfcmt. 

i 


r 

Here  follow  the  salient  clauses  of  a  con- 
tract  with  Messrs.  John  and  Matthew  Clark 
for  the  constrnction  of  the  Transandine  Rail- 
way: 

1.  A  line  of  railway  from  Mercedes  (Rio 
Qninto),  the  present  western  terminus  of  the 
Argentine  Railway  system,  to  Mendoza,  200 
miles,  for  which  the  Argentine  Govei-nment 
gives  a  7  per  cent,  guarantee,  at  the  rate  of 
£6,800  per  mile;  say  £1,260,000. 

2.  A  line  over  the  Andes,  152  miles,  in 
which  the  guarantee  is  shared  between  the 
two  Governments  in  this  ratio : 


DIVISIONS. 

MllM. 

OMt. 

OdUan  tide 

40 

lis 

£T60.000 

Anrentine » , , »  t  , 

1,060,000 

Total 

168 

£1,810,000 

Thus  the  total  cost  of  connecting  the  pres- 
ent railway  system  with  that  of  tne  Pacifio 
seaboard  will  be  about  £8,000,000.  The  sec- 
tion from  Mercedes  to  Mendoza  passes  over 
level  pampas.  That  of  the  Andes  is  described 
as  follows : 

1.  The  steepest  incline  on  the  Argentine 
side  is  1  in  40  (say  2^  per  cent.)  for  a  stretch 
of  six  miles. 

2.  The  steepest  incline  on  the  Chilian  side  is 
1  in  25  (say  4  per  cent.)  for  a  stretch  of  seven 
miles. 

8.  The  tunnel  at  the  summit  will  be  8} 
miles  long. 

This  railway  will  open  for  settlement  the 
vast  extent  of  cultivable  lands  of  the  provinces 
of  Mendoza,  8an  Juan,  and  San  Luis,  with  a 
present  population  of  175,000,  and  insure  the 
development  of  the  mineral  resources  of  those 
provinces.  When  it  is  completed,  travelers 
from  Chili  can  obtain  passage  to  Europe  and 
back  for  less  than  is  now  paid  for  a  single  fare 
from  Valparaiso  to  England  (£45),  with  a  cor- 
responding economy  of  time. 

An  Argentine  engineer,  Sefior  Huergo,  had 
revived  the  project  of  a  port  for  the  city  of 
Buenos  Ayres  at  the  Boca,*  and  such  progress 
had  been  achieved  in  the  work  that  early  in 
July  two  sea-going  vessels,  drawing  each  more 
than  twelve  feet,  entered  the  new  port  at  low 
water.  Seiior  Hnergo  asserts  that  with  £200,- 
000  a  port  can  be  provided  for  Buenos  Ayres 
to  rival  that  of  the  Clyde.  His  plans  and  es- 
timates had  been  approved  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  an  adequate  appropriation  would 
probably  be  placed  at  his  disposal  for  the  com- 
pletion of  that  much-needed  improvement. 

In  view  of  increasing  European  immigration, 
and  to  insure  greater  security  to  colonists 


against  the  incursions  of  the  hostile  Indians,' 
the  law  of  1867,  establishing  tlie  Indian  fion- 
tier  on  the  Rio  Negro,  the  enlorcement  of 
which  had  been  hindered  by  the  Paraguayan 
war,  was  revived  on  the  recommendation  of 
General  Roca^  the  Minister  of  War.  The  pre- 
liminary military  operations  were  successful, 
and  the  savage  Indians  driven  from  the  terri- 
tory chosen  for  settlement,  though  the  uncalled- 
for  violence  exhibited  by  the  national  troops 
on  the  occasion  was  such  as  to  merit  shaq)  cen- 
sure on  the  part  of  the  Buenos  Ayres  press. 

The  provincial  Legislature  of  Hnenos  Ayreti 
had  granted  to  Colonel  Plaza  Montero  1,200 
square  miles  of  public  lands  on  the  Rio  Negro 
frontier,  whereon  to  establish  an  extensile 
model  farm  for  the  raising  of  horses  for  ex- 
portation to  Europe.  A  colony  is  also  to  be 
established  in  the  Territory,  the  four  sides  of 
which  are  to  be  apportioned  off  in  free  farm 
lots  to  colonists.  President  AveUaneda  sent 
the  following  message  on  the  subject  to  Con- 
gress on  August  14,  1878,  and  the  Minister  of 
Finance  has  since  called  for  an  appropriation 
of  $2,000,000  to  carry  the  law  of  1867  into 
effect,  and  provide  for  the  defense  of  the  new 
frontier : 

The  Executive  oonsiders  the  time  has  arrived  to 
carry  out  the  law  of  August^  1867,  for  making  the 
JSio  Nefpro  our  southern  Indian  frontier.  The  old 
system  of  scattered  outposts  and  forts  in  the  Pam- 
pas, protected  by  ditches^is  found  insufficient  to 
Keep  back  the  Indians.  We  must  now  moke  our 
boBis  upon  the  deep  and  navieable  Bio  Negro,  from 
the  Andes  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Hod  we  Kpent 
half  OS  much  on  such  a  basis  as  we  have  done  on 
scattered  inland  frontiers,  the  result  would  be  dif- 
ferent. 

In  the  lost  century,  when  Father  Fanlkner*B  book 
on  the  unprotected  state  of  this  country  startled  the 
King  of  bpain,  the  Cabinet  of  Madrid  sent  Bieduia 
and  V  illanno  to  explore  the  Kio  Negro  and  the  cooctt 
of  Patagonia.  Accordingly,  in  March,  1774,  the  Mor- 
Quis  of  Loreto  proposed  to  establish  the  frontii^r  on 
tne  Bio  Negro.  T)ie  idea  was  taken  up  by  F.  Azara 
in  1796,  and  at  various  times  revived  and  forgotten, 
until  finally  adopted  by  Congress  in  1867,  but  again 
postponed  on  account  of  the  Paraguayan  war.  A 
glatice  at  the  southern  portion  of  the  map  of  the  re- 
public shows  that  the  Hio  Negro  is  the  natural  south- 
ern boundoij  of  the  settled  part  of  our  territoiy ,  al- 
though our  jurisdiction  extends  to  Cape  Horn. 

At  present  our  Indian  fVontier  extends  469  leagues, 
or  1,650  miles,  in  length : 

Patagonesto  Fort  Sao  Martin 809 

BuenoB  Ayres  and  Cdrdoba. ICO 

Total 469 

From  San  Martin  is  the  eastern  point  of  the  Men- 
doza frontier.  The  two  lines  above  mentioned  are 
garrisoned  by  6,616  men,  with  70  commanders  and 
878  subaltern  officers.  The  annual  support  of  this 
force  oosts  $2,861,199,  exclusive  of  extras  for  ditches, 
forts,  or  earthworks.  But  as  these  men  are  only  four 
to  a  mile,  we  might  double  the  number  and  still  le 
unable  to  prevent  Indian  forays.  Meantime,  if  we 
adopt  the  Bio  Negro,  we  can  defend  it  with  1,600  or 
at  most  9,000  men,  by  forming  four  sections  or  head 
centers,  viz. :  1.  From  Patogones  to  Choeleohoel : 
2.  From  Choelechoel  to  Chicblnal ;  8.  From  Chicltinuj 
to  Liniay  Neuquen  confluence ;  4.  From  Jjimav  Neu« 
quen  to  foot  of  the  Andes.  The  desert  King  between 
the  Bio  Negro  and  the  Colorado,  as  well  as  the  deep 


ABGENTINE  REPUBUO. 


21 


Xiia,  P.tMg(Hna  to  Choelecbocl,  no  troops  oil]  be 
r^uinJ,  »  tha  IiidiuiB  sre  tuma  and  (rieiidly  on 
lie  ■oulb'ira  bgnk  of  the  Negro  Lvreabouts,  an;  a 
Uttteh  or  40  leaguea,  leaTing  ■  dixtaoce  of  only  70 
Itt/uu  tn  be  guTiBOned,  from  Cbovkcliool  la  tbe 
iai'.,.  Coloaal  Uuarrioo'a  M\ir*ejt  (lS7'i)  kJiow  tbiiC 
IM  X.'gro  hu  a  depth  of  from  IS  to  32  feet  all  tha 

Nauouen  ;  in  fact,  that  the  Bio  Ne- 


.  ,s,(Dd  of  IE  feet  dniuiflitin     

SuppnainK,  ihemfora,  ■  force  of  S,000  men 
at>  fmitiar  line,  the  ao«t  wuuld  be  barel;  oi 
•f  vhit  oar  praMDt  froDtJer  coiiti : 


The  repabUo  las  not  been  entirely  free  from 
disturbiiDces  in  ita  distant  provinoea.  On  the 
14th  of  April  an  insurrection  broke  out  at 
Suata  Fi;  the  capital  of  tha  province  of  that 
name.  The  barracks  were  attacked  by  the  in- 
Burgents  armed  with  revolvera  and  poniarda, 
but  they  were  eoaily  repulsed  by  the  national 
troops,  who  have  been  lately  provided  with 
Remington  rifles,  which  gives  ihom  such  supe- 
riority over  revolutionists  that  hereafter  peace 
will  be  more  easily  maintained  in  the  provinces. 
Otlier  in^urrectiona  in  the  provinces  of  SaltA 
and  Corrientes  were  also  put  down  without 
much  loaa  of  life  or  property. 


sartBf ti,ti»,a<a     >■ 

Nm  mlj  ahaJI  we  sare  aver  11,600,000  yearly,  hot 
■I  ihall  alto  bj  tbii  maoanni  uinei  1S,0IX>  aquare 
IfUnu,  iiy  130,000  aquare  milea,  of  valuable  terri- 
Urr.  l('>rMTcr,  the  navigatioD  of  tbe  Bio  Hnfjo 
•i.i  taible  na  to  eatabliab  agrioulcural  and  iDdDRtrial 
e>lgalei  io  the  fertile  vaUey  of  Litiiay  Neuquee,  fa- 
oodi  for  its  ricb  depoaita  of  copper  and  coal.  The 
pnwal  Indian  population  ia  about  SO.OOO  aoule,  of 
tbi  Inocanian  iribe,  vbo  are  ■e[DH;iviIiied  and  will 
■MB  fall  into  the  bmbita  of  our  gauohoa;  the?  can 
Duttr  at  praaent  about  1,000  Itncea,  and  live  by 
pluder.  XlfortheBaoquelea,  they  are  barely  able 
tiBiuil  too  Bchtine  men,  ao  many  of  their  people 
biciai  iooept^  land  granta  and  aettleddowQ  peace- 
LiltonlhehviDtieraof CAidobaandBanLuia.  Oen- 
tnl  Koca  hai  ridden  over  moat  of  the  oouotry,  and 
rrand  iierywhere  Una  paaturagei  and  plenty  of  good 
■Uer.  Cacique  Nomutienra  hai  now  only  100  war- 
rWi  left,  It  Mareo  Orande.  Pioien,  tha  lion  of  the 
Pimpu,  hii  ahoat  the  aame  DDmber  at  Halalico,  10 
iHfiiH  onuide  of  Colonel  Alaina'a  frontier.  All 
Viat  can  make  little  oppoailion  to  our  oooupation  of 
IN!  Bio  Titgra,  the  riohnoaa  of  which  country  waa 
iJaentMd  In  England  by  the  JeiuiC  F'ather  Faulkner 
aoritUan  a  Lnndred  years  ago.  Thoae  Indians  who 
■ill  not  accept  land  graou  must  ba  driven  over  the 
kid  Nt«TD  to  Patagonia.  Those  who  anbmit  will  re- 
ctifa  kind  treatment  and  protection. 

AVELLANEDA, 
Oa>.  BOCA. 


An.  1.  The  Bio  Negro  ia  to  ba  nodathe  aontlnm 

itr.  1  The  Oovamment  ia  authorised  to  sptnd 
I1,sm,000  for  tbia  end. 
An.  I.  Tha  laoda  acquired  ahall  be  duly  meoaared 

Air.  4.  Theae  reiarvationa  are  aet  apart  for  In- 

M  iqiure  leognea  outside  Alaina'a  frontier  at  Goa- 

Hiqnan  laaaneaon  tbe  south  bank  of  Rio  Quinto. 
tVuuara  leaguaa  betwaan  Bio  Orande  and  14eu- 
Va.  JOLIO  HDCA. 

Prteident  Avellaneda  bos  also  issued  a  mes- 
MM  with  reference  tn  a  new  censns  of  the 
repnblio— the  oost  not  to  exceed  (200,000 — 
lu  be  perfected  and  pablisbed  within  three 
ynn.  The  Cooatitntlon  will  be  reformed  he- 
lore  1344,  and  the  present  nnmber  of  Depnties 
Io  the  National  Congress  reduced.  This  last 
■ntaanre  ia  dictated  by  motiTes  of  economy,  as 
Ar^ntine  repreientatiTea  «re  paid  oat  of  tbe 
uiioDol  Trentory.  . 


The  Argentine  Oommlssioner-General  in  En- 
rope  reports  that  emigration  to  the  Argentine 
Repabllo  is  approximating  that  of  the  most 
prosperous  years  preceding  the  flnanoial  crisis 
from  which  the  cotintry  is  now  recovering,  and 
that  he  has  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  reduction 
of  40  per  cent,  from  the  ordinary  fare,  and  a 
snving  of  six  months'  interest  on  the  amonnt 

Bud  by  the  Commissioner  of  Immigration  at 
uenos  Ayres  to  the  steamsliip  companies. 
Near  Obloria  170  square  miles  of  good  agri- 
cultural land  have  been  set  apart  for  Mennonite 
colonies;  and  the  cnrrent  of  immigration  ia 
difllused  through  the  various  provinces,  with 
due  regard  to  the  extension  of  railways  and 
intern^  navigation.  The  agrioaltural  districts 
have  enjoyed  a  season  of  nneiampled  pros- 
perity, and  tha  policy  of  retrenohmeot  inan- 
gnrated  by  the  Minister  of  Finance,  Dr.  De  la 
Plaza,  has  imparted  more  oonfidenoe  to  foreign 
bondholders  and  to  fiuanolal  and  commercial 
circles  in  the  republic. 

Hr.  Vaillant,  in  statistics  compiled  for  the 
Paris  Exposition,  gives  the  nnmber  of  cattle 
and  sheep  iDsevend  conntries,  and  shows  that, 


22         ARGENTINE  EEPUBLIO.  ARKANSAS. 

compared  with  population,  the  Argentine  Re-  plenipotentiary,  which  provided  for  foreign 

pahlio  possesses  the  largest  number :  arbitration,  and  apprehensions  were  felt  that, 

^ notwithstanding  the  obvious  anxietj  of  Argen- 

shMp.  tine  statesmen  to  avoid  a  rupture  of  friendlf 

relations,  this  unexpected  action  and  rabse- 

^8^^200  qnent  hostile  measures  of  the  Chilian  Govern- 

66^052,180  ment  might  culminate  in  a  deplorable  war 

mSiii  between  the  neighboring  republics.    The  Ar- 

5t'5m[418  gentine  Government  have  entered  an  energetio 

protest  against  the  seizure,  by  a  Chilian  man- 


COUNTRnES. 


Biirop« 

United  StatM 

Anstnlla 

Oaiutda 

Urognay 

Argentiiie  SepubUo. 


Ctttl*. 


89,678,848 

96,928,400 

^760,672 

2,624,890 

6,092,488 

18,498,099 


Wine,  sugar,  aguardiente,  and  flour,  hitherto  ^^C^l^u^^  ^^  American  bark  Devonshire,  to 

imported,  are  produced  ih  yearly  increasing  ^^^^h  they  had  granted  a  permit  to  load  guaio 

quantities  and  it  is  confidently  expected  that  f^  *^«  Isla  de  Leona;  and  it  was  thought  that 

they  will  lioon  become  articles  of  export    The  ^«  U°i^  States  would  not  tolerate  this  act 

wheat  crop  of  the  current  year  is  the  largest  of  doubtful  jurisdiction  affectmg  the  commerce 

ever  harvested,  and  in  excess  of  the  require-  a^^  property  of  its  citizens.         .    _^  ^    . 

ments  of  the^untry.  ARKANSAS.    The  Dem^ratic  State  Con- 

The  Government  have  issued   the  follow-  jention  assembled  at  Little  Rock  on  Joly  4th, 

jjj^ .  to  nominate  candidates  for  State  officers.  The 

f*   •       *.        — :«  1       '1    J  J    ♦»!.     -^  «-^  Convention  was  organized  by  the  appointment 

Immigrantf,  on  amvia,  are  landed  at  the  expense  ^^  rp    u    tt««i«„  „„  ^u «:—«««      tuJT  ^^„^r^a 

of  GovSmmeit,  and  boJrded  and  lodged  free  lor  of  T.  B.  Hanley  as  chairman.    The  noi  ma- 

flve  days,  aasisted  to  paas  the  custom-bouse,  afford-  tions  were  as  follows :  for  Governor,  William 

ed  every  infonnation  to  enable  them  to  find  employ-  R.  Miller ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  Jacob  Fro- 

ment,  and  finally  sent  free  to  wherever  they  elect  to  jjch ;  for  Auditor,  John  Crawford ;  for  Trea- 

aettle.     All  this  is  done  by  national  Government  Thomas  J.  Churchill ;  for  Attomey-Gen- 

employees,  who  speak  all  lanffuaffes,  the  immigrant  ,  tit  -ci  tt     j             j,     r      j>  r-,         .•'.     _ 

beiSg  ?ree  to  uke  or  reject  any  ad  vi<i  given  to  him ;  eral,  W.  F.  Henderson ;  for  Land  CommissioDer, 

so  that  all  intending  immigrants  can  come  to  the  Ar-  D.  W.  Lever;  for  Justice  of  Supreme  Court, 

gentine  Republic  with  perfect  confidence,  al^ough  John  R.  Eakin;  for  Superintendeut  of  Public 

piey  may  have  no  rel^ives  here,  as  they  will  meet  Instruction,   J.   L.  Denton;    for  Chancellor, 

fJ^.l??^^a  t  ^'^tchTv^tbe^rtSl  lS?ete  ^J  ^;J^^"-o^-    The  following  platfonn  was 

tne  customs  of  the  country.  adopted : 

The  wages  during  the  harvest,  which  lasts  four  ^     ^^0  Democratic  party  of  Arkansas  in  dele- 

months,  are  from  «0  to  46  hard  dollars  (£6  to  £8)  g^ted  Convention  assembled,  adhering  to  Uie  prin- 

love  of  the 

oted  to  th« 

ights  of  the  States  and  local  self-government,  do 


and  can  be  worked  all  the  year  round,  aj  snow  is  g   ^hat  national-bank  notes  should  be  retired, 

unknown.     There  are  immense  tracts  of  paature  ^^j^  farther  Usue  pit)hibited,  and  United  States 

^^\  »nd  boundless  lorests :  every  kind  of  stock  Treasury  notes  substituted  thei^for. 

can  be  had  at  lower  prices  than  in  any  other  ooun-  3   ^hi  power  to  issue  paper  money  and  coin  as  1 

try ;  there  are  numerous  trunk  rail wav  lines,  deep  j^^  t^^der  is  only  vested  In  the  Nitional  Qovero- 

nvers,  almost  daily  communication  with  Europe,  in-  ^J^j .  ^^^  ^y^^  ^^^^  should  be  ezennsed  from  time 

stitutions  similar  to  those  of  the  United  Statei,  uid  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^,  ^^  a^ommodate  the  necessities  of  trade, 

even  more  hberd  for  foreiniera,  who  can  acquire  |^j,      ^^d  the  flenera]  wants  of  the  people  of  a  giow- 

land   in   fee  without  aaonfioing  their  nationality,  jnaoonntrv                                       r    r            b 


wUl  receive  aw  acres  gratis.  Each  of  the  fourteen  ^y^^  j^^^lng  of  the  debt  at  home, 
proymcea  of  the  republic  has  passed  special  laws  5  ^^  ^^  opposed  to  any  incresse  of  the  interest- 
for  the  donation  or  sale  of  ehacra  (smalT  farm)  lots  t^.^jng  part  oYthe  publie  debt  for  any  purpose, 
near  the  towns,  which  can  be  purchased  at  equally  «.  W  believe  the  right  of  the  State  to  tax  prop- 
moderate  pnoes,  and  are  given  gratis  in  some  prov-  ^rty  in  the  State  is  inviolable,  and  that  United  SUtes 
inoes.  In  the  colonies  (settlements)  ah«ady  estab-  i^^ndg  g^ould  bear  the  burden  of  government  equally 
hshed, families  of  agricultural  laborers  who  work  ^j^^  all  other  property;  and  imy  legialation  thi 
hard  can  easily  obtain  land  and  »<}7«ij;»  ^om  the  .ttempu  the  contnSy  is  injust  and  oppressive. 
proprietoTB,  who  have  more  land  than  they  can  cul-  ^,  ^^  ^  j^  fg^or  of  the  remonetiiirtion  of  silver 

S^-'      ^  cb    I     «T        J       1.^1    «     V      js        A«  *nd  ffiviuff  it  the  same  lenl-tender  quaUties  as  eold, 

FHce  of  Stoc^-Horned  cattle  for  breeding,  £1  .^d  that  its  coinage  ahalfbe  free  and  unlimited: 

10#.  per  head.    Sheep,  Sf.  M.  per  head.    Mares,  lU  g   ^^  f^^^^  ^^^  equaliMtion  of  the  value  of  the 

per  nead.  greenback,  silver,  ana  gold  dollar  for  all  purposes. 

The  long- pending  question  of  boundaries  eo  that  a  national  dollar  shall  be  a  dollar  among  all 

between  the  Argentine  RepubUc  and  Chili  re-  ^^^""^^^  ""^  '''  •''•'^  department  of  our  Govern- 

mains  undecided.     The  Chilian  Congress  re-  9.  Ve  demand  the  unqualified  and  unoonditional 

fosed  to  ratify  a  treaty  signed  by  the  Chilian  repeal  of  the  odious  resumption  act. 


ARKANSAS.  83 

la.  We  damimd  bj  Oon^sB  auoh  leffislation  m  day  in  January  following.    The  election  for 

ihiHpwfdnt  the  inteipoBifeion  of  the  Federal  courts,  members  of  Congress  in  November  resulted 

br  mandamMi  or  otherwrise,  between  the  courts  of  .     .v  ^  «k^:^«.  ^*  ^««  rk^»^».«4.«      tk.*  r..^.^ 

the  Sutes  sDd  the  counties  and  cities  of  the  States.  *^  ^^^  0**^^^®  <>?  ^^^"^  Democrats.     The  previ- 

Soch  mterfereDce,  bein^  hostile  to  the  theory  of  our  ous  btate  election  resulted  in  tne  success  of 

Goreroment,  leads  to  oentnlisation,  and  also  do-  the  entire  Democratic  ticket, 
prife*  the  State  of  a  free  and  rightful  exercise  of  its         No  reports  have  been  made  of  the  condition 

"ir&or  money  .id  on  the  pwt  of  the  Gen-  ?' *|'*  inrtitutions  of  the  State  since  Jannary, 

wtl  GovemmeDt,  on  full  security,  for  the  conbtruc-         iJ'  ^  ,    »,  ,         .  -.     .  . 

tionof  the  Southern  Fadfio  Bailroad.  On  July  7th  an  important  decision  was  ren- 

11  We  favor  an  appropriation  b^  the  General  dered  by  the  Supreme   Oonrt   of  the   State 

GorernmeDt  to  aid  in  the  oonstrucaons  of  levees  on  the  constitutionality  of  three  millions  of 

upon  the  Mississippi  and  Its  tributaries.  ^     ^   ^  "Levee    bonds."      Chief 

II.  We  are  opposed  to  any  tariff  except  for  pur-  *'''"27^    V.     , .  ,    j  ,.         j   /i    '"'".^•7         m  IZ 

poMsofrevenue  alone,  believingthatthe  same  tends  Justice  English  delivered  the  opinion  of  the 

to  bnildnp  particular  tnduatrles  at  the  expense  of  all  Court,   declaring  the   bonds   unconstitutional 

o^en*  and  void.     It  seems  that  the  Court  rested 

A  It"  ?••  f^  ^PP??«^  ^  •"y  settlement  of  our  State  upon  the  simple  objection  that  the  act  of  pro- 

<kbt  wbioh  would  involve  a  compromise  of  any  por-  ^fj.   ^  a^«  xuf  i^^^J:  ^e  4.u,.«a  k^»^<>  «-«-  i^4>  ^^ 

tion  of  that  which  is  just,  in  oi3er  to  pay  anything  Tiding  for  the  issue  of  these  bonds  was  not  en- 

u^Q.  that  which  is  ui\]U8t  or  fraudulent.  acted  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  and 

15.  We  are  in  favor  of  the  next  Legislature  sub-  requirements  of  the  Constitution  of  1868,  and 
mtsjDg  to  the  people  a  propoaed  constitutional  was  therefore  null  and  void.    The  Constitu- 

S  wThf spprop^^^^^  S0JI7/0  ray  the  ^^^°  ^'  ^^®  provided  that  on  the  final  passage 

l«res  boQds,\kilroad-aid  bonds,  the  unjubt  and  ille-  of  every  act  a  vote  of  the  members  should  be 

Ei  part  of  the  Hoi  lord  bonds,  or  any  other  fraudu-  taken  by  yeas  and  nays.    In  respect  to  this 

Dt  claim  against  the  State.  act,  the  vote  was  not  80  taken,  and  therefore 

U.  We  demand  of  the  Attorney-General  that  he  lao^ed  an  essential  ingredient  required  by  the 

fn^^^  T  ®^!?*  •^^P'  "^^  ascertain  if  any  ot  it  Constitution  as  a  fundamental  condition  to  its 

nav  outstanding  has  been  issued  contrary  to  law,  vywuowivuwwu  oo  «»  auhuouiouwu  wuutvivu  w  *« 

Md,  if  to,  that  he  instttnte  proceedings  to  have  the  completion.  It  was  only  in  its  legal  and  tech- 
Mae  declared  void  by  the  proper  judicial  tribunals  nical  a^^peots  that  the  question  of  the  legality 
of  the  country.  of  these  bonds  was  presented  to  the  Court, 

thlL^*  'f*!^  ^V!^,''^at'^?^  *  radical  revision  of  and  they  decided  it  according  to  the  provisions 

thecninmal  laws  of  the  State  as  will  reduce  the  ex-  ^^  4..  ^  ri^««*ii..,*:^«  ^^  ioaq  ^^a^^  L\.i»\^  ♦!»«> 

ptnie  of  their  enforcement.  <^^  ^^^  Constitution  of  1868,  under  which  the 

16.  We  demand  auoh  legislation  as  will  carry  into  act  was  supposed  to  have  been  enacted.  Judge 
effect  the  anirit.  object,  aiia  intent  of  section  8,  Artide  Harrison  delivered  a  cumulative  opinion  to  the 
m.  of  the  tlonatituUon  of  the  State,  in  regard  to  effect  that  the  bonds  were  also  illegal  and 
isoimiTiation  b/  railroads  in  the  rates  of  frcKfht  jj  because  the  act  under  which  they  were 
u^mnmsportation  of  persons  and  property  witlin  ^^^  ^^i^  a  loan  of  State  credit,  which 

19.  Wefivor  a  wholesome  system  of  public  schools,  was  forbidden  by  the  Constitution;   but  the 

to  the  ead  that  every  facility  majjr  be  afforded  for  majority  stood  upon  the  grounds  first  above 

edacatioa  oonsUtent  with  the  ability  of  the  peo-  mentioned.    This  decision  was  severely  criti- 

^  80.  We  favor  and  invite  immimtion  to  our  State  <^i«^  O?^^^^^  ^^^  ^"^^u^f,  ^^^^.S^^^'  7^®^| 

from  any  and  all  quarters,  provided  that  it  is  of  the  many  ot  the  Donas  were  held.    It  was  cbargea 

iMQfist  and  industrious  okas.  We  want  capital,  mna*  that  the  decision  was  based  on  a  mere  techni- 

ei«,aod  brain:  capital  to  be  invested  in  our  lands  cality.    To  this  it  was  replied  that  the  courts 

Sl^JVn*^^®J*i''^^fe°*L?"o'"^^  of  Arkansas  could  not  be  any  more  exempt 

oa^de  to  fell  our  vast  forests  and  till  our  fertile  -         *     u   •    !•«.•      ai.  -  av^  *    r  ^4.i.«-  0*.^*.^.. 

««ldi: and  braiiisto  direct,  eneigize,and  utilifeboth  ^p™  technicalities  than  those  of  other  States, 

capital  and  labor.    We  ftirther  c^lare  that  we  know  The  constitutionality  of  the  act  was  put  in 

■0  North,  no  South,  no  East,  and  no  West  in  the  mat-  question  immediately  after  its  supposed  pas- 

wofimmimUon,  provided  it  comes  to  buUd  up  our  gaffe.    It  was  farther  charged  that  the  deci- 

'"StffilTCr.^l'SJSSrffiinUon  tht  «on  was  a  great  outrage  on  the  rights  of  inno- 

lli«  colored  population  of  the  State  of  Arkansas  are  ©ent  purchasers.    To  this  it  was  replied  that 

ii«ntifledinintereat  with  the  great  Democratic  party  the  Legislature  that  enacted  or  attempted  to 

of  the  State,  and,  fully  recognicing  the  importance  enact  this  law  was  not  regarded  by  the  people 

S[.«">^«J^<>n">5w?J?'i"5,*>«''^«t"*^?"''5"^'^  who  are  now  called  upon  to  pay  these  bonds 

&^Srt^^'irrSfc  ?f  the  le^ntimate  govLiment   of  Arkau^is. 

t^a/roveommon  interests.  It  was  a  Legislature  foisted  into  power  under 

Ws  fdly  andorae  the  action  of  a  minority  of  the  the  despotic  and  fraudulent  system  of  recon- 
Hoflse  of  Representatives  in  the  investigation  of  B^ruction  that  virtually  took  all  political  power 
itu^S^inye^SLTof  ^  ?«t  of  the  hands  of  tiie  propert^^^^ 
i=«  of  the  United  States ;  and  we  insist  that  the  tax-payers,  and  placed  it  m  the  hands  of  ad- 
enines be  ezposod  and  the  orimlnalK  punished,  to  venturers  who  had  no  other  interest  m  the 
tk*  end  that  aneh  crimes  may  never  be  attempted  country  but  to  rob  it.  This  levee-bond  law 
^*'***«'-  was  generally  understood  at  the  time  to  be  a 

Ko  other  party  nominations  were  made.   Tlie  put-up  job  and  steal,  and  so  denounced  by  the 

^e  eleetion  is  held  biennially  on  the  first  Democratic  and  Conservative   press   of   the 

Monday  in  September,  and  the  Legislature  as-  State.    They  were  not  sold  in  the  market, 

MDblei  on  the  Toesday  after  the  second  Hon-  and  held  as  investments  by  all  classes  of 


24  ARKANSAS. 

people.    The  bonds  were  sqnandered  in  the  million  dollars' worth  of  bonda  is  to-day  perbapi  not 

most  reckless  and  inexcusable  manner  for  use-  Z"""^}  ''"•  thousaod  dollars,  i^^'^v**-  ""^  °V^''** 

1                  1^1          1.          j*Jij.A^L  honda   ever  irot  into   toe   banda  of  innocent  pu^ 

less  or  unlawful  works,  and  paid  out  at  the  ohasera,  it  waSonly  through  the  contractora,  who weit 

rate  of  about  ten  to  one  for  what  the  same  parUcept  crimiuU  to  the  &aud  of  their  iasuance,  and 

work  could  have  been  done  by  private  con-  not  through  any  direct  agency  of  the  State.   The 

tract.     These  contractors  then  took  the  bonds  ^^^  *i^*^  'hese  bonda  never  sold  on  the  market  for 

to  New  York  and  other  cities  and  sold  them  J?ore  Umu  twenty  cento  on  the  dollar,  and  for  a  long 

vv  X  v«T   *  v»«.  <»uu  ^yi/uvA   viiiivo  €Mi«  ov»vi^  «u«iu  ^^^^  bcforc  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  were 

for  8  song  to  capitalists  who  were  buymg  at  held  on  the  market  aa  being  worth  only  about  five 

greatly    reduced    rates    Southern    securities,  cento  on  the  dollar,  is  conclusive  proof  tliat  there 

Knowingly  and  deliberately  taking  the  chances  waa  a  aettled  conviction  in  the  public  mind  that 

of  a  desperate  speculation.     To  say  that  the  they  were  illegal  and  worthleas.    There  nevij  waa  a 

«vni.Ai««nAro  «.#•  4-kr<.A  Ko.^/i>  «.A.A  <'»^y^^#  ^««  morc  fraudulcnt  and  unjust  debt  contracted  by  a 

purchasers  of  these  bonds  were  innocent  i^uv-  government  in  the  name  of  any  people  than  tb«e 

chasers  is  a  travesty  on  that  term.     They  fevee  bonds.    They  were  a  fmud  and  a  awindle  in 

knew  that  all  Southern  securities,  issued  under  their  inoeption^ne  of  the  most  contemptible  awin- 

the  carpet-bag  governments,  were  riiky;  and  ^^^*  in  the  wide  range  of  villainies  that  charactcrixed 

especially  did  they  know  that  these  levee  bonds  *^J  ^foVwMle  3?irit**ff  "hV^eo^le'^'whoM 

were  extraoi-dinarily  risky.      They  knew  it  haJidTwero  a7the*t?me'^tild;°dispos?rSf%ithout 

from  the  fact  that  the  press  of  Arkansas  from  anythinff  like  an  adequate  conatderation,  and  for 

the  very  start  had  denounced  them  as  a  fraud  works  of  no  practical  or  permanent  utility  ;  a  shame 

and  a  swindle ;  and  they  knew  it  from  the  ex-  »»d  dismoe  to  the  party  that  controlled  the  govern- 

traordinary  low  price  at  which    they  were  ment  of  the  State;  and  for  which  the  tax-payers  of 

ir     ^       Ai.     11    *^     2^   WW    wMt^i*    i.«Y    ""*"  Arkansas  are  no  more  responsible  m  law, juBtioe,  or 

Offered.     At  all  events,  aU  these  facts  were  equity  than  the  people  of  Illinois  or  New  York.  We 

sufficient  to  put  a  prudent  man  on  his  guard,  anoufd  never  pav  one  cent  of  theae  worthleas,  bogui 

and  they  should  not  have  invested  their  money  obligations ;  ana  we  don't  intend  to  do  it,  rep^- 

in  them  at  all,  or  certauily  not  without  first  '®".  ©^''hat  our  enemies  may  aay  or  think  on  the 

closely  inauiring  into  their  legality.  subject. 

It  was  charged  more  seriously  that  the  people  The  case  of  Hot  Springs,  as  it  is  called,  ex- 

of  the  State,  in  repudiating  these  levee  bonds,  cited  unusual  interest,  and  became  of  serioas 

^ere  acting  dishonestly  and  in  bad  faith.    It  importance  to  its  inhabitants.    The  town  of 

was  urged  that  the  bonds  were  issued  with  all  Hot  Springs  is  located  in  the  southwestern  part 

the  proper  formalities  of  law,  and  sold  in  the  of  Arkansas,  about  fifty  miles  from  Little  Rock, 

open  market  to  bona  fide  purchasers.    The  It  is  located  in  a  wild  and  picturesque  conntrj, 

funds  received  were  not  stolen  or  squandered  nestling  in  a  series  of  sliort  and  narrow  valleys 

by  carpet-baggers,  but   honestly  applied   to  inclosed  by  lofty  and  irregular  hills,  oonstltnt- 

works  of  great  public  utility  to  the  State,  ing  a  branch  of  the  great  Ozark  Mountains  that 

There  was  no  trickery  of  any  sort  pretended,  divide  the  waters  of  the  Ouachita  and  Saline 

and  there  is  no  pretense  that  such  is  the  fact.  Rivers.    It  lies  mainly  in  a  narrow  valley,  famil- 

The  State  got  the  money  from  the  purchasers,  'iarly  known  as  "  the  Valley,"  running  north 

and  spent  it  for  public  purposes.    To  these  as-  and  south  between  two  shot^  and  precipitocs 

sertions  on  the  part  of  the  bondholders  it  was  mountains,  from  the  sides  of  one  of  which, 

replied  on  the  part  of  the  State  thus :  and  on  an  average  height  of  about  eighty  feet 

These  bonds  were  never  sold  by  the  State  in  open  fro™  the  little  creek  that  ripples  at  its  base, 

market  or  any  other  way.    The  State  never  realized  flow  the  famous  hot  springs  that  give  to  the 

one  cent  of  money  out  of  them,  and  never  handled  town  its  name  and  celebrity.     In  tliis  narrow 

a  dollar  in  connection  with  them.    They  were  Issued  ^^Uey,  through  which  runs  only  one  and  the 

out  directly  to  contractors,  by  a  Commissioner  of  «„:«*' U,^^*  5V  ♦k^  ♦^-,«   ^»ii.x^  Voii^^  a*^.^^ 

Public  Works  appointed  for'that  purpose,  who  made  ^^\  s^^eeji  of  the  town,  caUed  VaUey  Street, 

auch  contracts  as  he  paw  fit  with  his  own  pets  and  are  located  the  principal  hotels,  batn-nouses, 

favorites,  and  paid  therefor  in   bonds  'the  price  stores,  shops,  and  offices.    At  the  lower  end 

•greed  on.    The  contracts  let  out  by  the  Commia-  of  the  Valley,  the  two  mountains  inclosing  it 

K  iL'Aor,  ^thT^o^  We^'"  t^^^to  ?b"^Ptly  break  off  to  the  east  and  west,  expos- 

pricticftl  utility/and  paid  for  St  the  most  enormous  ^%  »  comparatively  level  conntry,  broken  only 

rates.    It  is  suppo&ed  that  the  Comroiasioner  made  by  gentle  and  undulating  hills,  over  which  the 

a  percentage  on  every  contract ;  and  the  fact  that  town  spreads  out  to  a  considerable  extent.    In 

nobody  would  take  a  contract  except  at  the  most  ex-  this  part  are  located  the  residences  of  the  mer- 

:"3AWXd  \^ ruiait'of'*rSor.°."  %7^. «!""» vi^?  "^^  i*r"r  '\'^'  ^"^'  ^^r 

oeedingly  doubtful  character,    i^gain,  railroad  com-  many  hotels  and  board ing-houses,  shops,  mills, 

Saniea,  that  under  another  Isw  wero  receiving  a  the  gas-works,  and  railroad  depot,     llie  resi- 

tate  bonus  of  $15,000  per  mile  for  building  their  dent  population  of  the  town  is  about  4,000, 

~*?J?,  '"'"''iu  "'J^?..*  ''''^t^J''^  building  levees,  ^j^h  a  transient  population,  consisting  princi- 

and  those  they  built,  or  the  old  ones  they  utilized,  .^.ii     ^*  ;«„«i;^r«,k^  ^^.J^  /■«-  ^v^  i?««^45*  «# 

were  nothing  iore  nir  less  than  the  embankment^  ^}^^\  ^^  invalids  who  come  for  the  benefit  of 

necessary  for  their  road-bedn,  for  which  they  re-  their  health,  ranging  from  one  to  three  thou- 

ceived  enonnnus  sums.    All  manner  of  contracts  sand.    It  is  estimated  that  as  many  aa  20,000 

were  let  out  without  any  regard  to  their  necessity  or  people  annually  visit  the  Springs  in  pursuit  of 

SJll?'  Tht  SaSLXt  Z™rnWthrb'?a'  P"*"-"  «>• '»'  «•«  benefit  of  their  health ;  «.d 

was  a  perfect  carnival  of  peculation,  speculation,  and  the  number  IS  yearly  increasing.     1  his  town 

f^ad.    The  entire  work  done  for  the  whole  three  was  built  up  on  what  was  supposed  to  be  pri* 


ARKANSAS.  25 

vate  land,  which  was  entered  and  located  in  available  for  bnilding-lots,  but  is  covered  with 
parsoance  of  law  more  than  thirty  years  ago,  evergreen  and  other  trees  of  beautiful  foliage, 
and  held  in  quiet  and  peaceable  podsession  nn-  At  the  north  end  of  the  valley  is  the  Novacu- 
der  title  adverse  to  the  Government  for  all  that  late  Mountain,  containing  200  acres,  nnavail- 
period.    But  a  few  years  ago  the  Qovemment  able  for  building-lots.    In  their  first  report  the 
laid  claim  to  all  the  land  on  which  the  town  is  Commissioners  recommended  to  the  Govem- 
located,  and  contiguous  territory  to  the  amount  ment  the  reservation  of  all  these  mountains  as 
of  four  sections;  and  the  question  of  title  be-  general  parks,  and  the  donation  of  four  lots 
ing  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  for  pubHo-school  houses.    The  Commissioners 
States,  that  tribunal  decided  in  favor  of  the  asked  that  their  time  for  finishing  up  the  work 
Government,  and  by  that  act  disseized  6,000  be  continued  until  June  80,  1879.    By  act  of 
people  of  the  homes  they  had  paid  for,  and  im-  Congress,  April  20,  1832,  Congress  reserved 
proved  and  beautified  with  the  toil  of  years,  from  entry  the  Hot  Springs,  together  with  four 
Bat  Congress,  in  consideration  of  the  oiroum-  sections  of  land.     At  that  time  the  surveys 
stances,  enacted  a  law  on  March  8,  1877,  pro-  were  not  complete,  nor  for  six  years  thereafter, 
vlding  for  the  appointment  of  three  Commis-  Several  settlers  attempted  to  enter  the  lands 
sioners,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  survey  and  by  preemption  prior  to  Congress  surveying 
lay  off  in  convenient  tracts,  parcels,  and  lots  them.    Litigation  continued  among  the  claim- 
aU  the  land  embraced  in  said  four  sections,  hav-  ants  for  thirty  years.   In  1870  Congress  anthor- 
iag  due  regard  to  the  boundaries  of  existing  ized  the  claimants  to  institute  suits  in  the  Court 
claiiDs ;  and,  after  laying  aside  as  a  special  res-  of  Claims  to  settle  the  titles.    The  decisions 
ervation  all  the  lands  covering  the  Hot  Springs,  were  adverse  to  them.    They  then  appealed  to 
to  adjudicate  the  possessory  or  preemption  rights  the  Supreme  Court,  April  26,  1877,  which  also 
of  rival  claimants  to  each  individual  tract,  par-  decided  against  the  claimants.    A  receiver  was 
eel,  or  lot  so  surveyed  and  laid  out  by  the  Com-  then  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  property 
missioners,  who  were  then  to  fix  a  price  on  and  oolleot  rents,  and  he  paid  to  the  Govern- 
each  tract  or  lot,  which  the  part/ adjudged  the  ment  $5,000  in  a  few  months, 
preemption  right  by  the  Commissioners  might  The  Commissioners  continued  at  work  tak- 
pnrchase.    The  term  of  the  Commissioners^  ing  testimony  in  respect  to  claims,  etc.,  until 
office  was  liuiited  to  one  year.  their  term  of  office  expired,  when  they  suspend- 
On  April  28, 1877,  the  Commissioners  organ-  ed  operations.   A  few  months  more  would  have 
ized  by  the  election  of  Hon.  Aaron  Cragin  as  been  sufficient  to  complete  the  whole  business, 
chairman  of  the  Board.    John  Anderson  was  '  At  once  petitions,  signed  by  nearly  every  man 
appointed  stenographer  and  clerk.    They  ex-  and  woman  in  the  place,  were  sent  to  Congress, 
amined  the  reserve  to  be  laid  off  into  lota,  beseeching  it  to  pass  a  supplemental  act  extend- 
blocks,  squares,  streets,  and  alleys,  and  deter-  ing  the  time  of  the  Commission  long  enough 
mined  to  retain  control  of  all  the  medicinal  wa-  to  enable  it  to  complete  the  work  assigned  to 
tert  for  the  general  public,  and  directed  that  *  it  by  the  original  bill.    The  Senate  responded 
all  the  thermal  springs  should  be  reserved  from  to  their  appeals  by  passing  the  necessary  act, 
sale.    For  the  purpose  of  properly  performing  but  the  House  of  Bepresentatlves  neglected  it. 
the  work,  the  engineer  was  authorized  to  make  Finally,  in  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill, 
a  thorough  topographical  survey  of  the  en-  an  amendment  was  made  which  provided  for 
tire  reservation.    Claimants  were  allowed  six  the  continuance  of  the  Commission.  This  passed 
months  in  which  to  file  their  claims,  the  ma-  both  Houses  of  Congress ;  but  in  the  enroU- 
jority  of  whom  filed  them  within  the  last  month  ment  of  the  bill,  the  section  was  left  out  in 
allotted  to  them.    Rules  were  made  to  assist  some  unexplained  manner.    It  did  not  appear 
the  claimants  in  filing  their  claims,  and  the  of-  in  the  bill  as  signed  by  the  President,  and  be- 
fice  was  kent  open  until  12  o'clock  on  the  night  came  a  failure.    Immediately  on  the  commence- 
of  the  27tn  of  October,  1877,  being  the  lost  ment  of  the  subsequent  session  of  Congress  in 
hour  that  could  be  allowed  the  claimants  for  December,  1878,  a  committee  was  appointed  in 
filing  petitions.    During  the  six  months  950  the  Senate  to  investigate  the  change  in  the  bill 
petitions  were  filed.    The  Hot  Springs  Moun-  above  mentioned.    A  new  bill  was  also  intro- 
taio,  embracing  the  thermal  springs,  have  been  duced  to  provide  for  the  same  object  as  men- 
laid  off  and  reserved  from  sale.    The  boundary  tioned  in  the  defective  bill, 
line  follows  the  base  of  the  mountains,  and  is  A  confiict  of  authority  between  the  Federal 
laid  out  as  a  carriage-drive,  inclosing  an  area  and  State  courts  became  very  important  during 
of  245  acres  in  the  reserve.    The  Commission-  the  year.    Subsequent  to  the  war  many  conn* 
ers  are  of  the  opinion,  from  the  nature  and  ties  of  the  State  issued  bonds  or  scrip  for  in- 
character  of  the  country,  and  the  great  impor-  temal  purposes.    These  have  been  bought  up 
tanee  of  this  place  as  a  healtli  and  pleasure  re-  by  citizens  of  other  States  at  nominal  prices, 
sort,  that  a  much  larger  tract  should  be  re-  and  the  holders  brought  suits  in  the  Federal 
•eryed  from  sale.    The  thermal  springs  all  make  courts  for  their  face  value.    More  than  thirty 
their  appearance  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hot  counties  were  thus  sued.'   In  such  cases  the 
Springs  Mountain,  and  west  of  the  springs  Federal  Court,  after  judgment  for  the  plaintifi', 
across  the  valley  is  Whippoorwill  Mountain,  issued  a  mandamus  ordering  the  taxes  to  be 
the  area  of  which  is  about  500  acres.   It  is  un-  levied  and  collected  for  the  payment  of  the 


26  ABKANSAS. 

judgment.    The  groandB  of  the  decision  of  the  oably  the  oommands  contuned  in  th«  writ  we  iBsued 

Federal  Court  are  set  forth  by  Judge  Dillon  of  H"^*  ^rV/.'^^V'fi!:      ^      «         •              i  ^ 

♦k«  TT  a   nj»»»;«^  n««,4.    tt^.»:^4>  jj^  n/v^rx/*..  ••  I'*  *he  State  of  lowSf  some  years  sinee,  we  bad 

the  U.  8.  Circuit  Court,  Hewitt  &  Cooper  u.  ,^  important  conflict  between  tbe  8ute  an^  Fedeml 

Judge  and  Justices  of  Jefferson  County.    In  judicial  tribunala  conceniiDg  the  validity  of  bonda 

re  Silverman,  Judge  of  said  County,  Hewitt  isaued  by  muaicipalitiet  to  aid  in  the  oonatmction 

recovered   judgment   in    the    Federal    Court  ofrailroada.    The  Supreme  Court  of  that  State  held 

against  Jefferson  County.    The  county  did  not  **^*'  '*^°*«  ^^'^^^  were  unoonatitutional,  baving,  how- 

^*       ,  -         If  "  7  ,     "^    .      Zy     Try      .        X  ever,  previously  decided  otherwise:  and  under  the 

appeal  from  that  judgment.    Hewitt  assigned  ^^t  decision  a  large  number  of  such  bonda  had  been 

part  of  the  judgment  to  Cooper.     The  Court  issued.  The  State  Supreme  Court  afterward  chAnged 

awarded  a  peremptory  writ  of  mandamus  to  their  judgment,  and  neld  the  bonds  to  be  invalid, 

compel  the  county  authorities  to  levy  a  tax  to  ^^  P~S!t*^iH?5  .^!"  begun  by  tax-layers  in  the 
«vA«>  ♦Ka  i,^A,w^^,>i  tKa  4-^'m-  mao  iI^rJA^  ani^  oourts  ol  thst  Statc  to  enjoin  the  counties  from  levy- 
pay  the  judgment.  The  tax  was  le^ed  md  ing  any  tax  topayjudgments  rendered  in  the  Fedei4l 
afterward  set  aside.  A  rule  was  issued  by  the  Courto  on  municipal  bonds.  The  leading  caee  in  tie 
Court  against  the  County  Judge  of  Jefferson  Supreme  Court  or  the  United  States  upon  this  sub- 
County,  Frank  Silverman,  to  show  cause  why  joct,  which  is  well  known  to  the  profession,  is  the 
he  should  not  be  punished  for  contempt  m  not  ^JJ  ^^  j?/fi^«»  «»•  Johnson  County,  6  Wallace  Be- 
^K»«.;»o.  ♦»,«  ™«:*  ^#  »«»»^«.»«<.  Ai^^4^^  ♦«  !»;«*  ports.  The  case  is  a  stronger  one  than  the  cause 
obeying  the  writ  of  mandamus  directed  to  him  J^w  at  the  bar,  because  in  tliat  case  the  injunction 

by  the  Court.    He  set  up  m  defense  that  he  from  the  State  Court  against  the  officers  of  Johnson 

obeyed  certain  orders  of  the  State  Court.  Judge  County  was  issued  bffor4  the  writ  of  mandamus  was 

Dillon  said :  issued  by  the  Federal  Court.    Here  is  a  very  correct 

synopsis  of  the  point  ruled  in  that  case : 

The  county  officers  on  the  alternative  writ  which  **  After  a  return  unsatisfied  of  an  execution  on  a 
issued  had  full  opportunity  to  be  heard  against  the  judgment  in  a  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States 
demands  that  were  made  against  them.  No  sufficient  agunst  a  county  fox  interest  on  railroad  bonds,  is- 
reason  was  shown  by  the  county  or  ito  officers  why  sued  under  a  Stata  statute  in  force  prior  to  the  issue 
the  peremptory  writ  of  luandamus  should  not  issue,  of  the  bonds,  and  which  made  the  levy  of  a  tax  to 
and  the  Court  adjudged  that  it  ought  to  be  awarded,  pay  such  interest  obligatory  on  the  county,  a  man- 
The  peremptory  writ  was  directed  to  Frank  Silver^  damns  from  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States 
man.  County  Judge,  and  Craig  and  others.  Justices  will  lie  against  the  county  officers  to  levy  a  tax.  even 
of  the  Peace,  composing  the  County  Court  of  Jef-  although  prior  to  the  application  for  the  uanaanaus 
fenon  County.  It  commanded  them  **  to  meet  and  a  State  Court  has  perpetually  enjoined  the  ssme  cffi- 
convene  together  at  the  courthouse  in  the  town  of  cers  against  making  such  levy ;  the  mand&mu8. 
Pine  Bluff,  in  said  county,  upon  the  day  fixed  by  law  when  so  issued,  being  to  be  regarded  as  a  wiit  necee^- 
fur  levying  taxes  for  county  purposes  for  the  vear  sair  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Federal  Court  which 
1877,  then  and  there  to  organize,  open,  and  hold  a  had  previously  attached,  and  to  enforce  ita  judg> 
County  Court  of  said  county,  ana  to  levy  the  tax  of»  nienta.  and  the  State  Court,  therefore,  not  being  re- 
five  mills  upon  the  dollar  of  ail  the  taxable  property  gardea  as  in  prior  possession  of  the  case.'' 
of  said  county,  provided  for  hy  the  Constitution  of  Now  Uie  Stata  officers  in  the  State  of  Iowa  were 
the  State  of  Arkansas,  for  the  payment  of  indebted-  between  two  fires.  First,  the  State  Court  enjoined 
ness  contracted  and  created  before  and  existing  at  them  from  levying  the  tax,  and  a  subrequent  man- 
the  time  of  the  ratification  of  this  Constitution,  pav-  damns  from  the  ^deral  Court  cuiumanded  them  to 
able  only  in  United  States  currency,  and  cause  tne  levy  precisely  the  same  tax  .which  the  writ  of  the 
same  to  oe  collected  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  State  Court  forbade.  If  they  obeyed  the  mandanaus 
same  nianner  that  other  county  taxes  are  directed  by  of  the  Federal  Court,  and  levied  the  tax,  the  Btato 
law  te  be  collected,  and  te  cause  the  proceeds  of  the  Court  would,  the^  said,  arrent  them  for  contempt  of 
said  tax,  as  soon  as  oollected,  to  be  paid  into  the  its  writ  and  nonish  them.  If  they  disregardea  the 
registry  of  our  said  Circuit  Court  for  the  payment  command  of^  the  writ  of  mandumns  the  Fedcrail 
and  satisfaction  of  the  said  judgment,  interest,  and  Court  would  attach  them  for  contempt  and  punish 
costa.*^  them.    Now,  what  was  to  be  done  t    It  was  this  di- 

It  appears  that  this  writ  was  duly  served,  and  that  lemma  the  County  Judge,  in  the  case  at  bar,  said  he 

in  pursuance  of  this  command  they  did  meet,  and  supposed  he  was  in:   *^I  am  subject  to  two  oom> 

levied  the  tax  which  the  writ  commanded  them  to  mands ;  the  Federal  Court  commands  the  levying  of 

cause  to  be  levied.    Afterward,  at  the  instance  of  cep-  this  tax,  and  the  Circuit  Court  for  the  county  ras 

tain  tax*pa^ers  of  that  county,  a  proceeding  upon  eer-  commanded  me  to  annul  the  levy.*'    He  obeyed  the 

Uorariwas  instituted  to  have  the  order  of  uie  County  oiders  of  the  local  court,  and  in  so  doing  he  simply 

Court  msde  in  obedience  to  this  writ  reviewed  bv  obeyed  the  wrong  tribunsl. 

the  Circuit  Court  of  the  county ;  and  that  proceed-  Tlie  subject  is  very  fVilly  considered  by  tbe  Su- 
ing was  begun  and  carried  on  in  the  local  court  with-  preme  Court  of  the  United  St»tes  in  the  al>ove>iD en- 
out  any  notice  being  given  to  the  relatora  or  parties  tioned  case  of  Biggs  v«.  Johnson  County.  It  would 
interested  in  the  judgment;  and  in  that  proceeding  consume  too  much  time  to  repeat  it  at  length;  but 
the  State  Circuit  Cfourt  undertook  to  annul  the  order  the  efllect  of  it  is,  that  in  judgments  rendered  in  this 
of  the  CountT  Court,  made  in  obedience  to  the  com-  class  of  cases  the  writ  of  mandamus  is  a  writ  neces- 
mands  of  this  Court,  and  certified  its  action  to  the  sary  te  enforce  the  judgment,  and  that  judgmer.! 
County  Court  in  that  regard.  When  that  action  was  can  no  more  be  interfered  with  by  the  State  Conrts 
certified  to  the  County  Court  commanding  that  Court  than  they  can  undertake  to  intenere  with  an  ordi- 
to  enter  an  order  annulling  ita  prior  levy  of  taxes,  the  nary  writ  of  execution  in  the  hands  of  the  If  arsl  al 
County  Court  obeyed  and  caused  that  order  to  be  of  this  Court;  nor  can  the  State  Court  anymore  in- 
made.  The  tax  had  been  extended  on  the  tax-books  terfere  thon  the  Federal  Court  could  interfere  vrith 
of  the  county,  and  the  warrant  for  collection  was  in  their  judgments  or  process.  It  is  a  rule  that  one 
the  handa  of  the  sheriff,  who  by  the  statutes  of  this  Court  shul  not  intenere  with  the  processes  of  the 
State  is«B  oMoio  collector.  When  it  was  known  in  other;  and  when  this  rule  is  observed  harmony 
the  community  that  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  county  exists  in  both,  end  there  can  be  no  conflict, 
had  made  suc£  order,  the  collector  mode  return  (in  In  the  case  first  cited  the  Supreme  Court  of  tbo 
obedience  to  a  rule  issued  upon  him)  that,  although  United  States  uses  this  language :  *^  State  Courts  aro 
he  demanded  the  tax,  he  was  unable  to  collect  it ;  exemot  fVom  all  intert'erence  by  the  Federal  tribu- 
fchat  the  tax-payers  refused  te  pay  it,  and  so  practi-  nals,  out  they  are  destitute  of  all  power  to  restrain 


ARKANSAS.  27 

either  the  proesst  or  proceeding  in  tbe  national  been  had,  and  the  judgment  orders  of  the  Circuit 

Courts.    Ciroalt  Courts  of  the  United  States  and  Court  and  of  tbe  County  Court  setting  aside  said 

StiM  Coorts  act  sepamtelj  and  independentlj  of  levy  had  not  been  made, 

etchother,  and  io  their  renpective  spheres  of  action  A*i.'Dii*/^       i.        •  ja          i. 

tfatprooe*^  h^wd  by  the  one  is  asYar  beyond  the  ,  Against  Pulaski  County  a  judgment  was  ren- 

nMUofthe  other  as  if  the  line  of  division  between  oered  for  a  very  large  amount,  and  an  onler 

them^'was  traced  by  landmarks  and  monuments  issued  commanding  the  County  Court  to  levy 

Tiiible  to  the  eye.»    Appellee  relations  exist  in  a  a  tax  in  United  States  currency  sufficient  to 

r  ll?!S*  ****''''*''  the  State  Courts  and  this  ^^     jj     q    ^    q      t  answered  that  the 

c  )iirt,  bat  there  are  no  such  relations  between  the  K?v    Vi  -^"^.^Y."""/  ^^.  ^  «uo»t«xom.  wuav  wijv 

&4te  Courts  and  the  Cirouil  Courts  of  the  United  *^^^^  Oonstitutiou,    which   it  was  sworn  to 


mTs^  ul  th.";,v.«l  sSS;;:  ^yiUn,  JS:  Jj?»it  «nd  ylolate  the  Conrtitation  of  the  State 

vht  of  mandamus  in  a  proper  ease,  wher«  it  is  ne-  ^■'^^  Judge  and  Justices  were  then  summoned 

c'SMiy  to  the  exercise  of  their  respective  jurisdio*  before   the   Federal   Court    and  commanded 

UM,  a^reeabljr  to  the  principles  and  usages  of  law.  peremptorily  to  levy  the  tax,  under  penalties 

^rso"t;i'o?e^^^^^^^^^^  of  contempt  of  Court.    Being  powerless,  and 

Mftoewsmt  in  the  jurisdictional  sens?.    On  the  iiawilhng  to  encounter   fines   and  impnson- 

MQinrj.it  is  a  proceeding  ancillary  to  the  judg-  ment,  they  obeyed.    The  tax  was  levied  and 

QKQt  whieh  gives  the  Jurisdiction ;  and,  when  is*  collected,  despite  the  State  Constitution. 

ned,  becomes  a  substitute  for  tbe  ordinary  process  Subsequently  in  June,  in  the  case  of  Graham 

;I»Vu3rthS'cSSS2f '  ^'°'*""  "'  *•  ""'•  -  «••  Po^J^*^  Chief  Justice  English  of  the  State 

'*  The  next  sogmstion  of  the  defendants  is,'*  con-  Supreme  Court  delivered  an  opinion  in  which 

tiaoat  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  \^  that  if  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Pederal  Courts  is  re- 

;3e  vrit  is  issued  and  they  should  obey  its  com-  viewed,  and  many  questions  in  connection 

MoJ.,  they  may  be  exposed  to  «  Ruit  for  d»m»ge.  ^jth  their  powers  are  discussed.    The  opinion 

U.'tS.Xa^:  •"ifr.S^k'l^l.AhLlir*^:  U  a  di««fi^  protest  .gainst  encroachmeW 

eoterbaoed  by  thLi  Court,  as  all  ezperienoe  shows  the  Federal  judiciary  upon  the  reserved  rights 

\m  tbe  State  Courts  at  all  times  have  readily  aoqui-  of  the  States ;  and,  though  conceding  to  the 

e«*i  iu  the  judgmenu  of  this  Court,  in  all  cases  Federal   Courts  the  right  to  entertain  suits 

ooflJed  to  ito  determination  under  the  Constitution  AiminHr  AnnntiAA.  and    to  tmfnroA  th«ip   indw. 

loilawsofCongrcaa.    Guided  by  the  experience  of  against  countiea,  ana  to  enforce  tueir  judg- 

tv)  past,  oorjiut  expectations  of  the  iiituVe  are  that  ™2°H  ^^  mandamus  compeUing  the  proper 

U6  ume  just  views  will  prevail.     Should  it  be  officials  to  levy  and  collect    taxes  to  satisfy 

ochenrue,  however,  the  defendants  will  find  the  such  judgments,  yet  maintains  that  this  juris- 

a>*i  ample  means  of  protection  at  hand.     The  diction  can  be  exercised  only  in  pursuance  of 

ilS^oTISSi^i  '^Z  ;?e£i"r <i"»r  d'2'7f  Z  and  -ocordanoe  with  the  Oo.utitutfon  and  laws 

vnt  in  bsr  of  the  sait ;  and  if  their  defense  is  over-  ^'  the  State ;  and  that  the  bupreme  Oourt  of 

nied  sod  jodinnent  Is  rendered  against  them,  a  writ  the  State  is  the  proper  tribunal  to  interpret 

o(  error  from  their  Court  will  lie  to  the  judgment  the  Constitution  and  expound  the  laws  mark- 

■^ierthe  twenty-fifth  section  of  the  judiciary  act.  jng  und  limiting  the  boundaries  in  which  the 

^J'o^er?nl^ThrL%:fir.S^^^^^  Federal  as  we^  state  Courts  shall  exercise 

^  feeood  day  of  Mareb,  1888,  entitled  '  An  act  their  junsdiction. 

fijiher  to  provide  for  the  ooUeotion  of  the  duties  on  In  respect  to  the  right  of  the  Federal  Courts 

aporti.'   PrUoners  In  jaU  or  confinement  for  any  to  entertain  suits  against  counties,  the  Supreme 

?wt?o^V^li!i1i^til\r''?^^'nX/'S^^^^  O^^^'t  say  ^^  <!^«  "g^t  is  derived  solely  (in 

*w  or  tne  United  states,  or  any  order,  process,  or  ^    .*  "       ..v    ,.    .  "         i,'j,  j,*       i   •     •  j* 

<l««6  Of  soy  Judge  or  cinrt  thereof,  may  apply  to  connection  with  their  constitutional  junsdio- 

Mh«rof  the  Justiofts  of  tbe  Supreme,  or  any  Judge  tion)  from  the  statutes  of  the  State,  which  give 

<■'  aj  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  the  counties  the  right  ^^  to  sue  and  be  sued  ^' ; 

TUofhabeas  corpus,  and  thev  are  severally  author-  g^^  that  without  such  a  law  a  county  could 

i^'e^S^Uw*^                       wthority  otherwise  ^^^  ^  ^^^  ^j.  ^  j^  ^j^^^  ^^^  p^^^^  ^^  q^^ 

Saeh  is  the  Uw  of  the  land,  aa  deohired  by  the  Courts.                                           .    ,      ^  ,      , 

!ii<k«ttribnnaloftbeoountry,  and  all  Courts,  Fed-  In  respect  to  the  powers  of  the  Federal 

eril  aid  State,  must  aooopt  it  and  yield  obedience  to  Courts  to  compel  by  mandamus  County  Courts 

It  The  eff^  of  this  is,  that  the  action  of  the  Cir-  to  levy  taxes  to  pay  their  judgment,  the  Su- 

(.'tCoartofJefTenion  County  and  the  action  of  the  ^,^^/  n^„^   „«5  ii*-*    ^va^   ?»»;o^;Jf;^n   t.«. 

^'iitrCoBitin  parsuance  hereof  were  nullities,  preme  Court  say  that   this  junsdiction  has 

i&«Cojnty  Judge  has  been  examined  on  oath,  and  heen  claimed  by  virtue  of  a  decision  of  tbe 

^  disebims  any  intention  to  disregard  the  mandate  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  although 

y(  thu  Court ;   but  he  haa  made  a  mistake  which  the  Court  was  divided  on  the  question :  but 

Win'ilLi^  *^*  ^^"i^^^  lil'Vr^'iw'i"'!^**"-  affirms  that  no  case  can  be  found  in  which  the 

-  jlteTrdi^to"^^^^^  Supreme  Court  has  decided  that  a  United  States 

•:  'he  end  reanit  injuriously  to  the  piwties.  Circuit  or  District  Court  can  compel  by  man- 

^  &  i»  MOW  ordireiihht  the  aaid  rule  af^nst  said  damns  a  County  Court  to  levy  a  tax,  or  do  any 

;i.^OT*n  be  resenred  for  the  further  action  of  the  other  act  which  it  is  not  empowered  by  the 

-^JSt^^K  ^""^A    ^'  ,^'*7*^°»  •^•r^f  *'*?,  *J  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  State  to  do. 

:*^«^lleetor  of  aaid  oounty,  do  proceed  to  oollnct  v""*»"""'"»'"  »"^  "•'^"  "*■  wi^  •^•.nw^  vv  ^*v.      ^ 

'^  uxe^  levied  to  pay  the  relator's  judgment,  the  ^^  respect  to  the  constitutional  provision 

*3«  u  if  tbe  said  oertiorari  proeeediogs  had  not  that  no  county  shall  levy  a  tax  to  exceed  one 


28  ARKANSAS.  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

half  of  one  per  cent,  for  all  purposes^  but  may  when  it  may  be  held  up  as  a  solemn  declaration 

levy  an  additional  tax  of  one  half  of  one  per  by  Oongress  and  the  Sopreme  Goart  of  the 

cent,  to  pay  existing  indebtedness  at  the  time  sobjagation  of  all  tribes  and  the  nullity  of  all 

of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  the  Court  treaties  now  or  hereafter  made ;  as  the  estab- 

uses  this  strong  and  emphatic  language :  lishment  by  the  President,  tlie  Congress^  and 

Thiu  Bection  furniahea  the  measure  and  limiUtlon  the   courts,   of   8  far-reaching    principle,  on 

upon  the  taxing  power  of  the  coauties,  and  neither  which  must  follow  the  policy  of  settling  all 

the  Legulature^  nor  the  StaU  OourU,  iwr  the  FetUral  Indian  questions  hereafter.    Since  the  decision 

to^^/^t^toi^tr''"''"""^''^'^  «'  ^^^  Supreme  Court  referred  to  it  ha.  b^ 

"^  come  a  question  propounded  openly  in  Gon- 

The  Court  say,  however,  that  there  may  he  gress  "  whether  it  is  not  time  that  the  Govern- 

an  exceptional  case  arising  under  the  Constitu-  ment  should  cease  longer  to  attempt  by  force 

tion  of  the  United  States,  forbidding  any  State  of  treaties  to  govern  and  civilize  the  Indians.^' 
to  pass  laws  impairing  the  obligation  of  con-       The  Indian  appropriation  bill  passed  in  May, 

tracts.  1878,  contained  a  clause  to  remove  all  the  wild 

One  of  the  most  important  subjects  to  the  Nez  rerc6s  tribes  into  their  territory.    In  the 
State  of  Arkansas  relates  to  the  establishment  Senate,  General  Maxey,  of  Texas,  moved  to 
of  a  territorial  government  by  Congress  over  Etrike  out  this  clause.     His  motion  was  re- 
the  Indian  Territory.    The  five  Indian  tribes  jected.     Mr.  Edmunds  proposed  to  remove 
occupying  the  Territory  west  of  Arkansas  have  these  wild  tribes  to  such  part  of  the  Indian 
until  recently  been  dmost  unanimously  op-  Territory  as  the  Government  had  a  right  to 
posed  to  breaking  up  their  tribal  relations,  and  use,  and  it  was  agreed  to.    Mr.  Teller,  of  Col- 
nave  been  bitterly  hostile  to  all  measures  for  orado,  offered  a  proviso  that  the  removal  should 
their  future  development.    These  views  have  be  dependent  upon  the  consent  of  the  civilized 
changed  among  the  Choctaws  and  Chiokasaws,  tribes,  and  foithwith  his  motion  was  rejected. 
whose  recently  elected  rulers  were  chosen  to  These  indications  bring  the  question  home  to 
support  a  change.     Arkansas  Las  within  her  the  five  tribes  whether  they  shall  at  some 
limits  about  fifty  thousand  square  miles.    Im-  future  day  be  crowded  with  all  the  savage 
mediately  west  of  the  State  lies  the  Indian  tribes,  involved  in  wars,  and  driven  out  at 
Territory,  with  sixty-five  or  seventy  thousand  last,  or  whether  Congress  shall,  after  giving 
square  miles,  which  was  set  apart  and  ceded  each  Indian  of  them  a  fee  wmple  in  land 
by  solemn  treaty,  about  fifty  years  ago,  as  a  enough  to  live  on,  and  paying  them  the  price 
country  and  a  future  home  for  the  ^uthern  of  the  balance,  open  their  country  to  settle- 
Indians.    This  cession  was  made  to  be  per-  ment  by  the  whites,  and  establish  a  territorial 
petual ;  the  lands  were  granted  in  fee  eimple^  government,  giving  the  Indians  equal  rights 
and  the  tribes  were  guaranteed  independent  with  the  whites,  and  enabling  them  to  live  in 
self-government  and  freedom  from  taxation,  peace  and  perfect  their  civilization. 
But  Congress,  some  ten  years  ago,  without       ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.    The 
notice  or  hearing,  extended  the  revenue  latce  army  on  October  15,  1878,  consisted  of  24,- 
and  taxation  over  all  countries  lying  ieithin  761  enlisted  men,  which  is  a  reduction  of 
'*  the  bounds  of  the  United  States,       Treaties  about  five  thouaand  since  the  previous  year, 
with  the  tribes  hitherto  had  always  been  held  The  desertions  durins  the  year  ending  June  SO, 
to  be  sacred,  being  made  with  independent  and  1878,  were  1,678;  during  the  previous  year 
not  subject  nations;   and  they  had  been  so  2,516.    In  the  expenditures  for  the  army  there 
recognized  always  by  the  political  power,  and  was  a  reduction  over  the  previous  year  of 
repeatedly  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  $4,828,784.54,  which  arose  in  part  from  the 
States.    All  this  has  now  been  reversed.    The  diminution  of  the  force.     The  appropriation 
Congress  in  effect  destroyed  all  treaties  when  by  Congress  was  $25,712,600. 
it  destroyed  the  sovereignty  of  one  of  the  par-        The  only  active  service  of  the  army  during 
ties  by  extending  over  the  Indian  country,  the  year  was  caused  by  some  Indian  disturb- 
without  its  consent,  the  revenue  laws  of  the  anoes  which  were  confined  to  a  comparative- 
United  States.     In  the  noted  case  of  E.  C.  ly  small  number  of  Indians.    The  discontent 
Boudinot  vs.  the  United  States,  Mr.  Boudinot  among  the  Bannocks,  which  led  first  to  slcx^ 
resisted  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  do  of  violence  on  the  part  of  some  members  of 
this  thing,  quoting  in  vain  the  treaties  with  the  tribe,  and  finally  to  the  outbreak,  appears 
the  tribes  and  the  repeated  decisions  of  the  to  have  been  caused  by  an  insufiSciency  of  food 
Supreme  Court  sustaining  their  inviolability,  on  the  reservation,  and  this  insuificenoy  to 
The  Cherokee  authorities,  in  maintaining  the  have  been  owing  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  ap- 
rigbtsofthe  Cherokee  Nation,  employed  coun-  propriations  made  by  Congress  to  the  wants 
sel  to  aid  them.    Rut  the  Supreme  Court  sus-  of  the  Indians  at  a  time  when  tbey   were 
tained  the  action  of  Congress,  and  Mr.  Bondi-  prevented  from  supplying  the  deficiency  by 
not  was  ruined,  and  with  him  the  cause  of  his  nunting.     After  an  arduous  pursuit   by  the 
people.  troops  of  the  United  States,  and  several  en- 

This  is  regarded  as  a  precedent  for  the  abro-  gagements,  the  hostile  Indians  were  reduced 

gation  of  all  treaties  with  the  Indians  by  simple  to  subjection,  and  the  larger  part  of  them  snr- 

legislation,  and  the  time  will  perhaps  be  short  rendered  themselves  as  prisoners.    The  other 


ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.                                      29 

ax  of  disturbance  was  that  of  a  band  of  north-  been  recently  inaugurated  in  taking  fifty  Indian 

«m  GhejenneS)  who  suddenly  left  their  res-  children,  boys  and  girls,  from  different  tribes, 

erratioii  m  the  Indian  Territory  and  marched  to  the  Hampton  Normal  Agriculturd  Institute 

rapidly  through  the  States  of  Kansas  and  Ne-  in  Virginia,  where  they  are  to  receive  an  ele- 

braaks  in  the  direction  of  their  old  hunting-  mentary  English  education  and  training  in  agri- 

groonda,  committing  murders  and  other  crimes  culture  and  other  useful  work,  to  be  returned 

OQ  their  way.  From  documents  accompanying  to  their  tribes,  after  the  completed  course,  as 

the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  it  interpreters,  instructors,  and  examples.    It  is 

appears  that  this  disorderly  band  was  as  fully  reported  that  the  officer  charged  with  the  selec- 

sipplied  with  the  necessaries  of  life  as  the  tion  of  those  children   might  have  had  thou- 

iTOO  other  Indians  who  remained  quietly  on  sands  of  young  Indians  sent  with  him  had  it 

the  reservation,  and  that  the  disturbance  was  been  possible  to  make  provision  for  them, 

caosed  by  men  of  a  restless  and  mischievous  In  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the 

disposition  among  the  Indians  themselves.    Al-  policy  of  the  Government  toward  the  Indians 

most  the  whole  of  this  band  have  surrendered  should  be  designed  to  enforce  these  t\i'o  propo- 

to  tbe  military  authorities,  and  when  some  of  sitions,  viz. : 

them  had  taken  refuge  in  the  camp  of  the  Red  i.  Fair  and  just  treatment  of  the  Indiana,  including 
Clood  Sioux,  with  whom  they  had  been  in  tho  faithful  port'ormanoe  on  our  part  of  eyerj  prom- 
friendly  relations,  the  Sioux  held  them  as  pris-  "« >  SS^"~        .      ,   «       ,       .  ,           ^  „ 

r  ?f^.[:?111^.^*"?.'''^  ?P  ""  '"'  "®r.  ofU'o!.?rr^pVr?,1,S!\^^^^^^^ 

of  the  United  States,  thus  giving  new  proof  of  of  a  aufflcient  miUtiJry  force  in  the  Indian  country  to 

the  loyal  spirit   which  they  have  uniformly  act  with  vigor  and  aacocas  when  occasion  requires, 

shown  ever  since  the  wishes  they  expressed  and  prevent  the  poaaibility  of  the  defeat  or  maaaaoro 

It  the  counoU  of  September,  1877,  were  com-  of  email  detachment*  of  our  troopa,  by  which  Indian 

i>lied  with.  'vrars  have  been  »o  ouen  in  the  post  encouraged  and 

Both  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary  -,!^  .  .  vn 
of  the  Interior  unite  in  the  recommendation  The  army  appropriation  bill  passed  at  the 
that  pronsion  be  made  by  Congress  for  the  close  of  the  session  of  Congress  in  June,  1878, 
organization  of  a  corps  of  mounted  "Indian  contained  a  provision  for  a  joint  committee  to 
Miiliariea."  to  be  under  the  control  of  the  investigate  the  propriety  of  a  transfer  of  the 
Mmj,  and  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  keep-  care  of  the  Indians  from  the  Interior  Depart- 
iag  the  Indians  on  their  reservations,  and  pre-  pc^t  to  the  War  Department.  The  first  meet- 
renting  or  repressing  disturbance  on  their  part,  ing  of  the  committee  was  on  December  6th, 

It  is  believed  that  the  organization  of  such  <">d  ^^o  ^^\  witness  called  was  the  Secretary 

tbodyof  Indian  cavalry,  receiving  a  moderate  of  the  Interior,  Carl  Schurz.    The  following 

pij  from  the  Ghivernment,  would  considerably  extract  from  his  testimony  will  show  some  of 

weaken  tbe  restless  element  among  the  Indians  the  points  of  the  question : 

bj  witlidrawing  from  it  a  number  of  young  Permit  me  to  atate  that  there  are  two  methods  of 

men  and  giving  them  congenial  employment  Indian  manai^ement  poaBible— either  to  herd  and 

under  the  Oovemment  it  beinir  a  matter  of  ^^"^^  *^«  Indiana  under  tbe  walla  or  guna  of  a  mill- 

•vnAnAi«<»i>  *k.»  i«.<i:o.ia :..  .^..r:^^  Aim/x<i4-  »:fi.  tary  force,  ao  to  apeak,  bo  a8  to  watch  them  aud  pro* 

experience  that  Indwns  in  service,  almost  with-  ^^^^  outbieaka,  o?to  8Urt  them  at  work  upon  their 

out  exceptions,  are  faithful  in  the  performance  innda,  to  educate  them  and  to  civilize  them! 

Of  the  duties  assigned  to  them.    Such  an  or-  Now,  in  the  nature  of  thinga,  the  flnt  method 

fulzation  would  materially  aid  the  army  in  the  would  be  the  only  method  adopted  by  the  military 

Kcompliflhment  of  a  task  for  which  its  numeri-  I>f»"?^  o/,  the  Government,  for  the  aimple  reaaon 

^•]«t.l»^k  :-    ^^^*i^^  4^^^A  ;»«..ai^:»«>4.    t«.  that  it » their  businesa  to  keep  the  peace  and  pre- 

wlslwngth  IS  sometomes  found  insufficient.   It  ^^^^  troublesome  tribes  from  getting*^into  miacfiief. 

mij  be  very  ditncult  and  require  much  patient  The  second  is  the  policy  which  we  have  followed 

effort  to  curb  the  unruly  spirit  of  the  savage  and  earned  out,  witn  at  least  a  partial  success ;  a 

Indian  to  the  restraints  of  civilized  life,  but  polioy  oertoinly  the  moat  humane  and  enlightened, 

^iperience  shows  that  it  is  not  impossible.  i!^^J!'?!^'i!'!^thI'\T^\n^ 

u...    f  XL     ^  *i^          1-2  1.                         •  ^      J  *or  as  loziff  aa  the  Indiana  remain  roatmnff  tribea, 

Mimy  of  the  tribes  which  are  now  quiet  and  without  aSyaettled  interests  or  property,  we  mav 

orderly  and  self -supporting  were  once  as  sav-  always  look  for  complications.    It  is  also  the  most 

lie  as  any  that  at  present  roam  over  the  plains  eoonomical  policy,  tor  the  sooner  the  Indiana  are 

or  in  tbe  mountains  of  the  Far  West,  and  were  jiviliied  the  aooner  they  will  be  able  to  provide  for 

tban  considered  inaccessible  to  civili^g  influ-  a:lrbiti'o'f"^v;?ra^ei^rfe" 

eaces.  It  may  be  impossible  to  raise  them  fully  of  the  Government  is  not  the  best  calculated  to  in- 

^3  to  the  level  of  the  white  population  of  the  struct  them.    This  Question  of  a  transfer  has  been 

Taited  States,  but  they  are  aborigines  of  the  discussed  before,  and  in  a  report  which  has  attained 

^  jontry,  and  caUed  the  soil  their  own  on  which  ?o™e  °®^^?*!?'L*'  »l?t;^j^  t^'  "^i«" ^^  Pl«^°  f,^^^ 

ivyrnJxli^  k«.^  .•^^..^  ^»k  «^»«^»i  ^^A  k««^  >*  8U<?gested  the  chief  duties  of  the  Bureau  will  be 

«v  people  hiive  grown  noh,  powerful,  and  hap-  ^  educate  and  instruct  in  tho  peaceful  arts ;  in  other 

?J'    It  IS  also  a  well-anthentioated  fact  that  words,  to  civilize  the  Indians.    The  military  arm  of 

Indians  are  apt  to  be  peaceable  and  quiet  when  the  Qovernment  ia  not  the  moat  admirably  adapted 

liielr  children  are  at  school ;  and  there  is  a  to  discharge  duties  of  this  character.    We  are  aatis- 

«t«adUy  increasing  desire,  even  among  Indians  ?t*  4*^!'  °2S''5?  army  officer  in  a  thousand  would 

L»u«^  «-^  ««»»«©  ««»..^  vTvu  «»u«  ■^  *«x*«»«  like  to  teach  Indian  children  to  read  and  write  or 

fe.ongmg  to  comparatively  wild  tnbes,  to  have  Indian  men  to  aowand  reap.    These  are  emphatl- 

tbeir  children  educated.    An  experiment  has  oally  civil  and  not  military  oocupations.    The  re- 


30  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

qnest  for  the  titmsfer  of  the  Indian  Bureau  seemed  have  not  b«en  revised  sinoe  1868,  are  t-o  be 

to  be  based  particularly  upon  the  uaumption,  very  thoroughly  examined,  and  a  new  series  adopt- 

induBtnously  oireulated,  that  the  Indum  01  vil  service  ^j   *^\^^^^^^  .^«.f  ^#  4-Ka  a«/^«i«»c.i  »^.v  ^/ 

was  responsible  for  all  the  wars.    It  was  said  that  «^»  ^^  l^me  a  part  of  the  eventual  work  of 

the  Indian  agent  steals  the  Indian  supplien ;  that  the  reorganization.    The  important  feature  of  the 

Indians  at  last  grew  desperate,  and  tliere  were  wars,  bill  is  the  abolishment  of  a  staff  as  a  distinc- 

That  was  not  the  fact  at  all.    There  was  scarcely  a  live  corps  of  the  army,  and  the  interchangea- 

smgle  instance  where  it  was  the  fact.  The  real  cause  ^jiity  of  the  line  and  staff  for  the  offices  in  the 

ot  almost  all  of  our  Indian  wars  was  the  breakmg  „^„jL„i    j^^«w^«,^„i.«    «^«««.*^««  4-u^  ^»^n^^, 

of  treaties  and  encroachments  upon  the  lands  and  several  departmente,  excepting  the  engineer 

rights  of  the  Indian  bv  the  white  man.    Then,  also,  corps.     Better  provision  is  to  be  made  for  the 

it  must  be  considerea  that  the  Indians  themselves  education  of  the  cavalry  branch  of  the  aer- 
were  not  angels,  and  that  thev  had  in  some  instances,   vice,  giving  it  equality  in  this  respect  with  tiie 

L^nL^nM  •  wTi?!!  '^^'''^  *^  provoked  the  re-  ordnance  and  artillery  branch,  and  additional 
sentment  oi  the  wnites.  mi  l  Jl  /*     j.    *  *         m 

means  will  be  secured  for  training  omcera  m 

The  report  of  the  commission  will  not  be  the  higher  branches  of  their  profession, 
made  until  after  the  commencement  of  1879.  The  action  of  Congress  on  this  report  will 

At  the  same  time  that  this  joint  committee  take  place  before  the  dose  of  the  session,  od 

was  ordered,  another  was  directed  by  Con-  March  4,  1879. 

gross  to  examine  and  report  on  the  reorganiza-       By  reference  to  the  proceedings  of  Congress, 

tion  of  the  army.   (See  Conqbbss,  U.  S.)   This  the  animated  debate  of  that  body  on  the  amend- 

work  was  completed  before  the  opening  of  the  ment  to  the  army  bill  forbidding  the  nse  of 

session  of  1878-79.    After  mining  very  ex-  the  army  as  a  posse  eomitatus  will  be  found, 

tensive  investigations,  the  committee  report  a  The  measure  was  deemed  worthy  of  notice  by 

codification  of  aU  laws  rating  to  the  army  the  Secretary  of  War,  who  describes  ita  prac- 

into  one  act    The  main  features  kept  in  view  ticid  operation : 

in  the  plan  of  reorganization  are  the  disposi-       The  fifteenth  section  of  the  act  of  Congreaa  oi 

tion  and  use  of  the  army  in  time  of  peace  as  June  18, 1878,  provides  that 
a  frontier  and  Indian  police,  and,  second,  its        T^rook  and  after  the  pssaace  of  this  aet  it  shsD  noc  be  )aw> 

disposition  as  a  nncleas  of  offenstye  and  de-  ^j^,SStSS.TS^^'^^X*^ ^^^ 

fensive  force  for  foreign  war.     The  number  of  the  laws,  except  in  tudi  coses  ad  mid«r  such  drcnmstaneee 

the  ranlt  and  file,  is  Umited  to  20^000  men,  ex-  VX^S^S^^^J^^^^^''^"''^'^ 
elusive  of  the  signal  corps.  The  system  of  ,  .  ,  *..*..  1  *  -^v  **.  *  ^-i.. 
^.»«n;»«^{^*.  ^*  ♦i.A  <.»4^:ii^««  i..«»<.ir  ^#  4.1,^  Id  my  judgment  it  is  important  either  that  this 
organization  of  the  artillery  branch  of  the  provision  be  repealed  or  that  the  number  of  cases  in 
service  is  changed  from  regimenttil  formation  which  the  use  of  the  anny  shall  be  *^  expressly  au- 
to batteries  or  companies.  The  artillery  arm  thorised "  be  very  much  enlarged.  In  many  por^ 
is  consolidated  with  the  ordnance  corps.  The  ^io"**  of  o*""  Western  Territories,  and  even  in  some 
Quartermaster-General's  and  Commissary-Gen-  V^y}}^^  o^u®  "^ewer  States,  a  resolute  desperado, 
^  iV  l^flp  ««**^  vj  r"i  ^™*""!^»'/  ^  ^  With  a  few  followers,  can  defy  the  oittcers  of  the  law 
oral  8  st^s  are  consolidated  under  the  control  and  any  local  posse  that  can  be  organiied.  Buring 
of  the  Quartermaster  s  Department,  and  the  the  vear  numerous  attacks  have  been  made  upon  the 
staff  corps  as  a  distinctive  branch  of  the  ser-  maif-eoaches  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  for  pur< 
vice  is  abolished.  The  engineer  and  medical  Po»«»  ^^J^'^^'^U,  "id  Pjupder ;  and  while  1  £ave 
/«/^**va  -m^^^x^  4-1.^;.  •v.aoav.i.  a\^^\-^«,^\^^  ^«»«.:»»  hceu  of  the  opmion  that  the  mails  of  the  United 
corps  retain  their  present  d istmctive  organiza-  g^^tes  may  be  Sefended  by  the  use  of  troops,  I  have 

tion.    Ihe  Adjutant-Generars,  Quartermaster-  been  obliged  to  give  instructions  that  they  can  not, 

GeneraPs,  Inspector-General's,  and  Paymaster-  without  disregarding  the  act  of  Congress,  be  em- 

General^s  staffs  are  done  away  with,  and  the  ployed  to  aid  the  omoers  of  the  law  in  capturing  the 

system  of  interohangeabUity  of  line  and  staff  jobbers  after  they  have  committed  the  crinie.    In 

officers  substituted  ^imilar^ to  t^Vn^tl'^A^ 

system  of  organization,  the  object  being  to  the  new  and  sparselv  populated  regions  of  the  West, 

give  all  the  officers  of  the  army  an  opportunity  to  say  to  robbers  ana  thieves  that  the^  shall  not  be 

of  perfecting  themselves  in  a  practacal  knowl-  taken  on  anv  writ  unless  the  sherifi  and  his  local 

edge  of  the  several  branches  of  service  in  the  l^^^^JT"  fr\^^^.^^''^T*Z^^^''^Jt  "^'^  ff*"^  ^^^ 

?'  .      t«^ja        J        au  u         ^    at  soldiers,  is  almost  to  grant  them  immuuitT  from 

army.    In  order  to  reduce  the  number  of  offi-  arrest,  'in  those  new  regions  the  army  is  the  liwor 

cers,  It  IS  provided  that  there  shall  be  no  more  chiefly  relied  upon  by  the  Uw^biding  people  for 

promotions  or  appointments  until  the  number  protection,  and  chiefly  feared  by  the  lawleas  classes, 

of  general  and  line  officers  is  reduced  to  a  cer-  Numerous  instances  mi^ht  be  dted,  but  the  recent 

tain  number.     The  offices  of  general  and  lieu-  f  ccurrences  m  Lincoln  County^  New  Mexico,  oonsti- 

u»iu  uuiui/va.     x*io  vuivvo  vr»  j5,=x.o*€M  Miu  *icu  ^^^  ^  stfikiBg  example.    The  inability  of  the  officer 

tenant-general  will  cease  with  the  decease  of  in  command  ofthe  tfoops  in  that  vicinity  to  aid  the 

the  present  incumbents.   The  number  of  major-  oflSoers  of  the  law  in  making  arrests  was  one  of  the 

generals  and   brigadier-generals  is  to  be  re-  principal  causes  which  led  to  the  most  disf^racefal 

duced  to  the  lowest  point.    No  change  is  made  •**?«*  ^{^\^9^  »°?  ™"^«^  amountinir  in  fact  to  an- 

in  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  and  the  '^^-y^^rt^^ iU^^^ ,VX^  T^r^^^l 

general  provisions  of  the  bill  look  to  the  ehm-  tion.  after  which  a  proclamation  of  warning  was  is- 

ination  eventually  of  all  officers  of  the  army  saed  hj  the  President,  when  the  troops  were  called 

who  have  not  received  a  thorough  military  i°*o  action  and  at  once  restored  quiet.    J  am  clearly 

education.    The  work  of  surveys  and  triangu-  ff  1^^?^°!?''  *^3  ^^\  President  should  be  left  free 

lations  is  to  be  exclusively  und'er  the  contl^l  ^f  ^U^^x'^^^'i^^U'^i  ^tli^'^JS^'^ 

of  the  army,      ine  army  regulations,  which  necessary;  but  if  suohuseUto  be  limited  to  easc^ 


ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  31 

▼bin,  as  dMUred  by  th«  aet  above  quoted,  it  *^  is  and  enforce  the  laws  in  ease  the  ditturbanoes  and 

expre-«4)7  aothorixed  by  tlie  Gonstitutioa  or  bv  nets  unlawful  oombinations  continue  after  the  time  named. 

ot  CoD]freM,"  tben  it  ia  re^pectfally  sabraitted  that  The  President  therefore  directs  that  ^oa  instmct  tbe 

Coo^reM  thoald  irive  ver^  oareful  attention  to  the  proper  military  officer  tliat  at\er  the  time  above  men- 

taamantion  and  speeifloation  of  the  oases  in  which  tioned  has  expired  he  will  proceed  to  disperse  by 

«Kh  iM  of  troopa  is  to  be  permitted.  military  force  oil  such  unlawful  combinations  or  as- 

Th,  probation  of  the  Preddent,  .poken  rwWy°^rr"o?:^'°fo';^,S5t'7o\.^"i*^.-* 

of  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  which  Lincoln  gistance  to  the  laws  shall  continue,  aid  the  Governor 

GoQDtj,  New  Mexico,  was  declared  in  a  state  and  authorities  of  the  Territory  in  keeping  the  peace 

of  insarrection.  and  an  opening  thns  made  for  w^J*  enforcinff  the  laws, 

theo^of  the  anny  in  the  suppression  of  civU  ^ ^^eVrGE  w' M^B?S^^^^^^^^^ 

diitarbaoces,  was  as  follows :  To  General  W.  T.  SmaMAK. 

Whrm*j  It  in  provided  in  the  laws  of  the  United  mi.         ji                            ji*     «       • 

Sutes  that  whenerer.  by  reaaon  of  unlawAil  combi*  The  orders  were  accordingly  given  to  the 

listioD  or  asaembly  or  persons,  or  a  rebellion  against  Brigadier-General  commanding    the  Military 

tkeMtborityoftheGovernmeotpftheUnitedStates,  Department  of  Missouri  to  employ,  if  iieces- 

?>:'ltl'i^;"2,7.}S^T.i'J'i^1n'i^^.SS^^^^^^^^  «'y  »»  eaforoe  the  conditions  «noanced  by 

^ctil  proceedmgs  or  the  laws  of  the  United  States  «iM«  President,  the  forces  under  liis  command 

TitfaiD  sDv  Bute  or  Territory,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  at  the  time  and  for  the  purposes  indicated. 

Uis  Presideni  to  call  forth  the  militia  of  all  the  Statea,  During  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in 

ttd  to  employ  such  part  of  the  land  and  naval  force  the  Soutiiem  States,  the  War  Department  sent 

M  be  may  deem  necessary,  to  enforce  the  execution  ro.«„„-j  •«*:«>««  4^^^^   .«^  ^^.^^  «»..^ :«.:., ^  ^^ 

of  the  laws,  or  to  auppress  such  rebellion  in  what-  IZ^^f^il^^^^i^^^  ,       ^S^  medioiues  to 

ever  State  or  Territory  thereof  the  Uws  of  the  United  the  destitute  m  New  Orleans,  Memphis,  Grena- 

States  may  be  forcioly  opposed,  or  the  execution  da,  and  Chattanooga. 

xttTiot  forcibly  obstructed ;  and—  For  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors, 

hJ^i^'l^   1     i**?''  "t?*  J?  •PP'^f  *''  '"l*^*'  for  the  promotion  of  the  general  commerce  of 

tf  reaeon  of  unlawful  combinations  and  assemblages  ^i.^  ^^„ «*«„  ♦i,^  ..,„,  ^r  *k  ni  k  nnn  —-  .^«..«..wi 

•f  PcBoo.  in  arms,  it  has  become  impracticable  to  ^}'^  f^S?^'^^' l^®  "T  ^Jji'^^^'J^  ^.^  ^*°*^ 

enforce,  by  the  ordinary  course  of  judicial  proceed-  for  1877,  nothing  for  1878,  and  $5,016,000  waa 

Lif  S  the  laws  of  the  United  SUtes  within  the  Terii-  asked  for  1879. 

I  nr  of  New  Meuoo,  espedally  within  Lincoln  Coun-  The  Quartermaster's  Department  moved  du- 

ty.sad  tJiat  tire  laws  of  the  United  Sutes  have  been  ^ng  the  year  79,260  passengers,  11,400  beasts, 

i>rcm  forcibly  opposed  and  the  execution  thereof  "?,An  oaV^  *   ♦     };  i'~j'"6'""»  ^'i.^v  "^^*^ 

foreibly  resi-»ted ;  and—  ^^^  109,261  tons  of  military  material.    There 

WkvMM,  The  laws  of  the  United  States  require  Are  in  the  office  of  the  Qnartermaster-Generid 

thit  whenever  it  may  be  neoessarj^,  in  the  Judgment  twenty  four  thousand  claims  and  accounts  un- 

^ilv^  K^V^i^""^'  ^  ^  ***5  "?•"?*  ^""^iH  PA'^?"!  settled,  caUing  for  $18,000,000. 

of  the  faithful  ezeoution  of  the  laws  of  the  United  tk^  w«i.ir  n«>/^««  Tui^\^m^i,^  A^^^^^.^^^  ^^\^^ 

States,  he  shall  forthwith,  by  proclamation,  com-  ,   i°®  ^^^^^  JP^°  ^*>®  seaooast  defenses,  owing 

Qsai  such  insargenU  to  disperse  and  retire  peace-  ^^  ^*^^  l&d^  01  appropnations,  has  been  limited 

tbi;  to  tiie  irrespective  abodes  within  a Umited  time:  to  the  care  and  preservation  of  the  works. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes.  President  The  system  governing  the  construction  of  the 

%tl.^  ^^^'a^I}?"^^^  admonish  all  good  ^^rks  of  defense  was  eUborated  and  adopted 

^.tiKtig  of  the  umted  States,  and  especially  of  the  .     iq-q  ^i,^  ««:„  «^^,^  ^^»u:^i.  —  ♦i.J^«— 

TifritAiy  of  New  Mexico,  against  siding,  counte-  ^^  J®^®»  ^^^  ^^  features  of  which  are  the  use 

u%eui7j  abettinir,  or  uking  part  in  such  unlawful  of  heavy  earthen  barbette  batteries,  protected 

pneMdings ;  and  1  hereby  warn  all  persons  engaged  by  high  traverses,  and  arranged  for  guns  and 

n  ^reonneoted  with  said  obstruction  to  the  laws  to  mortars  of  large  caliber,  to  be  supplemented  in 

v;i?*r3e  and  return  peaceably  to  their  respective  the  future  by  guns  of  the  heaviest  modern  cali- 

i»U»  on  or  before  October  18th,  instant.  v.      *»*«*«  »'j6""o  v..  «*v  ij^t«^o»  uium^iu  wu* 

la  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  ^^>  *^<*  ^^  obstructions  m  the  channels  (mainly 

oieaoeed  the  seal  of  the  United  Statea  to  be  affixed,  electrical  torpedoes)  to   prevent  vessels  from 

D^ne  at  the  eity  of  Washington,  this  7th  day  of  running  past  the  batteries.    The  Chief  of  £n- 

0/,ober,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1878,  and  of  the  in-  gineers  recommends,  in  addition  to  complet- 

'dependence  of  the  United  States  the  one  hundred  ?„  au^  ^^^^  \^^*4^^«  •i.^^^-.r  .^a..^:.!!..  v.^« 

^({^1^                                      j^  Q  HATES  ^         open  oattenes  already  partially  con- 

Bji^fteaident-.F.W.SiwABn,  Acting  Secretary  structed,  the  conversion  of  some  of  the  case- 

o^Suie.  mated  forts  for  the  reception  of  guns  of  the 

The  following  is  the  letter  of  the  Secretary  ]"'^\  ««^'»»«J  ^^'""^  T'^^'^u^  "/  ''T 

«f  Wu  addreuid  to  General  Sherman  relativi  J^*  t"*^"  »"*  *?^T'f  wn' «-  *p  -^"^^ 

to  the  above  Droclamation  •  defense  have  oontmued  at  W illett's  Point  with 

w     Dw               »*  satisfactory  results.  The  battalion  of  en  gineers, 

Washihotoii,  ^S^lk.  \  under  the  law  reducing  the  army,  has  been 

OcrxBAi.:  The  President  has  issued  a  procbma-  fixed  at  200  enlisted  men.     This  number  is 

-^  deolarin«r  that  by  reason  of  unlawful  obstruc-  thought  to  be  too  small  for  the  efficient  per- 

*'?;  3^K*"f^^S!j  '£!*»'"*"?S^^k''^  ft*!!!?/'"'  ^^%  formance  of  the  duties  required  of  them. 

-»i  of  the  United  ntatea  within  the  Territory  of        r\    r\^^^ -i-*  *u  -^  -?^-^  «-  -*^ 

^  tw  Mexico,  and  espwwdlv  in  Lincoln  County  there-  ^^  October  1st  there  were  m  store  as  a  re- 

%  can  not  be  enforced  by  the  ordinary  course  of  ju-  serve  supply  only  22,685  arms  of  the  latest 

I'al  proeeedingp,  and  commanding  the  persons  model.    The  Hotchkiss  gun  has  been  approved 

'  aprnng  such  oombinationa  or  assemblages  to  dis-  bv  the  board  of  officers  convened  by  order  of 

'^"i^  ?aS5rr.%*"r  i'sret'^^uH  t^e  secretary  of  War.  for  the  pu^oae  of  rec- 

rvlsmation  is  prsliminary  to  the  employment  of  ommending  a  magazme  gun  for  the  mihtary 

^  tooepe  ef  the  United  States  to  preaerve  the  peace  service. 


82 


ASIA. 


The  number  of  military  convicts  coDfined  in 
the  military  prison  of  Fort  Leavenworth  on 
November  25th  was  875.  They  are  chiefly 
occupied  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes  for  the 
troops. 

An  order  was  issued  by  the  President  on 
April  12th  granting  to  Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter 
a  court  of  inquiry  into  such  new  evidence  as 
he  might  offer  relative  to  a  sentence  of  a  court- 
martial  in  1862  which  dismissed  him  from  the 
army. 

The  condition  of  the  Union  and  Confederate 
war  records  is  stated  by  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  be  as  follows : 

The  reoorda  of  the  war  of  the  rebellioD,  both  Union 
Mid  GoDfederatef  are  under  the  obarffe  of  the  Ac^'u* 
tant-General  of  the  Army.  The  wonc  of  preparing 
these  for  publication  is  under  charge  of  Col.  Bobert 
N.  Boott,  to  whose  report  I  invite  attention.  The 
work  of  collecting  repurts  of  battles  by  Union  com- 
manders, which  were  not  oriffinally  forwarded,  has 
been  unremittingly  piosecutea  since  the  close  of  the 


war,  and  a  verv  large  number  has  been  added  to  the 
files  through  the  medium  of  correspondence.  Thtre 
are  yet  some  important  reports  missing,  but  hopci 
are  entertained  of  procuring  them.  TLe  Confeder- 
ate records  obtained  in  Sichmond  at  the  time  of  it» 
capture  were  brought  here  in  1865,  and  have  been 
carefully  arranged.  The  agent  recently  appointed. 
Oen.  Marcus  X  Wright,  has  been  asaiduouBlT  sna 
successfully  engaged  for  the  past  five  mootLi  in 
procuring  interesting  papers  relating  to  that  side. 
Through  a  candid  and  liberal  undervtandinffiiith 
the  Southern  Historical  Society,  as  well  as  with  eev 
oral  other  possessors  of  such  papers,  this  Department 
is  daily  adding  to  its  material  for  a  history  of  the  war. 
The  Department  is  ready  to  transmit  to  Congress  e 
considerable  amount  of  matter  systematically  u- 
ranffed  ao  soon  as  specific  action  by  Congress  shall 
enable  it  to  do  so.  The  appropri&tioni»  heretofore 
made  have  been  for  preparing  for  publication,  not  for 
publishing. 

ASIA.  The  area  and  population  of  the  dif- 
ferent divisions  of  Asia  were  given  as  follows 
in  1878  (see  Behm  and  Wagner,  '^  Bevdlkeroog 
der  Erde,"  v.,  Gotha,  1878) : 


niVlSIOlfS  AND  8UBDIV1SI0IVB. 


ft¥W»TA , 

Obntbal  Asia 

Bnssiao  Central  Asia 

Lake  Aral 

Tenitorr  of  the  TariLamsns. . . 

KWva. 

Bokhara. , 

Karategln 

£SlSS[c~ch<».) 

Caspiah  DBA  (ezdnsive  of  Ishmds) 
WasTBBii  Asia , 

CaacMis 

Turkey  Is  Asia , 

BamoB , 

Arabia  (hidependent) 

Aden 

Persia .'.*.. 

Afirbanlstaa 

Ksflristao 

Belooehistaa 

CmirA  AVD  Jatah 

China  prop<*r 

Tributary  states 

HoDif'Kong 

Maoao 

Japan , 

HDn>0STAK 

British  India 

Nadve  states 

Coimtrles  of  the  Hlmatayas 

French  possessions 

Portogaeae  possessions 

Geylon 

Lsooadires 

ICaldires 

Faxthsb  ItfniA. 

British  Bnrmah 

Manlpoor. 

Tribes  south  of  Assam 

Barmah 

Slam 

Anam 

French  Gochhi-Chhia 

Cambodia 

Independent  Malacca 

Btraita  Bottlements 

East  Iwdia  Islaitdb 

Bnnda  and  Molnoea  Islands.. . . 

Philippine  and  Booloo  IsUoids . 

Andaman  Islands 

Nioobar  Islands 

Keeling  Ishiods 

ToUl 


area  nr  squabb  vxlbb. 


Of  dirUou. 


4,824.000 
1, 524,500 


109,  voe 
2,922,700 


4,686,100 


1,491,600 


898»700 


789,808 


17,808,000 


Of  HbdivUoiii. 


1,806^ 
85,900 
79,700 
22.800 
84,000 
8^ 


109,467 

748,486 

218 

968,100 

7.65 

686,000 

278,700 

20,000 

106,600 


1,584,000 

2,986,500 

82 

1.48 

146,618 


820,418 

551,186 

90,400 

1.96 

1,487 

24,702 

744 

2,616 


88,557 

7.600 

ISsOOO 

190.500 

809,000 

198,000 

21,716 

82,400 

81,500 

1,446 

672^479 

114,129 

2/S51 

725 

8.6 


FOPULATIOH. 


Of  dlTWom. 


8,440.8C2 
7,510,676 


87,680,000 


4C8,414,850 


248,1C8,000 


86,760,000 


84,051,900 


Of  •obdirUtai. 


881,000,000 


4,505,8T( 

700,001) 

2,060,000 

100,000 


6^1,744 

17,880.000 

85,878 

8,700.000 

22,70T 

6.000,000 

4,000,000 

800.000 

850,000 

4(>^'(M),o6b 

29,&H),000 

1S9,144 

71,tt4 

88,628,818 


1(8,421,264 

46.110,200 

SJ)00,000 

271,460 

444,617 

2,450,542 

6,b00 

150,000 


2,747.148 
126,000 
180,000 

4,000,000 

6,750,000 
21,000,000 

1,600,000 
^•0,000 
209.000 
806,0^ 

26>«8,666 

7,450,006 

18,500 

5,000 

400 


ASTRONOMIOAL  PH£NOM£NA  AKD  PBOGBESS.  83 

nil  ttble  does  not  indade  tbe  territoriiil  ces-  belt  within  which  the  eclipse  was  total  passed 
ROM  made  by  Turkey.    (See  £a8TKbn  Qubs-  over  Montana,  Wyoming,  Uolorado,  the  south- 
tio5.)  west  comer  of  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory, 
The  Chinese  troops  completed  at  the  begin-  Texas,    and   Louisiana.     Eminent   observers 
ting  of  1878  the  conquest  of  Kashgaiia,  and  were  sent  out  at  tibe  expense  of  the  United 
this  country,  after  being  for  several  years  one  States  Government  to  several  stations  along 
of  tbe  independent  sta^  of  Asia,  is  now  again  the  line  of  totality.    A  number  of  colleges  and 
one  of  the  tributary  states  of  China.    (See  universities  were  also  represented  by  distin- 
CsixA.)  guished  astronomers.    Prof.  Simon  Newcomb, 
Tbe  war  between  Russia  and  Turkey  prac-  Commander  W.  T.  Sampson,  and  Lieut.  G.  G. 
tieaUrcame  to  a  close  in  Asia  in  1877,  few  Bowman  were  at  or  near  Separation,  Wy- 
morementsof  importance  being  made  in  1878.  oming  Territory.      Prof.  William  Harkness, 
Tbe  treaty  of  Berlin  gave  to  Russia  a  large  Lient.  £.  W.  Sturdy,   A.  M.  Skinner,  Prof. 
ilioe  of  Asiatio  Turkey,  and  to  Persia  the  town  O.   H.  Robinson,  L.  E.  Wallace,  and  A.  G. 
of  Khotor.    (See  Eastbbn  QmEsnoir.)  Clark  were  in  the  same  neighborhood ;   as 
Xo  sooner  nad  the  Berlin  treaty  been  signed,  were  also  Prof.  James  C.  Watson  of  Ann  Ar- 
settJing  for  some  time  to  come,  as  was  supposed,  bor,  and  the  celebrated  spectroscopist  M.  Jans- 
tbe  Eastern  question  in  Europe,  than  it  seemea  sen  of  France.    Besides  these,  Dr.  Draper  of 
19  if  it  were  to  break  out  anew  in  the  heart  of  New  York,  Prof.  Barker  of  Philadelphia,  Mr. 
Aas.    The  Indian  Government  sent  an  em-  Trouvelot  of  Cambridge,  and  Mr.  Edison,  tlie 
Uasj  to  Shere  Ali,  t|ie  Ameer  of  Cabool,  which  distinguished  inventor,  selected  their  points  of 
the  Istter  refased  to  admit  to  his  dominions,  observation  in  Wyoming.    Pro£  Asapb  Hall, 
ft  was  supposed  by  many  that  he  was  insti-  Prof.  J.  A.  Rogers,  A.  W.  Wright,  H.  F.  Gor- 
^ted  to  take  this  course  by  the  Russian  GK>v*  don,  A.  B.  Wheeler,  Prof.  J.  E.  Eastman,  Lewis 
•roment,  and  it  was  therefore  expected  that,  Bass,  H.  M.  Paul,  H.  8.  Pritchett,  Prof.  E.  8. 
if  war  should  follow  between  Great  Britain  Holden,  Lient.  T.  W.  Very,  Dr.  C.  S.  Hastings, 
tad  Afghanistan,  Russia,  if  not  actively  en-  Mr.  G.  W.  Hill  of  the  Nautical  Almanac  Office, 
aged  on  tbe  side  of  the  latter,  would  still  be  Gen.  Myer,  Prof.  Cleveland  Abbe,  Prof.  S.  P. 
ber  friend.    Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  war  Langley,  Prof.  0.  A.  Toung,  C.  F.  Braokett, 
was  actually  begun,  and  the  Afghan  territory  C.  J.  Rock  wood,  W.  Libbey,  G.  H.  Calley,  C. 
inrsded  by  a  large  English  force.    (See  Ijtdia  D.  Bennett,  W.  McDonald,  0.  J.  Young,  H.  S. 
sod  AFGHAViBTAir.)  S.  Smith,  Prof.  Maria  Mitchell,  Prof.  Thorpe, 
An  important  act  was  passed  in  India,  plac-  Dr.  Schuster,  Prof.  Ormond  Stone  of  Cinom* 
iof  restrictions  on  the  native  press,  which  had  nati,  C.  W.  Upton,  Prof.  G.  W.  Hoogb,  Prof, 
become  very  seditious  in  its  utterances.    The  E.  Colbert  of  the  Chicago  AstronomicAl  So- 
(iffliDe  which  prevailed  in  India  during  1877  ciety,  S.  W.  Burnham,  Dr.  Swazey,  A.  C. 
continued  during  the  early  part  of  1878,  and  Thomas,  Prof.  Easterday,  Mr.  Lewis  Swift  of 
its  effects  were  felt  daring  the  entire  year.  Rochester,  and  Mr.  J.  Norman  Lockyer  of  Eng- 
(See  IxniA.)  land,  observed  from  stations  selected  in  Colo« 
News  reached  Europe  of  a  new  Russian  ex-  rado.    Messrs.  L.  Waldo  and  R.  W.  Wilson  of 
pedition  to  Central  Asia,  which  was  said  to  Harvard  College,  F.  E.  Seagrove  of  Providence, 
uve  been  planned  before  the  beginning  of  the  J.  K.  Rees  and  W.  H.  Pulsifer  of  St.  Louis, 
Rodso-TurkiBh  war.    The  expedition  was  re-  with  several  assistants,  observed  at  Fort  Worth, 
ported  to  aim  at  tiie  occupation  of  the  five  Texas ;  and  Prof.  D.  P.  Todd  of  Washington, 
minor  khanates  between  the  southern  course  .D.  C,  was  at  Dallas  in  the  same  State, 
of  tbe  Amoo  Darya  and  Hindoo  Eoosh— Kara  Besults  of  Ohiervation — Diieovery  of  Two 
Zio.  Shognal,  Darvas,  Sarikol.  and  Vakhan.  Intra- Msreurial  Planeti. — Since  1859,  the  date 
Of  these  khanates,  the  first  three  are  inde-  of  M.  Lescarbault's  observation  of  a  supposed 
pendent,  Sarikol  belongs  to  Kashgar,  and  the  transit,  the  existence  of  a  planet,  or  more  than 
Ameer  of  Vakhan  is  a  feudatory  of  the  Ameer  one,  within  Mercury's  orbit,  has  been  regarded 
ofCabooL  by  several  astronomers  as  highly  probable. 
The  famine  in  the  north  of  China  continued  Total  eclipses  of  the  sun  afford  the  best  oppor- 
doring  1878  in  aU  its  horrors,  abating  slightly  tunities  for  the  detection  of  such  bodies ;  and 
towtrd  the  close  of  the  year.    Negotiations  accordingly  Prof.  James  C.  Watson  of  Ann 
were  set  on  foot  by  China  to  obtain  the  terri-  Arbor,  and  Mr.  Lewis  Swift  of  Rochester,  de- 
toiT  of  Ka\ja  firom  Russia,  which  power  had  cided  to  occupy  themselves  exclusively  with 
occupied  it  for  several  years.    (See  China.)  the  search  during  the  eclipse  of  July  29, 1878. 
Tbe  King  of  Burmah  died  on  October  28d.  The  details  of  their  observations  may  be  found 
Xo  disturbances  took  place,  and  his  successor  in  tbe  '*  American  Journal  of  Science"  for  Sep- 
tate Crown   Prince  was  quietly  proclaimed  tember  and  October,  1878.    One  intra-Mer- 
£ang.  curial  planet  was  undoubtedly  seen  by  each  of 
ASTRONOMICAL    PHENOMENA   AND  these  observers  at  different  stations,  and  Prof. 
PROGRESS.     Total  EeUp9e  qf  the  Sun. — ^The  Watson  is  confident  that  he  saw  a  second.    He 
■oUr  eclipse  of  Joly  29th  was  successfiilly  ob-  Bays : 

served  not  only  by  American  astronomers  but  immediately  after  the  oommencement  of  totality 

wo  by  partiea  from  France  and  England.    The  I  began  sweeps  east  and  west  extending  about  eight 
Vol.  xviil — 8    A 


34  ASTBONOMIOAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS. 

dogrees  from  the  sun.  I  had  previously  committed  those  with  the  polarisoope,  hy  Prof.  Morton, 
to  memoir  the  relative  pUcee  of  eUre  near  the  eun  The  Bpectrum  of  the  corona  was  not  that  of 
down  to  the  seventh  magnitude,  and  the  chart  of  the  ««  i«/^«,i«o^««i.  „„„,  ;♦-  •»k/^4.^x«««»»i,  5«n;««#,ji 
region  was  placed  oonvenientJy  in  front  of  me  for  «n  mcandescent  gas ;  its  photograph  indicated 
ready  reference  whenever  required.  The  first  sweep  A  heignt  equal  to  two  tniros  ot  tne  snn  s  diam- 
hegan  with  the  sun  in  the  middle  of  the  field,  and  eter,  or  nearly  600,000  miles;  the  polarization 
extended  eastward  about  eight  degrees  and  back,  was  shown  by  Prof.  Morton  to  be  snch  as  wonld 
and  I  saw  Delta  Cancri  and^  smaller  stars  marked  y,^  produced  by  reflected  light ;  the  Fraunhofer 
on  the  chart.  The  next  sweep  was  one  field  farther  j  K  ^^^^*  ^j  s,  v^  .  ^  »  ^  /'  . 
south,  and  eastward  and  buck  as  before.  Then  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^e  seen  m  the  spectrum  of  the 
placing  the  sun  in  the  field,  I  commenced  a  corre-  corona ;  and  finally,  Mr.  Edison^s  tasitseter 
spending  sweep  to  the  westward.  Between  the  sun  was  violently  affected  by  the  coronal  heat, 
and  Theta  Cancri,  and  south  of  the  middle  of  the  »*  The  general  conclusion,''  says  Dr.  Draper, 
field,  1  came  across  a  star  estimated  at  the  time  to  u  that  follows  from  these  results  is,  that  on 
be  of  the  four  and  a  half  magnitude,  which  shone  ^,..  *"*»"»»  o  u  v*u  uivcn?  ^^ouaud  u>,  wioi. 
with  a  ruddy  light,  and  certainly  had  a  larger  disk  ^^^^  occasion  we  nave  ascertained  the  true  na- 
than  the  spurious  disk  of  a  star.  The  focus  of  the  ture  of  the  corona,  viz. :  it  shines  by  light  re- 
eyepiece  had  been  carefuUv  adjusted  beforehand  fleeted  from  tbe  sun  by  a  cloud  of  meteors  sur- 
and  securely  clMnDed,  and  the  definition  was  excel-  rounding  that  luminary ;  and  that  on  former 
lent.  1  proceeded  therefore  to  mark  its  position  on  ^^^^^iZIL  :♦  u«„  k«««  :^«u.»4>»^  -,;*v  M«4.».:ai^ 
the  paper  circles,  and  to  record  the  time  ot  observa-  occasions  it  has  been  infiltrated  with  materials 
tion.  It  was  designated  by  a.  The  place  of  the  suu  thrown  up  from  the  chromosphere,  notaWy 
had  been  recorded  a  few  minutes  previously  and  with  the  1474  matter  and  hydrogen.  As  the 
marked  *.  Placing  my  eye  again  at  the  telescope,  I  chromosphere  is  now  quiescent,  this  infiltra- 
assured  myself  that  it  had  not  been  disturbed,  and  ^^.^  i,--  taken  nlare  to  a  srflrcelv  nerp^ntible 
proceeded  with  the  search.  I  noticed  particuUrly  T  ^^  '^t?  ^  ^?.  ®*^"^®v  ^4!^  J?! 
that  the  object  in  question  did  not  present  any  elon-  degree  recently.  This  explanation  of  the  na- 
gation,  sucn  as  would  be  probable  were  it  a  comet  in  ture  of  the  corona  reconciles  itself  so  well  with 
that  position.  In  the  next  and  final  sweep  I  brought  many  facts  that  have  been  difficult  to  explain, 
into  the  field  what  I  supposed  to  be  Zeta  Cancri,  gQch  as  the  low  pressure  at  the  surface  of  the 

fttd*  'f^^n'^l^'J^perit '"of'f,\'u'c.^^^^  »"».  that  it  gainr  thereby  additional  strength^ 

which  I  had  seen  in  the  first  sweep.    I  proceeded  The  apparent  extent  of  the  corona  as  ob- 

to  record  its  position  on  the  circles  with  the  deaig-  served  at  difiTerent  stations  was  remarkably 

nation  6.  various ;  the  difference  being  doubtless  owing 

The  positions  of  these  objects  as  finally  de-  ^  P*^  ^^  **»®  relative  altitudes  of  the  points 

termined  by  Prof .  Watson  were  as  follows :  of  observation.     The  measures  of  Mr.  Eas- 

tcrday  gave  a  height  of  700,000  miles  above 
the  sun's  surface.  Profs.  Langley  and  New- 
comb  traced  the  coronal  matter  along  the  eclip- 
tic to  a  distance  of  more  than  9,000,000  miles 
from  the  sun.  Prof.  Cleveland  Abbe,  who 
observed  with  the  naked  eye  from  Pike's  Peak, 
Prof.  Watson  has  no  doubt  whatever  that  the  traced  one  coronal  stream  along  the  ecliptic  to 
first  is  a  planet  within  Mercury's  orbit.  "  In  a  distance  of  six  diameters  of  tlie  sun,  and  an- 
regard  to  (5),"  he  remarks,  ''  it  is  possible,  but  other  at  right  angles  to  the  ecliptic  to  a  dis- 
not  probable,  that  the  pointing  of  the  instru-  tance  of  five  diameters.  The  light  of  the  for- 
ment  may  have  been  disturbed  by  the  wind,  mer  was  ^^  an  exceedingly  faint  and  delicate 
I  marked  the  position  on  the  hour  circle  first,  white,  apparently  overlaid  or  intermingled 
and  but  a  moment  was  occupied  in  passing  from  with  the  blue  of  the  atmosphere.  There  was 
the  eyepiece  to  the  hour  circle.  I  believe  that  no  decided  increase  of  brightness  in  that  part 
this  observation  can  be  relied  upon  as  giving  of  the  ray  near  the  solar  limb,  nor  in  the  axis 
the  place  of  a  second  intra-Mercurial  planet."  of  the  beam ;  but  the  delicate  light  continued 
Mr.  Lewis  Swift  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  who  uniform  up  to  the  corona  in  whose  glare  it 
observed  from  a  position  in  the  vicinity  of  Den-  was  lost."  Prof.  Abbe  regards  these  coronal 
ver,  OoL,  saw  also  the  planet  (a),  near  Theta  streams  as  collections  of  meteors  moving  in 
Cancri.  He  estimated  its  brightness  as  about  cometary  orbits  about  the  sun,  and  rendered 
equal  to  that  of  a  fifth -magnitude  star.  visible  by  reflecting  the  solar  light — the  view 
Observations  of  the  Corona, — Profs.  Dra-  now  also  adopted  by  several  other  astronomers, 
per.  Barker,  and  Morton,  together  with  Mr.  Prof.  C.  A.  Young,  Mr.  Lockyer,  and  other 
Edison,  gave  special  attention  to  the  corona,  observers  regard  the  observations  of  1878  as 
in  order,  if  possible,  to  determine  its  true  na-  demonstrating  an  intimate  relation  between 
ture.  With  these  observers,  the  main  question  the  sun's  condition  as  to  tlie  number  of  its 
for  decision  was  whether  the  corona  is  an  in-  spots,  and  the  constitution  of  the  corona.  The 
candescent,  self-luminous  gas,  or  whether,  like  recent  eclipse  was  at  a  time  of  sun-spot  mini- 
the  planets,  it  shines  by  reflected  light.  Their  mum.  Inaeed,  there  has  been  a  marked  pan- 
station  was  at  Rawlins,  in  latitude  41°  48' 60",  city  of  spots  for  the  last  two  years.  The 
longitude  80°  11'  0"  west  from  Washington ;  chromosphere  has  been  free  from  agitation ; 
height  above  the  sea,  6,732  feet.  The  photo-  the  flame-colored  prominences  have  been  few 
graphic  and  photo- spectroscopic  work  was  by  and  small ;  and,  in  short,  the  whole  solar  snr- 
Dr.  Draper ;  the  observations  with  the  analyz-  face  has  been  remarkably  quiescent.  Corre- 
iiig  fllit  speotroscope,  by  Prof.  Barker;   and  sponding  to  this  condition  of  the  sun,  the 


WMhlagton  M.  T. 

OljfleC 

App.B.  A. 

App-DMl. 

lets,  July  89,    5  16  A. 

"     ft,    5  IT  46 

ISI 

88T  24 
8    924 

18-  16'  N. 
18'    8f  N. 

ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS.  36 

eclipse-obserrations  indicated  a  change  in  the  generally  ohserved  ander  favorable  conditions. 

eolor  and  appearance  of  the  corona.    The  gas-  Prof.  S.  P.  Langley  of  Allegheny,  Pa.,  saw  the 

eoas  elements  were  mach  less  conspicuoas  than  entire  disk  of  Mercury  outside  the  sun  at  least 

io  the  eclipses  of  1869,  1870,  and  1871,  near  half  a  minute  before  the  first  external  con- 

tbe  epoch  of  sun-spot  maximum.     In  short,  tact.    This  visibility  was  regarded  as  due  to 

the  condosion  of  most  astronomers  is  that  the  brightness  of  the  coronal  background.    A 

the  non-gaseous  matter  of  the  corona  is  cos-  remarkable  diiference  was  noticed  between 

mical,  while  the  gaseous  elements  so  conspicu-  the  apparent  size  of  the  planet  before  and 

oos  in  eclipses  at  the  epochs  of  spot  maxima  after  its  entrance  upon  the  sun ;  the  former 

are  strictly  solar,  consistmg  of  torrents  thrown  being  greater  than  the  latter  in  the  ratio  of 

oat  to  great  distances  by  the  snn^s  eruptive  five  to  four.     Prof.  Langley  saw  no  '^  black 

force.     ^*In  spot-maximam  years,*'  says  Mr.  drop "  nor  ^Migament."    He  failed  also  to  see 

Lookjer,  '*  we  have  violent  up-rushes  of  gas  the  central  bright  spot,  as  well  as  the  aureola 

from  the  sun's  interior,  and  the  corona  is  main-  around  the  planet — phenomena  observed  by 

It  bailt  up  of  such  gas.     Further,  we  have  several  other  astronomers, 

spots,  and,  if  these  are  not  evidences  of  the  re-  A  comparison  of  the  best  contact-observa- 

tom  convection  currents,  we  have  none  other,  tions  obtained  at  different  stations  gave  new 

Iq  spot-minimum  years,  such  as  the  present,  evidence  in  favor  of  Leverrier's  theory  of  the 

re  bare  no  up-msbes,  and  the  corona  contains  motion  of  Mercury's  perihelion,  and  of  the  ex- 

ao  gaa,  and  there  are  no  spots.    Spots,  then,  istence  of  a  cause  of  perturbation  between 

are  only  observed  when  we  have  a  right  to  Mercury  and  the  sun. 

l>)ok  for  the  retarn  of  the  upward  current.  Relative  Brightness  of  Venus  and  Mercury, 
%boot  which  there  is  no  doubt,  and  the  rate  of  — On  September  26,  1878,  Mercury  and  Ve- 
whkh  we  have  measured.''  nus  were  so  close  together  that  they  were 
The  serrations  known  as  Baby's  beads  re-  telescopically  in  the  same  field  of  view.  Mr. 
oulned  vbible,  according  to  Mr.  Oolbert,  for  James  Nasmyth  of  Kent,  England,  improved 
two  and  a  half  seconds,  indicating  that  the  this  favorable  circumstance  by  making  careful 
moantains  around  the  moon's  disk  are  one  and  comparisons  of  the  relative  brightness  of  the 
1  half  mile  high.  two  planets.  The  result  of  the  observation 
The  BelaUon  between  Sun-^ot  Frequency  was  that  Mercury  has  less  than  half  the  bright- 
Mi  Chmges  in  the  Earth's  Atmosphere, — The  ness  of  Venus,  or,  in  other  words,  less  than  half 
^'American  Jonmal  of  Science''  for  June,  the  reflective  power.  This  relative  deficiency 
1^78,  contains  a  letter  from  Dr.  B.  A.  Gould,  is  the  more  remarkable  when  it  is  considered 
Director  of  the  Oordoba  ^S.  A.)  Observatory,  that,  in  consequence  of  Mercury's  nearness  to 
snDoandng  the  probable  discovery  of  a  mutual  the  sun,  its  brightness  ought  to  be  nearly  four 
relation  between  the  number  of  sun-spots  and  times  greater  than  that  of  Venus.  The  fact 
the  condition  of  the  earth's  atmosphere.  Dui'-  seems  to  indicate  an  important  difference  be- 
in^  the  first  two  or  three  years  of  Dr.  Gould's  tween  the  atmospheres  of  the  two  planets, 
residence  at  Gordoha — at  the  epoch  of  sun-  The  Satellites  of  Mars. — In  a  memoir  re- 
spot  maximum — ^the  state  of  the  atmosphere  oently  published  by  the  Washington  Observa- 
T4S  eminently  favorable  for  astronomical  oh-  tory.  Prof.  Asaph  Hall  has  discussed  all  the 
^rrations.  With  the  change,  however,  in  the  observations  of  the  satellites  of  Mars,  and  has 
i^aditiou  of  the  sun's  surface,  a  simultaneous  determined  the  elements  of  their  orbits  within 
variation  oocorred  in  the  atmosphere  and  mean  very  narrow  limits  of  probable  error.  The 
temperatnre  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Argen-  name  Phobos  has  been  adopted  by  Prof.  Hall 
tine  Republic.  In  1877  there  were  but  ten  for  the  inner  satellite,  and  that  of  Deimos  for 
ritv  nights  at  Cordoba  during  the  months  of  the  outer.  In  brightness  the  former  is  rated 
^irch  and  April,  while  in  July  and  August  by  the  discoverer  as  an  ll^-magnitude  star; 
th&namber  was  still  less;  and  from  January  1  the  latter  as  of  the  12th.  The  diameter  of 
t ;  March  20,  1878,  there  was  but  one  clear  Deimos  is  estimated  by  Prof.  Pickering  of 
lii^ht  In  Dr.  Gould's  view  these  strong  con-  Harvard  Observatory  at  six  miles,  that  of  Pho- 
tnsts  indicate  periodic  fluctuations,  and  an  bos  at  seven.  At  Washington  alone  48  obser- 
^liiburate  discussion  of  the  facts  at  his  dispo-  vations  of  Phobos  and  52  of  Deimos  were  ob- 
^il  SQstains  the  theory  of  a  mutual  relation,  tained  up  to  October  25th,  when  they  could  no 
*It  is  manifest,"  Dr.  Gould  remarks,  'Hhat  longer  be  detected  by  the  26-inch  equatorial, 
i^  the  variations  of  the  terrestrial  temperature  The  periods  and  eccentricities  derived  from 
follow  those  of  the  sun-spots,  and  are  tlius  ade-  these  observations  are  as  follows : 
"M^  to  account  for  the  correspondence  ob-  FboiK».                 Dahnoi. 

vrred  between  these  and  the  variations  of  the    Period 7b.  sshn.  15  OTa.    80b.  iTm.  68*8te. 

M vnetic  declination,  all  necessity  for  assum-    Bcoentridty ouS28  ooosT*. 

'}2  any  direct  and  transcendental  connection  Not  only  are  the  orbits  approximately  circu- 

Wween  thb  latter  and  the  disturbance  of  the  lar,  but  the  planes  of  both  are  very  nearly  co- 

*nsr  rarfiace  disappears.'^  incident  with  the  equator  of  Mars.    The  mass 

The  Transit  of  Mercury, — A  transit  of  Mer-  of  Mars  obtained  from  the  Washington  ob- 


^  occurred  on  the  6th  of  May,  1878,  the  pas-    servations  is  T.ggi.gflg* 
^  occupying  7^  88"-.    The  phenomenon  was       Minor  Planets^'^i welve 


minor  planets  were 


86 


ASTRONOMIOAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PE0GRE8S. 


discoyered  in  1878,  bringing  the  number  np  to 
191.  The  dates  and  places  of  discovery,  to- 
gether with  the  names  of  the  discoverers,  are 
given  in  the  following  table: 


No. 

Kam*. 

DateofdlM. 

180 
181 
182 

Eucharta 

Jan.    29 

Feb.      2 

7 

8 

"       28 

March  1 

April    7 

^      12 

June  2« 

Sept.     9 

u      82 

•*      80 

188 
184 
18ft 
186 

187 

I>elopeia 

Ennlke 

Celuta 

188 
189 
190 
191 

Menippe 
Phthia 
laroene 
Koiga 

DiMOTHW. 


Perrotln 
Cotteuot 
Paliaa 


Peters 
Prosper  Haniy 
Goggla 
Peters 


PbrnofdlM. 


Toalonse 

Marseilles 

PoU 


u 


GUnton 
Paris 
Marseilles 
CUnton 


u 

M 
M 


12 

10 

10 

120 

110 

10 

11 

10 

12 

11 

11 

10 


0 
•0 
-5 


The  following  minor  planets,  discovered  in 
1877,  have  been  named  since  the  issue  of  our 
last  volame:  No.  171,  Ophelia;  172,  Baucis; 
and  178,  Belisana. 

The  Mom  of  Saturn's  Bingi, — In  the 
"Oomptes  Rendns,"  vol.  Ixxxv.,  No.  16,  M. 
Tisserand  has  given  a  new  determination  of 
the  mass  of  Saturn^s  rings.  Bessel's  value  of 
the  mass  was  found  from  its  disturbing  effect 
on  Titan,  the  largest  satellite.  M.  Tisserand 
includes  in  his  discussion  the  motions  of  the 
other  satellites,  and  finds  that  the  change  in 
the  position  of  their  orbits  is  not  so  much  due 
to  the  attraction  of  the  ring  as  to  that  of  the 
protuberant  matter  about  Saturn's  equator. 
M.  Tisserand's  value  of  the  mass  is  ^f^,  the 
mass  of  Saturn  being  1.  This  is  less  than  one 
fifth  of  the  value  obtained  by  Bessel. 

Cameta. — ^The  first  comet  of  1878  was  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Lewis  Swift  of  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
on  the  7th  of  July.  It  had  a  perceptible  cen- 
tral condensation,  but  neither  tail  nor  nucleus. 
Its  motion  is  direct ;  its  inclination,  78  deg^'ces ; 
and  its  perihelion  distance  was  128,000,000 
miles. 

The  second  comet  of  1878  was  detected  on 
its  first  predicted  return  by  M.  Tempel  of  Ar- 
oetri,  near  Florence,  on  the  19th  of  .July,  1878. 
It  had  the  appearance  of  a  nebula  three  or 
four  minutes  in  diameter,  with  several  nuclei. 

With  the  aid  of  Dr.  Von  Asten's  ephemeris 
Mr.  John  Tebbut  of  Windsor,  New  South  Wales, 
detected  Encke's  comet  on  the  evening  of  Au- 
gust 8d.  This  is  the  eighteenth  perihelion  pas- 
sage since  its  periodicity  was  discovered  by 
EnolEe,  and  the  comet  has  been  observed  at 
each  successive  return.  Its  appearance  in  1878 
was  that  of  an  extremely  faint  nebulosity.  Mr. 
J.  D.  Hirst,  writing  ft*om  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales,  under  date  of  August  21  st,  says: 

The  oomet  ia  a  very  inconspicaous  object,  evea 
with  a  low  power  and  the  full  aperture  of  the  lli- 
lnoh  Sydney  refractor.  It  appears  as  a  circular  neb- 
nloua  body,  showiug  sigiiB  of  ooodensation  in  the 
center,  but  no  distinut  nucleus.  On  the  evening  ot 
the  90th  of  August  two  tenth-magnitude  atars  were 
observed  in  the  field  with  the  oomet,  the  motion  of 
the  latter  rendering  it  apparent  that  it  must  pass 
very  close  to,  if  not  immediately  over,  one  of  them. 
This  actually  took  place  just  before  the  comet  set, 
the  center  of  the  oomet.  passing  directly  over  the 


•tar.  It  ia  interesting  to  record  that  thia  fidnt  tenth- 
magnitude  atar  was  not  even  dimmed,  much  leei 
obliterated,  by  the  interpoaition  of  the  denaeet  part 
of  the  oomet ;  it  ahone  right  through  the  center  and 
moat  oondenaed  part  aa  bright  aa  it  had  before  ap- 
peared against  the  dark  background  of  the  aky.  The 
other  atar  of  the  aame  magnitude  in  the  field  formed 
an  accurate  standard  of  oomparison  by  which  to  de- 
termine any  diminution  of  hght  in  the  former. 

The  Origin  of  CcmeU, — The  ^'American 
Journal  of  Science"  for  September,  1878,  con- 
tains an  elaborate  article  on  the  origin  of 
comets,  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Newton  of  Tale  Col- 
lege. In  the  theory  of  Kant  comets  as  well  as 
planets  were  originally  parts  of  the  nebalous 
mass  from  which  the  solar  system  was  formed. 
Laplace,  on  the  other  hand,  regarded  them  as 
of  extraneous  origin.  Prof.  Newton  discusses 
such  cometary  phenomena  as  have  an  obvions 
bearing  on  this  interesting  question,  and  finds 
a  decided  preponderance  of  evidence  in  favor 
of  a  foreign  origin.  He  grants,  however,  that 
the  group  of  comets  with  periods  correspond- 
ing with  those  of  the  minor  planets  may  have 
originated  in  the  solar  nebola. 

Meteoric  Showere. — The  meteors  of  January 
Ist-dd— called  Quadrantids  from  the  fact  that 
their  radiant  is  in  Quadrans — were  observed 
in  uDusual  numbers  by  Prof.  Herschel  at  Hawk- 
hurst,  England,  on  the  morning  of  January  2, 
1878.  In  thirty  minutes  Prof.  Herschel  counted 
twenty  meteors,  of  which  seventeen  were  Quad- 
rantids. Two  were  as  bright  as  Jupiter,  ^ve 
equal  to  first-magnitude,  six  equal  to  second-, 
and  the  rest  about  equal  to  third-magnitude 
stars. 

The  Meteon  of  April  19th -^SSd,  — The 
"Monthly  Notices"  for  May,  1878,  give  the 
results  of  Mr.  W.  F.  Denning^s  watch  for 
meteors  of  the  April  shower  on  the  20th,  21st, 
and  22d  of  the  month.  Twelve  meteors  were 
seen  which  belonged,  undoubtedly,  to  the  gronp 
of  Lyraids.  The  radiant,  very  exactly  deter- 
mined, was  in  R.  A.  272°,  N.  decl.  82^ 

The  Augnet  Meteors. — The  meteors  of  Au- 
gust 8th-12th  were  observed  in  1878  under 
unfavorable  circumstances;  cloudy  weather  in 
many  places,  as  well  as  bright  moonlight,  in- 
terfering with  the  observations.  In  ^^  The  Ob- 
servatory" for  September,  Mr.  H.  Corder  of 
Chelmsford,  England,  gives  the  following  re- 
sults of  his  observations:  During  four  hoars 
on  the  night  of  the  10th  he  counted  118  me- 
teors, of  which  97  were  Perseids.  Of  these, 
60  had  visible  streaks  and  20  were  colored. 
The  maximum  was  from  2^*  16*  to  8^-  15*-, 
during  which  hour  he  saw  44  meteors.  The 
radiant  was  in  R.  A.  43°,  N.  decl.  56°.  One 
meteor  was  seen  absolutely  stationary  at  B.  A. 
47°,  N.  decL  68°.  On  the  same  night  Mr.  AV. 
F.  Lenning,  watching  at  Bristol,  England,  saw 
180  meteors  in  four  hours  and  a  half.  During 
the  half  hour  ending  at  3  o'clock,  when  the 
moon  had  set,  he  counted  83. 

Meteoric  Fire-balU^-^In  "  The  Observatory  " 
for  February  and  March,  1878,  Capt.  G.  L. 
Tupman  discusses  the  observations  of  a  great 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS. 


87 


fireball  seen  in  England,  Ireland,  and  Wales, 
oa  the  evening  of  November  23,  1877,  at  8^ 
94*-,  G.  M.  T.  The  radiant  of  this  meteor  was 
in  R.  A,  62*,  N.  decl.  21* ;  heiglit  when  first 
sden,  9S  miles ;  first  explosion  at  mid-conrse, 
exaotl/  over  Liverpool,  at  a  height  of  46  miles ; 
leogth  of  visible  path,  133  miles ;  time  of  fiigtit, 
8  sdcoads  nearly  ;  velocity,  17^  miles  per  sec- 
ond ;  final  explosion  over  the  Irish  Sea,  at  an 
elevation  of  14  miles.  A  bright  streak  40  miles 
in  len^h  and  nearly  half  a  mile  in  dianleter 
remuQdd  visible  for  several  seoonds  over  the 
latter  part  of  the  path.  ^'  All  that  was  left  after 
the  explosion  settled  slowly  downward,  perhaps 
for  a  mile,  before  becoming  invisible,  which 
woald  indicate  that  it  was  of  the  natnre  of  an 
impilpable  powder.^'  The  plane  of  the  meteor's 
motion  was  nearly  coincident  with  that  of  the 
ecliptic  Oapt.  Tupman  remarks  that  this  fire- 
ball andonbtedly  belonged  to  a  meteor  stream 
previoQsly  known,  whose  radiant  is  in  Tanrna, 
and  that  the  orbit  is  near  that  of  the  comet  of 
1703. 

The  disappearance  of  the  meteor  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  most  violent  detonation.  ^'  The 
explosion  of  a  13-inch  bomb-shell,  consisting 
of  some  200  pounds  of  iron,  woald  not  have 
prodaced  a  sound  of  one  hnndredth  part  of  the 
intennty  of  the  meteor  explosion.  This  proves 
that  it  was  of  considerable  mass  compared  to 
an  ordinary  shell.  A  difficnlt  question  remains 
to  be  answered.  How  is  it  conceivable  that 
BQoh  a  mass  of  heavy  matter  can  be  reduced  to 
impalpable  powder  in  five  or  six  seconds  ?  All 
these  bodies  must  be  heavy  to  retain  their 
planetary  velocities  after  impact  with  the  at- 
mosphere in  the  way  they  do.^' 

Sevend  other  large  meteors  were  seen  on 
the  same  evening,  their  paths,  or  at  least  some 
of  them,  radiating  from  the  same  point  in  the 
constellation  Taurus.  Oapt.  Tupman  thus  oon- 
dades  his  interesting  paper : 

The  ftvquenoy  of  large  detonating  meteors  about 
Norembar  81at-S3d  was  long  ago  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
S.  P.  Greg  and  Prof.  A.  8.  llereohel,  but  the  exact 
determination  of  the  radiant  point  or  of  their  real 
heights  has  seldom  been  possiblo.  It  is  satisfaotory 
to  have  secured  one  of  them  so  well.  From  the  in- 
▼estigations  of  Prof.  II.  A.  Newton  of  Tale  Unlver- 
•tty,  tha  great  detonating  meteor  of  November  20, 
1877,  in  the  United  States,  proceeded  from  the  radi- 
•QC  near  Gamma  Caasiopeia,  found  by  Prof.  Hersohel 
for  a  detonating  meteor  on  the  same  night  in  1864. 
It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  there  are  two  streams, 
perfectly  duCinefe,  crossing  the  earth's  orbit  in  the 
place  it  occupies  about  November  a0th-28d,  and  both 
yielding  very  large  detonating  meteors. 

In  "  Nature  "  for  February  28,  1878,  Mr.  H. 
Hatfield  describes  a  meteor  seen  by  himself  on 
the  morning  of  February  18th,  at  12^  47"-.  Its 
brilliancy  surpassed  that  of  the  moon  then 
full 

In  the  "Science  Observer"  for  April,  Mr. 
E.  F.  Sawyer  describes  a  meteor  observed  at 
Boston  on  the  Slst  of  March,  at  7**  64*-.  It 
moved  very  slowly  over  an  arc  of  eight  de- 
r^^  tnd  its  apparent   diameter  was   one 


third  that  of  the  moon.  The  same  fire-ball 
was  seen  at  Everett,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  William  F. 
Delany. 

A  daylight  meteor  was  seen  in  full  sunshine 
near  Hawick,  England,  by  Mr.  James  Elliott 
and  others,  at  10^*  20"*  on  the  morning  of  March 
25th. 

A  large  detonating  fire-ball  was  observed  at 
several  points  in  England  on  the  evening  of 
April  2d,  at  7^*  65"*.  It  appeared  in  Ursa  Ma- 
jor, passed  between  Sirius  and  the  belt  of 
Orion,  and  thence  at  a  slow  rate  and  in  a  di- 
rect line  to  the  horizon.  Its  diameter  was 
about  half  that  of  the  moon. 

A  meteor  whose  apparent  magnitude  was 
estimated  at  one  third  that  of  the  moon  waa 
seen  at  Pultney,  England,  by  Mr.  James  L. 
McOance,  on  the  evening  of  April  20th.  In 
about  two  seoonds  it  moved  from  R.  A.  42°, 
N.  decl.  80%  to  R.  A.  47%  N.  decl.  20^ 

A  very  bright  meteor  was  observed  by  Mr. 
Tronvelot  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  on  the  evening 
of  June  6th,  at  9'''  25"*.  It  occulted  Omicron 
Urs89  Majoris,  and  moved  nearly  due  west. 
When  about  the  middle  point  of  its  visible 
path  it  burst  into  several  parts,  but  the  explo- 
sion was  followed  by  no  detonation. 

On  the  evening  of  August  22d,  at  10^  2"*,  a 
briUiaut  meteor  was  simultaneously  seen  by 
Mr.  Seth  0.  Chandler,  Jr.,  at  Marlboro,  N.  H., 
and  Mr.  E.  F.  Sawyer,  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

At  7  o'clock  p.  M.,  November  12,  1878,  a 
very  brilliant  meteor  was  seen  in  southern 
Indiana.  Prof.  D.  E.  Hunter  of  Washington, 
Davies  County,  describes  it  as  presenting  a 
clearly  defined  disk  with  a  diameter  equal  to 
two  thirds  that  of  the  full  moon.  It  appeared 
in  Lyra,  very  close  to  Vega,  passed  in  a  south- 
erly direction  through  the  Milky  Way,  and  dis- 
appeared about  20°  N.  W.  of  Jupiter.  It  was 
visible  ten  seconds. 

Binicvry  Stars.— In  Christie's  "  Observatory*' 
for  August  and  the  following  months  Dr. 
Doberck  of  Markree,  Ireland,  has  a  valuable 
memoir  on  binary  stars.  The  following  are 
his  latest  determinations  of  the  periods  (tf  sev- 
enteen systems,  together  with  tne  true  ecoen- 
tricities  of  their  orbits : 


BQTART  8T8TBM. 

PMod. 

lOBMtflfll^. 

8121  Strove 

8708  y*rs 

95- ao  »* 

M-90    " 
104-416  " 
114S6    « 
117-M    •* 
18400    " 

m-86  " 

217-8T    •» 
K2-485" 
288-8S    » 
261  IS    •* 
280-29    " 
84910    " 
402-62    - 
84fi-86    " 
1001-21    " 

0*2600 

Osmma  Ckwona  Borealis 

Xi  Lil>nB 

0-8600 
0*0768 

8063  8tmvo , 

0*4612 

Omeca  Leonis 

0*6610 

J)  FrnTaDi 

0-8790 

ITSBStnive \ 

0*6600 

XI  BoOtls 

0-7081 

Tan  Ophlueht 

0*6065 

Eta  Ossslopete 

0-6678 

T^Afnbds  Ophlnohi    .^      ,  ....,, 

0*4980 

44Bo0t!8.r 

0*7100 

1988  Straw 

0-6974 

86  Andromadtt 

0*6687 

0*7890 

Slfftna  OoronaB 

0-7616 
0-829S 

The  average   eccentricity  of   the  binaries 
whose   periods  are   less  tiban   200  years   is 


38 


ASTEONOMIOAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS. 


0'4806;  of  those  whose  periods  exceed  200 
jears,  0*6055. 

New  Ihuble  Stan, — A  new  companion  of 
Aldebaran  has  been  discovered  bj  Mr.  S.  W. 
Bamham  of  Ohicago,  at  the  distance  of  onljr 
SO''  from  the  large  star.  It  is  very  faint,  be- 
ing about  eqoal  in  apparent  magnitude  to  the 
onter  satellite  of  Mlars.  In  Febmarjr,  1878, 
the  same  distinguished  observer  discovered 
the  companion  of  Bigel  to  be  undonbtedljr 
double.  Tlie  instrument  used  in  his  observa- 
tions was  the  IB^inch  Olark  equatorial  of  the 
Chicago  Observatory.  Mr.  Burnham  calls  at- 
tention also  to  the  star  99  Herculis,  whose 
duplicity  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Alvan  Clark 
in  1859.  The  companion,  since  the  date  of  its 
discovery,  has  undergone  a  change  of  42^  in  its 
angular  position.  The  components,  therefore, 
in  all  probability,  constitute  a  binary  system. 

Birmingham  on  Red  Stan. — ^Mr.  Birmingham 
of  England  has  been  engaged  for  several  years 
on  the  observations  of  twl  stars,  and  has  re- 
cently published  some  interesting  results  and 
speculations  in  the  ^'  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy.''  His  catalogue  contains  658 
of  these  objects,  with  descriptions  by  himself 
or  references  to  the  observations  of  other  as- 
tronomers. According  to  Mr.  Birmingham, 
red  stars  are  to  be  found  chiefly  in  a  particu- 
lar part  of  the  heavens,  viz.,  that  part  of  the 
Milky  Way  extending  through  the  constella- 
tions Aquila,  Lyra,  and  Cygnus.  It  is  noticed, 
moreover,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  red 
stars  are  variable,  and  that  the  intensity  of 
their  color  varies  inversely  with  the  apparent 
magnitude.  Mr.  Birmingham  refers  these 
phenomena  to  the  existence  of  nebulous  rings 
with  an  accumulation  of  matter  on  one  side, 
and  more  or  less  absorption  of  some  of  the 
colored  rays,  according  to  the  densities  of  the 
different  sections.  The  color  of  the  red  stars 
which  are  not  variable  may  be  due,  he  sup- 
poses, to  a  permanent  atmosphere.  Mr.  Bir- 
mingham's memoir  contains  a  collection  and 
discussion  of  the  spectroscopic  observations  of 
Hugg^ns,  Secchi,  Yogel,  and  D' Arrest. 

Relation  between  the  Colore  and  Periods  of 
Variable  Stare, — The  "  Science  Observer  "  for 
July,  1876,  contains  a  paper  by  Mr.  Seth  C. 
Chandler  of  Boston  on  the  relation  between 
the  colors  of  variable  stars  and  the  lengths  of 
their  periods.  In  Schdnf eld's  catalogue  of  188 
variable  stars  he  finds  26  whose  colors  are  not 
given,  or  whose  periods  are  irregular.  De- 
ducting these,  he  arranges  the  remaining  112 
in  classes  according  to  the  length  of  their 
periods,  separating  the  red  or  reddish  from 
those  notea  as  white,  yellow,  or  of  no  decided 
color.    The  result  is  as  follows : 


It  is  seen  at  a  glance  that  the  nnmber  of  t^ 
stars  increases  with  the  length  of  the  period, 
while  that  of  white  or  colorless  stars  de- 
creases. 

The  stars  are  next  classified  according  to 
their  colors,  and  the  average  period  of  each 
class  computed.  The  result  is  shown  in  the 
table  below : 


CLASS. 

• 

Color. 

Ko. 

A  Wii|v  ptiwio. 

1 
S 
8 
4 
A 

White 

Yellow 

TeUow-red 

Bad 

Inteuered 

9 
16 
81 
47 
19 

186  dap 
184     " 
818     - 

8S8     - 

an    * 

PERIODS. 

Whit*  « 

r  7*llow. 
Pu>ewt. 

n 

86 
8 
0 

lUdoriwUlah. 

Under  100  dars. 

No. 

It 
8 
0 
8 
0 

No.     PtoOMt. 

18        48 

100-800          *    

7        7S 

800-800         »*     

17        74 

800-400         »*    

84       98 

OTer400       "    

16      100 

"  The  progressive  increase  in  the  value  of  the 
average  period  from  the  white  stars  at  the  one 
end  of  the  scale  to  the  intense  red  at  the  other 
end  is  very  remarkable." 

The  Origin  o/iV«6«to.— The  "  Philosophical 
Magazine "  for  July,  1878.  contains  an  article 
on  the  origin  of  nebulas  oy  Dr.  James  Oroll 
of  Scotland.     Laplace  and  other  writers  on 
Cosmogony  had  aeeumed  the  existence  of  mat- 
ter in  a  state  of  gaseous  diffuaon,  and  had 
shown  how  the  solar  and  sidereal  systems 
may  have  been  formed  by  the  process  of  con- 
densation, and  how  future  systems  may  be 
evolved  in  like  manner  from  existing  nebula) ; 
but  what  the  previous  condition  of  a  nebula 
was,  or  what  physical  cause  had  produced  its 
present  gaseous  state,  they  had  never  inquired 
The  object  of  Dr.  Croll's  memoir  is  "  to  ex- 
amine the  bearings  of  the  modem  science  of 
energy  on  the  question  of  the  origin  of  nebu- 
lae, and  in  particular  to  consider  the  physical 
cause  of  the  dispersion  of  matter  into  stellar 
space  in  the  nebular  form." 

A  brief  view  of  Dr.  CrolVs  hypothesis  may 
be  presented  as  follows:  The  so-called  fixed 
stars  are  well  known  to  have  a  proper  motion 
in  space.  Reasons  are  not  wanting  for  be- 
lieving that  non-luminous  bodies  also  exist,  in 
indefinite  numbers,  moving  in  all  possible  di- 
rections, and  with  various  degrees  of  velocity. 
Hie  occasional  impact  of  these  opaque  stars 
would  be  a  necessary  consequence.  With  great 
velocity  at  the  moment  of  collision,  sufScient 
heat  might  be  developed  to  reduce  the  united 
mass  to  the  form  of  a  gaseous  nebula.  Such 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  origin  of  the 
thousands  of  nebulas  revealed  by  the  telescope. 
The  fixed  stars  have  been  produced  by  the 
condensation  of  ancient  nebulas.  These  as  they 
cool  down  must  gradually  become  extinct,  to 
continue  their  motion  as  non-luminons  bodies 
until  a  new  encounter,  in  the  distant  future, 
shall  reconvert  them  into  nebulas. 

The  process  by  which  opaque  stars  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  transformed  into  nebulas  is 
thus  given  in  Dr.  CroU^s  very  interesting  me- 
moir:. 

Take  the  case  of  the  ori^n  of  the  nebulous  mass 
out  of  which  oar  san  is  believed  to  have  been  formed. 
Suppose  two  b^dief),  each  one  half  the  mass  of  the 
sun,  approaching  each  other  directly  at  the  rate  of 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS.  39 

47j  mUes  per  second  (and  there  is  notliing  at  all  im-  ezplosionf  howeyerf  would  be  to  disperse  tbe  blocks 

proWeioBQch  a  supposition),  their  collision  would  in  all  directions,  radiating  from  the  center  of  the 

tmuform  the  whole  or  the  motion  into  heat,  afford-  mass.    Those  toward  the  outer  circumference  of  the 

ini  tn  stnouDt  sufficient  to  supply  tbe  present  rate  mass,  meeting  with  little  or  no  obstruction  to  their 

of  ndialion  for  50,000,000  years.    Each  pound  of  the  outward  progress,  would  pass  outward  into  space  to 

laaiiii  would,  by  the  stoppage  of  the  motion,  possess  indefinite  distances,  leaving  in  this  manner  a  free 

oot  ]e»8  than  100,O0O,0O0,(XK)  foot-pounds  of  enersy  path  for  the  layers  of  blocks  behind  them  to  fol- 

triUiformed  into  be^  or  aa  mucn  heat  as  would  low  in  their  track.    Thus  eventually  a  space,  per- 

Kj&x  to  melt  90  tons  of  iron  or  raise  264,000  tons  1*  haps  twice  or  even  thrice  that  included  within  the 

C.  The  whole  mass  would  be  converted  into  an  in-  orbit  of  Neptune,  might  be  filled  with  fragments  hy 

eiodesoeut  gss,  with  a  temperature  of  which  we  can  the  time  the  whole  had  assumed  the  gaseous  condi- 

f)roi  no  adequate  conception.    Ifwe  assume  the  spe-  tion.    It  would  be  the  suddenness  and  almost  in- 

eiie  heat  of  the  gaseous  mass  to  be  equal  to  that  of  stantaneity  with  which  the  mass  would  receive  the 

liririi.,  *S374),  toe  mass  would  have  a  temperature  entire  st^re  of  energy,  before  it  had  time  even  to 

of  aboat  300,000,000*  C,  or  more  than  140,000  times  assume  the  molten,  far  less  the  gaseous  condition, 

that  of  the  voltaic  arc.     It  may  be  objected  that,  which  would  lead  to  such  fearful  explosions  and  dis- 

eoormous  ss  would  be  such  a  temperature,  ic  would  persionof  the  materials.    If  the  heat  had  been  grad- 

Mrertheless  be  insufficient  to  expand   the   mass  ually  applied,  no  explosions,  and  consequently  no 

a^»t|^dvity  so  as  to  occupy  the  entire  space  in-  dispersion,  or  the  materials  would  have  taken  place. 

eluded  within  the  orbit  of  Neptune.    To  this  objec-  There  would  first  have  been  a  gradual  melting ;  and 

ti^Q  i(  might  be  replied  that,  if  the  temperature  in  then  the  mass  would  pass  by  slow  degrees  into  va- 

queation  were  not  sufficient  to  produce  the  required  por,  after  which  the  vapor  would  rise  in  temperature 

cipaaaion,  it  might  readllv  have  been  so  if  the  two  as  the  heat  continued  until  it  became  possessed  of 

Miei  before  enconnter  be  assumed  to  possess  a  the  entire  amount.    But  the  space  thus  occupied  bv 

higher  Telocity,  which  of  course  might  have  been  the  gaseous  mass  would  necessarily  be  very  much 

tbd  case.    Bat  without  making  any  such  assumption,  smaller  than  in  the  case  we  have  been  considering. 

t'i«  aeoesssry  expansion  of  the  mass  can  be  accountea  where  the  shattered  materials  were  first  dispersea 

for  on  veiy  simple  principles.    It  follows  in  fact  fit>m  into  space  before  the  gaseous  condition  was  as- 

t!ie  theory  that  the  expansion  of  the  ffaseous  mass  sumed. 

oast  have  been  &r  prreater  than  could  nave  resulted 

limply  from  the  temperature  produced  by  the  con-  BeuarehM  of  Prof  .  (TAow.— Recent  volumes 

J^«^,  T^»  "^'^  *>«:?.^"?"»  ^J  considering  what  f  ^j^    44  Proceedings  of  tbe  American  Philo- 

mmt  take  place  immediately  after  the  encounter  of  r.     1  -y^^y^"*©"  w*  v«w  ^uivaiuou  x  **««- 

tbe  two  bodies,  and  before  the  mass  has  had  suffl-  sophioal  Society      contain   papers  of   great 

mt  time  to  pass  completely  into  the  gaseous  con-  interest  by  Prof.  Pliny  E.  Chase  of  Haverford 

dition.  The  two  bodies  coming  into  collision  with  OoUege,  Pa.,  on  *'  Centers  of  Aggregation  and 

Mch  enormous  velocities  woug  not  rebound  Uke  Dissociation,"  "Dlastrations  of  Central  Force," 

effect  of  the  blow  would  be  to  shiver  them  into  frag-  ^be  Nebular  Hypothesis,"  "  Radiation  and  Ro- 
dents, small  indeed  as  compared  with  the  size  of  tation,"  etc.,  etc.  The  nnmerons  harmonies 
the  bodies  themselves,  but  still  into  what  might  be  of  the  solar  system  pointed  out  in  these  papers 
cilied  in  ordinary  language  immense  blocks.  Be-  ^.-^  vapv  rATnorlmhlA  anH  mnaf  crvmmn^iK  ih^ 
brt  tbe  motion  o?  the  two  bodies  could  be  stopped,  *L®J,^^^  remarkable,  and  must  commana  the 
I  <;  would  undoubtedly  interpenetrate  each  other;  attention  of  astronomers  and  physicists. 
ul  this  of  course  would  breiUL  them  up  into  frag-  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  8oei- 
a^ta.  Bat  this  would  only  be  the  work  of  a  few  ety, — ^The  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomi- 
i^^  Here,  then,  we  should  have  all  the  energy  oal  Society  of  London  was  awarded  in  1878 
:lti2?mrr  :!S^X^r  :tlllTn';h^e%'o![S  ^o  ^aron  Dembowsky  of  Gallarate,.forhis  ob- 
Kite;  for  as  yet  they  would  not  have  had  sufficient  servations  of  doable  stars,  commnnicatea  from 
tiiie  to  assume  the  gaseous  condition.  It  is  obvious,  time  to  time  during  tbe  last  quarter  of  a  cen- 
Howeter,  that  the  greater  part  of  the  heat  would  ex-  tnry  to  the  "  Astronomische  Nachricbten." 
K  OB  the  surfiM»e  of  the  blocks  (the  place  receiving  p^^  ^f  ^^  j?y^^  Academy  of  Sdencea,^ 
w«  greatest  concussion),  and  would  continue  there  rp*^  «^™  ^#  av^  Tr«««^u  A^»jf.v.tr  ««  *i,^  -«* 
»bile  the  blodu  retainecl  their  solid  condition.  It  J^®  pnzes  of  tbe  French  Academy,  m  the  wo- 
li  difficult  in  imagination  to  realize  what  the  tem-  tion  of  Astronomy,  have  been  awarded  as  fol- 
P«7atare  of  the  sorfiaces  would  be  at  this  moment,  lows :  the  Lalande  prize  to  Prof.  Asaph  Hall 
nr,  supposing  the  heat  were  uniformly  distributed  of  WasbiDgton,  for  bis  discovery  of  tbe  satel- 

^''^nr"^:Sl5'^';,SflS?.SSoV.o3?  rr.  Mt««of  Mars;  the  V«UaBt  prize  to  Dr^halhof. 

pmi  of  hekt.    Bat  as  the  greater  part  of  the  heat  ^^^  ^^^  researches  which  led  to  tbe  rediscovery 

T^old  at  this  instant  be  concentrated  on  the  outer  of  three  of  tbe  lost  asteroids ;  and  tbe  Valz 

uTers  of  the  blocks,  these  layers  would  be  at  once  prize  to  the  brothers  Paul  and  Prosper  Henry 

i^ff£'S**iJ"'*'  ^iff**^S?  «>'i^»^o'>»  thus  en  velop.  ^f  the  Paris  Observatory,  for  their  continuation 

fi?  the  blocks  and  flUing  the  interspaces.    The  tem-  _^  r!K««-r*«»««»o  A.«i:*vf {^  '^L.^.f  n 

;^itw  of  the  inoandesSent  gas,  owing  to  thU  enor-  ^^  S  fTi?*^  ?  ^^bptic  charts. 

y^  concentration  of  heat,  would  be  excessive,  and  ^^^  Medal  of  the  Vienna  Academy  of  oey- 

i'-»  expansive  force  inconceivably  great.    As  a  con-  enMS,  —The  gold  medal  of  the  Vienna  Academy 

•-tMoce,  the  blocks  would  be  separated  from  each  has  been  awarded  to  Mr.  Lewis  Swift  of  Rocb- 

i^«i»f « I^«i?-«'?L*^^'T.  J  f  J?  .*„  ""i^te  e«^er,  N.  Y.,  for  bis  discovery  of  tbe  first  comet 

^  more  than  snfflcient  to  carry  them  to  an  mflnite  c  1  oVo      rnu       v          a*          m  xr     a    >*».  \. 

-«»oce  aninst  the  force  of  gravity  were  no  oppos-  ?!  }^^^'  ,  The  observations  of  Mr.  Swift  have 

V  <^»ude  in  their  way.    The  blocks  by  their  mu-  hitherto  been  made  nnder  unfavorable  circnm- 

tul  impact  would  be  shivered  into  smaller  frag-  stances.     He  now  proposes,  however,  tbe  im- 

???•  syA  of  which  would  consequently  become  mediate  erection  of  an  observatory,  to  be  far- 

««^M  lS^".fi^u?lSS;  Ji?A'^^^^^  n^bed  with  a  9-4.inch  refractor  by  Messrs. 

"*&u  wooio  in  a  similar  manner  Dreax  up  into  still  /^ii_«a          a.i^     3*  *.»       -tj       \i  »          m 

•BJl^r  pieces,  and  so  on  until  the  whole  came  to  vjlark  A  Sons,  the  distmgnished  opticians  of 

~        tbe  gaseous  stste.    The  genersl  effect  of  the  Carabridgeport,  Massachusetts. 


ftO 


AUSTRALIA  AND  POLYNESIA, 


AUSTRALIA  AND  POLYNESIA.  The 
area  and  popnlation  of  Australia  and  Polynesia 
are,  according  to  the  latest  accounts,  as  follows 
^e  Behm  and  Wagner,  ^*  Bev6lkerung  der 
Erde^"  v.,  Gotha,  1878): 


coLONnai. 


OOLONZI& 

AiMta 
•qoaNBaUH. 

Fopolatka. 

flOMrti  iBlftods 

8,94^S88 

86,814 

104,900 

1,816 

888,968 

11,648 

L981798 

Istonds  toath  of  the  Tropio  of  Cap- 
rioora: 

106,494 

New  Zeaiud  (indudlog  Mjtorto) 
Oth^T  iftllWHl* 

468,000 
1,181 

IsteadB  between  the  Tropio  of  Capri- 
fiorn  an<l  the  EoQAtoTr  r ..  r ...... . 

1,7I»,870 
189,100 

Islande  north  of  the  Equator 

Total 

8,428,168 

4.411J)00 

New  Soath  Wales* 

Victoria^ 

Bouth  ▲ustrallat. . 
Western  Australia. 

Tasmania 

Qaeensland 

New  Zealand. 


Uttm 

MDl 


788  18,981,800 

886,18,968,008 

8721  5.728,578 

5S      886,078 

177!   

162   8,140,990 
645|10,487,851 


VtwtpKftn 
•Bd  book 


6,658,800 
10,919,438   ' 
8,860,914 
549,898 


M«H^ 


8,801,088 
6,811,867 


2«0t  112,664 

128.025 

88,709 


■^84 


89 


58 


6,651 


82.896 

Ta,U2T 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of 
live  stock  in  the  different  colonies : 


The  estimated  population  of  each  of  the 
BritifiJi  colonies  was  as  follows : 

COLOKOB.  Ftopohlte. 

Yiefeoria  (June  80,  ISn) 849,081 

New  South  Walee  (Deoember  81, 1876). . .  689,776 

Queensland  (Deoember  81, 1876> 187,008 

South  Australia  (June  80, 1877) 880,929 

Western  Australia  (December  81, 1676). . .  87,881 

Northera  Tortltoiy 748 

1  984,798 

Tiamanla  (Deoember  81, 1876) 'l05,494 

New  Zealand 417,628 

NatlTes 100,000 

Total 8,647,809 

During  the  year  1876  the  increase  of  births 
over  deaths  was :  in  Victoria,  18,288 ;  in  New 
South  Wales,  12,105;  in  Queensland,  8,496; 
in  South  Australia,  4,674;  in  Western  Austra- 
lia, 585;  in  New  Zealand,  12,170.  In  each 
colony  the  number  of  births  was  more  than 
double  that  of  deaths,  and  the  number  of  males 
largely  exceeded  that  of  females. 

The  following  table  shows  the  revenue,  pub- 
lic debt,  imports,  and  exports  for  1876,  for  each 
of  the  Australian  colonies : 


OOLONIEB. 

HonM. 

QUtU. 

B^ 

T\p. 

New  Bouth  Wales.. 
Victoria 

866,708 

196,184 

106,908 

88,508 

88,688 

99,861 

180,888 

8,181,018   84,608,888    1T9.604 
1,054,598    11.T49J>S2    140.765 

Bouth  Australia. . . . 
Western  Australia . 
T^mnania 

819,441 

54,058 

18«,469 

4Hlt8 

1,965,807 

6,183,891 

899,494 

1.75M48 

11,647,868 

7,841,810 

18,106 
8Q.ift>l 

New  Zealand 

Qaeensland 

128,741 
58,028 

COIX>NIIS. 

Victoria 

New  Bouth  Wales  * 
Booth  Australia  t . . 

Queensland 

Tsnoanla 

Western  AustnUa . 
New  Zealand 


RenaM. 


PaU. 


.\086,656 
1,491,889 
1,448.885 
887,840 
168,189 
8,178,798 


14,n66,888 

11.470,687* 

4,a87,080t 

6,954,566 

1,590,500 

185,000 

80,895^11 


1^705,858' 
18,678,776 
4,576,188 
8,194,818 
1,188,003 
886,086 
6,905,171 


14,106,487 
18,008,941 
4,816,171 
8,608^81 
1,180,988 
897,898 
5,678,465 


The  telegraph  statistics,  on  January  1, 1877, 
were  as  follows : 


OOLONHS. 


New  South  Waks.. 

Victoria 

South  Australia. . . . 
Western  Australia. 

Tsamanla. 

Queensland 

New  Zealand 


lOlcaor 
wink 

Steiloiii. 

8,478 

154 

4,S12| 

180 

8,904 

184 

IMH 

5 

680 

40 

6.156 

180 

1    7,847 

148 

854.804 

801,946 

874,141 

84,086$ 

66,088 

479.078 

1,061,086 


The  postal  statistics  for  the  different  colonies 
were  as  follows: 


•For  1876. 


t  For  1877. 


$  In  1874. 


According  to  "Statistics  of  New  Zealand, 
1877,"  the  total  estimated  population  of  this 
colony  on  December  81, 1877,  was  417,622,  ex- 
clusive of  45,470  Maoris.  This  shows  an  in> 
crease  over  the  population  of  1876  of  18,547, 
of  which  12,171  was  due  to  an  excess  of  births 
over  deaths,  and  6,876  to  immigration.  A  reg- 
ular census  was  taken  in  March,  1878,  but  the 
results  are  not  yet  published.  The  total  num- 
ber of  vessels  that  entered  from  foreign  porta 
during  1877  was  812,  of  888,668  tons;  and  the 
number  entered  coastwise  was  17,260,  of  1,754,- 
158  tons.  The  number  cleared  was  17,239,  of 
1 ,788,224  tons.  The  total  value  of  the  imports 
was  £6,978,418. 

A  vote  of  want  of  confidence  in  the  Ministry, 
proposed  in  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Victo- 
ria in  January,  was  ne^tived  by  that  body. 
This  vote  was  of  great  importance,  as  consid- 
erable excitement  had  prevailed  throughoot 
the  colony  at  the  course  taken  by  the  Legisla- 
lative  Council  in  the  wholesale  dismissal  of 
Judges  and  other  Government  officials  in  No- 
vember, 1877.  On  February  7th,  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly  passed  a  resolution  in  favor  of 
the  payment  of  the  public  creditors  on  the  au- 
thority of  votes  passed  by  the  Assembly  alone. 
In  the  course  of  the  discussion  Mr.  Berry,  the 
Premier,  said  it  was  intended  that  the  resolu- 
tion should  only  be  temporarily  operative.  He 
disclaimed  any  purpose  to  deprive  the  Legisla- 
tive Council  of  the  right  of  assenting  to  the 
appropriations.  On  February  18th  the  Assem- 
bly, by  a  vote  of  68  to  23,  adopted  a  motion 
presented  by  Mr.  Berry  for  an  address  to  the 
Crown,  in  consequence  of  the  unconstitutional 
course  taken  by  the  Legislative  Conncil  in  re- 
jecting the  appropriation  bill,  providing  foi 
the  payment  of  the  members  of  the  Assembly. 
The  Council  on  the  21st  also  voted  an  address  tc 
the  Crown,  in  reply  to  that  voted  by  the  As- 
sembly. A  compromise  was,  however,  brought 
about  between  the  Council  and  the  Assembly 

«  JanoAiy  1, 1677.        t  For  1876.        t  Jeniuvy  1, 1876. 


ll  I 


AnSTRO-HUNGABIAN  KONAKOHY.  41 

ttiai  ending  tbe  political 

(riaiiwbich  hid  troubled 

lia  wIddj  Tor  almost  aii 

moaih).  PvliuneDtwaa 
a  April  6th. 
I  uMmbled   agftin  on 

Jilj  ttb.  In  bU  opening 

■peMh,  the  QoTemor  an- 

D»aDced  tbe   iotrodno- 

tim  <rf  biUa  for  a  new 

lou  for  pnblic   worka, 

isd  for  the  pnrohase  of 

HoiooD'a  Baj-  Rail  way. 

Tb«  Gorenior  also  an- 

D>raii(«d  that  an  iaterntt- 

tldoal  flihibition  would 

be  hfld  Id    Helbonrne 

la  1880.     Tbe  Oolooial 

Trcunrer  made  his  finau- 

dil  ititemeiit  cm  Angnat 

Hth.  TbeaotDalreTenae 
tor  th«  cnrretit  year  waa 
f»iD)at«d  at  £4,B91,71S, 

■ad  Ihe  etpenditnre  at  £5,1S7,642,  leariog  a  ISTScomposedof  Prince  Adolf  von  Aneraperg, 
dcflrit  of  £140,929.  This  defioiencj  wu  to  b«  President  (appointed  November,  1B71) ;  J.  La«- 
Nicred  bj  tUToari  and  reconpmeDta.  There  aer,  FreiherrvonZollbeiin,Iiiterior(November, 
»er»  aL«'h>  be  loans  for  a  total  amonnt  of  1971) ;  0.  von  Stremayr,  Piiblio  Worship  and 
iS.OOO,000  for  railways  and  pnblio  worka.  In  Instruction  (November,  IBTl) ;  Glaser,  Jastioe 
the  bogtDDini;  of  October  a  miniBtsriBl  bill  for  Ofovember,  1871) ;  J.  Ritter  von  Ohlumecky, 
1  rtromi  of  the  CoostltDtioD,  cnrtailing  tbe  Commerce  (appointed  in  November,  lS71,Min< 
|x»«n  of  the  Legialative  Ooouoil,  waa  paMed  iater  of  Agricolture ;  transferred  to  the  Mioia- 
M  ill  [bird  reading  ia  the  Assembly  by  a  vote  try  of  Commerce  in  May,  1ST5) ;  Bnron  von 
ofMagaiuA  8).  Pretis-Oagnodo,  ^nances  (Jannary,  1872);  Co- 

The  Parliament  of  New  South  Wales  was  lonel  Horst,  Defense  of  the  Oountry  (appointed 
'^ncd  by  the  Governor  on  September  lltb.  pro  tarn.  November,  1871,  definitely  In  Maroli, 
-InoDg  tbe  measarea  to  be  introduced  by  the  1872) ;  Oount  Hannsfeld,  Agriculture  (May, 
GaTemmeot  was  a  acheme  for  theconstraotion  187fi) ;  J.  Dnger  (November,  1871)  and  Florian 
of  a  thonsand  miles  of  railway.  Ziemialkowski  (April,  1878),  miniaters  with- 

Thp  South  Australian  Ministry  resigned  in  out  portfolio. 
ib(  betnoaing  of  October,  aud  a  new  cabinet  Areaof  the  Monarchy,  240,346  square  miles; 
*u  farmed,  oomposed  as  follows:  Premier,  population,  according  to  the  censas  of  1860, 
Ur.  William  Morgan;  Attorney-General,  Mr.  S6,901,48S.  Tbe  area  of  Cis-Leithan  Aostria 
Bjndn;  Minister  of  Ednuation.  Mr.  Rowland  (the  land  represented  in  tbe  Beichsrath)  is 
Bm«;  Otlonial  TreoHTirer,  Mr.  Mann.  11S,S08  sqnare  miles.    The  civil  population  at 

1  revolt  broke  oat  among  the  natives  of  the  the  end  of  1876  was  officially  estimated  at 
Ftfoeb  colony  of  New  Caledonia  in  the  latter  31,766,887,  to  which  rooBt  be  added  the  army, 
^orjnne.  It  iras  said  to  be  owing  to  the  numbering  (close  of  1876)  177,449  persons; 
•Mare  of  a  Urge  and  fertile  valley  in  which  making  a  total  population  of  2l,S44,S3fl.  The 
vuthe  large  village  of  the  chief  Atui.  Aeon-  estimate  is  based  upon  the  census  of  December 
ndsnble  number  of  whites  were  massacred,  81,  1669,  by  adding  the  average  percentage  of 
tn  ib«  rMistanoe  wsssabdned  in  a  short  time,    increase.    The  civil  population  was  dintribnted 

AnsTBO-HDNQARIAN  MONARCHY,  an    among  tbe  different  crown  lands  as  follows : 
^pire  in  Central  Earope.    Emperor,  Francis  coimrRns.  iDb^iuu,  cv.  ii,  in^ 

J*«pbl.,bom   August  18,   1880;  succeeded  ADiW.b*towth.  Enm !,il|,4^ 

io  onde.  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.,  Decem-         (fjSSS;  iSw* 

f*T  1 18*8.     Heir  apparent  to  the  throne,         bittU i,iM.»i 

irrhduke  Rudolphns,  bom  Aognst  31,  1808.  SiSSI' *TC^ 

The  ministry  for  the  common  affairs  of  the         ^T^mu////^]y"^V^"y^'.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.'.'.'.'.      18S.1I8 

Empire  consisted,  toward  the  close  of  the  year         Omju  md  G«di«c». ItJmJ 

H7i  of  Count  Andrassy,  Minister  of  Foreign         •Trroi'!'""!!i"l!!!"l^""l!!i"ill^     S^r 

Afiinsndof  the  Imperial  Hoase  (appointed         Votwtbng ids,7T9 

l*:i);  Baron  Leopold  Friedrioh  von  Hofhiann,         ESf^J^ S^'sM 

KJJiiiter  of  the  Finances  of  the  Empire  (ap-         bumU...'.'.'.'.'.* ,■■.■.■.'.■.■,■.".'.■  .■,'■■.'!.','.".'.'.',','     Mlies 


>rat*d  1876):  and  Count  Arthur  Bylandt-         2*5^111: '■!S^ 

t'-*''idt.  Mmist«r  of  War  (appointed  1876).  n^HS^"] inj^ 

Tbe  ministry  of  Ois-Leitnaa  Austria  was  in  8i,t«6,98T 


42 


AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN  MONARCHY. 


The  moyement  of  population  in  1877  was  as 
follows : 


COUNTRIES. 


Atutrto  below  the  Eniift.. . . 

AuBtrto  Above  the  Eom 

Sataborg 

StyrtL 

Cartnthia. 

Carniolft 

Trieste 

GorltK  and  Qradlsca 

latrla 

TttoJ 

Vonurlbers^ 

Bohemia 

Horayla 

BUeata 

eattda 

Bnkowlna. 

Dalmatia 

Axtnj. 

Total 


Btatht. 

DmI^ 

8e,S48 

09,008 

84,878 

80^16 

fi,4fia 

4,786 

88,178 

88,678 

11,049 

9,770 

ie.971 

18,168 

6.098 

4,468 

7,467 

6,704 

11,148 

8,018 

^*S 

19,006 

8,284 

2,664 

810,468 

168,467 

81,856 

67,800 

81.488 

17,660 

868,816 

198,886 

84,186 

87.086 

17,877 

1N774 

889 

8,086 

868,686 

679,884 

16,046 
6,818 
1.0ti6 
7.631 
1,786 
2,946 
1,066 
1.449 
2,089 
f,li88 
868 

41,149 

16,149 
4,040 

46,888 

4,646 

4^856 

876 

161,718 


Of  the  total  number  of  children  bom,  18,719 
were  still-bom,  and  of  these  16,781  were  legit- 
imate and  1,988  illegitimate.  Of  the  live-born 
children,  716,577  were  legitimate  and  105,518 
illegitimate.  Of  the  total  namber  of  children 
bom,  440,074  were  males  and  412,562  females. 
Of  the  total  number  of  deaths,  855,429  were 
of  males  and  824,405  of  females.  In  regard  to 
age,  28  males  and  84  females  were  upward  of 
100  years  old  at  the  time  of  their  death. 

The  number  of  professors  and  students  ^- 
elusive  of  non-matriculated  hearers)  was  in 
1878  as  follows : 


A^POVHBO^v* 

Stnimto. 

CzemoTltz 

8S 
76^ 
94 
66 

61 
129 
840 

848 

Cracow 

642« 

Oratz 

866 

Innspnick 

620 

IjeniDcrif 

876 

Pnunie 

1,7^ 

Yieonat 

8,546 

Total 

604 

8,465 

The  Austrian  Keichsrath,  immediately  upon 
reassembling  after  the  holidays,  discussed  the 
measures  proposed  by  the  Oabinet  for  the 
Ausgleieh  or  compromise  with  Hungary.  Con- 
ferences were  held  during  January  between 
the  Austrian  and  Hungarian  Ministers,  to  ar- 
range the  differeuces  still  existing  with  regard 
to  the  renewal  of  the  commercial  and  customs 
treaty  between  Austria  and  Hungary.  An  un- 
derstanding was  finally  come  to  on  all  but  one 
point — the  increase  of  the  import  duties  on 
articles  of  consumption,  especially  coffee  and 
petroleum,  devised  with  a  view  to  increase  the 
revenue.  The  Austrian  Ministry,  though  in 
favor  of  the  higher  tax,  did  not  think  it  could 
carry  it  through  the  House,  while  the  Hunga- 
rian Ministers,  for  their  Government,  declared 
they  could  not  consent  to  another  change  in 
the  existing  agreement,  rince  it  would  endan- 

•  In  1876. 

t  EzclnilTe  of  the  taeatty  of  EyangeHcal  theology. 


ger  the  passing  of  the  Isariff  in  the  Diet,  where 
these  fiscal  imposts  were  looked  upon  as  a  com- 
pensation for  the  increase  of  duties  on  textile 
fabrics,  of  which  Austrian  industry  had  almost 
the  exclusive  benefit.    On  January  25th  the 
Austrian  Ministers  had  a  conference  with  the 
presidents  of  the  clubs  of  the  different  parlia- 
mentary factions.    Three  of  the  dabs,  con- 
taining the  majority  of  those  who  are  called 
supporters  of  the  Govemtnent,  refused  to  ac- 
cept the  bill.    This  conference  wts  regarded 
as  decisive  by  the  Ministers,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing day,  the  26th,  they  tendered  their  resign 
nations  in  a  body.    The  Emperor  accept^ 
them,  but  requested  the  Ministers  to  retain 
ofiice  pending  the  appointment  of  their  soc^ 
cessors.    On  February  5,  Prince  Auersperg, 
in  the  House,  read  a  letter  from  the  EmpHeror. 
calling  upon  the  Oabinet  to  resume  office,  in 
consequence  of  the  imperative  necessity  of  con- 
cluding the  compromise  with  Hungary.    The 
Minister  stated  that  the  Emperor  had  taken 
this  step  only  after  having  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  it  was  impossible  to  form  a  new 
Ministry  which  could  give  sufficient  guarantees 
for  the  passage  of  the  compromise  as  adopted 
by  the  two  Governments.    In  conclusion,  he 
said  that  the  Government  had  felt  itself  bound, 
in  view  of  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  to  com- 
ply with  the  request  of  the  Emperor,  and  begged 
the  House  to  hasten  the  discussion  of  the  com- 
promise bills.    On  February  16,  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Reichsrath  resolved  by  a  large 
m^ority  to  proceed  to  the  special  debate  upon 
the  customs  tariff,  and  on  the  19th,  by  a  vote 
of  169  to  180,  passed  the  bill,  imposing  a  duty 
of  20  fiorins  on  coffee.    This  was  an  important 
victory  for  the  Ministry,  as  the  duty  on  coffee 
was  the  one  which  was  most  bitterly  opposed 
in  the  Reichsrath,  and  which  therefore  threat- 
ened to  bring  the  negotiations  for  a  compro- 
mise to  an  end. 

On  March  8th,  Prince  Auersperg  stated  in 
the  Lower  House  that  the  Government  had 
made  searching  investigation  into  the  reported 
execution  of  Polish  subjects  of  Austria  by  the 
Russian  authorities,  the  result  being  that  the 
statements  in  question  were  totally  uncon- 
firmed. On  the  subject  of  the  proposed  Ber- 
lin Congress,  he  declared  that  it  only  aimed 
at  the  final  settlement  of  Eastern  affairs,  and 
that  it  was  in  that  sense  that  the  Austrian 
Government  had  issued  invitations  to  the  Pow- 
ers. Every  other  subject  was  therefore,  he 
said,  excluded  from  European  discussion. 

The  budget  was  discussed  in  the  Upper  House 
of  the  Reichsrath  on  March  26th ;  and  in  re- 
ply to  the  remarks  of  several  speakers,  Baron 
Pretis,  the  Minister  of  Finance,  said  that  he 
had  many  years  ago  wamed  the  House  and  the 
public  against  taking  a  too  sanguine  view  of 
the  financial  position  of  the  country.  The 
Government  would,  however,  be  able  aeon  to 
make  the  revenue  and  expenditure  balance, 
provided  that  they  were  not  compelled  to  take 
upon  themselves  fresh  sacrifices  for  the  defense 


AUSTRO-HXniGARIAN  HONABCJHT.  43 

of  Ida  faoDorudprmtige  of  tb«  Empire.  Even  for  the  protection   of  tbe   interests  of  th« 

tbii  lutef  event  oonld  do  no  more  than  defer  Monarchj.    The  Bom  asked  for,  however,  was 

for  1  ihort  time  the  attsinment  of  the  object  not  to  be  expended  in  ooinpletinK  the  eqnip- 

LD  TKW ;  ud  he  cautioned  his  hearers  not  to  ment  of  the  enaj.    It  was  lotended  to  atford 

bcliere  (or  one  single  instant  in  the  word  the  Qovernnient  the  means  bj  which,  at  the 

"baakrapL"    There  was,  he  said,  no  Justid-  right  time  and  on  its  own  reaponsibilitj,   it 

mCod  «t  all  (or  applying  snoh  a  term  to  tlie  might  "lake  such  measures  as,  by  the  prompt 

fiiuicisl  position    of   Anstro-UoDgary.      The  ntiUzation  of  the  advantages  for  which  the  or- 

Bod^t  aod  Financial  law  for  18T8,  as  well  as  ganization  of  the  army  is  alone  fitted,  to  in- 

tlwbill  proloDging  the  prwitorium  of  the  com-  sare  the  Vonsrohy  against  all  danger  and  snr- 

pmniK  with  Hungary  until  tbe  end  of  May,  prise."     In  the  afternoon    Count  Andrasay 

ID  sdopud  on  the  following  day  without  de-  made  a  statement  to  the  Delegations,  ezplun- 

Uu.  ing  the  policy  of  the  Government.    In  this 

Tbe  Anrtrian  and  Hnngarisn  Delegations  statement  he  said  that  in  pursuing  its  exertions 

DM  on  March  7tb.    On  the  9th  the  Govern-  to  npbold  the  interests  of  tbe  Monarchy  by 

otnl  presented  to  both  Delegations  a  bill  an-  pacino  means,  tbe  Government  could  not  ab- 

ihonnag  an  extra  credit  of  60,000,000  florins,  stain  from  taking  care  that  if  the  worst  shonld 

Tbe  preamble  stated  that  in  the  present  poei-  happen    the    necessary  measures   sboold   be 

tHo  of  stEdn  it  was  not  impossible  that  ex-  adopted;    for    this    reason   the  Government 

nordinary  measnrea  might  have  to  be  taken  asked  for  60,000,000  florins.    With  regard  to 


ibe  tititDde  of  the  other  Powers,  it  mlf^t  a  confidential  character,  and  not  intended  to 

Hlrly  be  stated  that  Aostria's  interests  in  the  be  entered    in  the  j>rotoool  of   the  sitting. 

£w  <rere  at  the  present  time  identical  with  Count  Andrassy  in  his  replies  dwelt  eBpeciaUf 

ibow  of  Europe,  and  were  on  all  stdes  reoog-  npon  the  question  of  an  Austrian  occupation 

3iud  u  Micfa.     How  far  other  Powers  wonld  of   Bosnia,   which   he  described  as  not  com- 

^  in  protecting  those  interests  could  not  ba  prised  within  the  urns  of  tbe  Austro-Hunga- 

^rmined,  and  the  programme  of  the  Gov-  rian  Government.     He  pointed  out  that  to 

tnmtat  could  not  be  made  the  subject  of  dis-  guard  against  surprise  was  not   the   motive, 

"ision  before  tbe  meeting  of  the  Congress,  but  only  one  of  the  motives  of  the  demand 

3*  ^Mcifled   in  detail  what  ha  nnderstood  for  a  grant  of  60,000,000  fiorius,  and  he  added 

'»itr  the  name  of  Austro-Hungarian  inter-  that  communication  was  made  to  Russia  of 

t^  and  what  changes  conld  not  be  permitted  what  constituted  the  interests  of  the  Aastro- 

'•<;  A DKria-H angary.  Hungarian  Monaroby  before  the  outbreak  of 

la  •  subsequent  sitting  of  the  Budget  Com-  the  wsr,  and  that  the  Bussian  Government 

niu««  of  the  Austrian  Delegation,  Count  An-  acknowledged    that  the   statement   was   well 

^fMy  gave  further  information  as  to  Eastern  founded.     lie  also  entered  into  details  in  an- 

'^>iri,  and  replied  to  several   questions   sd-  swering  the  questions  put  to  him  as  to  the 

'■'feA  to  bim  by  various  delegates  ssking  for  objects  of  the  partiai  mobilization  projected  in 

•ipisaatioiu  which  were  to  be  regarded  as  of  June,  1877,  and  with  regard  to  Uie  support 


44  AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN  MONABOHY. 

which  the  Goyemment  anticipated  from  the'  this  measure,  to   the  amoant  of  60,000,000 

other  Earopean  Powers  at  the  Oongress.    He  florins.    In  the  Austrian  Delegation  the  debate 

etnphaticalljr  denied  that  it  had  been  intended  was  continued  until  the  Slst,  and  after  some 

to  ask  for  provision  for  a  mobilization  without  remarks  from  Count  Andrassy,  who  said  that 

any  mobilization  being  effected ;  and  he  far-  the  vote  was  necessary  to  maintain  the  posi- 

ther  declared   that  the  Government  by  no  tion  of  the  Monarchy  as  a  great  power,  the 

means  contemplated  ordering  a  mobilization  grant  of  60,000,000  florins  was  adopted  by  a 

of  the  army  as  soon  as  the  grant  of  60,000,000  vote  of  89  to  20. 

florins  had  been  approved.  It  certainly  re-  On  May  28th  Oount  Andrassy  read  a  state- 
quired  to  be  provided  with  the  means  of  show-  ment  to  the  Austrian  Delegation  explaining 
ing  the  world  that  the  Monarchy  was  capable  the  manner  in  which  a  portion  of  the  credit 
of  protecting  its  interests  in  a  practical  man-  vote  of  60,000,000  florins  was  to  be  employed, 
ner;  but  to  institute  a  military  force  in  He  said  that,  even  though  an  agreement  were 
presence  of  the  Congress,  from  whose  delib-  established  upon  European  questions,  compli- 
erations  a  satisfactory  understanding  was  an-  cations  might  arise  which  would  imperil  Aus- 
ticipated  by  all — ^to  appear  before  it  at  great  trian  interests.  It  was  intended  shortly  to  re- 
cost  in  a  state  of  warlike  preparation,  only  enforce  the  troops  in  Dalmatia  and  Transyl- 
ultimately  to  disarm — would  be  a  proceeding  vania,  and  possibly  to  make  other  dispositions 
for  which  the  Government  could  not  assume  for  the  protection  of  the  communications, 
the  responsibility.  To  those  who  maintained  There  was  a  prospect  of  the  early  meeting  of 
that  it  was  too  late  to  mobilize,  he  should  feel  a  Congress,  and  the  Government  would  use 
inclined  rather  to  reply  that  he  considered  it  their  endeavors  in  behalf  of  the  peace  of  £u- 
much  too  soon.  In  connection  with  this  ques-  rope,  and  to  guard  the  interests  of  tiie  Men- 
tion, he  gave  a  denial  to  all  the  newspaper  archy. 

statements  of  actual  measures  of  mobilization  On  May  29th  Coant  Andrassy  answered  the 
having  been  taken,  of  the  ordre  de  hataille  question  put  to  him  in  the  Delegations  about 
having  been  drawn  up,  etc.,  all  which  reports  tue  treaty  of  San  6tefano.  In  both  bodies  the 
were  absolutely  unfounded.  question  was  the  same — namely,  whether  the 
On  March  12th  the  Hungarian  Delegation  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  would  indicate  the 
passed,  by  a  unanimous  vote,  the  bill  of  credit  points  he  deemed  incompatible  with  Austrian 
brought  in  by  the  Government.  At  the  first  interests,  and  the  modification  or  eventual  abo- 
sitting  on  the  10th,  the  members  of  the  various  lition  of  which  he  had  set  himself  as  a  task ; 
fractions  of  the  opposition  represented  in  the  the  answer  likewise  was  almost  identical  in 
Delegation  determined  to  make  their  vote  de-  both  Delegations.  The  first  aud  main  con  ten- 
pendent  on  the  explanations  of  the  Minister  tion  of  the  Government  was  that  what  should 
for  Foreign  Affairs  in  reply  to  questions  they  follow  the  war  was  a  real,  not  a  nominal  peace, 
would  put ;  but  while  doing  so  they  wicked  it  and  that  what  was  done  should  not  conceal  the 
to  be  understood  that,  even  though  they  were  germs  of  further  disturbance  and  future  com- 
not  ready  to  vote  the  money  in  tiie  form  de-  plications.  From  this  point  of  view  the  extent 
manded,  still,  whatever  might  be  the  differ-  which  Bulgaria  was  to  have,  according  to  the 
ences  of  opinion  between  the  Government  and  treaty,  was  open  to  great  objections.  Neither 
individual  members  of  the  Delegation,  tiie  mo-  Austria-Hungary  nor  any  other  Power  in  Eu- 
ment  the  honor  and  interests  of  the  country  rope  could  well  be  opposed  to  the  progress  and 
were  at  stake,  the  Ministry  might  reckon  upon  advancement  of  those  regions,  but  a  large,  com- 
the  support  of  all  parties.  After  hearing,  pact  State  there  in  favor  of  one  nationality  at 
therefore,  the  explanations  of  the  Minister,  the  expense  of  others  was  itself  too  artificial  a 
all  those  who  had  previously  deferred  their  creation,  containing  no  guarantees  of  stability 
vote  gave  it  in  favor  of  the  grant  of  60,000,000  whatever.  Ko  European  Power  could  well 
florins,  in  the  form  which  the  reporter  chosen  stand  up  for  the  maintenance  of  the  territorial 
by  the  majority  had  proposed.  This  form  was  integrity  and  the  stattu  quo  in  Turkey,  because 
somewhat  different  from  that  suggested  by  the  it  could  scarcely  take  upon  itself  the  reeponsi- 
Govemment;  for  while  the  latter  merely  au-  bility  for  this;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was 
thorized  tiie  common  Ministry,  in  case  of  ur-  in  the  interest  of  every  Power  that  what  re- 
gent and  unavoidable  necessity,  to  provide  for  mained  to  Turkey  should  be  provided  with  the 
any  extraordinary  expenditure  required  by  the  conditions  absolutely  necessary  for  its  exist- 
army  to  the  extent  of  60,000,000  florins,  the  ence,  and  from  this  point  of  view  likewise  the 
other  declared  that  in  case  Eastern  fUffairs  Bulgaria  of  the  treaty  was  objectionable.  An- 
should  render  the  mobilization  of  the  army  other  objection  referred  to  clause  8  of  the  treaty, 
absolutely  and  urgently  necessary  for  the  pur-  which  relates  to  the  transition  period  and  con- 
pose  of  more  energetically  defending  the  in-  tains  the  stipulation  for  a  two  years'  occnpa- 
terestsof  the  Monarchy,  the  common  Ministry,  tion  of  Bulgaria,  a  correspondingly  long  oocu- 
while  bound  to  appeal  at  once  to  the  legisla-  pation  of  Roumania,  and  right  of  way  through 
tive  bodies  for  their  cooperation,  was  author-  that  country.  Now,  this  time  was  much  longer 
ized  in  concert  with  the  two  Ministries  of  Aus-  than  was  required.  Apart  from  all  other  con- 
tria  and  Hungary  to  incur  meanwhile,  on  its  siderations,  so  lengthy  an  occupation  would 
own  responsibility,  the  expenses  required  for  create  a  state  of  uncertainty  tending  to  perpet- 


AU8TR0-HUNGARIAN  MONAEOHY.  46 

oAte  the  disqoietade  from  which  Earope  had  The  Austrian  and  Hungarian  Delegations 

already  saffered  long  enough.    The  third  ob-  met  in  Pesth  on  November  7th.    In  replj  to 

jectioo  referred  to  the  too  great  extension  of  an  address  from  the  Delegations  the  Emperor 

the  amall  neighboring  States.    Not  only  was  it  said : 

not  aj^inst  the  interests  of  Austria- Hungary  j^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^         ^^y^  ^^.^  ^^^^^  y^^  j^  ^^^ 

thai  these  commonities  snould   improve  ana  present  Bession,  I  receive  with  doable  satisfaction 

better  their  condition,  but,  on  the  contrary,  the  aaBumnces  of  your  loyal  sentiments.    The  ait- 

tfais  country  had  cooperated  at  the  Conference  nation  was  an  earnest  one  when  the  Delegations  last 

with  those  who  urged  that  Montenegro  should  assembled.     Events  in  the  Eaat  had  entered  into 

^        -  X    -:*^-„     u«*  ^«.*««  a  decisive  phase ;  we  stood  on  the  eve  of  a  Congress 

receive  some  mcrease  of  territory ;  but  exten-  ^^.^^^  ^J^^  y^^^^  ^1,^  ^.^j^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  iuto^'har- 

fion  mast  neither  be  m  such  measure  nor  m  mony  with  the  reouirements  of  the  European  bal- 
neb  A  direction  as  to  interfere  with  Austna^s  anoe  of  power,  and  with  the  interests  of  tlie  Mon- 
Datoral  lines  of  communication  with  the  East,  arohy,  which  were  closely  affected.  With  a  putriot- 
lod  be,  as  it  were,  a  stimulus  to  further  aspi-  it™  deserving  my  thanks,  at  that  earnest  moment 
,7  '  1  ,  r^  I'.  owiMuiuo  lA/  1.UAVMV1  «7^  ^^^  means  were  jriven  my  Government  which  en- 
ratioM  calculated  to  cause  continual  disquie-  ^^,1^^  ^^  ^^  maj^^  i^g  influence  successfully  felt  in 
tode  and  agitation.  In  pointing  out  these  ob-  both  directions  during  and  after  the  Congress.  It 
jiCtionSy  the  Minister  said  he  onlv  wished  to  is  a  matter  of  sincere  satisfaction  to  me  that  the 
indicate  the  ireneral  direction  he  had  followed  Congress  succeeded  in  averting  the  imminent  dan- 
«d  -oold  .dhere  to  without  any  mental  re-  f^  tSl&o%eX4'lff  reX*X*w*Ete 
serration  at  the  Congress.  He  had  given  frank  Government  will  loyally  stand  up,  is  calculated  to 
expression  to  these  views  in  St.  Petersburg  and  effectually  prevent  the  return  of  the  dangers  which 
elsewhere.  threatened  the  peace  of  Europe  and  our  own  inter- 
On  May  26th  the  Austrian  Government  00-  «»*»•    The  Powers  assembW  in  Berlin  decided  that 

copied,.?  the  request  of  the  Turkish  Govern-  ^^e^^^v^^  ^o^uld  tTn*^^^^^^^^ 

meDt,  the  fortress  of  Ada  Kaleh  on  the  Dan-  gary.    I  accepted  this  task ;  but  I  regret  that,  in 

nbe.    The  fortress  is  situated  on  an  island  ooneequeuoe  of  the  deep-rooted  confusion  in  the  in- 

vhich  extends  along  the  Austrian  bank  of  the  ternal  state  of  those  countries,  it  was  not  possible 

Djnabe.  from  whil  it.i,  separated  only  by  a  ^  ?SS-V':XwteS^wrt±u?p! 

small  branch  of   the^  nver ;    while  the  mam  p^^ed  to  our  good  intentions  yielded  in  a  sljort  time 

stream  lies  between  it  and  the  Servian  shore  to  the  bravery  of  my  troops.    On  this  occaFion  the 

opposite.    The  island  till  the  middle  of  the  army,  based  on  ffeneral  liability  to  military  service, 

last  century  formed  part  of  the  Austrian  torri-  "tood  the  test  brilliantly.    I  congratulate  you  on  its 

^,  «d  not  only  Soes  most  of  the  fortress  JS^X^TtSS.l^f'XntiryVru^S^d": 

oate  from  that   tune,  but  even  some  of  the  ^^d  likewise  as  members  of  those  representative 

ori^na]  gnos  remain.  bodies  who  have  supported  my  Government  with 

The  session  of  the  Austrian  Delegation  was  discrimination  and  patriotism  in  tlie  development  of 

closed  on  June  8th  after  the  common  budget,  the  defensive  power  of  the  Monarohy.    The  prompt 

*^fx„w.^i^^  *      t/\a  atro  Aaa  a !«„    "u^A   ^^^Ji  and  thofouflrh  solutiou  of  our  military  task  has  freed 

amonntmg  to   106,678,466  flonns,   had   been  the  populations  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  from  the 

pa^d.    The  Austrian  Reichsrath,  after  the  terrorism  of  agitators,  and  has  made  it  possible  for 

paaat^  of  the  compromise  bill  (see  Hunoabt)  me  to  order  the  recall  of  a  considerable  portion  of 

vas  closed  on  Jane  28th.  the  army  of  occupation.    It  will  now  be  the  earnest 

hi  the  befrinning  of  July  Freiherr  von  ZoU-  cnfl«*^?''  <>'  ™y,T^TP"?«"i  ^.A*I?°J"^®  ^^  ^*^ 

k«-.  Ti:    /v    T    -Ir     W'   v-T     ^JVu    T  *    •  riflces  demanded  by  this  task  with  the  financial  con- 

beim,  the  Cia-Leithan  Minister  of  the  Interior,  ^j^i^n  ^f  the  Monarchy,  and  to  hastm  the  time  when 

refigned  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  Prince  the  administration  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  may 

Aoersperg  was  temporarily  intrusted  with  the  be  supported  by  the  revenues  of  these  countries. 

department  The  hope  that  this  will  succeed  appears  all  the  bet- 

n«  Tni»  QA*i.  ♦Ua  ▲«.♦•:««  4^»»««-  ;•>  ^^^rxw,A  ter  founded,  as  our  relations  to  all  the  Powers  con- 

..       .*/.u             .  f '»*"a?^*™y»  }^  accord-  ^.^^^  ^  ^^^^^^^  excellent.    Gentlemen,  great  are 

ttee  with  the  provision  of  the  treaty  of  Ber-  the  sacrifices  demanded  of  you ;  great  historical 

•is.  entered  Bosnia.    (See  Tubkbt.)  event<«,  to  prevent  which  lay  not  in  the  power  of 

The  Rdcharath  reassembled  on  October  22d.  any  ainsle  State,  have  claimed  from  the  Monarchy 

h  the  Lower  House  the  President  thanked  the  Jl'^*"**!**'^}?"'' '  ^"^K^  TJ^^^'Ht^L ^^^a^^^I 

iiin»  /«•  u.  K.**^.*  k^.^:«^  «•»,!  -/^i*  ^.^^M^A  fldence  that  the  patnotism  of  my  peoples  and  the 

amj  for  its  bravery,  heroism,  and  self-sacnflce,  discrimination  of  their  representat^eS  will  prove 

4aa  bis  remarks  were  received  with  loud  cheers,  equal  to  the  greatness  of  the  historical  occasion.    I 

^e  Aostriao  estimates  for  1879,  which  were  am  convinced  that  you  will  unite  your  efforts  with 

<^stribmed  to  the  members,  showed  a  reduc-  those  of  my  Government  in  order  that  the  work  be- 

tion  of  Ift  nno  {U\(\  flnrina  in  tha  ATnAniliinrA  g^^  i^  the  interest  of  European  peace  and  the  pros- 

^  .A^zfr^'^A^l^a^  expenditure,  «^         ^  ^^^     ^^  ^^^  M^onarcliy  may  be  happily 

Md  a  decrease  of  4,000,000  €oruia  m  the  rev-  terminated.    In  this  firm  confidence,  1  wish  you 

Aoe,  as  coBpared  with  1878.  auecees  in  your  work  and  greet  you  heartily. 


46 


BACK,  GEORGE. 


BAPTISTS. 


B 


BACK,  Sir  Geoboe,  Admiral,  a  distin- 
gnished  Arctic  navigator,  died  on  Sanday,  June 
2dd,  at  the  age  of  81.  Born  in  1796  he  entered 
the  royal  navy  in  1808,  and  the  following  year 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  French  and  kept  in 
captivity  for  five  years.  In  1819  he  accom- 
panied Franklin  on  his  hazardous  expedition 
from  Hudson^s  Bay  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cop- 
permine, and  thence  eastward  along  the  north- 
ern coast  of  America.  During  this  journey  of 
over  1,000  miles,  on  foot  and  in  canoes,  with 
the  mercury  often  57°  below  zero,  Back  dis- 
played consummate  fortitude  and  the  highest 
degree  of  sagacity ;  indeed,  Franklin  attributed 
to  the  personal  exertions  of  Back  the  ultimate 
safety  of  the  expedition.  He  was  promoted 
to  a  lieutenancy  in  1821.  In  1825  he  was  again 
with  Franklin  in  the  Arctic  regions,  seeking 
to  make  the  northwest  passage.  Again,  the 
safe  return  of  the  expedition  was  mainly  at- 
tributable to  Back's  fertility  of  resource  and 
indomitable  force  of  will.  He  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  commander  in  1825.  In  1838 
he  commanded  an  expedition  to  search  for  Sir 
John  Boss,  then  in  the  north-polar  regions. 
He  was  again  in  the  Arctic  seas  in  the  year 
1836-^87.  On  his  return  to  England  he  retired 
from  active  service.  He  was  knighted  in  1839 ; 
attained  flag  rank  in  1857,  and  the  rank  of 
admiral  in  1867. 

BAPTISTS.  I.  RBotJLAB  Baptists  nr  the 
United  States. — ^The  whole  number  of  asso- 
ciations in  1878  was  1,048;  number  of  ad- 
ditions to  the  churches  by  baptism,  102,292 ; 
totflJ  increase  of  members  during  the  year, 
91,839 ;  number  of  Sunday  schools,  10, 422  ; 
of  officers  and  teachers  in  the  same,  96,- 
850 ;  of  Sunday-school  scholars,  806,317 ;  total 
amount  of  benevolent  contributions,  $4,318,- 
888.77.  The  ten  theological  institutions  re- 
turned 40  instructors,  with  459  students,  all 
preparing  for  the  ministry ;  property  valued  at 
$1,845,547,  and  endowment  funds  of  $1,360.- 
545.  from  which  $57,127  of  income  were  real- 
izea.  Thirty-one  colleges  and  universities  re- 
turned 264  instructors,  of  whom  42  were  wo- 
men, and  4,793  students,  of  whom  850  were 
women,  and  573  were  studying  for  the  minis- 
try. The  property  of  these  institutions  was 
valued  at  $7,465,691,  and  their  aggregate  en- 
dowment funds  were  $3,307,770,  yieldiog  an- 
nual incomes  amounting  to  $175,628.  The 
number  of  academies,  seminaries,  institutes,  and 
female  colleges  returned  in  the  *^  Year  Book" 
is  46,  with  285  instructors,  of  whom  172  were 
women,  and  4,286  students,  of  whom  2,556 
were  women,  and  362  were  preparing  for  the 
ministry.  These  schools  returned  a  total  prop- 
erty valuation  of  $2,392,585,  and  ten  of  them 
had  endowment  funds  amounting  to  $352,000, 
and  yielding  a  total  income  of  $10,450. 


The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  the  Regular  Baptist  chnrches  in  the  United 
States,  as  they  are  given  in  the  '^  American 
Baptist  Year  Book  "  for  1878 : 


STATES  AND  TERRITO- 
RIES. 


AlabMIUL 

Arkansas 

CaliforDU 

Colorado 

Connectlcat 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Distrlot  of  Colombia. 
Florida 

OeorKl* 

Idaho 

lUinola 

Indiana 

Indian  Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Maasaehuaetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraaka 

Nevada 

JMew  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  IsUuid 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

VirglnU 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Total. 


ChofchM. 

OididiMd 
mInUton. 

1,426 

665 

998 

467 

103 

73 

24 

12 

119 

186 

15 

14 

11 

18 

81 

89 

276 

IW 

2,608 

1,829 

1 

1 

948 

698 

bU 

858 

90 

87 

9M 

880 

854 

195 

1,668 

869 

716 

416 

861 

1S4 

48 

8-} 

290 

827 

824 

298 

148 

99 

1,606 

a'U) 

1,954 

876 

144 

80 

8 

8 

86 

98 

178 

808 

1 

1 

879 

780 

1,726 

641 

618 

447 

60 

44 

626 

487 

69 

72 

916 

659 

1,278 

787 

1^04 

681 

1 

1 

112 

95 

1,226 

640 

14 

14 

867 

184 

196 

127 

8 

a 

88,908 

14,696 

44,619 

6,111 

1,026 

90,640 

4;i7 

1,625 

lai»61 

17.918 

805^306 

20 

68364 

41,611 

6,296 

83,479 

14,929 

166,086 

63,061 

80,528 

7,607 

49.410 

85,^99 

6^97 

118,909 

91,0ri8 

8,788 

63 

9,044 

81,786 

80 

112.050 

169^775 

47.646 

8.S86 

68320 

10,420 

107,669 

107,416 

67,176 

16 

9,560 

184,026 

8*25 

8S,72S 

88,886 

68 

8,084,8S4 


The  anniyersaries  of  the  Northern  Baptist 
sooietiea  of  the  United  States  were  held  at  Ole  ve- 
land,  Ohio,  beginning  with  that  of  the  Ameri- 
can  Baptist  Publication  Society ,  which  held  its 
fiftj-foarth  meeting  May  28th.  The  receipts 
of  this  Society  for  the  year  have  been  $264,059 
in  the  business  department,  and  $40,551  in 
the  missionary  department;  in  all,  $304,610. 
Twenty-two  new  pablications  had  been  issned, 
making  the  whole  number  of  works  on  the 
catalogues  of  the  Society's  publications  1,151. 
The  total  issues  of  the  year  were  equal  to  805,- 
Y27,245  pages  18rao,  and  since  its  organiza- 
tion in  1824  the  Society  had  published  86,664,-- 
123  copies  of  books,  tracts,  and  periodicals. 

The  forty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Ameri^ 
can  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  was  held 
May  29th.  The  receipts  of  the  Society  for  the 
year  had  been  $175,209,  showing  a  falling  off 


BAPTISTS.  47 

of  tH,6U  from  the  previons  year,  and  the  mended  to  the  liberality  of  the  people  of  the 

disborsements  had  been  $174,119.    The  in-  Northern  chorches. 

dtrbtedoero  was  now  $46,488,  having  increased  The  anniversary  of  the    Wbman'a  Baptist 
$4,980  daring  the  year.    There  were  222  mis-  ffome  Misnonary  Society  was  held  May  29th. 
fbniriesnnderappointmentofthe  Society,  who  The  report  dealt  chiefly  with  the  history  of 
reported  19,140  persons  in  the  Snnday  schools  the  organization  of  the  Society,  which  was 
under  their  care,  and  had  baptized  1,884  ner-  effected  Febmary  1,  1877.    Its  object  is  to 
»oos.  The  charches  aided  by  the  Society  had  cooperate  with  the  American  Baptist  Home 
poDtriboted  $5,911  to  benevolent  objects.    A  Missionary  Society.    Its  total  receipts  for  the 
Dew  school  for  freedmen  had  been  opened  at  year  had  been  $6,887,  and  its  expenditures 
y&tcbez,  Miss.,  making  the  whole  number  of  $8,401.56.    Auxiliaries  had  been  formed  in 
ickoola  for  the  education  of  preachers  and  fourteen  States  and  Territories,  and  contribu- 
teachers  among  these  people  eight,  with  85  tions  had  been  received  from  nearly  every 
teachers  and  1,056  students.    The  property  of  Northern  State.    The  Society  had  nine  mis- 
tbe  schools  was  all  paid  for,  and  free  from  en-  sionaries  in  the  field — ^five  in  the  Southern 
combraDces.    Applications  had  been  made  for  States  and  four  among  the  American  Indians. 
io  increase  of  the  teaching  force,  which  the  A  meeting  of  representatives  of  the  three 
Board,  for  want  of  means,  had  seldom  been  societies  of  Baptist  women,  organized  for  the 
ftble  to  grant    A  school  had  been  asked  for  in  promotion  of  foreign  missions,  the  Society  of 
ikbama,  which  could  not  be  provided  for  the  the  Ectety  the  Society  of  the  West,  and  the  So' 
&ime  reason.    This  Society  has  been  assigned  eiety  of  the  Pac06  Coast,  was  held  at  Gleve* 
b;  the  Government  to  the  charge  of  the  Union  land,  Ohio,  May  80th.    The  Society  .of  the 
Vission  in  the  Indian  Territory,  embracing  East  reported  a  balance  in  the  treasury  of 
Creeks,  Cherokeea,  Choctaws,  Chiokasaws,  and  $2,000,  and  under  its  care  in  the  Asiatic  mis- 
Semiooles,  numbering  56,700  persons ;  and  it  sions,  24  missionaries,  25  Bible-readers,  and 
liA  also  churches  among  the  belawares.  Sacs  84  schools,  witb  884  pupils.    The  Society  em- 
and  Foxes,  Ottawas,  Nez  Perots,  and  Miamis.  braced  618  circles  and  99  mission  hands ;  its 
i  resolution  was  adopted  remonstrating  against  receipts  for  the  year  had  been  $14,818 ;  and  it 
the  transfer  of  the  Indian  Bureau  from  tlie  had  had  ten  missionaries  under  appointment, 
I^artment  of  the  Interior  to  that  of  War,  and  sustained  two  schools  at  Ongole. 
eioept  under  the  guarantee  that  the  Indians  The  twenty-third  meeting  of  the  Southern 
»hoQld  not  thereby  be  deprived  of  the  care  of  Baptist  Convention  was   held   at  Nashville, 
the  religious  associations  under  which  the  re-  Tenn.,  beginning  May  9th.    The  Rev.  J.  P. 
cent  policy  of  the  Government  had  placed  them.  Boyce,  D.  D.,  presided.     The  report  of  the 
The  misdon  among  the  Chinese  m  California  Foreign  Mission  Board  showed  that  its  total 
^  heen  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  one  receipts  for  the  year  from  all  sources  had  been 
of  the  churches  in  San  Francisco.    This  ar-  $85,710.45,  of  which  $1,128  had  been  con- 
nnirement  would  cease  in  July,  when  the  Board  tributed  for  the  fund  for  the  chapel  in  Rome. 
toped  to  put  the  work  in  charge  of  a  suitably  The  expenditures  had  been  $22,182.41,  divided 
qoalified  missioniiry.     The  missionary  work  among  missions  in  Europe,  China,  and  Africa. 
KBoog  the  German  populations  in  tiie  United  The  Board  possessed  an  mvested  fund  of  $18,- 
^tites  was  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the  200,  and  owed  debts  of  $4,500.    A  church  had 
^^m  and  Western  German  Baptist  Confer-  been  bought  for  the  Italian  mission  in  Rome, 
«&cei  which  bore  one  half  the  expense.    The  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pantheon  and  the 
Sr^ietr  also  labored  amopg  the  Scandinavians  University  of  Rome,  for  the  sum  of  $28^600 
>ad  the  French.    The  appointment  of  a  super-  in  gold,  to  be  paid  within  six  months.    Five 
burodent  of  miasions  to  freedmen,  and  co6p-  thousand  dollars  were  still  needed  to  complete 
eration  with  the  Southern  Baptists  in  promot-  the  payment,  and  an  equal  amount  would  be 
mx  ministers'  institutes  among  the  freedmen,  required  to  complete  certain   improvements 
v^tre  approved.  which  it  would  be  necessary  to  make  in  the 
Th«  stxty-fonrth    annual   meeting  of  the  church.    The  sum  of  $7,500  was  obtained  in 
'Ameriean  Baptist  Missionary  Union  was  held  the  Convention.    The  receipts  of  the  Home 
^J  30th.    The  whole  amount  paid  in  to  ihe  Mission  Board  had  been  $11,949,  and  the  sum 
^^MTj  of  the  Society  during  the  year  had  of  $4,585.76  had  been  paid  to  missionaries. 
•:^n  (278,728,  of  which  $18,044  was  for  addi-  Thirty-seven  churches  and  75  other  stations 
M  >iii  to  Uie  invested  funds.    The  sum  appli-  had  been  supplied,  and  89  Sunday  schools  con- 
'-Me  to  the  payment  of  the  current  expenses  ducted,  with  112  teachers  and  1,228  pupils.   A 
•f  the  year  was  $217,992,  but  the  expenditure  report  was  made  of  the  progress  of  the  work 
^  exceeded  this  sum,  and  the  treasury  was  of  education  among  the  Indians.    An  offer  of 
'^  debt  ^,489.    There  were  140  missionaries  land  had  been  made  to  the  Board  for  the  ad- 
^plojed  in  Bnrmah,  Assam,  the  Telugn  conn-  vancement  of  this  work,  which  the  Board  was 
Vt,  China,  Japan,  France,  Germany,  Sweden,  advised  to  accept,  with  the  view  of  establish- 
ed ^tpain,  with  956  native  helpers ;  and  they  ing  a  manual-labor  school.    The  duty  of  the 
^l-orted  793  churches  and  68,145  members.  Convention  toward  the  colored  people  was  the 
^  enterprise  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Con-  subject  of  a  special  report,  which  repeated  a 
^esdoD  in  baying  a  church  at  Rome  waa  com-  recommendation  made  in  the  previous  year 


48 


BAPTISTS. 


that  ministers'  institates  be  organized  among 
these  people,  and  the  ministers  of  the  Conven- 
tion give  their  special  attention  to  the  same, 
and  Mlvised  that  the  circulation  of  religious 
literature  among  them  and  their  iustmction  in 
denominational  doctrines  be  looked  after.  The 
Oonvention  commended  the  organization  of 
woman's  missionary  societies,  and  advised 
that  thej  be  made  auxiliary  to  the  regular 
boards  for  home  and  foreign  missions.  Prog- 
ress was  reported  on  the  effort  to  raise 
funds  for  tiie  Southern  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary,  formerly  at  Greenville,  S.  0.,  now 
at  Louisville,  Ky.  The  churches  of  Kentucky 
had  undertaken  to  raise  the  sum  of  $300,000 
for  the  endowment  of  the  seminary,  provided 
the  other  Southern  States  would  raise  $200,000. 
The  sum  of  $284,000  had  been  raised  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  between  $65,000  and  $70,000  in  the 
other  States.  The  seminary  had  been  attended 
during  the  year  by  about  ninety  students,  and 
had  graduated  five  in  the  full  course  and  four 
in  the  English  courses. 

A  National  Colored  Baptut  Contention  met 
at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  6th,  for  the  purpose 
of  discus:$ing  measures  for  the  advancement  of 
education  among  the  members  of  the  colored 
churches  in  the  South.  Delegates  were  in  at- 
tendance from  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Arkansas, 
Virginia,  and  Indiana.  The  Rev.  N.  G.  Merry, 
of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  presided.  A  constitution 
was  adopted  for  a  *^  National  Colored  Bap- 
tist Missionary  and  Educational  Oonvention," 
which  shall  hold  annual  meetings,  and  the  ob- 
jects of  which  were  declared  to  be :  *^  1st,  the 
establishment  of  a  book  depository  and  reli- 
gious publishing  bouse;  2d,  cooperation  with 
the  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society 
in  its  work  of  educating  the  f reedmen ;  and 
dd,  the  establishment  and  support  of  a  religious 
newspaper  in  the  interest  of  truth  and  the  col- 
ored Baptist  churches."  Arrangements  were 
made  to  publish  an  address  to  the  white  Bap- 
tists of  tne  North  and  South,  setting  forth  the 
appreciation  entertained  by  the  Convention  of 
the  assistance  which  they  had  given  to  the  col- 
ored people,  and  requesting  a  continuance  of 
their  liberality ;  and  an  address  to  the  colored 
Baptist  churches.  North  and  South,  urging  them 
to  encourage  a  higher  standard  of  religious 
worship,  and  to  recognize  the  importance  and 
necessity  of  education  and  morality  among  their 
people.  The  organization  of  a  firm  to  be  known 
as  the  Colored  Baptist  Repo:5itory  and  Publish- 
ing Company  of  the  United  States,  for  the  pub- 
lication of  religious  literature,  was  determined 
upon.  The  ^*  Baptist  Herald,"  Paducah,  Ky., 
was  designated  as  the  organ  of  the  Conven- 
tion. 

II.  Frsswill  Baptist  Chitboh. — ^The  statis- 
tics of  the  Freewill  Baptist  Church  in  the 
United  States,  as  they  are  given  in  the  '^  Free- 
will Baptist  Regbter"  for  1879,  show  an  in- 
crease of  106  churches,  with  a  small  apparent 
decrease  in  ministers  and  communicants.  The 
following  is  a  summary  of  them  : 


TKARLT  MSKTXNaS. 


New  HMnpshtro 

Maine  Western. 

Maine  Oentnl 

Penobecot 

Termont 

Mfiwwichuaetts  and  Rhode  Iiland. 

Holland  PorchaBe , 

Oenesee 

Basqaehanna 

Kew  York  and  Pennsylvania...., 

fit.  Lawrence 

Union 

Central  NewTork 

Pennsylirania 

Ohio  and  Pennaylvanta 

Central  Ohk» 

Ohio 

Ohio  Elrer 

Indiana 

Korthom  Indiana 

Michigan 

St.  Joseph's  VaUer 

Illinois. 

Soathem  Illinois 

Central  Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Minnesota  Sonthem 

Iowa 

Iowa  Korthem 

Kansas 

Korthem  Kansas  and  Southern 

braska 

Tirginia  Free  Baptist  Association 

LoiBslana 

Otttarlo,P.Q 

Bengal  and  Oriaaa 

American  Association 

Union  Association 

QoarterlT  meetinga  not  connected  with 

ayeariy  meeting 

Chiuchea  not  connected 


Ne- 


ri 

n 


lis 

70 
lOS 
118 
«1 
4T 
84 
88 
86 
81 
14 
14 
89 
7 
87 
M 
10 
65 
« 
22 
100 
21 
87 
48 
40 
«1 
17 
28 
86 
86 
10 


U 
1» 
10 
6 
6 
18 

12 
11 


Total. 


1,448 


186 
68 
88 
64 
41 
67 
40 
28 
28 
22 
18 

2 
25 

6 
80 
22 
11 
45 

4 
12 
88 
18 
84 
68 
82 
54 
17 
17 
25 
90 

9 

29 

15 
2d 

7 

8 

7 

18 

12 

18 


I 


9m 

4,694 

M\i 
iJXil 

S.161 

1,9^ 

1^ 

916 

M 

793 

2,ltitJ 

480 

1,«4T 

1,4S8 

^1 
m 

i4&T 

1,028 

1,»0 

2,447 

1,681 

2,281 

6» 

680 

1,419 

1^ 

SS4 

651 
T<M) 
620 
467 
445 
275 
701 

866 
2S3 


M82  |7^686 


The  Kentucky  Yearly  Meeting,  having  18 
chnrchea,  15  ordained  preachers,  and  725  eom- 
monicaots,  has  heen  formed  ont  of  yearly  meet- 
ings whose  statistics  are  indaded  in  the  forego- 
ing tahle,  since  their  retnms  were  made  up. 
The  number  of  yearly  meetings  is  39 ;  of  quar- 
terly meetings,  167;  number  of  licensed  preach- 
ers, 152. 

Besides  the  societies  included  in  the  Freewill 
Baptist  Church,  there  are  a  number  of  asso- 
ciations of  Baptists  in  America  which  in  doc- 
trine and  polity  are  in  general  agreement  with 
the  FreewiU  Baptists.  Among  them  are  sev- 
eral associations  of  General  Baptists  in  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  some  a4Joining 
States,  numbering  several  thousand  members, 
in  support  of  whose  doctrines  and  polity  a 
weekly  paper  is  published  at  Oakland,  Ind.  A 
body  called  the  Southern  Baptist  Association 
held  its  first  session  at  Friendship  Church, 
Wayne  County,  N.  C,  in  September,  1877,  and 
represented  66  churches,  68  ministers,  and 
8,108  members.  Corresponding  bodies  in  Geor- 
gia, South  Carolina,  ana  Tennessee,  with  more 
than  50  ministers  and  churches  and  2,000  mem- 
bers, are  mentioned  in  its  report.  The  ^^  Baptist 
Review,"  La  Grange,  N.  C,  is  the  perioaical 
organ  of  these  people.    The  Freewill  Baptist 


BAPTISTS.  49 

tlnirdiesiiiTenneaRee,  Arkaii8iw,Georgi^Mi8-  were  granted  admisBion  to  tLe  Conference; 

fifiappi,  and  Texas,  agreeing  with  tibia  cnnrch  among  them,  one  at  Haarlem,  Holland.    The 

is  doctrine  bat  having  no  organic  connection  Execntive  Board  of  the  Sabbath-school  de- 

«ritb  it,  camber  several  thousand  members.  It  partment  reported  that  the  total  nnmber  of 

Is  thooght  that  the  total  number  of  members  Sabbath  schools  in  the  Ohnrch  was  84,  and 

uf  these  oatside  bodies  will  not  fall  far  short  the  total  number  of  members  in  the  Sabbath 

of  25,000.    The  list  of  Freewill  Baptist  insti-  schools  was  7,018.    The  trustees  of  the  Sev- 

tatioQs  of  learning  for  1878  includes  the  fol-  enth-Day  Baptist  Memorial  Fand  reported  that 

loving  colleges  and  schools  :  Bates  College,  no  change  had  taken  place  in  the  amount  and 

Ltfwiston,  Me. — Rev.  Oren  B.  Cheney,  D.  D.,  condition  of  the  fund,  but  that  its  income  had 

President;  Hillsdale  College,  Hillsdale,  Mich. —  been  reduced  in  cousequence  of  the  shrinkage 

KtY.p.  W.  0.  Dnrgin^  D.  D.,  President ;  West  of  rental  values,  in  which  all  property  suffered. 

VirginiaCollege,nemington,  W.  Va. — ^Rev.  W.  A  paper  was  read,  which  had  been  prepared 

Caltgrove,  A.  M.,  President;  Ridge viUe  Col-  by  the  order  of  a  previous  Conference,  on 

itff,  Bidgeville,  Ind.— Rev.  S.  D.  Bates,  A.  M.,  "  The  Difference  between  the  Seventh-Day  Bap- 

Preadent;  Storer  College,  Harper's  Ferry,  W.  tists  and  the  Seventh-Day  Adventists."    The 

Tl  (noraial  and   academic   departments   in  principal  points  of  difference  were  shown  to 

operation) ;  Rio  Grande  College,  Rio  Grande,  be  relative  to  the  spiritual  nature  of  man,  on 

Ohio;  Nichol's  Latin  School,  Lewiston,  Me.;  which  the  doctrine  of  the  Seventh-Day  Bap- 

Xev  Hampton  Institution,  New  Hampton^,  tists  is  more  clearly  in  accord  with  that  of  the 

H. ;  Austin  Academy,  Center  Stafford^  N.  H. ;  so-called  orthodox  churches  than  that  of  the 

VMtestownSeminaryjWhitestownjN.Y.;  Pike  Seventh-Day  Adventists,  aud  on  the  nature  of 

Semiiwry,  Pike,  Wyoming  County,  N.Y,;Roch-  the  final  retribution  of  the  sinner.    The  sub- 

e^ter  Seminary,  Rochester,  Wis. ;  Wilton  CoUe-  ject  of  prepariog  an  expositiou  of  the  priuciples 

fMk  Institute,  Wilton,  Iowa ;  Maine  Central  of  the  denomination,  which  was  standing  over 

Iffititate,  Pittsfield,  Me. ;  Lyndon  Literary  and  on  a  minority  report  made  to  the  previous  Gen- 

Biblicid  Institute,  Lyndon  Center,  Yt. ;  Ran-  eral  Conference,  was  referred,  with  the  report, 

(UD  Academy,  Berlin,  Ohio ;  Green  Mountain  to  a  committee,  who  were  instructed  to  report 

Setninary,  Waterbury  Center,  Yt. ;   Lapham  upon  it  to  the  next  Conference.    Resolutions 

Institute,  North  Soituate,  R.  I.  were  adopted  asserting  the  importance  of  main- 

The  "  Morning  Star,''  weekly,  the  '*  Little  taining  unity  of  faith  and  Christian  codpera- 

Sttf^^and^^The  Myrtle,"  Sunday-school  papers,  tion,  and  of  yarding  against  every  tendency 

"  Ussoo  Papers  for  Sunday  Schools,"  and  a  va-  to  disintegration  among  the  churches  of  the 

n«!j  of  denominational  books,  are  published  denomination,  which  were  described  as  widely 

&t  the  printing  establishment  in  Dover,  K.  H.  scattered  throughout  the  United  States,  Great 

The  anniversary  meetings  of  the  benevolent  Britdn,  Holland,  and  "  thus  constantly  brought 

^tties  of  the  dinrch  were  held  at  Lyndon  into  contact  with  various  forms  of  religious 

C^fiter,  y  t,  in  the  first  week  of  October.    The  error  and  skepticism" ;  and  declaring  that  the 

noeipts  and  ezpenditores  of  the  Foreign  Mis-  Church  is  the  only  organization  through  which 

^mj  Society  nad  been  each  $18,845.98,  and  all  moral  and  religious  reforms  should  be  car- 

titenetiDdebtednessof  the  Society  was  $5,020,  ried  on,  and  that  the  Sabbath  reform,  ''both 

^^  $1,026  leas  than  the  amount  reported  at  in  respect  to  the  day  and  the  manner  of  obser- 

t»e  previous  anniversary.    The  sum  of  $26,820  vance,  is  one  of  the  most  important  reforms  of 

Lid  been  subscribed  for  the  foundation  of  a  the  age." 

BibHcal  school  in  connection  with  the  mission  The  annual  meetings  of  the  Missionary, 

ia  India,  of  which  $25,000  had  been  secured  Tract,  and  Education  Societies  were  held  in 

^7  pajment  and  interest-bearing  notes.    The  connection  with  the  meeting  of  the  Confer- 

^bool,  it  was  expected,  would  be  opened  in  ence.    The  Missionary  Society  had  to  consider 

^K  1B79.    Four  missionaries  had  sailed  for  a  proposition  for  the  transfer  of  its  work  to 

ti;eir  field  of  labor  in  October,  1877,  two  of  the  General  Conference.  A  report  was  adopted, 

vhoQ  hud  been  sent  by  the  women  of  Rhode  declaring  the  full  transfer  inexpedient,  but 

'^d  and  New  Brunswick.  The  total  receipts  recogniziDg  that  a  change  in  its  Constitution, 

<^  :be  Woman^s  IGssionary  Society  had  been  whidi  would  make  all  the  members  of  the  Con- 

t-V!;9fi,  and  its  expenditures  $8,671.     Many  ference  members  of  the  Missionary  Society,  was 

If  V  auxiliaries  and  bands  had  been  organized,  desirable.    An  amendment  to  the  Constitution 

^d  a  genenJ  agent  of  the  Society  reported  was  proposed,  under  the  operation  of  which 

'i-A  forty -three  such  associations  had  been  or-  the  members  of  the  Society  shall  consist  of  the 

Ti^ed  under  her  direction.     The  sum  of  delegates  to  the  General  Conference  in  Confer- 

ti,460  bad  been  contributed  for  the  school  at  ence  assembled,  together  with  all  other  persons 

^^fi  Ferry,  W.  Va.  who  have  become  life  members  by  the  payment 

UL   The    Sbyictth-Dat   Baptuts. — The  of  $25.    The  Missionary  Board  was  instructed 


^fBU-2>ay  Baptist  Oeneral  Conference  met  to  continue  its  efforts  to  secure  a  laborer  for 

^  it«  Bxty-fourth  annual  session  at  Plainfield.  the  mission  in  China,  which  has  been  for  a  long 

•VJ^  September  25th.    Elder  W.  C.  Whitford  time  without  a  missionary,  and  send  him  to 

P^ed.  YiSXj'two  churches  were  represented  that  field  as  soon  as  practicable.    The  proceed- 

^7  letter,  and  three  churches  applied  for  and  ings  of  the  meeting  of  the  Tract  Society  showed 

Voii.  xvuL— 4    A 


50  BAPTISTS. 

that,  by  the  inflaence  of  its  publications,  a  inittee  on  the  State  of  Religion  reported  that 

oharcli  of  thirty-one  members  had  been  tormed  revivals  of  religion  among  tne  churches  of  the 

in  Scotland  within  a  year  and  a  half,  having  dilferent  elder^ips  had  been  very  general,  aod 

an  efficient  pastor,  and  publishing  a  weekly  that  numerous  additions  to  the  Church  had 

paper.  been  made,  particularly  in  West  Ohio.    The 

The  Treasurer  of  the  Education  Society  made  Board  of  Missions  was  urged  to  u»e  every 
a  final  report  of  the  financial  transactions  of  effort  to  establish  missions  in  the  Western  and 
the  Society  from  its  organization  in  1865  to  Southern  States,  as  well  as  in  the  Territories. 
September,  1878.  The  accounts  of  the  endow-  A  resolution  was  passed  advising  the  estab- 
ment  fund  amounted  to  a  total  of  $44,683,  and  liahment  of  missions  in  foreign  lands  as  soon 
those  of  the  general  fund  to  $41,172,  the  lat-  as  possible,  and  approving  steps  whicti  had 
ter  Bam  being  made  up  chiefly  of  interest  on  been  taken  by  the  East  Pennsylvania  Eldership 
endowment  notes  and  on  mortgages  and  bonds,  toward  beginning  a  mission  in  India.  A  Board 
The  property  of  Milton  College,  Milton,  Wis.,  of  Foreign  Missions  was  organized,  with  which 
was  estimated  to  be  worth  $36,879 ;  its  receipts  the  several  annual  elderships  were  directed  to 
for  the  year  had  been  $3,949,  and  its  expendi-  codperate,  with  a  view  of  establishing  a  mis- 
tures  $3,946,  and  its  indebtedness  was  $7,716.-  sion  in  that  country.  The  Eldership  declared 
66.  The  school  has  divided  into  preparatory  by  resolution  that  a  school  was  required  for 
and  collegiate  departments,  and  has  three  the  education  of  the  ministers  and  people,  to 
courses  of  study,  classical,  scientific,  and  teach-  be  under  the  control  of  the  Church ;  and  propo- 
ers\  The  number  of  students  in  both  depart-  sitions  from  Ridgeville  College,  Indiana,  and 
ments  during  the  past  collegiate  year  had  been  Mount  Pleasant  Institute,  Pennsylvania,  were 
226.  The  endowment  fund  of  Alfred  Univer-  considered  favorably.  A  resolution  was  adopted 
sity,  Alfred  Center,  N.  T.,  was  $96,401 ;  the  affirming  the  belief  that  the  washing  of  the 
grounds,  buildings,  library,  cabinets,  and  ap-  saints*  feet  is  an  ordinance  instituted  by  Christ 
paratus  fund  of  the  institution  were  valued  at  and  advising  all  the  ministers  to  teach  and  all 
$130,003 ;  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  the  churches  to  practice  it.  The  practice  of  feet- 
institution  from  its  foundation  in  1836  to  the  washing  before  the  celebration  of  the  Lord^a 
present  time  had  been  $228,286  each ;  and  the  Supper  was  especially  insisted  upon.  Measures 
revenue  and  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  '^  Teacher's 
July  8,  1878,  had  been  $9,616  each.  Nineteen  Manual"  and  '* Lesson  Leaves"  for  Sunday 
teachers  were  employed  in  the  university ;  the  schools.  The  introduction  of  temperance  or- 
whole  number  of  students  enrolled  during  the  ganizations  into  Sunday  schools  was  recom- 
collegiate  year  was  416 ;  and  the  whole  num-  mended.  It  was  resolved  to  celebrate  the  year 
her  of  students  who  had  pursued  for  four  1880  as  the  serai-centennial  of  the  existence  of 
months  or  more  during  the  year  classical  stud-  the  Church  as  an  organized  body ;  and  a  com- 
ics or  the  higher  branches  of  English  educa-  mittee  was  appointed  to  make  all  the  necessary 
tion,  or  both,  was  1 18.  arrangements  for  carrying  the  resolution  into 

IV.  Chuboh  op  God. — ^The  number  of  mem-  effect, 
hers  of  this  Church  in  the  United  States  is  es-  V.  MENNONrrra.— The  sixteenth  annual  Con- 
timated  by  the  Secretary  of  its  Board  of  Mis-  ference  of  the  Amish  Mennonites  was  held  at 
Bions  to  be  about  30,000.  The  twelfth  trien-  Eureka,  111.,  in  June.  Forty -two  delegates 
nial  meeting  of  the  General  Blder$Mp  of  the  were  present,  of  whom  four  were  from  Ohio, 
Church  of  God  in  North  America  was  held  at  two  from  Indiana,  two  from  Iowa,  thirty-two 
Syracuse,  Ind.,  beginning  May  29th.  Elder  from  Illinois,  and  one  each  from  Pennsylvania 
0.  H.  Forney  was  chosen  Speaker.  The  Board  and  Nebraska.  There  was  also  an  attendance 
of  Missions  reported  that  eight  missionaries  had  of  several  hundred  members  of  the  churches 
been  employed  during  the  past  three  years,  as  visitors.  Elder  J.  K.  Yoder,  of  Ohio,  was 
whose  assignments,  modifiea  at  the  several  chosen  chairman  of  the  Conference.  The  pro- 
meetings  of  the  Board,  had  been  principally  ceedings  consisted  chiefly  of  devotional  exer- 
in  the  States  of  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Missouri,  oises  and  addresses.  The  principal  business 
and  Michigan.  The  organization  of  the  Church  considered  was  the  adoption  of  measures  to 
had  also  been  introduced  into  England,  at  Al-  prevent  the  Conference  from  being  disturbed 
vingham,  through  the  agency  of  Elder  John  by  the  intrusion  of  petty  cases  of  discipline 
P.  Coulan.  The  General  Book  Agent  reported  and  difference  which  ought  to  be  settled  else- 
that  his  receipts  during  the  three  years  had  where.  The  Conference  decided  that  no  cases 
been  $9,160,  and  his  expenditures  $4,462.  The  should  be  admitted  before  it  till  after  efforts 
publications  issued  during  his  term  included,  had  been  made  to  settle  them  in  the  local 
besides  the  '*  Journal"  of  the  General  Elder  church,  or  by  special  tribunals  constituted 
ship,  tracts  on  the  subjects  of  feet-washing,  from  the  neighboring  churches,  and  failed, 
baptism,  and  the  Churcn  of  God,  the  Const!-  The  Amish  originated  in  Germany  in  the 
tution  of  the  General  Eldership,  and  a  sermon  seventeenth  century,  and,  adhering  to  the 
by  the  late  Elder  Winebrenner  on  baptism,  Mennonite  Confession  of  Faith,  differ  but  little 
which  was  preached  in  1842.  A  reprint  of  from  the  regular  Mennonites.  Their  preachers 
Elder  Winebrenner^s  "Treatise  on  Regenera-  are  not  men  of  learning,  but  are  chosen  from 
tion"  was  in  course  of  publication.    The  Com-  among  the  membership  by  a  vote  of  the  peo- 


BAPTISTS. 


51 


pie,  or  in  esMs  where  tbere  is  a  tie,  or  the 
mijoritj  for  the  person  receiving  the  highest 
Domber  of  votes  is  only  one,  by  lot ;  and  they 
receire  no  salaries.    The  Lord^s  Sapper  is  ad- 
Dioistered  twice  a  year.    Besides  this,  bap- 
tum,  feet-washing,  and  the  holy  kiss  are  re- 
garded as  ordinances   of  eqoid  importance. 
Ther  take  but  little  part  in  civil  affairs,  only 
oocaaonally  voting  at  elections  for  school  offi- 
cers, are  censdentionsly  opposed  to  military 
terrioe,  and  have  no  denominational  schools 
orcbarch  paper,  depending  npon  the  public 
Khook  for  the  education  of  their  children  and 
Bpoo  the  Mennonites  for  their  literature.    The 
Chorch  pays  the  debts  of  those  who  are  un- 
fortonate  and  become  insolvent^  and  excludes 
those  who  can  pay  their  debts  and  will  not ; 
ud  members  are  advised  to  consult  the  Church 
before  embarking  in  any  new  enterprise.    The 
older  members  are  distingaished  by  certain 
pecoHarities  of  costume,  such  as  wearing  hooks 
and  eyes  instead  of  buttons,  whence  the  sect 
has  been  called  **tbe   Hookers";    but   tiie 
younger  members  are  beginning  to  conform 
to  the  customs  of  the  world. 

VL  Tax  BsBTHBKN,  OB  TuincBBs. — The  an- 
imal Cooncil  of  ne  Brethren^  commonly 
called  German  Bi4>tists,  or  Tunkers,  met  at 
North  Manchester,  Ind.,  during  Whitsun-week. 
Enoch  £beg  was  chosen  Moderator.  An  or- 
ganization for  the  promotion  of  home  missions, 
called  the  Ohurch  Extension  Union,  had  been 
formed  in  the  previous  year,  the  plan  and 
management  of  which,  in  that  it  contemplated 
salaried  officers,  were  a  deviation  from  the 
Mtabliahed  usages  of  the  brotherhood.  Sev- 
eral petitions  were  presented,  asking  the  Ooun- 
(il  to  account  for  the  departure.  As  the 
Union  was  an  acknowledged  innovation,  and 
conld  not  be  shown  to  be  consistent  with  any 
precedents  in  the  Society,  there  seemed  no 
vaj  of  answering  the  petitions  except  bv  dis- 
lolring  it.  It  was  accordingly  dissolved,  but 
a  new  organization  was  immediately  formed, 
Qnder  another  name,  with  the  same  objects. 
It  was  claimed  in  jnstification  of  this  course, 
tUt  the  Brethren,  professing  to  have  the 
primitive  and  apostolic  form  of  Christianity, 
vere  under  obligation  to  spread  it;  and  it 
vas  stated  that  more  than  one  hundred  calls 
for  tesrhers  had  been  received  from  aU  parts 
of  the  United  States,  and  even  from  England 
Qd  Switzerland,  and  tbere  was  no  other  effeo- 
tire  way  of  answering  them.  The  question  of 
tbe  validity  of  **  tub  baptism,"  or  baptism  in 
the  boose  in  exceptional  cases  of  extreme  sick- 
&««,  instead  of  taking  the  candidate  to  the 
"(ream,  was  brought  up ;  but  the  Council,  al- 
tboQ^  t  general  sentiment  of  disapproval  was 
cipreased  against  it,  declined  to  condemn  it  as 
vhhoot  anthority  of  the  Scriptures.  The  use 
of  ^  fine  and  fancy  carpets "  was  condemned 
M  tending  to  pride  and  elevation.  Condem- 
ution  was  voted  against  the  practices  of  min- 
isters going  about  persuading  people  to  join 
th«  Church,  and  telling  them  that  they  need 


not  observe  the  order  of  the  Brethren  in  re- 
gard to  apparel;  against  administrators  of 
communion  who  fail  to  conform  to  the  order 
in  respect  to  dress  and  the  hair ;  and  against 
expensive  feasting  at  funerals. 

Vll.  Baptists  in  ths  Bbitish  MAKima 
Pbovinokb. — ^The  BaptUt  Convention  of  Nova 
Scotia^  New  Brunnoiek^  and  Prince  Mward^i 
liland  met  at  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  August 
17th.  The  Rev.  S.  W.  De  Blois  was  chosen 
President.  The  statistical  report  gave  the 
number  of  churches  as  852,  with  84,460  mem- 
bers. Three  new  churches  had  been  consti- 
tuted, three  ministers  ordained,  six  houses  of 
worship  opened,  and  1,786  persons  baptized 
during  the  year.  The  endowment  fund  of 
Acadia  College  amounted  to  $88,868,  of  which 
$81,600  consisted  of  notes  of  hand  and  pledges. 
The  most  important  business  transacted  was 
the  adoption  of  the  report  of  a  committee 
which  had  been  appointed  in  the  previous 
year  concerning  the  subject  of  placing  the 
home  mission  work  in  uie  three  provinces 
under  the  control  of  the  Convention.  The 
committee  presented  a  plan  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  of  thirteen  persons  to 
take  charge  of  this  work  as  soon  as  the  legal 
obstacles  to  the  making  of  the  change  can  be 
removed.  The  Home  Mission  Board  of  Nova 
Scotia  had  already  approved  the  principle  of 
the  new  arrangement,  but  it  stiQ  awaited  the 
ratification  of  the  Convention  of  New  Brnns- 
wick.  A  foreign  mission  is  maintained  by  the 
Convention  among  the  Telugus  of  India. 

y III.  RaouLAB  Baptists  nr  Gbbat  Bbitain. 
—The  "Baptist  Hand  Book"  of  the  Baptast 
Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  for  1878 

gives  statistics  of  the  Baptist  churches  of  Great 
ritain  and  other  foreign  countries,  of  which 
the  following  are  summaries : 


OOUITTBIES. 


£ii|Fluid. •.. 

WalM 

Bootlflod 

IrelMid 

Total  for  th«  United  King- 
dom   

Eiirop«(DenmM^.  Finland, 
FranQe.Q«nnan7jOre6oe, 
HoUand,  Italy,  Norway, 
Poland,  RoMla,  Spain, 
Bwed^8wiuerland,Tiir- 
key) 

Aala  (AMam,  Bnnnab,  Oej- 
km,  China,  India,  Japan, 
Falntlne,  Biam) 

AfHca  (Gape  Colony,  Port 
Katal,  Watt  Africa,  Bt 
Hdena) 

America  and  the  West  In 
dlea    (ezdosiTe    of   the 
United  Btotea) 

Anatralaala 

Total 

Add  for  the  United  Statea. 


CUROM* 

Futon  or 
ulfiSosaitik. 

1,964 

547 

90 

29 

1,886 

S44 

76 

21 

2,620 

1,886 

489 

814 

608 

160 

82 

16 

860 
181 

662 
74 

4,576 
22,924 

2,941 
18,799 

27,499 

16,740 

196,199 

64,188 

9,096 

1^868 


269,886 


86,470 


27,188 


1,126 


88,m 

6,866 

428,006 
1,982,886 

2360^ 


Number  of  Sunday 
Kingdom,  870,820; 


scholars  in  the  United 
in  France,  866 ;  in  Ger- 


52  BAFTISTS. 

manj^  4,917;  in  Denmark,  547;  in  Holland,  proving  the  meaaore  by  which  the  Baptisi 

745 ;  in  Poland,  505 ;  in  Rossia,  282  ;  in  Tur-  Home  Mission  had  become  connected  with  the 

key,  108 ;  in  Sweden,  17,883 ;  in  Port  Natal,  Baptist  Union,  urging  the  churches  to  make 

172 ;  in  St.  Helena,  250 ;  in  the  West  Indies,  annual  collections  for  the  Mission,  recommend- 

15,106.    The  Baptist  Union  of  (Germany,  Den-  ing  the  associations  each  to  appoint  a  repre- 

mark,  Holland,  Switzerland,  Poland,  Russia,  sentative  on  the  coounittee,  and  advising  that 

Turkey,  and  Africa  employs  200  missionaries  special  efforts  be  made  to  raise  its  income  to 

and   colporteurs.     The   Swedish   Missionary  j£lO,000  a  year. 

Union  employs  68  missionaries  at  stations  in  The  receipts  of  the  BaptUt  Mistumary  So- 
Sweden.  The  Swedish  Baptists  have  a  build-  eiety  for  the  year  ending  with  the  aimiversary, 
ing  fund  of  £280  for  furnishing  loans  for  the  May  Ist,  were  £50,069,  and  the  expenditures 
building  of  plain  houses  of  worship,  a  poor  during  the  same  period  were  £87,873.  Favor- 
fund,  and  the  Bethel  Theological  Seminary  for  able  reports  were  made  of  the  progress  of  the 
the  instruction  of  ministers,  which  in  1877  had  missions  in  France  and  Italy.  Opposition  had 
21  students.  Serampore  College,  India,  under  been  manifested  to  the  work  of  the  Society  in 
the  control  of  the  (English)  Baptist  Missionary  Norway. 

Society,  had  800  pupils.  Besides  their  general  The  BaptUt  Zenana  Miuion  reported  at  its 
missionary  and  other  societies,  of  which  notices  anniversary,  May  8d,  that  it  employed  about 
are  given  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopedia "  from  twenty  lady  visitors  and  about  thirty-six  na- 
year  to  year,  the  Baptists  of  Great  Britain  bus-  tive  teachers  and  Bible  women  at  various  im- 
tain  the  Ohina  Inland  Mission,  with  157  labor-  portant  points  in  India.  It  had  received  dur- 
ers,  and  the  Palestine  Mission,  established  in  mg  the  year  £2.772  for  general  purposes,  and 
1870,  which  reports  two  missionaries  at  Nab-  £1,205  for  the  nomes  which  it  was  intended 
Ins,  with  three  baptized  converts,  upward  of  to  build  for  the  lady  worlcers  in  India. 
80  children  in  the  schools,  and  about  80  attend-  The  Baptut  Home  and  IrUh  Mieeion  Society 
ants  at  the  mothers'  meetings.  They  have  also  reported  at  its  anniversary  in  May  that  it  con- 
numerous  general  and  loou  societies  for  the  ducted  in  Ireland  17  principal  stations  and  211 
aid  and  relief  of  ministers  and  the  care  of  the  sub-stations,  at  which  21.  missionaries  and 
widows  and  children  of  ministers,  and  a  Bap-  other  persons  were  employed,  and  the  average 
tist  Tract  Society,  having  for  its  object  *'to  attendance  was  6,000  hearers.  In  England, 
disseminate  the  truths  of  the  Gospel  by  means  the  Society  supported  25  churches,  and  indi- 
of  small  treatises  or  tracts,  in  accordance  with  rectly  supported  28  other  churches,  which 
our  views  as  Oalvinists  and  Strict  Communion  were  attended  by  an  average  of  7,500  hearers, 
Baptists,''  the  income  of  which  for  1876  was  and  with  which  were  connected  2,856  mem« 
£1,469.  hers  and  3,088  Sunday-school  scholars.    The 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Baptiet  Union  cost  of  the  operations  of  the  Society  for  the 

of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  held  in  year  in  England  and  Ireland  had  been  £5,215. 

London  April  29th.     The   statistical   tables  The  Bible  Tranelation  Society  during  the 

showed  that  1,825  pastors,  8,881  evangelists,  year  ending  in  May,  1878,  issued  28,470  copies 

270,000  members,  and  870,000  Sunday-school  of  the  Scriptures.    Its  receipts  for  the  year 

scholars  were  connected  with  the  churches  were  £2,098.    It  is  translating  and  distributing 

represented  in  the  Union.    An  increase  was  the  Scriptures  in  various  tongues,  particularly 

shown  in  all  important  particulars.    Two  new  in  the  languages  and  dialects  of  India.    Of 

associations  had  been  formed  for  home  mis-  the  translations  now  in  hand,  those  into  the 

sionary  work.  languages  of  Japan  and  Orissa  were  nearest 

The  autumnal  meetings  of  the  Union  were  conmletion. 

held  at  Leeds,  b^^ning  October  9th.    The  IX.  Geksbal  Baptists. — ^The  one  hundred 

first  day's  session  was  devoted  to  the  subject  and  ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Association 

of  missions,  and  a  paper  was  read  by  one  of  of  General  Baptists  was  held  in  London,  June 

the  secretaries  of  the  Society  comparing  the  17th.    The  Rev.   Thomas    Goadby  presided, 

condition  of  its  missions  in  1848  with  the  con-  The  statistical  reports  showed  that  the  total 

dition  in  1878.    It  showed  that  in  1848  the  number  of  members  in  the  churches  connected 

total  number  of  European  missionaries  wholly  with  the  Association  was  24,948,  with  179  sep- 

supported  by  the  Society  was  58,  and  that  their  arate  churches,  109  pastors,  884  local  preachers, 

labors  were  supplemented  by  those  of   169  and  4,515  teachers  m  Snndav  schools.    There 

native  teachers  and  preachers.    In  1878  the  had  been  1,175  members  added  by  baptism, 

Societjf  employed  the  same  number  of  mis-  and  the  net  increase  of  members  during  tho 

sionanes,  58,  that  it  had  supported  thirty  years  year  was  about  250. 

before;  but  the  native  force  consisted  of  199  The  annual  meetings  of  the  Baptist  Union 

missionaries  and  evangelists,  with  611  unpaid  of  Scotland  were  held  at  Edinburgh  about  the 

Sunday-school  teachers  and  helpers.    The  con-  first  of  November.    The  Union  had  just  en- 

tributions  in  1848  were  £21,876;  in  1878,  £42,-  tered  upon  its  second  decade,  and  a  review 

254,  special  funds  being  excluded  in  both  cases,  of  its  history  showed  that,  while  it  began 

The  report  of  the  Home  and  Irish  Mission  with  50  churches  and  8,850  members,  it  had 

showed  that  during  six  months  the  Mission  had  grown  to  coneist  of  81  churches  and  8,168 

«pent  £2,680.    A  resolution  was  adopted  ap-  members,  with  7,670  pupils  in  the  Sunday 


BAfiAGUAY  D'HULIERS,  AOHTLLE.  BEEOHER,  CATHERINE  E.  63 

schools.    The  XTnion  liad  daring  the  year  bnilt  trio  corrents  by  the  operations  of  the  animal 

U  oew  chapels,  giving  accommodation  to  10,-  economy,  dins  giving  confirmation  to  the  theory 

000  persona,  at  a  cost  of  £59,485.    One  thou-  proposed  by  himself,  that  all  chemical  actions 

Find  pounds  had  been  raised  daring  the  year  develop  electric  currents.    Farther,  he  deter- 

for  the  beneficiary  fond ;  the  ministers*  provi-  mined  the  electric  conductivity  of  sundry  ele- 

dent  food  had  a  capital  of  nearly  £3,000 ;  and  ments  and   compounds.     But   the  discovery 

a  ehspel  debt  and  building  fund  was  about  to  which  constitutes  his  strongest  claim  to  rank 

be  started  with  a  capital  of  £4,000.    The  in-  as  a  benefactor  of  mankind  is,  perhaps,  that  of 

come  of  the  general  fund  was  £528,  of  the  the  deposition  of  metal  on  the  negative  elec- 

benefici&ryfund  £375,  of  the  educational  fund  trode,  when  the  two  poles  of  a  battery  are  in- 

£464,  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society  £1,647.  trodnced  into  solutions  of  various  metallic  salts. 

The  Edacational  Committee  had  13  students  This  observation  he  made  in  1834,  and  shortly 

00  its  rolls,  and  the  Home  Missionary  So-  after  he  discovered  that  by  using  feeble  cur- 
dety  returned  21  missionaries,  141  mission  rents  the  metal  could  be  deposited  very  evenly 
mtioDS,  1,720  members,  and  contributions  on  the  surface  of  the  electrode,  and  that  the 
from  the  mission  churches  of  £1,000.  two  solutions  required  for  the  purpose  could 

BAfiAGUAT  D'HILLIERS,  Count  Aohille.  be  kept  from  mingling  by  interposing  between 

1  French  general,  bom  September  6, 1795,  died  them  an  animal  membrane  without  hindering 
Jone  6, 1878.  He  took  part  in  the  campaign  the  current.  In  1840  De  la  Rive  made  prac- 
of  1812,  and  in  the  Spanish  and  Algerian  cam-  tical  application  of  this  discovery  for  the  par- 
paignsw  He  became  lieutenant-general  and  pose  of  gold-plating;  thus  the  important  art 
eonunandant  of  Constantine  in  1843,  but  was  of  electro-plasty  had  for  its  real  author  this 
superseded  in  the  following  year.  In  the  Con-  indefatigable  investigator.  He  continued  to 
rtitneDt  Assembly  of  1848,  of  which  he  was  a  pursue  his  researches  in  eleetricity  down  to 
m«aber,  he  nsnally  voted  with  the  Right.  He  the  day  of  his  death,  but  there  is  not  room 
was  pkced  in  command  of  the  army  sent  here  even  for  a  bare  list  of  his  discoveries, 
igsmst  the  Roman  Republic,  and  in  1851  sue-  Becquerel  composed  numerous  treatises  on  phys- 
ceeded  Changarnier  as  commandant  of  Paris,  ical  science,  chiefiy,  of  course,  on  electricity  and 
bot  rengned  six  months  afterward.  In  1854  magnetism ;  among  them  may  be  named  his 
he  commanded  the  Baltic  expedition,  and  the  '*  Experimental  Treatise  on  Electricity,"  etc. 
esptore  of  Bomarsund  made  him  a  Marshid  (7  vols.) ;  '^  Elements  of  Electro-Chemistry/' 
and  Senator.  He  also  distinguished  himself  "  Terrestrial  Physics  and  Meteorology,"  "  His- 
u  the  battle  of  Solferino  in  1859.  In  July,  tory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  and  many 
1970,  he  again  became  commandant  of  Paris,  others.  He  was  for  fifty  years  a  member  of 
bat  resigned  on  the  formation  of  the  Palikao  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences ;  was  a  corre- 
Cabinet  After  the  conclusion  of  peace  he  pre-  sponding  member  of  the  London  Royal  Society, 
sided  over  the  inquiry  into  the  numerous  ca-  and  honored  with  the  Copley  medal.  He  leaves 
pitnktions,  and  in  1872  over  the  court-mar-  a  son  who  inherits  his  father^s  eminent  gifts. 
^  which  sentenced  General  Cramer  to  one  BEECHER,  Cathebine  Estheb,  died  May 
month's  imprisonment.  12,  1878,  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  where  she  had  be^n 

BECQUEREL,  Aktoins  CfisAS,  physicist,  living  with  her  brother,  the  Rev.  Thomas  E. 

died  in  Paris,  January  18, 1878.    He  was  bom  Beecher.  She  was  bom  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I., 

March  8,  178S;  made  a  full  course  of  study  in  September  6,  1800,  and  was  the  eldest  child  of 

the  Paris  Polytechnic  School;  in  1808  was  the  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher.    The  death  of  her 

attached  to  the  engineer  corps  of  the  imperial  mother,  when  Catherine  was  about  sixteen 

arsiT;  served  with   distinction  through  the  years  of  age,  brought  upon  the  latter  domestic 

entire  Spanish  campaign ;  In  1812  was  pro-  responsibilities  which  lasted  until  her  father's 

BH)ted  to  a  captaincy  in  his  corps,  and  deco-  second  marriage,  about  two  years  later.    Soon 

nted  with  the  cross  of  a  chevalier  of  the  Le-  afterwfu^  she  was  betrothed  to  Professor  Fish- 

ron  of  Honor.    In  1815,  on  the  downfall  of  er  of  Tale  College,  whose  death  by  shipwreck 

Boaaparte,  he  resigned  from  the  army,  to  de-  off  the  coast  of  Ireland  while  on  a  voyage  to 

T9te  himself  to  chemical  and  physical  research,  Europe  so  affected  her  that  she  remained  un- 

and  became  an  instrootor  in  the  Paris  Museum  married  Uiroughout  life.    Her  brother,  Henry 

cf  5atura]  History.    He  succeeded  to  a  pro-  Ward  Beecher,  says  that  this  sad  event  nearly 

feiiorship  in  that  institution  in  1837,  which  destroyed  her  religious  faith.     In  1822  she 

pOQtion  he  continued  to  occupy  down  to  his  went  to  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  opened  a  school 

death.    His  chosen  field  of  research  was  eleo-  for  young  ladies,  which  was  continued  with 

trieity  and  magnetism,  and  with  these  two  marked  success  under  her  supervision  for  ten 

important  branches  of  physical  science  his  years.     During  this  time  she  also  prepared, 

iiame  Is  inseparably  linked.    His  experiments  primarily  for  use  in  her  own  school,  some  ele- 

m  thermo-electricity  resulted  in  the  formu-  mentary  books  in  arithmetic  and  mental  and. 

Uti<4i  of  the  thermo-electric  series,  bismuth,  moral  philosophy.  Her  sister,  Harriet  Beecher 

rlathom,  lead,  tin,  gold,  silver,  copper,  zinc,  Stowe,  was  her  assistant  in  the  Hartford  school. 

troB,  tnd  antimony.    With  the  aid  of  delicate  In  1882  Catherine  went  to  Cincinnati  with  her 

^^aratas  devised  by  himself,  he  was  enabled  father,  who  had  accepted  the  presidency  of 

to  demonstrate  the  development  of  faint  eleo-  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  ana  in  that  city 


54 


BELGIUM. 


she  opened  a  female  seminary,  which,  on  ao- 
connt  of  ill  health,  she  was  obUged  to  discon- 
tinne  after  two  years.  She  now  began  to  de- 
vote herself  to  the  development  of  an  extended 
plan  for  the  physical,  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral  edacation  of  women.  For  nearly  forty 
years  she  labored  perseveringly  in  this  work, 
organizing  societies  for  training  teachers  and 
sending  tnem  to  the  new  States  and  Territo- 
ries, and  constantly  using  her  pen  in  further- 
ance of  her  cherished  project.  "  Hundreds  of 
the  best  teachers  the  West  received,"  said  her 
brother,  *'  went  out  under  the  patronage  of  this 
system."  As  a  part  of  her  work  in  this  direc- 
tion, she  wrote  '* Domestic  Service,"  "Duty 
of  American  Women  to  their  Country,"  "  Do- 
mestic Receipt  Book,"  "  The  True  Remedy  for 
the  Wrongs  of  Woman,"  "Domestic  Economy," 
"  Letters  to  the  People  on  Health  and  Happi- 
ness," "  Physiology  and  Calisthenics,"  "  Reli- 
gous  Training  of  Children,"  "The  American 
Woman^s  Home,"  "  Common  Sense  applied  to 
Religion,"  and  "  Appeal  to  the  People,  as  the 
Authorized  Interpreters  of  the  Bible."  She 
also  prepared  the  memoirs  of  her  brother 
George  Beecher,  and  wrote  "Truth  Stranger 
than  Fiction."  She  left  several  unpublished 
manuscripts  and  an  autobiography  nearly  com- 
pleted. 

BELGIUM,  a  kingdom  of  Europe.  Leopold 
XL,  Ein^of  the  Belgians,  bom  April  9,  1836, 
is  the  son  of  King  Leopold  I.,  former  Duke  of 
Saze-Coburg,  and  ascended  the  throne  at  his 
death,  December  10,  1866.  He  was  married 
August  22,  1858,  to  Marie  Henriette,  daughter 
of  the  late  Archduke  Joseph  of  Austria  0>orn 
August  28,  1886),  who  has  borne  him  three 
daughters.  The  heir  apparent  to  the  throne 
is  the  brother  of  the  King,  Philip,  Count  of 
Flanders,  born  March  24, 1837,  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  Belgium,  who  was  married 
April  26,  1867,  to  Princess  Marie  of  Hohenzol- 
lern-Sigmaringen  (born  November  17,  1846), 
and  has  a  son,  Baldwin,  born  July  3,  1869. 

The  area  of  the  kingdom  is  11,878  square 
miles,  the  population  according  to  the  census 
of  December  31,  1876,  6,836.186.  The  follow- 
ing  table  exhibits  the  population  of  each  prov- 
ince, as  well  as  the  number  of  arrondissements 
and  communes  into  which  each  province  is 
divided : 


BroMeli 161,816 

Antwerp 16a650 

Ghent 127,658 

UAgt 115,851 

Brogea. 45,097 

HaUnea 89,029 

Verrtera 87,828 

Louvaln 88,917 

Tonraaj 82,145 

Itolanbeek  6t  Jean^    87,292 

The  movement  of  population  was  as  follows 
in  1876: 


IzeDea* tl,m 

b'^faaarbeek* 81477 

Namor i&m 

Coartnd WM 

Baint  Nioolaa. V^Vb 

Serming SitlS 

Mona 2M10 

Aloat Km 

Jomet 20;108 


PBOVINCXS. 

BZBTHB. 

DBATBa. 

MntefH. 

MdM. 

r«ml«. 

llalM. 

FaottlM. 

Antwen) 

Brabant 

FlandAn,EaaL 
**       Weet 

HainanH 

Lt^ge. 

Limbong. 

lAmmhaxg.., 

10,801 

16,992 

14,607 

11,886 

16,908 

10,686 

8,418 

8.087 

4,614 

9,966 

16.202 

18,816 

11,289 

14,577 

10,206 

8,242 

2,811 

4,429 

6,662 
11,888 
8,200 
10,854 
9.606 
6,911 
2301 
2,049 
2,901 

5,670 
10.984 
7,760 
9,805 
8.674 
6,256 
2,065 
1,994 
2,729 

'il84 
7,528 
5JN0 

4,8fl5 

7.ne 

4.718 
lvM» 

2,tl5 

Total... 

90,489 

86.476 

60,861 

66,926 

88,8S8 

From  the  census  tables  we  derive  the  foUoir- 
ing  facts :  The  number  of  boys  bom  for  100 
girls  was  104*6 ;  the  number  of  inhabitants  for 
one  birth,  80*6 ;  the  number  of  births  per  100 
deaths,  161*6 ;  and  the  number  of  inhabitant 
for  one  death,  46*3.  In  the  same  year  the  Dum- 
ber of  still-born  amounted  to  7,930, 4,497  males 
and  3,433  females,  and  the  number  of  divorces 
to  136.  Of  the  births,  164,848  were  legitimate 
and  12,667  illegitimate ,-  and  of  the  still-born, 
7,214  were  legitimate  and  716  illegitimate; 
making,  in  all,  171,662  legitimate  and  13,283 
illegitimate  births. 

Instruction  is  well  oared  for  in  all  grades. 
In  1876  there  were  6,866  primary  schools,  with 
669,192  pupils.  Schools  for  adults  have  been 
established  in  most  communes ;  their  number 
in  1876  was  2,616,  with  204,678  pupils.  The 
number  of  normal  schools  for  primary  teachers 
was,  in  1876,  31,  with  2,018  students,  of  wliich 
28  schools,  with  1,282  students*  were  for  fe- 
males. The  number  of  secondary  schools  iu 
1876-77  was  198,  with  17,881  pupils.  Sape- 
rior  instruction  is  imparted  in  the  two  state 
Universities  of  Ghent  and  Li6ge,  and  tlie  two 
free  Universities  of  Brussels  and  Lonvaui.  The 
number  of  students  in  each  of  these  in  187&- 
'77  was  as  follows : 


PROVINCES. 


Antwerp 

Brabant 

FlanderB,  East. 
West 

Hainanlt 

Li6ffe 

Llmbor^ 

Lozembarff.... 
£7amur , 

Total 


Nombwo/ 
■mmdiiM- 

M nmlMr  of 

OMOU. 

8 

152 

8 

841 

6 

296 

8 

250 

6 

486 

4 

886 

8 

206 

6 

20T 

8 

852 

41 

2,575 

Btatetk 


PttpalattoB  oa 
Dm.  si,  1611. 

6«8,851 


UNivxitsmEa 

Ghent 

Li6g» 6B0 

Brassels 616 

Loavaln 1,008 


868,458 
6S4,468 
956,854 
682,228 
205,287 
204,201 
815,796 


Total. 


2,566 


6,886,186 


The  number  of  students  in  the  special  schools 
connected  with  the  universities  was  as  follows : 

ntnvERsrrnES.  stai««L 

Ghent 275 

L!»Sge 881 

Brassels 106 

Loavain 206 


The  population  of  the  principal  towns  in 
1876  was  as  follows : 


Total. 


917 


*  Sabarba  of  BniBMlfl. 


The  recdpta  and  expenditares  for  1B7S 
L  Oi^iMijnaAptMi 

♦  TJi.  ■  "sloiaSia 

"oiTKedlofUiei. 

n  6f«tiii<«ipu M^i^i.aw 

Taulnu^U. S7S,IU^ 

I  Oi^teOT  apntdltnna ; 

I  PaMclabt. tLTOiTTl 

IDKHlaM 4.t«,I«) 

t  juitkc. \esn.KO 

L  rn^lOirm. ijeLMi 

iliHrtor 18,70,181 

-  —                                         .  si,»u,ra« 

.  ta,M63ot 

.  ItM&MT 

. l,«M,MB 

a  Ennonlliwr  opuidUana U,1S1.4S« 

..  tnMa,at 

..    IXfilOfiM 

Tba  pnblio  debt  at  the  close  of  1876  wan  as 

Mtows: 

Tig  BdniWirpw  cent*. IIV^MW.Cn 

rmiimivtthatnarrBat: 

lil(alia,«iiiT«luo«fl8M SM<4,18) 

•d  HTta.  nnllAM  of  IBM CT,4E8,O0a 

UHnadBaa) »l.tM.»M 

ukHriM(i^TBidieao) n,MS.4iM 

UHrtaa(l««n (H^ASl.wm 

UiatMIIMT.  l8«,ISI0,lBn) n^TS.WO 

r™iwo«t»(]8TI) W^HBtMO 

1lmpiTc>BU<l^n 188,08S.IWa 

Bm  pn  wit*  il$1t) I,4<».S8C 

FislD(deU .B.«..™,ii 

Total 

TbesUndingannj  uforraed  by  conscription, 
to  wbich  everj  able-bodied  man  who  has  com- 
pJd«dhi»nineteentb;earisliable.  SabBtitution 
u  lUowtd.  The  legal  term  of  service  i>  eight 
jan,  bnt  tiro  thirda  of  this  time  are  geoerdl; 
ipcDt  on  farloogh.  The  strength  of  the  armj 
it  to  be  100,000  men  on  the  war  footing,  and 
40,000  in  times  of  peaoe.  In  1876  the  arm; 
van  compoaed  aa  folloirs : 


000  francs,  the  exports  to  1,101,800,000  franca, 
and  the  transit  trade  to  1.006,800,000  tranoa. 
The  special  commerce  with  the  different  for- 
eign coantriea  in  I8TS  was  as  foUows,  in  franca: 


ooi.«™i. 

ImfM. 

IfiH^ 

100 
100 
M 

m 
mo 
100 
wo 

«o 

10.1M,IXI0 

inltttlooo 
m,s«s,ooo 

tl^l^^'^'^ 

?s 

"isa 

isIamIddo 

1*)T,10».000 

^ 

»UH» 

*WfT. 

^•rill. 

IubUi. 

iml. 

11 
at 

^S^'"'r 

'^Z 

4ejM 

«,e84 

The  dvie  militia,  or  national  guard,  nnmbers 
135.000  men  witbont,  and  400,000  with,  the 
rcwrre.  Ita  dutj  ia  to  preaerre  liberty  and  or- 
ifr  in  time*  of  peace,  and  the  iudependeiice  of 
tt«  ronntry  in  times  nf  war.  A  royal  decree, 
4tf«d  October  SO,  1874,  divided  the  kingdom 
iato  two  military  eircnrascriptjoas,  one  em- 
bracing the  provinces  of  Antwerp  and  West 
ind  Ewt  FUadets.  and  tbe  second  the  others. 

The  imporU  in  1876  amonnted  to  1,807,100,- 


The  commercial  navy  in  187S  ooosisted  of 
50  vessels,  ot  50,166  tons. 

Tbe  s^regate  length  of  railroads  in  opera- 
tion on  December  81,  1876,  was  8,BSe  kilome- 
tres (1  kilometre  =  0'6B  mile),  of  which  3,105 
kilometres  were  state  railroads  and  1,4B4  kilo- 
metres belonged  to  private  roads.  The  aggre- 
gate length  of  the  lines  of  electric  telegraph 
on  January  1,  1877,  was  S,08fl  roilea;  that  of 
wires,  S2,0S1;  the  nnmber  of  telegraph  offices, 
618;  tbe  nnmher  of  telegrams  sent  in  1876, 
8.910,687,  of  wbich  1,952,686  were  inland,  788,- 
298  foreign,  and  284,703  transit  dispatcher. 

In  March,  a  committee  appointed  for  that 

Snrpose  reported  to  the  Chamber  on  the  intro- 
nction  of  the  Flemiah  language  into  tbe  ad- 
ministrative affairs  of  the  country.  According 
to  this  report,  tiiere  ore  in  Belgium  2,266,860 

feople  who  speak  French,  2,66Q,6Q0  who  speak 
lemish,  88^70  who  speak  German,  840,770 
who  speak  French  and  Flemish,  22,700  who 
weak  French  and  German,  1,790  who  speak 
Flemish  and  German,  and  5,4S0  who  ppeas  all 
three  limgnagea.  From  this  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  inhabitants  who  do  not  anderstand  tbe  offi- 
cial language  of  the  country  are  in  a  major- 
ity, aud  for  that  reason  tbe  Committee  recom- 
mended that  the  Flemish  langaage  he  accorded 
e<|aa1  ri^ts  with  tbe  French.  The  report  of 
the  Committee  was  adopted  by  both  tbe  Cham- 
ber and  the  Benate. 

On  April  I2th  the  Chamber  paased,  b;  a  vote 
of  60  to  24,  a  bill  for  increasing  the  nnmher  of 
members  cd  the  Chambers  in  accordance  with 
tbe  increase  of  population.  The  original  bill 
fixing  the  additional  number  at  fourteen  depn- 
ties  and  Qve  senators  was  amended  in  conse- 
quence of  the  efforts  of  the  Left,  and,  after  a 
long  dlscnssion,  tbe  number  was  rednoed  to 
eight  deputies  and  fonr  eeuators.  The  ees^on 
of  the  Chambers  dosed  on  May  29tb. 

On  June  11th  the  elections  of  onehalfoftbe 
members  of  the  Senate  (thirty-one)  and  of  the 
Chamber  of  Bepresentativea  (uxty-two)  took 


arrondiBsemeiils  wbose  represeatation  has  been  Instruction;  M.  Bainctelette.  Mioieterof  Pub- 

Teoentij' increased  hod  to  elect  also  fonr  odili-  lie  Worka;    M.  Qrani,  Minuter  of  Finimce; 

tional  senators  and  eight  additional  members  U.  Rolin  Jacqnemefns,  Minister  uf  the  Id1«' 

of  the  Ohainber.     Till  now  the  proportion  of  rior;  and  Qeneral  R6nj|rd,  Minister  of  War. 
parties  was  in  the  Senate  thirtf-three  Catho-        An  extraordinarj  session  of  the  Chambcn 

lies  and  twentj-nine  Liberals,  and  ia  the  Cham-  was  opened  on  Jalj  28d.    M.  R<^er,  a  member 

ber  sixtf-eiKht  Catholics  and  fiftj-siz  Liberals,  of  the  Belgian  Congress  of  18S0,  was  eleclud 

The  result  of  the  election  was  a  complete  sur-  President  of  the  Chamber  pt  Gepresentativta. 

prise  to  every  one.    The  Liberal  part;  obtained  On  August  Tth  the  Chamber  adopted  a  bill  for 

a  majority  in  the  Chamber  of  ten  and  in  the  the  creation  of  a  Ministrj  of  Pabholnetraction. 
Senate  of  six.    In  the  arrondlssement  of  Ghent,         The  twenty-flith  year  alter  the  marriage  of 

the  defection  of  which  in  18T0  from  tlie  Lib-  the  King  and  Qaeen  was  celebrated  in  Brussels 

eral  caose  was  the  occasion  of  the  acceaaioo  of  fromAQgastS2dtotlieSSth.  All  thelargecide« 

the  Clerioala  to  power,  the  Clericals  were  com-  of  the  kingdom  had  sent  deputations  to  eipreu 

pletel;  defeated.    In  oonseqnenoe  of  this  result,  iheir  congratulations.     Amoog  the  presents 

the  Ministry  resigned,  and  ii,  Frdre'Orbaa,  was  a  crown  and  a  lace  train  of  great  Tolne 

one  of  tlie  leaders  of  the  Liberals  in  the  Cham-  presented  by  the  women  of  the  kingdom,  and 

ber,  was  introsted  with  the  formation  of  a  new  a  diadem  presented  by  the  city  of  Brassela. 


.  The  commnnal  elections  took  place  on  Octo-  cational  question  the  King  said  that  the  iastrnc 

ber  29th,  and  likewise  resnlted  in  favor  of  the  tion  given  at  the  expense  of  the  state  shoiil 

Liberals.    Of  the  nine  provincial  capitals,  only  be  placed  under  the  exclauve  control  of  th 

one,  Bruges,  remains  in  the  hands  of  the  Ceth-  civil  authorities,  whose  mission  would  be  t 

olio  party.     Among  the  towns  in  which  the  imbue  the  young  with  respect  for  the  laws  an 

Liberals  have  this  year  gained  the  ascendancy  institutions  of  their  oountrv.    Various   bill 

areMaliao8,£eclo,  Tongem,  andMarcbe.   They  would  be  presented  to  the  (3hamber^   on  th' 

also  retain  their  andangereid  m^ority  in  Lod-  subject.    Proceeding  to  speak  of  tbe  army,  b 

vain,  Toarnay,  Charleroi,  and  Ypres.     In  some  showed  that  its  organization  was  still  inoon 

places,  however,  as  in  Li^ge,  the  Catholic  ml-  plete,  and  mentioned  the  necessity  for  the  cr< 

norities  have  somewhat  increased  in  strength,  ation  of  a  Dational  reserve.     The  civio  frnar 

The  Chambers  were  opened  by  the  King  on  should  also  be  efficiently  armed.    Alltiding  t 

November  12<;h.    The  King,  in  the  speech  from  the  state  of  trade,  the  King  expressed  the  ho[ 

the  throne,  said  that  at  no  period  had  the  re-  that  the  indnstrial  crisis  was  now  past,  an 

lations  between  Bel^^um  and  other  states  been  stated  that  the  Government  was  endeaTorir 

more  influenced  by  feelings  of  esteem  and  con-  to  Snd  means  to  alleviate  the  distress  of  tlio^ 

fldence  than  at  the  present  time.    On  the  edn-  affected  by  it.    Public  works  were  being  a 


BEBARDI,  GIUSEPPE.  BERNARD,  CLAUDE.             67 

tirelj  pushed  forward.    With  regard  to  the  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  and  in  a  part  of  the 

financial  ritoation.  the  King  said  that  the  equi-  Marches  and  of  Umbria.     In  Angast  at  the 

libnam  of  the  bndget  had  ceased  to  be  assured,  same  year  he  was  added  to  the  Commission  of 

tod  the  present  estimates  were  not  altogether  Three  Cardinals  to  govern  the  dominion  of  St. 

of  ft  fftvorable  character.    The  Treasury  also  Peter  until  the  return  of  the  Pope ;  and  on  the 

hid  contracted  considerable  engagements,  for  return  of  the  latter  to  Rome,  Berardi  was  com- 

vhich  it  would  be  necessary  to  provide.    The  missioned  to  receive  him  at  the  frontier.    In 

GoTernment  would  submit  proposals  to  the  1856  he  was  by  the  influence  of  Antouelli  ap- 

Chambersfor  effecting  further  reform  in  the  pointed  substitute  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and 

electoral  Jaw.  from  that  time  until  his  elevation  to  the  car- 

The  association  of  the  Belgian  Fr&e  (Thurchea  dinalate  he  always  took  a  prominent  part  in 

hjs  (px)«m  up  out  of  the  Belgian  Evangelical  the  temporal  and  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the 

Society,  which  was  founded  in  1887.    After  Holy  See.    In  1860  he  fell  for  some  time  into 

existing  for  several  years  under  this  name,  the  disgrace,  as  his  brother  Filippo  was  charged 

Free  Churches  adopted  an  ecclesiastical  orffan-  with  being  at  the  head  of  a  conspiracy  against 

ization  better  fitted  to  promote  the  develop-  the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope,  and  with 

ment  of  their  work.    They  accepted  the  Pres-  having  secretly  delivered  to  the  enemy  impor- 

brterian  form  of  government,  and  chose  as  the  tant  public  documents.    By  the  influence  of 

standard  of  their  faith  the  old  Belgio  Confession  Antonelli  be  was,  however,  soon  restored  to 

of  the  sixteenth  century,  with  the  article  which  favor,  and  designated  to  the  important  position 

refers  to  the  interference  of  the  civil  power  in  of  Apostolic  Knocio  at  St.  Petersburg.     For 

nutters  of  faith  omitted.    The  Synod  for  1878  this  purpose  he  was  obliged  to  take  holy  or- 

met  at  Brussels  July  16th.    Twenty  churches,  ders ;  and  being  consecrated  in  immediate  suo- 

French  and  English,  were  represented,  besides  cession  priest  and  bishop,  he  was  appointed 

which  visiting  members  were  present  from  the  Archbishop  of  Kicea  inpartilnu.  As  the  rela- 

Waldensian  and  the  Scoteb  and  English  Pres-  tions  between  Russia  and  Rome  remained  un- 

bfterian  churches,  and  churches  in  Holland,  friendly,  he  never  entered  upon  his  functions  as 

Pastor   Cacheux,  of  Lize-Seraing,  presided,  nuncio ;  but  on  March  18, 1868,  he  was  appoint- 

A  reeolation  was  passed  to  the  effect  that  a  ed   cardinal-priest.     Much   against   his  own 

greater  prominence  should  be  g^ven  to  the  de-  wish,  he  was  appointed  Minister  of  Public 

cided  views  entertained  by  the  church  on  the  Works,  Commerce,  and  Fine  Arts,  which  posi- 

snbjeet  of  the  separation  of  church  and  state,  tion  he  retained  until  the  overthrow  of  tho 

A  meeting  was  neld  in  connection  with  the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope.    When  he  was 

£f angelical  Alliance,  which  was  also  attended  forced  to  leave  the  Quirinal  Palace  in  1870  he 

br  ministers  of  the  Kational  Church ;  and  the  took  up  his  abode  with  his  brother  Filippo ; 

asnnal  public  meeting  was  addressed  by  depu-  and,  as  the  latter  had  the  reputation  of  being 

ties  from  foreign  churches.    The  flnanoial  re-  an  outspoken  partisan  of  ItsJian  unity  and  an 

port  announced  a  deficiency  of  $8,600  on  a  intimate  friend  of  the  statesmen  Nicotera  and 

Decessary  annual  expenditure  of  $25,000.  Mancini,  Cardinal  Berardi  again  awakened  the 

BEKARDI,  GnrsKPPS,  Cardinal-priest  of  the  suspicions  that  he  was  not  himself  in  faJl  har- 

title  of  Saints  Marcellino  and  Pietro,  bom  mony  with  the  policy  of  the  Holy  See* 

September  28,  1810,  died  April  6,  1878.    He  BERNARD,  Claitdb,  one  of  the  greatest 

vas  the  son  of  a  poor  family  of  Ceccano,  a  physiologists  of  the  present  century,  bom  July 

Tillfi^e  in  the  former  Pontifical  States  near  the  12, 1818,  at  St.  Julien,  in  the  department  of  the 

frontier  of  Naples.    He  received  his  first  edu-  Rh6ne,  died  Febmary  10,  1878.    On  account 

cation  in  the  diocesan  seminary  of  Ferentino,  of  the  poverty  of  his  family,  he  found  it  very 

tod  sabsequently  attended  the  Collegio  Ro-  difficult  to  finish  his  classical  studies.    After 

ouno.  At  the  Papal  university  della  Sapienza  living  for  a  short  time  with  a  pharmacist  in 

be  bodied  law  and  theology,  supporting  him-  Vi}lefranche-sur-Sa6ne,  he  went  to  Paris.    In 

self  in  the  mean  while  by  giving  private  les-  1841  he  became  a  pupil  of  the  learned  physi- 

tons.   Feeling  no  vocation  ^r  the  priesthood,  ologist  Dr.  F.  Magendie,  who  had  a  great  in- 

be  practiced  law  for  several  years  and  mar-  fluenoe  upon  the  progress  of  his  studies ;  and 

n«d;  bat  after  losing  his  wife  and  only  dau^h-  in  1848  he  graduated  as  a  doctor  of  medicine. 

ter  be  was  appointed  in  1844  by  Gregory  XVI.  Until  1858  he  chiefly  studied  surgery,  but  from 

prvlate  and  Judge  of  the  supreme  tribunal  of  that  year  he  relinquished  surgery  in  order  to 

the  Consulta.   In  1846  he  became  Judge  of  the  devote  himself  entirely  to  the  experimental 

Apostolic  Chamber  for  civil,  ecclesiastical,  and  study  of  physiology.    In  1864  the  chair  of 

mminal  afifairs.  In  1848  Berardi  followed  Pius  Professor  of  General  Physiology  was  specially 

H.  to  Ga^ta,  where  he  became  the  devoted  created  for  him  at  the  Sorbonne ;  in  the  same 

and  zealous  partisan  of  Antonelli.    At  the  in-  year  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Academy 

^tion  of  Antonelli,  Pius  IX.  in  1849  intrast-  of  Sciences,  and  in  1861  of  the  Academy  of 

^  Berardi  with  the  difficult  task  of  restoring  Medicine ;  in  1866  he  succeeded  his  master 

tb«  Papal  authority  in  the  recovered  States  of  Magendie  as  Professor  of  Experimentel  Medi- 

tb#  Church.    Supported  by  Neapolitan  and  cine  in  the  College  de  France ;  and  in  1868  he 

^phmsh  troops,  Berardi  displayed  an  astonish-  became  Professor  of  General  Physiology  at  the 

iBg  activity,  and  reestablished  Papal  rule  in  Museum.    Four  times  he  received  from  the 


58 


BIQELOW,  GEORGE  T. 


BOLIVIA. 


Academy  the  great  prize  of  physiology :  first 
in  1849  for  hiB  work  '^Rechercbes  sur  les 
Usages  da  Pancreas  " ;  again  in  1851  and  1853 ; 
and  finally  in  1872  for  his  work  ''  De  la  Phy- 
siologie  g^n^rale/'  In  1868  he  became  in  the 
place  of  Flourens  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  in  1869  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Senate.  On  the  day  following 
his  death  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  on  motion 
of  the  Minister  of  Pablio  Instraction,  Bardoax, 
nnanimonsly  voted  an  appropriation  of  10,000 
francs  for  a  public  faneral  of  the  distinguished 
scholar. 

BIGELOW,   Geoboe  Ttleb,  an  American 

{nrist,  died  in  Boston  April  12,  1878.  He  was 
^orn  at  Watertown,  Mass.,  October  6,  1810, 
graduated  at  Harvard  Oollege  in  1829,  and  be- 
gan the  practice  of  law  in  Middlesex  County 
in  1884.  He  served  as  captain  of  the  New 
England  Guards,  was  afterward  colonel  of  an 
infantry  regiment  in  Boston,  and  in  1844  was 
chosen  an  aide  to  Gk>vernor  Bri^^  He  was 
a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Legislature  from  1840  to  1844,  and 
of  the  upper  in  1847  and  1848.  He  became  a 
common-pleas  Judge  in  1849,  and  in  1850  was 
appointed  an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Oourt.  In  1860  he  succeeded  Lemuel  Shaw  as 
chief  justice,  which  position  he  held  till  1868, 
when  he  resigned  it.  From  this  time  until 
January,  1878,  he  served  as  actuary  of  the 
Massachusetts  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany. In  1868  Judge  Bigelow  was  elected  one 
of  the  overseers  of  Harvard  University,  and 
in  1873  he  was  a  member  of  the  Commission 
for  the  Revision  of  the  Boston  City  Charter. 

BIGGS,  AsiL,  died  at  Norfolk,  Ya.,  March 
6,  1878.    He  was  born  in  Williamstown,  Mar- 


tin Coonty,  N.  C,  February  4^  1811.    After 
receiving  a  common-school  education  he  began 
to  practice  law  in  1831.     He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion in  1885,  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Legisla- 
ture in  1840  and  1842,  and  to  the  State  Senate 
in  1844.    He  was  chosen  a  member  of  Con- 
gress in  1846,  and  served  one  term.    He  was 
one  of  the  three  commissioners  appointed  in 
1850  to  revise  the  State  statutes,  and  who 
prepared  the  Revised  Code  of  North  Carolina, 
which  went  into  operation  in  1854.    In  the 
latter  year  he  was  again  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  and  in  1854  was  chosen  United  States 
Senator,  which  position  he  resigned  in  1B58 
to  accept  the  judgeship  of  the  United  States 
District  Court  of  North  Carolina  under  an 
appointment  from  President  Buchanan.    He 
held  this  position  until  the  war  broke  out,  and 
in  May,  1861,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Con- 
vention which  met  in  Raleigh  and  passed  the 
ordinance  of  secession.    A^er  the  war  he  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  the  law,  and  subsequently 
engaged  in  the  commission  business  at  Norfolk, 
Va.    In  the  United  States  Senate  he  served  on 
the  Committees  on  Finance  and  Private  Land 
Claims. 

BOLIVIA  (RsptBLioA  DK  Bolivia),  an  in- 
dependent stfl^  of  South  America,  lying  be- 
tween latitudes  10*  and  24*  south,  and  longi- 
tudes 57*  25'  and  70°  30'  west.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  and  northeast  by  Brazil,  on  the 
south  by  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Cbili,  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Peru. 

The  republic  is  divided  into  nine  depart^ 
ments,  which,  with  their  areas  in  square  miles, 
capitals,  and  population  (exclusive  of  250,000 
savage  Indians),  are  approximately  as  follows: 


DEPARTMXICTS. 

Ataeaoui 

Benl 

Chaqaisflca 

Coehabunbtt 

IaP«x. 

Oruro 

Potoal 

BantJi  Cruz 

TarUa 

Total 


Af«M. 


T0,178 

100.000 

78J98 

48,051 

sneoo 

54,297 

144,077 
114,484 


607,988 


P9|iiil>tiaB. 


104»0 
70,800 
87fi,78S 
47«,717 
670,408 
140,856 
876,894 
17^068 
180,940 


8,824,160 


CapiUla. 

Oobtta 

Triiddad 

Boere 

Coehabamba 

La  Pax 

Oruro 

Potoa{ 

BantaCnu. 

Tar^a 


PopolatioB* 


2,500 

4,S35 
S<V,624 
44.908 
831098 

8.498 
«.%774 
11,786 

8,875 


The  population  of  the  foregoing  cities  is  set 
down  by  a  European  authority  as  follows:  Co- 
bija,  2,880;  Trinidad,  4,170;  Sucre,  28,979; 
Coehabamba,  40,678;  La  Paz,  76,872;  Oruro, 
7,980;  Potosf,  22,580 ;  Santa  Cruz,  9,780 ;  Ta- 
rija,  6,680. '  But  as  these  figures  are  taken  from 
Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  Ondarza^s  map  and  tables 
of  population  published  in  1859,  and  no  allow- 
ance is  made  for  the  increase  of  population, 
which  the  same  authorities  estimate  at  80  per 
cent.,  it  is  presumed  the  table  will  be  found 
approximately  correct. 

Tlie  departments  are  subdivided  into  87  dis- 
tricts, ana  these  into  45  provinces.  Only  one 
fourth  of  the  population  is  purely  white,  and 
the  aboriginal  is  by  far  the  most  numerous  ele- 


ment, particularly  in  the  departments  of  La  Pas 
and  Tar\ja. 

The  Ftesident  of  the  Republic  is  Genera] 
Hilarion  Daza  (installed  May  4,  1876),  and  the 
Ministers  are:  Interior  and  Foreign  Affairs, 
Dr.  D.  Martin  Laura;  Finance  and  Public 
Works,  Dr.  M.  Salvatierra ;  Justice  and  Pub- 
lic Worship,  Dr.  J.  M.  del  Carpio ;  War,  Gen- 
eral Don  Manuel  Oshon  Jofrd.  By  the  Con- 
stitution of  Bolivia,  drawn  up  by  Simon  Bolivai 
in  1826  and  modified  in  1828,  1881,  and  186a 
the  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President 
elected  for  a  term  of  four  years,  who  appoint( 
a  Vice-President  and  the  ministers.  The  legis- 
lative authority  is  vested  in  a  Congress  of  tw( 
Chambers,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repreaen 


BOUVIA.  BRAZIL.                         69 

titiTei,  both  elected  bj  popular  suffrage.    The  led  since  that  date,  while  the  neighboring  oonn- 

ministere  are  liable  to  impeachment  before  tries  have  advanced  in  wealth  and  civilization. 

CoDgreas.    The  capital  of  the  republic  is  La  BOUTON,  Nathaniel,   died   in  Concord, 

Paz.  K  H.,  June  6,  1878.    He  was  bom  at  Nor- 

The  Bolivian  Consul-General  in  New  York  walk,  Conn.,  June  20,  1799,  and  was  gradu- 

»  Sefior  J.  Pol,  and  the  Consul  in  San  Fran-  ated  from  Yale  College  in  1821,  and  from  the 

Cisco  Sefior  F.  Herrera.    The  American  Min-  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  J824.    He 

ister  of  the  United  States  in  Bolivia  is  the  was  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 

Hon.  R.  M.  Reynolds,  residing  at  La  Paz.    The  and  Society  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  from  1825  to 

Metropolitan  Archbishop  is  Dr.  P.  J.  Puy  y  1867;  president  of  the  New  Hampshire  His- 

Soloos  (elevated  in  1861),  and  there  are  the  torical  Society  from  1842  to  1844 ;  trustee  of 

foDowing  bishops :  La  Paz,  Dr.  Juan  de  Dios  Dartmouth  College  from  1840  to  1877,  and 

Bosque  (1874);  Cochabamba,  F.  M.  del  6ra-  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  from  1845 

Qido  (1872) ;  and  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  F.  to  1878 ;  and  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 

1  Rodriguez  (1870).  Missionary  Society  from  1852  to  1858.     He 

Ko  statement  of  the  Bolivian  finances  has  also  served  as  vice-president  of  the  American 

been  published  since  1875,  for  which  year  the  Home  Missionary  Society  and  director  of  the 

leTenue  was  set  down  at  $2,929,574,  the  ex-  New  Hampshire  Bible  Society,  and  was  a  cor- 

penditures  at  $4,605,504,  and  the  national  debt  porate  member  of  the  New  England  Historical 

St  £$,400,000,  including  Colonel  Churches  loan  and  Genealogical  Society,  and  of  the  Maine, 

of  £1,700,000  for  the  construction  of  the  Ma-  the  Wisconsin,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Historic 

ddra  and  Mamor^  Railway.   The  revenue  is  de-  oal  Societies.    Besides  numerous  sermons,  ad- 

riTedfirom  customs  duties  on  imports,  from  the  dresses,  and  articles  in  periodicals,  he  published 

mines  snd  other  state  property,  and  from  a  "Help  to  Prayer"  (1882),  " Sinners  Directed," 

tax  levied  upon  the  Indian  population  yielding  abridged  from  Baxter  (1882),  '*  Memoir  of  Mrs. 

nesriy  one  half  of  the  total  receipts.    The  im-  Elizabeth  Macfarland  "  (1889),   "  History  of 

ports  m  1875  amounted  to  $5,760,000,  and  the  Concord.  N.  H. "  (1856),  ''  Collections  of  New 

exports  to  $5,000,000.    The  exports  consisted  Hampshire  Historical  Society,"  Vols.  VII.  and 

munly  of  guano,  leather,  Peruvian  bark,  tin,  VIII.  (1850-^56),  and  *' Lovewell's  Great  Fight 

tad  nlver.     The   duties  on  goods  importea  at  Pigwacket"  (1861). 

through  Peruvian  porta  were  collected  by  the  BOWLES,  Sahvel,  an  American  journalist, 

Penimn  Government,  and  a  sum  averaging  died  January  16,  1878,  in  Springfield,  Mass., 

(!iOO,000  was  paid  annually  to  Bolivia:   but  where  he  was  born  February  9,  1826.    At  an 

negotiations  for  a  renewd  of  the  custom- nouse  early  age  he  was  employed  in  the  office  of 

treaty  between  the  two  countries  not  having  the  '*  Springfield  Republican,"  a  weekly  paper 

been  taken  up  by  the  Republic  of  Peru,  in  spite  which  nis  father  had  started  in  1824,  and  of 

of  the  nrirent  requests  of  the  Bolivian  envoy,  which  he  was  proprietor.    In  1844  he  per- 

Dr.  Zoilo  Florea,  the  Government  of  Bolivia  saaded  his  father  to  publish  a  daily  paper,  on 

his  isBued  a  decree  restoring  the  Bolivian  cus-  which  the  son,  though  but  a  boy,  performed 

tom-bouses.    It  is  thought  that  the  early  com-  an  important  part  of  the  editorial  labors.    His 

pletion  of  the  Madeira  and  Mamord  Railway,  political  articles  soon  attracted  attention,  and 

▼hich  win  open  navigation  to  the  very  center  his  letters  from  the  South,  where  he  was  sent 

of  Bolivia  through  the  Amazon  and  its  tribu-  for  his  health  in  the  winter  of  1845,  were  widely 

taries,  w3]  free  the  country  from  the  custom-  read.    Young  Bowles  soon  became  the  virtuid 

home  tutelage  of  Peru,  and  strengthen  the  head  of  the  paper,  and  conducted  it  with  enter- 

lEood  relations  now  existing  between  Brazil  prise  and  ability  until  the  time  of  his  death, 

tad  Bolivia.  In  1865  he  made  a  journey  to  the  Pacific  coast 

The  only  raflways  in  operation  are  the  lines  with  a  large  company,  including  Mr.  Schuyler 

from  La  Paz  to  the  port  of  Aygacha  on  Lake  Oolfaz.    The  letters  written  on  this  journey 

Titicaca  (60  miles),  and  from  Antofagasta  to  to  the  ''Springfield  Republican"  were  repuln 

Sftkr  (38  miles).      Some  progress  has  been  lished  in  a  volume  called  "  Across  the  Oonti- 

nsde  in  the  construction  of  the  Madeura  and  nent."   In  1869  he  published^' Our  New  West" 

Mftmor^  Railway  by  the  American  contractors,  and  ''The  Switzerland  of  America,"  in  the 

tbd  Messrs.  Collins,  of  Philadelphia.    Seven  latter  of  which  were  described  the  mountain 

Biiles  of  the  road  were  already  in  operation,  scenery  and  the  natural  parks  of  Colorado, 

ttd  materisJa  were  on  the  ground  for  fifty  Mr.  Bowles  was  an  industrious,  fearless  lour- 

miles  additional ;   but,  owing  to  unexpected  nalist,  and  not  only  made  the  "  Springfield  Re* 

d^lay  ui  the  final  decision  of  the  English  courts  publican  "  a  leading  journal  of  New  England, 

ia  regard  to  the  Bolivian  loan  and  to  the  con*  but  during  the  war  and  afterward  gave  to  it  a 

tnct  With  the  Public  Works  Gompany,  work  national  reputation. 

^  been  temporarily  suspended.    To  Bolivia  BRAZIL  ^pebio  do  Bbazil),  an  empire  of 

th'u  enterprise  promises  nationiJ  life,  as  with-  South  Amenca,  and  the  only  monarchy  in  the 

ott  it  it  can  not  profitably  export  its  abundant  New  World,  extending  from  latitude  5°  10' 

lad  vilnable  products.    The  trade  and  reve-  north  to  88^  46'  south,  and  from  longitude  84^ 

nies  of  the  republic  have  not  increased  since  47'  to  74^  7'  west.     It  is  bounded  north  by 

1^,  altbongii  the  population  has  nearly  treb-  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  Venezuela,  the 


60 


BRAZIL. 


Gaianas,  and  the  Atlantic  Ooean;  east  by  the 
Atlantic;  south  by  Uragaay,  the  Argentine  Re- 

?Qblio,  and  Paraguay;  and  west  by  Bolivia, 
'era,  Ecuador,  and  Oolombia.  The  dividing 
lines  with  Bolivia,  Colombia,  the  Guianas,  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  have  not  been  definite- 
ly drawn.  The  empire  borders  upon  all  the 
South  American  states  except  Ohui ;  and  oc- 
cupies more  than  two  fifths  of  the  South  Amer- 
ican Continent.  It  is  divided  into  twenty-one 
provinces  and  one  neutral  municipality  (mu- 
nieipio  neutro\  which,  with  their  areas  and 
population,  were  as  follows  in  1876 : 


PROVINCES. 


1.  AmazonM* 

8.  Fvk 

8.  Manah&o 

4.  Ptuihy. 

6,  OwA* 

6.  Bio  Grande  do  Norte  * 

7.  Paiahyba 

8.  Pemambaoo* 

9.  Alegdas* 

10.  Berjifipe 

11.  Bahia 

12.  Espirito  Santo  • 

IB.  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

14.  MaDidnio Neatro *,.., 
16.  SSo  Paalo* 

ParanA* 

Banto  Gatarlna  * 

B&o    Pedro    do    Rio 
Qrande  do  BoL. . . . 

Minas  Oeraea 

Qoyaz* 

Matto  Oroaao 


!«. 

17. 
18. 

1». 

«0. 
SI. 


Total 

TJneiTilized  Indiana. 


An*  In  a^ 


696.700 

46t\000 

i6a.ooo 

94^)0 
48,684 
18,000 
81,500 
6T,538 
21,204 
12,240 
288,524 
14,t)49 
86,600 
238 

72,000 
23,280 

78,886 
880,000 
284,000 
651,675 


8,210,000 


Genera]  total 


POPULATXOX. 


Ttm. 


66,631 
882,622 
881^101 
178,427 
689,778 
220,960 
841,648 
752,611 
812,868 
189,818 
1,1^*846 
69,478 
466.890 
286,088 
680,742 
116,162 
144«818 

864,002 

1,618,419 

149,748 

66,760 


8,198,690 
1,000,000 


SUth. 


979 
87,199 
74,980 
88,796 
81,918 
18,020 
80,914 
89,028 
85,741 
21,495 

162,295 
82,659 

870,726 
48,989 

166,612 
10,660 
14,984 

66,876 

866^74 

10,638 

6,667 


MA8,66d 


10,666,148 


The  capitals,  in  the  order  of  the  nnmhers, 
are  as  follows :  1,  Mnndos ;  2,  Belem  or  Par&;  8, 
SSo  Luis;  4,  Therezina;  6,  Portaleza;  6,  Na- 
tal; 7,  Parahyba;  8,  Recife;  9,  Macei6;  10, 
Aracsgti ;  11,  Sao  Salvador  or  Babia ;  12,  Vic- 
toria; 18,  Nictheroy;  14,  Bio  de  Janeiro;  15, 
Sao  Paulo ;  16,  Ouritiba ;  17,  Desterro  ;  18, 
Porte  Alegre;  19,  Ouro  Preto;  20,  Goyaz;  21, 
Ouyab4.  In  the  foregoing  table,  the  popula- 
tion of  the  provinces  marked  thus  *  is  accord- 
ing to  the  last  census,  but  tliat  of  the  others  is 
merely  estimated.  The  complete  report  of  the 
census  when  published  will  probably  show  a 
total  population  of  12,000,000.  An  official  re- 
turn gives  the  population  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  the 
capital,  at  274,972  for  December,  1876,  made  up 
as  follows:  Free  population,  226,088  (males 
188,880,  females  92,158) ;  slaves,  48,989  (males 
24,886  females  24,058).  In  the  coast  cities  and 
in  the  northern  provinces  the  mixed  races  pre- 
dominate ;  not  merely  those  resulting  from 
the  union  of  whites  and  Indians  {mamalueoi), 
whites  and  negroes,  and  negroes  and  Indians 
(eqfu909),  but  half-breeds  of  every  shade  and 
degree.  Brazil  is  probably  the  country  where 
the  mingling  of  races  has  taken  place  upon  the 
most  extensive  scale,  and  yet  intellectual  de- 
▼elopment  has  not  been  inconsiderable.    But 


such  is  the  insuperable  apathy  of  most  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  interior  as  seemingly  to 
undermine  their  social  and  political  existence, 
prevent  good  administration,  and  retard  the  in- 
troduction of  needed  reforms.    Naturally  the 
moral  level  is  also  very  low ;  but  the  Govern- 
ment has  organized  a  system  of  popular  educa- 
tion adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  Tarious 
races,  which  promises  favorable  results.     In 
the  southern  provinces,  from  Espirito  Santo  to 
Minas  Geraes,  the  white  element  prevails,  and 
there  the  European  immigrants  might  be  accli- 
matized and  their  descendants  gradually  scat- 
ter over  the  whole  country.    An  increase  of 
population  being  desirable,  the  Government 
continues  its  efforts  to  attract  foreigners  to  the 
empire  with  a  view  to  the  founding  of  ooloniea 
in  the  southern  portion  of  its  territory ;  and 
similar  endeavors  on  the  part  of  the  provincial 
governments  and  of  private  companies  bav^e 
already  been  attended  by  the  establishment  of 
a  number  of  settiements,  some  of  which  are  in 
a  thriving  ocmdition.    By  the  gradual  opera- 
tion of  the  law  of  September,  1871,  the  insti- 
tution of  slavery  is  fast  disappearing,  to  ^ve 
Elace  in  the  succeeding  generation  to  free  la- 
or.    The  number  of  emancipated  slaves  np  to 
December  81, 1875,  was  21,704.    The  Emperor 
takes  much  interest  in  the  prospects  of  the  free- 
bom  children  of  slaves,  technically  called  in- 
genuo9^  whom  the  Gt>vemment  may  be  called 
upon  to  receive  from  the  owners  of  the  motJti- 
ers  to  the  number  of  about  25,000,  on  Septem- 
ber 29,  1879,  when  they  shall  have  attained  the 
age  of  eight  years.    The  masters  maj  either 
retain  them  till  twenty-one,  paying  them  w^ages 
and  educating  tliem,  or  receive  from  the  Oov- 
emment  bonds  of  $800  bearing  interest  at  6  per 
cent,  per  annum. 

The  Government  of  Brazil  is  a  constitutional 
monarchy.  The  Emperor  is  Dom  Pedro  11.^ 
bom  December  2,  1825;  proclaimed  April  7, 
1881;  regency,  until  July  28,  1840;  crowned 
July  18,  1841 ;  married  September  4,  1843,  to 
Theresa  Christina  Maria,  daughter  of  the  late 
King  Francis  I.  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Soon  af- 
ter the  return  of  the  Emperor  and  £mprees 
from  their  tour  through  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  in  September,  1877,  anew  Liberal  min- 
istry was  formed  through  the  personal  influence 
of  the  sovereign,  whose  policy  of  reform  the 
Conservative  ministry  would  not  agree  to  oarry 
out.  It  is  thought  that  the  existing  Ohamberv 
will  be  dissolved  should  a  majority  not  be  ob- 
tained in  support  of  the  policy  of  the  new^ 
Cabi  net.  The  latter,  formed  January  5, 1 8T8,  i s 
composed  as  follows:  Interior,  Senhor  iJeon- 
cio  Carvalho ;  Justice,  Senhor  Lafayette  R.  Pe- 
reira;  Foreign  Affairs,  Baron  de  Villa  Bella  -, 
War,  Marquis  de  Herval;  Navy,  Senhor  An- 
drade  Pinto;  Finance,  Senhor  Silveira  Mar- 
tinos;  Public  Works,  Commerce,  and  Agi^loal- 
ture,  and  President  of  the  Council  of  State, 
Senhor  Sinimbti.  Senhor  Sinimbii,  the  head 
of  the  new  ministry,  is  a  well-known  states- 
man, entertaining  most  liberal  views^  and  bis 


BRAZIL. 


61 


pofiej  wiD,  it  is  expected,  favor  the  best  inter- 
ests of  the  empire.   The  promised  reforms  will 
embnoe  direct  representation,  retrenchment  of 
Ditiooal  expenditores  (especially  in  the  depart- 
meats  of  War  and  the  Navy,  both  nnduljr  de- 
veloped during  the  Paraguayan  campaign),  the 
repranoa  of  costom-hoase  frauds,  and  a  return 
to  nonni]  badgeta.    Beoent  elections  in  Bi^ia 
ud  Psnai,  although  these  provinces  are  ad- 
mJButered  by  ConserratlYes,  give  indications 
thft  the  Liberal  party  is  increasing  in  strength 
lid  inda^oe.    The  President  of  the  Council, 
Ums^  A  planter,  has  taken  the  departments 
of  Agricoltnre  and  Public  Works,  once  oonsid- 
ered  of  secondary  importance,  and  has  raised 
tjiem  to  the  rank  becoming  such  offices  in  an 
a^ricoltoral  oonntry  requiring  public  improve- 
QuntSt  psrtionlarly  railwaya  and  internal  navi- 
gition,  for  the  development  of  its  natural  re- 
Mtmes.    The  Council  of  State  is  made  up  of 
tiM  following  members  in  ordinary:  the  Prin- 
CM  Imperial  Donna  Isabel  Prince  Gaston 
d'OrJetns  Count  d'Eu,  and  Uie  Senators  Vis- 
coont  de  Abaet6,  Viscount  do  Rio  Branco,yis- 
count  de  Muritiba,  Viscount  do  Bom  Retiro, 
Vucoont  de  Jaguary,  Viscount  de  Nicthei'oy ; 
md  of  six  members  extraordinary :  Senators 
Viflcoant  de  Arazi,  Duke  de  Caxias,  J.  P.  Dias 
de  Ctrvicho,  and  J.  J.  Teizeira,  Vice- Admiral 
J.  R,  de  Laniare,  and  Dr.  P.  J.  Soares  de  Souza. 
The  IVeddent  of  the  Senate,  which  is  composed 
of  58  fife-members,  is  Viscount  de  Jaguarr ; 
tfao  Vioe-President,  Count  de  Baependy.    The 
Archbishop  of  Bahia,  J.  G.  de  Azevedo  (1875), 
i$  Primate  of  all  Brazil,  and  there  are  11  bish- 
opst  viiL,  those  of  Pari,  Sao  Luis,  Fortaleza, 
Ofii^  Rio  de  Janeiro,  SSo  Paulo,  Porto  Alegre, 
Mariinna^  Diamantina,  Goyaz,  and  Cuyab£ 

The  amounts  and  various  branches  of  the 
utional  revenue  and  expenditures  for  the  fiscal 
?«6r  1875-76  are  exhibited  in  the  following 
Uble: 

BXVXKUX. 

CHtoD'hooM $68,978,190 

BakaeefromlST^-niL 199,880 

D»podta 1,785,686 

^HdMledto 18,880 

y^tajtMZ 4,787,908 

Ttmmjmbm 9,662,647 

Blftfu-ttmion  tend 9,018,887 

Total $79,986,076 

IfiiiitiTortiMliitarlar $4,947,716 

*  ofJnstlM ai66,7S9 

*  «rFQrel«&iJBUn 661,816 

**       oflfMtM. 9,146,918 

•*       oTWvu 10,671,149 

*  orAfrieiiltiire,0to. 16,996,174 

**       ofniuM 94,267,880 

Totri $68,026,848 

Snplas 4,910,997 

$79,986,076 

The  revenue  for  187&-77  was  estimated  at 
(^570,468,  and  the  probable  expenditures 
<t  160,248,665,  which  would  show  a  deficit 
<rf  •1,678,1»7.  In  the  budget  for  1878-'79 
the  revenue  ia  set  down  at  $51,650,000,  and 


the  expenditures  at  $53,861,084 ;  deficit,  $2,- 
211,034. 

The  national  debt  was  as  follows  in  1876 
and  1877 : 


NATIONAL  DEBT. 

187S. 

isrr. 

FondJcn  d^bt. 

$84,860,000 

146,676,100 

168,086 

7,980,446 

860,000 

1,818,886 

4,608,927 

986,278 

947,617 

4,00^091 

17,018,600 

74,688,876 

$81,608,888 

162,276400 

160,086 

7,666,208 

860,000 

1,819,484 

4,981,262 

87N969 

727,018 

8,897,207 

10,081,800 

74,678,929 

HonM  d6bL  ftmded. 

Debt  befora  1827 

Loan  for  the  orphan  ftind. . . . 
Hp«f4al  kwn 

In  abeyance 

I>epo8ita  of  lavlngs  bank*. . . . 

*^      of  pawn-offlcea. 

•*      poblla 

**      ▼aitona  sourcea^. . . . 
T^«aaiu7  bUle 

Bank  notea 

Total 

$342,168,706 

$861,026^889 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  Brazilian 
finances  from  a  London  publication : 

The  internal  debt  of  tbe  empire  conBiBts  of  six, 
four,  and  five  per  cent,  apotieea^  the  dividends 
whereon  are  payable  in  currenoy,  and  a  gold  loan 
raised  during  the  Paragiiajran  war,  the  interest  of 
which  appears  to  be  paid  in  sovereigns.  Despite 
some  recent  addition  to  the  former  through  the  Bank 
of  Bnudl,  which  that  institution  has  not  yet  wholly 
placed  at  the  profit  it  seeks,  the  quotations  of  cmoUdi 
at  Bio  are  slightly  above  par,  and  the  gold  bonds 
are,  of  course,  at  higher  quotations.  Converted  into 
sterling,  at  Sm.  per  milrei,  the  funded  home  debt 
of  the  empire  may  be  stated  at  £80,208,670,  carrying 
interest  in  sterling  of  £1,810,802.  So  that  the  con- 
joined services  of  the  foreign  and  home  debt  of 
Brazil  in  1877-^78  wUl  need  in  sterling  £8,247,240. 
out  of  a  revenue  for  this  year  calculated  to  exceed 
fractionally  £10,000,000,  and  brought,  according  to 
the  Emperor's  speech  at  the  dose  of  the  session  of 
the  General  Assembly,  to  an  equilibrium  with  the 
expenditures.  Thus  lar,  then,  the  resources  of  Brasil 
are  amply  sufficient  to  bear  a  charge  for  dett,  which 
bears  a  proportion  to  receipts  less  than  the  service 
of  the  public  debt  of  England  bears  to  its  revenue. 
But.  in  calculating  the  revenue  for  the  current  year 
at  that  amount,  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  tbe 
revenue  of  Brazil  has  for  two  years  past  been  ad- 
versely affected  and  reduced,  as  well  by  the  com- 
mercial misfortunes  of  the  world,  as  at  home  by  bad 
sugar  and  coffee  crops,  and  by  a  orought  in  three  of 
its  northern  provinces  almost  totally  destructive  of 
the  crops.  Not  only  have  the  great  ports  of  Bahia 
and  Pernambuco  been  suffering  from  short  supplies 
reacting  on  the  revenue,  but,  as  Mr.  Heath  lately 
told  the  Bfo  Paulo  Bailway  shareholders,  a  few 
nights'  frost  did  last  year  enormous  ii^ury  to  the 
coffee  culture  of  tliat  province,  diminishing  also  the 
traffic  of  that  line.  The  new  crop  is,  however,  greater 
than  ever.  As.  then,  the  revenue  has  in  the  past 
suffered  from  tnese  causes,  so  the  present  revenue 
will,  it  is  to  be  expected,  improve  with  better  crops ; 
indeed,  in  the  past  ten  months  of  1877  those  of  cot- 
ton and  sugar  imported  into  England  exceed  by 
£800/)00  in  value  tneir  imports  for  the  same  period 
of  1876,  and  we  may  again  shortly  see  the  total  in- 
come of  the  empire  rising  to  £12,000,000,  to  which 
it  had  ascended  a  few  years  ago,  when  the  services 
of  its  debt  wUl  bear  still  more  reduced  proportion 
to  its  income. 

The  total  yalues  of  the  exports  and  imports 
in  1875-'70,  including  precious  metals,  were 
$104,247,000  and  $86,074,600  respectively. 
The  yalues  of  the  chief  articles  of  export 
were,  in  the  years  1874-75  and  1876-76,  as 
follows : 


62 


BRAZIL. 


ooMMODrnxs. 


CofRM 

Baw  cotton 

SogBT 

Mate  (Pangtuy  tea) 

Bkina 

Tobaooo 

iDdla-rablMsr 

DUunondB. 


ValMta  1874-^5. 


$62,900,900 

9,902,b00 

11,068,200 

748,000 

6,288,100 

2,994,000 

0,129,200 

245,700 


ValM  bt  187»-ni. 


$06,046,100 
0,731,600 
7,020,900 

781,700 
0,942,000 
8,820,700 
0,006,000 

876,200 


The  following  are  the  statistics  of  the  oom- 
merce  between  Brazil  and  the  United  States, 
during  the  year  ending  June  80, 1878 : 


IMPORTS. 


OOMMODimS. 

QonUtr. 

YalM. 

Brandfttoffl^ 

ijioiiii 

^71^720 

$4,617,881 

806,405 
650,797 

604,999 
27,980 
028,822 
840,408 
224,909 
104,839 
7S8.108 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manofius- 
tores  of. 

Fetroleam,  refined,  gallons.. 
Provisions : 

Xiard,  pounds 

All  other  provisions 

Gotten  mannlkctnres 

Railroad  ears 

Wool  and  manoflictares  of. . . 

Drugs,  chemicals,  etc 

All  other  articles 

Total  imports 

$8.6S&704 

SZP0RT8. 


00MM0DITIK8. 

QoMlUtj. 

YalD*. 

Coffee,  pounds 

211,604,160 
78,076,008 

5,876,112 

406,007 

798,998 

$85,867,992 
8,160,884 

2,457,896 

1,288,085 

196,796 

97,127 

88,061 

61,166 
250,067 

Sngar,  orown,  pounds 

Indla-rabber  and   gutta-per- 
cha, crude,  pounds 

Hides 

Barks,  medidnal,  pounds 

Wool,  raw,  pounds 

Wool,  mannflMtured,  pounds. 

Chemicals,  drugs,  djres,  and 

medicines 

All  other  articles 

Total  exports 

•   •  ■  •  •   •  • 

$42,972,046 

The  duties  on  imports  were  on  the  1st  of 
March  increased  6  per  cent,  on  the  addition- 
al duty,  raising  it  to  60  per  cent.;  and  the 
following  additions  were  made  on  articles 
of  luxury :  40  instead  of  80  per  cent,  on  the 
official  values  of  fermeuted  drinks,  liqueurs, 
spirits,  wines,  etc.,  furniture,  fine  woods,  silks, 
and  fine  earthen  and  glass  wares;  5  instead 
of  2  per  cent,  on  gems  cut  or  uncut,  set  or 
unset ;  10  instead  of  6  per  cent  on  goldsmith's 
work  in  gold  or  silver,  gold  and  sQver  watches, 
and  on  platina  wares  not  employed  in  science 
and  manufacture. 

Ooffee  is  the  principal  staple  of  Brazil,  and 
is  cultivated  from  the  Amazon  southward  to 
the  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  and  from  the  At- 
lantic westward  to  the  limits  of  M^tto  Grosso. 
There  is  no  country  that  can  rival  Brazil  in 
its  production,  from  the  great  advantage  it  has 
over  all  others,  the  coffee  ripening  during  the 
dry  season.  The  quantity  exported  in  1877 
was  840,506,600  pounds,  of  which  the  United 
States,  the  greatest  coffee-consuming  nation 
in  the  world,  received  205,208,876  pounds. 
Coffee  is  admitted  into  this  country  free  of 


duty,  while  in  France  it  pays  a  duty  of  1  franc 
56  centimes  per  kilogramme,  or  nearly  15  coots 
per  pound.  When  the  American  Congress  re- 
pealed the  duty  on  coffee,  the  Brazilian  Gov- 
ernment immediately  increased  the  provindal 
export  duty  to  the  amount  of  the  custoin-hoose 
duty  formerly  paid  in  the  United  States.  The 
culture  of  the  coffee-plant  in  Brazil,  and  tbe 
increasing  commercial  value  of  thia  important 
product  to  the  great  South  American  empire, 
are  thus  deacrihed  in  a  French  journal : 

Even  among  the  most  ardent  lovera  of  oofTee,  few 
perBona  have  an  approximate  idea  of  the  area  of  its 
production,  the  extent  of  ite  consumptioD,  or  of  the 
very  conBlderable  traffio  to  wiiich  toe  coifee-ben7 
has  ffi  ven  rise.  In  the  reign  of  Louis  XVL  of  France, 
by  tne  care  and  dili^nce  of  Captain  Duehieux,  it 
was  first  introduced  into  Martinique.  Planted  and 
acolimatiied  in  the  soil  of  that  island,  the  limits  of 
its  ffrowth  and  cultivation  have  steadily  enkrged, 
untu  coffee  has  now  become  an  article  of  primary 
importance  to  modem  commerce.  In  1861  tiie  total 
production  of  the  whole  world  was  estimated  at 
8,460,000  metrical  quintals* ;  in  1870  it  had  increased 
to  8,890,000,  and  in  1876  to  6,670,000  quintals.  Since 
then  the  development  has  been'cc^uaUy  progressive, 
and  for  last  year  the  total  is  estimated  at  not  leas 
than  6,600,000  metrical  quintal!*,  which,  at  an  aver- 
affe  of  only  76  francs  ($16)  per  60  kilos  at  the  places 
01  production,  would  represent  a  sum  of  not  lest 
than  976,000,000  francs-t  It  is  calculated  that  the 
consumption  of  Europe  in  1877  absoibed  about  288,- 
000,000  kilos  of  coffee ;  and  Braail  furnishes  nearlr 
one  half  of  all  the  coffee  consumed  in  the  world.  It 
is,  therefore,  both  curious  and  instructive  to  observe 
the  steady  proves  made  by  that  country,  whether 
as  regards  tne  increase  in  production  or  an  improve- 
ment in  the  quality  of  the  ooffee.  The  culture  of 
coffee  in  Brazil  extends  over  a  surface  of  ahout  665.000 
square  kilometres.  The  principal  places  of  prooDO> 
tion  are  the  provinces  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  SSo  Psnlo, 
Bahia,  and  CeaHL  The  construction  of  railways  hsi 
enabled  the  planters  to  reduce  their  beasts  of  burden, 
and  to  concentrate  their  labor  and  capital  more  im- 
mediately to  the  culture  of  coffee  and  other  export- 
able products.  The  transport  by  rail  avoids  the 
dama^  to  which  their  proaucts  were  exposed  when 
carried  hv  mules.  The  following  flgurea  will  nve 
an  idea  or  the  radical  transformation  which  has  taken 
plaoe  in  the  conditions  of  transport  in  the  province 
of  SSo  Paulo.  Fifteen  years  aero,  hefore  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  SSo  Paulo  Railway,  from  80,000  to 
100,000  mules  were  sold  annually  at  the  Sorocabo 
fair ;  now  only  10,000  to  12,000  mules  are  aold.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  production  of  coffee  in  the  prov- 
ince, which  amounted  then  to  800,000  sacks  of  76  kil, 
or  about  22,600,000  kil.,  has  rij*en  to  1,800.000  sacks 
of.  60  kil.  in  1877-'78,  or  obout  78,000,000  kit  At 
the  French  Exhibition  of  1867  Brazilian  coffees  alone 
obtained  the  gold  medal.  The  berry  varies  in  coloi 
from  pale  frreen  to  green,  and  is  rather  long.  In  the 
province  of  Sao  Paulo,  more  particularly,  the  herry 
is  found  small  and  round,  almoat  identical  with  that 
of  Mocha,  and  produces  a  delicious  infusion.  In  fact, 
the  coffees  now  grown  in  SSo  Paulo  rivnl  in  qualitj 
the  best  and  most  esteemed  descriptions  derived  from 
other  countries,  and  thc'f  consumption  in  Europe  is 
eontinually  increasing.  The  import  duties  in  France, 
1  fhmo66  centimes  per  kilogramme,  beinff  excessive, 
have  hindered  the  development  of  the  consumption 
of  coffee.  The  rapid  auementation  in  the  import  of 
SSo  Paulo  coffees  into  France  from  Santos  has  only 
been  bron^rht  about  in  conseqiicmce  of  their  superior 
quality,  which  permits  of  their  tskinr  the  pisee 
hitherto  occupiea  by  other  sorts  of  established  repu- 

*  Tbe  metrical  quintal  =  100 
t  =  $19^00(]^000. 


BRAZIL.  63 

Mml   At  Hunbqrit  and  Antwerp  the  Bio  Pinio  aots,  were  choeen  for  this  work.     The  expedi- 

»ifeMh«ir.b«.n  more  quickly  appreoUUdit  their  tjon  gtarted  from  Pw4  in  the  United  SUtM 

'^i^.':Z'A:^^C:%::^tlT^'t  ^^ette  Enterprise  on  Jnne  3d    and  entered 

im-'T8  took  Umoet  one  half  of  the  ooffee  exported  toe  main  Amazon  on  the  7th.     On  the  IBth 

Ir«D  Sutot,  luving  imported  isa,is>  ucki.  thoj  reached  Serpo,  672  miles  from  Pari,  and 
twent;  miles  below  the  junction  of  the  Ma- 

A  table  ebowing   the  nnmber   of   primary  deira,  the  prinoipa!  tributary  of  the  Amazon, 

•rhoota  in  each  profliiee,  and  the  attendance  Thej  ascended  tnat  river  for  a  distance  of  SDO 

iherest,  will  be  found  in  the  "  Aimnal  Cyolo-  mile*  to  San  Antonio,  the  northern  terminiia 

pcdia  "  for  1875.  of  the  preyeoted  railway,  below  the  falla  of  the 

The  Minister  of  the  Interior  has  sbolished  Uadeira.    A  track  chart  of  boih  rirera  baa 

in  the  Government  CoU^e  of  Dom  Pedro  II.,  been  made,  showing  ladtades  and  longitudes 

which  confers  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arta  along  their  banks,  and  also  their  shoals,  rapids, 

the  olligstion  for  Protestants  to  bo  examined  and  bars,  so  tliat  navigation  may  in  future  be 

ID  tbe  conrae  of  religion,  and  has  also  sbolisbed  perfectly  safe. 
Ibe  oatb  in  regard  to  religions  creeds.  Diam- 
iutiona  have  been  opened  to  persons  not  at- 
lendiDg  th«  collegiate  coarse.  This  is  one  of 
tbe  secolarinng  measures  projected  by  the 
tiinimbd  Cabinet,  and  will  probably  be  fol- 
lored  hy  the  establishment  of  civil  marriage, 
ibe  r^noval  of  relipous  disabilities,  and  in- 
creased fscilities  for  naturalization. 

hi  ISfiT  there  were  only  six  railroads  in  the 
empire,  of  the  aggregate  length  of  G16  miles; 
in  18TS  there  were  fifteen,  with  ?es  miles;  in 
18TI),  twenty-two  lines,  with  an  aggregate 
l«Dgth  of  1,148  miles;  in  1877,  twenty-seven 
tiDM,  with  an  aggresate  of  1,994  miles  open 
to  trsflic.  There  were  at  the  latter  date  4,S7S 
miles  of  telegraph  and  one  hundred  and  foor 
oAoea.  Althongb  the  new  administration  has 
iDsotrorated  an  era  of  strict  e4»>nDmy  and  re- 
treochment,  extending  to  the  pnhllo  works 

|4vjected  by  a  former  ministry,  the  construe-  ioifo-Boa«»D  aaAmTm  ox. 
tioD  o(  important  lines  of  railway  will  be  con- 

Snoed.    A  oommisaion  had  been  engaged  in  On  Ifovember  10,  1877,  the  imperial  decree 

■todying  a  general  system  of  rsilwaya  to  be  No,  6,729  was  signed  by  the  Emperor  of  Bra-  ' 

built  under  a  goTemraeotal  gnarantoe  of  seven  zil,  granting  a  subsidy  of  $100,000  a  year  for 

per  cent,  for  Uiirty  years,  or  a  kilometrio  sub-  a  period  of  ten  years  to  Messrs.  John  Roach  & 

ventloD  for^nch  lines  as  show  a  probability  of  Bon,  to  establish  a  line  of  steamships  between 

s  net  income  of  at  least  foor  per  cent. ;  but  the  ports  of  New  York  and  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

this  «yst«m  having  proved  impracticable,  and  calling  at  St.  Thomas,  Pari,  Pernambuco,  and 

too  oneroQS  to  tbe  Treasnry  of   the  empire,  Bahia.      The  contract,  signed  on  the  14th  ot 

soother  will  be  devised  more  in  accordance  November,  requires  that  the  ships  composing 

with  the  economical  tendencies  of  the  reform  the  line  shall  compare  favorably   with   the 

Csbinet.     By  a  decree  dated  November  34,  steamships  plying  between  Europe  end  Brazil. 

1*<TT,  a  gnarantee  of  seven  per  cent,  on  £400,-  Tbe  time  allowed  between  New  Tork  and  Rio 

Don  of  ^didonal  capital  has  been  granted  in  de  Janeiro  is  twenty  days,  and  a  failnre  in  this 

bror  of  the  Madeira  and  Maraori  Railway,  respect  Butjiecte  the  contractors  to  fines  and 

Tbe  guarantee  is  for  thirty  years,  and  is  to  penalties.     Two  steamships  have  already  been 

tike  effect   after  the   aotnal  employment  of  placed  on  the  line,  the  City  of  Rio  de  Janeiro 

£600,000  realized  from  the  Bolivian  loan  and  and  the  City  of  Pari.     They  are  each  870 

deposited  in  I/radon.    When  tbe  line  is  in  op-  feet  long  over  all,  SB  feet  beam,  depth  of  hold 

trstioo,  the  guaranteed  capital  will  be  credited  SI  feet  S  inches,  and  S,G0O  tons  cnstom-hoase 

with  a  part  of  the  net  earnings  ot  the  railway,  register.    They  are  divided  hy  bulkheads  into 

nutil  the  Brazilian  Government  is  reimbursed  six  water-tight  compartments,  and  their  engines 

of  iis  eipenditQre.    As  it  was  thought  that  the  are  of  2,500  horse-power.     The  City  of  Rio 

BraiiUan   and  Bolivian   trade  resnlting  from  de  Janeiro,  the  pioneer  ship  of  the  new  line, 

tbe  construction  of  the  Madeira  and  Mamor6  reached  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  the 

Kdiway  would   mainly  fall   Into    American  S9th  of  May.    On  June  8d  the  steamer  was 

hinds  tbe  thorough  snrrey  of   the  Amazon  visited  hy  the  Emperor  and  Empress  of  Brazil, 

sod  Madeira  Rivers  was  nndertaken  by  the  accompanied  hj  the  ministers  of  state  and  tbe 

Ksvy  Department  of  the  United  States.    Com-  offloera  of  the  court ;  and  they  were  received 

Bund^  Selfridge,  a    skillfol,  enei^^o,  and  by  the  Honorable  H.  W.  Hilliard,  tbe  Ameri- 

siperienced  officer,  and  an  able  oorpe  of  aadst-  can  Hioister,  Captain  Weir,  tbe  commaoder 


64  BRYANT,  WILUAM  0. 

of  the  ship,   Oolonel  Willard  P.  Tiadel,  the  prose  articles.    Mr.  Bryant  was  married  while 

superintendent  of  the  line.  Captain  Mayo  of  living  at  Great  Harrington^  where  he  wrote 

the  United  States  steamer  Hartford,  and  other  some  of  his  best  poems,  snch  as  **  To  Green 

distinguished  Americans.     The  Emperor  ex-  River,"  "Inscription  for  an  Entrance  to  a 

pressed  his  satisfaction  with  the  ship  and  the  Wood,"  and  "To  a  Waterfowl."    In  1821  be 

manner  in  which  the  contract  had  been  carried  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society 

out.  of  Harvard  College  "The  Ages,"  a  didactic 

A  famine  of  unprecedented  severity  has  poem  in  the  6penserean  stanza;  and  in  the 

been  experienced  in  three  of  the  northern  same  year  a  volume  of  his  poems  was  published 

provinces,  but  more  particularly  in  that  of  at  Cambridge,  and  immediately  led  to  his  rec- 

Cear&.     A  protracted  drought  dried  up  the  ognition  as  a  writer  of  high  merit, 
springs,   brooks,  and   rivers,  completely  de-       In  1825  Mr.  Bryant  removed  to  Kew  York, 

stroyed  the  crops,  and  deprived  the  inhabi-  where  he  became  editor  of  the  "New  York 

tants  of  all  means  of  support.    In  the  city  of  Review,"  which  was  soon  after  merged  in  the 

Aracaty,  from  the  10th  to  the  18th  of  Febru-  "  United  States  Review,"  for  which  he  wrote 

ary,  664  persons  died  of  hunger,  and  an  equal  literary  criticisms  and  several  poems.    About 

number  perished  in  the  immediate  neighbor-  this  time  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 

hood.     Many  more  died  from  starvation  on  Greek  and  Roman  mythology  before  the  Acad- 

their  way  to  other  provinces.    At  least  10,-  emy  of  Design.    In  1826  he  became  one  of  the 

000  persons  perished  in  the  province  of  Cear&  editors  of  the  "Evening  Post,"  of  which  Wil- 

since  the  beginning  of  the  famine,  in  spite  of  liam  Coleman  was  then  editor  in  chief.    This 

the  efforts  of  the  Government  to  relieve  the  journal  then  had  a  marked  leaning  toward 

distress  of  the  people.    As  much  as  $800,000  federalism,  but  Mr.  Bryant  labored  to  give  it 

in  a  single  month  has  been  expended  by  the  more  of  a  republican  character.    Acquiriog 

national  Treasury  to  support  the  starving  pop-  exclusive  control  of  its  columns  a  few  jears 

nlation  and  to  remove  it  to  more  favored  dis-  later,  he  took  a  bold  stand  in  favor  of  free 

tricts.  trade  and  against  all  partial  or  class  legislation, 

BRYANT,  William  Oullbn,  an  American  and  gave  the  paper  a  decidedly  democratic 

Joet,  editor,  and  author,  died  in  New  York  tone.   From  1827  to  1830,  in  conjunction  with 

une  12,  1878.    He  was  born  at  Cummington,  Robert  C.  Sands  and  Gulian  C.  Yerplanck,  he 

Hampshire  County,  Mass.,  November  8,  1794.  conducted  "  The  Talisman,"  a  flourishing  annu- 

His  father  was  Peter  Bryant,  who  was  a  dis-  al,  and  about  the  same  time  wrote  the  tales  of 

tinguished  local  physician  of  learning  and  lit-  "Medfield  "  and  "  The  Skeleton's  Cave,"  which 

erary  acmiirements,  and  was  the  grandson  of  appeared  in  a  book  called  "  Tales  of  the  Glau- 

Stephen  Bryant,  who  came  to  this  country  in  ber  Spa."    A  complete  edition  of  his  poems 

the  Mayflower.    William^s  remarkable  preoo-  was  published  in  iMew  York  in  1882,  and  was 

city  as  a  poet  places  him  in  this  respect  in  the  republi^ed  in  England  with  a  laudatory  pref- 

*  rank  with  Pope,  Chatterton^  and  Henry  Kirk  ace  written  by  Washington  Irving,  then  in  that 

White.    Several  metrical  translations  from  the  country.    It  was  favorably  reviewed  by  John 

Latin  poets,  written  by  him  before  he  was  ten  Wilson  in  "  Blackwood's  Magazine,"  and  gave 

years  of  age,  were  published  in  the  local  paper,  the  poet  a  reputation  in  Europe  not  less  than 

and  in  his  fourteenth  year  he  published  two  that  in  his  own  country.    After  tiie  death  of 

important  poems  called  "  The  Embargo "  and  Coleman,  William  Leggett  became  associated 

"  The  Spanish  Revolution,"  the  former  a  politi-  with  Bryant  in  the  management  of  the  ^'  Even- 

oal  satire  relating  to  the  embargo  policy  of  ing  Post"    In  1884  the  latter  went  with  his 

Jefferson  in  connection  with  Napoleon's  Berlin  family  to  Europe,  and  traveled  through  France, 

and  Milan  decrees.    In  1810  young  Bryant  en-  Germany,  and  Italy,  studying  the  languages 

tered  Williams  College,  where  he  soon  distin-  and  literatures  of  these  and  other  countries, 

giished  himself  in  the  languages  and  bellei-  and  acquiring  a  weslth  of  knowledge  of  which 
ttres;  but  at  the  end  of  two  years  he  left  he  made  good  use  in  his  subsequent  writings, 
college  and  engaged  in  the  study  of  law.  He  He  made  in  1845  a  second  and  in  1849  a  third 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1815,  began  prac-  visit  to  Europe,  extending  his  travels  to  Egypt 
tice  at  Plainfleld,  and  afterward  established  and  Syria.  I)uring  this  time  he  wrote  letters 
himself  at  Great  Barrmgton.  He  soon  took  a  to  the  "Evening  Post,"  which  were  repub- 
high  rank  as  a  lawyer,  but  preferred  literature  lished  in  a  book  entitied  "  Letters  of  a  Travel- 
to  law,  and  gave  much  time  to  the  former.  In  er."  In  1857  he  again  went  to  Europe,  spend- 
his  eighteenth  year  he  wrote  his  most  famous  ing  much  time  in  Spain,  whose  language  be- 
poem,  "Thanatopsis,"  which  has  been  called  came  a  favorite  study  with  him.  Another  vol- 
"one  of  the  most  precious  gems  of  didactic  ume  of  his  letters  to  the  "Evening  Post"  was 
verse  in  the  whole  compass  of  English  poetry."  published  under  the  title  of  "  letters  from 
It  was  published  in  1818  in  the  "  North  Amer-  Spain  and  other  Countries."  In  the  mean 
ican  Review,"  and  led  to  the  life-long  friend-  time  Mr.  Bryant  had  traveled  extensiTely  in 
ship  between  its  author  and  the  now  venerable  his  own  country  from  Maine  to  Florida,  mak- 
poet  Richard  H.  Dana,  who  was  then  one  of  ing  also  a  trip  to  the  island  of  Cuba.  In  these, 
the  club  which  conducted  the  "  Review."  To  as  in  his  foreign  travels,  he  regularly  wrote  to 
this  periodical  Bryant  also  contributed  several  his  paper  letters  which  were  widely  read. 


BULGARIA.  65 

To  1855  a  new  edition  of  his  poems  was  San  Stefano,  as  modified  by  the  treaty  of  Ber- 

poblisbed,  and   in    1868    appeared    ^*  Thirty  lin,  in  1878,  an  autonomous  tribatary  princi- 

Poems."  a  small  volume  of  new  productions,  pality.    Area  about  38,000  square  miles,  popu- 

In  lb(>4  the  seventieth  anniversary  of  his  lation  1,859,000,  of  whom  about  1,100,000  are 

bi.'tbdAj  was  celebrated  by  the  Century  Club  Christians,  mostly  of  the  Greek  Church,  and 

of  New  York,  an  event  which  brought  togeth-  700,000  are  Mohammedans.     The  principal- 

er  muj  ot  the  prominent  literary  men  of  the  ity  of  Bulgaria  nearly  corresponds  with  the 

cuQDtTT,  and  called  forth  eulogistic  letters  from  former  vilayet  of  the  Danube,  and  lies  on  the 

QADj  others  who  were  unable  to  be  present,  south  side  of  the  Danube  River,  extends  to  the 

Tle?e  letters,  with  the  proceedings  of  the  fes-  Balkan  Mountains,  by  which  it  is  separated 

tival,  were  afterward  published  in  a  volume,  from  the  newly  constituted  Turkish  province 

¥r.  firjaiit*s  translations  into  English  blank  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  and  stretches  from  the 

v<:ne  of  the  ^^Ihad ''  and  the  ^*  Odyssey,"  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  on  the  east  to  the  bor- 

UnaBT  appearing  in  1870  and  the  latter  in  ders  of  Servia  on  the  west    The  country  near- 

hTI,  at  once  put  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  est  the  Danube  is  a  district  of  fertile  plain 

tie  trtnalators  of  those  great  epics.    In  1876  lands;   these  are  succeeded  by  a  hill  region, 

anew  and  complete  edition  of  his  poems  was  which  is  well  adapted  for  habitation  and  for 

;>aLlisbed.   His  **  Library  of  Poetry  and  Song  "  tillage  except  upon  the  crests  of  the  hills ;  and 

u«  proved  a  popular  holiday  gift  book.    Be-  beyond  rise  the   mountains.     An  extensive 

sdcj  being  the  active  editor  of  the  **  Evening  marshy  region  between  the  lower  Danube  and 

Pv.'S'^  up  to  the  time  of  bis  death,  he  was  the  the  Black  Sea,  called  the  Dobrudja,  bounded 

eLior  of  ^^  Picturesque  America,"  published  by  on  the  south  by  a  line  extending  trom  east  of 

k  Appleton  &  Co.,  and  was  engaged  with  Silistria  on  the  Danube  to  south  of  Mangalia 

Sidnej  Howard  Gay  in  the  preparation  of  a  on  the  Black  Sea,  and  containing  a  population 

r.ipolar  history  of  the  United  States.    Few  of  between  one  and  two  hundred  thousand, 

likrary  men  have  been  oftener  called  upon  to  consisting  principally  of  Turks  and  Wallachs, 

}ij  public  tribute  to  the  memo^  of  distin-  which  was  formerly  a  part  of  Bulgaria,  was 

:-'ni'hvd  Americans  than  has  Mr.  Bryant    He  gi^en  by  the  treaties  of  1678  to  Koumania. 

li^lirered  a  funeral  oration  on  the  artist  Thom-  The  plain  lands  of  the  valley  of  the  Danube 

dj  Cole  in  1848,  and  a  disconrse  on  the  life  are  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  grass  and 

&n<I  vritings  of  James  Fenimore  Cooper  in  wheat,  and  the  hill  regions  furnish  consider- 

K'i2,  which  was  followed  by  a  similar  tribute  able  forests  and  support  large  herds  of  cattle. 

Ut  Washington  Irving  in  1660.    He  was  the  The  province  has  been  regarded  as  one  of  the 

w-ctoT  at  the  dedication  of  the  statue  of  S.  F.  principal  sources  of  grain-supply  to  Turkey, 

B.  Murse  in  1871,  of  Shakespeare  and  Scott  in  and  has  furnished  the  state  with  about  one 

i'^r^,  of  HaSeck  in  1877,  and  of  Mazzini  in  tenth  of  its  revenues.    The  Balkan  Mountains, 

>7S,  all  of  which  are  placed  in  Central  Park  although  they  constitate  a  formidable  military 

ic  New  York.    His  address  on  the  last-named  barrier,  form  no  natural  ethnical  or  politicfd 

'xoaoD,  which  was  made  but  a  short  time  boundairy.    The  predominating  population  of 

^fure  his  death,  was  his  last  appearance  in  Eastern  Roumelia  are  as  intensely  Bulgarian 

Public.    The   presentation   of   the   **  Bryant  in  national  feeling  and  as  active  in  national  en- 

>^**in  1876  was  one  of  the  many  distin-  terprisea  as  the  people  of  the  northern  proy- 

gcished  honors  which  the  poet  has  received.  ince,  and  have  been  identified  with  them  in 

Id  1845  Mr.  Bryant  bought  an  old  Dutch  history  and  in  all  popular  movements;  and  it 

^mion  near  what  is  now  Roslyn.  on  Long  is  difiScult  to  speak  of  Bulgaria  and  the  Bnlga- 

h^.mL  This  continued  to  be  his  residence  for  rians  without  mcluding  the  southern  territory 

A  P^rt  of  the  year  till  the  time  of  his  death.  and  its  people. 

Mr.  Bryant's  poems  are  characterized  by  The  Bulgarians  were  originally  of  a  race  re- 
T^ritT  aad  degance  in  the  choice  of  words,  a  lated  to  the  Tartars  and  Turks,  and  are  first 
'  ncise  and  vigorous  diction,  delicacy  of  fancy  mentioned  in  history  as  inhabitants  of  the  re- 
el eieyation  of  thon^ht,  and  a  genial  yet  sol-  gions  of  the  Volga  River,  whence  the^  made 
^n  and  religions  philosophy.     He  was  an  occasional  incursions  into  the  Roman  Empire, 
'^'nosiastic  lover  of  nature,  and  a  dose  ob-  In  the  seventh  century  they  crossed  the  Yolga^ 
^'▼er  of  its  phenomena.    In  pastoral  beauty  and,  mingling  with  the  Slavic  tribes,  occupied 
sicr  of  his  poems  are  not  excelled.   His  prose  the  country  north  and  south  of  the  Danube, 
*^>-iogs  are  marked  by  pure,  manly,  straight-  and  built  up  a  poweiful  state.    Their  language 
i  rvird,  and  vigorous  Englidi.    He  was  a  per-  was  replaced  by  a  tongue  almost  purely  Slavic, 
^'^  of  delicate  sensibilities,  extreme  purity  and  on  account  of  which  they  have  become  classed 
-t-^T,  and  of  unflinching  adherence  to  prin-  wit^  the  Slavic  peoples ;  but  in  physical  traits 
';.  So  regular  was  Mr.  Bryant  in  his  habits  their  Tartar  characteristics  prevailed,  and  still 
•  inng^  working,  and  taking  exercise,  that  endure.    They  were  converted  to  Christianity 
■-'  >  bis  final  illness  his  mental  and  physical  in  the  ninth  century,  during  the  reign  of  King 
V/rroDtinned  to  be  remarkable  in  one  of  his  Boris,  or  Bogoris,  under  the  ministrations  of 
^moed  age.  the  so-called  Slavic  apostles,  Cyril  and  Metho- 
>^CLG AkIA,  a  province  of  the  Turkish  Em-  dius.    The  Bulgarian  nation  attained  great  ex- 
f>^  which  was  constituted  by  the  treaty  of  tent  and  power  under  the  successors  of  Bo- 
YoL.  XVIIL-— 6    A 


66  BULGABIA. 

gorls,  when  the  royal  court  became  the  center  A  Bulgarian  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Widio 
of  a  certain  degree  of  culture.  The  kingdom  in  1840,  bat  he  died  while  on  a  visit  to  Con- 
was  afterward  conquered  by  the  Constantino-  stantinople,  and  it  was  charged  that  he  was 
Solitto  Emperors,  but  became  again  indepen-  poisoned.  An  insurrection  broke  out  in  Widin 
ent  in  1186;  and  during  the  reign  of  King  ten  years  later,  in  view  of  which  the  Patriarch 
John  II.,  1218  to  1248,  it  attained  such  an  ex-  was  requested  to  consecrate  a  Bulgarian  bish- 
tent  that  its  boundaries  touched  the  Adriatic,  op.  He  obeyed,  but  left  the  bishop  withoat 
iEgean,  and  Black  Seas.  It  then  declined  till,  af-  a  see.  When  a  National  Assembly  was  called 
ter  the  battle  of  Kosovo,  in  1889,  it  was  easily  to  consider  the  question  of  reforms  in  1858, 
overcome  by  the  Turks.  The  ecclesiastical  sys-  a£fairs  were  mananged  so  that  the  Bulgarians 
tern  of  the  Greek  Church  having  been  extended  should  not  be  represented  in  it,  and  their  re- 
over  Bulgaria,  its  churches  fell  under  the  juris-  quests  were  again  denied.  Concerted  measures 
diction  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Constantinople,  were  instituted  against  the  Phanariot  (or 
Their  authority  was  exercised  in  a  despotic  Greek)  ecclesiastics  in  1860,  when  the  bishopB 
manner,  discriminating  against  the  Bulgarians,  were  driven  away  from  several  cities,  and  na- 
The  services  were  conducted  in  Greek,  the  use  tive  bishops  were  appointed  in  their  places, 
of  the  Bulgarian  language  on  public  occasions  The  prayer  for  the  Patriarch  was  omitted  from 
was  discontinued,  and  the  people  were  deprived  the  services  of  the  churches,  the  name  of  the 
of  facilities  for  education  beyond  those  f^orded  Sultan  being  substituted  for  his,  and  recognition 
by  a  few  priestly  schoob.  At  the  beginning  was  refused  about  the  same  time  to  the  elec- 
of  the  present  century  the  Bulgarians  were  tion  of  a  new  Patriarch.  Finally,  the  Turkish 
amonff  the  most  miserable  and  backward  of  Government,  after  it  had  again  failed  twice  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  About  gain  the  assent  of  the  Patriarch  to  its  propo- 
fifty  years  ago  an  awakening  was  begun,  which  sitions  for  tlie  reform  of  the  Bulgarian  Church, 
has  resulted  in  the  revival  of  a  strong  national  determined  to  act  without  regard  to  him,  and 
spirit,  the  organization  of  popular  schools  in  granted  a  firman  on  February  28, 1870,  con* 
the  Bulgarian  language  throughout  the  country,  stituting  it  a  separate  and  independent  juris- 
the  establishment  of  the  independence  of  the  diction.  Bishop  Anthrim,  of  Widm,  was  chosen 
Church,  and  the  growth  of  a  small  but  promis-  Exard^  on  the  refusal  of  Ilaxion  to  accept  the 
ingliterature.  office,  and  was  consecrated  by  the  command 

The  lessons  taught  in  the  gymnasium  at  Phil-  of  the  Sultan, 
ippopolis  comprise  the  Turkish,  Greek,  and  Manufacturing  and  business  enterprises  were 
French  languages,  elementary  mathematics,  ge-  largely  develop^  during  the  ten  years  preoed- 
ography,  Bulgarian  and  Turkish  history,  mental  ing  the  Russo-Turkish  war  of  1877,  and  many 
and  moral  philosophy,  religious  and  moral  in-  towns  on  the  northern  and  southern  slopes  of 
struction,  and  church  music.  The  larger  schools  the  Balkans  became  prosperous  and  growing 
are  provided  with  fine,  spacious  edifices,  many  industrial  centers.  Among  them  was  Gabrova, 
of  which  were  specially  erected  for  them.  In-  distinguished  for  its  manufactures  and  schools; 
struction  is  given  free  of  cost  in  all  the  branch-  Travna,  where  carvings  in  wood  and  pictures 
es  of  a  common-school  education.  Until  1860  were  made ;  Yratza,  the  seat  of  a  varied  trade, 
the  schools  were  dependent  entirely  upon  sub-  and  of  leather,  silk,  and  filigree  works ;  Sliv- 
Bcriptions  and  charitable  bequests.  After  the  mia,  Calofer,  and  Carlova,  the  seats  of  cloth  and 
Church  was  separated  from  the  jurisdiction  woolen  factories;  Yamboli,  a  busy  railway 
of  the  patriarchate  of  Constantinople,  a  reap-  station ;  Batak,  in  a  lumbering  district  of  the 
propriation  of  the  ecclesiastical  revenues  was  Bhodope  Mountains ;  and  Kezanlik,  on  the 
made,  and  a  part  of  them  were  set  aside  for  southern  slope  of  the  Balkans,  the  chief  cen- 
the  purposes  of  education.  At  a  later  period  ter  of  the  production  of  attar  of  roses.  Most 
the  local  authorities  of  some  places,  as  Philip-  of  these  places  were  destroyed  or  greatly  in- 
popolis,  were  induced  to  allow  a  special  tax  to  jnred  during  the  course  of  the  war. 
be  laid  upon  the  Bulgarians  for  the  benefit  of  The  treaty  of  San  Stefano  defined  the  boan- 
the  schools.  daries  of  Bulgaria  so  as  to  constitute  a  state. 
In  1876  fifty-one  newspapers  had  been  start-  which,  including  aJl  the  predominantly  Bulga- 
ed,  of  which  fourteen  were  established  in  1875.  rian  districts  of  European  Turkey,  both  north 
Most  of  these,  however,  were  printed  outside  and  south  of  the  Balkans,  should  have  an 
of  the  limits  of  the  present  principality.  Two  area  of  about  79,400  square  miles,  and  an 
of  them  were  literary,  one  was  theological,  estimated  population  of  between  five  and  five 
and  three  were  technical.  and  a  half  millions.  The  included  territory 
The  autonomy  of  the  Bulgarian  Church  as  extended  from  the  boundaries  of  Servia  and 
an  independent  exarchate  was  secured  in  1870,  Albania  to  the  Black  Sea,  and  from  the  Dan- 
after  a  hard  and  extraordinarily  bitter  con-  ube  nearly  to  the  iSgean  Sea,  and  took  in 
test  of  about  thirty  years  with  the  Greek  about  fifty  miles  of  the  iEgean  coast.  Of  the 
clergy  and  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  coast  lands,  a  small  strip  on  either  side  of  the 
In  1833  the  people  of  Samokov  and  Scopie  Salonican  peninsula,  and  a  district  in  eastern 
asked  for  the  appointment  of  Bulgarian  bish-  Thrace,  bounded  on  the  west  and  north  by  a 
ops  instead  of  two  Greek  bishops  who  had  line  extending  from  Buruguel  around  Adrian- 
been  removed,  but  the.  request  was  denied,  ople  and  thence  to  Hakim  Tobiasi,  were  left 


BULGABIA.  67 

isder  the  exdnsbe  Jurisdiction  of  Torkej.  be  demanded  would  be  modified  in  accordance 

The  British  Oovemment  made  strennons  ob-  with  this  view. 

jections  to  the  proYisions  of  the  treaty  respect-  *  Previoas  to  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  at 
mg  Bulgaria,'  which  were  briefly  stated  in  a  Berlin,  on  the  80th  of  May,  the  British  and  Bus- 
drcolir  addressed  by  Lord  Salisbary  to  the  sian  Governments  came  to  an  agreement  re- 
Povos,  which  was  published  on  March  80th.  specting  the  terms  of  adjustment  which  they 
It  reciced,  as  among  the  most  important  oonse-  would  accept  from  the  Congress.    This  agree- 
qneaces  to  whieh  the  treaty  practically  led,  ment  provided  that  Bulgaria  should  be  di- 
tbtt  by  the  articles  erecting  the  New  Bulgaria  vided  into  two  provinces :  one  north  of  the 
a  fCroDg  Slavic  state  would  be  created  under  Balkans,  to  be  endowed  with  a  political  au- 
the  ao^itees  and  control  of  Russia,  possessing  tonomy  under  a  prince;  the  other  south  of 
importaBt  harbors  on  the  Black  Sea  and  the  the  Balkans,  but  not  to  touch  the  .^ean  Sea, 
Archipelago,  and  conferring  upon  that  power  and  to  have  a  Christian  governor  and  a  gov- 
i  predominating  influence  over  both  political  emment  similar  to  that  of  an  English  colony. 
iad  commercial  relations  in  those  seas.    The  Further,   the  British  Qovemment   reserved, 
etste  would  be  so  constituted  as  to  merge  in  among  other  things,  the  right  to  demand  of 
ths  dominant  Slavic  majority  a  considerable  the  Congress  the  participation  of  Europe  in 
m§m  of  popnlation  which  is  Greek  in  race  and  the  administrative  organization  of  the  two 
ijmpathy,   and  which  views  with  alarm  the  Bulgarian  provinces,  and  to  discuss  the  dm-a- 
pro^ect  of  absorption  into  a  community  alien  tion  and  nature  of  the  Russian  occupation  of 
tD  it  not  only  in  nationality  but  in  political  Bulgaria.    The  Bulgarian   question  was  the 
tendency  and  religions  allegiance.    The  pro-  first  topic  considered  by  the  Congress^  and  the 
Tiaons  by  which  this  new  state  wonld  be  sub-  first  to  be  settled.     The  final  decision  of  it 
jeeted  to  a  niler  whom  Russia  would  practically  was  made  substantially  on  the  basis  of  the 
choose,  ita  administration  framed  by  a  Russian  Anglo-Russian  agreement,  and  established  the 
eommiasary,  and  the  first  working  of  its  in-  principality  of  Bulgaria,  to  be  bounded  on  the 
sntntiona  eommenoed  under  the  control  of  a  south  by  the  Balkans,  and  to  include  Varna  on 
Busaian  army,  snffioiently  indicated  the  politi-  the  east  and  Sophia  on  the  west,  the  state  to 
esJ  sjsteaa  of  which  in  future  it  was  to  form  own  all  the  fortresses;  the  territory  south  of 
a  part.    Stipnlations,  the  dispatch  continued,  the  Balkans  to  be  erected  into  an  autonomous 
were  added  which  wonld  extend  this  infiuence  province,  to  be  called  Eastern  Roumelia,  and 
even  beyond  the  bonndaries  of  the  New  Bui-  to  be  governed  by  a  Christian  hospodar,  nomi- 
laria.  nated  by  the  Sultan  and  the  Powers,  who 
ObJeotioB  was  made  by  the  Greek  uihabitants  should  be  aided  by  a  local  elective  Parliament, 
of  the  sonthem  territory  against  the  extension  and  supported  by  a  local  militia,  the  higher 
of  the  new  Slavic  state  over  communities  of  officers  of  which  must  be  approved  by  the 
predomixiaDtiyGreoiannatlQnality,  which  found  Sultan.    The  Turkish  Goyemment  was  given 
expreasioo  in  protests  and  in  the  participa-  the  full  and  entire  right  to  occupy  and  cover 
tion  of  the  Qneks  in  the  insurrections  with  the  line  of  frontier  separating  Bulgaria  from 
vhieh  the  diatriets  around  the  BhodopeMoun-  Eastern  Roumelia,  by  whatever  number  of 
taittswereconmlsedduringthe  spring  and  the  troops  it  might  deem  necessary  for  the  se- 
earty  summer.    It  had  not  been  the  original  curity  of  its  borders ;  but  it  was  expressly  nn- 
ictatioa  of  the  Rnasian  Government  to  make  derstood  that  these  troops  should  be  composed 
the  BolgariaD  state  so  large ;  for  Count  Shou-  entirely  of  regulars,  should  not  on  any  pre- 
vak^  Uie  Russian  Ambauador  to  Great  Brit-  text  be  cantoned  among  the  inhabitants,  and 
&itt,  \ud  asBored  Earl  Derby  on  June  8, 1877,  should  be  used  exclusively  for  frontier  service. 
that  if  the  Porte  should  sue  for  peace  before  It  was  stipulated  that  the  principality  of  Bul- 
the  Roasiaa  armies  crossed  the>Ballcana,  they  garia  should  have  a  Christian  government  and 
would  not  pass  that  line,  but  the  Emperor  a  national  militia;  that  the  Prince  should  be 
would  insist  open  the  aotonomy  of  Bulgaria  as  elected  by  the  people  and  confirmed  by  the 
a  vvmI  province  under  the  guarantee  of  En-  Porte  and  the  great  Powers ;  that  the  rights 
rope,  and  wonld  ask  the  Powers  to  aranre  to  of  all  the  nationalities  should  be  taken  into 
that  part  of  the  coontry  south  of  the  Balkans,  account  in  whatever  relates  to  the  election  or 
sa  wefl  as  to  the  «ther  Christian  provinces  ot  the  government,  and  that  distinction  of  re- 
Torkey^  the  best  possible  guarantees  for  a  reg-  ligions  belief  or  confession  should  not  operate 
nbr  administration.    But,  at  a  subsequent  in-  against  any  one  as  a  reason  of  exclusion  or  in- 
terview, the  Count  informed  Earl  Derby  that  capacity  in  what  concerns  enjoyment  of  po- 
kij  Gornnment  had  decided  that  separation  Htical  rights,  admission  to  public  employment, 
uto  two  provinces  wonld  be  impracticable,  functions,  or  honors,  or  the  exercise  of  the  dif- 
I'v  ** local  information  proved  that  Bulgaria  ferent  professions  and  industries.    Liberty  of 
33st  remain  a  single  province,  otherwise  the  public  profession  of  all  creeds  was  assured  to  all 
aoat  laborious  and  intelligent  part  of  the  Bol-  the  returned  population  as  well  as  to  stran- 
orisn  population,  and  notably  that  which  had  gers.    Until  a  permanent  organization  shall 
KoA  suffered  from  Tnrkish  nudadministration,  be  completed,  for  which  nine  months  are  al- 
vetnd  remain  exdnded  from  the  autonomous  lowed,  Bulgaria  will  be  governed  by  a  provi- 
isitBtutions,"  and  that  the  terms  of  peace  to  sional  organization,  directed  by  Russian  com- 


68  BULGARIA. 

missioners,  who  will  be  assisted  by  delegated  discontent  of  these  people  over  the  proTiaoni 
consuls  of  the  great  Powers.  The  Ottoman  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin  aggravated  the  disorders 
army  shall  evacnate  Bnlgaria,  and  all  the  with  which  the  country  was  already  afflicted, 
fortresses  shall  be  destroyed,  within  a  year,  Charges  of  outrages  committed  by  Bolgariang 
and  new  ones  shall  not  be  erected.  Mussul-  were  preferred,  and  became  so  definite  that 
mans  who  remove  from  the  principality  shall  an  international  commission  was  appointed  to 
be  allowed  to  retain  their  real  property  by  suf-  investigate  them.  The  reports  of  the  cominis- 
fering  it  to  be  administered  by  third  parties;  sioners  were  published  in  the  latter  part  of 
and  two  years  were  allotted  for  a  Turkish-  August.  The  British,  French,  and  Tarkish 
Bulgarian  commission,  to  be  engaged  with  the  commissioners  made  identical  statements,  rep- 
regulation  of  all  matters  relative  to  the  trans-  resenting  that  atrocious  outrages  had  been  com- 
fer  of  state  properties  and  religious  founda-  mitted  by  the  Russians  and  the  Bulgarians  in 
tions.  The  province  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  as  1877  and  1878,  both  north  and  south  of  the 
defined  by  this  treaty,  has  an  area  of  13,664  Balkans,  but  chiefly  in  the  villages  of  the  Rho- 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  751,000.  dope  Mountains.    It  had  been  intended  to  make 

The  Russians  had  accomplished  much  in  the  this  statement  the  basis  of  the  report  of  the 
organization  of  the  Bulgarian  districts  which  commission ;   but  the  Russian,  German,  and 
they  had  occupied,  even  before  the  treaty  of  Austrian  representatives  refused  to  sign  it,  be- 
San  Sbefano  was  signed.    They  continued  in  cause  the  evidence  upon  which  it  was  founded 
their  work  without  waiting  for  the  result  of  was  not  satisfactory  to  them,  and  the  Italian 
negotiations  concerning  the  meeting  of  the  representative  withdrew  his  signature  after 
Congress,  and  did  not  change  their  course  having  attached  it,  for  the  same  reason, 
even  after  the  Congress  had  made  its  decisions.        TIjc  more  important  offices  in  both  provinces 
In  April  an  imperial  ukase  was  issued  direct-  were  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Russians, 
ing  the  speedy  establishment  of  the  new  or-  The  organization  of  the  native  militia  was 
ganization.     The  province  was  divided  into  pushed  with  vigor.   An  enrollment  of  all  young 
governments.    Each  governor  should  act  along  men  of  the  ages  of  twenty,  twenty-one,  and 
with  an  administrative  council  chosen  from  twenty-two,  was  begun  in  September,  which 
among  the  most  trustworthy  persons  within  was  intended  for  the  organization  of  a  terri- 
the  area  of  the  government.    The  government  torial  army  to  consist  of  fifty  battalions  of 
should  be  divided  into  circuits,  presided  over  infantry,  seventy  squadrons  of  cavalry,  four 
by  sub-governors,  each  having  a  council  of  sotnias  of  artillery,  and  four  regiments  of  sap- 
seven  Bulgarians.     A  superintendent  should  pers,  to  be  commanded  by  officers  selected  from 
be  appointed  in  each  circuit,  to  be  supported  the  Russian  army.    This  army  was  enrolled  and 
by  a  Bulgarian  magistracy,  to  have  the  com-  designed  for  service  in  both  provinces,  but  two 
maud  of  a  body  of  police  composed  of  Chris-  thirds  of  the  whole  were  drawn  from  Bulgaria, 
tians  and  Mohammedans,  and  to  be  vested        The  particular  organization  of  northern  Bal- 
with  the  control  of  passes,  and  with  authority  garia  was  conducted  with  dispatch  and  without 
to  act  as  a  judge  in  small  cases.    An  autono-  disturbance,  so  that  few  events  occurred  in 
mous  court  of  law  appointed  in  each  circuit  connection  with  it  which  attracted  attention 
town  would  exercise  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  abroad.    The  evacuation  of  the  fortresses  by 
and  criminal  cases,  partly  in  accordance  with  the  Turks  was  begun  with  hesitation  and  car- 
former  Turkish  law,  and  partly  in  accordance  ried  on  slowly,  in  consequence  of  the  compli- 
with  the  determination  of  use  and  wont.    The  cations  growing  out  of  the  continued  presence 
constitution  of  a  National  Assembly  at  Phil-  of  the  Russian  forces  near  Constantinople.  The 
ippopolis   was   contemplated    after    all   the  forts  around  Shumla  were  given  np  in  July, 
above-mentioned  institutions  should  have  been  and  the  Russians  received  possession  of  Varna 
organized.    After  the  death  of  Prince  Tcher-  on  the  11th  of  August  The  formation  of  bands 
kasski,  the  superintendence  of  tjie  Russian  ad-  in  the  Dobru^ja  to  resist  the  occupation  of  the 
ministration  in  all  of  Bulgaria  became  lodged  province  by  the  Roumanians  was  reported  in 
in  the  hands  of  Prince  Dondoukoff- Korsakoff,  the  latter  part  of  September,  and  it  was  said 
who,  establishing  his  headquarters  at  Phili[)-  that  arms  bad  been  dfistributed  among  the  in- 
popolis,  directed  the  organization  of  both  sec-  tending  insnrgents.    A  circular  was  sent  by 
tions  of  the  country.  Gen.  Scoboleff  to  the  officers  of  the  territory 

While  the  appointment  of  the  commissioners  occupied  by  the  Russians,  threatening  to  pro- 

f  or  Eastern  Koumelia  contemplated  by  the  claim  martial  law  against  those  inhabitants  who 

treaty  of  Berlin  was  pending,  the  Russian  ad-  should  rebel  against  Russian  authority ;  and  a 

ministrator  continued  to  execute  the  policy  similar  circular  was  prepared  by  the  Porte  to 

previously  adopted,  which  looked  to  the  forma-  be  published  in  the  provinces  recently  occupied 

tion  of  a  compact,  autonomous  state,  without  by  the  Turkish  troops.    The  organization  oj 

seeming  to  regard  the  changes  demanded  by  the  administration  of  justice  was  effected  in 

the^  new  treaty.    He  was  supported  by  the  October,  when  tribunals  were  constitnted  fo^ 

majority  of  the  Bulgarian  population,  who  civil  and  criminal  cases,  consisting  of  local  trii 

were  anxious  to  be  incorporated  into  a  state  bunals  in  the  circuits  and  governmental  courts 

embracing  their  whole  nationality,  and  strongly  in  each  sanjak,  with  specif  tribunals  for  case) 

opposed  to  a  return  under  Turkish  rule.    The  in  which  religious  faith  is  concerned.     An  oni 


BULGARIA.  CALIFORNIA.                   69 

aonnc^ment  was  made  that  the  civfl,  military,  be  astonifihed  at  the  injustice  which  the  Powers 
&ad  ecclesiastical  service  of  Bulgaria  would  had  committed  against  the  Bulgarians  in  ^• 
iMDceforth  be  carried  on  in  the  Kusaian  Ian-  viding  them  into  three  parts ;  declared  that, 
$aag«.  after  having  experienced  nine  months  of  free- 
The  International  Commission  for  the  organ-  dom  under  the  Russian  Occupation,  they  could 
mioa  of  £a8tem  Roumelia  was  appointed  in  not  return  to  subjection  to  Turkish  misgovern- 
SeptembeTy  and  held  its  first  meetmg  at  Con-  ment ;  and  averred  that  they  preferred  the 
d«ntmople  on  the  1st  of  October.    Its  meetings  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  to  those 
were  held  afterward  at  Philippopolis.    It  was  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin.    In  illustration  of  the 
Dot  favorably  received  by  the  Bulgarian  peo-  injustice  which  they  said  the  Congress  had 
fJe.  and  complaints  were  made  that  the  Russian  done  to  the  Bulgarians  of  Eastern  Roumelia  and 
«>fie6r8  did  not  heartUy  encourage  its  objects.  Macedonia,  they  claimed  that  the  former  prov- 
Priooe  Dondookoff-Eorsakoff  refused  to  sur-  ince  contained  the  beet  part  of  the  Bulgarians, 
raider  the  administration  of  the  finances  to  and  the  latter  1,600,000  persons  of  that  na- 
tbe  eommiasion,  as  was  stipulated  in  the  treaty  tionality.    The  Bulgarian  boundary  commis- 
of  Berlin  should  be  done,  so  long  as  the  Bus-  sioners  returned  to  Constantinople  early  in 
sUn  troops  occupied  the  province ;   but  he  December,  averring  that  they  were  forced  to 
<)f ered  to  give  up  the  surplus  revenue  remain-  do  so  because  the  Russians,  despite  reiterated 
ifig  fifter  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  govern-  requests,  delayed  furnishing  an  escort,  and  Gen. 
m^nt,  indading  the  payment  of  the  native  Todleben  refused  to  receive  them  when  they 
militia  then  in  the  course  of  formation.    It  was  wished  to  remonstrate. 
C'berved  with  concern  that  the  Russians,  instead  A  meeting  of  Bulgarians  was  held  at  Philip- 
of  showing  an  intention  to  withdraw,  were  popolis  on  the  11th  of  November,  which  re- 
*^tng  ireeh  troops  south  of  the  Balkans,  solved  to  continue  in  persistent  opposition  to 
<n3.  Todleben,  having  arrived  at  Lule  Bourgas  the  execution  of  the  work  of  the  commission 
>9  the  last  of  October,  gave  orders  for  the  for  organizing  Eastern  Roumelia.    Prince  Don- 
repair  of  the  bridges  in  the  neighborhood,  and  doukoff-Eorutkoff  was  reported  to  have  ez- 
r'.T  the  canstmction  of  barracks  for  the  winter  pressed  the  conviction,  about  the  same  time, 
ccarters  of  the  Rusman  soldiers  stationed  be-  that  the  execution  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin  was 
tVeen  Liverta  and  Tunclja.    The  arrangements  a  sheer  impossibility,  for  the  Bulgarians  would 
('if  sending  away  the  greater  part  of  the  army  take  up  arms  to  oppose  the  separation  of  East- 
tad  for  demolishing  the  fortresses  of  Widin  em  Roumelia  from  Bulgaria, 
isd  Rostchok  were  stopped.   The  fortifications  The  Bulgarian  Assembly  was  called  to  meet 
St  Eusten^ji  in  the  Doorudja,  which  had  been  at  Tirnova,  December  27th,  where,  after  pre- 
&:;andoned,  were  rearmed,  and  military  ^ards  paring  the  organic  law  of  the  principality,  it 
rere  posted  at  the  railway  stations.    The  ap-  was  expected  to  elect  a  Prince.    A  draft  of 
prehension  waa  excited  by  these  movements  the  Constitution  had   been  prepared,  which 
^st  the  Russians  did  not  intend  to  be  bound  provided  for  an  Assembly  consisting  of  four 
:.▼  the  limitations  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  nor  hundred  deputies,  one  hundred  of  whom  should 
?o  evacuate  the  Bulgarian  territories  until  a  be  selected  by  the  Government.    The  Prince 
^cal  peace  was  concluded.    Journals  friendly  should  have  the  right  to  exercise  mercy,  but 
*->  them  stated,  however,  that  their  renewed  should  not  be  entitled  to  declare  war.    The 
slTa&cewasoraered,not  on  strategical  grounds,  election  of  the  Prince  was  expected  to  take 
Uit  for  the  sake  of  order  and  humanity.  place  on  the  1st  of  January,  1679.    The  per- 
*>tk  the  29th  of  October  a  petition  signed  by  sons  named  in  December  as  the  principal  can- 
V>/M  Bulgarians  of  Eastern  Roumelia  and  Ma-  didates  were  Gen.  Ignat\eff,  late  Russian  Am- 
-^itMxia  was  presented  to  the  commission  sit-  bassador  at  Constantinople,  Prince  Alexander 
*  nz  tt  Philippopolis,  protesting  against  the  di-  Wassiltchikoff,  Prince  Reuss,  and  Prince  Alex- 
-nai^jD  of  Balgaria.  The  petitioners  professed  to  ander  of  Battenberg. 


C 

CALIFORNIA.    The  Legislature,   after  a  and  mechanics  who  have  nothing  to  do.    Only 

■ricf  adjournment,  reassembled  on  January  two  or  three  days  ago^the  day  before  yester- 

4ih.    In  Uie  Senate  one  of  the  first  bills  intro-  day — they  went  to  the  Mayor  of  that  city,  I 

Iz  •:«d  was  framed  to  authorize  the  Mayor,  City  think  in  a  body  three  thousand  strong,  and 

i^n«l  County  Surveyor,  and  Superintendent  of  asked  him  to  g^ve  them  labor  in  order  that  they 

^.Tttts  in  San  Francisco  to  ^ve  employment  to  may  be  able  to  get  bread.    The  leader  of  that 

'  V  o  thousand  laboring  men  from  the  date  of  large  body  of  men  said  to  the  Mayor,  *  Unless 

■•^passage  of  the  bill  to  April  lOUi,  the  price  you  give  us  something  to  do — some  work — we 

-  '^«e  fixed  by  the  ofiicers  above  mentioned,  shall  be  obliged  to  st^,  in  order  t^at  we  may 

'  '*i  f4  the  Senators  (Mr.  Rogers)  said :  **  It  is  be  put  in  the  county  jail,  where  we  will  have 

^-n  known  that  the  streets  of  San  Francisco,  food.^  '^    Another  Senator  (Mr.  McCoppin)  ob- 

•^  '-^  present  time,  are  full  of  laboring  men  jected  to  the  bill,  saying:  **  Why,  at  the  end  of 


CALIFOKNIA.  71 

[he  time  ot  employnient,  instead  of  hsTing  one    Acrosa  the  river  ahont  a  mile  apart,  and  then 
ihaoMnd  or  two  thousand  idle  men  in  San    draw  them  together,  forcing  ail  the  fish  with 
Frucisoo,  we  wonld  have  five  choasand  or  tea    them,  and  then  everything  in  the  net  is  hauled 
tiiamknd ;  for  the;  would  come  from  all  parts    on  shore.    Their  nets  are  eo  amall  that  nothing 
<if  the  Stat«  aeekinR  work."    At  the  previoua    can  pass  them  the  size  of  a  maa'g  finger.    The 
><»ioii  of  the  LegiuatQre  a  committee  was  ap-    caatom-houBe  figarea  showed  that  the  exporta- 
puinted  hj  the  Senate  to  examine  into  and  re-    tion  of  small  fish  to  China  in  18TS  was  worth 
port  apon  the  actual  condition  of  the  Chinese    (960,000.    Specimens  taken  from  a  Chinese 
is  California,  and  the  effects  of  their  presence    boat  were  submitted,  and  conaistcd  of  7oung 
Dpon  the   white  population.    A  report  waa    perch,  emelt,  flounders,  sardines,  salmon,  rook- 
iBtdc  and  published,  witboat  containing  a  por-    cod,  tomcod,  shrimpa,  and  pipe-fish.    Bome  of 
tion  of  the  testimoa;  taken  hi  tbe 
cilr  of  San  Francisco.     A  member 
of  the  Senate,  on  moving  that  this 
l«rtinionj  be  pablished,  stated  that 
ii  dlKloaed,  in  part  at  least,  the  re- 
lujiins  tbkt  existed  and  still  exist 
Wtreea  some  of  the  anthorities  of 
ilw  city,  indading  one  branch  of  the 
P(JiM  Dep&rtment,  and  the  oriminal 
rl»a»e»  in  the  "  Chinese  qnarter."   In 
DiD$t  inrtsDces  these  disclosures  were 
in»le  with  extreme  reluctance,  and 
in  nne  case  the  witness — a  special 
pohce  officer — refused  abaolntai)'  to 
lOsweT  certwn  qnestions  tonohing 
bL^  compensation  and  that  of  his  as- 
iodsies  s(  tbe  hands  of  the  propri- 
etors of  gambling- hooses  and  hooses 
"I  prostitution  then  and  now  flo- 
crintlj  kept  open  in  the  Ohineae 
qi&rter.     An  officer  who  had  been 
specisUr  detailed  to  examine  that 
qnrter,  and  who,  because  of  hiszeal, 
■u  snmmftril;  removed  therefrom, 
t^iSed  to  the  existence  of  from  four 
t>  »evea  hondred  ot  those  houses  in 
fast  qoarter ;  and  all  the  witnesses 
vlmitted  npon  oath  that  those  dens 
•i  infamy  and  pollntion,  which  are 
1  disgrace  to  the  city  and  oiviliza- 
lion,  coald  be  cloaed  by  simply  en- 
fonring  existing  ordinances  and  taws; 
bot,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they 
payfor  tbe  privilege  of  keeping  open 
Rid  plying  their  infamous  vocations, 

tLev  are  not  only  permitted  bnt  ao-  dMBwm  tuut.    . 

toaily  encouraged  to  do  so.     A  new 

Uw  was  therefore  passed  entirely  reforming  the  fish  were  not  over  two  inches  long  and  not 
th«  police  system  of  Ban  Francisco,  and  abol-  as  thick  as  a  lead  pencil,  indicating  a  very  amall 
i-hiog  aU  offices  of  special  police.     It  was  thus     net. 

tuticipated  that  the  doubtful  praotioes  which  An  act  was  passed  to  amend  the  sections  of 
prevailed  in  the  Chinese  quarter,  and  which  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  relating  to  attor- 
Lave  contributed  not  a  nttle  to  foster  the  neys,  etc.  The  amendment  consisted  in  strik- 
L'-Tjadices  entertained  agatnst  those  people,  ing  out  tbe  words  "white  male"  A'om  tbe  sec- 
•■jald  be  stopped.  tions,  thus  permitting  women  and  persons  of 

A  bin  was  also  introduced  in  tbe  House  to  color  to  practice  law  upon  paxslog  tbe  requi- 
•f.-p  the  destruction  of  small  fish,  shrimps,  site  examination.  The  first  person  to  take 
::.iQno«s,  etc.,  known  to  be  the  food  of  large  advantage  of  tliis  act  was  Mrs.  Clara  S.  Foltc, 
'-L.  by  stopping  the  drying  and  exporting  of  of  San  Jos^,  who  porsned  her  studies  under 
itetn  to  China,  as  is  now  done  by  Chinese  fish-  disadvantages  that  wonld  appall  most  stodenls 
"num.  It  was  stated  before  the  Fish  Com-  of  tbe  other  sex.  She  h^  a  family  of  five 
siMtOBen  that  on  tbe  river  SocrameDto  there  small  children  to  provide  for,  and  most  of  the 
'ere  about  fifteen  white  men  in  the  business  time  did  her  own  housework  unassisted,  and 
and  from  five  to  eight  hundred  occasionally  was  obliged  to  take  to  the  lecture- 
Tbe  Chinese    stretch    two  nets    field  as  a  means  of  adding  to  her  meager  in- 


73  CALIFORNIA. 

oome.    Stie  was  fidmitted  to  tbe  bar,  and  the    for  working  men  and  women,  the  nnniber  of 

local  paper sa^B that  "the  committee appointad    each  required,  the  waf»a  offered,  the  woA  to 

to  eiamine  her  conristed  of  some  of  our  first    be  done,  and  where;  ascertain  thefadUtinfor 

lawjers,  who  sahjected  ber  to  a  thorough  teat    the  performance  thereof  the  sanitary  condition 

of  her  legal  knowledge,  and  who  nnanimonsl?    of  the  locality  where  such  labor  is  to  be  done, 

certified  to  faer  entire  fiineas  for  advancement"    the  proTisione  fur  the  comfort  of  the  workmen, 

A  concurrent  resolution  paased  the  Asaem-    and  the  probable  term  of  employment    Th« 

bly  providing  fur  a  joint  committee  of  nine  to    Boreaa  must  also  keep  a  record  of  all  sppli- 

consider  the  subject  of  a  Cuustttntional  Con-    cationR  for  employment  or  information,  villi 

ventioQ,  voted  for  by  a  majority  of  723  votes    the  name  of  each  applicant,  aei,  age,  nativitj, 

at  the  last  election.    Early  in  Jannary  the    trade,  or  calling,  whether  married  or  single. 

Committee  reported  a  bill  to  provide  for  hold-    nnmberinfamily(if  any),  andamonntof  wage* 

ing  a  Convention  to  revise  ana  change  the  Con-    aaked.    In  all  cases  where  practicable,  eitui- 

tiona  should  be  filled  in  the  order  of 

their  application,  and  without  psrtiel- 

ity.    The  Bureau  shall,  when  ordered 

by  the  Conimi»aionerH,  establish  branch 

ofiices  in  other  parts  of  the  State. 

The  subject  of  irrigation  has  become 
of  the  highest  importance  to  the  State, 
and  a  bill  was  paased  to  secore  tbis 
object  A  commission  is  created  Co 
have  charge  of  the  nodertaking,  and 
it  is  empowered  to  engage  the  services 
of  skilllDl  engineers,  whose  bnainess  It 
shall  be  to  make  surveys,  to  ascertain 
the  best  mode  of  districting  the  State 
for  irrigation  pnrposes,  and  to  draft 
plans  for  carrying  ont  the  work. 

Another  subject  of  no  less  impnr- 
tance  to  the  prosperity  of  the  State  is 
the  disposal  of  the  dibrii  from  liv- 
draulic  raining.  At  present  it  flows 
into  the  rivers,  filling  them  np,  and  i* 
carried  by  freshets  over  the  fertile  low- 
lands, causing  their  destruction.  Tbis 
prevails  to  a  great  extent  through 
northern  California.  The  losses  Ij 
floods  in  February,  which  in  the  main 
were  chargeable  to  the  dihrU,  were 
estimated  at  $76,000,000.  Nothing  vas 
done  by  the  Legislature  on  the  aubject 
Various  resolutions  relating  to  the 
financial  policy  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, removal  of  troops  from  the 
Southern  States,  civil-servico  reform, 
raihoads,  eto.,  were  introdnced  before 
the  Legietature,  but  fuled  to  be  np- 
proved.  The  session  dosed  early  in 
looMiTB  Fiix.  March.     Some   fifteen    hundred   and 

aixty  bills  were  introdnced  in  both 
Btitntton  of  the  State.  It  proposed  to  hold  the  Houses,  a  large  number  of  which  failed  to  be- 
Convention  at  Sacramento  In  Hay,  and  that  tt    come  laws. 

should  be  com  posed  of  120  members.  Thrmea-  The  certainty  of  the  ultimate  adoption  of  a 
sure  was  extensively  discussed  in  eanh  House,  system  of  irrigation  in  the  State,  inconsequence 
and  various  amendments  were  made  in  one  and  of  the  passage  of  a  bill  for  that  end,  was  very 
rejected  in  the  other.  The  act  as  passed  pro-  favorably  received.  A  large  tract  on  the  weei- 
vided  for  the  election  of  delegates  in  June  and  em  skipe  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Uonntaios,  It 
the  aaaembling  of  the  Convention  on  Septera-  was  thought,  wonid  become  far  more  produc- 
ber  28th.  Thirty  of  tlie  members  were  to  be  tive  under  the  system.  Below  the  altitado  of 
chosen  on  a  general  ticket,  of  whom  each  voter  two  thousand  feet,  the  hills  or  mountains  are 
was  to  vote  for  twenty.  essentially  the  same  in  all  their  characteristics 

A  bill  was  also  pasiied  to  provide  for  a  State  of  soil,  shape,  accessibility,  and  climate.  The 
Labor  Burean.  It  consists  of  com  mission  era  length  of  territory  inclnded  in  tbis  elope,  or 
whose  doty  it  is  to  keep  a  list  of  all  persons,  foot-hills,  is  about  four  hundred  miles,  nnd  the 
oompaniea,  or  corporations  making  applicatjons    widtbfromfiveto  thirty  miles.  The  entire  area 


OALIFORNIA.  73 

B  equal  to  oae  fifth  of  the  area  of  the  Saora-  ^                  Saw  Fiukoiboo,  Janttary  19,  1878, 

mento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys.    For  the  par-  ^  BinuyrabU  ihfSmaUof  the  State  of  California. 

,^..^\^  •:^»  4>ku  ll*^^^'^^^^  «#  ♦K-o>  «»A<>  «««-.  Gsntlwcek:    The  undersigned  ore  the  President 

poMain  vieir  this  statement  of  the  area  may  ^^  Secretary  or  the  Workinpnen»s  party  of  this 

be  exteoded  to  the  alUtuue  ox  tnree  tnonsana  state.    We  have  read  your  speeches  on  the  new  ffag 

fife  hundred  feet  ahove  the  sea.     The  soil  of  law  with  astonishment.    We  were  not  aware  beiore 

this  vast  ezteot  of  territory  is  rich  and  warm.  ^^  ^ ^^d  it  in  the  papers  that  we  had  used  inoendiaiy 

The  abandanoe  of  volcanic  clay,  formed  from  lanp»g?nhad  flxecT  on  Simday.  the  20th,  for  a  gen- 

xu^u^  1™  'T.^^^A^  ;♦  «r;*K  «  .«v«.^*v^.»4^»^  era!  upnsmg,  had  proposed  to  plunder  and  burn  the 

dawlved  lava,  provides  it  with  a  recuperative  eity  aid  kUl  the  people,  or  even  to  incite  so  much 

power  within  itself.     This  clay,  under  the  in-  as  a  riot.    We  have  been  examined  once  and  dis- 

doeoce  of  water  and  exposure,  slacks,  and  in  charged,  not  for  anv  defect  of  the  law,  but  from  want 

this  form  it  is  easily  combined  with  vesetable  ®^  ^*<^^»'    You  read  the  reports  in  the  papers,  when 

mold,  and  the  result  is  a  good  manure.    The  ^^^  *^^?^?  ^"^^  at  the  sworn  testimony.    We  need 

r  *^""    r",^**^*^"          />  x/^  •**«** «xv.     x«w  your  assistance,  and  not  our  adversaries.   They  alone 

dimateofthis  region,  so  far  as  temperature  is  f.^ve  violated  W,  created  riot,  and  trumped  up 

coacemed,  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  in  charges  based  on  false  newspaper  reports.    For  our 

\M  Sacramento  Vallej.    But  the  absence  of  pai^i  peace,  law,  and  order  have  been  our  motto,  and 

malaria  and  the  presence  of  resinous  matter  in  ^/"  *>?/  The  bsJlot-box  is  our  batUe-fleld.  But  win- 

the.air,  add«l.to^the  benefits  derived  from  ele-  tS^,e\'urbr.S^v  Sa^JiL'^^ot  ^tt^il^^^^^ 

ritioo,  result  m  a  oUmate  far  superior  to  that  land-grabber,  and  the  Chinese  Six  Companies  see 

of  the  lower  valleys.    It  is  more  agreeable  and  the  death-knell  of  all  their  hopes  in  our  numbers, 

kealthfaL    Bilious  diseases  and  lung  troubles  our  strength,  and  our  calm  resolution.    They  have 

ire  comparativelv  rare  in  this  reirion,  while  ^?!*i?®^  our  unguarded  speeches :  they  have  done 

tU  ^.n^iTi^Iry^/ uT  ^TLI«  J!^«T11T-KU-«l-  ^^  'hey  oould  to  provoke  us  into  disorder ;  and  now 

the  general  vigor  of  its  peraianent  inhabitants  ^^y  ^haiga  us  wfth  crimes  they  can  not  prove,  and 

Till  De  above  that  of  the  Sacramento  valley,  ask  for  new  laws  to  give  effect  to  their  persecutions. 

It  produces  everything  that  is  raised  in  the  lat-  Gentlemen,  you  are  supposed  to  be  tne  guaxdians 

ter;  and  the  peach,  apple,  plum,  and  ordinary  of  the  public  hberties  and  the  friends  of  the  people. 

warden  vegetables  reaih  iTdVw  of  perfection  &th^«w«m 'L°.?iIonv  *i^  «ur^!^«  ^iow^l^/n 

.1.1       ^     ,  .       ...     J  .^a. L        «r         tj.  •  iteaa  tne  sworn  testimony  in  our  case,  now  given 

which  can  not  be  attained  m  the  valley.  It  is  before  ajury.  Do  not  hasten  to  do  wroig. 
uso  asserted  that  in  one  notable  instance  this  The  Workingmen's  party  is  a  great  power  now-Hi 
reeion  has  produced  oranges  which  have  been  respectable  and  orderly  and  resolute  power.  It  is 
pronounced  by  travelers  superior  to  any  oth-  destined  to  rule  this  State  by  law,  and  at  no  distant 
*p«  r«a^  ;..  ¥\i^  Qfo^^A  T1.A  ««.««uv:i:*«.  ^e  ♦u:-  day.  We  aver  to  you  that  we  have  never  incited  to 
ers  raised  m  the  State.  The  availability  of  this  or  oontempkted  any  riot,  any  kUIing  of  men,  or  de- 
region  depends,  lio  we  ver,  upon  facilities  for  struction  of  property ;  never  so  mu<3i  as  broken  tha 
irrigstion ;  and,  if  this  can  be  had,  it  will  off^r  peace  or  held  a  riotous  meeting.  We  are  simple 
iaiacements  to  agriculturists  superior  to  those  workingmen,  who  speak  to  oar  fellows  from  our 
/  the  great  vaUeys.  There  is  water  enough  in  ?«»rt»  ?  ^*^«i"  respond  in  thousands.  This  is  what 
♦'•»-  Foafk.^.  1>;«.I..  n.,^i.:»,A^  Vw  -^^.K^;!^  4.^  1^**  alarmed  our  enemies.  This  is  what  they  can 
^  *e«ther  River,  nnchiimed  by  anybody^  to  ^^^^^  ^^^id  until  the  interests  of  the  people  arJ  con- 

:n»te  the  whole  range  from  Red  Bluff  to  Fol-  suited,  and  the  Chmese  pest  abated,  fr  not  removed 

«>?rn,  and  the  practical  use  of  it  is  entirely  f  ea-  altogether. 

•iMe.    In  addition  to  this  source,  there  are  We  are  rapidly  forming  in  two  ranks  in  this  city 

<hcr  and  more  limited  sources  which  are  suf-  *°?  ^°  *^l®)^? '  *^T  '^^^'^"J  ^^""^  *^®  ^i"°®?u 

-.:^«»  *     ♦!.         \.4,  ^t  ■»v»*»*^  "  •"'-•"  «*w  o  *  nuisance  abated,  and  those  who  have  conspired  with 

;"•*,.  ^^.^®  ^*^^  ^^  *  considerable  acreage  the  Chinese  Six  Companies  to  keep  them  here.   Be- 

X  thu  vicimty.  tween  these  two  there  is  no  peace,  and  there  can  be 

An  unusual  excitement  was  raised  in  San  none. 

Frsncisco,  in  the  early  part  of  the  year,  by  the  ^^»  *■  **  claimed,  there  is  a  middle  party,  who  are 

d.™«tr.tion,ofworkrngmen    The  oocaeion  rtrv^J}:iJ:X1/?h'^t;^^rt"hl1„' ^  .';:,r^ 

•>|  ^ne  excitement  was  chiefly  the  reckless  and  the  front.   Their  assurance  that  this  thing  must  and 

^•*xent  language  nsed  by  some  of  the  leaders  in  will  be  done,  speedily  and  peaceably,  will  give  calm 

leir  harangues,  rather  than  any  disorderly  con-  security  to  botn.    Let  them  move  solidly,  and  we 

<:ct  bv  the  workingmen.     Application  was  ^\"  ''"?  patiently.    But  while  they  content  them- 

'vAa,  tA  fK>a  T^«*:aiaf«*A  #^«  ♦k^  «w.a<.A»A  «#  ».^.^  selves  with  menacing  us,  and  array  themselves  with 

JAle  to  the  Legishiture  for  the  passage  of  more  ^^^  enemies,  we  can  not  abate  a  jot  of  our  zeal  and 

snagent  laws,  and  an  act  was  passed  which  devotion  to  our  own  interests, 

"•atiined  the  following  provision:  Eespectfullj; yours,              D.  KEABNEY, 

lay  penon  who,  in  the  presence  or  hearing  of  xi  t    it  ^*"»»^«°*  ^^  *^«  Workingmen»s  Party, 

>»ntr-iTe  or  more  persons,  shall  utter  any  language  °"  ^*  Khiqht,  Secretary. 

".Mntent  either  to  incite  a  riot  in  the  present  or  4^           ^          -^,            ,.                       i.tj 

rba  toim^  or  mny  aot  or  acts  of  criminal  violence  ^  Convention  of  the  workingmen  was  held 

tit^&jt  person  or  property,  or  who  shall  suggest  or  at  San  Francisco  about  January  21st,  at  which 

i^-T.-e  or  eneonrage  any  aot  or  acts  of  criminal  vio-  the   following   declaration   of   principles  was 

-je  sgainst  any  person  or  persons,  or  property,  or  made : 
'  -^:  adTiiie  or  enoonrage  forcible  resistance  to  any 

-  tie  laws  of  this  State,  shall  be  deemed  guiltv  of  Whereatj  The  Government  of  the  United  States 

•  >*^7',  and  on  oonviotion  thereof  shall  be  punished  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  capitalists  and  their  will- 

.'Imprisonment  in  the  State  prison  or  in  the  county  ing  instruments;   the  rights  of  the  people,  their 

.•'  >H  exoeediiur  two  years,  or  by  fine  not  exceed*  comfort  and  happiness,  are  wholly  ignored,  and  the 

.'fV>«0.  or  by  both.  vested  rights  or  capital  are  alone  considered  and 

during  the  debate  in  the  Senate  on  the  bill,  J^f  ded,  both  in  the  State  and  nation.    The  land  is 

'  .  *.JiVL?«I  ^AA»^^  \^^I  ™*  Vl  tl^*  V  J!!  ^wt  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  rich  few.    Great 

e. billowing  address  was  sent  to  that  body  ^oney  mo?opoUes  oontrol  Congress,  purchase  State 

'  liie  leader  of  the  workingmen ;  legUlation,  rule  the  courts,  influence  all  i  ublio  offl 


H  CALIFORNIA. 

oen,  and  have  perverted  the  great  repnUio  of  our  We  demand  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United 

fathers  into  a  den  of  dishonest  manipulators.    This  States  be  amended  to  the  effect  that  the  President 

ooncentration  and  control  of  wealth  haa  impoverished  and  Vioe-Fresident  of  the  United  States  and  8ena- 

tbe  people,  produciog  crime  and  discontent,  and  re-  tors  of  the  several  States  shall  be  elected  bj  the 

tarded  the  settlement  and  civilization  of  the  countrj.  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

In  California  a  slave  labor  has  been  introduced  to 

still  ftirther  aggrandize  the  rich  and  demde  the  The  following  w^e  adopted : 

f)oor.    And  the  whole  tendencv  of  this  class  legiM-  -^.          mi.    -nr    i_.            t       !•..•    i      _»     *.i 

ation  is  to  undermine  the  foundations  of  the  repub-  .,  7^«ft  ^^  Workmgmen's  political  party  of  th« 

lie,  and  pave  the  way  for  anarchy  and  misrule,  and  State  of  Califorma,  now  joermanently  organized,  de- 

this  Convention  therefore  declares  as  follows :  f.*'**  **»•*  ^^  ^"^"J,'T^  .^  promoted  to  any  poo- 

Skotiok  1.  The  workingmen  of  California  desire  **9,°?  ^,  ^JF  »J*'«  Central  Committee  who  are  not 

to  unite  with  those  of  other  States  in  effecting  such  ^^^l"*?  ***  ^^"^®  ^  jPrevious  poliUcal  alliances,  and 

reforms  in  our  General  Government  aa  may  be  neces-  ^<>*  .^^  promote  and  advance  the  mterests  of  tiie 

aary  to  secure  the  rights  of  the  people  as  against  Workingmen's  party;  therefore-         .  ,  ^     ,^ 

those  of  capital ;  to  maintain  life,  liberty,  and  happi-  J&»/e«rf,  That  this  Convention  aTOOint,  from  the 

ness,  against  land  and  money  monopoly.    Only  in  members  thereofj  a  Committee  of  Inveatigation,  to 

the  people,  the  honest  workingmen,  can  we  hope  to  ?"™^P«  H*»  politocal  antecedents  of  all  persons  pnor 

find  a  remedy                          »       i                 '^  to  their  election  or  appointment  to  any  position  lu 

Sao.  2.  Chinese  cheap  kbor  is  a  curse  to  our  land,  *^»  V^^J^Jj  or  as  a  candidate  therefor, 

a  menace  to  our  liberties  and  the  institutions  of  our  J^^^,^  P?i  ^Hj  conamittee  hereby  appointed 

country,  and  should  therefore  be  restricted  and  for  »''•"  "PP^y  ^  "»« <^^7  ">d  county  of  San  Francisco 

ever  abolished.  ^^'7'  ,    ,  m,   ^          .    .^           ^    *      .j 

Sbo.  8.  The  Und  is  the  heritage  of  the  people,  and  ^  ^f^f***'  T'V**  *  migonty  report  of  aaid  oommit- 

its  appropriation  by  the  Government  for  t^e  fcrJher-  ^  If  «^.^«  oowxiyy  when  appointed,  shall  be  suffiaent 

ance  of  the  schemes  of  individuals  and  corporations  ^  »<*™^*  ^^  disquahfy  such  person  or  candidate, 

is  a  robbery  which  must  be  restricted  in  future,  and  mi_     •        •        ♦                     r«.  • 

alllands  so  held  should  revert  to  its  lawAil  possessor.  The  immigration  of  the  Chinese  bos  been 

to  he  held  for  actual  settlement  and  cultivation ;  and  a  subject  of  absorbing  interest  in  the  Btate  for 

individuals  holding  by  purchase  or  imperfect  title  many  years.    The  first  treaty  between  China 

land  m  excess  of  one  square  mue  shall  be  restricted  ^^  j  •xv .  rr«;«.^^  c*-*^-  «...«  \>^^4i^A  :^   t««^ 

to  the  use  of  that  amount  only  for  cultivation  and  ?5^,^^?jP°^*t^..®^*^l  ^**  ^*^v.^  ^  ^^^^' 

pasturage,  and  all  lands  of  equal  productive  value  1844.     Ibongn  it  granted  no  nghts  or  pnvi- 

ahall  be  subject  to  equal  taxation.  leges  to  the  Chinese,  yet  immediately  there- 

[Supplemental  to  section  8.]    Our  previous  leris-  after  they  began  to  emigrate  to  the  State  of 

latora  have  abused  the  trust  confldingly  reposed  in  California.    Their  numbers,  few  at  first,  grad- 

^^^la^lidT^^n'o^'li?^^^^^^^  nally  and  steadily  increased  np  to  the%'^^^^ 

priated  vast  tracts  of  the  fairest  lands  on  earth  to  of  the  year  1876,  when  the  people  of  the  Pa- 

themselves ;  we  therefore,  in  the  name  of  humanity,  cific  slope  became  alarmed  at  the  great  influx 

consider  a  reaurvey  of  the  State  necessary,  in  order  of  this  class  of  immigrants,  and  by  means  of 

fS  ■^^'I^J'lV?;  ^'^^  ?T^^\^'  ^^I'lf^r}  V^iS^  the  press  and  public  meetings  endeavored  to 

the  law  m  this  respect  has  been  violated.    As  the  ^v     fa*      »ru    ^    *    r  *v        ^-a           x        • * 

land  is  the  natural  heritage  of  the  children  of  men,  ^^^^^    ^'^^  ^^^  ^1  this  excitement  against 

wedeem.onthelawsof  equity  and  justice,  that  one  the  Chinese,  and  consequent  danger  to  their 

section  of  640  acres  is  a  sufficiency  for  any  one  man  safety  and  welfare,  wat^  however,   of  t^hort 

to  own  or  transmit  to  his  offspring.                       ^  duration.    The  nnniber  of  immigrants  for  the 

•i,^n'v''5'2.'*?*'®V''"i^I  matensl  not  produced  m  quarter  ending  June  80,  1877,  which  was  the 

the  United  States  should  be  abolished.  ™««^    ^„«w*r«  *vii^«;««.  ^ul  /^ks,,^-.  -.«;f- 

Sko.  4.  The  industries  of  the  countryaredepressed  second  quarter  following  the  Chinese  agUa- 

or  improved  by  the  fluctuations  in  our  financial  sys-  tion,  was  6,691,  the  highest  ever  reached.    The 

tem,  and  we  therefore  insist  that  the  National  Gov-  rate  of  increase  has  been  very  rapid.     Divid- 

omment  shall  give  to  the  people  a  system  of  finance  jn^  the  last  two  decades  into  periods  of  ^re 

consistent  with  the  agriwiltural,  manufacturing  and  ^^    average  number  of  immigrants  for 

mercantile  industries  and  requirements  of  the  ooun-  J^*"'^  *,  j^  IT  ^okr  *     io«n   •     i  '»/"". 

try,  uncontrolled  by  rings,  brokers,  and  bankers,  but  the  period  from  1865  to  1859,  inclosiTe,  is  o^ 

for  the  interests  of  the  whole  people.  certained  to  have  been  4,680 ;  for  the  second 

Sko.  6.  The  pardoning  power  conferred  on  the  period,  1860  to  1864,  it  was  6,600;  from  1865 

President  of  the  United  States  and  the  Governors  of  ^  1370  9  gn .  from  1871  to  1874,  18,000.    In 

the  several  States  should  be  abolished,  and  the  same  -,j.v««  JI^Ja^  «>.«  <««^.A«aA  #Vv«  ♦i»o  Vu«.«.  ^^^^a^ 

be  vested  in  commissions.                  '  <>ther  words,  the  increase  for  the  fonr  periods 

Sko.  6.  Malfeasance  in  public  oflHce  should  he  pun-  01  five  years  each  has  been  at  the  rate  of  50 

ishable  by  imprisonment  m  the  State  prison  for  life,  per  cent.     The  lowest  estimate  of  Chinese  in 

without  Intervention  ofthe  pardoning  power.  the  Pacific  States  id  160,000.    Accepting  this 

Sko.  7.  We  demand  the  abolition  of  the  contract  ^  correct,  it  will  be  seen  that  at  the  above  ratfi 

system  in  our  State  prisons  and  reformatory  insti-  _-   .         ^^     ^_,     ^/».^,    ^«,i„^*,*„«    a-u       1     ^, 

titions.    They  should  be  managed  in  the  intere»«ts  of  increase,   and    after    deducting   the    large 

of  the  people,  and  the  goods  therein  manufactured  number  who  return,  the  Chmese  popmatioi 

should  not  be  sold  at  less  than  current  market  rates  will  in  the  near  future  exceed  the  male  adull 

for  like  products  of  free  labor.              ,  .^     0.  .  population  of  Americans  in  those  States  anci 

o/^°u^iii^iVl"l^b^SrfoZ^^y^W^^^^  ?"  oj^er  races  combined     It  k  .pprehendc, 

currentrates  of  wages.  that  this  rate  of  immigration  will  continue  11 

Sko.  9.  Eight  hours  is  a  sulBoient  day's  work  for  oonsequence  of  the  advantages  to  the  immi 

any  man,  and  the  law  should  make  it  so.  grants.     China  is  estimated  to  contain  nearl^ 

Seo.  10.  All  public  offloers  should  receive  a  fixed  ^^6  third  of  the  population  of  tiie  earth.     Th' 

salary,  and  the  feea  should  be  accounted  tor  as  pub-  j,^..:*^  «r  ^v^  «f»,^,.i„+i««  ;«  ,,«««.^  .v «.. 

Uc  moneys.  density  of  the  population  m  many  province 

exceeds  400  persons  to  the  square  mile,  an* 

Bnbseqnentlj  this  resolution  was  adopted :  the  average  of  all  the  provinces  is  800.     Th 


CALIFORNIA.  75 

wages  of  the  laboring  claaB  in  China  range  American  worldngmen  with   their   fSatnilies. 
from  $8  to  t5  per  month.    Their  condition  is  Here  they  sleeo,  cook,  and  eat. 
i  htfd  and  miserable  one.    Thej  are  exceed-  Another  and  more  serioas  objection  mged 
Inglj  migratory   in   their   disposition,    and,  against  the  Chinese  is  that  their  personal  and 
though  their   ports   have   been   so  scantily  moral  habits  make  them  undesirable  members 
opeoed  to  free  commerce,  they  are  to  be  found  of  society.    The  crowded  condition  in  which 
to-dsj  in  every  oivilized  country  of  the  world,  they  live  renders  the  observance  of  hygienic 
They  find  in  America  a  congenial  climate,  high  laws  and  sanitary  regnlations  almost  an  im- 
rages,  and  a  more  liberal  government.    They  possibility.     Neatness  and  cleanliness  is  an 
are  separated  from  as  by  a  comparatively  nar-  exception.     The  air  of  their  apartments  is 
TOW  ooean,  which  is  pacific  in  spirit  as  well  as  fiUed  with  noisome  smells  and  pestilential  va- 
in name.    Passage  can  be  made  quickly  and  pors,  threatening  disease  and  death.   The  prop- 
cheaply,  the  nsoal  price  being  from  $40  to  erty  occupied  by  them  is  lessened  in  value,  and 
150,  wMoh  by  competition  has  been  reduced  the  locality  itself  avoided  by  the  white  pop- 
^  loir  as  |12.    If  any  are  too  poor  to  pay  this  nlation.    Not  only  their  personal  habits,  but 
snail  som,  brokers  stand  ready  to  advance  the  moral  ideas,  methods,  and  institutioins  are  di^ 
necesMry  amount,  to  be  secured  by  a  mort-  rectly  antagonistic  to  those  of  Americans.   The 
gage  contract  on  their  future  wages.  religious  ideaa,  even  of  the  higher  and  titled 
As  the  Chinese  are  thus  reddents  in  the  classes  in  China,  are  preeminently  wretched. 
coQotry  under  treaty  arrangements,  petitions  Their  superstitions  are  numerous  and  ludi- 
aod  memorials  have  been  sent  to  Congress  for  crous.    Their  educational  systems  are  exceed- 
the  abrogation  of  the  treaty.    This  has  led  to  ingly  defective.    Among  the  laboring  or  cooly 
an  invastigatioa  on  the  part  of  Congress  into  classes  the  grade  of  morals  is  very  low.    One 
the  nature  of  the  objections  against  them  and  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  their  treatment 
their  jostness.     As  a  result  it  appears  that  the  of  woman.    Her  birth  is  commonly  regarded 
Chinese  laborer  is  in  some  respects  very  de-  as  a  calamity.    If  not  destroyed,  which  is  not 
arable.    He  ia  frugal,  thrifty,  patient,  cheer-  unusual,  she  is  regarded  as  a  slave,  and  suffers 
fgl,  and  obedient.    He  readily  ieams  his  trade,  privation,  contempt,  and  degradation  from  the 
and  expertly  performs  every  species  of  light  cradle  to  the  tomb.    Instances  are  frequent  of 
work.     Ct^ese  cheap  labor   nas  worked  a  the  sale  for  debt  by  parents  of  their  daughters, 
^reat  matMiai  benefit  to  California  in  its  early  and  by  husbands  ctf  their  wives,  and  that,  too, 
dara,  by  digging  its  canals,  delving  in  its  mines,  for  the  worst  purposes.    Infanticide  of  girls  is 
reclaiming  its  tale  lands,  building  its  railroads,  practiced  more  or  less  in  all  parts  of  the  em~ 
and  in  various  other  ways  contributing  to  the  pire,  and  in  some  sections  to  an  alarming  ex-* 
derelopment  of  its  material  resources.    If  the  tent.    The  sanctity  and  obligation  of  an  oath 
desire  for  money-making  were  the  only  ques-  are  disregarded,  and  torture  is  often  employed 
lion  in  value  in  this  contest  between  Ameri-  to  extract  the  truth.    These  are  some  of  the 
eao  and  Chineae  races,  it  would  in  its  indus-  characteristics  of  the  class  from  which  nine 
trial  labor  phase  be  promptly  decided  in  favor  tenths  of  the  immigrants  come, 
ol  the  latter.    The  material  advantages  of  this  A  third  and  principal  objection  to  the  OM- 
kiad  of  lab<»',  however,  sink  into  entire  in-  nese  was  the  fact  that  they  do  not  assimilate 
fignifieance  when  compared  with  the  personal  with  the  American  people,  but  remain  a  dis^ 
eonaiderationa  at  stake— tiie  comfort  and  self-  tinct  and  alien  element    In  this  respect  they 
respect,  the  decent,  honorable  living  of  the  differ  from  all  other  voluntary  immigrants. 
laborer  himselfl     The  Chinese  laborer  does  The  German,  the  Irishman,  the  Frenchman 
not  come  up  to  the  American  standard  of  in-  have  sought  this  country  as  a  permanent  home 
dostry.    Ilioee  who  come  to  this  country  have  for  themselves  and  their  posterity,  promptly 
&o  homes,  no  home  feelings,  nor  home  inter-  and  cheerfully  adopting  its  habits,  customs, 
ttta,  in  the  nsnal  sense.    They  are  willing  to  and  political  instiitutions.    Devoted  to  the  peo- 
vork  for  less  wages  than  will  secure  homes  pie,  to  the  Government  and  the  laws,  they 
arid  comfortable  support  to  white  laborers.    In  speedily  become  the  worthiest  and  thriftiest 
th«r  own  oonntry  they  work  patientiy  and  citizens,  vindicating  in  the  chambers  of  the 
obedientiy  daring  twelve  or  thirteen  hours  for  nation  their  knowledge  of  the  political  prin- 
less  than  one  tenth  of  what  the  poorest  class  ciples,  and  iUustrating  upon  every  battie-neld, 
of  American  workingmen  receive.    In  the  Pa-  when  liberty  has  been  attacked,  tiie  patriotism 
tAa  Stales  they  are  willing  to  work  for  al-  which  such  knowledge  inspires.    It  is  not  sa 
mo4  half  of  the  price  paid  to  American  oper-  with  the  Chinese.     They  have  been  in  this 
atiref.    They  are  able  to  live  upon  rice,  tea,  country  over  a  quarter  of  a  century ;   their 
^  dried  fiab,  costing  upon  an  average  from  employment  as  house  servants  and  laborers 
twenty  to  thirty  cents  per  day.    Under-doth-  has  brought  them  into  close  and  immediate 
iag  is  a  luxnry  almost  unknown  to  them,  while  contact  with  the  people ;  but  no  change  has 
the  dothing  they  wear  is  of  the  simplest  and  been  produced  in  them.     What  they  were 
fmest   character.     They  bring  with  them  when  they  came,  they  are  at  this  day— the 
neither  wives,  families,    nor  children.     Cue  same  in  disposition,  in  language,  in  religion. 
I^iadred  Chinese  will  occupy  a  room  which,  They  manifest  no  desire  either  by  word  or 
^  fobdivided,  would  not  accommodate  five  action  to  become  iden^ed  with  the  people 


76  CALIFORNIA. 

of  tbe  conntrj.     Their  sole  object  is  to  ma£e  tive  hj  the  United  States  Oircnit  Coort  in  Gall- 
money.    When  they  have  accomplished  that,  fomia.    The  decision  is  written  by  Judge  Lo- 
they  do  not  invest  their  earnings  in  land  nor  renzo  Sawyer,  and  proceeds  upon  the  groond 
homesteads,  but  return  with  their  wealth  to  that  a  Chinaman  is  not  a  **  free  white  person " 
their  native  China.    They  come  with  no  de-  within   the   meaning   of  the  United  States 
sire  or  purpose  to  make  itns  their  permanent  statutes.   The  latest  revision  of  the  natnraliza- 
home.    So  strong  is  their  feeling  in  this  re-  tion.laws  provides  that  they  shall  apply  ^' to 
spect,  that  the  poorest  laborers  stipulate,  as  a  aliens,  being  free  white  persons,  and  to  aliens 
part  of  the  contract  by  which  they  sell  their  of  African  nativity,  and  to  persons  of  African 
services,  that  their  dead  bodies  shall  be  cai*-  descent."    Judge  Sawyer  interprets  this  pro- 
ried  back  to  China,  and  thousands  have  been  vision  in  accordance  with    the  presumptive 
thus  exported.    They  have  no  conception  of  meaning   of   Congress   when   the   law  was 
the  American  judicial  or  legislative  system,  amend^.    He  shows  that  the  question  of  the 
They  can  not  be  relied  upon  to  perform  mill-  admission  of  the  Chinese  to  citizenship  then 
tary  duty.    They  are  incompetent  as  jurymen,  occupied  the  attention  of  Congress,  and  that 
Indeed,  the  only  purpose  for  which  they  are  there  was  clearly  no  idea  or  intention  of  open- 
available  is  to  perform  manual  labor.    They  ing  the  door  to  that  race.    He  holds  that  the 
bring  with  them  neither  wives  nor  families,  purpose  of  Congress  was  to  include  only  mem- 
nor  do  they  intermarry  with  the  resident  pop-  bers  of  the  Caucasian  race  in  the  term  '^free 
olation.     They  have  an  inferior  intelligence  white  persons."    A  similar  case  has  been  de- 
and  different  civilization.    Mentally,  merely,  cided  m  New  York,  where  there  are  some 
physically,  socially,  and  politically,  they  have  Chinese  who  have  received  natm-alization  pa- 
remained    a  distinct   and  antagonistic  race.  pers.    There  is,  however,  no  ground  for  snp- 
Nor,  in  view  of  their  strong  national  preju-  posing  that  the  Chinese  as  a  body  have  enter- 
dices,  is  there  any  hope  that  the  future  will  tained  any  idea  of  seeking  naturalization, 
be  different    Instances  are  numerous  where       The  election  of  members  of  the  State  Con- 
an  inferior  race  has  been  absorbed  and  im-  stitutional  Convention  was  held  on  June  19th. 
proved  by  a  superior  one ;  but  the  condition  It  did  not  excite  a  lively  general  interest  in  the 
precedent  to  such  a  result  is  an  acknowledg-  State,  but  provoked  a  good  deal  of  feeling  in 
ment  on  the  part  of  the  lower  race  of  such  San  Francisco  on  account  of  the  violent  eti'ort 
inferiority,  nations  as  well  as  individuals,  who  made  by  the  Kearney  party  to  carry  the  city 
must  conclude  that  they  need  help  before  they  and  county — an  effort  which  appears  to  have 
are  willing  to  ask  or  receive  it.    The  Chinese  been  successful  through  the  division  of  its  op- 
have  not,  and  never  will,  come  to  such  a  con-  ponents.    There  were  six  tickets  in  the  field, 
elusion.    Their  inordinate  vanity  leads  them  the  two  leading  ones  being  the  Citizens'  Kon^ 
to  believe  their  conntry  to  be  the  center  of  a  partisan  and  that  of  the  Keameyites.    The 
terrestrial  system,  and  they  therefore  call  it  latter  were  originally  organized  as  a  Working- 
Midland,  or  Central  Kingdom.  They  boast  of  a  men^s  party,  but  their  leader,  Kearney,  soon 
civilization  which  antedates  the  birth  of  Christ,  developed  into  a  violent  revolutionist.    Kever- 
They  point  with  pride  to  a  philosopher.  Con-  theless,  the  thirty-three   candidates   on   tbe 
f ucius,  whose  maxims,  as  perfections  of  wis-  Kearney  ticket  were  elected  in  San  Francisco, 
dom,  had  become  their  code  of  laws.    They  being  in  a  majority  over  either  of  the  other 
obey  a  Government  which,  in  their  faith,  is  tickets.    The  result  of  the  entire  election  was ; 
heaven  -  descended  —  an  absolute   despotism.  Non-partisan,  86 ;  Workingmen,  49 ;  Republi- 
vast,  awful,  and  impressive,  whose  terrible  and  cans,  9 ;  Democrats,  5 ;  Independents,  2 ;  un- 
mysterious  power  regulates  their  lives  or  de-  classified,  2.    Total,  152. 
orees  their  death,  and  under  which  liberty  is       The  session  of  the  Convention  commenced 
an  unknown  idea.     Thus  intrenched  behind  on  September  28th.    It  was  limited   by  the 
national   prejudices,    they    are   impregnable  law  to  one  hundred  days.    It  was  permanent- 
against  all  influences,  and   remain  a  great,  ly  organized  by  the  election  of  Joseph  P.  Hoge 
united  class,  distinct  from  Americans  in  color,  as  President.    The  vote  on  the  fifth  ballot  was : 
in  size,  in  features,  in  dress,  in  language,  in  Hoge,  74;  W.  J.  Tinnin,  73.    Mr.  J.  A.  John- 
custonis,  in  habits,  and  in  social  peculiarities,  son,  of  Alameda,  was  chosen  Secretary.    It  was 
The  result  of  the  investigation  was  the  rec-  still  in  session  at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  its 
omniendation  that  Congress  adopt  a  resolu-  hundred  days  expired  only  on  January  6th. 
tion  requesting  the  President  to  open  a  corre-  The  work  of  the  Convention  and  its  final  re- 
spondence  witn  the  Governments  of  China  and  port  win  form  a  portion  of  the  history  of  1879. 
Great  Britain,  with  a  view  of  securing  a  change  Its  action  on  the  Chinese  question,  the  most 
or  abrogation  of  all  stipulations  in  existing  interesting  subject  before  the  State,  it  may  not 
treaties   which   permit  unlimited  emigration  be  out  of  place  to  mention  at  this  time, 
of  Chinese  to  the  United  States.    Gther  mea-        The  Committee  of  the  Convention  to  whom 
Bures,  such  as  a  capitation  tax  and  restriction  was  referred  the  subject  of  the  Chinese  immi- 
of  the  number  of  Mongolians  admissible  on  any  gration  were  unable  to  agree  on  a  definite  plan 
one  yessel,  have  been  suggested.     Meantime  to  remedy  the  so-called  evil.    On  the  first  see- 
the question  whether  Cbmese  are  admissible  tion  of  their  report  all  agreed.    It  was  as  fol- 
to  naturalization  has  been  decided  in  the  nega-  lows : 


CALIFORNIA.  77 

The  Legislature  shall  have  and  shall  exercise  the  the  right  bat  the  solemn  and  bonnden  duty  of 

Mw  to  enact  all  needful  laws,  and  prescribe  ne-  ^  State  to  advance  the  safety,  happiness,  and 

r!?/:SSSit"S; -Vt^^-rire^^f  tm^^^^  P'O'Perity  of  its  people,  and  'u>  prS^ide  f}r  its 

bardens  and  evils  arising  from  the  presence  of  aliens,  general  welfare  by  any  and  every  act  of  legis- 

vbo  Are  or  who  may  become  vagrants,  paupers,  men-  lation  which  it  may  deem  to  be  condacive  to 

dieiDti,  oriminals,  or  invalids  afBicted  with  conta*  those  ends,  where  the  power  over  the  particQ- 

pii3  or  infectious  dis««e»,  and  aliens  ortherwise  i^r  subject,  or  the  manner  of  its  exercise,  is 

aMwrons  or  detrimental  to  the  well-being  or  peace     ^. ^l^^l^.^j ^„*  »: jt       ah  *u 

of tb  Suite,  and  to  impose  conditions  upon  which  »<>^  surrendered  or  restrained.    AU  these  pow- 

&aeh  partons  may  reside  in  the  State,  and  to  provide  era,  which  relate  to  merely  municipal  legisla- 

taemMQsandmodeof  their  removal  from  tbe  State  tion,  or  what  may  perhaps  more  properly  be 

tt:v>a  fiilore  or  reftisal  to  comply  with  such  oondi-  called  internal  police,  are  not  thus  surrendered 

uwi:  fwjiArf,  that  nothingr  contamed  in  the  tore-  restrained :  and  consequently  in  relation  to 

toiDiihall  be  oonatrued  to  impair  or  limit  the  power  y;   *«''«*»****'^»  "*^2^  vv»*o«^u«i*wj  *«.  zs>±awu  w 

pfthe  Legialature  to  pass  such  other  police  laws  or  ^^^^  ^"6  authority  of  a  State  is  complete,  nn- 

re^ioos  as  it  may  deem  necessary.  qualified,   and  exclusive."    The  same  author 

also  states:  "The  State  may  pass  poor-laws 

This  plau  was  based  on  the  assumption  that  and  laws  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  paupers 

the  State  had  not  the  power  within  itself  to  set-  or  persons  likely  to  become  paupers." 

tie  to  question.    It  was  believed,  however,  by  The  remarks  of  the  "Sacramento  Record" 

lU  the  Committee  that  the  State  had  the  pow-  on  this  plan  proposed  to  the  Oonvention  are 

er  to  protect  itself  from  vagrants,  paupers,  crim-  too  appropriate  to  be  omitted : 

iails,  e^,^  under  its  police  powers,  and  for  self-  t#-*  •         v*  *.         i  -  nu- 

prejerr^on.    This;did  n^  intSfere  with  the  th^^rdlSltlh':*  S.'."r.l?b?^pb^ 

ngats  of  l/ongress  to  regulate  commerce.     It  the  importation  of  paupen,  vagrants,  and  criminals, 

vas  proposed  that  courts  should  be  established  we  fear  the  attempt  will  prove  a  failure.    The  great 

in  Sjq  Francisco  and  elsewhere,  where  vagrants,  ni^orityof  the  Cninetto  who  land  In  this  country 

a«.(iic«l^  and  others  coald  be  examined,  and,  r«°u."w  J°^'.^!l'J/l^Sm/nUt^!fnli1t^-l'  "^^^t 

:♦  u  —     t      jk  j.A^  t.  t.x,               Ti    1    A    i_  the  law  was  80  strained  in  admimstenng  it  as  to  per- 

a  It  was  found  that  they  were  hkely  to  become  ^ert  the  language  utterly.   The  Chineseire,  as  eveir- 

chargeable  upon  the  tax-payers,  placed  m  safe  body  knows,  one  of  the  most  industrious  races  on  the 

Irceping  nntU  they  could  be  removed  from  the  fsce  of  the  earth.    It  is  their  industry  that  renders 

State,    With  respect  to  criminals  it  was  pro-  *^®™  "^  dangerous  to  our  civiliiation.    They  are  not 

y^YJ^r  they  had.been  eonvicte^  in-  ^^^''^l^^^^^^^^'^^ToSk^^^^^^t 

^esd  of  bemg  sent  to  prison,  they  should  be  to  support  life  upon.    They  are  neither  paupers  nor 

<^eported  from  the  State.    This  was  a  sort  of  vagrants,  ond  to  attempt  to  put  them  in  such  a  cate- 

(•i^iijhment.    Oalifomia  had  tried,  by  means  gory  would  almost  certainly  end  in  failure. 

6n^e«  of   Chinese  immigration,  but  these  f?.^??.^^!^^^       ^?*  ^^*^^?  ?^  ^^^  ^^P^'*  ^' 

fiUotes  had  been  declared  in  contravention  of  *^^  Committee,  and  was  as  follows : 

tU  Federal  Oonstitation.   The  suggestions  con-  4"„^5!*«^  Immigration  to  this  State  of  Chinese. 

tiiaed  in  the  first  section  did  not  come  within  ^^^^}.i?lYl^f^'''^A^''i^^^^^^  °^ 
♦k  •  I'v-^-  V^u  ci  J  1  ri  \lil^  J  the  Umted  States  under  the  naturalization  laws  there- 
tie  mhibition  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  of,  is  hereby  prohibited.    The  Legislature  shall  pro- 

t::e  opmion  of  Justice  Wayne  in  passengers'  vide  for  the  enforcement  of  this  section  by  appropri- 

fti^es  was  quoted  in  support  of  this  theory,  ate  legislation. 

b  the  passenger  cases  it  was  proposed  by  the  a  division  of  opinion  appeared  before  the 

;^jslature9  of  IJew  York  and  Massachusetts  to  Committee  relative  to  the  powers  of  the  State, 

i.ipaae  a  tax  of  $1.60  on  each  passenger,  or  re-  one  side  holding  that  the  State  had  no  power 

ji^  bonds  of  $460  from  captains  of  vessels  to  enforce  such  a  prohibition,  and  the  other 

aa  the  passengers  shodd  not  become  a  charge  that  it  had  the  power.    Several  decisions  of 

»?on  the  Statea.     The  United  States  Supreme  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  were  referred 

'--^  decided  thatthese  enactments  of  the  two  to,  as  showing  that  the  section  incorporated 

fUA  were  unconst'tutionaL  being  a  reflation  a  power  belonging  to  the  Federal  Oovemment. 

.  commerce ;  but  it  wm  admitted  m  the  deci-  a  memorial  to  Congress  was  suggested,  request 

--•n  that  the  States  had  the  right  m  the  exer-  ing  legislation  on  the  Chinese  question,  and 

n.-.  of  police  powers  to  protect  themselves  another  to  the  treaty-making  power  to  modify 

V^  criminal  vagrants  and  other  dangerous  the  Burlingame  treaty.    It  was  urged  that  an 

-SAnas.    No  denial  was  made  that  the  pro-  attempt  to  nullify  an  act  of  Congress,  or  to 


•^sms  contained  in  this  section  were  stnctly    interfere  with  the  powers  of  the  Government, 
^-Uim  the  lumts  of  the  pohce  powers  of  the    ^ould  raise  an  antagonistic  feeUng  all  through 


•opoeed  in  the  report  of 

-.^,        ,     ,...,.    .^..  the  Committee  was  contained  in  the  following 

^ nndeniable  and  unlimited  junsdiotion  over  sections : 

^  persons  and  things  within  its  territorial  «      ^  «     .          .    ,.  .^,       ^ 

-tiu  as  any  foreign  nation,  where  that  juris-  *t,!*T?;;*,' JS!!!^^®?  ineligible  to  become  citizens  of 

•  -!«,. ;.  J^  «..^..iiA«^  7!-  »An4..«{.«^  \L  ♦!»«.  *'^®  United  States  shall  not  have  the  right  to  sue  or 

..  .ion  »  not  anrrendered  or  restrained  by  the  be  sued  in  any  of  the  courts  of  this  Stite ;  and  any 

V  ..Citation.     By  virtue  of  this,  it  not  only  is  lawyer  appearing  fororagainst  them,  or  any  of  them. 


78  CALIFORNIA. 

m  a  oivU  pTOoeediDff,  shall  forfoit  his  UoenM  to  prao*  eroment  for  white  men.    Citizenship  had  been 

tioelaw.    No  such  foreigaer  shaU  be  giwiud  Uoew^  COTifeired  upon  four  millions  of  colored  peopk 

^wrry  on  any  bu8ine88,  trade,  wooc^^^^  but  this  arose  from  necessity.    ThenatuSizr- 

State,  nor  Bhall  euoh  license  be  granted  to  any  per-  ^'.  *•  *V"  *""•»" ,  j  j  u.^^iy     *  *.»  uat^uiwiM 

son  or  oorporation  employing  them.    No  suoh  for*  tion  laws  excluded  Orientals  from  citizenahip 

eignerahaiu  have  the  right  to  oatoh  fish  in  any  of  the  because  it  would  be  a  disturbing  element  in 

waters  under  the  juriadiction  of  the  State;  nor  to  the  government.     If  these  people  were  not 

purohMe,  own,  or  lease  real  property  in  this  State;  adapted  to  become  citizens,  there  were  some 

and  all  contracts  of  oonyeyanoe  or  lease  of  real  estate  „,Jr^-,«i.„  «^:«o*  «ii^«;«l  ♦u^«»  ♦«  1v^««,a 

to  any  such  foreigner  sb^l  be  Toid.  arguments  agamst  allowing  them  to  become 

Sbo.  7.  The  praaenoe  of  foreigners  ineligible  to  be-  denizens.  It  was  a  mistake  to  suppose  that 
oome  citixena  of  the  United  States  is  deolared  herein  cheap  labor  was  beneficial  to  a  country.  There 
to  be  dangerous  to  the  well-being  of  the  State,  and  -^as  no  need  now  of  fostering  immigratioiu 
tlie  Legislature  shall  discourage  their  immigration  by  heranflA  hv  the  law  of  matenal  increase  a 
all  the  means  within  its  power.  It  shall  proyide  for  P®  ?*,  '  -^  i  ^  5  «w  ^u^i/?  ♦  ^V  * 
their  ex<dusion  from  residence  or  settlement  in  any  healthy,  vigorous  race  doubled  itself  m  twenty- 
portion  of  the  Sute  it  may  see  £t,  or  from  the  State,  five  years.  Taking  the  present  population  at 
and  provide  suitable  methods,  by  their  taxation  or  40,000,000,  it  may  be  naturally  expected  that 
otherwise,  for  the  expense  of  suoh  exclusion.  It  shall  the  population  of  the  United  States  at  the  end 
prescribe  suitoble  penalties  for  the  punishment  of  ^  ^f  century  would  be  76,056,000.  Chinamen 
persons  convicted  ol  introducing  themwitfam  for-  ^'^  «»'^  ^^"•'"y,  ~:  *p  ,  »  .  '  vT  ^"**r^^ 
biddan  limits.  It  shall  delegate  all  necessary  power  bad  learned  the  art  of  drawmff  the  maxunnm 
to  the  inoorporated  oities  and  towna  of  this  SUte  for  from  the  soil  and  living  on  the  minimum  of 
their  removal  without  the  Umitp  of  suoh  oities  and  subsistence.    For  ten  thousand  yeaxs  Chinese 

^y**"'-  «  vii     xa         •*!.•   *!.•  o*  *        »  vj  had  been  learning  how  to  live  on  next  to  no- 

Sbo.  8.  PubUoomcerswithiu  this  State  are  forbid-  ♦i,?^^  «.«.v«««.  5^^^^^  i«^«.o  ^««.  ^f  ^^^i^ 

den  to  employ  Chinese  in  any  capacity  whatever.  ?^*nft  Z-^-  ^^^^  ^??"  -2?*  ^i  *T     i' 

Violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  ^und  for  re-  four.    Five  Chinamen  could  exist  on  food  anffi- 

moval  from  office ;  and  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  dent  for  one  white  laboring  man.    The  white 

any  otBce  in  this  State  who,  at  the  time  of  election  man,  therefore,  can  not  compete  with  him,  not 

be  denied  to  any  person  employing  Chinese  in  this  thousands  of  years,  and  no  one  wanted  to  see 
State,  and  it  shall  be  a  sufficient  challenge  that  the  white  laborers  thus  degraded.    If  the  Chmese 
person  offering  to  vote  is  employing  Chinese,  or  has  are  to  continue  coming  here,  schoolhonses  most 
employed  them  within  three  months  next  preceding  be  pulled  down,  for  white  men  can  not  send 
the  election.  children  to  school    Marriage  among  white  peo- 
The  objections  were  urged  against  these  sec-  pie  would  oease  on  account  of  poverty.    Mi- 
tions  by  dissentient  members  of  the  Committee,  gration  could  be  accounted  for  by  natural  law. 
that  they  denied  the  right  of  the  Chinese  to  Starvation  had  been  the  great,  cauae  in  past 
the  protection  of  kw ;  that  it  was  a  plan  of  ages.    There  were  sevenl^  millions  of  Ohma- 
starvation  by  constitutional  provision;  that  the  men  now  starving,  and  the  only  country  open 
sections  interfered  with  the  rights  of  American  to  this  starving  race  is  the  Pacific  States  and 
citizens  by  declaring  whom  they  shonld  em-  Territoriesof  the  United  States.    The  question 
ploy.    It  was  well  known  that  the  principal  was,  therefore,  a  subject  deserving  the  atten- 
portion  of  the  Chinese  coming  to  California  tion  of  American  statesmen. 
Delonged  to  dangerous  classes.     The  oonvic-       A  debate  oontinning  two  or  three  days  took 
tions  of  the  Chinese  in  San  Francisco  for  one  place,  when  the  report  of  the  Committee  was 
year  to  the  Slst  of  October,  1878,  were  2,488.  adopted,  nfter  very  little  alteration  by  the  Con- 
It  would  cost  less  to  send  these  convicted  vention.    This  was  chiefly  verba).     The  im- 
crimiuids  out  of  the  State  than  to  keep  them  pression  seemed  to  prevail  that  the  settlement 
in  j£dl.    They  could  be  sent  away  for  $16  each,  of  the  question  was  beyond  the  power  of  the 
It  was  not  an  entire  remedy  for  the  Chinese  State,  and  that  these  sections  would,  be  de- 
evil,  but  it  was  the  best  thing  that  could  be  clared  unconstitalaonal  by  the  courts, 
done  under  the  circumstances.    Congress  could       The  proposition  to  address  a  memorial  to 
remove  the  evil.    Not  much  would -come  from  Congress  on  the  subject  was  approved  by  the 
requesting  a  modification  of  the  Bnrlingame  Convention.    The  following  able  memorial  was 
treaty.    The  Chinese  were  already  taking  ac-  reported  by  the  Committee  and  unanimously 
tion  to  procure  delay.    It  was  patent  to  every  adopted  by  the  Convention : 
observer  that  China  was  f .^^ouraging  tW  ^  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^  H^presmtati^  of  iU 
migration.    Congress  could  legishite  and  pre-  jr^^^  g^^^.   r^^^  people  of  the  State  of  cSifor- 
Vent  Chinese  immigration.     This  was  fully  es-  nla,  by  their  delegates  now  assembled  in  Oonatitu- 
tablished,  even  though  it  leads  to  a  declaration  tional  Convention,  respectfully  present  to  the  Senate 
of  war.    The  state  of  political  parties  at  pres-  •pd  House  of  Bepresentatives  of  the  United  States 

ent  was  favorable  for  tecurinK  enoh  legiaUtion.  &.1S:^,H\^it ^.'S'^rSS^SJ^iotiJ^tol? 
It  had  been  said  that  to  exclude  Chinese  from  ^r  relief  from  Chinese  immigration,  an  evU  of  such 
the  country  was  contrary  to  the  policy  of  the  magnitude  and  of  a  character  so  threatening  t4>  tlie 
American  people,  but  from  the  foundation  of  higfhest  interests  of  the  State  as  to  ezcice  in  the 
the  Government  liberal  naturalization  laws  had  ?»nd»  of  our  whole  people  the  most  serioiw  diaaatis- 
**«!«.  ^^^¥\*^^A  «.!.«.  «,t>Ua  •^^^  *r^  a^*^¥\^  in  fiiSo  faction  and  alarm.  As  hecomes  a  people  devoted  to 
only  entitled  the  wlute  riwe  to  settle  m  this  ^.j^^  ^^.^^^^  Union,  and  filled  with  a  profound  rev- 
country.  One  fact  had  always  stood  out  m  erence  for  law,  we  have  repeatedly,  hy  petition  and 
this  republic,  that  it  was  a  white  man^s  gov-  memorial,  through  the  action  of  our  Legialatore,  and 


CALIFORNIA,  79 

b/  oar  SeiMton  and  BepreaentativeB  in  Congress,  lifh  their  own  tribonalB  for  the  redress  of  wrongs 

■ought  the  appropriate  remedies  againist  this  great  and  injaries  amuDg  themselves,  independent  of  ovir 

wrong,  and  patiently  awaited  with  oonfldence  the  ao-  courts,  and  subject  the  victims  of  such  tribunals  to 

tioa  01  the  Oeneral  Government.    Meanwhile  this  seeret  punishments  the  most  barbarous  and  terrible. 

guatevU  lias  growu,  and  strengthened,  and  expand-  In  our  cities  they  live  crowded  and  herded  togather 

eJ  its  baneful  effect  upon  the  muterial  interests  of  like  beaats,  generating  the  most  dangerous  diseaaes* 

tiie  people,  upon  public  morals  and  our  civilization,  They  introduce  the  ancient,  infectious,  and  incurable 

becoming  more  and  more  apj>arent,  until  patience  malady  called  leprosy,  the  germs  of  which,  when 

is  almost  exhausted  and  the  spirit  of  discontent  per-  once  distributed,  can  never  be  eradicated,  but  fasten 

Tides  the  State.    It  would  be  disingenuous  in  us  to  themselyea  upon  the  people  aa  an  eternal  consuming 

sttempt  to  conceal  our  amazement  at  the  long,  delay  rot.    They  poison  our  youth  in  both  mind  and  body, 

of  sppropristc  action  by  the  National  Government  They  build  no  homes.    They  sie  generally  destitute 

toward  tiie  prohibition  of  an  immigration  which  is  of  moral  principle.    They  are  incapable  of  patriot- 

npidlyapproaoiiingtheoharaoter  of  an  Oriental  in-  ism,  and  utterly  unfitted  for  American  citizenship. 

TdsioD.  and  which  tnreatens  to  supplant  Anglo-Sub-  Their  existence  here  in  great  numbers  is  a  perpetual 

00  eivilization  on  this  coast.    If  the  facts  relating  to  menace  to  republican  institutions,  a  souroe  of  oon- 

thia  immigration  now  patent  to  all  observers,  if  the  stant  irritation  and  danger  to  the  public  i>ettoe. 

sscdrtained  knowledge  now  within  the  reach  of  every  The  system  of  labor  which  results  firom  their  pres- 

intellif  ent  man,  will  not  serve  to  awaken  an  interest  ence  is  a  system  which  includes  all  or  nearly  aU  the 

upon  tnis  subject  in  the  minds  of  the  governing  pow-  vices  of  slavery,  without  the  conservative  influences 

er  of  this  nation,  we  are  tempted  to  despair  of  ever  incident  to  the  domestic  or  paternal  relation  between 

reaching  a  remedy.  master  and  slave.    It  degrades  labor  to  the  standard 

If  it  be  supposed,  as  has  been  often  said,  that  the  of  mere  brute  eneivy,  and  this  excludes  the  labor  of 

hostility  to  Chinese  immigration  is  confinea  to  a  free  white  men,  wno  will  not  and  can  not  endure 

imsll  and  ignorant  class  of  our  people,  we  protest  the  degradation  of  competition  with  servile  labor, 

s^nst  SDoh  assumption.    The  discontent  from  this  Chinese  labor  is,  therefore,  substituted  for  the  labor 

csose  is  almoat  universal.    It  is  not  limited  to  any  of  free  white  men,  and  the  State  is  afflicted  with  a 

Sirtioular  party,  nor  to  any  class  or  nationality.    It  quoH  alave  system,  under  ^hioh  Chinese  population 

oes  not  spring  fVom  race  antipathies,  hor  alone  from  supplants  white  American  citizens,  and  drives  them 

economic  considerations,  nor  nrom  any  religious  sen-  to  other  fields  or  to  starvation, 

timent.  nor  from  low  hatreds  or  mercenary  motives.  The  necessary  hrevity  of  this  memorial  forbida 

We  soomit  that,  our  people  being  interested  to  a  the  further  enlargement  of  facts  and  reasons  for  the 

greater ,  extent  in  commerce  with  China  than  any  almost  universal  hostility  in  California  to  their  im- 

ocber  portion  of  the  American  people,  the  reasons  migration.    Webegtheearnest  attention  of  the  Gov- 

for  this  hostility  to  Ciiinese  immigration  must  be  ernment  at  Washington  to  this  subject,  fraught  with 

considered  overwhelming,  when  sufficient  to  arrav  immense  interest  to  us,  and,  as  we  believe,  to  the 

the  whole  body  of  our  people  against  a  treaty  which  whole  peonle  of  the  United  States.    Whatever  the 

was  intended  to  secure  to  that  people,  more  than  State  or  California  may  lawAilly  do  to  abate  or  miti- 

to  any  other,  the  great  benefits  to  be  derived  from  gate  this  evil,  it  has  resolved  to  do,  declaring,  how- 

Asiatio  commeroe.    Our  sincerity  can  not  tiierefore  ever,  our  settled  determination  to  avoid  all  oonfiict 

be  doubted,  since  we  are  willing  to  forego  all  the  with  the  national  authority,  and  to  limit  our  action 

benefits  of  commerce  with  China,  if  need  be,  rather  to  the  exercise  of  the  police  power  of  the  State.   We 

then  suffer  the  ills  which  this  immigration  must  in-  ask  most  earnestly  and  respectfully  of  the  Congress 

svitably  entail  upon  us  and  our  descendants.  of  the  United  States  such  prohibitoi^  le^islstion  as 

Among  the  many  reasons  forour  opposition  to  Chi-  will  effectually  prevent  the  further  immigration  of 

oese  imtnigration,  all  of  which  can  not  be  stated  in  a  Ciiinese  coolies  or  laborers  to  the  ports  of  the  oosst. 
brief  memorial,  we  submit  the  following : 

1.  The  wuntry  being  now  stocked  with  a  vigor-  xhere  is  another  view  of  this  subject  wliich 

W^l^ i^«£3dTtJnSS^tl^^^^^^^^^^^  was  occasionally  alluded  to.  in  the  ibates  of 

crease  of  our  population,  certainly  not  of  the  immi-  the  Convention,  and  recognized  by  all  the  con- 

gration  of  a  non-assimilative  and  alien  race.  siderate  members.     The  representation  of  the 

i.  That,  considering  the  character  of  Chinese  im-  pobUc  action  of  the  State  would  be  imperfect 

muraata  in  respect  to  their  habits  «nd  modes  of  life  Without  some  notice  of  this  aspect  of  the  ques- 

snd  physioal  peouhantiea,  this  immigration  operates  7.  *'^*'""  .   'J"  .  """'^  ^*-  •'"*f  *^*:''^I'.  ^*  *""  H^«»- 

ss  a  siistitution  of  Chinese  for  white  men  of  the  ^^^^'  "  «  bneflj  set  forth  m  the  "  Sacramento 

Csaeasian  race,  and  not  as  an  addition  to  our  popu-  Becord,**  whose  language  aptly  expresses  it, 

lation ;  the  question  being.  Shall  Chinese  ultimately  thus :  *^  Every  man  who  nas  ever  thought  upon 

JfmSJ  Sfth^'caiSsUn  wcL\*  ^^  ^^^^  *'^'  '^^  ^^°^^'  *^^*  question  knows  perfectly  well  that  John 

%?fhtreildjIlS^  of  a^tomense  increase  of  Chi-  Chjnaman  is  formidable,  not  because  of  his 

neseimmigranU  inthe  near  future.    The  effect  of  Pad  qualities,  but  because  of  his  good  ones. 

the  famine  now  unhappily  prevailing  inthe  northern  If  he  were  really  the  poor,  miserable  creature 

provincea  of  China  is  sure  to  cause  a  migration  of  depicted  by  extravagant  hostility,  there  would 

S^e'hSr'S^  'T^e^2r\7h?n?er%^ir5^%  itir^trfn'rirS  L't^'^'L^L^w^'i^^^^ 

the  aurvivors  of  thU  caUmity  forth  In  prodigious  lefiRflation  in  regard  to  him.  No  race  was  ever 

numbers,  in  quest  of  food,  eastward,  because  there  80  nated  unless  it  was  feared ;  and  that  is  a 

M  no  other  outlet,  and  California  offers  the  most  truth  which  ought  to  be  recognized  in  this 

fruitful  field  for  their  sustenance.    The  speculators  case.    The  Chinaman  is  formidable  because  he 

in  Chinese  labor  will  if  permitted,  seiie  tlie  oppor-  j  industrious,  temperate,  frugal,  patient,  tract- 

timity  to  augment  their  fortunes  by  the  importation  of  «  *"**"'"'*^  *""*'i  w«t**pvt  oi.«,  **  «^«.,  poviv^w,  k^*m^w- 

these  hungeMriven  creatures  into  our  ports.    This  f  ole,  and,  above  all,  cheap.   He  works  for  very 

invaAion  is  to  be  dreaded  by  us  more  than  a  hontile  low  wages,  but  it  is  none  the  less  true  that  he 

invassion  by  armed  men,  for,  upon  the  flrnt  note  of  does  the  work  he  undertakes.     He  has  found 

slarm  from  such  a  cause,  the  nation  would  hasten  to  jjjg  ^gy  into  every  industry  on  the  Pacific 

T'rhe  ChLese  Sini  with  them  habits  and  cus-  coast,  because  those  who  want  labor  find  that 

toms  the  mo»t  vicious  and  demoralizing.    They  are  bis  labor  pays.     That  is  the  secret  of  the  en- 

eeomful  of  oar  laws  and  institutions.    They  estab-  mity  to  him.    That  is  the  reason  we  are  all 


80  CALIFORNIA, 

trying  to  get  rid  of  liim.    It  is  the  wisest  way  been  secured.     Three  years  ago,  when  the 

to  admit  the  truth  frankly,  and  the  truth  is  vines  were  much  more  immature,  the  prodnc- 

that  white  labor  can  not  compete  with  Chi-  tion  was  7,000,000  gallons,  which  was  fonnd 

nese.    Nor  is  it  worth  while  to  try  and  seek  to  be  in  excess  of  the  demand.    Nevertheless, 

reasons  for  this  in  some  inferiority  on  the  part  the  effect  was  to  establish  a  price  for  Califor- 

of  John.    It  is  sufficient  that  he  can  under-  nia  wines  which,  notwithstanding  the  great 

work  and  underlive  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gel-  improvement  since  made  in  their  quality,  it 

tic  and  all  other  races  of  European  develop-  has  been  found  impracticable  to  advance ;  so 

ment.    The  fact  that  he  can  do  this  is  not  to  that  now,  when  the  wines  challenge  the  highest 

his  disparagement.    There  is  no  more  virtue  commendations  of  the  most  critical  Eastern 

in  feeding  upon  beef  and  potatoes  than  in  feed-  experts,  and  are  even  favorably  considered  by 

ing  upon  rice.    As  a  matter  of  fact  rice  con-  ■  French  connoisseurs  by  the  side  of  their  ovn 

stitutes  the  main  support  of  a  majority  of  the  most  approved  products,  the  producers  arc 

human  race  to-day,  and  no  doubt  will  long  compelled  to  accept  prices  for  their  wines 

continue  to  do  so.    Sneers  at  John  because  he  which  barely  pay  the  cost  of  production.    The 

eats  rice,  or  because  he  wears  a  special  dress,  product  for  the  year  will  be  about  6,000,000 

or  because  his  habits  are  not  like  ours,  are  on  gallons,  or  less  than  half  a  crop.    This  is  part- 

a  par  with  the  old  English  sneers  at  the  French,  ly  owing  to  the  heavy  volume  of  rain  that  fell 

on  the  ground  that  they  had  brass  money  and  last  winter,  but  more  doubtless  to  the  unex- 

wore  wooden  shoes.    All  such  arguments  ai-e  plained  causes  which  forbid  a  full  yield  of  any 

aimply  contemptible,  and  so  are  animadver*  fruit,  and  especially  grapes,  except  at  intervals 

sions  upon  the  civUization  of  the  Chinese,  of  three  or  more  years.    The  quality  of  the 

There  are  probably  not  many  members  of  the  fruit,  however,  has  been  excellent.    Never  be- 

Convention  who  know  much  about  that  civili-  fore  have  the  grapes  of  Califomia  been  so  rich 

zation,  but  those  who  have  inquired  into  it  for  wine-making.     The  light  red  wines  are 

know  that  it  has  at  least  the  merit  of  endur-  pronounced  not  only  superior  to  any  hereto- 

ance,  and  that  no  other  civilization  extant  has  fore  produced,  but  equal  to  the  best  French 

stood  the  same  test  of  time.    All  such  talk,  production.    The  white  wines  are  also  much 

moreover,  is  irrelevant.    It  is  quite  sufficient  improved  over  the  product  of  former  years, 

to  make  it  clear  that  competition  with  the  Chi-  This  improvement  is  attributable  to  the  age  of 

naman  is  beyond  our  capacity,  and  that  amal-  the  vines^  and  also  to  the  greater  knowledge 

gamation  wiib.  such  a  people  is  out  of  the  ques-  of  the  vmeyardists  in  treating  tbem  and  in 

tion,  to  establish  the  fact  that  ^  the  Chinese  handling  the  grapes. 

must  go  * — or  that,  if  they  do  not  go,  the  Amer-       The  increase  in  the  demand  for  Califomia 

icans  will  have  to.    By  freely  admitting  all  the  wines  is  very  marked  this  year,  especially  for 

strong  points  of  the  Chinaman,  moreover,  it  is  export.    It  is  estimated  that  this  export  will 

far  easier  to  make  out  the  case  against  him.  reach  2,000,000  gallons,  against  1,600,000  gal- 

We  wish  to  get  rid  of  him  because  we  fear  Ions  last  year,  -and  the  prospects  are  favorable 

that  he  will  drive  us  to  the  wall.    That  is  a  for  a  still  largef  foreign  trade  in  1679.    Sweet 

perfectly  good  reason  for  excluding  him,  and  wines  are  now  very  scarce,  and  command  a 

we  believe  that  it  will  prove  far  less  difficult  high  price  in  the  market.    Wines  of  this  class, 

to  solve  the  problem  on  that  line  ^an  by  at-  which  sold  last  year  for  40  cents  a  gallon,  now 

tacking  his  morals  and  talking  about  his  diet.*'  readily  command  60  centa,  and  are  hard  to 

Sufficient  was  known  before  the  close  of  the  find.    On  the  whole,  the  wine  interests  of  Cali- 

year  to  make  an  approximate  statement  of  the  fornia  are  considered  to  be  in  a  very  promising 

grape  harvest  and  wine  product.    The  State  condition,  and  the  industry  has  reached  a  stage 

now  produces  more  grapes  than  any  other  in  where  it  is  capable  of  taking  care  of  itself,  if  it 

the  Union,  and  nearly  as  many  as  all  the  others  can  only  be  let  alone.    There  exists,  however, 

combined.    In  a  good  seasqn  her  product  ot  an  anxious  looking  toward  Washington,  from 

wine  alone  has  aggregated  about  7,000,000  gal-  a  fear  of  some  alteration  of  the  tariff  which 

Ions.    Besides  this  product,  she  has  put  large  might  disturb  or  destroy  the  interest  altogether, 

quantities  of  the  fruit  of  her  vines  into  raisins,  or  some  commercial-treaty  arrangement  with 

and  has  distilled  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  France  which  might  be  equally  injurious.   The 

juice  into  brandy.    Grape  culture  for  the  year  ravages  of  the  phylloxera  have  been  mainly 

1878  has  not  been  remunerative  in  the  State,  confined  to  the  Sonoma  Valley,  with  some 

because  of  a  short  crop  and  the  low  price  of  slight  manifestations  of  its  presence  in  the  Napa 

the  fruit  in  the  market.    The  yield  was  less  Valley.    No  traces  of  it  have  been  found  in  Los 

than  one  half  of  what  it  should  have  been.  Angeles  County,  or  other  grape  regions.    In 

In  the  Sonoma  Valley  the  yield  was  one  third  the  Sonoma  Valley  it  has  killed  out  from  five 

of  a  crop,  and  in  the  Napa  region  about  the  to  six  hundred  acres  of  vineyards.    It  has  been 

same.     It  is  estimated  by  competent  judges  observed  that  this  pest  prefers  the  more  com- 

that  there  are  40,000,000  vines  in  bearing  in  mon  or  ordinary  vine.    It  selects  the  Mission 

the  State.    These  vines  ought  to  yield  not  less  grape  in  preference  to  all  others  when  it  can 

than  12,000,000  gallons  of  expressed  juice ;  or,  find  it  to  feed  on.    Experiments  to  destroy  it 

more  exactly,  every  three  vines  should  yield  have  been  made  with  tubes  of  sulpho-carbon, 

one  gallon  of  wine.    But  this  yield  has  never  and  if  taken  in  time — that  is,  before  the  vine 


CAPE  COLONY  AND  BRITISH  SOUTH  AFRICA. 


81 


JB  tDtirely  filled  with  the  inseot— this  is  pro- 
noQDoed  a  sure  remedy. 

The  yield  of  gold  and  silver  in  California  in 
1878  was  $16,920«461 ;  which  is  an  increase  in 
gold  of  $3,068,000,  but  a  decrease  in  silver  to 
tb«  tmoant  of  $1,823,000. 

In  the  important  case  of  the  United  States 
en.  Throckmorton,  the  Supreme  Coart  at  Wash - 
iiurt<Hi,  on  December  9th,  rendered  a  decision 
fffirming  that  of  the  California  Circait  Conrt. 
The  sotion  was  brooght  to  set  aside  the  final 
decree  of  confirmation  of  a  Mexican  grant  on 
the  ground  of  its  alleged  forgery,  etc.  The 
Coirt  declined  to  interfere,  because  the  validity 
of  the  gramt  was  the  very  matter  adjadioated 
Ure&ty  years  ago.  The  foUowing  general  prin- 
ciples were  annoanced  by  Jastioe  Miller  in  be- 
y^  of  a  unaniroons  full  bench : 

Courts  of  eqiiitv  will  not  eot  aside,  on  aoconnt  of 
■llefed  fraud,  a  deciaion  rendered  by  a  tribnnal  of 
:MDpetont  jariadiction,  unleas  the  fraud  complained 
of  WMM  extrinaio  or  collateral  to  the  matter  bo  ac|ju- 
dlji£«d.  There  are  rights  which,  even  though  found- 
rj  in  fraud,  have  been  so  established  by  formal  ju- 
d-cul  proceedings  in  legally  oonatitnted  tribunala, 
■cd  by  lefcal  methods,  that  the^  are  no  longer  open 
t>  inqoirr  in  the  nsual  or  ordmaiy  way;  and  this 
Cnrt  win  not  set  aside  a  judgment  because  it  was 
fvfinded  on  a  fraudulent  instrument  or  neijored  evi- 
ieifece,  or  for  any  cause  which  was  actually  presented 
u>d  coasidered  in  the  judgment  aaaailed.  To  over- 
rde  the  demuirer  to  this  bill  would  be  to  retry. 
:»eoty  yeara  after  its  decision  by  the  Board  of  Laud 
CAfflmisaioaers  and  the  District  Court,  the  ybij  ques- 
nvns  which  they  tried  on  the  ground  of  fraud  in  the 
T«T7  doeninent  on  which  this  decree  was  rendered. 
Taa  Supreme  Court  further  hold  that  no  one  bnt  a 
Uolted  States  Attomey-Oeneral,  or  some  one  au- 
t::orbed  to  nse  hia  name,  can,  without  special  act 
of  Coni^iesa,  bring  suit  to  set  aside  a  United  States 
rcteot,  or  a  judgment  rendered  in  a  Federal  Court 
OCX  which  meh  a  patent  is  founded ;  and  that  there 
u  iMthing  in  the  record  in  this  oaae  to  show  that 
t  je  AUoraey-General  sanctioned  the  proceedings. 

CAPE  COLONY  AND  BRITISH  SOUTH 
AFRICA.  The  area  and  population  of  the 
Briti^  posaesBions  in  South  Africa  were  as 
fnUows  in  1878 : 


The  religions  denominations  were  represent- 
ed as  follows : 


DKNOMINATIONS. 


Protestsats: 

AngUcans 

Pnasbyteriana 

Methodists. 

Baptists 

Lathenns 

I>atch  Koformed  Cborcfa.... 

Othen 

GstboUos 

Jews 

HohsmmedADS 

Other  reUgtons. 

BeloDging  to  do  obiutih 

Unknown. 


WUto. 

Celorad. 

S«,548 

18,498 

8,480 

4,248 

1,960 

84,817 

8,178 

<18 

6,278 

11,143 

148,076 

28,420 

86,661 

68,0*29 

8,666 

1,001 

688 

•  ■  •  •  • 

18 

11,196 

15 

8 

2,287 

881,810 

188 

228 

286,788 

484»201 

Total. 


40,041 

7,678 

82,277 

2,891 

17,421 

171,496 

98,790 

9,667 

688 

11,214 

28 

884.047 

406 


OOLOKUa. 

Am. 

Popotatka. 

:  CfimBj  ef  cape  of  Good  Hope ; 
a.  OMOolonf  proper,  InolnslTe 

199,900 

8.460 

16.682 

12,491 

18,760 

114,840 

720,984 
127,701 

h.  Bteaete  Land 

4.  Qrlma  Lead  West...  

4^277 

r$4,ooo 

1   9^tM , 

896,900 

■   T^aanal 

27^000 

Tbfeil    *... 

S70«674 

1,760,421 

The  total  population  of  720,984  in  the  Cape 
y'.aar,  aeeordug  to  the  census  of  1875,  was 
~ Tided  as  follows; 


KACia. 

MdM. 

128,910 

6,182 

60,679 

86^486 

100.817 
48,706 

Ffmal«. 

Total. 

'^e*pmm9twmm 

112,878 

6,686 

47,982 

87.071 

104,816 
48,479 

286,788 

10317 

98361 

^^^^9... 

7S30S 

^^t^^mi  m^Vmanf 

914,188 

Wtt  ^i^flf  ^f^  vOfcflll. 

87,184 

T^ssL 

809,628 

861366 

780,984 

Of  the  total  nnmher  of  inhabitants  in  Bassnto 
Land  according  to  the  census  of  1876,  60,894 
were  males  and  67,807  females.  In  Griqna 
Land  West,  according  to  the  census  of  June 
17,  1877,  there  were  12,874  whites  and  82,- 
908  blacks. 

The  Caffre  war,  which  seemed  to  have  come 
to  an  end  in  November,  1877  (see  **  Annual 
Cyclopedia"  for  1877),  broke  out  again  at  the 
dose  of  the  year.  On  December  20th  Kreli,  who 
was  in  hiding  in  one  of  the  forests  in  the  Trans- 
kei,  sent  messengers  to  Ibeka  asking  for  peace, 
as  he  had  been  sufficiently  punished.  This 
was  followed  by  the  surrender  of  his  chief 
councilor  Botman,  who  declared  that  the  tribe 
was  subdued  and  craving  for  mercy.  Col. 
Eustace  discussed  with  Botman  the  terms  upon 
whid^  the  submission  of  the  Galekas  would  be 
received  by  the  Qovemment — ^namely,  the  un- 
conditional surrender  of  the  chief  and  his  son, 
and  the  disarmament  of  his  warriors.  Three 
days  were  given  for  Kreli  to  accept  this  or 
take  the  consequences.  At  the  expiration  of 
the  time  an  unfavorable  answer  was  given; 
the  armistice  was  thereupon  declared  at  an 
end,  and  on  Friday,  December  28th,  Col.  Glyn, 
commanding  in  the  Transkei,  moved  forward 
fVom  the  Ibeka,  with  the  forces  at  his  disposal. 
During  the  negotiations  with  Kreli,  however, 
one  of  his  councilors,  Kiva,  with  200  follow- 
ers, eluded  the  guards  at  the  river  drifts  and 
crossed  over  the  Kei  into  the  Gaika  location. 
This  immediately  changed  the  aspect  of  affairs. 
A  considerable  section  of  the  powerfdl  Gaika 
tribe,  whose  veteran  chief  Sandilli  was  one  of 
the  most  troublesome  enemies  of  the  British 
twenty-five  years  ago,  and  who  up  to  this  time 
had  been  overawed  and  kept  in  check,  now  took 
up  arms  against  the  Government.  Martial 
law  was  proclaimed  throughout  portions  of 
the  Gaika  territory,  and  the  European  resi- 
dents on  isolated  farms  in  their  neighborhood 
were  warned  at  once  to  move  to  the  nearest 
camps  and  places  of  rendezvous  for  protection. 
The  Gaikas  in  the  last  days  of  December  made 
an  incursion  into  Fingo  Land,  which  >s  under 
the  British  protectorate.  They  next  attempted 
to  cut  off  the  communications  by  the  post- 
road  between  King  William^s  Town  and  Kon- 


YoL.  zvin. 


I 


8a  CAPE  COLONY  AND  BRITISH  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

• 

gha,  which  18  the  principal  Station  of  the  cavalry  and  after  several  hoars^  fighting  completely 

and  artillery  belonging  to  the  armed  frontier  routed. 

police,  and  is  distant  forty  miles  north  of  King       In  the  beginning  of  March  a  movement  was 
WiUiam^s  Town.    A  severe  engagement  was  undertaken  by  Commandant  Griffith  against 
fought  on  December  81st,  between  a  body  of  tlie  rebel  positions  on  the  Thomas  River,  and 
40  men  of  the  88th  and  20  police,  and  a  large  the  whole  country  from  the  junction  of  the 
body  of  Gaikas  estimated  at  from  600  to  1,000.  Eei  to  Henderson  was  effectually  scoured,  the 
In  the  beginning  of  January  the  Gaffres  were  Caffres  everywhere  retreating.    Sandilli  and 
swarming  throughout  East  London  division,  his  two  sons,  however,  together  with  their  fol- 
especially  near  the  Kei.    From  Eongha  Col.  lowers  made  a  backward  movement  into  the 
Lambert,  with  a  force  600  strong,  went  out  colony  daring  the  succeeding  night  and  day, 
against  them,  but  thought  it  better  to  defer  and,  passing  within  a  mUe  or  two  of  the  posts 
an  attack  until  reinforcements  should  arrive,  at  Stutterheim  and  Grey  Town,  reached  with- 
He  relieved  and  brought  away  a  garrison  at  out  any  hindrance  the  Izeli  and  Perie  Bush 
Fort  Jeupetu,  and  in  less  than  an  hour  after-  in  the  famous  Amatola  range,  thus  taking  pos- 
ward  the  fort  was  occupied  by  the  natives,  session  of  their  old  and  familiar  strongholds 
At  the  junction  of  the  Isomo  and  the  Eei  the  in  the  wars  of  1846  and  1851. 
Gaikas  attacked  the  Fingoes,  but  were  re-       Ereli,  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Quinta- 
pulsed  with  a  considerable  loss.    On  January  na,  fled  to  Pondo  Land  on  the  Umtata  Biver. 
14th  a  generd  plan  of  offensive  operations  for  On  March  14th  news  reached  Ibeka  that  the 
the  attack  and  dispersion  of  the  enemy  was  peat  Galeka  warrior  Eiva  had  taken  refuge 
set  in  motion.    Col.  Glyn^s  column,  east  of  the  m  one  of  Ereli's  hiding-places.    CoL   Glyn 
Eei,  Col.  Lambert^s  from  the  Eongha,  re^n-  immediately  sent  out  an  expedition  against 
forced  by  a  large  number  of  Fingoes,  and  Capt.  him,  which  was  completely  successful.    It  took 
Brabant^s  East  London  and  Chalumna  Yolun-  Eiva  completely  by  surprise,  and  during  the 
teers,  made  a  simultaneous  movement  upon  engagement  Eiva  and  three  of  his  brothers 
the  Eei  and  Chichaba  Valleys.    While  Col.  were  killed.    No  sooner  was  the  news  of  his 
Lambert's  force  drew  the  head  of  the  Chi-  death  made  known  than  Ereli  showed  signs  of 
chaba  Valley,  the  force  under  Capt.  Brabant  submission.    His  principal  councilor,  Botman, 
encountered  the  enemy  lower  down.    About  brought  the  intelligence  that  the  great  chief 
4,000  head  of  cattle  and  10,000  sheep  were  intended  to  surrender  in  a  few  days.     He 
taken  from  the  Caffi^s,  and  a  large  number  shortly  after  inquired  on  what  terms  peace 
of  the  enemy  killed.    A  continuous  roar  of  can-  would  be  made.    But  he  as  well  as  Sandilli, 
non  and  musketry  was  kept  up  from  Col.  Glyn's  who  made  a  similar  inquiry,  was  told  that  no 
column  on  the  other  side  of  the  Eei,  who  took  conditions  would  be  made  with  rebel  chiefs  in 
from  the  enemy  1,000  cattle  and  900  sheep,  arms  against  the  Government 
The  losses  of  the  British  on  this  occasion  were       The  mountainous  region  to  which  Sandilli 
very  small.    On  the  16th  Capt.  Brabant  drove  had  retired  offered  all  the  advantagea  of  a 
them  with  considerable  loss  from  the  fastnessea  natural  fortress,  occupying  a  space  of  about  80 
along  the  Eabousie  River,  where  they  had  miles  square.    At  first  the  number  of  rebel 
concentrated  their  forces,  and  again  captured  Gaikas  in  the  Amatolas  was  not  more  than 
large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep.    Nothing  of  1,000,  but  constant  reinforcements  soon  raised 
importance  occurred  during  the  remainder  of  it  to  8,000  or  4,000.    Gen.  Sir  A.  Cunynghame, 
January.    A  decisive  victory  was  gained  by  whose  term  had  expired,  was  succeeded  in 
the  British,  however,  in  the  beginning  of  Feb-  the  latter  part  of  February  by  Gen.  Thesiger. 
ruary,  when  on  the  7th  Col.  Glyn  and  Capt.  The  operations  of  the  latter  were  at  first  un- 
Upcher  inflicted  a  severe  defeat  upon  the  na-  successful,  but  he  gradually  reduced  the  terri- 
tives  at  Quintans.    It  was  undoubtedly  the  tory  occupied  by  the  rebels.    Tini  Macomo,  a 
most  disastrous  defeat  the  Caffres  had  met  with  powerful  chief  who,  after  having  been  defeat- 
up  to  that  time.    The  Galekas  themselves  ac-  ed  near  Fort  Beaufort,  had  joined  SandilU^ 
knowledged  severer  losses  than  on  any  pre-  was  captured  on  May  27th,  and,  within*  about 
vious  occasion ;  and  the  bodies  of  nearly  200  ten  days  after,  Sandilli  himself  was  killed  at 
found  in  front  and  about  the  position,  and  more  Isidengi.    This  virtually  put  an  end  to  the  war, 
than  an  equal  number  afterward  discovered  in  and  the  troops  were  0I^dered  home, 
the  neighboring  kloofs  and  ravines,  attested  the       At  the  same  time  that  the  troubles  in  the 
severity  of  their  punishment    It  was  known  a  Transkei  territory  were  reopened,  the  power- 
day  or  two  previous  that  the  enemy  were  col-  fol  nation  of  the  Zooloos,  under  their  Eing  Cety- 
leK)ting  in  that  part  of  the  Transkei  meditating  wayo,  pressed  close  upon  the  borders  of  Natal 
an  attack^  but  it  was  difficult  to  judge  which  of  and  of  the  Transvaal  province,  along  the  Buffalo 
the  positions,  Ibeka  or  Quintana,  they  would  River.    This  locality  is  distant  three  hundred 
approach.     Col.  Glyn  made  dispositions  to  miles  in  a  straight  line  to  the  north  from  the 
meet  either  case.    On  the  morning  of  the  7th  Great  Eei  Ri?er  of  the  Giukas  and  Galekas ; 
the  forces  of  the  enemy  were  seen  approach-  but  the  intervening  provinces  of  Natal  and 
ing,  and  proved  to  be  the  combined  forces  of  Bassuto  Land  are  traversed  by  a  chain  of  "wild 
Ereli  and  Sandilli^  numbering  about  4,000  to  mountain  ranges  and   highlands,  called    the 
5,000  men.    They  urere  immediately  attacked,  Drakenberg,  along  which  it  would  be  possible 


CAPE  COLONY,  ETC.  CHEMISTRY.                    83 

ibr  the  savages  to  hold  oommnnication  with  another  Administration  as  soon  as  he  conld 

each  other.    It  was  therefore  an  alarming  cir-  form  the  same.    A  new  ministry  was  formed 

cumstance  that  the  Zooloo  King  had  chosen  by  Mr.  Qordon  Sprigg,  and  was  composed  as 

this  time  to  advance  claims  of  territory  in  the  follows:  Mr.  Sprigg,  Premier;  Mr.  Uppington, 

distriot  of  Utrecht,  at  the  southern  extremity  Attorney-General;  Mr.  Laing,  Commissioner  of 

of  the  Transvaal,  which  both  Sir  Theophilos  Crown  Lands  and  Pablic  Works ;  Mr.  Ayliffe, 

ShepstODe,  the  Administrator  of  that  province,  Secretary  for  Native  Affairs ;  and  Mr.  Miller, 

and  the  Provincial  Grovernment  of  Natal  were  Treasurer-General.   Parliament  met  on  May 

not  disposed  to  admit.    There  was  mnoh  cause  10th.    Among  the  first  questions  it  considered 

to  apprehend  that  Cety  wayo  was  assured  of  was  the  action  of  Sir  Bartle  Frere  in  dismissing 

80  alUanoe  with  his  restless  warlike  neighbor  the  Molteno  Ministry.   A  resolution  supporting 

Seknkani,  the  late  nnconquered  foe  of  the  the  action  of  the  Governor  was  passed  by  a 

Transvaal  Republic ;  and  it  was  estimated  that  \ote  of  87  to  22. 

both  potoQtates  together  could  command  a  joint  CHEMISTRY.  N%tr\fleation. — ^The  process 
force  of  47,000  men,  armed  with  muskets  .and  generally  in  use  for  preparing  saltneter  (nitrate 
rifles.  Iq  the  middle  of  March  Sekukuni  de-  of  potassium)  is  as  foUows:  Soil,  containing 
dared  himself  openly  hostile,  and  laid  siege  to  more  or  less  vegetable  mold  and  carbonate  of 
two  forts  in  the  direction  of  Ley  den  burg.  Se-  lime,  is  mixed  with  a  certain  proportion  of 
vere  fighting  took  place  on  June  22d  at  Lar-  stable  manure  or  other  refuse  organic  matter, 
g)nl>eck  on  the  northern  border,  in  which  the  and  disposed  in  small  heaps,  to  the  interior  of 
rebels  were  defeated.  The  Eamas  tribe  was  which  there  must  be  free  access  of  air;  the 
disarmed  and  dispersed.  In  August  a  mutiny  heaps  are  sheltered  from  rain,  and  watered  from 
broke  oat  in  Zooloo  Laud,  in  the  native  oolioe.  time  to  time  with  stable  sewage.  After  two 
Skirmishing  had  been  going  on  daring  July  and  or  three  years  the  earth  is  found  to  be  sufiScient* 
Aa^ost,  and  by  the  end  of  August  the  Caffres  ly  rich  in  niter  to  be  worth  leaching.  Of  late, 
bad  completely  invested  Leydenburg.  however,  niter  is  obtained  far  more  ezpedi- 
A  rising  took  place  among  the  Griquas,  in  tionsly  by  the  treatment  of  Peruvian  nitrate 
Griqna  Land  East,  daring  April,  On  the  14th  of  sodium  with  potassium  chloride,  the  prod- 
thej  made  an  armed  deinoustration  against  net  being  saltpeter  and  common  salt.  But 
Kokstadt,  but  were  defeated  with  considerable  how  is  the  phenomenon  of  nitrification  as  seen 
loss.  The  rising  was  completely  suppressed  by  in  the  artificial  process  to  be  explained?  Clear- 
the  end  of  the  month.  ly  it  involves  oxidation  of  nitrogen  into  nitric 
The  Oaffre  war  gave  rise  to  a  ministerial  acid ;  but  the  question  which  has  long  vexed 
crisis.  It  was  well  known  that  differences  of  the  minds  of  chemists  concerns  the  rationaU 
opinion  had  occurred  on  more  than  one  occasion  of  this  oxidation.  The  old  chemists  believed 
betweeu  the  Governor  and  the  Cabinet.  Pos-  that  a  decaying  organic  body  evolves  more  or 
sibiy  it  conld  not  be  otherwise  while  the  Gov-  less  of  its  nitrogen  in  a  free  state,  and  that  this 
emor  as  commander-in-chief  was  responsible  while  nascent  combines  with  the  oxygen  of  the 
to  the  Imperial  authorities  for  the  movements  air.  According  to  many  modern  chemists,  the 
and  actions  of  the  British  forces,  and  at  the  oxidizing  agent  is  ozone.  Others  again  incline 
same  time  was  constitutionally  advised  in  all  to  the  beli^  that  nitrogen  is  never  oxidized  in 
matters  of  government  by  a  ministry  answer-  the  soil  except  when  in  the  form  of  ammonia, 
able  for  their  policy  to  the  Colonial  Parliament  and  that  the  nitrogen  of  organic  matter  is  con- 
only.  The  dissensions  in  the  Executive  Conn-  verted  into  ammonia  as  a  preliminary  to  nitrifi- 
cileame  to  a  head  in  the  first  days  of  February,  cation.  According  to  some  experiments,  the 
when  the  General,  Sir  A.  Cunynghame^  called  ferric  oxide,  which  gives  a  red  color  to  so  many 
attention  to  the  fact  of  there  being  virtually  soils,  is  itself  an  oxidizing  agent,  and  capable  of 
tro  commands  on  the  frontier,  one  composed  converting  ammonia  into  nitric  acid. 
of  the  military,  controlled  by  toe  General,  and  An  entirely  new  explanation  is  offered  by 
another  a  colonial  army  formed  of  the  burgher  Messrs.  Schloesing  and  MtUitz,  and  their  theo- 
and  volunteer  contingents,  each  operating  in-  ry  appears  to  be  confirmed  by  the  researches 
dependentiy  of  the  other.  Sir  Bartle  Frere  of  others.  According  to  this  theory,  nitrifica- 
took  the  military  view  that  there  could  be  no  tion,  so  far  from  being  a  purely  chemical  pro- 
ipch  division,  that  even  the  issuing  of  commis-  cess,  is  the  work  of  a  living  organism  compara- 
sions  to  the  oflcers  at  the  head  of  the  volunteer  ble  to  the  yeast-plant.  They  have  found  that 
expeditions  against  the  enemy  was  illegal  and  nitrification,  however  active,  is  immediately 
onconstitntional,  and  that  the  colonial  auxili-  stopped  by  chloroform  vapor,  herein  showing 
vj  troops  must  be  placed  under  Lieutenant-  an  analogy  to  all  known  organized  ferments. 
General  Sir  A.  Cunynghame,  the  oficer  com*  They  have  fiirther  shown  that,  when  the  pro- 
minding  the  British  forces  in  South  Africa,  cess  has  been  suspended  in  this  way  for  many 
The  Governor,  finding  the  Ministry  persistent  weeks,  it  can  be  renewed  by  the  addition  of  a 
io  the  course  of  maintaining  the  independent  small  quantity  of  a  nitrifying  body.  Again,  the 
action  of  the  Colonial  Government  with  re-  temperatureof  boiling  water  snfSces  to  destroy 
H<ct  to  the  burgher  and  volunteer  contingents,  all  power  of  nitrification,  and  soil  which  has 
informed  Mr.  Molteno  and  his  colleagues  that  been  once  heated  to  this  point  produces  no 
he  would  feel  it  his  duty  to  call  to  his  Councils  nitrates.    I^  however,  this  soil  be  moistened 


84  CHEMISTRY. 

with  water  containing  a  little  nnheated  soil,  triflcation  has  probably  distinctire  cbanust^n^  and 

the  prodaotion  of  nitric  acid  begins  again.  migV^,^®  i^oluted  by  cultivation  under  conditions 

Tu^  ♦k^^-^  u«-   u^^^    ^^ixi^^^^A    *^   w^w,^Zi^^\  BP«*ciallr  auitable  to  ita  growtli,  but  more  or  less  nn- 

The  theory  has  been  subjected  to  practical  fiVorable  to  the  life  of  other  asi^iatedjrenna.    Fas- 

tests  in  Lngland,  and  the  resiilts,  as  stated  in  teur  hus  purvued  thi^  method  with  hucccai*  in  the 

^*  Nature  "   by  Mr.  B.  Warington,  are  as  I'ol-  oaae  of  beer  yeaat,  and  haa  abown  that  with  tie  pure 

lo^s:  >'caBt  thus  obtained  an  unchanfreable  leer  may  be 

manufactured,  tlie  organisms  producing;  accondanr 

It  was  found  that  the  vapor  of  bisulphide  of  carbon,  changes  having  been  excluded.    The  subject  of  ni- 

and  of  chloroform,  effectually  prevented  nitritlcaiiou  trillcation  haa  clearly  reached  a  atage  which  demands 

in  a  moiat  ffarden  aoil  throoffb  whlcli  airwaa  fre-  the  aid  of  the  vegetable  pbyaiologibt. 
quently  aapu-ated,  while  witnoat  these  vapora  the         t,^      ^  ,  ^        ^^       n*ii 

aoil  produced  nitratea  in  couaiderable  <juaiitity.    A        {^ew  Compounds  from  Carbon  Bisulphuret-^ 

solution  of  chloride  of  ammonium  containing  a  little  It  is  known  that  carbon  bisulphnret,  like  cyan- 

tartaric  acid,  phosphate  of  potaaaium,  and  carbonate  ogen,  will  unite  directly  with  metals  without 

of  calcium,  waai^ao  completely  nitrified  in  a  few  ^j^^  intervention  of  oxygen  or  any  similar  bodv ; 

weeka  by  the  addition  ol  a  email  quantity  of  soil  ^^^^^  ..    j:„i.:«,^:„i,;«„«^«  «#  4t  ^„.  »i  *  ♦? 

taken  from  the  "  fairy-ring  "  of  a  mellow.    Thia  so-  ^ence  its  distingmshmg  name  of"  erythrogen 

lution,  when  uitrifled,  waa  aucceaaftill^  uaed  aa  seed  Guided  by  this  property,  L.  J  hompson  made 

to  produce  nitrification  in  other  similar  solutions,  the  attempt  to  discover  whether  erythrogen 

which  without  this  addition  produced  no  nitric  acid,  could  displace  cyanogen  from  any  of*  its  com- 

^\T^  *°'***'^'  "i^'^r"  *J«^l'»l*'7*^J  prejudicial  to  binations,  and  in  this  way  discovered  not  only 

nitrification ;  aolutiona  kept  m  a  dark  cupboard  pro-  ^""■'»v"*»i  «*"«  '"  ^    «     «j     i       j  v^    i     ^t  "i 

dttcing  nitrio  acid,  while  aimilar  aolutiona  aUnding  pat  cyanogen  can  be  so  disp  aced,  but  aUo  that 

in  daylight  produced  none.    The  evidence  has  thua  m  so  doing  two  hitherto  unknown  compounds 

become  very  strong  that  the  nitratea  in  aoil  owe  their  are  produced,  viz.,  a  new  pigment  and  a  new 

origin  to  oxidation  brought  about  by  living  organ-  explosite.    The  first  experiment  was  made  with 

lama.    That  mycoderms,  in  their  proceaaea  of  lile,  .  f„^^i«  ^#  ^«„i  «„„  A«*„;„:««  «  -„♦».««  !«•«« 

may  exert  a  powerful  oxJdiaing  action  upon  organic  ^  8*™P'?  «'  coal-gas  containing  a  rather  large 

matter,  we  have  already  learned  through  the  re-  proportion  of  carbon  bisulphuret.      A  set  t.f 

searcheaofPaateurand  othera.    The  moat  familiar  Liebig  bulbs  were  charged  with  caustic- potash 

example  la  that  of  the  acetic  fermentation.    Vinegar  solution  containing  dissolved  bicyanide  of  iner- 

ia  produced  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol  during  the  ^^^^  ^^  j^e  coal-gas  was  then  slowly  passed 

VZT^Li:,'Z''A"^^'^'^^^  '^'^''^^  '^^  hulbs,  with  the  follo^ing're^sults: 

vinegar  ia  ever  formed.    It  ia  by  aimilar  low  organ-  Very  soon  the  solution  became  milky,  and  this 

isms  that  fermentation  of  all  kinds  is  brought  about,  effect  continued  to  increase  for  several  days. 

Putrefaction  haa  also  been  shown  to  be  equally  de-  ^ith  deposition  of  a  white  precipitate,  which 

pendent  on  the  presence  of  microscopic  organiBma,  became  successively  first  gray,  then  black,  and 

and  except  under  the  conditions  suitable  tor  their  ^^^«**«  «'"^^'=~»  ^j     i  *  *i.''*  •       W 

rapid  development  putrefaction  will  not  take  place,  pallj  »  beautiful  scarlet,  thus  proving  the  ex- 

wltli  tbia  abunclant  evidence  before  ua  of  the  ener-  istence  of  at  least  two,  perhaps  three  different 

getic  decomposition  of  organic  matter  brought  about  compounds.      Haying  ascertained  by  analysis 

by  what  we  may  term  microscopic  ftingi,  we  can  t^at  the  scarlet   compound  deriTed   nothing 

a'S^SS'n'/rnlt:^'^?  o*JSinl?r?io"r  ^^^  ^'^  coal-g.«  but  the  bisnlphuret  of  caf 

and  of  ammonia,  and  thua  producing  nitrio  acid.  l>on,  the  gas  was  abandoned,  and  pure  bisul- 

The  organisms  which   prodTuce  these  wonderful  phuret  of  carbon  was  employed  mstcad.     The 

changes  consist  of  colorless  cells ;  they  are  indepen-  process  is  as  follows : 

dent  of  daylight,  for  they  derive  their  aupply  01  car-         .  ,    .        -  ,  .,      ,  .        . 

bon  excluaively  from  organized  matter,  and  from  the        A  strong  aolution  of  the  cyanide  of  potasaium  la 

decompoaition  of  auch  matter  they  obtain  the  force  to  be  boiled  for  aeveral  minutea  upon  binoxide  of 

neoeaaaiT  for  life  and  growth.    In  thcae  reapecta  mercury,  or,  what  anawera  equally  well,  the  nitric 

they  difier  entirely  fh)m  green  vegitation,  in  which  oxide  o'  mercury  aold  by  apothecaries ;  it  ia  then 

sunlight  u  the  source  of  all  energy,  and  carbonic-acid  to  be  mixed  with  three  timea  ita  bulk  of  a  very  strong 

gaa,  deoompoaed  by  the  aid  ©flight,  the  material  from  solution  of  cauatio  poteab,  and  when  it  haa  beoc^me 

which  carbon  ia  derived.    The  eolorleaa  and  green  ooid  i^  ii^uat  be  cautiously  decanted  into  a  Florence 

organisms,  however,  equally  require  phosphoric  acid,  fi»sk  or  other  convenient  veasel,  and  a  conaidcruble 

gotaah,and  other  aahconstituc-nta;  and  both  appear  <juantity  of  bisulphuret  of  carbon  added  to  it  with 
>  be  capable  of  aasimilating  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  Irequent  agitation.  The  mixture  aasumes  in  rapid 
ammonu.  Not  only  are  these  simple  organiamainde-  auccesaion  a  varie^  of  tinta,  pasaing  from  white, 
pendent  of  the  aid  of  light,  but  liglitiajn  some  oasea  yellow,  brown,  and  gray,  into  black;  and,  if  then 
at  leaat,  actually  fatal  to  their  existence.  Thia  fact  Ifft  to  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmoephere. 
haa  quite  recently  been  eaublished  by  Downea  and  the  black  ia  changed  into  acarlct  m  the  course  of 
Blunt.  They  find  that  the  hadtria  present  in  an  or-  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hcurs,  according  to  the 
ganio  fluid  may  in  many  caaea  be  entirely  destroyed  by  quantity  of  caustic  potash  preaent.  The  larger  the 
exposure  of  the  aolution  to  daylight,  and  that  even  amount  of  potaah,  the  ahorter  ia  tlie  time  n  quirted 
when  this  ia  not  the  oaae  their  development  ia  much  for  the  development  of  the  acarlet  color ;  but  tbia 
retarded  byaueh  treatment.  Thia  obaervation  ia  per-  change  is  very  soon  brought  about  by  the  euiplov- 
fectly  in  accordance  with  the  fact  obaerved  atBotham-  ^^toX  of  heat,  and  therefore  the  flask  contuining  tlie 
ated,  that  uitriflcation  did  not  proceed  in  aolutiona  mixture  should  be  placed  in  a  water-bath  at  110^ 
exposed  to  daylight.  In  the  laat  communication  of  Fahr.,  when  in  about  half  an  hour  the  acarlet  pre- 
Schloe.iing  and  M&ntz,  it  is  stated  that  vegetable  aoil  oipitate  will  have  formed,  and  we  may  diatilJ  off 
suspended  in  water,  by  paaaing  a  atream  of  air  SD<i  collect  the  aurplua  bisulphuret  of  carbon,  aAer 
through  the  mixture,  undergoes  nitrilloation  both  in  which  the  pigment  must  be  well  waaled  and  care- 
light  and  darkneaa.    No  detaila  of  the  experiment  are  fully  dried. 

of  the  material  oonaequently  at  all  timSe  in  partial  "f  a  v©ry  bnUiant  tint.     It  rivals  gold  itdelf  m 

darkneaa.    The  miorosoopio  organism  producing  ni-  resisting  the  effect  of  atmospheric  inflaencesi 


OHEMISTRT.  86 

ud  is,  like  goli,  only  attacked  by  aqna  regla  on  the  other  band,  ooinplex  eompotmd*  of 

Md  those  fluids  whioJi  ^nerate  chlorine ;  it  is  other  elemeote  are  as  a  rule  decompoaed  bj 

norcoTer  nnaflected  by  salphnretted  hydrogen  this  tmbatanoe  ioto  two  or  more  eirnpler  eom- 

oTKiTof  the  hydro«Dlphnret>i,  and  aa  a  paint  pounila.    Ur.  Hnnnay  wu  therefore  indnoed 

it  pnctiraliy  imperishaole.  to  eiamme  whether  carbon  is  or  is  not  the 

lb  eompoaition  appears  to  be  yerj  pecaliar,  only  element  capable  of  forming   seriea  of 

ttoagh  a  Buffioient  namber  of  analyses  hss  not  bodies  of  oomplicated  ttrnoture ;  and  whether 

jet  been  made  to  settle  that  qneetion  beyond  the  the  existence  of    water  on  this  earth   ie  the 

nnge  of  doabt.  Nevertheless,  it  seems  to  oon-  reason  of  our  not  having  complex  bodies  with 

fbt  of  one  atom  of  mercnry  (202),  three  atoms  other   elumenta  than   carbon  for   their  basis. 

of  ralphar  (48),  one  atom  of  carbon  (6),  and  The  plan  adopted  was  to  take  some  compli- 

one  atom  of  hydrogen  (1) ;  thus  making  257  as  oated  snbstance  containing  no  carbon  wliioh  is 

itt  atomic  eqaiyolent,  and  leading  ns  to  eon-  decomposed  by  water,  find  a  solvent  for  it,  and 

dude  that  it  18  a  hydrio-erythride  of  the  proto-  act  on  it  with  other  reagents  ont  of  contact  of 

nlphnret  of  mercnry,  whence  we  may  infer  air  and  moisture.      The  substance  nsed   was 

Unt  it  might  be  made  by  a  very  different  pro-  oiycbloride  of  chromium  (CrOiClt).  and  the 

tm  to  that  above  described,  and,  indeed,  we  solvents  emplored  were  carbon  dlsalphide  and 

miT  oatnrally  expect  many  improvements  in  carbon  tetrachloride.    Mr.  Hannay  has  devised 

the  mode  of  its  prodnotion.  an  appara'.us  which  allows  of  the  sabstaDoe 

Ai  we  have  aeen,  the  first  effect  of  passing  being  precipitated,  filtered,  washed,  dried,  and 

toil-gia  through  an  alkaline  solution  of  bioya-  weighed  on  fur  analysis  without  coming  in 

Dide  of  mercury  is  a  white  precipitate.    U  we  contact  with  air  or  moistnre.    The  following 

'  the  process  at  this  point  we  obtun,  in  the  is  a  list  of  the  obroraiam  compounds  prepared 
id  di   ■                     ..... 


tad  way  of  washing  and  drying,  a  gray-white  by  him ; 
porder,  which  on  applying  beat  explodes  with 
great  Tiolenoe.  Id  ail  probability  it  cousista 
•>f  iTo  siibatanoea,  one  oontalniog  snlphnr  and 
the  other  oyano^n  nnited  to  some  form  of 
hrdroearbon  :  it  is  to  this  last  that  the  name 


Cr,CI^^ 
CriCl,S,0.. 
Cr,Cl^tO,i. 
CrCI,B,H,0. 

CrClA. 

0K!l.P8t). 

Cr,Cl.P.(l,. 

Cc,CU,0,. 


a  been  provisionally  given. 

Ai  pri>earad  In  ths  way  deanribvd.  oySDon  !■  - 
■hiirpavdn-hxiDgagrMQiHb-gTsy  tiDt,ind, whan        Mr.  Eannay  haa  prepared  some  analogont 

1  /(•  gniu  of  it  m  tiesMd  in  «  tsW-lnbe,  it  «x-  manganese   componnda,   hut  the   anatyaea   of 

[■odes  at  a  ho»t  of  about  400    Fahr.  with  muoh  ti,^h„ri.  nnt  »Bt  Tipnn  flTilnhnd 

rf  •ti9i  or  ^u-boii  wbile  tha  meroary -- " ~~~  -"'         '^   Lamtiumtv  of  !•  lamt. — Hi 

cf  tb(  tube  to  a  conaiderabls  diatanci 

5)a  may  tmlj  be  laid  to  oomhina  t       .  „ ^ 

^*il  gaapawier  and  ahot.     Tlie  cjinogen  oom-  cle»  ot  inoaodesoent  carbon.     The  gronnds  O- 

KP7«r  salt  having  an  explasivt  qaality  qoito  eqosl  snmmed  np  in  the  "  Amenoan  Journal  of  Oa- 

■■■•'•.at  mareorul  oompoaDd;  and  in  sU  likelihood  ence"  :    "1.  The  increased  limiinosity  which 

I  -•  npper  nlc  ii  tb«  anbatanoo  fhioli  hu  fra-  chlorine  gives  to  weakly  Inrainons  or  non-lnmi- 

:i-a-J7  o«««i  exploaions  dimns  th«  r«p«inng_of  ^^^  q^^  (g  ^^  j^  ij,  well-known  property 

..i^tSJeWX'.d''brih7i:;i"^'fh;-  pf«^«tingthec«bonsasnch.2.Aro^eld 

i-ndphate  of  ammonia,  and  no  doubt  or>mmonga».  in  aflame  Is  smoked  only  on  the  lower  side, 

•:-,*w  would  Buwar  the  sama  and,  u  that  It  would  the  ude  opposed  to  the  gas  stream.     Were  the 

'--rmwiMpTMantiontobithaold  Kaa-roetersiniiu-  carbon  there  as  vapor,  as  Frankland  assnme^ 

■-■'"!o^™  "^""^     '  ^  *'      "  ""''"'^8  it  would  be  condensed  by  a  cooling  action,  md 

't'i  om^d  e^niin  It  i»  not  nwHiaaary  HiM  there  «•  oil  aronnd  the  rod.     8,  A  body  held  in  the 

•-.'■-J I  be  BoexcwBaor  einatio  elksli  preaant  in  ths  fiame  is  smoked  even  when  it  is  in  a  state  of 

-ift,  tor  this  i*  needed  only  to  ininro  Che  forma-  ignition ;   this,  therefore,  can  not  be  conden- 

--  a  or  p<ma.lion ;  couMquently  w«  havo  merely  to  gution  of  a  vapor      4.  These  partiolos  can  be 

^^i'^i'P^^i'yrr^V   a^'r^CKin'",  actnally  seen-in  the  flame  wh«n  it  is  n^.ade  to 

-  -=  cold  Irqaor,  pa»  a  current  of  pnrlllBd  ood-ns  strike  against  a  second   flame  or  an  ignited 

'--.iv'i  it  until  aanffldent  auantityof  wbit<pre<ap-  anrface,  the  particles  aggregating  together  to 

era  haa  bma  (onwd,  whidi  moat  tbao  b*  waahed  [orm  visible  maSHB.     5.  The  Inminons  portion 

•^dri«di»U.>iaaalwa7.  of  a  flame  is  not  very  transparent,  no  more  so 

.Ww  OMKpomd4  of  GKromiwa  and  ilanga-  than  the  layer  of  smoke  of  the  same  thioknaaa 

''«•.  —  A  paper  of  oonridernble  intereet  in  which  rises  above  a  fiame  fed  with  tnrpendne. 

■"     - -"     •  efaem' '    *"  '  "    " "' " -^  -  "' a._._  ,_ 


.  lemistry  was  communicated  to  6.  Flamee  which  nnqneitdonably  o 

Gl«9gaw  Pliiloaophioal  Society  by  J.  B.  mlnosity  to  the  presence  of  solid  particlea  give 

'■'moay,  on  oertaio  new  componnda  of  ohro-  a  shadow  with  sunlight,  precisely  as  do  hydro- 

^ ita  mx>A  manganMe.     He  obaervea  that,  on  carbon  flames;  while   Inminons   flamaa   oom> 

'^aaining  any  general  litt  of  carbon  com-  posed  only  of  ignited  saees  and  vapora  give  no 

■  xnda,  Imwever  complicated  their  atractnre^  ench  shadow  in  sunlight." 

'^^  ■«  not  aa  a  rnle  decomposed  by  water;  Alum  hi  Satrng-Powdan, — Dr.  Henry  A. 


86  CHEMISTRY. 

Mott,  chemist  of  the  United  States  Indian  De-  as  follows:  1,000  grains  of  bread  are  burnt 
partraent,  had  occasion  to  analyze  a  number  down  to  a  small  bulk,  powdered  with  shout 
of  baking-powders,  and  found  that  many  of  100  grain  measures  of  hydric  chloride,  and 
them  contained  alum  and  other  injurious  sub-  wanned  for  a  few  minutes ;  about  two  ounces 
stances.  The  best  baking-powders  are,  accord-  of  water  are  then  added,  boiled  for  five  min- 
ing to  Dr.  Mott,  composed  of  bitartrate  of  put-  utes,  filtered,  etc.  A  solution  containing  about 
ash,  tartaric  acid,  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  250  grains  of  pure  sodic  hydrate  is  made  in  a 
soda  bicarbonate,  bound  together  by  a  little  very  little  water ;  and  to  this  solution,  when 
starch. '  Inferior  baking-powders  consist  of  boiling,  is  very  cautiously  added  the  boiling 
alum  and  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  often  con-  acid  solution  of  the  charred  bread,  the  whole 
tain  terra  alba,  insoluble  phospnate  of  lime,  etc.  boiled  for  a  few  minutes,  filtered  and  washed. 
The  physiological  effect  of  alum  taken  inter-  The  filtrate,  after  the  addition  of  a  few  drops 
nally  is  to  produce  dyspepsia,  constipation,  of  a  concentrated  solution  of  disodic  phosphate, 
griping,  and  a  host  of  other  disorders  of  the  ali-  is  slightly  acidified  with  hydric  chloride,  and 
mentary  tract;  and  though  a  person  need  not  subsequently  rendered  just  alkaline  with  aro- 
apprehend  that  such  grave  evils  will  at  once  monic  hydrate  and  boiled.  The  precipitate  is 
ensue  after  eating  bread  "raised"  by  sucii  collected,  washed,  and  weighed  as  aluminic 
powders,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  protracted  phospliate. 

use  of  such  bread  would  produce  the  morbid        New  ElemenU. — Although  research  appears 

conditions  enumerated.    In  the  tables  which  to  be  tending  toward  a  confirmation  of  the  view 

follow,  Dr.  Mott  states  the  results  of  his  own  that  the  elements  are  really  compound,  and 

Quantitative  analysis  of  different  baking-pow-  that  on  further  analysis  they  will  be  found  to 

ers :  have  striking  points  of  resemblance  if  not  ac- 

Vn  1      A  »«K«/.  P««vJ!«.  «.>««.  .V  Wi.  Tn-1.  ^^^  identity,  several  so-called  new  ones  have 

\}'7f  ^"**'*^-^^«^  "^  •^  ,^^  ^^;*-  been  added  ti>  the  list  during  the  year. 

BicarboDftte  of  soda 24  IT      **  Ph%l%pp%um  was  fouud  as  an  oxide  by  Mr. 

Sesqnicarbonate  of  ammoDia 2*81      "  Marc  Delaf ontaiue  in  a  specimen  of  samarakite 

BuSS.!*f.*^**'::::':;:;;;::;:;S^ST      «  (an  uranomobate  of  yttrium  and  iron)  from 

North  Carolina.    The  earth  of  this  metal  (phi- 

1^'^  lippia)  is  yellow  like  terbia,  but  its  equivalent 

yo.  2.-4  Bakina^Pawchr  manufactured  in  BaUU  "  '^^^er-    ?^  communicating  to  the  Pans  Acad- 

more.  Md,  ®™y  ^'  Sciences  an  account  of  his  diacoverj, 

Burnt  aimn fiO'06  jmt  cent  Mr.  Delafontaiue  takes  its  approximate  eqni va- 

Bicartmnatoofioda M-80      »*  lent  to  be  Comprised  between  90  and  96 : 

Cream  of  tartar Nona  * 

Starch. 57  IT      **  Philippic  formiate  oiystaUizes  with  great  facility, 

either  on  oooUng  or  by  B{>oDtaneouB  evaporation,  id 

1<M)'00  small,  briliiaot,  rhomboidal   priams,  le^s  soluble 

^^_,_-  -  -.«.  than  the  form  iate  of  yttria.    The  terbic  formiate  is 

No,  8.— -4  Baktng-P^wder  manufadured  m  «.  anhydrous  and  aoluble  in  from  80  to  85  parte  of  wa- 

Louie,  Mo.  ter.    The  eodio-terbio  sulphate  dissolvee  with  diffi- 

Borat  alum 80-06  per  oent  oulty  in  a  saturated  solution  of  sodic  sulphate,  while 

Bicarbonate  of  loda W*82       **  tjj^  corresponditig  salt  dissolves  in  it  easily.   .  .  . 

CJeira  of  tartar »ooo      ^  In  the  spectroscope  the  concentrated  solution   of 

^^"^^ philippium  givea  in  the  indigo-blue  amafmificent  ab- 

100' 00  sorption  band,  very  intense  and  rather  broad,  with 

well-defined  edges.    This  band,  which  atrikea  one 

No,  4, — A  Baking-Powder  mamrfaetured  in  Mil-  at  a  first  glance,  is  not  seen  in  soluticns  of  terbium, 

waukee   Wie  yttrium,  and  erbium.    It  is,  then,  characteristic  of 

Bomt  alam .' «M  per  oent  philippium.  and  thus  M.  Soret/s  conjecture  that  it 

BlGarl>onateof  soda 20-79       »•  belonjfs  to  a  new  simple  body  is  confirmed.    lu  the 

Graam  of  tartar. . . . '. None  green  are  seen  two  rather  fine  ravs  varying  in  inten- 

Starch 50*68      **  sity,  the  most  refrangible  of  whicnbelonga  to  erbium, 

as  well  as  a  faint  ray  in  the  blue  near  to  the  boun- 

'^^'^  darj  of  the  green.   The  least  refrangible  of  the  e^reen 

E»timationo/Alum  inBread.-Th,  old  Nor-  ^'.'ei^tSTtCtt  ?*«"&?,  SllJ^rorth: 

mandy  or  soda  process  for  the  estimation  of  contrary,  show  it  to  be  nearly  as  powerful  as  the  er- 

alnm  in  bread  has  long  been  ont  of  nse,  on  ac-  bium  ray.    Lastly,  in  the  red  there  is  at  least  one 

oonnt  of  the  great  difficnlty  experienced  in  ^^  "y  ^I'ioh  has  not  been  identified, 
redissolving  the  aJaminic  hydrate  or  phosphate       The  same  chemist  reports  the  discovery  of  a 

after  its  precipitation,  which  often  led  to  inac-  second  new  element  in  the  same  mineral  (ea- 

onrate  results.    Other  processes  have  been  snb-  marskite),  to  which  he  has  given  the  name  of 

Btitnted,  many  of  which  are  very  complicated  deeipium.    The  oxide  of  decipinm  (assoming  its 

and  unsatisfactory ;  and  they  are  now  likely  formula  to  be  DpO)  has  a  molecular  weight  of 

to  be  displaced  by  a  modification  of  the  Nor-  122.    The  nitrate  ^ves  an  absorption  spectram 

mandy  method,  which  simplifies  the  procedure  consisting  of  at  least  three  bands,  in  the  blue 

and  leaves  little  to  be  desired  in  point  of  accu-  and  the  indigo.    The  most  refrangible  of  them 

racy.    This  consists  in  adding  the  boiling  acid  is  a  little  less  broad  than  that  of  philippium, 

solution  of  the  charred  bread  to  a  boiling  sol u-  is  dark,  and  corresponds  in  its  center  to    a 

tipn  of  sodio  hydrate,  contfuning  a  large  excess,  wave-length  near  4,160.    lliis  distingnialiea 


CHEMISTRY. 


87 


dedpiom  from  didymiam  and  terbiam.  The 
secood  band  is  narrow,  intense,  not  defined  on 
'Ms  edges,  and  is  in  the  less  refrangible  part  of 
the  bloe,  corresponding  to  a  wave-length  of 
4,780.  This  18  nearly  the  exact  place  of  one  of 
the  didymiam  bands,  bat  the  latter  is  far  less 
intense.  Finally,  nearly  on  the  limit  of  the 
blae  and  green  there  is  an  appearanoe  of  the 
third  band. 

Another  new  element  is  announced  by  Dr. 
J.  Lawrence  Smith,  which  he  calls  mosandrum  ; 
Ha^  too,  iras  fonnd  in  samarskite.  The  earth 
[mmtdra)  of  this  metal  belongs  to  the  cerium 
groop. 

rinaJIy,  Marignac  has  described  some  of  the 
eoinpoands  of  a  new  element  fonnd  in  gado- 
linite,  and  to  which  he  gives  the  name  of  ytter" 
htM.  The  atomic  weight  of  181  is  provision- 
ailj  adopted  for  this  element  The  nitrate  is 
decomposed  by  heat  without  coloration;  the 
oxide  is  less  acted  on  by  acids  than  the  other 
oxides  of  the  same  group ;  and  sundry  other 
pecoliar  reactions  serve  to  distinguish  the  new 


element  from  thorium,  the  only  element  known 
to  possess  so  high  an  atomic  weight. 

ChemUtry  of  the  Orape. — In  order  to  test 
the  action  of  certain  special  fertilizers  on  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  grapes,  Professor  C. 
A.  Gk>e8smann  instituted  a  series  of  field  ex- 
periments with  the  Concord  grape  and  the 
wild  purple  grape  (  Vitu  Idbruaca^  L.),  an  ac- 
count of  which  is  published  in  vol.  ii.  of  the 
*^  Proceedings  of  the  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety." His  examination  was  for  the  most  part 
confined  to  the  berries  and  the  juice  of  the 
grapes.  The  former  were  tested  for  the 
amount  of  water  they  lost  at  100°  0.,  and  the 
total  dry  matter  left  behind  at  that  tempera- 
ture. The  juice  of  the  grapes,  obtained  after 
crushing  in  a  hand-press,  was  examined  for  its 
specific  gravity,  its  percentage  of  grape  sugar, 
and  its  free  acid.  Ash  analyses  also  were 
made,  but  a  detailed  discussion  of  their  results 
is  withheld  by  the  author  for  the  present. 
The  following  tables  show  the  results  of  ex- 
periments with  grapes  not/ertilized: 


VAMI. 

Dalik 

SpMlflO 

gimvlty. 

TnapMrntan 

MdMvnlort 

■t  ioo*-no* 
Omo. 

ofdtyaaaMfl' 

at  MO'-llO' 

Cwl. 

PMMBtag* 

of  imps 

PM«Mtaffl 

ofmifBr  is 
■oUd  dfj 

AaouttaonK 

onit.ofMilm 

■olntloDtoBM- 

tisUMlWpMli 

idm. 

Gaacofd  gnae 

Joly  17, 

1876 

10175 

81* 

91*70 

8*80 

0645 

vn 

•  •  • 

■  fc^ 

J^2SK 

u 

1*0190 

81 

91*90 

8*  10 

•    0  625 

7-79 

916 

M                    « 

Angait9, 

u 

10200 

95 

9006 

9*94 

0988 

9-44 

949 

••           u 

August  Ifl^ 

M 

10850 

93 

89' 19 

10*88 

9*000 

18*88 

929 

•                M 

August  80, 

u 

10600 

95 

84-49 

15*58 

8*69 

65-88 

190 

<•                H 

September  18, 

u 

10670 

98 

89*53 

17*48 

18-90 

79*46 

55 

•                i. 

October  4, 

u 

10700 

18 

80*18 

19  89 

16-18 

81-88 

49-9 

^ffpl■wfld  gnpe... 

Jnlr  19, 

1876 

1.090 

81 

9100 

9*00 

0-714 

7*98 

904 

-                m            '^ 

August  4. 
Angnstia, 

u 

1090 

9^ 

87*76 

19-95 

1*10 

8-98 

949 

M              m 

M 

1095 

9^ 

87*59 

19-4S 

900 

16*08 

988 

•                 te 

August  SO; 

M 

1060 

96 

88*49 

16*66 

6-60 

89*81 

147*6 

^taTattetyofwfld 

pipe 

August  81, 

U 

1050 

96 

88*59 

16*48 

9*96 

66*18 

98 

It  will  be  noticed  from  the  above  tabular 
sUtemeot  that  with  the  middle  of  August  be- 
Ku  t  remarkable  change  in  the  growth  of  the 
Concord  gn^>e.  The  free  acid  became  most 
prominent  in  the  juice  about  the  first  week  in 
Aofost,  sank  to  less  than  half  its  ouantity  to- 
vvd  the  dose  of  that  month,  and  amounted 
a^  the  beginning  of  October  to  only  one  fifth 


of  the  Angust  maximum.  The  sugar  began  to 
increase  at  the  same  time,  and  continued  to 
increase  till  the  fruit  was  ripe. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  the  results 
of  observations  on  various  kinds  of  cultivated 
ripe  grapes,  all  as  far  as  possible  collected  at 
the  same  stage  of  maturity.  ^  Other  varieties 
not  mentioned  were  also  examined : 


VIMB. 

- 

gnvi^. 

T<m|wmtw 
Cwiignd*. 

MolannlM 

ai  10O*-ll0* 

Ctat. 

ifdryBoattor 

tt  lOO'-IlO*' 

OmU 

Firentag* 

of  grape 

e^wiailM 

of  Mgar  la 

Mild  dry 

malkbm. 

AnsnllBMk. 

OMLoflOdA 
•olttttOB  lO  IIM> 

tnllM  100  parti 

<^«vC 

September  t^  187 
September  7,    ** 
September  11,    •« 
September  11,    ^^ 
September  19,    •* 
September  IS,    "> 
September  16,    ** 

107 

1*08 

1*075 

1*064 

108 

108 

1*075 

96- 

91 

90 

90 

94 

24 

98 

79-85 
76*44 
79*91 
88-47 
76-51 
84*09 
80  88 

90*15 
94*56 
90  79 
1658 
98-47 
15  9S 
19-67 

15-15 
15*15 
17-94 
18*67 
17-86 
8*77 
9*90 

75-14 
61-68 
88  99 
89-60 
76-00 
64-94 
46*77 

88*6 

i&  .  ..I'.V.V.'.'.l 

144 

^<**MD.,...  .....  .. 

94-8 

vaJT:.. .::;::::: 

56 

IWwiw 

♦VrtrOak 

l«»0» 

74 

168*8 
80-8 

Tie  different  kinds  of  gnipea  above  montloned  be- 
^TacL,  in  many  Instances,  quite  remarkably'  unlike 
-•^a  otber  In  regard  to  the  aetion  of  their  juice  to- 
vtfj  ba^  aeeitttc  of  lead.  The  latter  produces  in 
*^^'7  ease  a  voluminous  colored  precipitate j  yet 
•  *>e  colors  seem  to  result  from  the  presence  oi  sev- 
<^-4  dj^unctly  diif erent  pigmenta  in  the  grapea,  pe- 


culiar, in  all  probability,  to  the  wild  native  varictiea 
from  which  our  cultivated  onea  have  been  produced. 
This  reaction  mav  prove  of  practical  use  aa  an  aid  in 
tracing  the  relationship  to  each  other  of  the  differ- 
ent varietiea  of  grapes  ander  cultivation.  Dr.  G. 
Engelmann,  in  his  excellent  description  of  the  true 
American  ^pe- vines,  incidentally  states  that  some 


88 


CHEMISTEY. 


growers  oonsider  the  Delaware  and  the  Clinton  as 
derived  from  the  same  wild  variety,  the  Biveruide 

frape  ( Vitis  riparia,  Mich.)i  whioh  appears  doubt- 
al,  judging  from  the  reaotion  with  hasio  acetate  of 
lead;  for  the  juice  of  the  Delaware  grape  gives  a 
oream-colored  precipitate,  while  that  of  the  Clinton 
produces  a  bluish-green  one,  indicutiog  quite  differ- 
ent pigments  in  these  varieties. 

An  Bcanomieal  Heating  Gas. — When  steam 
is  passed  over  coke  or  charcoal  at  a  red  heat, 
dissociation  of  the  elements  of  the  waterj  va- 
por takes  place,  the  hydrogen  being  set  free, 
and  the  oxygen  forming  coiiiponnds  (carbonic 
oxide  and  carbonic  acid)  with  the  carbon; 
marsh  gas  is  at  the  same  time  produced  in 
small  quantity.  The  proportion  of  the  gases 
thus  generated  is,  according  to  Frankland: 
H,  66-9 ;  00,  29-8 ;  COi,  18-8.  It  is  evident 
that  here  we  have  a  very  important  heating 
gas,  if  it  could  be  produced  economically  in 
considerable  quantities.  How  to  do  this  ef- 
fectually is  the  problem  which  has  long  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  chemists  and  gas-engi- 
neers. This  problem  wouid  appear  to  have 
been  solved  a  few  years  ago  by  Joshua  Kidd, 
an  English  inventor;  and  the  improvements 
which  have  since  been  made  on  his  process 
Justify  the  belief  that  a  perfectly  satiefactory 
solution  has  been  found  of  the  question  of  a 
cheap  heating  gas  for  domestic  and  manufac- 
turing purposes. 

In  Kidd's  system  perfected  the  generator  consists 
of  a  hollow  cylindrical  body  or  case  of  wrought  or 
oast  iron.  This  is  terminated  below  by  a  cast-iron 
bottom,  having  a  hole  in  its  center  about  one  half  or 
one  third  of  its  own  diameter ;  below  this  is  a  second 
hollow  cylinder  of  the  same  internal  diameter  as  the 
hole  above  it:  in  this  lower  cylinder  the  fire-grate  is 
lodged,  the  blast-pipe  opening  into  it  below  the  flre- 
gme.  When  making  gas,  the  bottom  of  the  small 
cylinder  requires  to  be  closed  air-tight.  This  is  ef- 
fected either  by  means  of  a  flat  hinged  plate,  which 
is  kept  tightly  pressed  against  it  bv  a  heavily  weight- 
ed lever,  or  else  by  a  short  cap  with  a  beveled  edge 
attached  to  it  by  a  ba^^onet  joint.  In  the  upper  and 
laiger  cylinder  there  is  a  coil  of  thick  wrou«it-iron 
pipe  which  fits  the  cylinder  pretty  closely.  The  two 
ends  of  the  coil  are  turned  outward  at  right  angles, 
and  pass  gas-tight  through  the  body  of  the  gen- 
erator ;  the  lower  end  is  connected  with  an  arrange- 
ment for  supplying  water  under  pressure,  and  Uie 
upper  end  with  a  smaller  steam-pipe  passing  down 
parallel  to  the  generator  and  terminating  in  a  small 
steam-tap  in  fVont  of  the  blast-pipe.  In  the  center 
of  the  top  of  the  apparatus  is  a  cimilar  opening  nine 
inches  in  diameter,  communicating  below  with  a  hol- 
low inverted  truncated  cone  projecting  into  the  gen- 
erator ;  at  the  apex  of  the  cone  is  a  narrow  cylindri- 
cal ring,  which  serves  as  the  seat  for  a  heavy  conical 
valve.  Above,  this  is  surmounted  by  a  short  cylindri- 
cal fuel-box,  carrying  at  its  upper  end  a  hopper,  the 
opening  between  them  being  covered  by  a  sliding 
plate.  Attached  to  the  fuel -box  is  a  short  flue  used 
onl^  when  lighting  the  fire.  Besides  the  central  open- 
ing in  the  ouver,  there  are  two  smaller  ones,  viz.,  the 
gas-outlet  and  a  peep-  or  stoke-hole. 

If,  now,  a  fire  be  lighted  in  the  interior  of 
this  machine,  and  water  driven  through  the 
coil,  that  water  will  be  made  to  boil ;  steam 
will  be  produced  which  will  accumulate  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  coil,  and,  if  not  immediately 
allowed  to  escape,  will  become  superheated. 


On  opening  the  tap  in  front  of  the  blast-pipe 
this  superheated  steam  passes  down  the  small 
pipe  outside  the  generator,  and  blows  with 
considerable  force  into  the  blast-pipe,  carry- 
ing with  it  by  induction  a  stream  of  air.  In 
this  way  the  requisite  oxygen  to  support  com- 
bustion and  steam  for  decomposition  are  driven 
into  the  apparatus,  from  which  they  issue  lu 
a  permanent  gas  To  describe  fully  the  sever- 
al details  of  the  working  of  the  machine  would 
require  more  space  than  can  be  afforded  here, 
but  the  whole  subject  will  be  found  treated  in 
extemo  in  the  ''Journal  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,"  No.  1825.  The  chemical  reactions  which 
occur  in  the  generator  are  described  as  follow b 
by  the  author  of  the  paper  just  quoted : 

Carbonic  anhydride  (COt)  is  doubtless  first  fonned 
by  the  aotiou  of  the  oxygen  of  the  air  upon  the  car- 
bon of  the  fhel;  this  in  its  passage  uj^ward  through 
the  heated  fuel  takes  up  another  equivalent  of  car- 
bon, becoming  reduced  to  carbonic  oxide,  CO,  tbiis, 
COa  +  C  =  SCO,  the  nitrogen  of  course  passing  ofi 
unchanged  and  serving  only  to  dilute  the  gas.  with 
respect  to  the  steam,  this,  as  explained  above,  is  de- 
composed in  its  passage  over  the  incandescent  coal, 
with  the  formation  of  hydrogen,  carbon  monoxide, 
and  carbonic  anhydride.  The  latter  in  its  upward 
course  shares  the  same  fate  as  the  COa  produced  liy 
the  action  of  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  L  e.,  it  takes  up 
another  atom  of  C,  and  passes  into  the  state  of  CO. 
The  decomposition  of  the  steam,  therefore,  adds  n\a« 
terially  to  the  calorific  value  of  tue  gas,  by  enriching 
it  with  hydrogen  and  a  further  quantity  of  CO. 

The  composition  of  the  gas  produced  by  this 
generator,  when  working  at  different  pressures 
of  water,  and  with  various  kinds  of  fuel,  has 
been  determined  by  analysis.  The  result  is  as 
follows : 


DESCRIFTIOlf  OF  FUEL. 

PrMkora  of 
WBt«r. 

Compoaitlosi  Mr  ent  bj 
TolvoM  or  tka  gu. 

Pest  ch«mnl. .......... 

Sqosrt  fawh. 

16  Its. 
15  lbs. 

[  sorts. 

SOIto. 

f  CO    =    28  « 
J    ^H    =    14-6 

Anthracite. ............. 

* 

CU»  =      4  0 
[     N    s    680 

100-2 

f  CO    =   226 

H    =    10-0 

CH«  =     4-9 

Equal  ports  of  snthrsoite 
and  stesm  coal 

CO*  =     4-5 
^    N     =    66*0 

100*0 

r  CO    =    88  8 

H    =3      9-8 

CH«=      5-2 

CO*  =      6-2 

K    =    61-8 

1008 

Anihradto. ............. 

• 

rCO    =    26-4 

H    =3    18-5 

CH^  s      1-4 

CO*  =      8  9 

.     N    =    64-6 

100  0 

As  regards  the  quantity  of  mixed  gases  pro 
duced  from  a  given  quantity  of  fuel,  this  hai 
been  ascertained  ezperioieatally  witJ^  the  fo] 
lowing  results : 


ITRT. 


89 


DBCRIR105  0P  fUn. 


•intfcndte. 

i  Equl  ptru  of  tathndte  and 

iMmeotl 

".  Lpul  ptrti  of  sDthndte  tnd 

Heua  eoai.. 

i  EqiuJ  parts  of  anUinclte  wd 

•tcimeool 

S.lBtbneUo 


Wator-fNitan  Cnbio  It  of  |gM 


It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  there  is  a 
nitdj'iDcretiae  in  the  quantity  of  gas  prodnced 
l>er  poand  of  fael  consumed,  as  the  water-pres- 
nre  riws  from  16  lbs.  to  40  lbs.  Beyond  this 
point  there  does  not  appear  to  be  much  ad- 
TiQtage  gained  by  stiil  further  increasing  the 
presore.  The  foa  produced  is  essentially  a  non- 
ImiDoas  gas.  W  hen  taken  direct  from  the  pro- 
diicer,  it  boms  with  a  reddish-blue  flame.  Af- 
ter hsving,  however,  been  stored  in  a  gas-hold- 
er for  t  few  hoars  in  contact  with  water,  the 
koe  loses  this  red  tinge,  and  the  gas  bums  with 
i  Uae  ligbtless  flame  very  mu<&  resembling 
ordiurj  gas  burned  in  the  Bunsen  burner.  In 
DtHber  case  is  there  any  smoke,  soot,  or  de- 
posit of  any  kind  by  the  burning  gas,  the  sole 
prodQcts  of  combustion  heing  water  and  car- 
iuiiio  anhydride.  When  the  gas  is  made  in 
considerable  quantity,  its  cost  in  Loudon  is 
iboat  t  quarter  of  that  of  ordinary  iiluminat- 

Tie  Eouiwilent  of  Oallivm. — ^Leooq  de  Bois- 
^drao  lias  determined  the  equivalent  of  gal- 
1*90  by  the  oalotlation  of  gallo-ammoniacal 
slom,  ud  by  igniting  the  gauinm  nitrate  pro- 
iieed  from  a  Imown  weight  of  the  metal.  The 
^bt  losses  sustained  in  these  two  operations 
dcct  the  value  of  the  equivalent  in  an  opposite 
Bumier.  The  former  process  gave  as  the  re- 
Kilt  70032  (hydrogen  oeing  1),  imd  the  latter 
^98.  The  mean  value,  69*866,  may  be  taken 
u  tlw  first  approxiroatioD.  Considerations 
lonnM  on  a  clajssification  of  the  elements  in 
sxorduiee  with  their  properties  and  the  value 
«^  tbeir  atomic  w^hts  iK>int  to  a  maximum 
sitnber,  69*97,  and  a  minimum,  69*66  (mean, 
*^%  The  author  enters  into  some  details  on 
*^  eumparison  of  the  spectra  of  the  metals 
Al.G«,lii,  on  the  one  hand,  and  K,  Rb,  Cs,  on 
Mother,  and  deduces  hence  for  the  equivalent 
«f  niliam  the  value  69-86. 

Am  Compound  of  Palladium. — In  a  com- 
seaieation  to  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences 
£•  Ste.-Claire  Deville  and  H.  Debray  recite 
^'JL  on  heating  a  solution  of  palladium  chloride 
^iCI)  with  strong  nitric  acid  in  presence  of 
-k-ammoiuAc,  the  palladium  is  converted  into 
tiiaunonia  chloride  (PdCli-fNILCl),  which 
>^«ipitates  in  small  regular  octahedrons  of  a 
'^i  r«d  color,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and, 
*r  the  corresponding  compounds  of  iridium 
r.t  pifitmam,  sJmost  insoluble  in  a  concentrat- 
"•  ic^QTion  of  sal-ammoniac.  The  authors  ex- 
>-  ted  that  in  heating  with  aqua  regia  certain 
^<btT-liquor8  containing  ammoniacal  palla- 
^3  chloride  (dipalladamine  chloride,  PdOlt 


21^111)  with  excess  of  ammonium  chloride,  the 
metal  would  be  entirely  thrown  down  as  a 
doable  chloride.  The  result,  however,  was 
otherwise;  for,  instead  of  the  expected  com- 
pound, they  obtained  a  reddish -black  sub- 
stance, Pds01t2NHt,  being  a  combination  of 
ammonia  with  a  palladium  chhiride  hitherto 
unknown. 

2few  Proeeu  for  the  Regeneration  of  Spent 
Oae-Lime, — A  new  process  for  regenerating 
the  foul  or  spent  lime  of  gas-manufacture 
has  been  introduced  into  many  gas-works  in 
England.  It  is  known  as  Bishop^s  processi 
and  is  described  in  an  address  delivered  by  Mr. 
John  Mayer  in  the  Chemical  Section  of  the 
Glasgow  Philosophical  Society.  In  this  sys- 
tem the  kiln  consists  of  a  series  of  four  calcin- 
ing chambers  arranged  vertically  over  each 
other,  and,  together  with  the  furnace  under- 
neath tibem,  occupying  the  space  of  one  of  the 
ovens  of  the  retort-bench.  They  are  about  9 
feet  long  and  2^  feet  wide.  All  the  chambers 
are  constructed  of  fire-clay  tiles  and  blocks  of 
similar  form.  The  gases  from  the  furnace 
pass  backward  to  its  farther  end,  and  riang 
enter,  by  means  of  two  ports  at  the  comers, 
the  lowermost  calcining  chamber,  thence  over 
the  top  of  and  in  close  contact  with  the  spent 
lime,  to  the  fore  end  of  the  same ;  and  thence 
up  through  two  ports  as  before,  traversing  the 
second  chamber  in  the  same  way ;  then  the 
third  chamber;  and,  lastly,  the  topmost  or 
drying  chamber,  Arom  which  they  enter  the 
main  fine,  the  opening  into  which  is  reg[ulated 
hy  a  suitahle  damper.  The  spent  lime  is  first 
charged  into  the  drying  ohamoer  by  means  of 
a  shovel,  and  it  remains  in  that  chamber  dur- 
ing the  regeneration  of  the  contents  of  the 
chambers  underneath;  and  after  the  latter 
have  been  discharged  into  an  iron  wagon  or 
barrow,  the  contents  of  the  upper  chamber  are 
discharged  into  the  lower  chambers  through  a 
port  near  the  front  of  each,  the  opening  of 
which  is  covered  with  a  suitable  tile,  as  the 
chambers  are  successively  filled,  commencing 
at  the  lowermost;  and  the  gases  from  the  ftir- 
nace,  while  passing  over  and  in  close  contact 
with  the  spent  lime,  disengage  the  carbonic 
acid  and  other  impurities.  Air  is  admitted 
through  ventilating  fiue-boxes,  placed  on  either 
side  of  the  furnace  near  to  the  ground,  whence 
it  is  conveyed  to  and  directed  against  the  fuel 
in  the  furnace  near  to  the  center  of  the  furnace- 
bars,  where  it  issues  from  a  number  of  holes 
about  1^  inch  in  diameter,  pierced  throagh  fire- 
clay blocks,  which  form  part  of  the  sides  of 
the  fiimace.  These  air-holes  pass  through  the 
blocks  with  a  dip  of  about  1^  inch  towfljrd  the 
Airnaoe-bars.  In  practice  it  is  found  that  one 
man  can  attend  to  two  sets  of  chambers,  such  as 
those  just  described,  and  regenerate  upward  of 
50  cwt.  of  spent  lime  per  shift  of  twelve  hours, 
with  a  consumption  of  about  8  cwt.  of  fuel, 
which  is  usually  the  coke  of  ordinary  cannel 
coal. 

Hydrogen  Peroxide*— Tn^  amount  of  hydro- 


90  CHEMISTRY. 

gen  peroxide  in  the  air  and  in  atmospheric  de-  tion  of  hydro<fen  peroxide  oontainiDg  8  or  4  per  cent 

posits  is  the  subject  of  a  recent  exhaustive  re-  ;^"  '?if  !j  Jii^tt  ^  PnL^?„*;f  *^a^^^^         !lr'*?« 

'^•v     a  X  3t  jf  \r        __      Tf     t-   ^^4.:^-  tion,  in  eomvaleiit  proportions.    A  nse  of  4*  or  6' 

port  by  SchOne,  of  Moscow.    His  investiga-  q  ^^^^  ^^^  ^j^h  a  very  sligbt  evolution  of  gae. 

tions  extended  from  July  1,  1874,  to  June  80.  On  ooncentrating  the  solution  in  a  vacuum,  efflorcs- 

1875,   and    were   conducted   with   wonderful  cent  crystalR  separated  on  the  edges  at  first,  and  then 

patience  and  care.     He  examined  215  speci-  l*Tge  tabular  crystals  formed  in  the  solution.   If,  in- 

mens  ot  rain  and  haU,  and  snow  and  sleet  Jte,adofevaporatin«  the  solution,  once  and  a  half  or 

luvuo  wt   Aoiu   «uvi  uau,  ouu  ouvw    nuu   bjwi.  ^^j^^  its  vofuiiie  ot  absolutc  alcobol  DC  added,  End 

were  tested  on  172  occasions,     beven  samples  i^  ^^  allowed  to  stand  in  a  cool  place  for  twenty-four 

of  rain  and  86  of  snow  appeared  to  contain  no  hours,  spear-shaped  crystals,  often  several  centi- 

peroxide.  metres  long,  appear  in  the  solution.    On  analysis 

they  give  numbers  agreeing  with  the  formula  KaiOt 
'"  '^         They  are  identical  with  those  obtained 
Fairly  in  the  same  manner,  and  with  those 

wh«n'?SrSnf  r'"JrS^rn7„7/«iS:?E!?.r?Sl.VSS  obtained  by  ^emou  Haicourt  by  solution  of  sodium 

J?«iv.J^«?w  S^Hf  «^n^^^^  dioxide  in  water.    When  rapiifly  heated  in  a  glass 
lively  smallest  Tield  of  peroxide  IS  obtamed.    The        .      ^^    crystals  melt,  froth,  evolve  oxygen  and 

amount  attained  a  mimmum  in  Deoemberand  Janu-  J^  ^^  l^^^  ,    ^    J  'j^   ^^;^  vesseU,  the  aame 

ary ,  veij  slowly  mcreased  until  Apnl,  was  very  much  'decomposition  takes  place  more  slowly,'  requiring 

mfei^'^.frfe^^^  three  months  for  completion.    Absolute ^sicohol  vtS 

w  «nSl*n  %.v«£KiJ  °t«L'  ntfi^nliv  ilnin^^i"  sorvcs  it  pretty  wcll  Jf  oarbou  dioxide  be  exduaed. 

1?^'/S,t  Sn?r^  T? «  "J?T //7,^2.^i^n^PrS«?n«Vl  Ou  cxamfuing  the  e&orescence  above  mentioned,  it 

«nm^ra{?J«w  u JA^nJ^nt  nt^S*  «XiS2  Iltholh  ^*»  ^<>^^^  ^o^c  a  mixturc  of  the  substauce  aWdy 

f^u^w  ?KL^r^  S?ii  IwiS^^^^^^^^  described  and  of  another  substance  having  the  for- 
itis  less  abundaut  m  hail  than  in  ra»n :  and  the  j    Na,H40.,  or  NaoO^CHaO,),,  a  compound  of  ao- 

wmter  rain  yields  more  of  this  compound  than  snow  •?:       *''»a**4Vf»  ^*  *^«*ay2v**avr2„,  •  i.v.u|^vuuu  v«  .v- 

*^ii:««  r^  fil  21Jl  •.^•ii.JS      HM,!^  ♦«*-!  -^  dium  peroxide  with  hydrogen  peroxide.     To  pre- 

^A^J^  i«t.xSi  J^tTH  t,. A«S  t?.^«!r?^»»  .«f  P''^  i^  » mature  of  one  mofecuirof  sodium  brdVate 

^/i^St^nr^^i^  v!«  u^'L^nnSS?  Kv  ♦>.«  i^thnJ  tn  "^^  about  three  and  a  half  molecules  of  hyiogen 

w/n^n.fnSi?trinolmmP.^^^  psroxids   solution   are  mixed   and  evapoited'' in 

n«t!«^?.«?^  J^  .av   «?  mI .??iS2  ^t^Ja^rZ  v»cuo.    The  crysUls  are  colorlew  and  very  minute, 

metre — that  is  to  say,  in  699*9  litres  or  water,  or  ___  „4.  «,.,,  *-««-«.„-«.„♦  „«,--,  ./«i»i>i..  ;•«  «r.«-A»  ai^ 

dete^ined'Vp^ti'J^^mcia^d^^^h  'te  iss!?.!  tt^:^is,;^^s•J.°.;1T.t:^.';?■ 
«id  of  freezing  mixture* ;  and  It  wu  found  tb>t  the  L  "«lH'l''''y.'^Si'f  ""'fSi'wiJtt^^^^^ 
rue  «id  faUli  tlie  amoont  »o  obtained  oorrespond-  Sf„?H^^}h  V.„ff..^  .^^^JS^Tinl  f l^  J?S?i^h 
ed  and  went  hand  in  hand  with  the  numben  ob-  il'^.t-T^^.'^t^^^^f  A^^^*«lT„-^S.i™lZ?™i^* 

^;sl^'.r!Lts»wi^\t^»i?d^?tir:ii';rt.iL'5  t\«'o?p«iuTt^'trS;i5.Td"°p:r.?Js.'r/dm'.; 

frte^mSuTal^^f^SpS^t^KI  '''''^\h''*^''>\  I""  "  'T^'lSf  *"5"?*5 

o'clock  in  the  Swnoon,^r"lSoh  it  diminiahed*  L'i  w  .SmS««,'«™    '  i'or<?PTwWt6^  ^S.^.! 

the  minimuoi  beine  attiJiued  between  midnight  ani  !L%\°'ilTl  ^^^^^i^^^T  .  *fi  T?S?/T/ 

^  *  —     tua  .;«  «,/l  io».A  i.«n  -»v.:»i.  v-j  k^...»  ,,„  results,  wnicn  is  very  Hygroscopic  and  uaa  tne  for- 

li;,?io7fn^  f^5wikF  .S5  ^h!  JJn^oil  ^^^S^ii  niula  ifaH^O.,  or  K,0,(li;&,),.    ^hese  facta  the  an- 

wwupied  for  four  weeks  and  t^he  windows  of  which  ^^or  uses  to  explaii  the  "  caUlytio"  action,  aa  fol- 

were  closed  but  were  not  »»>"*»f^*»  .^"  *>|>»JSr«^^^^  lows :  The  decomposition  of  hydrogen  peroxide  in 

oontain  an  average  of  0;ir  c.c.  peroxide  In  l^,(»Ocu^^^  ^^^i^^  solutions^is  due,  first,  to  the  tendency  of 

me^es.    In  dew  artificially  deposited  ma  badly  ven-  ^^^  gi^alies  to-  form  compounds  of  the  composition 

tilated  room  there  was  no  peroxide ;  its  presence,  j.  g  q.  or  R,0,  (H.O,), ;  second,  to  the  t^dcncy 

however,  became  manifest  as  soon  as  the  wmdows  J^^^e  alkali  metal  within  this  compound  to  oxidli 

were  thrown  open.    Dew  and  hoar  frost  denosited  u^elf  to  a  higher  oxide,  the  tetroxidi :  and,  third,  to 

during  the  last  hours  of  the  nijjht  snpeared  to  be  pure  ^^^  peductioi  of  the  tetroxide  to  dioxicle  by  the  water 

water ;  m  dew  collected  durmg  the  evening  hours  pf^g^Q^ 

perexide  was  met  with,  the   amount   beinij^  0*06  ^ 

gramme  to  the  litre.  The  peroxide  is  present  in  fog,  *     2^ew   JDUc&very  in    Therfno- Chemistry. — A 

and  is  apparently  more  abundant  in  spring  than  in  discovery  of  importance  in  thermo-chemietry 

autumn.  -The  amount  of  peroxide  present  in  anv  j      ^       communicated  to  the  Paris  Academy 
atmospheric  deposit  varies  with  the  altitude  at  which       "  «  .      ^""''"""•^••'^«  "^  ^'"j  ^rt^"  ^"^"^^"^j 

that  deposit  has  been  formed ;  the  greater  the  alti-  0^   Sciences,  by  M.  Maumen6.    Concentrated 

tude  at  which  the  condensation  ukes  place,  the  sulphuric  acid«  he  writes,  which  has  been  left 

greater  is  the  quantitv  of  peroxide  which  it  will  con-  for  some  months  standing,  undergoes  a  ging:i]- 

^S\  .TH*  *l  doubtless  due  to  the  decomposition  j^r  change  of  condition.    On  mixing  a  liquid 

vrHi/iKi  f.linf  BiiKaf  onAA  miiaf  iimi-lA*v»/\  whan  A«r\/^«aH  r.A  -  ^..  .....  ^   .  Ji    . 


metres  of  air.    The  author  points  out  the  scientific  if  acid  three  months  old  is  used,  the  rise  of 

advantages  which  would  attend  svstematio  observar  temperature  so  obtained  has  a  value  of  about 

tion  m  tlis  field  at  meteorological  stations.  go  ^^^^  j^^     ^he  same  results  occur  even  if 

The  same  author  has  investigated  the  rela-  the  acid  has  been  hermetically  sealed  in  glass 

tions  of  hydrogen  peroxide  to  the  alkalies,  with  tubes.    With  water  and  other  liquids  analogous 

particular  reference  to  the  decomposing  action  results  are  found.    It  is  evident  that  some  of 

of  the  latter  on  the  former.    Of  this  research  the  most  important  data  of  the  thermal  effects 

we  append  an  excellent  summary,  published  in  of  chemical  action  may  require  revising  in  the 

the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  " :  light  of  this  discovery. 

rr*    .a    t.    4r  ^  j*     *  j  t^  *i.« j.,«*;^«        N^ew  Method  of  Separating  Arsenic  and  An- 

His  first  efforts  were  directed  to  tne  production  ..  .  ^a       m  a*   ^  • 

of  peroxide  hydrates  of  the  alkalies  analogous  to  t%mony.'-K  new  mode  of  sepw-ating  arsemo 

those  of  the  alkaline  earths.  For  this  purpose  a  solu-  from  other  metals  18  offered  by  Messrs.  De 


CHEMISTRY.  91 

dennoDt  and  TrommeL     Suppose  that  there  complex.    Thia  belief  appears  to  be  deeply  rooted 

ii  a  mixture  of  arsenic,  antimony,  and  tin  ;  '"^  most  minds ;  3ret,  if  we  are  to  study  nature  arijfht, 

.L     *i.        Ak  —  ^ TiA    ^^«.-^-»   Iv^  «»i.^il  ^^  must  set  It  aside.    We  must  be  content  to  take 

then  the  authors  would  convert  the  whole  Nature  as  she  is ;  i.  e.,  we  must  do  our  best  to  amass 

uto  saiphides  by  treatment  with  smphuretted  facts,  and  from  these  we  must  draw  the  conclusions 

hvdrogeo,  after  having  acidulated  with  hydro-  warranted  by  the  facts.    Now,  as  our  knowledge  of 

ehloric  acid,  adding  iuso  tartaric  acid  for  the  Nature  extends,  do  we  find  that  she  becomes  to  us 

sake  of  the  antimony.    When  the  mixture  is  "^""^  *5^  °^?^«  ?^"r>e!   Yes,  and  No. ,  It  has  been 

'  "  J  .7  .•""*%.      .     jT  •                     1  now  and  again  given  to  a  nftod  few  to  pierce  through 

Mtarated  it  is  aUowed  to  stand  in  a  warm  place  ^he  maze  of  tangled  fncts  and  to  espy  the  great  prin- 

till  the  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  no  oiple  which  binds  them  into  an  harmonious  whole. 

boger  perceptible,  and  is  then  thrown  upon  But,  even  in  the  case  of  these  great  generalizations, 

a  filter  and  washed  with  much  care,  as  the  f?^S"P®™«P,*  ¥**^  observation  frequentlv  show 

h^^m^iA^^^s  Y.»^.^/.Ki^.:»  ^^\A  Twrfxn^A  Aana/^  that  littlc  dctsils  have  been  overlooxed — ^that  the 

ie*4midne  of  hydrochloric  ^»d  would  cause  ^  ^.^  j^  1^^  .3  ^^  simpie-that  there  are  dis- 

a  la»  of  arsenic  m  the  state  of  chloride.     The  orepanoies,  vmy  tmaU,  it  is  true,  but  still  there  they 

ffbole  is  then  transferred  into  a  flask  full  of  are,  demanding  an  explanation,  telling  us  that  our 

rater,  and  heated  to  a  boil.    The  reaction  is  la'"^  does  not  express  the  whole  of  nature's  facts, 

more  rapid  m  a  retort  through  which  a  current  Mature  •ppears  to  be  truly  infinite ;  and  it  is  well 

-/  •  •           J      xr^v          Ji'4.- ^^ .»«-««:«  ^^««  to  remember  that  we  ean  never  get  tennblv  nearer  a 

Of  air  13  passed.    If  the  quantity  of  arsenic  does  knowledge  0/ an  infinUy.   This  idea  of  the  Simplicity 

not  exceed  two  decigrammes,  the  distillation  of  nature  is  very  apt  to  lead  us  to  adopt  the  hypotb- 

of  500  to  600  c  c.  of  water  suffices  for  the  com-  esis  of  the  non-elementary  nature  or  the  elements 

plete  dissociation  of  the  sulphides.    The  residue  without  sufficient  evidence.    The  idea  that  all  the 

«ti,enfiltered,,and  the  entire  ouantity  of  th«  ?/r.S'rir.'^'il^?rr„r^ili"il2^"{J^ro 

inemous  acid  is  found  m  the  filtrate,  and  de-  muoh  ^  keeping  with  the  simplicity  of  nature ;  it  is 

Urmined  by  the  ordinary  methods.  bo  symmetrical,  it  surely  muei  be  true.    This  is  just 

Action  of  Water  on  Metallie  AUoy»  eontain-  how  the  old  alchemists  reasoned ;  we  must  absolutely 

i»g  Carhon.—By  acttng  on  spiegeleisen  with  forbid  these  a  pr«)Woon^olu8ions  to  influence  us  as 

dilate  salphuric^cid,  Jloez/^^^^  ru^f^^TnenWtC^^^^^^^^ 


___ obtained, 

rhile  at  m^  O.,  with  superheated  steam,  a  ^"^^  ^\  ^1«^'  -T?  °!f^  '^^^  f?'L*^  ^^  ^^*  "^""^ 

A*.*-:-     *j           '            'J      1.!  u  •        T^^j  appear  to  be  wild  and  romantic  theono». 

wrttin  action  was  perceived,  which  increased  ''f  ^e  outcome  of  the  whole  matter  is  this :  we  want 

vith  the  temperature,  being  completed  at  a  more  knowledge ;  our  facts  are  few  and  vaffue;  there 

^k>red  heat.    The  hydrocarbons,  however,  is  room  for  almost  unlimited  work.    Ask  Nature ; 

vere  again  decomposed.     The  same  author  trust  her :  be  skeptical  of  your  own  interpretations 

ker  tested  a  series  of  manganese  alloys,  and  *>^^«'  answers. 

fuoad  that  the  best  results  were  obtained  by  Perhaps  even  more  worthy  of  note  are  the 

means  of  one  containing  roughly  Mn  85,  Fe  6,  remarks  made  by  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  some 

C  8-5,  graphite  4,  Si  I'l.    Small  portions  of  years  ago,  on  the  bearings  of  spectroscopic 

uii,  treated  with  boiling  water,  decomposed  research  on  the  nature  of  the  elements : 

ibe  latter  with  the  evolution  of  hydrogen  oily  g    ^^^  ^^^l    j.    .^^^^  ,^,^^^  ^^^„    j^^^. 

Iropsbeing  simultaneously  formed;  and  the  oilaWe  with  the  assumption  that  the  oonventionallv 

^S  baroing  with  a  luminous  flame,  showed  named  simple  substances  are  really  simple.    Each 

^  presence  of  hydrocarbons.    Another  alloy  yields  a  spectrum  having  lines  varying  in  number 

«iiearlv  similar  composition  gave  the  fol-  fi;?in  two  to  eighty  or  more,  every  one  of  which  im- 

Ii.«ti»  l,>^^u« .    ♦!»«   fl^-t   ^^w^irZiw^^A    ai:»i^fi«-  phes  the  interceptmg  of  ethereal  undulations  of  a 

^Jiog  results:    the  flask  oontamed  slightly  Jg^ain  order  by  something  oscillating  in  unison  or 

fcUJine  water  with   a  mixture   of  iron   and  in  harmony  with  them.    Were  iron  absolutely  ele- 

snganese  oxides  in  suspension ;   the  liquid  mentary,  it  is  not  conceivable  that  its  atom  could 

k'dfocarbona  in  the  condenser  were  similar  intercept  ethereal  undulations  of  eighty  different 

to  tboae  previously  found,  the  gases  also  bum-  <>«^«»  ?  ^^^^^  »^  ^^*  °o*  ^^"^'^  *^1  »'■  mol??al« 

l^•-p;*.k  1      •         "^ii          '   CT  l!r7*i!«r^i:!:™  contains  as  many  separate  atoms  as  there  are  lines 

i^with  Inmmoas  flames.    He  has  thus  shown  j^  ^^^  Rpeotrum,^it  ibust  dearly  be  a  complex  mole- 

wit  water  alone  at  the  proper  temperature  cule.    Btill  more  clearly  is  this  general  implication 

wi^^^cwposes  manganese-iron  alloys  containing  confirmed  by  facts  flimished  by  nitrogen,  tne  speo- 

etrboD  trum  of  which  has  two  quite  different  sorts  of  lines, 

K  Jir.  >ormaii  Lookyer  s  reported  discovery  ^^  th^  conclusion  that  out  of  some  primordial  units 

o^cbe  composite  nature  of  many  of  the  so-  the  so-called  elements  arise,  by  compounding  and 

^«d  ^^  elements,"  it  is  of  interest  to  note  the  reoompounding ;  just  as  by  the  compounding  and 

fiptflion  of  a  prominent  chemical  writer  touch-  reoompoundinff  of  so-caUed  elements  there  arise 

M  this  matter  a  short  time  before  the  publi-  ^''^^*  *°^  ~^*^'  ^"^  •*^*»- 

*£!«)  of  the  alleged  discovery.    Professor  Pat-  The  Determination  of  Organic  Matter  t;; 

*<oa  Mair  writes :  Water-Analyne, — The  important  question  of 


'^^^we  should  find  thiirSxtremd7*»*lmpl«/«J-    ^,^®°  *  ''^F?'  elaborate  paper  was  read  by  Dr. 
<=^  the  reanlto  of  their  actions  are  so  wonder^ly    Mey  mott  Tidy.   He  considered  at  length  the  ad- 


98  CHEMI8TRT. 

TantagQS  and  disadvantages  of  the  processes  in  temperatnre  of  1,180^,  and  clilnted  with  8  toI- 

common  nse,  viz.,  the  eamfnution  proceMj  the  umes  of  nitrogen,  1,040'.    The  same  degrees 

ammonia  process^  and  the  oxygen  process.    The  of  dilation  with  carbonic  acid  show  respec- 

combustioD  process  is  declared  to  ^^  yield  abso-  tively  1,100^  and  780®.  Among  other  tempera- 

Intely  untrustworthy  evidence  on  which  to  tares  noted  were  the  following : 

fonnd  an  opinion  as  to  the  probable  source  of         Loeateiu  Uunp 9S0* 

the  organic  matter."    The  ammonia  procew  leiSte^a^top  With"diiDiVy::::::^           ijm 

famishes  results  which  are  not  deucate  enough  The  same  without  chimney : 

to  allow  the  recognition  of  the  finer  grades  of  illuminating  part 9^ 

parity  or  impurity.    But  of  the  oxygen  pro-  Alcohol  Snp(SteoiioVb'9i2J !!*.!*. .**.!'. !*.!"!*..*  i,no 

cess  the  author  says  that  its  results  are  con-  '*       (alcohol  0-822) i,i60 

stant  and  extremely  delicate,  and  that  it  draws  The  slight  difference  in  heating  power  resnlt'- 
a  sharp  line  between  putrescent  and  probably  Ing  from  widely  varying  percentages  of  water 
harmless  organic  matter  (a  point  of  the  first  in  the  alcohol  is  worthy  of  remark, 
importance  here).  By  it  bad  water  could  never  A  New  Test  for  Carbolic  Acid, — ^A  very  deli- 
be  passed  as  good.  But  it  is  only  when  the  cate  test  for  carbolic  acid  has  been  discovered 
process  is  properly  carried  out  that  such  pre-  by  Dr.  E.  W.  Davy  in  molybdic  acid  dissolved 
else  results  are  to  be  expected.  The  proper  in  strong  sulphuric  acid.  When  a  drop  or  two 
plan  of  using  the  oxygen  process  is  as  follows:  of  a  dilute  aqueous  solution  of  carbonic  acid 
In  two  carefully  cleaned  twenty-ouiice  flasks  place  is  brought  in  contact  with  a  few  drops  of  the 
500  wpUmaia.  8eptem=7  grain*,  or  i^  gallon)  of  molybdic  solution,  there  is  immediately  pro- 
the  water;  ^«. «*«^ ^^d  20  ^eptema  of  ^^^^  ^^^^^  U  ^^  jj  yellowish-brown  tint, 
sulphuric  acioL  and  20  septema  of  solution  ox  potaa-  „i.v  ^  t  j.  ^  jj'uv 
Bio  permanganate  (2  grains  per  1 ,000  septems).  At  which,  pawing  to  a  maroon  or  reddish  brown, 
the  same  time  treat  two  similar  quantities  of  dis-  soon  develops  a  beautiful  purple  coloration. 
tilled  water  in  precisely  the  same  manner,  and  note  The  application  of  a  gentle  heat  will  hasten 
the  exact  time  at  which  the  permanganate  solution  the  development  of  the  purple  reaction  ;  bnt 

rd:t'^^neJi;??KrdM?^u^':nr.^/r: '» *«»  ^)-  pj«««.  tbot..h  more  dowiy  .t  tu 

houra.  To  the  flasks,  after  standing  the  appointed  ordmary  temperature.  It  is  the  production  of 
time,  add  a  sufficiency  of  poussic  iodide  (1  in  10),  tliis  purple  under  the  circumstances  described 
and  then  a  standard  solution  of  sodic  hyposulphite  that  constitutes  Dr.  Davy's  test  for  carbolic 
(6-4  grains  per  1.000  septems),  until  all  of  the  free  ^cid.  The  molybdic  solution  is  made  by  dis- 
iodiue  Ih  removed  (to  be  determmed  by  adding  a  tew  «^i„'««  ™ui.  ♦v'^  ««»:<.«>«»^a  «#  .  ..»^^*i^  ».«-.♦  i 
drops  of  starcl.  solution).  By  deducting  the  quantity  80^7"f»  With  ^e  assistance  of  a  ffentle  beat,  1 
of  oxygen  equivalent  to  the  hypo-solution  used  from  P^rt  Of  molybdic  acid  m  10  parts  by  weight  of 
that  in  the  (quantity  of  permanganate  originallv  add-  pure  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  The  mode 
ed,  we  obtain  the  quantity  of  ox;rgen  used  by  the  of  using  this  reagent  is  simply  to  add  three  or 
water.  The  blank  experiments  witE  distilled  water  f^^^  ^^^pg  ^^  j^.  ^^  ^ne  or  two  of  the  liquid 
give  the  value  of  the  liypo-solution.  It  is  obvious  „^  j^,  «il^i*^i^«  ,.i-^«,i  ««  „.,«-  »^i.{«.^  JL^- 
that  the  samples  of  water  must  have  a  pink  tint  at  ^,^f^  examination,  placed  on  any  white  por- 
the  end  of  the  one  hour  or  of  the  three  hours ;  others  celain  or  white  delf  surface.  In  carrying  ont 
wise  fresh  experiments  are  to  be  made  with  larger  this  test,  however,  it  will 'be  found  most  con- 
doses  of  permangfmate.    The  only  important  errors  yenient  to  use  a  small  white  porcelain  capsnle 

inSi!nU.*«^?nr,ll«^*^;tn^^^^^  haviug  a  handle,  which  will  admit  of  the  ap- 

rous  salts,  sulpnuretted  hydrogen,  and  nitrites.   But  i*     x°        «  i_   ^     i_       ^^           v     ^    •     vi     i 

the  first  two  would  be  <riscovered  in  the  analysln,  plwation  of  heat  when.it  may  be  desirable  to 

and  by  their  taste  and  smell ;  aa  for  the  nitritea,  hasten  the  reaction  of  that  agent.    So  delicate 

they  act  immediately  on  the  permanganate  solution,  is  this  test  that  one  small  drop  of  an  aqueons 

and  any  deoolorijtation  taking  place  during  the  first  golution  of  carbolic  acid  (1  per  1,000  by  weight), 

five  minutes  must  be  due  to  uitntes  and  allowed  lor.  --.v^-  •««^«^  «,;*!*  ^v.^^  ^  #,^««  #i««;«v«  ^F  4.ul 

It  is  admitted  that  permanganate  fails  to  oxidize  some  when  mixed  with  three  or  four  drops  of  the 

Bubstancei*,  as  urea;  but  nevertheless  the  qunntify  wolybdlc  solution,  immediately  produces  the 

of  oxygen  used  gives  evidence  of  the  relative  quan-  yellowish-brown  effect,  which  soon  passes  into 

tity  ofmatter  in  the  water  which  is  likely  to  be  in-  a  very  distinct  purple.    Nor  is  this  the  extreme 

jurious;  and  this  is  precisely  the  one  great  object  li^^t  of  its  application,  for  the  solution  afforda 

of  water- analysis.   The  quantity  of  oxygen  used  dor-  „  «^^«:«  ♦*«♦  I^^i  «,»,««  «..«  ♦:«,.^  ...^-^  ^:i.,4.^ 

ing  the  first  hour  as  compared  iith  that  used  in  the  f.  ^®^J^  ^^^  ^^^^  "^^^^  °^®  **™®®  ^^^^  ^""^ 

first  three  hours  gives  valuable  information  as  to  the  than  above. 

relative  quantities  of  putrescent,  easily  oxidixable  Determination  of  the  Heat  Value  of  Fueh^^ 

matter,  and  of  non-putresoent  and  less  easily  oxidix-  "With  regard  to  the  question  of  tlie  heat  valne 

able  matters.  pf  f^^j^  j^  j, j^g  \ieeti  proved  that  conclusions  from 

The  Temperature  of  i^tewM.— Rosetti  has,  the  results  of  elementary  analysis  are  very 

with  the  aid  of  his  very  ingenious  calorimeter,  uncertain,  and  iJso  that  little  reliance  can  he 

investigated  the  temperature  of  different  flames,  placed  on  direct  evaporation  experiments.   The 

and  finds  the  maximum  temperature  of  a  Bun-  faults  of  these  methods  are  pointed  out  by 

sen  flame  to  be  1,360°  0.,  resal  ting  from  a  com-  Weyl,  who  in   "Die  Chemische  Industrie" 

bustion  of  1  volume  of  gas  and  2^  volumes  of  recommends,  as  preferable,  decomposition  of 

air.     The  admission  of  a  greater  or  less  quan-  the  fuel  by  dry  distillation,  and  analytical  de- 

tity  of  air  reduces  the  temperature.    Changes  termination  of  the  solid,  liquid,  and  gaseous 

in  pressure  have  but  slight  influence  on  the  products  of  decomposition.     In  this  method 

temperature.    The  flame  given  by  gaa  diluted  the  accident  of  too  small  a  sample  being  used 

with  the  same  volume  of  nitrogen  shows  a  is  avoided,  as  also  too  great  pulverization  and 


CHEMISTRY.  CHILI.                          93 

ir/iogst  high  temperature,  and  tbed^compofr-  thejase  of  Bulphario  acid  in  a  voltameter  is 

log  action  of  atmospheric  oxygen,  which  is  eviaeot. 

therewith  oonnected;  and  the  whole  of  the  CHILI  (Rbp^bliga  ds  Chilb),  an  indepen- 

eoke  1$  weighed,  and  its  carbon,  hydrogen,  dent  state  of  Soath  America,  comprised  be- 

tnd  mioerid  oonstitnents  determined.     The  tween  latitudes  24°  and  56^  south  and  longitudes 

water,  tar,  and  gas  that  are  formed  are  mea-  70°  and  74°  west.    Its  boondaries  are:  Bolivia 

sored,  and  their  heat  of  combustion  ascertained  on  the  north;  the  Argentine  Republic  and 

rith  the  aid  of  data  that  have  been  supplied  Patagonia  on  the  east,  from  both  of  which  it 

]>j  Fairrd  and  SiLbermann,  and  Deville.    The  is  separated  by  the  Andes;  Cape  Horn  and 

dnal  result  will,  of  course,  exceed  the  true  the  South  Pacific  on  tlie  south ;  and  the  same 

combostion  value  of  the  coal  by  the  amount  ocean  on  the  west.    The  southern  boundary  is 

of  heat  stjai^alent  to  the  work  of  decomposi-  contested  by  the  Argentine  Government,  and 

UoQ  into  coke,  tar,  and  gas.    The  decomposi-  the  long-pending  negotiations  between  the  re* 

tiun  of  the  coal  should  be  done  as  quickly  as  publics  have  only  resulted  in  interrupting  their 

posibJe,  and  at  a  high  temperature.  diplomatic  relations.    The  treaty  agreed  upon 

i  Xw  ErphtUe, — A  new  explosive  disco v-  by  Sefior  Barnis  Arran,  the  Chilian  Plenipo- 

ereil  by  Professor  Emerson  Reynolds  is  com-  tentiary,  has  been  declared  unauthorized  by 

paooded  of  two  substances,  which  can  be  kept  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  the  Chilian 

a()art  without  risk,  and  can  be  mixed  as  re-  Congress  has  passed  a  vote  of  censure  on  the 

9aired  to  form  a  blasting  and  explosive  agent,  envoy  who  had  effected  a  treaty  the  main  ob- 

The  powder  Is  a  mixture  of  75  parts  of  chlo-  ject  of  which  was  to  submit  the  questions  at 

rste  of  potassium  with  25  parts  of  »u(pAiiraa,  a  issue  to  arbitration.    Although  a  satisfactorv 

bud/  discovered  by  Professor  Reynolds  some  settlement  has  not  been  reached,  and  much 

jearsago,  and  which  can  be  obtained  in  quan-  popular  excitement  is  still  apparent  in  Chili, 

titj  from  the  waste  products  of  gas-manufac-  it  is  not  probable  that  war  will  result ;  and  it 

torei    The  new  explosive  is  a  white  powder,  is  yet  hoped  that  bases  may  be  arranged  be- 

TQieh  can  be  ignited  at  a  lower  temperature  tween  the  Governments  for  reopening  negotia- 

than  gunpowder,  and  leaves  less  solid  residuum,  tlons. 

Beiearek  o/B&rthslot  on  the  Loa$  of  Oxygen  The  area  of  Chili  is  set  down  in  an  official 

intkeEUe^rolyeis  of  Water, — ^Faraday  first  ob-  report  of  1875  at  124,246  square  miles,  excln- 

jtrred  the  inferior  volume  of  oxygen  set  free  sive  of  the  Magellanic  possessions,  the  extent 

ifl  the  electrolysis  of  water  acidulated  with  of  which  is  estimated  at  95,758  square  miles. 

«3iphuric  acid ;  and,  though  the  fact  has  been  The  territorial  division  of  the  republic  and  its 

since  noticed  by   every  physicist  who   has  population  were  as  follows  on  the  1st  of  Janu- 

tmplojed  the  voltameter,  no  satisfactory  ex-  ary,  1877 : 

pliB3tion  has  hitherto  been  offered.    But  now  provinces.           Ftopiiiati<w. 

Bertbelot  has  nndertaken  to  measure  the  loss    ^*^™t;: ilMiJ 

of  oxjgen  and  to  determine  its  cause.     We  SSSS^:::.:::::;  isiiia 

^ire  a  brief  acoount  of  his  method  and  results    Vaipiu3M> i8n,S84 

fnim  the  "American  Journal   of  Science."  cSc^Ig;.:*':::::*' im?84 

Ibat  it  is  not  d  ae  to  the  production  of  hydro-  cnric^ ...!'.'.'.'. '. '. '. . '.  1  953M 

«a  dioxide  by  the  electrolytic  ozone  acting    j^'glg iwoS 

o  the  water  ia  shown  by  the  fact  that  water  Mwiie fiy.',V.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.l  iisIstt 

t&d  ozone  do  not  combine  together  directly.    Nabie... i4Pi?^4 

^'<«  doss  the  hypothesis  that  the  oxygen  splits 


PROVIICCES.  FtmnlaCtOB. 

Bioblo 78,118 

Arauoo &2,681 

YaldlvlA 81,886 

LlioqalhiM 49.946 

ChUo6 66^698 

Angol  (Territory) . .  8 1 .091 

Magellan  Colony . . .  1498 


Total 2,116,173 

Population  in  1865..  1,819,888 

Oonoepdon 106,884   InbreaaeinlS  joars.    897,545 

ioto  ozone  and  oiitoxone  during  electrolysis  fit  The  President  of  Chili  is  Sefior  Don  Anibal 

s^  Ode,  since  the  relation  of  the  active  oxygen  Pinto  (elected  for  five  years,  and  inaugurated 

^Q^^iag  as  gas  is  to  that  exbting  in  the  liquid  September  18,  1876).    The  Cabinet  has  been 

V)  small,  only  a  twentieth  part.     In  one  of  changed,  and  is  now  composed  of  the  fol- 

Benhelot^s  experiments,  there  was  2*2  mgrms.  lowing  ministers,  who  are  reported  in  favor 

Ktire  oxygen  in  the  gas  collected  and  44  of  more  satisfactory  relations  with  the  Ar- 

s.2nns.  in  the  liquid.     Moreover,  Meidinger  gentine    Republic :    Interior,    Dr.    Belisario 

^ii  shown  that  when  the  sulphuric  add  used  Prats ;  Foreign  Affairs,  Sefior  Don  Jos6  Al- 

^  a  density  of  1*4,  the  amount  of  oxygen  fonso ;  Finance  (vacant) ;  Justice.  Public  Wor- 

'^^llccted  may  fall  to  two  thirds  of  its  theoreti-  ship,  and  Public  Instruction,  Sefior  Don  Do- 

(%'  Tftlae.    In  Berthelot^s  experiment,  12*2  c.  c.  mingo  Santa  Maria ;  War  and  Navy,  Sefior 

-?dro^en  was  collected  in  ten  minutes,  but  Don  Comelio  Saavedra.    For  the  Council  of 

c^jS-e  c  o.  of  oxygen  instead  of  6-14.    Since  State,  the  courts  of  justice,  and  the  Church, 

'<je  oxidizing  body  found  in  the  solution  occars  reference  may  be  made  to  the  *^  Annual  Cyclo- 

^^j  vhen  this  is  acidulated  with  sulphuric  pffidia*'  for  1877.    There  being  at  present  no 

•  'i  Berthelot  concludes  that  it  is  refdly  per-  Chilian  Minister  accredited  to  the  United  States, 

''ipharic  acid ;  a  view  which  its  reactions  con-  the  functions  of  Charge  d'Affaires  are  ex- 

^*^  Further,  oxygen  is  gradually  disengaged  ercised  by  Sefior  Don  Eduardo  Vigil.     The 

^  the  liaiiid,  reaching  in  the  course  of  a  Chilian  Consul  at  New  York  is  C.  K.  Flint, 

'  Y  boors  me  theoretical  quantity,  and  even  Esq.    The  Honorable  Thomas  Osborn  is  Envoy 

*:i<tiuig  it    The  bearing  of  these  facta  upon  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of 


94 


CHILI. 


the  United  States,  and  D.  J.  Williamson,  &q., 
GoDsal-General  at  Valparaiso. 

Tlie  standing  army  is  composed  (1878)  of  8 
generals,  7  colonels,  29  lieutenant-colonels,  88 
minors,  99  captdns,  20  adjutants-major,  and 
197  lieutenants — 898  officers — and  the  follow- 
ing corps:  five  battalions  of  infantry,  2,000 
men ;  two  regiments  of  cavalry,  700 ;  one  regi- 
ment of  artillery,  616;  total,  3,316.  Vacan- 
cies occurring  in  the  regular  army  are  filled 
by  volunteers  from  the  National  Guard,  but 
the  regular  strength  of  the  army,  fixed  by  the 
law  of  1875  at  3,678,  is  seldom  reached.  The 
strength  of  the  National  Guard  is  as  follows : 
infantry,  8,546  men;  cavalry,  1,288:  artillery, 
1,285;  total,  6,119  men.  A  general  rising  of 
the  Indians  being  apprehended,  troops  have 
been  sent  to  the  frontier  to  protect  the  new 
colonies.  There  has  also  been  lately  a  great 
increase  of  brigandage  in  the  interior  of  l^e 
republic,  and  stringent  measures  will  be  re- 
quired to  extirpate  it. 

The  navy  comprises  ten  vessels,  as  follows : 


VESSEia. 


8  lroo-<!lad  ftigstes. . . . 

4oonrettM 

1  ininboat 

1  transport  steamer... . 
8  pontoons 


Total. 


Hon*. 

MariDM. 

poww. 

8,000 

18 

876 

1,10<> 

80 

490 

140 

8 

19 

ICO 

•  • 

80 

•  •  •  • 

■  • 

48 

8,840 

44 

968 

Orvw. 


4.064 

8,828 

418 

840 

1,678 

10,888 


There  are  in  the  navy  8  rear-admirals,  1 
first-class,  9  second-class,  and  18  third-class 
captains,  46  lieutenants,  48  coast-guard,  and 
54  surgeons  and  engineers ;  1  naval  architect, 
1  almoner,  and  2  first-class  pilots.  There  is 
also  a  battalion  of  marines,  commanded  by  1 
colonel,  1  lieutenant-colonel,  4  captains,  and 
19  lieutenants,  and  a  battalion  of  marine  artil- 
lery of  432  men,  commanded  by  1  colonel,  1 
lieutenant-colonel,  8  adjutants-m^'or,  6  cap- 
tains, and  19  lieutenants ;  besides  the  battalion 
of  marine  artillery  at  Valparaiso  forming  a 
part  of  the  guardia  eivil^  and  comprising  808 
men,  officered  by  1  colonel,  1  lieutenant-colo- 
nel, 6  captains,  and  24  lieutenants. 

The  revenue  of  Chili  for  the  year  1876  (es- 
timated at  $24,561,670,  including  a  foreign 
loan  of  $4,742,564  and  a  home  loan  of  $8,050,- 
000)  amounted  to  $23,492,456,  as  follows: 

Ordinary  receipts $1^860.158 

Keeelpts  eztraordlnanr 7,164.528 

BaUnce  Ihnn  187& 947,775 

Total $88,492,456 

The  expenditures  were : 

Ordinary. $17,959,624 

EztraottUnary 8,725,615 

Total $20,686,189 

The  revenue  for  1877  was  estimated  at$17,- 
506,000,  including  a  loan  of  $2,000,000,  and 
the  expenditure  at  $18,040,808;  but  a  late  re- 
port of  the  Minister  of  Finance  before  a  Oon- 
^essional  Committee  sets  down  the  deficits  at 
$2,500,000.    The  estimates  approved  for  1878 


amount  to  $17,400,000,  including  the  interest 
on  the  new  loan.  The  total  estimated  revenae 
is  $14,087,000,  leaving  a  deficit  of  $8,500,000, 
which  may  be  redu(^  to  $2,200,000  by  tbe 
balance  of  $500,000  of  the  loan,  and  by  pro- 
posed reductions  in  the  expenses  of  the  6or- 
emment.  The  foreign  debt  on  Janoarj  1, 
1877,  was  set  down  at  $38,809,000,  comprisiDg 
seven  loans  with  interest  ranging  from  3  to  7 
per  cent,  and  the  home  debt  at  $10,780,875, 
with  interest  varying  from  8  to  8  per  cent 
The  railway  debt  included  in  the  total  of  |49,- 
589,875  amounted  to  $85,000,000. 

The  banks  have  been  authorized  by  the  Gov- 
ernment to  suspend  specie  payments  until  the 
81st  of  August,  1879.    Their  emission  of  paper 
money,  to  the  amount  of  $15,600,000,  is  gaar- 
anteed  by  the  state,  and  is  made  redeemable 
in  coin  at  the  above  date.    Large  amounts  of 
gold  and  silver  have  been  exported  to  meet  ac- 
counts abroad,  the  balance  of  trade  having  been 
against  the  country  for  several  years  past^  ow- 
ing to  the  fidlure  in  wheat  crops  and  the  de- 
cline in  the  price  of  copper.    It  is  known  that 
not  more  than  $5,000,000  in  bullion  and  coin 
remain  in  the  country,  and  a  very  depressed 
feeling  is  prevalent  in  financial  and  commercial 
circles.    The  financial  system  of  the  country 
is  based  upon  customs  duties  and  the  Govern- 
ment monopoly  of  tobacco.    The  income  tax, 
the  succession  tax,  and  taxes  on  real  and  per- 
sonal property,  deemed  necessary  to  set  the 
country  on  a  sounder  financial  basis,  are  vehe- 
mently opposed  by  the  deputies  in  Congress^ 
who  are  mostly  men  of  large  property,  or  capi- 
talists.    The  custom-house  returns  give  the 
receipts  for  1875  and  1876  at  $7,801,854  and 
$7,422,790  respectively;    and  a  decrease  of 
$1,000,000  in  the  importations  of  1877  will 
still  further  reduce  this  main  source  of  the  re- 
public's revenues. 

The  subjoined  table  exhibits  the  value  of  the 
foreign  commerce  of  Chili  from  1878  to  1877, 
inclusive : 


TSARS. 


1878. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


Xzpoiii. 


$88,810,271 
86.541,000 
85,928,000 
87,771,189 
26,228,986 


Tetellbnlfm 


$87,928,427 
88,810,000 
88,188,000 
89,215.415 
29,100,888 


$76.78S,€»S 

75,851,000 
74.066,000 
76.966..V4 
5&,d29,7» 


The  following  table  shows  the  distribution 
of  the  Chilian  trade  in  1877: 


COUNTRIES. 


Great  Britain 

Fnmoe 

Ocrmany 

Peru 

Argentine  Republic. 

United  States 

YarioQS  ..• 


Total. 


Iflipurti. 


$9,858,856 
5,846,006 
8,892,242 
2,241,299 
8,057,895 
1,907,845 
8,297,679 


Export!^ 


$29,100,828 


$15,441,778 
8,414,885 
1,252,290 
8.422,722 
851,402 
915.905 
1,480,004 


$26,228,986 


The  custom-house  returns  of  the  port  of  Yal 
paraiso  for  the  first  seven  months  of  1878  shoi» 
an  increase  over  the  receipts  of  1877  as  follows 


CHILI. 


95 


MONTHS. 


Febnarr. 
Much.... 
Apiil 

Mv 

JoAe 

Juij 


Total 

Increaae  la  1878. 


1877. 


$821,116  20 
269,020  21 
629,906  89 
482,286  10 
467,299  47 
428,846  66 
418,447  63 


$2,961,670  10 


18f8. 


$28^820  12 
411,179  16 
628,924  17 
668,276  96 
668,890  86 
840,886  07 
661,140  80 


$8^89,616  12 
$877,746  02 


It  18  somewhat  remarkable  that  while  in 
California  and  Australia  the  ininiog  interest  is 
declining  and  more  attention  is  given  to  agri- 
ealtnre,  the  contrary  is  taking  place  in  Chili, 
where  the  mining  exports  have  been  increased 
by  13,407,000  in  1877  as  compared  with  1876, 
and  a  decrease  of  $1,856,000  is  reported  in  the 
exports  of  agricnltural  products.  The  exporta- 
tion of  minerals  for  1877  shows  a  falling  off  of 
$5,172,000,  owing  to  the  low  price  of  copper 
in  Enrope.  Many  of  the  smelting  works  nave 
been  closed.  Nitrate  deposits  of  considerable 
extent  have  lately  been  discoTered  in  the  des- 
ert of  Ataoama,  within  the  Chilian  territory ; 
and,  althongh  the  nitrate  is  not  of  a  very 
high  quality,  it  is  thonght  that  it  may  be  profi- 
tably produced  in  large^  quantity,  the  princi- 
pal obstacle  having  been  removed,  by  the  dis- 
covery of  water  on  the  "Gnillermo  Matta" 
claim.  Ad  American  company  is  erecting  ex- 
tensive works  at  Catapilco,  about  forty  miles 
north  of  Valparaiso,  for  extracting  gold  from 
placer  mines,  and  they  hope  to  realize  an  annual 
profit  of  a  million  dollars  during  fifty  years. 

Commercial  statistics  for  1877 give  the  follow- 
ing detailed  statement  of  vessels  entered  at  all 
the  ports  of  the  republic,  and  the  total  move- 
ment of  tonnage  in  the  foreign  and  coasting 
trade: 

T0BEI6N  TRADE. 


NATIOKALI. 
TIES. 

SdHag 

Tcoaafs. 

StauMfi. 

Tonnag*. 

Engliih 

Trench. 

6«iiian 

ItiJbii. 

American. 

memgnaa.... 
GutemAlan.... 

PeraiiaD 

Gfaifiu 

Vukras. 

809 

flO 
67 
11 
&7 
A2 
81 
24 
44 
89 

m,685 
80,018 
27.62T 
7,095 
22,6')8 
20,277 
12,109 
10,809 
11,854 
17,060 

600 

•  •  • 

44 

•  •  • 

4 

•  •  • 

•  •  ■ 

I 
203 

■  •  ■ 

788,688 

"^Mi 

"  7,448 

**1J8S 
1C0,788 

TotaL 

eo4 

886,995 

857 

1,002,446 

COASTIKO  TRADS. 


NATION  AU- 
TIESk 

Salllag 

TooBng*. 

8P,62'» 
7,'»l 

16,75'> 
7.580 

21,968 
112,264 
104,042 

26,111 
111,906 

10,029 

StaMBan. 

Tmnaga, 

Eaglftb. 

Pratefa 

6«nnan» 

luaan. 

ADMricaa. 

Kiemgxuui.... 
GnateiiMlaa.... 

PerTtTtaiL 

ChiUn 

Viriwu.*.::..;; 

181 
9 

88 

64 
206 
8A8 
854 

66 
668 

28 

1,048 
86 

»  •  •  •  • 

1,045 
50 

1,848,665 

21 

89,986 

"1,8S6 

•  •   •  •  ■  «  • 

516,929 
11,140 

T«W 

8,008 

009,760 

8,182 

1,911,861 

The  total  movement  of  tonnage  during  the 
year  was : 

Toa& 

ArriTBls,  sea-going  craft 1,889,411 

AnrivHla,  coasters 2,421,621 

8,761,089 

Departures,  sea-going  craft 1,420,467 

Deparcnres,  coastei-s 2,828,110 

8,748,577 

Total  tonnage  of  arrivals  and  departures 7,504,600 

Among  the  competing  nations,  a  marked  dif- 
ference appears  in  these  figures  between  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States.  The  tonnage  under 
the  British  fiag  exceeds  all  others  combined. 

The  navigation  law,  sanctioned  by  Congress 
on  June  24th,  came  into  force  on  September 
26th.  The  following  articles  affect  foreign  ship* 
ping  in  the  ports  of  the  republic : 

AsT.  41.  No  national  vessel  shall  sail  for  a  foreign 
port  without  being  previously  surveyed  aa  to  her 
oonditiona  of  seaworthineas.  The  same  regulation 
shall  apply  to  foreign  vesaela  of  whioh  there  may  ex- 
ist douDta  aa  to  their  state  of  aeaworthineaa,  the  aanc- 
tion  of  the  consul,  ahould  there  be  one,  to  whom 
due  notice  shall  be  given,  bein^  previously  obtained. 

Abt.  42.  Veasela  employed  in  the  coasting  trade, 
whether  national  or  foreign,  ahall  be  surveyed  each 
year  if  Bailing  veaaela,  and  eaoh  six  months  if  steam* 
era. 

Abt.  46.  The  maritime  aanitary  officials  ahull  not 
deliver  the  bills  of  health  if  the  oaptaina  of  vessels, 
national  or  foreign^  do  not  present  the  crew  list, 
signed  by  the  maritime  authority,  or  by  the  respeo* 
tive  consular  agent. 

Abt.  47.  Theae  requiaitea  complied  with,  the  mar- 
itime authority  may  still,  with  the  knowied|^e  and 
conaent  of  the  administrative  authority,  detam  any 
vesael  whioh  may  be  found  badly  stowed,  or  of  which 
there  may  be  reason  to  fear  a  disaster.  Disputes 
ahall  be  aettUd  finally  by  a  commission  of  survey. 
Foreiflrn  vettsels,  merely  calling  at  the  ports,  or  sau- 
iog  direct  to  a  foreign  port,  shall  be  exempt  from 
the  foregoing  regulation.  If,  by  manifest  cause  of 
bad  stowage  or  overloading,  the  veeael  should  be 
wrecked,  or  suffer  a  serious  casualty,  the  maritime 
authority  who  permitted  her  departure  ahall  be  held 
responsible  for  his  neglect.  Any  captain  who  shall 
proceed  to  sea  contrary  to  the  ordera  of  the  maritime 
authority  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  (|)r«- 
tidio  mayor  entu  grado  mimmo)^  and  ahall  in  ftiture 
be  dis<}ualified  from  taking  any  charge  in  the  niridon- 
al  marine. 

Abt.  108.  Captaina  of  vessels,  either  national  or 
foreign,  shall  be  obli^^ed  to  deliver  to  the  maritime 
authority,  under  receipt,  and  at  the  time  of  the  firat 
visit,  all  correapondenoe,  written  or  printed,  wiiioh 
they  may  have  on  board,  proceeding  either  from  the 
coast  or  abroad,  for  placea  in  the  republic.  Such 
only  ahall  be  excepted  aa  may  be  addressed  to  the 
consignee  of  the  said  vesael,  provided  that  the  weight 
does  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  grammes. 
The  aame  obligation  ahall  apply  to  the  other  em- 
ployeea  of  the  vessel  and  to  the  j^aasen^era.  Trana- 
gressors  of  this  regulation  shall  incur  a  fine  equfd  to 
Quadruple  the  postage  of  the  correspondence,  or 
tne  payment  of  twenty-five  dollars  if  the  Quadruple 
should  be  leaa.  The  maritime  officials  ahall  not  frive 
pratique  to  vessels  until  the  correapondenoe  carried 
on  board  shall  have  been  duly  delivered. 

Abt.  110.  Sailing  vessels  or  steamers,  national  or 
foreign^  intended  to  carry  passengers  between  ports 
in  Chill,  shall  not  admit  more  passengers  than  may 
be  conveniently  aooommodatea ;  and  the  mnritime 
authoritiea  of  the  port  may  prevent  the  Bailing  of 
theae  veaaela,  whenever  they  ahall  have  embarked  a 
in^ater  number  of  passengers  than  they  can  carrj, 
with  due  regard  to  the  apaoe,  aeeurity,  aeaworthi- 


96  CHIU.  CHINA. 

II68B.  comfort,  and  other  oonditions  exacted  by  the        We  are  informed  bj  telegrapbio  commnnication 
reKulations  decreed  for  that  puipose.  that  a  treats  between  the  two  siator  republics  (Ar- 


venient  height,  an  awning  of  plaokaor  canvas  water-  the  two  stateSf  and  that  the  only  subject  of  differ- 
tight,  and  sufficient  to  protect  them  from  badweath-  enoe  between  them  has  been  finally  removed  out  of 
er.    Buch  passengers  shall,  in  default  of  a  special  the  way. 

agreement,  be  victualed  with  rations  equal  to  those         nTiTxrA     ««     ^b.^.^:.^   :«     Aot-        i?^« ^« 

slrved  to  the  saUors  of  the  navy  of  the  repubUc.  ^  CHINA,   an    empire  in    Asia.      Emperor, 

'^  Ewang-Lm,   formerly   called  Tsaeteen,  bom 

In  1877  there  were  abont  1,265  miles  of  rail-  in  1872,  a  son  of  Prince  Ch^an,  and  grand- 
way  in  operation,  and  4,800  miles  of  telegraph  son  of  the  Emperor  Tan-Kwang,  who  died 
lines,  with  62  offices.  The  number  of  post-  in  1850;  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1875. 
offices  in  1876  was  833;  the  ezpenditares  of  The  area  of  China  proper  is  1,554,000  square 
the  postal  department  were  $246,938,  and  the  miles;  the  population  about  405,000,000.  The 
receipts  $228,433.  area  of  the  dependencies  has  received  a  large 

A  conflict  between  State  and  Church  has  increase  by  the  reconquest  of  Eashgaria,  and 

arisen  in  regard  to  the  appointment  of  a  sue-  was  in   1878  estimated  at  8,062,000  square 

cesser  to  the  Archbishop  of  Santiago,  the  Right  miles,  with  a  population  of  about  29,580,000 ; 

Rev.  N.  y.  Valdivieso ;  the  Ultramontane  sec-  making  in  all  4,616,000  square  miles  with  a 

tion  of  the  clergy  being  opposed  to  Sefior  Ta-  population  of  485,000,000. 

foro,  who  has  so  far  yielded  as  to  decline  to  China  now  has  diplomatic  representatives  in 

take  possession  of  the  see  until  the  customary  the  United  States,  England,  France,  Germany, 

approbation  arrives  from  Rome.    It  is  report-  Russia,  Spain,  and  Japan.    Tseng-chi-ta,  the 

ed,  however,  that  the  Vatican  may  withhold  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Tseng-kuo-fan,  was  ap- 

confirmation  of  Sefior  Taforo.   The  Government  pointed  in  September  to  succeed  Kuo-sung-tao 

has  refused  to  pay  the  vicars-general  and  other  as  the  Chinese  Ambassador  in  London,  and 

ecclesiastical  officials  of  Santiago,  because  they  Li-fong-Pao  was  appointed  Charge  d'Affaires 

had  not  been  appointed  by  the  civil  anthority.  at  Rerun.    Chin-San-Pin,  the  Chinese  Ambas- 

The  question  of  marriage  between  Roman  Cath-  sador  to  the  United  States,  arrived  at  San 

olics  and  Protestants  has  excited  some  atten-  Francisco  on  the  25th  of  July.    He  is  a  man 

tion  lately,  the  present  state  of  the  law  in  re-  past  middle  life,  is  an  eminent  scholar  who  has 

gard  to  the  religious  condition  of  Protestants  had  large  experience  of  public  affairs,  and  is 

being  very  illiberal,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  now  a  mandarin  of  the  first  class.    He  visited 

soon  be  altered.    A  Protestant  marrying  a  Ro-  the  United  States  in  1872  as  joint  commissioDer 

man  Catholic  woman  in  Chili  is  required  to  with  Tung-TTing,  in  charge  of  the  educational 

execute  a  public  document  under  oath,  *'  bind-  mission. 

ing  himself  that  the  sons  as  well  as  the  daugh-  The  Chinese  armies  which  have  been  operate 

ters  that  are  born  of  his  marriage  are  to  be  ing  for  several  years  against  Eashgar  made  an 

educated  in  the  Catholic  religion,  abstaining  easycaptureof  that  capital  December  17, 1877, 

from  an3rthing  that  might  prejudice  the  Catho-  during  the  dissensions  which  ensued  after  the 

lio  belief  of  the  said  sons  and  daughters ;  so  death  of  Takoob  Beg.    After  a  confiict  between 

that,  if  in  the  choice  of  masters,  schools,  or  the  two  pretenders  to  the  throne,  Beg  Kuli 

other  items  relating  to  the  education  of  his  off-  Beg,  Yakoob  Beg^s  eldest  son,  and  Aalitn  Ehan 

spring,  while  less  than  twenty-five    years  of  Tiura,  a  descendant  of  the  former  rulers  of 

age,  it  should  be  thought  by  his  wife  while  she  Kashgar,  the  latter  was  defeated  and  escaped 

lives,  and,  in  the  case  of  her  decease,  by  the  across  the  frontier,  leaving  a  considerable  body 

parish  priest  of  his  sons  and  daughters,  that  of  his  adherents  in  the  country.    The  Kirghiz 

any  of  the  measures  he  may  wish  to  adopt  may  of  Badakshan,  led  by  AH  Beg,  then  rose  against 

endanger  the  Catholic  faith  of  said  children,  he  the  new  Khan,  and  seized  the  town  of  Sari-Eul, 

will  desist  from  it ;  binding  himself  also  not  to  while  Niaz  Bakir,  Governor  of  Ehotan,  asked 

name  in  death  a  tutor  or  guardian  for  his  said  the  Chinese  commander-in-chief  at  Turfan  to 

sons  and  daughters  who  is  not  a  Roman  Cath-  send  him  a  Chinese  garrison,  as  the  inhabitants 

olic."    A  Chilian  lady  marrying  a  Protestant  of  Ehotan  had  decided  to  submit  to  the  Chinese 

is  required  to  give  $200  to  the  hospital  for  fall-  Government.     Beg  Euli  Beg,  who  had  in  the 

en  women,  as  if  by  her  marriage  she  were  par-  mean  time  marched  from  Eashgar  to  Yarkand 

taking  of  their  disgrace.    She  must  also  prom-  and  raised  the  strength  of  his  army  to  35,000 

ise  under  oath  *^to  educate  the  offspring  of  men,  now  proceeded  to  Ehotan;  but  finding 

either  sex  that  may  be  bom  from  the  marriage  that  the  Chinese  had  taken  Utch  Turfan,  he 

in  the  Catholic  religion,  and  in  the  observance  fied  to  the  Russian  authorities  at  Karakol. 

of  the  precepts  and  discipline  of  the  Church,  The  Chinese  army  of  occupation  contained  an 

striving  further  to  secure,  so  far  as  depends  on  effective  force  estimated  at  nearly  12,000  men, 

her,  the  conversion  of  the  dissenting  consort."  and  was  under  the  command  of  Liu-Sho-Daryn, 

The  fallowing  announcement  is  transcribed  whose  services  in  capturing  the  capital  were 

from  a  London  periodical  dated  December  23,  rewarded  with  important  marks  of  favor.   The 

1878,  come  to  hand  after  the  above  article  had  troops  were  for  the  most  part  armed  with 

been  sent  to  press :  lances,  only  1,600  of  them  carrying  muskets  of 


CHINA.  97 

EaroDean  make.   The  EIrghix  and  the  Russian  Narjn,  on  the  18tb  of  July,  that  a  hattle  had 

merc&aoU  in  the  territory  of  Kasbgar  were  in-  taken  place  between  the  Eashgarian  iusur- 

formed  that  thej  had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  gents  at  Khotan,  led  by  Niaz  Beg,  and  3,000 

dunese  soldiers.     After  achieving  this  con-  Chinese  troops  from  Aksu,  resulting  in  a  disas- 

qnest,  liu-Sho-Daryn  was  instructed  to  regain  trous  defeat  of  the  Chinese.    To  retrieve  the 

the  roDtefrom  Mourzat,  and  to  march  through  honor  of  the  Green  Dragon,  the  Chinese  com- 

that  place  with  his  army  to  join  Tsin-Tsan-  mander  had  dispatched  2,600  troops  from  Eash- 

Tioam,  whose  troops  had  dready  taken  up  a  gar  to  E^hotan  to  crush  the  Mussulman  people. 

poatioQ  between  E^arashar  and  Shikho.    Beg  A  report  prevailed  at  Orenburg  in  the  latter 

knli  B^,  with  the  fishily  of  the  late  Ameer  Ya-  part  of  October  that  the  Chinese  Governor  of 

bob  B^,  took  refuge  in  the  Russian  territory,  kasbgar  had' prohibited  commercial  dealings 

vfaere  the  ex-Ehan  was  detained  as  a  prisoner  with  the  Russians,  and  had  ordered  all  Rus- 

bj  the  Rassian  authorities.    The  Chinese  de-  sians  within  the  territory  to  accept  Chinese 

BuodedhisBurrender  to  them,  but  the  Russians  nationality  or  leave  the  country  within  two 

reposed  to  give  him  up.    Garrisons  were  placed  weeks. 

ifl  each  of  the  Eashgarian  towns  occupied  by  the  The  occupation  of  Eashsar  by  the  Chinese 

Chinese,  and  the  natives  were  oonmianded  to  was  followed  by  events  whidi  seemed  to  threat- 

fornish  horses  for  subsequent  campaigns.    At  en  to  interrupt  the  fHendly  relations  which  had 

Zttghishahn  seven  hundred  smaJl-sized  cannon,  hitherto  existed  between  China  and  Russia. 

made  to  be  carried  on  the  backs  of  camels,  were  The  country  was  thrown  into  disorder  by  the 

foand,  which  had  not  been  in  use,  but  "lay  change  of  rule,  and  the  Russians  complained 

under  yeWet  and  brocade  coverings,  and  were  that  their  trade  on  the  frontier  was  seriously 

ill  snpplied  from  England."    A  Eashgarian  damaged  by  brigandage,  in  which  they  asserted 

who  was  at  Tarkand  when  the  Chinese  took  that  the  Chinese  soldiers  took  part.    Russian 

that  city,  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Douglas  Forsyth,  troops,  dispatched  to  Sharkodeh  to  restore  or- 

described  the  Chinese  army  at  that  place  as  der,  neard  when  they  reached  that  place  that 

biring  consisted  of  about  one  thousand  men,  the  Chinese  bands  had  threatened  to  set  fire  to 

ifld  eaid:  "A  great  number  of  Chinese  haa  the  artillery  depots  and  powder  magazines  at 

hitdlj  any  clothes,  and  many  were  lame  and  Eulia,  with  a  view  of  depriving  the  Russians 

ia  mlflerable  condition.    It  was  a  wonder  the  of  the  power  of  making  war  upon  them.    The 

Chinese  ever  attempted  to  come  to  Yarkand  sentries  were  therefore  increased,  and  all  the 

rith  8och  troops.    A  hundred  men  only  are  material  was  removed  to  places  of  greater  se- 

irmed  with  breech-loading  rifles ;  the  rest  are  ourity.    To  the  embarrassments  growing  out 

trned  with   sticks  and   short  spears.     The  of  the  state  of  disorder  were  added  others  aris- 

Ctiinese  in  taking  Yarkand  killed  only  a  few  ing  from  the  continued  occupation  of  Eu^a  by 

people,  mostly  innocent  persons.  .  .  .    They  the  Russians.    This  city  and  the  surrounding 

Aire  4<me  their  best  to  disarm  the  inhabitants,  districts  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  Rus- 

S>j!ne  arms  have  been  given  up ;  the  peonle  sians  in  1871,  in  order,  they  said,  to  prevent 

Ure  conoealed  quantities  of  them.    The  Cm-  Yakoob  Beg,  who  had  just  made  a  successful 

&«  Governor  collected  all  the  stallion-horses  campaign  against  the  Sungarians,  from  ad- 

^i  the  Tarkandies  and  others,  and  appropri-  vancing  upon  it.    At  the  same  time  the  Rus- 

liad  them  to  hia  own  use.    All  horses  belong-  sians  gave  a  solemn  pledge  to  fhe  Chinese  Gov- 

i&c  to  Andijaniee  (which  amounted  to  some  emment  that  they  would  surrender  it  as  soon 

^^^^Ktaaoda)  were  destroyed.    The  Chinese  have  as  a  sufficient  Chinese  force  should  have  been 

^  exacting  larve  sums  of  money  as  a  loan  brought  to  it  to  restore  order.    The  Chinese 

M>J!n  herders   and  all  others ;  also  immense  now  claimed  that  they  had  fulfilled  their  part 

ciaotities  of  grain  from  the  villages,  which  is  of  the  engagement,  for  their  army,  f^esh  fi'om 

>f^  coUeoted  in  the  several  forts.  .  .  .    The  victories  over  Yakoob  Beg,  was  waiting  at  the 

Canoe  have  destroyed  a  few  of  the  arms  frontier  for  the  order  to  march  in  and  take 

vbich  belonged  to  the  late  Ameer.    The  guns,  possession.    The  Russians  showed  no  haste  to 

('^  they  have  not  injured.    They  do  not  biow  evacuate  the  position,  and  a  part  of  the  Rus- 

^  ose  of  gona.''    Niaz  Beg  was  ffovemor  of  sian  press  opposed  the  fulfillment  of  the  prom- 

Tirkaod  under  the  Amban,  by  whom  all  or-  Ise  to  restore  it.    The  impression  that  a  dispo- 

^  were  iasned  to  Niaz  Hakim,  who  saw  them  sition  had  been  developed  among  the  Russians 

I'ried  out.    Niaz  Hakim  Is  the  man  who  has  against  surrendering  Eulja  is  enforced  by  a 

'■^^  all  outsiders  turned  out  of  the  country,  remark  which  Terenijeif  made  in  a  book  pub- 

'Hi  is  afraid  of  the  Chinese,"  says  the  writer  lished  by  him  in  1875.    In  speaking  of  that 

'^  tbe  letter,  **  and  they  of  him.    Niaz  Hakim  position  and  the  expected  reconquest  of  Eash- 

'  a  torn  out  the  Chinese  in  a  few  hours  if  gar  by  the  Chinese,  he  said :  *^  In  view  of  such 

•«  Ti^ed.    He  will  do  so  when  he  is  certain  a  reawakening  on  the  part  of  the  Chinese  after 

'  neeoforoements  are  coming  for  them.    In  their  long  slumber,  our  situation  in  Eu^a  is 

'e  whole  of  Kashgaria  there  are  not  more  becoming  very  ambiguous,  and  every  ambiguity 

-^  7,000  troops  (Chinese) — 5,000  in  Eashgar,  is  injurious  to  the  prestige  of  a  great  empire. 

* "  ifl  Yarkand,  200  in  S^otan,  and  the  rest  Thus  before  long  the  Russian  Government  will 

-  ''.ber  towns.'*  have  definitely  to  decide  the  question  as  to  who 

^aicl&gence  reached  the  Russian  garrison  at  shall  be  the  future  masters  of  Eu\ja."    The 

Vol.  xviii.— 7    A 


98  OEmA. 

"St  Petersburg  Joumal/J  speaking  of  this  for  fm  inTuion  of  Cashgar  on  the  south  erd 
subject  in  16TS,  said:  "  It  KnI  js  vers  to  be  but-  Ohuguohak  on  the  nortn.  It  is  theonljdit 
rendered  to  China,  Russian  rule  in  tlte  eastern  trict  occopied  by  Russia  in  Central  Asiairliidi 
part  of  Oentral  Asia  woQid  be  undermined. . .  .  might  be  made  a  source  of  revenue  instead  oE 
The  sorreuder,"  it  continued,  "would  be  an-  expenditure  to  the  Goremment.  The  soil  u 
other  triumph  to  England,  and  the  Montchoos  fertile  and  easilj  tilled,  and  the  moanUiDe  are 
would  hold  their  heads  still  higher.  In  fine,  rich  in  minerals,  including  iron,  copper,  and  cdbI 
Russian  influence  in  Central  Asia  would  be  of  ^oodquality.  During  the  occupation  b;  the 
shaken."  A  diplomatic  mission  was  appointed  Chinese  the  land  prodnoed  flourishing  crops, 
in  Angost  to  go  to  St.  Petersburg  and  negotiate  and  grun,  flour,  and  all  articles  of  food  irere 
for  an  a^ustment  of  the  differences  respecting  ahnndant  and  cheap.  Trad^  assisted  by  tbe 
the  frontier  and  the  restoration  of  Kntja,  and  facilities  of  transport  afibrded  hj  the  river  Ih, 
to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  fugitive  ez-    which  rans  east  and  west  throogh  the  whole 

course  of  the  vsEej, 
was  in  a  tairl;  flem- 
ishing oonditioD.  The 
Chinese  *  established 
nine  schools  in  Ui,  et 
New  Eulja,  from  its 
fonndadon  is  lT63,for 
the  children  of  the 
garrison,  and  supple- 
mented  then  with  t, 
college;  and  they  af- 
terward founded  1 
Bohool  for  the  study  ot 
Russian,  with  annml 
examinations  in  that 
langnage,  and  prii^es. 
The  citj  wae  in  mius 
when  Mr.  Eugene 
Schuyler  Tinted  it  in 
1873. 

In  November  it  wu 

reported  that  Sir  Thoa 

Wade,  the  British  Am- 

TianjE  or  buvsm,  pikdis.  hassador    at     Peking 

had   been     instmclet 

Khan  of  Kashgar.    The  chief  of  the  embassy,    to  confer  with  Lord  Lytton  at  Lahore  concern 

or  Mimster  Plenipotentiary,  was  Chnnghon,    ing  the  relations  of  Russia  with  China  respect 

Governor  of  Hoakdeo,  the  capital  of  Mant-    ingthe  restoration  of  Eulja. 

chooria — the  same  officer  who  was  dispatched       The  advance  of  the  Chinese  anniee  agaiuB 

to  France  in  IBTD  to  explain  that  the  niaseacrea    the  rebellious  Bungarians  was  aoootnpanied  h 

which  occurred  at  Tientsin  in  that  year  were    a  general  destmotion  of  the  Hobammedani 

not  the  work,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  the    with  their  cattle  and  other  property,  in  th 

Chinese  Government.    He  was  accompanied  by    provinces  occnpied  by  them.    In  this,  howeve: 

Silun,  a  Muritchoo,  who  had  been  employed    they  are  said  only  to  have  done  what  the  ii 

daring  the  late  trouble  as  au  agent,  civil  or  mil-    surgents  had  done  before  theni ;    for  duni 

itary,  on  the  northwest  frontier.    The  pleni-    the  period  of  their  insnrrection,  from  1861 1 

Jotentiories  left  Tientsin  on  the  6tb  of  Aognst  18T0,  the  Mohammedans  had  exterminated  tl 
)r  Peking,  to  have  an  audience  with  the  Em-  Chinese  in  the  provinces  of  Shensi,  Kausn,  1 
peror.  The  Russians  professed  to  be  ready  to  and  Eastern  Tarkistan. 
retire  whenever  they  shonld  be  compensated  The  northern  provinoee  of  Obiaa  were  o 
for  the  expense  which  Uie  occupation  of  the  flicted  during  the  first  sii  months  of  1878  by 
district  had  ocoasioned  them.  famine,  whi^  lasted  nntil  it  was  partly  all 

Knlja  is  a  place  of  considerable  strategical    viated  by  the  rains  which  began   to   fall 
and  commercial  importance,  and  might  be  made    Juno,     The  famine  first  spread  in  the  fall 

Erofitable  to  its  possessor.  It  forms  a  wedge  187G,  and  was  caused  by  the  long-continu 
ito  the  Chinese  territory,  and  isprotected  on  absence  of  rain.  The  dronght  was  a  part  of  t 
the  north  by  the  Kopkesen  and  Knyuk  Uoun-  process  of  desiccation  of  the  plaine  of  Chi 
tdns,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Tien-^an  range,  and  Shantung,  which,  having  begun  long  a 
Few  passes  cross  Uieee  natural  barriers,  and  in  the  table-lands  of  Central  Aeia,  has  ni 
they  are  capable  of  being  so  fortified  that  they  reached  the  densely  popniated  Dorthern  i>r< 
could  be  made  practically  unasstulable.  The  inces  of  the  empire.  Mr.  Frederick  H.  Ball'o' 
RuBsians  holding  it  wonld  at  the  same  time  of  Oavendieh  Square,  London,  who  bad  b* 
occupy  an  important  vantage-ground,  either    in  constant  commnnication  with   the  famii 


OHINiL  99 

Uricieo  districts,  in  Febrnary,  1878,  described  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.    The  foreign 

the  condition  there  by  saying  that  the  people  residents  and  the  missionaries  residing  in  Ohi- 

vere  '*djing  bj  thousands  upon  thousands,  na,  particularly  the  English  residents  and  mis- 

f  omen  and  girls  and  boys  are  openly  offered  sionaries,  were  made  the  agents  for  distributing 

for  sale  to  any  chance  wayfarer.    When  I  left  the  relief,  and  did  such  evident  service  to  the 

the  coantry,  a  respectable   married  woman  suffering  people  as  to  direct  general  attention 

cuold  be  easUy  bought  for  six  dollars,  and  a  to  their  benevolent  work,  and  call  forth  ex- 

little  girl  for  two.    In  oases,  however,  where  pressions  of  appreciation  and  gratitude.    The 

it  wis  foond  impossible  to  dispose  of  their  chil-  Viceroy  of  the  province  of  Ohihli  accepted  the 

dnn,  iMrents  have  been  known  to  kill  them  invitation  of  the  British  consul  at  Tientsin  to 

»»Qer  than  witness  their  prolonged  sufferings,  dine  with  him  on  her  Majesty's  birthday — ^the 

k  fflsny  instances  throwing  themselves  after-  first  instance  of  the  kind  recorded — ^proposed 

wtfd  down  wells,  or  committing  suicide  by  ar-  the  health  of  the  Queen,  and  in  a  courteous  ad- 

leoic  Corpses  lay  rotting  by  the  highway,  dress  referred  with  feeling  to  the  efforts  which 

iQ>i  there  was  none  to  bury  them.    As  for  had  been  made  by  foreigners  to  relieve  the  dis« 

:>jd.  the  population  subsisted  for  a  long  time  tress.    The  Viceroy  of  Shansi  addressed  to  Mr. 

^3  roots  and  grass;   then  they  found  some  Forrest,  the  English  consul  at  Tientsin,  a  letter 

aoirahment  in  willow-buds,  and  finally  ate  the  of  thanks  for  what  had  been  done  by  foreign- 

tk'(hes  off  their  cottages.    The  bark  of  trees  ers  in  the  matter  of  administering  relief ;  and 

r^fTed  them  for  several  months,  and  last  July  Mr.  Forrest,  writing  to  the  committee  of  the 

I  ^ceired  specimens  of  the  stuff  the  unhappy  relief  fund  in  Shanghai,  said  that  the  distribu- 

rr&itares  had  been  by  that  time  reduced  to.  tiou  of  funds,  as  coifducted,  would  do  more 

hi  most  harmless  Idnd  was  potato  -  stalks,  really  to  open  China  to  the  English  than  a 

Vi'iz\  stringy  fibers,  which  only  the  strongest  dozen  wars.    In  one  instance,  in  the  province 

tKth  coold  reduce  to  pulp,  and  which  entirely  of  Honan,  the  relief  proffered  by  one  of  the 

«itd  all  my  attempts  at  deglutition.  Theoth-  committees  was  refused;  and  in  another  in- 

erde^ription  of  ' food' — ^I  hardly  expect  ere-  stance  two  Chinese  district  officers,  appointed 

^:nitf  but  I  have  seen  it  myself— was  red  slat&-  to  assist  the  committee,  were  detected  in  steal- 

f^xe.   It  appears  that  this  substance,  when  ing  from  the  funds. 

r^>l!cd  about  in  the  mouth  and  chewed,  will  A  letter  was  published  in  November  by  the 

cr:ar3a]]y  split  into  small  splinters,  which  can  British  Foreign  Office  which  had  been  received 

^•vallowed  after  practice.    To  such  fright-  from  the  Chinese  Government,  expressing  its 

f'j  tritremities  have  the  famine-stricken  people  thanks  to  the  English  in  all  parts  of  the  world 

t  (\nDs  been  put."     At  the  end  of  December,  for  their  subscriptions  in  aid  of  the  sufferers  by 

>T7,  the  fdmine  region  in  the  province  of  Shan-  the  famine,  and  "  for  the  generous  relief  aff ord- 

^  vi^  estimated  to  include  a  population  of  ed  by  them  in  time  of  great  calamity."    A  ban- 

iririr  t«n  millions  needing  relief.    The  foreign  quet  was  given  at  Hong-Kong  to  the  newly 

r^de&t%  the  Christian  missionaries,  and  the  appointed  Ambassador  to  England  and  France, 

>/;remnient  engaged  in  undertakings  for  the  November  29th.    The  Ambassador  made  an 

r^^ef  of  the  suffering ;  societies  were  formed  address  in  which  he  said  that  the  impartial  and 

">(:>llt>ct  monej  and  grain  for  the  sufferers ;  excellent  government  giveh  to  Hong-Kong  had 

\TjTi^hn  was  made  for  the  collection  and  ac-  cemented  the  friendly  feeling  between  Eng- 

r^^nisiodation  in  places  of  refuge  of  persons  land  and  China,  and  added  that  he  regarded 

T>>  wandered  from  their  homes;  andthepeo-  the  friends  and  enemies  of  England  as  the 

'  '^  o(  Europe  and  America  were  invited  to  friends  and  enemies  of  China.    The  rains  be- 

1^' p.  Barly  in  February  a  decree  was  pub-  gan  to  fall  in  June,  and  continued  at  intervals 

-?W1  {Tranting  postponements  of  taxation  in  through  the  smnmer  and  fall,  producing  a  steady 

-scT  handred  townships  of  the  province  of  mitigation  of  the  distress. 

v^utan/,  in  consequence  of  the  suffering  ex-  An  edict  issued  by  the  Emperor  on  the 

^"eQc«d  through  ^^  flood,  drought,  locusts,  al-  29th  of  March  expressed  dissatisfaction  at  the 

^liization  of  the  land,"  etc.    It  was  stated  in  supineness  of  his  household  officers  in  effect- 

t?nl  that  the  largest  number  of  victims  and  ing  economies.    Prince  Knng  was  ordered  to 

^  iarliest  victims  to  the  famine  had  been  be  handed  over  to  the  Imperial  Court,  and  the 

i:  c-fi-4inokers.     Multitudes  of  starving  people  other  members  of  the  Grand  Council  to  the 

»'•  flwking  to  Tai-Yuen-fu,  the  capital  of  Board  of  Punishments,  for  the  adjudication  of 

^^'•<  and  a  daily  mortality  of  nearly  400  was  penalties,  because  they  had  failed  to  suggest 

^"I'A  m  the  city.    Many  died  from  sheer  remedies  for  the  existing  state  of  distress.    In 

^  *^:t:<>ii,  others  from  repletion  after  long  fast-  a  later  decree  these  officers  were  deprived  of 

^-  nany  from  the  intense  cold;  and  some  their  rank,  but  allowed  to  retain  office. 

•■*^  ?itea  by  wolves.    The  distress  in  north-  A  relief  hospital  for  refugees  from  the  fam- 

^  ^1  >nan  was  quite  as  grievous  at  the  opening  ine  at  Tientsin,  containing  four  thousand  wo- 

^•'jt  spring.  men  and  children,  was  burned  on  the  6th  of 

^«r  ^verity  of  the  famine  and  the  urgency  January.    The  gates  of  the  yards  were  locked, 

'-?  appe^  for  help  awakened  public  sym-  preventing  the  immediate  escape  of  the  inmates, 

'''T  abroad,  and  subscriptions  were  opened  and  fourteen  hundred  persons  were  burned  to 

•<i  uberaQy  anatained  in  the  principal  cities  death.    The  two  deputies  who  were  in  charge 


100  CHINA. 

of  the  BBtabluhment  were  degraded  and  inoft-  Jonrnej  in  Tuimui  that  we  fiurlj  redized  t)ie 
pacitated  from  ever  boldingoffice  agtiin.  A  enormona  extent  of  Jteprodnction.  Withsome 
report  to  Parliament  bj  Mr.  Baker,  of  the  fearaof  being  diaoredited,  but  at  the  aame  titue 
British  cooenlar  establiahiaeDt  attached  to  Mi.  with  the  oonBoionmees  that  I  tun  nuderesti- 
QroBvenor'a  mia«on,  mentiona  a  great  increase  mating  the  proportion,  I  estimate  that  the 
in  the  prodnotion  of  opium.  Speaking  of  Yun-  poppy  fields  conBtitnte  a  third  of  the  whole 
nan,  it  saja ;  "  Of  the  sole  agnoultaral  export,  onltivation  of  Yunnan,"  Farther  on,  the  re- 
opium,  we  can  apeak  with  some  certaint;,  port  remarks ;  "  We  walked  aome  hundreds  of 
We  were  aatonoded  at  the  extent  of  the  pop-  milea  through  poppies ;  we  breakfasted  Buong 
py-oultiTation  both  in  Sechuan  and  Yunnan,  poppies;  we  snot  wild  ducks  in  the  poppies. 
We  first  heard  of  it  on  the  boundaiy  line  be-  Even  wretched  little  hovels  in  the  mountains 
tween  Hupei  and  Bechuan.  A  few  mtlesaouih  were  generally  attended  hj  a  peppy  patch." 
of  this  spot  the  moBt  valuable  variety  of  native  Imperial  and  viceregal  ediota  appeared  from 
opium  ia  produced.  In  ascending  the  rivers,  time  to  Idme  prohibiting  the  cultivation  of  the 
wherever  cultivation  existed,  we  found  nnmer-  poppy,  but,  according  to  a  recent  report  of  Mr. 
ouB  fields  of  poppy.  Even  the  sandy  banks  Nicnolson,  the  secretary  of  the  British  legation 
were  often  planted  with  it  down  to  the  water's  at  Peking,  on  the  opiam  trade,  they  have  been 
edge ;  bnt  it  was  not  until  we  began  our  land  in  most  cases  ignored,  the  only  result  being  an 


inoreaM  in  the  price  of  the  article,  consequent  peached.  The  capital  ia  aaii  to  be  the  chief 
upon  the  neoesaity  of  theprodnoer  "  silencing  "  center  of  consumption  for  the  Indian  opinm 
the  officials.  Bnt  thougn  this  has  been  uni-  which  comes  te  Tientsin.  The  Viceroy  of 
versally  noderstood  and  acknowledged,  the  Nanking  has  ordered  that  every  house  let  for 
"Peking  Gazette  "  continues  to  publish  me-  opium-smoking  be  confiscated.  The  authorities 
morials  from  censors  and  others  on  the  sub-  of  Soochow  have  also  adopted  energetic  Diea- 
iect.  More  earnest  attempts  have  recently  suresagtunsttheproprietorsof thesbops.  The 
oeen  made  to  punish  infractors  of  the  laws,  offieers  of  Canton  have  adopted  a  licensing  sys- 
and  tlie  Government  and  people  seem  to  be  tem,  and,  having  farmed  out  tbe  trade  to  a  par- 
entering  upon  ano^er  general  effort  to  abol-  ticular  corporation,  exact  a  tax  on  all  the  opium 
ish  or  curtail  tbe  traffic.  The  Viceroy  of  the  prepared  and  sold  to  it.  The  general  com- 
two  Kiang  provinces  recently  denounced  two  manding  in  Kashgar  has  destroyed  the  poppy 
Taoatsis  ana  two  or  three  district  magistrates  crops  in  Kanau  and  Shensi ;  and  all  the  fields 
to  the  Emperor  as  inveterate  opium -smokers,  boi^ering  on  the  roads  south  of  Moakdon  have 
A  decree  of  punishment  was  issued  against  been  destroyed.  The  Governor  of  Bhansi  has 
them,  and  the  Viceroy  has  annonnced  that  any  forwarded  a  memorial  in  which  he  ascribes 
officer  within  bis  jurisdiction  whose  persond  many  aggravations  of  the  recent  famine  to  tbe 
appearance  gives  ground  for  suspicion  of  bis  fact  that  the  fertile  and  irrigated  fields  were 
being  an  opium-smoker  will  be  interrogat«i3,  given  np  to  the  cultivation  of  the  poppy,  while 
and,  if  fomul  guilty,  will  be  forthwith  im-  the  food  otops  were  consigned  to  stony  and 


CHINA.  CHRI8TIAK  OONNEOTION.      101 

poor  corners.  Hib  view  is  confirmed  in  the  the  center  of  Oorea  to  the  ChineBe  town  of 
repoit  of  Mr.  Nicholson,  who  shows  that  in  Moakden,  amid  insults  and  threats  of  mnrder 
ShnA  and  Shensi,  where  the  famine  has  been  all  along  the  Hne  of  the  route,  and  was  saved 
most  intense,  the  poppy  can  be  oultiyated  with  only  by  the  declarations  of  his  escort  that  he 
nooen  only  on  the  irrigable  land&  all  of  which  was  under  the  protection  of  the  Emperor.    For 
roald  have  been  available  for  tne  raising  of  several  months  his  daily  fare  in  prison  was  a 
Theat  and  yegetables,  except  for  the  profit  de-  handful  of  rice  and  a  bowl  of  cold  water,  and 
hred  from  the  opinm-culture.    The  Governor  he  had  to  sleep  on  the  ground  and  associate 
of  Shazui,  vith  the  approval  of  the  throne,  has  with  criminals  of  the  worst  stamp.    This  was 
resolred  to  issue  a  proclamation  laying  on  the  the  third  time  Monseigneur  Ridel  had  been  sen- 
ueestral  dans  and  village  clubs  the  responsi-  tenced  to  death  in  Oorea ;  on  the  two  previous 
biiitj  of  preventing  the  growth  of  the  poppy  occasions  he  owed  his  escape  to  his  own  energy. 
ia  their  neighborhoods.    A  vigorous  voluntary  An  insurrection  broke  out  in  the  province 
^'guuzation  for  checking  the  spread  of  opium-  of  Ewangsi  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  and 
s3okiQg  has  been  formed  in  Oanton,  which  immediately  assumed  such  formidable  propor- 
piblishes  and  circulates  tracts,  and  has  given  tions  as  to  cause  considerable  anxiety  to  the 
f-uds  for  essays  discnssing  the  evils  of  the  imperial  authorities.    The  leader  of  the  insur- 
trade  and  of  the  use  of  the  drug.    Several  of  gents  was  a  general  named  li-Yunff-Choi,  who 
ice^sa/s have  been  published.    They  are  very  was  also  notorious  in  the  great Taiping  rebel- 
pi  Jo-spoken  against  those  who  have  introduced  lion,  but  had  prudently  deserted  to  the  impe- 
> riim  into  the  country.    The  religion  of  the  rial  side  when  he  saw  that  the  collapse  of  the 
^est,  sajs  the  essay  that  won  the  first  prize,  rebellion  was  imminent.    Since  then  he  had 
tci'bes  that  we  mast  love  our  neighbors  as  our-  gained  great  distinction  in  the  service  of  the 
^Ires,  practice  kindness  toward  all,  and  not  Emperor,  and  had  been  honored  with  the  yel- 
^oe£t  oorselves  at  others^  expense ;  yet  what  low  tunic.    It  seemed  that  he  was  disappointed 
xe  thing  in  the  world  can  be  compared  with  at  not  receiving  some  coveted  preferment,  and 
.{•iom  for  the  injury  it  inflicts  on  mankind,  put  himself  at  tne  head  of  a  revolutionary  mo  ve- 
13J  the  mischief  it  causes  men  to  bring  on  ment.    His  army  was  reported  to  number  fifty 
*iAt  neighbors  for  the  sake  of  their  own  gain  ?  thousand  men. 

^  N'o  wonder  that  mobs  have  bnmed  some  of  The  preliminary  examination  of  the  country 
ii  Christian  ohorohes  and  put  to  death  West-  at  Eaeping,  where  mining  operations  are  con- 
omen  and  women."  The  essayist  also  shows  templated,  has  proved  very  satisfactory.  A 
-  >7  the  importation  of  Western  manufactures  fiat  piece  of  country  about  twenty  miles  long 
'4to  the  country  would  be  benefited  by  the  was  found  to  be  covered  with  coal  and  iron* 
ni'preajion  of  the  trade.  Missionaries  from  stone.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  with  70  to  75 
Cm  reported  at  the  anniversary  of  the  Wes-  per  cent,  of  gas,  and  7i  to  15  per  cent  of  adi, 
k'U  Mttionary  Society  in  May,  1878,  that  naving  every  appearance  of  being  excellent 
-"^prejodice  caused  by  British  support  of  the  coaL  The  ironstone,  which  runs  in  a  parallel 
\'^  trade  was  the  most  formidable  obstacle  line  with  the  coal,  is  hematite.  Boring  opera- 
te; had  to  encoonter.  An  opium  refuge  has  tions  have  been  begun  close  to  the  river.  The 
ki  opened  by  missionaries  in  Peking,  which  coal  fields  of  Eilung  are  worked  by  machinery 
i jtjS  the  first  six  months  of  its  existence  re-  and  foremen  from  England,  and  now  produce 
i^«l  fifty-three  in-patients,  and  was  attended  about  fifty  thousand  tons  daily  of  coals  which 
^/  stiriy  three  hnndred  out-patients.  are  said  to  be  equal  to  the  best  English  coals. 
T>  Bev.  Mr.  Mackay,  a  Oanadian  Presby-  Mr.  G.  J.  Morrison,  the  late  engineer  of  the 
kr:^  misaionarj,  was  attacked  at  the  begin-  Shanghai- Woosung  railway  line,  early  in  the 
p^  fj(  the  year  oy  a  crowd  of  Formosans  at  year  made  an  examination  of  the  country 
i--:^i«i.  and  was  threatened  with  death  unless  between  Hangkow  and  Canton  with  a  view  of 
^t'-f'  the  island ;  but  he  remained  in  spite  of  ascertaining  its  nature  with  reference  to  the 
^c  Unit,  Violent  attacks  were  made  auring  construction  of  railways.  The  distance  be- 
V  ^-immer  upon  the  Protestant  missions  at  tween  the  two  points  by  a  straight  line  is  five 
t;:<iiiii^.fa  and  Teng-ping-fu.  At  the  former  hundred  miles,  but  by  the  route  he  took  it 
'^r.  s  chapel  belonging  to  the  Ohurch  Mis-  was  eight  hnndred  miles.  He  passed  through 
^tiTT  Society  was  completely  destroyed  by  the  cities  of  Wuchang,  Yo-chow,  Siang-yin, 
'  -  >  beaded  by  the  literati  and  gentry.  At  Chang-sha,  Siang-tan,  over  the  Ohihling  Pass, 
^  the  rioters  threatened  to  kill  the  catechist  and  thence  by  I-chang,  Ping-shih,  Lo-chang, 
^  ^<n?e  of  the  chapel,  but  subsequently  they  and  Shao-chow,  to  Canton.  He  wa^  interested 
^:-:<i  htm  to  leave  the  city,  and  not  to  return  in  the  examination  of  the  coal  fields  of  Hunan 
r.Srr  [lenalty  of  instant  death  should  he  be  and  Kwang-tung,  and  in  some  places  found 
i**.di«coTered.  Some  time  ajgo  Monseigneur  that  the  coal  trade  had  largely  increased  since 
'  ^.  1  French  missionary  bishop,  was  cap-  the  visit  of  the  Baron  F.  von  Kichthofen. 
:<  Tith  other  missionaries  by  the  inhabi-  CHRISTIAN  CONNECTION.*  The  quad- 
■^  'f  Oorea,  and  condenmed  to  torture  and  rennial  American  Christian  General  Conven- 
;•"-.  The  Chinese  ministers  intervened  in  tion  was  held  at  Franklin,  Warren  County, 
^  Vor,  and  he  was  set  at  liberty  during  the 


»:>r 


/    rr  _A  J   ^  •  •  •See  ^'Anntud  Cvclopiedla"  for  1874,  article  CHmisTiAN 

.    lie  was  escorted  from  a  prison  m    OoK]racTioK,for«ftiUaoooiutofitAtiitioB. 


103  CHEISHAN  UNION.  CHRISTINA,  MARIA. 

Ohio,  beginnmg  October  2d.  About  one  hnn-  for  religion,  faith,  and  practice ;  that  it  cod< 
dred  ministerB  and  fifty  lay  members  were  in  tains  truth  for  its  matter,  without  mixture  of 
attendance.  Elder  J.  H.  Ooe  presided.  The  error;  and  contains  the  true  sentiment  of 
principal  business  transacted  consisted  in  the  Christian  oneness.  We  therefore  recommend 
adoption  of  amendments  to  the  constitution  the  study  of  it  to  all  of  our  people,  that  we 
of  the  body,  by  which  it  was  given  a  certain  may  know  of  its  cardinal  principles."  The 
legislative  power,  and  was  placed  in  control  of  Council  expressed  its  appreciation  of  the  im- 
the  enterprises  of  the  Church,  particularly  of  portance  of  the  Sunday  school,  but  deprecated 
the  missionary  and  publishing  interests.  Hith-  the  employment  of  ungodly  teachers  in  the 
erto  the  Convention  has  had  only  an  advisory  same.  The  report  on  education  urged  the  im- 
power.  Under  these  provisions,  the  Nationd  portance  of  establishing  a  college  in  a  centml 
or  Extension  Society,  previously  a  voluntary  location,  free  from  all  denominational  restraint, 
organization  formed  in  1872,  was  merged  in  fortheeduoationof  the  children  of  the  Church; 
the  missionary  department  of  the  General  Con-  and  advised  the  ministers  to  study  the  sciences, 
vention ;  its  constitution  was  modified  so  that  and  thereby  qualify  themselves  for  greater  use- 
its  workings  might  become  denominationally  fulness  before  the  world.  It  was  ordered  that 
effective :  its  name  was  changed  to  that  of  the  General  Council  meet  hereafter  every  four 
"The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Christian  years,in8teadof,  as  heretofore,  every  two  years. 
Church  in  America'';  and  its  corresponding  Elder  Flack,  the  Moderator  of  the  year,  esti- 
•ecretary  was  elected  secretary  of  the  mission-  mates  that  the  Union  includes  one  hundred 
ary  department  of  the  General  Convention,  thousand  members. 

with  an  Executive  Board  associated  with  him.        CHRISTINA,  Makia,  Dowager  Queen   of 
Provision  was  made  for  the  organization  of  Spain,  born  April   27,  1806,  died  August  21, 
auxiliary  societies  in  conferences,  churches,  and  1878.    She  was  the  second  of  the  eleven  chil- 
Sunday  schools.    Arrangements  are  also  to  be  dren  of  Francis  I.  of  Naples,  and  had  in  her 
made  for  assuming  and  carrying  on  the  pub-  earliest  youth  acquired  great  independence  of 
lishing  enterprises  of  the  Church,  which  have  character.    When  Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain, 
heretofore  been  conducted  by  a  private  asso-  in  1829,  had  become  a  widower  for  the  third 
ciation  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  for  placing  the  time,  he  was  induced  by  the  representations  of 
Sunday  schools  under  the  general  control  of  Louise  Charlotte,  the  older  sister  of  Christina^ 
the  Convention.    A  collection  was  ordered  to  to  ask  for  the  hand  of  the  latter  in  marriagej 
be  taken  in  all  the  churches  in  December  for  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  all  his  relatives, 
the  Biblical  School,  and  another  in  January,  She  accepted  tlie  ofier,  and  on  December  11th 
1879,  for  the  Publishing  House.  was  married  to  Ferdinand.    The  King    was 
CHRISTIAN  UNION.    The  fourth  General  soon  completely  influenced  by  his  beautiful 
Council  of  the  Christian  Union  met  at  Wesley,  and  intriguing  wife,  and  only  three  months 
Ind.,  May  16th.    The  Rev.  J.  V.  B.  Flack,  of  after  the  wedding,   on  March  29,  1880,    re- 
Missouri,  was  chosen  Moderator.     A  paper  stored  the   Siete   Partidas,  which   admitted, 
which  had  been  adopted  at  the  previous  ses-  female  descendants  of  the  King  to  the  throne, 
sion  of  the  Council,  defining  the  position  of  This  measure  called  forth  a  shower  of  pro- 
the  Union  as  an  undenominational  organiza-  tests.  'Charles  X.  of  France,  Francis  of  Na- 
tion, endeavoring  to  offer  a  common  platform  pies,  the  Queen^s  own  brother,  and  Don  Carlos 
of  principles  on  which  all  Christians  can  unite,  and  Don  Francisco,  the  younger  brothers   of 
was  readopted.    It  pronounces  sectarianism  an  the  King,  all  saw  their  claims  endangered  by 
evil,  and  declares  that  *^  all  religious  associa-  this  law,  and  urged  the  King  to  retract  his  or- 
tions,  built  upon  a  narrower  basis  than  that  der.    But  Ferdinand  remained  firm,  and  when, 
which  teaches  and  treats  all  the  Christians  of  on  October  lOth,  Maria  Christina  was  deliv- 
the  locality  as  equal  brethren  of  the  one  church  ered  of  a  daughter,  Spain  had  again  a  Princess 
of  the  place,  and  presents  creeds,  tests,  and  of  Asturias,  a  Crown  Princess,  who  received 
usages  which  exclude  a  part  of  the  Christians  the  name  of  Isabella.     The  second  child    of 
of  the  place,  are  not  built  after  the  New  Tes-  Christina  was  also  a  daughter,  Marie  Louise, 
tament  model,  and  have  no  claim  to  be  re-  who  afterward  became  the  wife  of  the  Duke 
garded  as  churches  of  Christ,  simply  because  de  Montpensier,  and  the  mother  of  Queen  Mer- 
tbey  have  Christians  among  them  " ;  and  "that  cedes,  the  wife  of  King  Alfonso  XII.    Ferdi> 
the  church  is  a  divine  institution,  is  God-made,  nand  VII.  died  on  September  29,  1833,   and 
not  mechanical,  not  human,  not  man-made.  Queen  Christina  assumed  the  regency  accord- 
and  God  alone   can   place  members   in  his  ing  to  his  last  will,  in  the  name  of  her  dan^b- 
Church ;  and,  as  every  one  who  truly  loves  is  ter,  who  was  proclaimed  Queen  as  Isabella  II, 
bom  of  God,  and  therefore  a  member  of  his  A  civil  war  followed  this  step,  in  which  I>on 
Church,  therefore  it  does  not  depend  on  our  Carlos  sought  to  gain  the  throne.    After    a 
doctrinal  views,  baptism,  votes,  or  enrollment,  duration  of  seven  years  it  was  finally  subdued 
but  on  a  loving  and  obedient  heart.^*    A  reso-  by  Espartero,  who  promised  to  the  Basque 
lution,  which  substantially  defined  the  doc-  Provinces,  the  principal  supporters  of   I>oii 
trinal  position  of  the  church,  declared  that  Carlos,  the  restoration  of  their /w€rM.    When 
'^we  believe  the  Bible  to  be  a  revelation  of  Queen    Christina    hesitated    to  execute    tliis 
God,  and  that  it  is,  therefore,  a  sufficient  rule  promise,  Espartero  placed  himself  at  the  bead 


COLOMBIA.  103 

01  i  new  reTohtion,  and  on  October  12, 1840,  magistrates  of  the  nine  States  are :  Antioquia, 
$be  formally  resigned  the  regency  and  fled  General  T.  Rinjifo;  Bolivar,  Sellor  B.  Ko- 
to Rome,  and  afterward  to  France.  She  re-  gnera ;  Boyacd,  Sellor  J.  E.  Otalora ;  Oaaca, 
tOi-Ded  in  triamph  in  1843,  and  remained  Sellor  M.  Garces;  Candinamaroa,  Sefior  D. 
in  S{^  until  1854^  when  she  again  fled  to  Delgado;  Magdalena,  Sellor  Lnis  A.  Robles; 
Fruce.  After  that  time  she  only  occasionally  Panam4,  Sellor  B.  Correoso ;  Santander,  Sefior 
Tisited  Spain.  She  was  secretly  married  in  M.  A.  Estrada ;  Tolima,  Sefior  Dr.  J.  Maniqae. 
Decemtwr,  1833,  to  Fernando  Mnfioz,  one  of  The  Oolombian  Gonsal-General  in  New  York 
berguarda,  who  was  made  Duke  of  Rianzares,  is  Sefior  Miguel  Salgar.  The  American  Min- 
lad  the  marriage  was  acknowledged  by  a  de-  ister  Resident  at  Bogota  is  the  Hon.  E.  Deich- 
tree  dated  October  18,  1844.  man. 

COLOMBIA  (EsTADos  Unidos  db  Oolom-  The  Federal  army  comprises  in  time  of  peace 

Hi), an  independent  state,  occupying  the  north-  8,000  men;  and  in  time  of  war  each  State  is 

we^m  portion  of  South  America  and  the  held  to  furnish  a  contingent  of  one  per  cent. 

soQiheastem  portion  of  Central  America,  and  of  its  population. 

extending  from  latitude  12**  21'  north  to  I''  20'  Educational    interests   have  suffered   little 

»&th,  and  from  longitude  68°  52  to  88°  6'  west,  from    internecine  strife,  as  attested    by  the 

h  boundaries  are :  on  the  north,  the  Oarib-  steady  increase  in  the  number  of  schools : 

bean  Sea;  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Yene-  1,625  primary  schools  were  officially  reported 

2i2da;  on  the  southeast,  Brazil;  on  the  south,  for  1877,  against  1,159  for  1875;  though  the 

Lmador;  and  on  the  west,  the  Pacific  Ocean  State  school  fund  for  the  latter  year  amounted 

lad  Costa  Rica.    The  area  of  the  territory  of  to  $508,779,  while  that  of  the  former  did  not 

C>Jombia  has  been  estimated  at  rather  more  exceed  $880,017. 

\hn  500,000  square  miles,  400,000  of  which  The  foUowing  tables  exhibit  the  amounts 

h  to  the  north  of  the  equator.    The  republic  and  several  branches  of  the  national  revenue 

I!  dfrided  into  nine  Federal  States  and  six  Ter-  and  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  August 

ntorieg.  and  its  population  is  about  8,000,000,  81,  1878 : 

bcioding  uncivilized  Indians  to  the  number  of  bevenux. 

J^me  50,000.*  Customs 18,000,000 

Th. princjpd  centers  of  population  are  the  filJ^ra'SitaiiiiiK-i^.:;.:::::::  ''K 

Tiliejs  of  the  Magdalena,  Oauca,  and  Atrato         Post-Offlce 60,ooo 

RiTers,  the  first  of  which  flows  through  seven         ^legraphs 40,000 

Bjates  comprising  the  vast  central  region  of  the  ^;i^i^ii^:y/////////////////.i:i      dolooo 

ft::iitr7,500  mDes  in  length,  and  varying  from         Charoh property 6,800 

^  to  I'OO  in  width.    It  is  the  great  highway         Sundries _40^ 

M  commerce  to  the  Atlantic,  and  is  navigated  Total $4,888,800 

hm  Barranquilla  to  Honda,  a  distance  of  600  

isil**,  hy  steamers  of  from  50  to  200  tons,  the  xipinditurx. 

K'pertj  of  private  companies.    The  mouth  of         ministry  of  Jj^riw $2g,M4 

»ite  Uai^dalena  is  obstructed  by  bars,  and  a  rail-  «      of  Finance.!  !!.*!!!.'!'.!.'!!!.*!!*.!    i,i6ol480 

^  fifteen  miles  in  length,  constructed  by  a         ^  11    ,  J',^"  *^  **^°« }'i?2'iS 

German  company  at  a  cost  of  $600,000,  con-  rlJbii?^^!^::;;::::::::::::::::::::::  }^^ 

ctcts  the  bay  of  Sabanilla  with  the  town  of         Foreign  aflUra 88,700 

»tT«.«aai«^  the  lower  limit  of  "verjaviga-  ^^ss^i^,;^^v:^::v.::v^:::::::    ^ 

•a.  The  Gauca  valley  18  an  elevated  plam         Pensions 116,220 

;^to  a  height  of  6,000  feet  above  the  sea-         Po•^Offloe 488,^86 

**'d  The  Atrato  Valley  is  generally  similar  Total IT,2Ti,988 

^  that  of  the  Magdalena  in  ita  topography. 

"Hie  staple  productions  of  the  country  are  On  comparing  the  totals  of  the  foregoing 

^  cacao,  sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  cotton,  in-  tables,  a  deficit  of  $2,483,183  will  be  observed, 

C'o,  nuize,  mandioca,  and  cattle.    The  di-  ^^^  is  to  be  attributed  to  two  causes :   en- 

^  varies  with  the  altitude  of  the  land;  the  hanced  exnenditures  in  the  War  Department 

if riiads  yield  all  the  tropical  products ;  and  owing  to  the  late  revolution,  and  the  partial 

^  pUteaus  and  slopes  of  the  Colombian  An-  stagnation  of  foreign  commerce  while  the  dis- 

ia.  those  of  sub-tropical  and  cold  climates.  turbance  lasted. 

ne  President  of  the  Republic  is  General  The  national  debt  in  1878  was  as  follows : 

•  iJiTnyillo,  inaugurated  April  1, 1878,  and         rorOgn  debt |io,8»2,600 

'^^Ubiuet  is  composed  of  the  following  min-         Homedebt 0,608,804 

^-n or  secretaries:  of  the  Interior  and  For-  ^otaL 110,999^ 

'a  Affairs,  Dr.  F.  Zaldua;  of  Finance  and 

•"tic  Worka,  Dr.  B.  Nufiez:  of  the  Treasury  The  foreign  debt  incurred  during  the  war  of 

^  Credit,  Sefior  Gamacho  Roldan;   of  War  independence  was  consolidated  in  4^  per  cent. 

^  Marine,  Sefior  M.  Hurtado.     The  chief  bonds  in  1873,  and  a  convention  entered  into 

*~" — ■ with  the  foreign  bondholders  whereby  month- 

i^iLt*!Sr*  *^^}l5^S!'*^!5F»?f  »WS!llf  itSKS:  ly  payments  were  to  be  made  by  the  Govem- 

7 .'«'«.  rtt,  see  the  Tohimet  of  tlie  **  Annual  OtcIoimb-  '^  '^  a.     jf  f^  ^      v     i.     xl     v      lu  u       »            & 

^  irisUudisn.  nient  of  Colombia  to  the  bondholders'  agent 


104 


COLOMBIA. 


residing  at  Bogota.  In  spite  of  the  political 
disturbances  of  1876-^77,  the  interruption  of 
navigation  on  the  Magdalena  for  the  past  year, 
owing  to  an  unprecedented  drought,  and  the 
consequent  lull  in  the  export  trade,  the  month- 
ly payments  have  been  punctually  made  to 
the  agent ;  but,  as  they  did  not  reach  London 
in  time  for  the  payment  of  the  coupons,  the 
British  Minister  to  Colombia,  Robert  Bunch, 
Esq.,  who  was  then  in  London,  wrote  the  fol- 
lowing letter  to  the  Right  Honorable  E.  P. 
Bouverie.  cliairman  of  the  Council  of  Foreign 
Bondholders,  which  commends  the  fidelity  of 
Colombians  representatives  and  the  sacrifices 
they  have  made  to  preserve  the  credit  and 
honor  of  the  country : 

LoNDOV,  JwM  8|  1878. 
Tfi$  RigU  Honorable  £.  P.  Bouvxbib  : 

My  diab  Sib  :  I  regret  to  find  that  some  misap- 
prehension ezists,  even  among  peraona  who  are  in- 
terested in  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  aa  to  the 
action  of  the  Qovemment  of  that  republic  with  ref- 
ercDoe  to  that  portion  of  its  external  debt  which  is 
commonly  known  as  the  4i  per  cent,  loan  of  1878. 
Founding  themselves  on  the  undoubted  fact  that 
the  remittances  from  Bogot4  have  been  for  some 
months  past  smaller  in  amount  than  the  convention 
of  1878  gives  the  bondholders  a  right  to  demand, 
many  persons  think  that  this  decrease  is  owing  to 
the  failure  of  the  Colombian  Treaaurv  to  meet  its 
engagements ;  in  other  words,  that  the  bondhold- 
ers' agent,  Mr.  O'Leai^,  does  not  send  larger  sums 
because  he  does  not  hmiself  receive  them.  As  this 
belief  is  altogether  unfounded,  and  as  much  injus- 
tice is  therebv  done  to  the  credit  of  Colombia,  I 
think  it  may  Se  satisfactory  te  you  to  learn  the  real 
state  of  the  case.  By  the  last  mail  Mr.  O'Leary 
writes  to  me  as  follows : 

*'  To  the  bondholders  I  only  send  £8,000,  and  re- 
main with  a  balance  of  £22.000,  which  is  more  like- 
ly to  increase  than  to  diminish,  as  the  supply  of  bills 
decreases.  It  is  a  thing  which  preys  on  my  mind : 
the  rate  of  exohanffe  is  6  per  cent,  premium,  ana 
bids  fair  to  reach  20  before  long.  The  detention  of 
this  money  will  delay  the  payment  of  the  coupons, 
and  the  delay  will  affect  prejudicially  the  credit  of 
this  countrv  at  the  verv  moment  when  it  ought  to 
be  the  highest,  oonsiaering  the  sacrifices  it  has 
made  and  is  ms^in^  to  comply  with  its  engaffe- 
ments.  If  you  are  m  London,  and  can  spare  toe 
time,  you  will  do  Colombia  a  aervioe  by  impressing 
on  the  Council  the  necessitjr  of  explaining  matters 
to  the  public,  and  so  preventing  a  cause  entirely  be- 
yond numan  control  from  damaging  the  credit  of 
the  country." 

As  I  entirely  agree  with  Mr.  O'Leary  in  his  ap- 
preciation of  the  honorable  behavior  of  Colombia  in 
the  matter  of  its  foreign  debt,  it  has  appeared  to  me 
that  the  simplest  manner  of  meeting  his  wishes  is  to 
trouble  you  with  this  letter.  I  have  been  a  witness 
myself  of  the  determination  of  the  various  Govern- 
ments of  Colombia  to  satisfy  the  claims  of  the  bond- 
holders. I  hi^e  even  seen  their  money  put  away  in 
the  chest  to  wait  for  the  next  pay-day.  when  the 
Treasurjr  was  almost  empty,  and  eveiyoody,  from 
the  President  down,  was  on  reduced  allowances,  and 
salaries  were  discounted  at  a  loss  of  25  per  cent. 

The  supply  of  bills  has  given  out,  chiefly  because 
the  drought  from  which  the  whole  world  has  suffered 
of  late  has  visited  Colombia  with  especial  severity. 
No  doubt  the  political  disturbances  of  the  last  half 
of  1876  and  beginning  of  1877  are  partly  to  blame 
for  the  decrease  of  the  exports,  but  this  cause  is  as 
nothing  when  compsred  with  the  physical  one  of  a 
want  of  water  in  the  river. 

Perhaps  I  am  going  out  of  your  and  my  way  to 


trouble  yon  with  this  explanation,  but  I  like  to  %Kf 
a  good  word  for  Colombia  when  I  can. 

I  remain,  my  dear  air,  your  faithful  servant, 

BOBEBT  BUNCH, 

The  value  of  the  exports  for  the  year  1876- 
'77  amounted  to  $14,477,897,  and  that  of  the 
imports  to  $7,828,928.  The  subjoined  table 
shows  the  value  and  destination  of  the  exports 
for  the  year  1875-76  : 

DBSTDTATIOM.  Valo*. 

Oennsof $2,678,228 

Wettlndles 244,416 

Buenos  Ayies 4,000 

CosUBica 2,496 

ChiM 800 

Spain 16T 

Ebuador. 8^77 

United  States  of  America. 2,610,S88 

United  States  of  Colombia 116,2S4 

France 2,660,624 

Holland 6,922 

Great  Britidn 824,»86 

Italy 4.238 

Peru 84,864 

Venezuela 21,M0 

Various 8,»fi6,fi8l 

Total $12,122,611 

The  value  of  the  imports  for  the  same  year 
was  $6,709,109.  It  should  be  observed  that 
the  foregoing  table  contains  an  item  of  $116,- 
284,  which,  as  it  stands  for  commodities  sent 
from  other  parts  of  the  republic  to  the  free 
Colombian  ports  of  Panam4  and  Colon  (As- 
pin  wall),  would  properly  belong  to  the  coast- 
ing trade,  although  m  the  ministerial  report  it 
figures  as  here  given. 

The  principal  articles  of  export,  with  the 
quantities  ana  value  of  those  shipped  from  the 
republic  in  the  year  1875-76,  are  shown  in  the 
annexed  table : 


COMMOniTIXS. 

QowtiUM. 

Vain*. 

Cotton,  kilogrsmmes 

Indigo.          "         

Caoutiuionc,  ^*         

Hides,           "          

Ooiree,           *»          

DlvldlTlj       "          

0<dd  RDd  diver  coins 

Ores,  kilogitunmes 

820,T98 
27,848 

804,612 
1,867,46T 
8,428,882 
8,090,868 

456,466 
184 

1,860,878 

8,467,600 

24,067 

^792,^09 

6.884 

8,616,887 

$201,116 

62,992 

174,579 

621,449 

1,168,828 

97.619 

1,991,672 

410  500 

Oold'dustT   **        ....i 

61,674 

428,688 

622,724 

40,471 

40,000 

2,038,008 

180,880 

8,109,^6 

20,820 

804,116 

Gold  (inffots) 

Odd  and  silver  (ingots) 

Cabinet  wood,  kUogrammas . . 
PredouB  stones 

Cinchona,  kilogrammes 

Hata,                 "          

Tobacco  (leaf)    «          

Tobacco  (elaborated^  kilo... 
Tsgua  (vegetable  Ivory),  kilo. 

Of  tobacco,  Bremen,  by  far  the  largest  pur- 
chaser of  that  article,  took  5,046,000  kilo- 
grammes, and  Hamburg  and  London  each  about 
270,000 ;  while  to  New  York  but  62,000  kilo- 
grammes were  shipped.  New  York  took  of 
cinchona  some  2,820,000  kilogrammes,  and 
London  about  1,160,000.  Of  coffee,  928,000 
kilogrammes  were  sent  to  Hamburg,  624,000 
to  Bremen,  242,000  to  Havre,  464,000  to  Lon- 
don, and  948,000  to  New  York.  The  more 
Important  shipments  of  cotton  were  to  the  fol- 
lowing ports:  Liverpool,  820,000  kilogrammes; 
Havre,  201,000;  Bremen,  221,000;  Harabur& 


COLOMBIA. 


105 


87,000;  London,  12,000 ;  and  New  York,  20,- 


000. 


The  sbippiiu;  moyements  at  all  save  the  free 


)  shipping 
(Panama 


porta  (Panami  and  Aspinwall)  of  Colombia 
were  m  follows  in  the  year  1876-78 : 


LAOUr. 

n  BALLAST. 

raos. 

Neuof 
V«Mla. 

TOBI. 

No.  of 
VHHk. 

Tou. 

BaottTiBtBnL. ...... 

C^fttffM, 

77 
78 

•  * 

96 
85 
190 
20 
95 

41,011 
62,240 

•  V  •  •  • 

8^11 

Ml* 

202,866 

26,968 

25,568 

4 
22 

•  • 

86 
9 
11 
51 
12 

50 
84,681 

Cmti 

i^ffifht 

4,156 
45 

KioSado 

Bibiaak 

SetiXiitL 

2,877 

14^14 

1,862 

riBBieo 

0O5 

867,788 

188 

67,687 

Simam 

288 

812 

820,648 
47,146 

41 
97 

41,428 
16,214 

MagTeaih. 

T<ttl 

005 

867,788 

188 

57,687 

GLKABED. 


LAxnv. 

Hr  BALLAST. 

Koai, 

ifo.or 

VMda. 

Tom. 

No.  of 
YhmI*. 

Tool. 

Booveaton. 

iWapeoA 

78 
64 

•  • 

118 
81 

in 

28 
102 

577 

40,606 
57,827 

•  *  •  •  • 

11,288 

1,018 

198,695 

21,866 

26,290 

10 

88 
•  • 
16 

t 
25 
56 

9 

808 
87,688 

l.j«t» 

2k;Ujda 

679 

X»8arto ].'. 

bibaSk. 

72 

11,027 

20,066 

1,200 

^AMnta 

iman 

852,440 

152 

71,294 

hmaen 

285 
292 

812,865 
89,575 

58 

99 

60,890 
10,404 

^^rm^ 

Tatel 

67T 

8S2,440 

152 

71,204 

Hie  moat  recent  official  retoma  relating  to 
rslwiya,  telegraph  lines,  etc.,  are  those  re- 
tried in  the  "  Annual  Oydopffidia'^  for  1876. 

AffloDg  the  latest  official  acts  of  ez-Presi- 
^tParra,  immediately  before  transferring  the 
7ci3s  of  government  to  his  successor,  Greneral 
Tnijillo,  was  the  approval  of  a  contract  drawn 
?  between  Sefior  Eustorgio  Salgar,  Secretary 
.<  the  Interior  and  of  Foreign  Relations  of 
'•>  Uoited  States  of  Colombia,  duly  authorized 
r^rrj  of  the  first  part,  anjL  as  party  of  the 
■  w'.er  part,  Lacien  N.  B.  Wyse,  chief  of  the 
^jim&c  erploring  expedition  of  the  Isthmus 
-^  Hra,  1877,  and  1878,  Member  and  Delegate 
^tlie  Committee  of  Direction  of  the  Civil  In- 
vro^ooal  Interoceanio  Canal  Society,  pre- 
•idd  over  by  General  Etienne  Tdrr.  The 
y-TK  important  olansea  of  this  contract  are  as 

.^.  L  The  QoTemment  of  the  United  Statee  of 
•  i&bu  ooDoedeft  to  Mr.  Luoien  N.  B.  Wyse,  who 
'•9'?Ci,  in  the  name  of  the  Civil  Internatioual  Intez^ 
-'<&»  Canal  Society,  represented  by  their  Com* 
-  '»«  of  Direction,  the  ezolueive  privilege  for  the 
'••*c:t9a  aeroM  it«  territoiy,  and  for  the  excavating 


of  a  oanal  between  the  two  oceans,  the  Atlantic  and 
Paoiflc.  Said  oanal  may  be  coDBtructed  without  re- 
strictive Btipulationa  of  any  character. 

This  oonoeasion  is  made  under  the  following  con- 
ditionB : 

1.  The  duration  of  the  privilege  shall  he  for  ninety- 
nine  years,  to  be  reckoned  from  the  day  in  which 
the  oanal  snail  be  opened  wholly  or  partially  to  pub- 
lic Bervioe,  or  when  the  ffrantees  begm  to  realise  the 
tolls  upon  commerce  and  navigation. 

2.  From  the  date  of  approbation  by  the  Colombian 
Congress  of  the  present  oontract  for  the  opening  of 
the  Interooeanic  Canal,  the  Oovenmient  of  tne  Bepub- 
lio  oan  not  construct  by  itself,  or  concede  to  any  com- 
pany or  individual,  under  what  title  soever,  the  right 
to  construct  another  canal  across  Colombian  ter- 
ritoiy, which  Bhall  put  in  communication  the  two 
oceans.  If  the  sranteeB  wish  to  construct  a  railway 
as  an  auziliaiy  of  the  eanal,  the  Gk)vemment  (aaving 
existing  rights)  can  not  concede  to  anv  other  com- 
pany or  incuvidual  the  right  to  establiso  another  in- 
teroceanio railroad,  nor  do  so  itself,  during  the  time 
conceded  for  the  construction  and  use  of  the  canal. 

8.  The  necessary  studies  of  the  ground  and  route 
for  the  line  of  the  canal  shall  be  made  at  the  cost  of 
the  grantees,  by  an  International  Commission  of  in» 
dividuals  and  competent  engineers,  in  which  two 
Colombian  engineers  shall  take  part.  The  Commis- 
sion shall  determine  the  general  route  of  the  canal, 
and  inform  the  Colombian  Government  directly,  or 
their  diplomatic  agents  in  the  United  States  or  Eu- 
rope, at  latest,  in  1881,  unless  extreme  necessity, 
clearlv  proved,  should  prevent.  The  report  shall 
include,  in  duplicate,  the  scientific  labors  executed, 
and  an  estimate  of  the  projected  work. 

4.  The  grantees  will  have  then  a  period  of  two 
years  to  form  a  universal  stock  company  which  shall 
take  charge  of  the  enterprise,  and  undertake  the 
work  of  the  construction  of  the  canal.  This  term 
will  be  counted  from  the  date  mentioned  in  the  pre- 
cedinff  paragraph. 

6.  The  canal  shall  be  finished  and  placed  at  the 
service  of  the  public  within  the  twelve  years  imme- 
diately following  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the 
company  to  undertake  its  construction ;  but  the  ex- 
ecutive power  is  authorized  to  grant  a  further  maxi- 
mum term  of  six  years,  if,  in  an  extreme  case,  beyond 
the  control  of  the  company,  and  after  one  third  |>art 
of  the  canal  is  built,  tnev  should  recognise  the  im- 
possibility of  finishing  tne  work  in  the  said  twelve 
years. 

6.  The  canal  shall  have  the  length,  depth,  and  all 
other  conditions  necessary  in  order  toat  sailing  ves- 
sels and  steamers  of  140  metres  long,  a  maximum 
beam  of  16  metres,  and  drawing  8  metres  of  water, 
shall,  with  lowered  topmasts,  be  able  to  pass  the 
canal.  .  .  . 

Am.  II.  Within  the  term  of  twelve  months  reck- 
oned fh>m  the  time  at  which  the  Internationid  Com- 
mission shall  have  presented  the  result  of  its  definite 
studies,  the  grantees  will  deposit  in  the  bank  or 
banks  of  London  which  the  national  executive  pow- 
er may  designate  the  sum  of  750,000  francs  as  securi- 
ty for  the  execution  of  the  work.  The  deposit  shall 
be  made  in  certificates  of  the  foreign  debt  of  Colom- 
bia at  the  current  price  in  the  market  on  the  day  of 
deliveiy.  On  the  conclusion  of  the  canal  the  amount 
deposited  as  security  will  remain  to  the  credit  of  the 
Treasury  to  indemnify  the  National  Government  for 
Uie  expenses  incurred  in  the  erection  of  edifices  for 
the  use  of  public  otfices. 

Abt.  III.  Should  the  route  for  the  construction 
of  the  canal  from  one  ocean  to  the  other  pass  to  the 
west  or  north  of  the  imaginarv  straight  line  which 
ioins  Ca;^  Tiburon  with  Garachin^  Point,  the  gran- 
tees must  arrange  amicably  witli  the  Panam&  Bail- 
road  Company,  or  pay  an  indemnity  which  shall  be 
established  by  the  terms  of  the  law  46  of  August  16, 
1867,  **  which  approves  the  contract  celebrated  July 
6, 1867,  reformatory  of  that  of  the  16th  of  April,  1850| 


oonoemlnB  thB  conitniotion  of  a  nilnwd  tiom  one  Akt.  VI.  The  entnnoa  of  theaaiu]  ahall  be  ri( 

ooean  to  the  olher  by  the  iBtbmua  of  Panumi."  .  .  ,  oualy  prohibited  to  the  war-veasela  of  beUigercnt 

Abt.  V.  The  OoTemmentof  the  Bepublio  deoUrei  tioai,  md  whose  destiuation  minifeits  tbeit  is 

DBUIral  for  all  time  the  porta  >t  either  extreme  of  tioQ  to  t«ke  put  in  hogUlitiei. 

tbe  etaii,  uid  the  waten  of  the  Bsme,  from  laa  to  Akt.  VII.  The  sruiteeB  vill  enjof  the  lifj^t. 

1 equently,  in  oasB  of  war  between  other  ing  ajlthe  time  of  the  poaiesaion  of  the  privile 

:weeQ  BUT  nation  and  Colombia,  the  make  nee  of  the  porta  at  the  eitremitiea  of  the  oa 

canal  shall  not  be  inlerrapted  for  that  aawell  aa  intermeiiiate  pointa,  for  the  anchorage 


and  consequently,  in  oasa  of  war  between  other  ing  all  the  time  of  tha  poaaeaaion  of  the  privilegi 

>f  the  6 ,.,_ _  . , , . 

ahall  be  free  to  cavl^te  repair  of  ahipa,  and  the  loadiDs,  depoBitiDo;,  tt 

-    eioluaioD,  or  prefer-  ferrinit,  or  disembarkioji;  of  merohanifise-      The  i 


«nca  of  persons  ar  national itiea,  bj  virtue  of  payine  of  tbe  canal  ahall  be  open  and  free  for  tho  oon; 

the  tolls,  and  tha  obaenanca  of  tbe  rulei  eatabllahed  of  all  nationa,  and  dd  import  duties  ahall  be 

b;  (he  oompanr,  for  the  uae  of  Mid  eanal  and  Its  de-  ered  except  on  marchandiaa  deacined  to   \ib 

peDdenciea.    Forei^  troops  are  eioapted,  and  can  docedfor  conaumptian  In  other  parte  of  tlae  rei 

Dot  paaa  without  tbe  permiaaion  of  Congreaa.  Tbe  aaid  porta  ahall  in  sonaeqaeDoe  b«  open  i 


COLOMBIA.  107 

piVUtlona  from  the  beginnioff  of  the  work,  and  the  free  fh>in  politioal  infloenceB.    The  eompanj  shall 

ou^offl-hooaes  uid  gaards  whioh  the  Govornment  take  the  name  of  *' The  Universal  Interoceanic  Canal 

uuy  judge  coarenient  for  the  c^lleotion  of  duties  on  Company"  ;  its  residence  shall  be  fixed  in  Bogot4, 

mereuDdlM  destined  for  other  portions  of  the  re*  New  York.  London,  or  Farts,  at  the  election  of  the 

publio  fluJl  be  established,  to  prevent  the  practice  grantees ;  oranoh  omoes  may  oe  established  wherever 

of  smng^Img.  .  .  .  necessary ;  its  contracts,  shares,  bonds,  and  the  titles 

Abt.  \L  The  passengers,  money,  precious  met-  which  belong  to  it,  shall  never  be  subjected  b^  the 

als,  merchandise,  and  articles  and  effects  of  all  class-  Government  of  Colombia  to  any  charge  for  registry, 

ei  tnnaported  by  the  canal,  shall  also  be  exempt  emission,  stamps,  nor  any  analogous  charffe,  upon 

from  ill  dutissL    The  same  exemption  is  extended  the  sale  or  transfer  of  these  shares  and  bonds,  or  on 

tall  aitielea  and  merchandise,  for  interior  or  exte«  any  profits  accruing  on  the  same.  ... 

lirt  tnde,  stored  aoeordiog  to  the  conditions  stipu-  Ast.  XXI.  The  grantees,  or  those  who  in  the  fu- 

kid  with  the  oompaoy,  in  their  storehouses  and  ture  shall  succeed  them  in  their  rights,  maj  trans- 

jUtioas.  fer  those  rights  to  other  capitalists  or  financial  oom- 

AiT.  XIL  The  ships  whioh  wish  to  pass  through  panics ;  but  it  is  absolutely  prohibited  to  cede  or 

tbe  ouul  shall  present  in  the  port  of  the  terminus  nypothecate  them,  by  any  title,  to  any  nation  or  for- 

•t  vhich  they  arrive  their  respective  registers  and  eign  government. 

other  sailinj^  documents,  prescribed  by  ttie  law  and  Art.  XXII.  The  grantees^  or  those  who  may  rep- 

pablte  treaties,  in  order  tnat  the  vessel  may  navi-  resent  them,  may  forfeit  their  acquired  rights  under 

fU«  ▼ithoat  hindrance.     The  vessels  which  have  the  following  circumstances : 

fl)t  asid  papers,  or  which  shall  refuse  to  present  1.  If  they  do  not  deposit,  within  the  term  stipu- 

tham,  maj  be  detained,  and  proceeded  agamst  ao-  lated,  the  amount  required  as  necurity  for  the  exe- 

crila^  to  law.  .  .  .  cution  of  the  work. 

AsT.  XIV.  As  an  indemnity  to  the  grantees  for  2.  If  in  the  first  of  the  twelve  years  allowed  for 

th«  eoit  of  oonstmction,  maintenance,  and  opera-  the  construction  of  the  canal  the  works  are  not  b»- 

tiin,  which  are  at  their  expense,  they  shall  nave  gun.    In  this  case  the  companv  loses  the  sum  de> 

daring  all  the  period  of  this  privilege  the  exclusive  posited  as  a  guarantee,  the  wnich  will  remain  to  the 

n^ht  to  establish,  and  to  receive  for  the  passai^e  of  credit  of  the  republic 


tie  tanff  which  they  sKiedl  establish,  and  w£ich  ma^  complied  with. 

bd  modified  at  any  time  under  the  following  condi*  6.  If  the  service  of  the  canal  shall  be  interrupted 

tiozu:  for  more  than  six  months,  except  in  an  extreme  case. 

1.  These  imposts  shall  be  levied  without  excep-  In  oases  2,  8,  4,  and  6,  the  Federal  Supreme  Court 

ti0Q  or  favor  upon  all  ships,  in  identical  conditions,  shall  decide  whether  the  privilege  has  been  forfeited 

S.  The  tariff  shall  be  pnolished  four  months  be-  or  not. 

r>re  it  is  put  into  effect,  m  the  ^*  Diario  Official"  of  Abt.  XXV.  The  enterprise  of  the  canal  shall  bo 

ty  Goremment.  as  well  as  in  the  capitals  and  prin-  considered  of  public  benefit. 

cipaleommerDiai  ports  ofthe  countries  interested.  Ast.  XXVI.  This  contract,  which  will  serve  as 

1  The  principal  tolls  which  shall  be  collected  on  a  substitute  for  the  dispositions  of  Law  88  of  May 

Tnacls  slmll  not  exceed  the  rate  of  ten  fhincs  for  26, 1876,  and  the  clauses  of  the  contract  celebrated 

eaeh  cabic  metro  resulting  fVom  the  multiplication  on  the  28th  of  May  of  the  same  year,  shall  be  sub- 

ofthe  principal  dimension  of  the  submerged  portion  mitted  to  the  approbation  of  the  President  of  tho 

of  the  ship  in  transit  (length,  breadth,  and  depth). . . .  Union,  and  the  definite  acceptance  of  the  Congress 

i  Special  tolls  for  navigation  shall  be  reduced  in  of  the  nation, 

pi^portion  to  the  exoess,  when.tho  net  profits  de-  In  witnens  whereof  they  sign  the  present  in  Bogo* 

r>cd  from  it  shaU  exoeedi  twelve  per  cent,  upon  tho  ti  on  the  20th  of  March,  1878. 

SkTitel  employed  in  the  enterprise.  EUSTORGIO  SALGAR. 

An.  Xv.  As  a  compensation  for  the  rights  and  LUCIEN  N.  B.  WYSE. 

€ienption9  which  are  oonferrod  upon  the  grantees  Bogota,  March  28, 1878. 

br  this  contract,  tho  Govemmont  of  the  fiepublio  Approved :  The  President  of  the  Union, 

i^aU  enjoy  a  particioation  eoual  to  five  per  cent,  of  AQUILEO  PARBA. 

'•^  fross  product  wnioh  shall  accrue  to  tho  enter-  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  of  Foreign  Af- 

pn»e,  seeording  ^  tho  tariff  which  shall  bo  fixed  fairs,                                EUSTORGIO  SALGAR. 
^xi  hj  the  company. 

Air.  XVI.  Tho  grantees  are  authorised  to  require  Toward  the  end  of  1878  the  political  state, 

rtfoitiDt  in  advance  of  any  oharffes  which  they  may  of  the  conntry  was  reported  as  exceedingly 

ttuahsh.  Nina  tenths  of  theao  obar^s  shall  be  made  satisfactory.    The  September  elections  in  Gun- 

fViWe  m  gold,  and  only  the  remainingtenth  part  dinamaroa  had  resnlted  in  a  majority  in  the 

»:«il  be  payable  in  silver  ot  twenty-five  grammes  of  ^'"""*«'"»  ,**«»^  *w>uaitom^  ix*  »  luajvt  juj  lu  iui« 

liaenessofdoo.  Assembly  m  favor  of  the  National  Govem- 

,  hsr.  XVn.  The  ships  infringing  the  rules  estab-  ment ;  while  those  in  Boyac&  had  retnmed  bnt 

-«Ud  by  tho  companv  shall  bo  subject  to  a  fine  two  members  for  the  opposition.    The  eleo- 

;*A  s^d  companv  shall  embody  in  its  sUtutes,  ui^ng  in  Santander  had  been  acknowledged  by 

>.i  of  which  It  ahair  give  notice  to  tho  public  simul-  a\^^  jr^*^„„^^^  ^^  v«  ««  «^^u;««oi  *J^r,^,^u 

•.i:r5x.Iy  with  iu  ta^flF.    If  they  refusS  to  pay  said  ^^  doetnnar%os  to  be  an  additional  triumph 

'--%  '^r  fomiah  anfiHoiont  security,  they  may  be  de-  for  the  new  administration. 

*^:^i,  and  proceeded  against  according  to  bw.  Tho  A  law  was  passed  by  the  Colombian  Oon- 

n:je  prooeedinga  may  be  observed  for  the  damages  gress  on  July  6,  1878,  authorizing  the  appro- 

•  'l^i^ll "uS'o^ning  of  a  canal  shall  bo  P"^''Of ^'. »2f,000  and  $5,000  respectively  to 
i-«T»d  finaneiaUy  poeoiblo,  tlS  grantees  are  author-  ">®  applied  in  behalf  of  the  development  of  the 
^'i  ^)  fonn,  onder  tho  immediate  protection  of  the  agricultnral  interests  of  the  republic,  in  accord- 

•lombian  Government,  and  in  the  time  agreed  upon,  ance  with  sentiments  expressed  by  President 

•  vnrerial  joint-stock  company,  which  shsU  under-  Trmillo  in  his  message  of  May  last  respecting 
^.<.  the  execution  of  the  work,  tAmg  charge  of  all  the  establishment  of  gardens  for  the  accli- 

-*co»l  arranirementa  which  may  be  needed.    As  •»"«  ««»*'"«»""*j"«'   ^*,  j5«i««iid  iv*    «**,.   .^w 

*«  tnttrprise  ia  essentially  international  and  eoo-  matization  of  the  quina-tree  m  the  cities  of 

>»3ic  it  a  anderstood  that  it  shall  always  bo  kept  Bogota  and  Popayan. 


108  COLORADO. 

COLORADO.    The  State  election  occurred  "loo  that  the  GoTemment  ehall  issue  to  the  depostt- 

on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October.    It  was  for  «>"^^  '^^.•[j^d  w °d  ^^ oe^h6^Juid^!t\h 

the  choice  of  a  member  of  Congress  and  State  sl^tJaLeSdmrnu  to  th^  riWe?  bill  p^d  by  Con* 

officers.    1  he  Democratic  Oonvention  for  tbe  greBs.  because  they  have  enabled  the  Secretary  of 

nomination  of  candidates  was  held  at  Pueblo  the  Treasury  to  entirely  control  tbe  coinage  of  Pilver 

on  July  17th,  and  was  permanently  organized  »nd  to  hoard  the  same  in  the  Treasury  vaulta,  to  tbe 

by  the  choice  of  M.  i  Gerry  as  chaim«..  ^'^JS^^Tttr Zth^^teS^Tif  reUef  .nd 

The  foUowmg  platform  was  adopted :  ^g  ^^^  of  juatioe  to  the  buainesa  and  hiboring  okises, 

The  Democracy  of  Colorado,  in  presenting  their  ^e  demand  •       .     ^  , 

eandidates  to  the  people  for  their  suffrages,  solemnly  ,  1-   The  rei)eal  of  the  resumption  act,  and  the 

renew  their  devotion  to  the  Constitution  and  the  lawM  hberation  of  the  coin  hoarded  in  the  Trea- 

Union,  and  ai&rm  the  following  as  the  cardinal  prin-  Bury. 
dples  of  the  Democratic  faith :  2.  The  substitution  of  United  SUtes  le^al-tender 

A  strict  construction  of  the  Constitution  with  all  P«per  for  national-bank  notes,  and  its  j^ermanent 

its  amendments ;  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  re€stablishment  as  the  sole  paper  money  ot  the  coun- 

militaxy  power ;  a  complete  severance  of  Church  and  try,  to  be  made  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the  Gov- 

8tate:  the  equality  or  all  citizens  before  the  law;  ernment  and  of  legal  tender  with  coin,  the  amount 

opposition  to  all  subsidies,  monopolies,  and  class  leg-  of  such  issues  to  be  so  regukted  by  legislation  or  or- 

islation ;  the  preservation  of  the  public  lands  for  the  fra^^c  law  as  to  give  the  people  assurance  of  stability, 

bona  Jidi  settler ;  the  maintenance  and  protection  of  p  the  volume  of  the  currency  and  consequent  atabil- 

the  common- school  system;  and  unrestricted  home  ity  of  value. 

rule  under  the  Constitution  to  the  citizens  of  eveiy        8.  It  is  the  exclusive  right  and  duty  of  Con^ss 

State  in  the  Amerioau  Union.  to  furnish  to  the  people  of  the  country  their  circu- 

Jittohed,  That  every  honest  voter  should  approve  lating  medium,  wbe^er  the  same  be  gold,  silver,  or 

the  investigation  and  thorough  exposure  of  the  mon-  P»P©r  5  "id  it  should  always  maintain  the  value  of 

Btrous  frauds  by  which  the  will  of  the  American  *^ch  currency  so  aa  to  meet  the  demands  of  trade, 

people,  as  expressed  at  the  ballot-box,  was  set  aside,  The  full  faith  and  credit  of  the  Government  ahould 

and  their  choice  for  President  and  Vice-President  he  ijledged  to  maintain  whatever  currency  it  may 

deprived  of  the  high  offices  to  which  they  were  ftuuish,  of  equal  value  and  of  eoual  power, 
elected;  and  while  we  disclaim  any  purpose  of  in-        *•  No  further  increase  in  the  bonded  debt,  and  no 

terfering  with  the  title  of  the  fraudulent  President  further  sale  of  bonds  for  the  purchase  of  coin  for  re- 

(made  valid  by  the  order  of  Congress),  to  the  end  "umption  purposes.  vi-    j  i.    a.      ^ 

that  such  grave  crimes  against  the  Constitution  and        *^'  ^  ^dual  extinction  of  the  public  debt  by  the 

laws  of  the  land  may  be  rendered  impossible  in  the  redemption  of  the  interest-bearing  portion  thereof 

future  and  their  perpetrators  made  infamous  for  '°  "^^h  currency  as  the  law  will  permit— in  United 

ever,  we  demand  that  such  investigation  be  fair  and  S^tes  notes  where  coin  is  not  demanded  by  the  Ut^ 

searching,  and  the  authors  of  the  crimes  be  held  to  ter  of  tbe  kw,  and  in  silver  equally  with  gold  wher^ 

a  full  accountability  under  the  law  for  their  criminal  «v«r  ©p*^  is  required, 
motion  ^*  ^  Tigia  economy  in  the  management  of  our  own 

JZmoW  That  the  commercial  and  industrial  dls-  affairs,  both  SUte  and  national,  and  a  reduction  of 

tress  that  has  so  long  prevailed  throughout  the  coun*  expenditures  m  every  branch  of  the  public  service 

try  is  the  legitimate  result  of  the  vicious  financial  consistent  with  elBoacy. 

legisktion  of  the  moneyed  power,  effected  through  „  -®;«/«?^»  That  the  employment  of  the  armr  of  the 

the  agency  of  the  Republican  party  in  Congress ;  ??»*«<*  States,  except  to  execute  the  laws  and  main- 

that  by  the  demonetization  of  silver,  the  enactment  ^^  ^^'^  ?^^^?  P«!^i  "  contrary  to  and  destructive 

of  the  resumption  law,  the  retirement  and  destruc  <>*  *!>«  principles  of  free  government,  and  we  expreea 

tion  of  legal-tender  notes,  the  exchange  of  bonds  O'^jn^titude  to  the  present  Congress  for  the  law 

originally  redeemable  in  greenbacks  for  those  which  making  it  illegal  and  punishable  by  fine  Mid  impns- 

(under  the  law)  are  to  be  redeemed  in  coin,  and  the  onment  to  use  the  army  as  a  poue  eomO^  without 

maintenance  of  the  national  banking  system,  this  J^•  express  authority  of  sUtute  or  of  the  Constitn- 

same  moneyed  power  have  prostrated  labor,  bank-  **^"'    ,    ^  mi_  ^  :i         *v     _^_  ^ 

rupted  merchants,  robbed  widows  and  orphans,  filled  ,  Sesohtd,  That  we  condemn  the  extravagance  and 

our. poor-houses  with  paupers,  transformed  inciustri-  incompetence  of  the  late  Republi^n  Legislature,  as 

ous  men  into  tramps  and  outcasts,  and  filched  from  exhibited  m   the   unnecessary   and   extrsordinarr 

peal  estate  and  personal  property  (all  over  the  land)  ienrth  of  its  session,  and  tbe  bungling  and  tnoom- 

more  than  one  half  of  what  ought  to  be  the  minimum  prehensible  laws  which  it  enacte^  ,  And  we  furtboT 

Yi^ae.  condemn  the  Bepublican  State  officials  for  their  at- 


tion 

lican  form  of  government  can  long 

which  the  property  of  one  class  is  entirely  exempt  **^2'    »j.mi_*.        .^i.        ..          u      j      -'. 

from  taxation,  while  that  of  others  must  bear  all  the  ,.^^f^»  That  a  mint  for  coming  ffold  and   eU  ver 

burdens ;  and  we  denounce  as  tyrannical  and  unjust  »l>ould  at  once  be  establijhed  m  Colorado ;  ana    w^ 

in  the  extreme  the  action  of  the  Bepublican  pSty,  «»ost  heartily  commend  the  energetic  and  unremit-^ 

by  which  hundreds  of  milUons  of  dofiars  in  n&onal  \^^9  S^rts  of  Hon.  Thomas  M.  Patterson,  our  xnem. 

bonds  have  been  exempt  from  taxation,  while  eveir  ^e«"  of  Congress,  to  procure  the  esUbUahment  or  ^nct 

other  species  of  property  must  be  taxed  for  their  °^>'**  ^  ^^^  aiaie, 

protection.  ^,      ^  ^           ,        ,  ,  Thomas  M.  Patterson  was  renominated,  fot 

^Jt^^'^'J^?:^  before  trade  and  business  enter-  Congress,  and  W.  A.  H.  Loveland  was  xiomi^ 

prises  can  be  checked  m  their  downward  course,  an    ^  ^  ^  -J  o^ ««^..  ^^^  t,'^«*^«««*  n««^,»^ 

increase  in  the  volume  of  the  currency  U  imperatively  5,?*®*^  '^^^,21^,?^^  ^^I  Lieutenant-GoverpoTj 

required ;  that,  as  one  measure  for  the  end  sought,  Thomas  M.  Field  ;  for  Secretary  of  btate,  J  .  S* 

we  demand  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver,  Wheeler ;  for  State  Treasurer,  Nelson  Hallock:  i 

BO  that  the  owners  of  bullion  may  at  pleasure  have  for  State  Auditor,  John  H.  Harrison;  for    At- 

It  coined  into  standard  silver  dollars  at  the  mmts  of  tor ney- General,  Caldwell  Teaman. 

the  United  States,  and,  without  further  interference         JrC^  «       ui*    ^*"** " ''"  *  ^***"™ 

upon  the  part  of  the  Government,  circulate  the  The  Kepubhcan  State  Convention  aasemble^^ 

same  in  the  channels  of  timde  and  commerce ;  and  ftt  Denver  on  August  Yth,  and  was  orgaxi  izcK 


OOLOBADp.  109 

br  the  choice  of  James  P.  Maxwell  as  chair-  and  advantage,  ia  aid  of  the  conBtruotion  of  irrigat- 

man.    The  f ollowini?  platform  was  adopted :  ^nfif  ditches  and  highways  through  the  mineral  re- 

®  *^                             *^  gions  of  the  State. 

The  Repnblioans  of  Colorado,  in  convention  as-  11.  That  we  accept  the  resumption  of  specie  paj- 

sembled,  do  hereby  declare  and  resolve :  ments  as  practically  acoomnliBhed,  and   denounce 

I.  TiiAt  the  American  people  are  one  people ;  that  the  fraudulent  practices  of  tne  Democratic  party  in 

the  American  States  are  a  nation,  the  sovereignty  of  now  making  war  on  the  resumption  of  specie  pav- 

vhoee  Qovemment  is  supreme.  meats,  after  declaring,  in  1872  and  1876,  that  toe 

S.  We  demand  the  equality  of  all  men  before  the  same  ought  to  be  brought  about  at  the  earliest  prac- 

\v9j  that  equal  justice  shall  be  done  to  all,  and  es-  tioableperiod. 

p«cial  privileges  conferred  on  none.  12.  That  the  army  and  navy^  of  the  nation  have 

S.  That  in  the  present  financial  condition  of  the  earned  for  themselves  the  admiration  and  gratitude 

country  and  the  Government,  no  subsidies  in  money,  of  everr  true  and  patriotic  citi2en,  and  that  they 

bonds,  public  lands,  endorsement,  or  pledges  of  the  should  oe  maintained  in  efficiency,  and  in  such  force 

pabUe  credit,  should  be  granted  bv  Congress  to  asso-  as  to  protect  the  nation  from  attack  without,  and 

cotiona  or  corporations  engaged  in  private  enter-  from  commotion,  treason^and  rebellion  within ;  and 

piuea^  and  that  atrict  economy  is  demanded  in  the  we  condemn  the  present  Democratic  House  in  seek- 

idminiatration  of  public  afEairs,  both  State  and  na-  ing  to  destroy  the  efficiency  of  both,  especially  while 

Uoad.  our  brethren  and  their  wives  and  children  are  being 

1  That  it  LB  the  primary  and  saored  dutj  of  the  ruthlessly  murdered  by  savages  in  the  northwestern 

Bstionxl  Qovemment  to  protect  and  maintain  every  territory  of  the  nation. 

eittxen  in  all  his  civil,  political,  and  publid  rights;  18.  Inasmuch  as  the  production  of  gold  and  silver 

•ad  until  thia  principle  of  the  Constitution  is  oneer-  constitutes  one  of  the  great  industries  of  our  country, 

folly  obeyed,  and,  if  need  be,  vigorously  enforced,  and  we  are  largely  interested  in  everything  which 

tkd  work  of  the  Republican  puty  is  unfinished,  increases  the  demand  therefor,  we  declare  it  to  be 

The  Bapnblioan  partv  is  committed  to  unremitting  the  duty  of  the  Gkneral  Qovemment  to  increase  the 

tHhrtt  to  Moure  all  the  legitimate  beneficial  results  coina^je  of  the  precious  metals ;  and  especiallv  de- 

of  the  lata  civil  war,  the  sovereignty  of  the  Union,  dare  it  to  be  the  duty  of  Congress,  without  aelay, 

^qaai  righta  for  all  citizens,  untrammeled  suflhiffe,  to  estabUsh  one  or  more  coinage  mints  in  Colorado, 

•ad  the  redemption  of  eveiy  pledge  made  by  the  whereby  the  production  of  our  own  mines  can  be 

i9«v«nuneQt  to  those  who  furnished  the  means  or  put  into  circulation  here,  without  the  expense  and 

give  their  services  to  save  the  Union.  annoyance  of  first  shipping  our  btdlion  east  for  coin- 

S.  ThAt  we  reoognixe  the  fact  that  while  in  Colo-  age  and  then  back  again  for  use. 

ndo,  on  aeoount  of  its  peculiar  industry,  labor  is  14.  That  we  view  with  alarm  the  growing  tenden- 

wail  rewarded,  and  the  laborer  still  found  **  worthy  cv  of  great  and  powerfhl  corporations  to  consolidate 

of  his  hire,"  yet  in  many  other  sections  of  the  coun-  their  capital  and  influence,  in  order  to  shut  out  com- 

tryaUbranohesofindustrr— manufacturing,  mechan-  petition  on  the  great  lines  of  trade  and  travel,  and 

ial,  and  mining — are  at  this  time  greatly  aepressed ;  thus  leave  the  people  at  the  mero^  of  merciless  spec- 

ud  we  deprecate  any  legislation  that  m  its  nature  ulators  and  unscrapulous  but  aspirinff  politicians. 

Bast  fhrther  nnaettle  values  and  bring  the  labor  of  16.  That  we  also  view  with  alarm  tne  action  of  the 


p>rts,  we  demand  such  duties  on  those  imports  as  dorsement  of  the  people  of  his  district.    We  declare 

fksii  afford  the  greatest  protection  to  American  labor  the  act  a  gross  outrage  upon  a  free  people,  subversive 

v.d  prodncttona,  yet  not  be  a  burden  on  the  con-  of  the  fundamental  principle  of  a  popular  ^ovem- 

•tsaer.  ment ;  an  act  done  in  violation  of  nffht,  justice,  and 

i.  lliat  the  General  Government  should  provide  law,  in  a  partisan  spirit,  to  accomplisn  partisan  ends. 

lad  be  responsible  for  honest  national  money,  suf-  and  one  which  can  not  be  too  severeljr  condemnea 

£ei«st  for  aU  the  leffitimate  needs  of  the  country,  by  everv  honorable  man,  by  every  patriot  and  every 

vish  gold,  silver,  ana  paper  equal  in  value,  and  alike  lover  or  popular  institutions. 

receivable  for  all  debts,  public  and  private.    The  in-  16.  That  Thomas  H.  Patterson,  by  becoming  a 

tr-met  b— ring  debt  of  the  nation  should  be  as  soon  partv  to  this  great  firaud  and  outrage  perpetrated  np- 

u  ^MBtbl*  reconverted  into  a  popular  loan,  repre-  on  the  people,  and  in  accepting  a  seat  in  the  House 

te^ed  b^  sDoall  bonds,  or  notes  within  the  reach  of  at  the  hands  of  an  unscrupulous  and  partisan  nu^oritr 

tTcry  ritixen.          •  in  that  body  to  which  he  was  in  no  sense  entitled, 

7.  That  the  national  honor  and  credit  alike  de-  and  against  the  expressed  wish  of  the  people  of  Colo- 

aaad  that  the  national  debt  be  held  sacred,  to  be  rado,  iias  forfeited  their  respect  and  confidence,  and 

y»ii  as  agreed  upon  at  the  time  such  debt  was  con-  has  well  earned  for  himself  the  contempt  of  all  honor 

z^cte*!.  able  and  high-minded  men. 

;.  That  we  approve  of  the  action  of  the  Republi-  17.  That  we  commend  to  our  State  government 

'.ts  Senate  in  attempting  to  make  greenbacks  re-  bur  system  of  f^ee  schools,  and  all  our  educational 

.rirable  in  payment  of  Government  dues,  and  we  interests,  which  should  be  preserved,  fostered,  and 

L:&>iiQee  the  action  in  the  Democratic  House  in  de-  built  up  with  a  faithfhl  care  and  a  generous  hber- 

'iida^th^X  measure.  ality. 

}.  Thflt  while  we  demand  rigid  economjr  on  the  18.  That  the  legislation  of  the  nation  should  be 

^-t  of  the  Ooveroment,  both  State  and  national,  in  such  as  to  promote  both  the  interests  of  capital  and 

*««ir  expenditures,  and  such  reduction  of  taxation  labor;  that  we  are  opposed  to  sumptuary  laws  and 

i-Bay  be  consistent  therewith,  we  denounce  the  laws  in  the  interest  of  any  special  class,  and  demand 

ft^'^a"  of  the  Democratic  House  of  Bepresentatives  thatleoislationbeintheinterestof  the  whole  people. 

.a  vitbholding  proper  and  neoessarv  appropriations  19.  That  we  protest  agunst  the  payment  by  the 

z  itr  the  specioas  cry  of  **  economy  "  and  **  reform,"  national  <jk)vemment  of  the 


le  millions  of  rebel  claims 

'Jl9  great  inconvenience  and  detriment  of  the  ser-  alreadv  presented,  and  the  billions  more  to  be  pre- 

"■^r.  as  the  veriest  claptrap,  conclusively  proved  by  sented,  if  a  precedent  is  once  established  by  the 

j>  aiakiJif^  good  the  deficits  in  a  succeeding  Con-  payment  of  one  dollar  of  these  claims — claims  that 

T-trnhj  defteienoy  bills,  a  pieoe  of  trickery  unwor-  are  at  once  illegal,  presumptuous,  and  impudent. 

..r  the  leffialtt^on  of  a  great  and  free  countnr.  20.  Lastly,  we  affirm  our  nnfalterinflr  futh  in  the 

n.  That   the  arid  landa  of  Colorado,  like  the  principles,  the  patriotism,  and  the  political  honesty 

r»i^r>A3knd»  of  other  States,  should  be  donated  bv  of  the  Republican  par^,  and  in  its  preeminent  fit- 

'■<-  <>«oerml  Oovemment  to  the  State,  for  its  benefit  nets  over  aU  other  parties  to  administer  the  govern- 


110  COLORADO. 

mant  of  both  the  State  and  the  nation  wisely  and  the  Constitntion,  and  to  be  fixed  hj  said  Constitn- 

well;  and  in  OTidenoe  thereof,  we  hereby  pledge  our*  tional  Convention;  and  till  such  State  officers  are 

selves  to  do  our  utmost  both  to  advance  its  principles  elected  and  qualified  under  the  provisions  of  the 

and  elect  its  nominees.  Constitution,  the  Territorial  officers  shall  continue  to 

21.  That  in  Governor  Boutt  the  Convention  reco^  discharge  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices, 
nizes  an  executive  who  has  faithfully,  honestly,  and 

well  dischaived  the  duties  imposed  on  him,  ana  has  In  the  month  of  August,  1876,  Colorado  was 

thus  gained  Tor  Wrnsetf  what  thU  Convention  cheer-  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State.    Upon  the 

of  ttete  ol  tMS^!""*^"""  "^  ''•  "'^'*  third  day  of  October  of  that  year  a  Represen- 

tative  to  the  Forty-fourth  Congress  was  elect- 

The  nominations  were  as  follows :  for  Con-  ed,  and  at  the  same  time  votes  were  cast  for  a 

fress,  James  B.  Belford;  for  Governor,  F.  W.  Representative  for  the  Forty-fifth  Congress. 

Itkin ;   for  Lientenant-Govemor,  H.  A.  W.  Mr.  Belford  at  that  time  received  a  migority  of 

Tabor ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  M.  H.  Meldram ;  votes  thus  cast.    On  the  7th  day  of  November 

for  Treasurer,  U.  S.  Culver ;  for  Auditor,  £.  EL  of  the  same  year  an  election  was  held  in  the 

Stimson ;  for  Attorney-General,  C.  W.  Wright.  State  for  the  Forty-fifth  Congress,  at  which 

The  Greenback  State  Convention  assembled  Mr.  Patterson  received  a  majority  of  votes, 

at  Denver  on  August  14th ;  delegates  werepres-  Mr.  Belford  claimed  the  seat  by  virtue  of  the 

ent  from    fourteen  counties.     It   nominated  vote  oast  in  October.    Mr.  Patterson  claimed  it 

R.  G.  Buckingham  for  Governor,  P.  A«  Sim*  by  virtue  of  the  election  in  November.     The 

mons  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  J.  E.  Washburn  report  of  the  Committee  alleged  that  Novem- 

for  Secretary  of  State,  W.  D.  Amett  for  Trea-  ber  7, 1876,  was  the  day  fixed  by  law  for  the 

surer,  G.  W.  King  for  Auditor,  Alphens  Wright  election  of  a  Representative  in  the  Forty-fifth 

for  Attorney-General,  and Childs  for  Con-  Congress  from  Colorado.    This  was  under  the 

gress.  act  of  Congress  passed  Februarys,  1872.     The 

The  platform  arraigned  the  Democrats  for  their  report  of    three   members  alleged  that    Oc- 

advocacv  and  support  of  AMcan  slavery,  teaching  tober  8,  1876,  was  the  day.    This  was  tinder 

the  wild  and  cruel  phantasy  that  man  could  hold  the  enabling  act  and  the  State  Constitation. 

F»H?«?/f?'«?Jt°;«Pri^*il?2'"^^^^^   party  for  leris-  jjie  report  of  one  member  in  favor  of  declaring 

lation  in  the  interest  of  the  money  power;  demanded  „  „„™«„  „««  ^^a^  ^^  ^u^  ».^«.«;i  ♦v^*  *.2 

the  Usue  by  the  Government  of  absolute  paper  mon-  ?  vacancy  was  made  on  the  ground  that  by 

ey  as  a  full  le^ol  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and  lA^  ^o  day  was  fixed  on  which  a  member  of 

private,  in  suMciont  volume  for  the  entire  needs  of  Congress  could  have  been  elected  in  Colorado, 

trade,  and  in  payment  of  the  whole  of  the  interest-  Aft»r  a  debate  in  the  House  of  Representatives 

^^^i""^.  ^S^*^^'''^*°I'•®P"?^*"l?*^y*^*^^P^£,^®  a  resolution  was  adopted  on  December  13, 

without  the  intervention  of  banks  or  agents;  the  ?oit»r     •  •       ^       ^i    fru^        \r-D\l.         ' 

immediate  repeal  or  the  resumption  act  and  all  laws  ^^"7,  giving  the  seat  to  Thomas  M.  Patterson 

authorising  the  national  banks;  an  enactment  by  by  a  vote  of  yeas  116,  nays  110.     This  election 

Congress  prohibiting  any  further  issue  of  bonds,  of  member  of  Congress  was  also  regarded  as 

and  a  constitutional  amendment  making  such  issue  important,  as,  in  case  the  election  of  President 

imp^sible,  and  an  income  tax  on  all  incomes  above  ^  ^^qq  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^f  ^ep- 

'  *  .  .  resentatives,  the  vote  of  the  single  member 
The  election  in  October  was  the  second  one  from  Colorado  would  have  equal  weight  with 
held  for  the  choice  of  State  oflBcers.  Besides  that  of  the  thirty-three  from  New  York.  The 
these  officers,  a  member  of  Congress  and  mem-  result  of  the  State  election  was:  Belford,  14,- 
bersoftheStateLegislature  were  also  chosen.  294;  Patterson,  12,008;  Childs,  2,329.  Bel- 
Unusual  interest  was  awakened  in  the  Congres-  ford^s  plur^ity,  2,289. 

sional  election,  as  the  same  individuals  were  It  would  be  the  duty  of  the  new  Legislature 
candidates  as  at  the  previous  election,  and  a  to  elect  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate  in 
contest  had  been  raised  by  the  Democrat  as  the  place  of  Senator  Chaffee,  whose  term  would 
to  the  right  of  the  Republican  to  the  seat,  close  on  March  4, 1879.  The  total  number  of 
This  dispute  came  up  in  the  session  of  Congress  members  to  be  chosen  was  sixty-three;  twelve 
commencing  in  December,  1877.  The  con-  Senators  held  over,  of  whom  eight  were  Repub- 
testants  were  James  B.  Belford  and  Thomas  M.  licans  and  four  Democrats.  To  have  a  ma- 
Patterson.  The  question  was  referred  to  the  jority  in  the  Legislature,  it  was  necessary  for 
Committee  on  Elections,  a  majority  of  whom  the  Republicans  to  elect  thirty  of  the  new 
reported  in  favor  of  giving  the  seat  to  Mr.  Pat-  members.  In  like  manner,  for  the  Democrats 
terson,  three  reported  in  favor  of  Mr.  Belford,  to  have  a  minority,  it  was  necessary  for  them 
and  one  in  favor  of  declaring  a  vacancy.  The  to  elect  thirty-four  of  the  new  members.  The 
points  of  the  case  were  as  follows :  On  March  Democrats  elected  three  Senators  and  tenmem- 
8, 1875,  Congress  passed  an  act  to  enable  the  bers  of  the  House,  and  the  Nationals  one,  leav- 
people  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado  to  form  a  ing  the  Republicans  in  a  large  migority.  For 
State  Constitution.  This  act  contained  the  fol-  Regents  of  the  University  there  were  26,880 
lowing  section :  Republican  votes,  25,462  Democratic  votes, 
That  until  the  next  general  oenaua  said  State  shall  ana  2,886  Nationid  votes.  The  votes  for  other 
be  entitled  to  one  Representative  in  the  House  of  State  officers  are  canvassed  at  the  subsequent 
BepresentetiveB  of  the  United  States,  which  Repre-  „«„«j^„  ^p  xv^  t  a«;o1«*.,»^.  tk;*.  ^^^^m^t*^^»  ^r^ 
aentative,  together  with  the  Governor',  and  State^d  f^^»2°  of  the  Legislature.  This  commence*  on 
other  offlcera  provided  for  in  said  Constitution,  ahall  »^he  first  Wednesday  Of  January,  1879,  and  is 
be  eleoted  on  a  day  subsequent  to  the  adoption  of  limited  to  forty  days.    The  more  important 


COLORADO.  Ill 

lobjectB  to  be  considered  are  amendments  to  ▼©'»  on  December  5, 1878,  and  continued  in  sesBion 

the  ^CpdV'  wbich  has  cansed  very  general  %gS'2ht"^gnlarly  elected  office™  were  ae  foUowe, 

dissatisfaction,  tiie  qnestion  of  imgation,  the  y^  .  ^^^^^  ^f  q  ^^^  President ;  E.  O.  Tenney, 

wming  laws,  and  the  State  lands.     There  is  no  Vice-President ;  and  I.  L.  Bailey,  Secretary, 

matter  of  greater  or  more  immediate  importance  That  the  measures  adopted  were  carefully  contid- 

to  the  State  of  Colorado  than  that  of  irrigation.  «"d  and  thoroughly  discussed,  and  are  presented 

VeryKttle  can  be  raised  within  the  limits  of  w^exgrewmg  the  dehberate  convictions  of  your  me- 

tlie  State  withont  it    Circumstances  are  such  Ti^t  the  ri^ht  to  the  use  of  water  for  irrigation. 

»  to  render  agriculture  peculiarly  profitable  and  its  proper  and  equitable  distribution,  is  one  of 

there.    The  mines  continue  to  develop  with  the  most  important  subjects  that  can  occupy  the  time 

mcreasimr  richness  and  rapidity,  and  thereby  and  attention  of  your  honorable  body. 

I         ^L          *      A»           J       -L        •_•  That  the  present  and  future  welfare  of  our  affricul- 

hrpi  numbers  of  active  and  enterprising  per-  ^^^^  interests  depends  hirgely  upon  the  satisfactory 

fjns  are  attracted  to  become  settlers.     Works  adjustment  of  the  many  intricate  Questions  regarding 

for  the  treatment  of  ores  are  needed,  and  the  the  priority  of  rljght  to  the  use  or  water,  the  proper 

nnmber  of  consumers  will  increase  correspond-  settlement  of  which  increases  in  importance  with  the 

iturfy.    Thus  the  farmer  will  soon  have  a  mar-  increase  of  our  population.               ,    ,    ,, 

V  t  •* }%'            <1  *»»"*«*  wMi  ovv**  ui»T«  «»  tAM»  rj^^^  ^^^  following  resolutions  embody  the  sent!- 

Ktai ni9  own  aoor.                                 i.    ^  _.  nients  of  said  couTcntion,  and  your  momorialista 

.   The  crop  of  gram  of  1878  has  for  the  first  would  respectfully  request  your  careful  consideration 

Qme  been  sufficient  for  home  consumption,  and  adoption  of  the  same  m  the  enactment  of  laws 

The  only  lands  of  the  State  that  can  be  irri-  upon  irrigation :    ^^.^         ^,.o.«j 

ated  by  the  means  at  the  command  of  single  ^^^-^i  That  the  President  of  the  State  Board 

'  J- -J    1           ^^       v*     ^       ^               ^^  of  Agriculture   have  included  among  his   duties 

a4induals,  or  of  a  combination  of  farmers,  are  those  of  Commissioner  of  Irrigation,  and  that  the 

those  in  the  valleys  of  the  various  streams.  Secretary  of  said  Board  be  required  to  compile  and 

Bflt  those  lands  have  all  been  appropriated,  preserve  statistics  in  regard  to  irrigation  in  this 

Hence  the  development  of  the  agricultoral  re-  ^t^. ,    ,  _,,   ^  .,     ...     ,     , ,  ,      ..,,  .  .  . 

^^^^  ^#  4.^^  Cf  JT^^^  !.«-  .<>«^i«A^..  i?«»u  »rii:^i.  Besohed^  That  the  State  should  be  divided  mto 

»3/t«i  of  the  State  has  reached  a  limit  which  i^^tion  districts,  according  to  the  natural  courses 

It  can  not  pass  without  tne  aid  oi  organized  of  tne  streams,  and  that  commissioners  be  appointed 

capital.    The  extensive  area  of  now  arid  up-  for  the  several  districts. 

kids  that  is  of  no  value  except  for  the  feeding  Beaoh^dj  That  measures  should  be  taken  for  asoer- 

of  cattle  and  of  sheep  can,  by  irrigation,  be  *»f »«  and  perpetuating  «>eprioritv  of  the  right  of 

«..ji«          J  _*  11- \.A Js^J  j«    rn  ♦!. J  ^^  ditches,  individuals,  and  farms  to  the  use  or  water 

nade  wonderfully  productive  m   all  the  ce-  j^  each  irrigation  istrict,  and  also  to  measure  the 

r^,  and  thus  be  rendered  the  source  of  limit-  capacity  of  the  natural  slreams  in  the  State. 

les}  wealth.    The  only  irrigating  enterprises  of  SeioiMd.  That  a  commissioner  or  commissioners 

jv  extent  that  have  ever  been  undertaken  and  fo'  •«<*  of  the  several  water  districts  be  appointed 

c^ed  out  in  northern  Colorado  have  been  by  the  County  Commissioners,  one  from  each  ^^^^ 

.k  .   «  Av    /^     «vf*i«xv7i«  xyvmv  «  V     »*«     ««  ^^  which  the  water  district  is  situated:  and  that,  in 

.^at  of  the  Greeley  colony,  and  the  one  prose-  case  of  a  tie  on  a  question  of  disagreement,  the  DiB-» 

fzted  by  the  Colorado  Central  Railroad  men  trict  Commissioners  shall  choose  another  disinterest- 

h  Larimer  County.    The  result  of  the  former  ed  person  to  act  aa  one  of  their  number. 

ia?  been  the  reguhir  annual  production  of  value  ^  Awfwrf,  That  it  should  be  the  duty  of  the  District 

.rX^.%^4.  ««.-  *u«  .^^^^^  rJf  A  4iyv««:oi.{M»  »^A  Commissioners  to  collect  and  place  on  file,  in  the 

•-.icient  for  the  support  of  a  flonnshing  and  ^g^^^  ^f^^^  County  Clerks  ancT Becorders  of  their 

;r..fnngcity  of  two  or  three  thousand  inhab-  respective  counties  within  their  districts,  all  daU 

itiCtd.     The  latter  was  completed  in  the  f  aH  of  respecting  the  volume  of  water  in  the  natural  streams 

v»  Tear,  and  sufficient  time  has  not  elapsed  within  their  districts  as  far  as  ascertained  from  time 

•^  show  its  advantages.    It  has,  however,  al-  to  time,  also  the  date  of  construction,  the  date  of  all 

.L^.,        ll^iJrllmZl,  -^™«i?i.^«-««^  •««*«  enlargements,  the  capacity  at  time  of  construction, 

fedj  resulted  m  selling  several  thousand  acres  ^j,^  capacity  of  the  enlargements,  and  the  capacity 

of  rulroad  land.     The  increase  m  the  value  of  of  each  ditch  at  the  time  they  enter  upon  their  du- 

^productive  land  by  irrigating  ditches  is  es-  ties.    Also,  to  divide  the  water  among  the  ditches, 

r-sited  at  five  dollars  per  acre.     A  canal  a  individuals,  and  farms  respectively  in  accordance 

t^aJred  miles  long,  with  the  necessary  lateral  "^^^A*^®  prior  rights  a»  i«certained  by  these  data, 

-ii^  uAxivo  yv°^  WAV**  !«*«  «ww«»»»j    «w  «H  ^^^  ^    ^^^^  action  as  the  law  may  direct. 

>naches,    would  carry  the  water,  which  is  BtioUtd.  That  the  Commissioners  should  be  em- 

&«ncdant,  five  miles  on  each  side,  and  irrigate  powered,  in  the  discharffc  of  their  duties,  to  enter 

^*/iiX^  acres.  upon  the  premises  through  which  ditches  and  streams 

A  State  Convention  to  conMder  this  subject  '"?,.  ^  oflJ  for  persona  and  papers  to  administer 


through  three  days.    The  aggrieved  may  api 

r:*ilt  of  its   deliberations  was  expressed  in  missioners  to  the  l)istrict  Court. 

t*  folio  winir  memorial  to  the  State  Legis-  ^^fc«rf,  That  there  should  be  some  uniform  meth- 

-^                **                                     •^•'ow  Aj^^iar  ^  adopted  for  measuring  the  water  entering  the 

*  ^^^  -  diflTerent  ditches. 

r  thi  ffonaraJbU  the  General  AjuimUy  of  the  StaU  Bteoltftd^  That  there  is  urgent  need  for  legislation 

'  ^  Oolorad/^.  in  regard  to  simplifying  the  method  of  obtaining  the 

hrriMMwat :  Tour  memorialists  in  oonvention  aa-  right  of  way  for  irrigating  ditches. 

*  '■  M,  to  take  into  oonaideration  the  subject  of  JSwo^m^,  That  the  most  stringent  and  efficient  laws 
•"vrion,  oDa  of  BO  much  importance  to  the  whole  should  be  enacted  to  prevent  the  pollution  of  our 
'  *  vl?  of  Colorado,  would  respectAiUy  represent —  streams  and  ditches,  to  the  end  that  the  water  shall 

T  ji  said  oonvention  met,  in  pursuance  to  a  gen-  remain  pure  and  fit  for  household  uses. 

<>;  all  laaaed  through  the  press,  at  the  city  of  Cen-  BeeoUed^  That  the  subject  of  reservoira  and  the 


112 


OOLOBADO. 


■torage  of  water  when  it  ia  abundant,  for  nae  in  ae*- 
BODB  of  scarcity,  is  one  of  very  great  importance, 
and  should  be  encouraged  and  protected  by  oarefiil 
legialation. 

The  miniDg  interests  of  the  State  have  been 
greatly  developed  witliin  a  short  time.  Colo- 
rado is  now  the  third  State  of  the  Union  in  gold 
and  silver  production.  The  yield  of  1878  is 
estimated  at  $10,000,000.  The  mines  gave  a 
mnoh  larger  prodaction  and  higher  percentage 
in  1877  than  in  any  previous  year.  The  value 
of  gold  and  silver  exported  in  that  year,  to- 
gether with  a  small  amount  of  lead  and  cop- 
per, was  $7,696,771.60.     As  compared  with 


former  years,  the  yield  of  gold  and  silver  has 
been  as  follows : 


1872 $8,786,000 

18T8 4,070,000 

1674 0,862,000 


1875 $5,454,8S7  08 

1876 6,191,907  K 

18n 7,866,2888s 


The  total  yield  of  Colorado,  since  the  first 
discoveries  of  1859,  exceeds  $71,000,000,  of 
which  about  three  sevenths  came  from  Gilpin 
County.  The  following  table  shows  the  yield 
by  counties  and  sections  in  each  of  the  valu- 
able metals,  and  the  total  yield  of  each  meta] 
and  county.  But  little  copper  is  saved  from 
the  ores,  outside  of  those  treated  at  the  Boston 
and  Colorado  Smelting  Works : 


PBODUCnON  OF  OOLOBADO  UmSS  IN  ISH. 


COUNHSS. 

Gdd. 

SOtw. 

LMd. 

OOppCIa 

TetaL 

Gilpin 

$1,968,480  07 

96,600  00 

108,000  00 

866,729  48 

66,000  00 

89,000  00 

160,000  00 

105,000  00 

900,000  00 

$161,956  88 
1,984,077  91 
606,960  89 
994,609  86 
428,980  00 
860,081  84 
40,000  00 
987,479  69 

$1,000  00 

198,000  00 

10,000  00 

9,000  00 
76,400  00 

8,000  00 

8^666'o6 

$89,296  64 
8,000  00 
8)600  00 

$2,906,087  09 
9,906J^77  91 

Clear  Cr«ek 

Pirk 

788,499  89 

Bonlder 

098,S26  85 

Lake 

666,880  80 

Cnater. 

801,061  84 

^nnimH^ .................  . . .  ^ . .  *  ^ 

190,000  00 

The  San  Juan  country 

877,479  68 

All  other  Bonroee  and  localltiei. 

900,000  00 

Total 

$8,076,707  60 

$8,947,879  88 

$960,400  00 

$98,796  64 

$7,866^  68 

As  during  the  two  preceding  years,  Colora- 
do now  ranks  next  after  Nevada  and  California 
in  the  production  of  gold  and  silver,  leading 
Utah  nearly  a  million  dollars  in  those  metals. 
Every  county  or  section  shows  an  increase 
over  any  former  period  except  Summit,  which 
did  better  in  1876,  and  that  county  and  Lake 
in  the  earlier  years  of  Colorado,  when  their 
gulches  were  producing  bountifully  in  gold. 
'The  combined  product  of  gold,  silver,  and  lead 
from  these  ^unties  would,  it  was  estimated, 
foot  up  a  larger  sum  total  during  the  year  1878 
than  was  ever  obtained  before.  Boulder  County 
has  been  credited  with  a  larger  product  for 
1875  than  for  either  succeeding  year,  but  it  is 
said  that  the  figures  were  above  the  actual  out- 
put. The  yield  for  each  county  or  section  of 
Colorado  for  1875, 1876,  and  1877  is  given  as 
follows,  reduced  to  coin  or  gold  value : 


COUNTIES. 

isrft. 

isre. 

ISTT. 

Gilpin 

11,627,260  18 

1,721,817  77 

719,860  80 

664.069  26 

122,418  78 

296.108  8S 
104,258  62 

90,617  24 

198,076  20 

$2,105,544  78 

1,982,648  28 

650,044  84 

647,085  90 

850,000  00 

961,121  06 
90,900  00 

947,619  04 

60,000  00 

$2,208,087  00 

9,206,6n  91 

788,429  89 

Clear  Creek 

Park 

Boulder 

698,895  86 

Rilfnmit . 

190,000  00 
801.081  84 

Cuftter,  formerly  in 
Fremont 

Lake 

The  San  Juan  coun- 
try  

666,880  80 
8n,479  68 

Other  flonroes    and 
shipments. 

900,000  00 

Total 

$^448,876  18  $6,191,907  82 

$7,866,988  88 

A  multitude  of  distinct  lodes  and  veins  are 
worked  in  almost  every  county,  many  of  them 
constantly  and  others  at  intervals.  Their  pro- 
ductions vary  greatly,  some  having  produced 
almost  nothing  during  the  year,  others  a  few 
thousands,  and  from  such  sums  upward.  Some 
very  extensive  placer-mining  operations  have 


been  inaugurated,  supplied  with  many  miles 
of  ditches  and  flumeSi  and  with  little  Giant 
hydraulics.  The  figures  which  embrace  all 
the  returns  of  any  importance  of  gold  dust 
from  the  streams  and  gulches  of  Summit  Coun- 
ty represent  the  amount  at  $150,000.  The 
total  expense  of  getting  out  this  amoant,  ex- 
clusive of  permanent  improvements,  is  esti- 
mated at  only  40  per  cent,  leaving  60  per  cent, 
of  the  gross  receipts  as  net  gain.  The  average 
yield  per  cubic  yard  of  placer  ground  is  given 
at  25  cents. 

More  coal  was  mined  and  sold  in  1877^  than 
in  any  previous  year,  and  possibly  double  the 
usual  quantity.  The  estimates  of  the  amount 
of  the  total  output  vary  considerably.  It  is 
safe  to  say  that  about  200,000  tons  of  coal  were 
mined,  and  that  the  sales  footed  up  a  total  of 
$800,000  or  more.  Most  of  this  coal  came  from 
the  vicinities  of  Erie,  Canon  City,  and  £1  Moro 
or  Trinidad.  The  Golden  and  Cucharas  coeJ 
measures  were  also  quite  profitable.  Many  new 
deposits  have  lately  been  discovered  and  opened 
more  or  less :  among  them  are  several  veins  in 
Boulder,  Jefierson,  Park,  Ouray,  £1  Paso,  and 
elsewhere.  This  article  is  coming  into  very 
general  use  for  smelting,  milling,  mining,  and 
domestic  purposes. 

A  most  important  decision  relating  to  the 
side  lines  of  mines  was  delivered  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State  during  the  year.  It 
IS  the  first  that  has  ever  been  delivereid  on  the 
subject  The  case  is  entitled  Wolfly  and  Skin- 
ner ««.  Lebanon  Mining  Company,  being  an 
appeal  from  the  District  Court  of  Qear  Creek 
County,  in  an  action  of  ejectment  brought  to 
recover  possession  of  eight  hundred  feet  of  the 
Ben  Harding  lode.  The  Court  held  that  the 
title  of  the  plaintiff  was  founded  upon  the 


OOLOBADO.  113 

patent  granted  bj  act  of  Oongresa,  that  its    office  a  dia^fnon  of  the  same,  to  extended  laterally 
intention  waa  to  ffrant  a  lode,  and  that  the    ^^  otherwUe  a»  to  oooform  to  the  looal  laws,  oua- 


property  of  any  one  who  has  BobeeqnonUy  •joining  shall  be  sold  iubjijt  to  tU.  oondition. 

LXilt.    Ohilf  Justice  Thatcher  sai?:  JtdSTlS.'tt.SJj'S.^'.KTd^pft 

The  ddolamtion  oontuned  three  eonnta,  in  the  flrst  though  in  its  downward  trend  it  ia  carried  by  ita 

of  vhich  the  appellee  claimed  title  in  fee,  and  in  the  dipt,  angles,  and  variations  into  the  acHoinlng  land. 

s«oood  and  thtrd  he  claimed  title  by  preemption,  Here  is  a  departure  from  the  oommon-law  doctrine. 

oocapatioB,  posaesaion,  and  purohaae  under  and  by  The  qualifymg  words,  however,  **  to  any  depth," 

virtue  of  the  local  laws,  OQStom,  and  usages  of  miners  limit  the  cureotion  in  which  the  mine  may  be  pur- 

io  OriiliQ  Kining  District,  the  lawa  of  Colorado,  and  aued  beyond  the  side  lines.   The  claimant  is  required 

those  of  ths  United  States.   In  support  of  the  second  Io  file  in  the  land-ofBoe  a  diagram  of  hia  vein  or  lode. 

&nd  third  oounta,  much  evidence  was  introduced,  This  is  his  own  act.    The  law  contemplates  that 

vhiob,  however,  the  Court  charged  the  Jury  to  dii-  before  he  prenarea  his  diagram  he  shall  so  fiir  expose 

ngird  in  the  following  instructions :  and  develop  the  lode  aa  to  be  able  to  trace  ita  course. 

'*  After  the  iBsuing  of  the  patent,  all  previously  The  position  that  if  the  plat  made  by  the  surveyor 

aoqoired  rights  by  the  patentee  under  the  local  laws,  does  not  cover  the  lode,  the  patentee  should  be  per- 

oja^j  sodoustoma  of  the  particular  district  In  which  mitted  to  shift  the  lines  of  his  patent  so  aa  to  include 

the  okun  is  located,  are  merged  in  the  patent ;  and  the  lode,  which  he  before  through  his  ignorance  or 

the  plaintiff  having  put  in  evidence  a  patent  from  indolence  failed  to  locate,  ia,  it  is  conceived,  without 

the  United  States,  ^ou  must  not  consider  the  right  force.   The  error  is  not  the  mistake  of  a  government 

or  title  soquired  prior  to  the  issuing  of  the  patent,  officer,  but  the  mistake  of  a  claimant,  and  others 

inch  lifhts  bein^  merged  in  the  patent."  ought  not  to  be  permitted  to  suffer  by  it.    It  is  not 

Wheuier  this  instruction  correctly  laya  down  the  the  province  of  the  surveyor  to  either  discover  or 

Iav  we  need  not  now  decide.    It  ooiud  not  prejudice  determine  the  course  of  the  vein.    He  acts  under 

the  defendant.    It  ia  enough  to  say  th^t  by  this  in-  the  directions  of  the  claimant  of  the  mine,  who  haa 

itmction  the  jury  were  necessarily  confined  to  the  already  furnished  a  diagram  of  his  lode.    Uis  duties 

iuoe  made  upon  the  first  count.    By  their  verdict  are  to  survey  the  located  premises,  and  make  a  plat 

thej  foand  that  the  plaintiff  waa  the  owner  in  fee  thereof,  endorsed  with  his  approval,  disignatinff  the 

of  the  property  described  In  the  declaration.    Thia  number  and  description  of  the  location,  the  value  of 

verdict  was  responsive  only  to  the  fint  count.  the  labor  and  improvements^  and  the  character  of 

The  evidence  tended  to  show  that  the  Ben  Hard-  the  vein  exposed.    (See  section  8.)    However  toi^ 

ing  lode  in  its  general  course  or  strike  departed  from  tuous  might  be  the  course  of  the  lode,  the  claimant 

the  vertical  side  lines  of  the  location  described  in  had  a  perfect  right  to  follow  it  up  and  prepare  hia 

the  patent,  and  represented  bv  the  plat  incorporated  diagram  so  as  to  include  It,  together  with  the  aurface 

therein,  end  entered  the  Bell  tunnel  lode  location,  ground  on  each  side  thereof  allowed  by  local  laws. 

vhioh  was  patented  under  the  act  of  Congrees  of  There  is  no  language  in  the  act  that  requirea  the 

Mij  10,  ▲.  D.  187S.    That  the  plaintiff  had  the  right  diagram  to  be  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram  or  in 

to  so  follow  the  patented  lode  was  affirmed  in  the  any  other  particular  form. 

instractions  of  the  Court.    Upon  this  theory  the  caae  From  an  examination  of  the  entire  act  it  seems  to 

vit  tried.    To  determine  ita  correctness,  reference  us  that  the  central  idea  of  a  mininff  location  under 

mast  be  bad  to  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  26, 1866,  ita  provisions  is.  that  there  muat  be  a  diacovered 

onder  which  the  Ben  Harding  lode  was  patented.  lode  within  it  whose  locus  in  its  general  course  ia 

At  common  law  a  grant  of  land  carries  with  it  all  embraced  within  its  boundariea. 

thet  lies  beneath  the  aurface  down  to  the  center  of  An  assumed  mining  location,  which,  in  fhct,  oon- 

the  earth.  At  hia  pleasure  the  owner  of  the  soil  may  tains  no  mine,  would  be  wholly  falae,  and  would 

^plyto  his  own  purposea  whatever  ia  included  in  contravene  the  law.    Until  a  patent  iasnes,  to  the 

tae  eej^ent  of  the  earth  carved  out  by  hia  descend-  extent  only  in  ita  downward  course  that  a  discov* 

iogexterior  boundary  linee.   Says  Sir  William  Black*  ered  lode  ia  within  the  preacribed  exterior  boun- 

■t)oe  (book  U.,  page  18),  Cf^ffu  €d  aolwn,  ^ut  td  utqu4  dariea  of  the  claim,  ia  the  location  itself  unassail- 

^ieoMMii,  ia  the  maxim  of  the  law.    Upward,  there-  able.     Patterson  tit.  Hitchcock  decided  this  term. 

fore,  no  man  may  erect  anv  building  or  the  like  to  The  surface  ground  and  the  lode  are  not  indepen- 

overhang  other  land ;  and  aownwara.  whatever  is  in  dent  grants.    It  is  not  the  purpose  of  the  act  to  gnni 

I  direot line,  between  tlie  surface  of  any  land  and  surface  ffround  without  a  discovered  ledge.    The 

the  center  of  the  earth,  belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  lode  is  tne  principal  thing,  and  the  surface  ground 

wfioe,  aa  ia  every  day's  experience  in  the  mining  incident  thereto.     In  conveying  a  scjnnent  of  the 

eonntries.  earth  located  under  the  provisions  of  the  act,  itia 

B/  the  mlea  of  the  oommon  law,  except  ao  far  aa  the  intention  of  Congress  to  convey  a  mine  contained 

nch  rales  have  been  modified  by  statute,  must  the  within  that  aegment  as  the  substance  of  the  grant. 

sTtent  of  the  plaintiff'a  patented  grant  be  determined.  The  act  appeals  to  the  industry  and  enterprise  of 

Tbtt  there  may,  however,  be  a  grant  of  mineral  sep-  the  miner,  to  make  sure  that  the  lode  Le  within  hia 

ante  from  the  grant  of  the  oircon^aoent  land,  and  location.    The  higher  his  diligence  in  this  respect, 

tioi  tern,  where  the  grantor  manifestly  intends  that  the  greater  will  be  his  reward.    If  bv  lack  of  aasidu- 

e«h  shall  form  a  distinct  possession  and  different  ity  and  energy  he  makes  an  untme  location — a  looa- 

taheritaooe,  adroita  of  no  doubt.    The  question  re*  tion  not  embracing  the  lode  he  aeeka  to  aecure— he 

cm,  What  did  Congreaa,  by  ita  declared  will  in  the  can  not  be  heard  to  complain  that  others  have  ex- 

vi  of  1866,  authoiise  the  United  States  to  grant  f  In  plored  and  discovered  a  lode  thereon  which  might 

t'i«  iifht  of  a  just  interpretation  of  this  act  must  the  liave  been  embraoed  in  his  diagram.    If,  aa  the  evi- 

Ben  Harding  patent  be  construed.    If  the  patent  is  dence  tends  to  show,  the  Bell  tunnel  lode  ia  a  oon- 

hroader  than  the  law,  it  is  to  that  extent  ineffectual,  tinuation  of  the  Ben  Harding  lode  (after  its  depar- 

Bised  upon  the  statute,  ita  validity,  and  the  extent  ture  ttom  the  vertical  side  lines),  extending  through 

to  vhieb  it  operates  aa  a  conveyance,  muat  be  deter-  the  a^jaoent  location,  upon  what  principle  of  justice 

Buoed  by  reference  to  the  statute.  or  law,  in  the  absence  or  an  express  statutory  provi- 

Section  S  provides  that  it  ahall  be  lawful  for  the  sion,  can  the  patentee  of  the  lode  laat  named  claim 

cUimant  of  a  vein  or  lode  **  to  file  in  the  local  land-  the  right  to  encroach  upon  premiaea  embraced  by 

YokXTm. — 8    A 


Hi  COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  Bell  tunnel  lode  location  and  deprive  the  owner  is  evidence  that  the  anntia]  increment  of  nft- 

thereof  of  the  fruits  of  his  discovery  I  tioniJ  capital  has  at  no  epoch  been  greater 

The  Chief  Justice  thus  concludes :  rektively  to  the  iminber  of  the  iIlhabitan^ 

nor  probably  as  great,  as  at  the  present  time. 

If,  then,  as  the  evidence  tends  to  show,  the  ledff  eon  Jq  igjQ  the  total  national  wealth,  in  real  and 

which  the  Ben  Harding  lode  was  Wted  deflected  i^  personal  property,  was  estimated  at  $771  per 

Its  general  stnke  from  the  patented  side  hues,  the  *^     ,,         ^    *^  aoa  aaa  aaa  nnn^ •«-♦  aih  aaa 

patentee  is  not  entitled  in  virtue  of  his  patent  to  its  capita,  or  over  $80,0<K),000,000  against  $16,000,- 

possessionbeyondthesidelines,  asaffainstone  who  000,000  in  1860,  and  $7,000,000,000  m  1850. 

has  subsequently  located  and  patented  it.  It  must  now  aggregate,  measured  by  the  inade- 

Judgment  reversed,  and  cause  remanded  for  fur-  qj^^iq  standard  of  a  money  valuation,  over  $40,- 

ther  proceedings  not  inconsistent  With  this  opinion.  5oO,000,000.    The  increase  in  the  aggregate  an- 

The  enabling  act  of  Congress  under  which  nual  productions  of  all  manufacturing  industries 

the  State  government  was  organized  granted  between  1860  and  1869  is  estimated  to  have 

for  school  purposes  8,750,000  acres  of  land,  been  from  $3,804,000,000  to  $6,825,000,000. 

The  State  Superintendent  of  Schools,  who  has  Since  the  latter  date  industrial  production  has 

examined  this  land,  reports  that  the  State  will  passed  through  a  period  of  unprecedented  stlm- 

not  realize  more  than  100,000  acres  in  lands  ulation  and  extension,  followed  by  one  of  falling 

that  have  any  value,  except  a  nominal  one  for  prices  and  consequent  distress  and  anxiety;  but, 

grazing  purposes.  in  spite  of  a  temporary  retardation  in  certain 

In  the  State  penitentiary  there  are  146  pris-  branches,  the  aggregate  production  has  with- 

oners.    In  Apnl,  1877,  there  were  only  84.  out  doubt  increased  steadily,  in  spite  of  the 

The  expenses  of  the  prison  have  been  $65,917,  falling  market,  with  prices  declining  80  per  cent 

and  the  earnings  $8,522.  or  more  on  the  average.    The  export  demand 

The  State  has  idready  become  famous  for  its  has  given  an  unusual  impetus  to  agricultural 

mineral  springs,  and  for  the  purity  and  healthi-  production,  and  the  financial  condition  of  the 

ness  of  its  atmosphere.    It  has  also  become  a  country  to  industrial  and  mining  activity.    The 

great  resort  for  invalids,  especially  those  with  official  returns  of  agricultural  statistics  sLow 

lung  diseases.  a  larger  increment  of  agricultural  wealth,  and 

COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNI-  a  greater  increase  of  productivity,  in  the  seven 

TED  STATES.    Of  the  internal  commerce  of  years  from  1870  to  1877  than  in  the  ten  years 

the  United  States  no  comprehensive  statistical  of  great  business  activity  between  1860  and 

account  is  officially  taken,  by  which  the  growth  1870.     The  area  under  cultivation  was   in- 

of  the  productive  and  mercantile  activity  of  creased  during  the  seven  years  80,000,000  acres, 

the  country  can  be  accurately  determined.  The  or  from  90,000,000  acres  in  1870  to  120,000,- 

extent  of  the  traffic  which  is  carried  on  within  000  acres  in  1877.    The  increase  in  the  aggre- 

the  borders  of  the  republic  can  be  approxi-  gate  stocks  of  farm  products  during  the  same 

mately  estimated  from  the  amounts  of  mer-  period  was  as  follows :  in  the  number  of  horses, 

ohandise  conveyed  over  the  various  railroads,  from  7,145,870  in  1870  to  10,829,700  in  1877; 

The  value  of  commodities  transported  by  rail  of  mules,  from  1,125,415  to  1,687,500;  of  milch 

in  the  interior  of  the  United  States  was  esti-  kine,  from  8,985,882  to  11,800,100;  of  oxen 

mated  by  Joseph  Nimmo,  of  the  Bureau  of  Sta-  and  cattle,  from  14,885,276  to  19,228,300  ;  of 

tistics,  for  the  year  1875-76,  at  $18,000,000,-  sheep,  from  28,477,951  to  85,740,500 ;  of  swine, 

000,  or  about  16  times  greater  than  the  total  from  25,184,569  to  82,262,500 ;  in  the  produc- 

foreign  commerce  of  that  year,  which  amounted  tion  of  wheat,  from  285,884,700  to  860,000,000 

to  $1,121,684,277.    The  capitalized  value  of  the  bushels ;  of  com,  from  1,094,255,000  to  1,840,- 

railroads  of  the  country  was  $4,600,000,000,  or  000,000  bushels;  of  oats,  from  247,277,400  to 

28  times  the  capital  employed  in  all  the  ship-  405,200,000  bushels;  of  barley,  from  26,295,400 

ping,  American  and  foreign,  engaged  in  the  to  85,600,000  bushels ;  of  rye,  from  15,478,600 

foreign  trade  of  the  United  States.    The  value  to  22,100,000  bushels;  of  tobacco,  from  250,- 

of  the  merchandise  transported  from  point  to  628,000  to  480,000,000  lbs. ;  of  buckwheat,  from 

point  in  the  United  States,  coastwise  and  on  9,841,600  to  10,500,000  bushels ;  of  hay,  from 

the  lakes,  rivers,  and  other  avenues  of  com-  24,525,000  to  81,600,000  tons.    The  produc- 

merce,  would  probably  amount  to  near  $10,000,-  tion  of  other  raw  materials  increased  in  a  simi- 

000,000  more.    The  internal  traffic  between  lar  progression.    The  cotton-growing  industry 

different  points,  probably  25  times  greater  in  has  been  steadily  growing,  and  produced   a 

value  than  the  total  foreign  trade,  exceeds  it  larger  crop  in  1877  than  in  any  other  year  since 

in  bulk  in  a  far  greater  proportion ;  its  tonnage  the  civil  war.    The  aggregate  mining  products 

is  not  likely  to  be  less  than  100  times  that  of  have  kept  pace  with  agricultural  development, 

the  total  imports  and  exports.  The  output  of  the  coal  mines  was  47,000,000 

While  the  vacant  lands  of  the  country  have  tons  in  1877,  against  29,000,000  tons  in  1870. 
been  nearly  all  occupied,  and  nearly  all  the       The  directions  in  which  American  industry 

natural  sources  of  wealth,  as  far  as  they  are  is  developing  can  be  best  seen  in  the  absence 

known,  are  being  exploited,  there  is  yet  no  of  comprehensive  data  of  the  internal  trade  and 

tendency  apparent  toward  that  condition  of  production  of  the  country,  by  comparing  the 

economical    equilibrium   where   consumption  tables  of  exports  and  imports  through  a  series 

balances  production.    On  the  contrary,  there  of  years,  and  noting  the  classes  of  articles  of 


OOMMEROE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  116 

roosamptjon  the  importation  of  which  has  oon-  falling  off  of  exports  in  many  of  the  leading 
sdcnbljr  decreased,  and  the  classes  of  exported  manuiactiired  articles.    It  has  heen  estimated 
products  whose  qoantities  and  valaes  have  re-  that  the  exports  of  finished  manufactures  during 
mrhhlj  augmented,    lliat  agricultural  pro-  the  ten  years  preceding  the  war,  1851-1860, 
dnction  bss  increased  within  the  last  few  years  formed  18 '8  per  cent,  of  the  total  value  of  ex- 
inore  rapidly  than  Industrial  is  perfectly  natn-  ports ;  hut  that  during  the  ten  years  following 
fi!,from  the  opening  of  avenues  of  transpor-  the  war,  1866-'76,  they  formed  hut^lO'S  per 
uiion  commamcating  with  immense  tracts  of  cent,  of  the  aggregate  exports.    This  is  sufS- 
fertile  lands,  which  were  before  shut  out  from  ciently  explained  by  the  increased  facilities  for 
all  markets,  but  which  can  now  lay  down  their  exporting  the  products  of  the  soil.    The  growth 
prodQCts  with  facility  in  any  mart  on  the  globe  of  industrial  production  is  shown  by  the  rapid 
wbere  there  is  a  demand  for  them.    The  length  displacement  of  imported   manufactures   by 
of  D6W  railroads  constructed  during  the  ten  home-made  goods,  which  has  gone  on  steadily 
jtiirs  from  1868  to  1877  inclusive  was  about  since  the  civil  war,  and  stiU  more  rapidly  dor- 
I.'.'jOO  miles.  ing  the  last  three  or  four  years,  although  the 
Cooperating  with  the  increased  facilities  for  decrease  of  imports  in  those  years  is  attribu- 
lurketiiig  the  natural  products  of  the  country  table  in  a  consiaerable  degree  to  the  diminished 
im&i  ifl  a  powerful  stimulant,  or  rather  ne-  capacity  for  consumption,  just  as  no  small  por- 
cttaitjr,  for  exporting  the  productions  which  tion  of  the  large  importations  of  the  specula- 
-re  most  available  for  that  purpose,  and  for  tive  period  preceding  them,  which  gave  in  one 
?r.eoding  the  branches  of  production  which  year  an  adverse  balance  of  $180,000,000,  was 
"^od  the  readiest  market  in  the  great  commer-  attributable  to  over-stimulated  and  luxurious 
cjI  nations.    This  necessity  consists  in  the  consumption  during  that  sanguine  and  debt- 
Rat  mass  of  indebtedness  which  is  owing  in  making  epoch. 

ciiii  coantry  to  Enropean  capitalists,  which  is  According  to  the  returns  of  the  last  census. 

tii«  chief  cause  and  explanation  of  the  large  the  manufactures  of  the  United  States  inoreasea 

ud  still  growing  balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  in  the  quantity  of  the  annual  product  52  per 

*ht  Uoit^  States.    For  the  last  three  years  cent,  during  the  ten  years  from  1860  to  1870, 

ti:e  excess  of  exports  over  imports  has  been  while  the  increase  in  population  during  the 

verr  Urge,  and  has  increased  in  a  remarkable  same  period  was  only  22*2  per  cent.    The  value 

progression,  while  every  other  large  commer-  of  the  yearly  manufactured  product  was  re- 

cial  nation  has  in  the  same  period  complained  ported  in  1850  as  averaging  $44  per  head  of 

of  tn  adverse  balance.    While  vast  debts,  pub-  the  population,  and  in  1860  at  $65  per  head. 

ir,  corporate,  and  private,  are  owed  in  Eng-  In  1870  it  was  returned  as  $128  per  head,  and, 

Ud  and  other  foreign  countries,  there  exists  making  allowance  for  the  inflation  of  .prices, 

tnu^et  ready-made  for  the  surplus  products  must  have  amounted  to  something  near  $100 

ot*  the  United  States  at  better  rates  than  could  on  the  former  basis  of  values.    Since  1870  the 

otherwise  be  obtuned,  and  a  stimulus  and  ne-  productive  industries  of  the  United  States  must 

^saty  for  creating  an  exportable  surplus  of  nave  developed  with  equal  or  greater  rapidity, 

ti  commodities  of  which  the  creditor  ooun-  and,  judging  by  the  returns  of  imports  and 

^ea,  or  those  connected  with  them  by  intimate  exports,  are  capable  of  supplying  the  country 

^•jmmercia]  intercourse,  stand  most  in  need,  with  most  of  the  great  staples  of  manufacture, 

A  large  exportation  of  grain  and  provisions  is  and  even  of  marketing  some  classes  of  staple 

^i^(:GMrj  to  pay  for  the  very  railroads  which  products  and  many  well-wrought  and  inge- 

briog  them  to  the  seaboard,  a  good  number  of  niously  devised  American  specialties  in  coun- 

vMch  were  bnilt  during  the  speculative  period  tries  from  which  a  few  years  ago  the  same 

^>m  1869  to  1878,  to  a  great  extent  with  oapi-  classes  of  goods  were  imported.    During  the 

ul  borrowed  abroad,  and  with  rails  in  great  period  which  preceded  the  late  season  of  in- 

;vt  imported  at  doable  the  present  prices  of  dustrial  depression,  when  all  departments  ot 

njL    the  excess  of  exports  over  imports  enterprise  were  excited  to  an  extraordinary 

ix^anted  in  the  year  ending  June  80, 1876,  state  of  activity,  the  industrial  facilities  of  the 

*"  $79,64^481.    In  1877  it  had  increaised  to  country  were  extended  with  unreasonable  ra- 

*i>I,152,094.    In  the  year  1877-'78  it  reached  pidity.    During  the  four  years  from  1870  to 

•'«  fum  of  $257,814,284,  and  had  increased  by  1874  the  number  of  spindles  employed  in  mill- 

^'ceod  of  October  at  such  a  rate  that,  were  Ing  cotton  were  increased  ftom  7,114,000  to 

'-^  exports  and  imports  the  same  for  the  rest  9,415,883,  or  about  83  per  cent.    A  similar 

-'the  year  as  in  1877-78,  the  balance  of  trade  extenrion  of  the  plants  was  made  in  several 

'  r]S79  would  be  over  ^ee  hundred  millions ;  other  industries.   This  extension  of  productive 

!ct  the  earlier  movement  of  the  grain  crop  of  capacity  was  out  of  all  proportion  to  any  possi- 

hT9  should  be  considered  in  the  calculation.  ble  increase  of  consumptive  powers  or  extension 

iitboogh  the  exportation  of  agricultural  and  of  the  foreign  markets,  ana  must  be  followed 

^-^T  raw  products  has,  from  natural  causes,  by  a  season  of  reaction  and  retardation.    The 

'J^tirelj  increased  over  that  of  manufacturea  number  of  spindles  in  1878  is  reported  at  about 

;viacts,  the  fact  that  the  manufacturing  in-  10,500,000.    That  the  hopes  of  the  buoyant 

«<ries  have  developed  in  a  scarcely  less  re-  period  of  overwrought  activity  were  not  wholly 

askable  manner  is  shown  by  the  enormous  misplaced,  and  that  the  efforts  then  made  will 


116 


COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


nltimateljr  bear  rich  fruit,  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  the  ootton-manafactaring  industry  to-day 
is  probably  in  a  better  condition  than  in  any 
other  country,  the  lOi  million  spindles  con- 
suming nearly  twice  as  much  cotton  each  as 
the  89i  million  spindles  of  Great  Britain,  as 
they  are  kept  busier  than  those  of  England  or 
the  Continent ;  and  the  exports  of  cotton  doth 
have  increased  from  less  than  18,000,000  yards 
in  1874  to  over  126,000,000  yards  in  1878,  or 
from  $8,000,000  to  nearly  $11,500,000^  at  the 
same  time  that  the  Lancashire  product  is  being 
slowly  dislodged  from  all  its  chief  foreign  mar- 
kets, of  which  it  has  hitherto  held  the  undis- 
puted monopoly.  Comparing  the  imports  and 
ezp<Ht8  of  cotton  manufactures  in  1878  with 
those  of  1878,  there  is  found  an  increase  in  the 
exports  from  $2,947,628  to  $11,485,628,  or 
nearly  $8,500,000,  and  a  simultaneous  decrease 
in  imports  from  $29,752,116  to  $14,898,791,  or 
over  $15,850,000 ;  that  is,  the  decline  in  the 
net  imports  within  six  Tears  has  amounted  to 
nearlT  $24^000,000.  Measured  by  quantities, 
the  change  will  be  found  mach  greater,  since 
the  average  price  of  American  colored  calicoes 
fell  during  the  same  period  from  16^  cts.  per 
yard  to  7^  cts.,  and  of  unoolored  from  10^ 
to  7^  cts.  per  yard. 

In  1850  the  exports  of  agricultural  products 
constituted  90  per  cent,  of  the  total  exports. 
During  the  next  ten  years,  1851-1860,  they 
made  up  on  the  average  78^  per  cent,  of  the 
whole;  from  1861  to  1865  they  averaged  about 
70  per  cent ;  from  1866  to  1870,  78  per  cent ; 
and  in  the  last  five  years,  from  1874  to  1878, 
78f  per  cent  The  figures  for  the  last  eleven 
years  are  as  follows,  in  round  numbers : 


T1AR& 


1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1879 
1878 
1874 
1875 
1876 

isn 

1878. 


Total  tspoHi. 


$454,000,000 
414,000,000 
499,000,000 
501,000,000 
549,900,000 
649,000,000 
698,000,000 
648,000,000 
64&000,000 
676,000,000 
7n,800,000 


1819,000,000 

70S 

811,700,000 

75-8 

891,890,000 

790 

896,000,000 

70-7 

407,000,000 

74-1 

494,000,000 

760 

500,000,000 

79-8 

480,000,000 

74-6 

514,000,000 

61*8 

517,700,000 

76-6 

699,000,000 

880 

The  exports  of  other  than  agricultural  prod- 
ucts have  not  increased  in  any  sirailtf  ratio, 
measured  by  their  values.  In  1868  they  amount- 
ed to  $185,000,000 ;  1869,  $102,000,000 ;  1870, 
nearly  $108,000,000;  1871,  $164,500,000;  1872, 
$142,750,000;  1878,  $145,000,000 ;  1874  $148,- 
000,000;  1875,  $168,000,000;  1876^  $180,500, 
000;  1877,  $158,500,000;  1878,  $180,500,000. 

The  apparent  faUing  off  witlun  four  or  ^ve 
years  is  aocounted  for  by  the  general  decline 
in  prices,  the  aggregate  quantities  of  exports 
having  pretty  steadily  increased.  Were  there 
an  actual  decrease  in  the  exports  of  Ameri- 
can manufactures  within  the  last  decade  or 
two,  as  undoubtedly  there  has  been  in  certain 
daises,  it  would  by  no  means  indicate  a  decline 


in  American  industry.  It  is  a  well-known  fact 
that  the  extension  of  manufacturing  industries 
has  been  more  rapid,  enterprising,  and  multi- 
form of  late  years  than  ever  before,  and  that 
in  the  stirring  times  which  preceded  the  late 
panic  the  extension  of  factories  and  establish- 
ment of  new  industries,  in  which  all  countries 
rivaled  each  other,  nowhere  took  place  on  so 
prodigious  a  scale  as  in  the  United  States.  And 
nowhere  was  this  enterprise  so  little  wasted  as 
here,  because  by  the  more  ingenious  adaptation 
of  mechanical  methods  to  industry,  and  by  the 
greater  industry  of  its  wcvkmen  (two  Ameri- 
can mechanics,  it  is  said,  being  able  to  do  an 
much  work  as  three  Englishmen),  this  country 
was  able  to  hold  its  own  against  ail  rivals ;  and 
still  more,  because  the  principal  vent  which  it 
had  to  seek  for  its  increased  production  was  in 
its  own  home  markets.  America  has  always 
been  dependent  on  Europe  for  several  of  the 
main  staples  of  industrial  production,  as  well 
as  for  innumerable  special  lines  of  articles 
which  can  only  be  produced  in  the  more  coro- 

J»lex  and  luxurious  communities  of  Europe. 
t  has  been  the  hope  and  ambition,  the  task 
and  the  uroent  need  of  America,  of  late  years, 
to  free  itself  from  this  commercial  dependence. 
A  glance  at  the  list  of  commodities  given  be- 
low, whose  importation  has  declined  within  six 
years  far  beyond  any  possible  diminution  in  the 
powers  of  consumption,  will  reveal  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  displacement  of  foreign  mana- 
factures,  in  the  great  textile  and  metal  indus- 
tries, is  going  on  in  American  markets.  Every 
year,  even  during  the  present  time  of  comDar- 
ative  inaction  and  despondency,  novel  inans- 
tries  hitherto  practiced  only  in  Europe  are  in- 
troduced, oftentimes  with  improved  tools  and 
methods  suggested  by  the  famous  practical 
genius  of  the  American.  The  time  is  already 
at  hand  when  the  dream  and  hope  of  the 
American  for  generations  will  be  realized,  and 
the  United  States  will  supply  its  own  markets 
with  all  the  leading  mannfiEUstures  which  the 
country  is  capable  of  producing.  Whether  the 
causes  which  have  accelerated  that  event  will 
prove  to  have  been  evils  or  blessings,  the  future 
only  can  reveid ;  for  there  is  no  doubt  that  the 
movement  has  been  greatly  hastened  not  only 
by  the  high  protective  tari^  which  works  most 
oppressively  on  large  classes  of  citizens,  but 
by  the  enormous  debts  contracted  in  Europe, 
much  of  which  capital  was  wasted  and  misap- 
plied, by  the  decline  of  American  credit  in  the 
money  centers  of  the  world,  and  by  the  crisis 
and  the  epoch  of  contraction  and  distress  from 
which  business  has  not  yet  emerged.  Most 
usefU  must  the  lesson  of  the  crisb  and  its  pro- 
tracted train  of  distress  prove  in  weaning  the 
mercantile  community  from  traditions  which 
can  only  be  a  pernicious  delusion  in  the  future. 
There  was  a  period  when  high  wages,  large 
profits,  and  dear  capital  all  went  hand  in  hand ; 
out  the  America  of  to-day  with  its  vast  ac- 
cumulated capital,  its  manifold  industries,  and 
its  great  population,  has  long  outgrown  that 


OOMMEROS  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UinTED  STATES. 


117 


primfdra  itage  of  industrial  development,  and 
aboold  range  itself  with  the  old  and  wealthy 
ooauDonities.  So  the  sooner  it  adopts  studi- 
ous, patient,  and  laborious  methods  of  business, 
the  more  will  its  welfare  be  confirmed.  Before 
1870  capital  could  not  be  obtained  for  indus- 
trial operations  except  at  rates  varying  from  7i 
to  15  Dtf  cent,  per  annum ;  the  average  rate  of 
bank  diflootmt  for  fifteen  years  before  1860  was 
Ht  per  cant,  at  the  same  time  when  the  rate 
is  the  London  money  market  averaged  8*90  per 
r^at^  that  of  the  Bank  of  England  4*02  per 
ml^  and  that  of  the  Bank  of  France  4*6  per 
tt:il  Since  the  oiius  the  money  and  invest- 
3«Dt  markets  have  been  constantly  flushed  with 
e-pital  seeking  employment ;  lenders  have  jbeen 
'3  the  hant  for  good  securities  at  6  or  6  per 
rest.;  $500,000,000  of  Government  bonds  bear- 
•u  5  percent  interest  were  disposed  of  before 
'>!,  1877,  and  before  July  1,  1878,  $240,- 
'1.000  of  ii  per  cents,  and  nearly  $100,000,- 
■Oof  4  per  cents,  nearly  all  being  taken  up  in 
:1^  Tiiited  States ;  monev  has  been  loanea  on 
1^  against  collaterals  in  uie  New  York  market 


a  good  deal  of  the  time  at  from  1  to  4  per  oent.> 
the  rate  never  ^oing  above  6  or  7  per  cent  ex- 
cept in  times  ot  active  stock  speculation,  when 
additional  commissions  of  ^  and  sometimes  as 
much  as  i  per  diem  have  been  pud  to  carry 
margins;  and  prime  commercial  paper  has 
been  marketed  most  of  the  time  at  from  8  to  6 
per  cent  discount. 

The  articles  of  import  which  have  shown 
the  most  remarkable  falling  off  between  1878 
and  1878  in  the  quantities  imported  are  teztUe 
manufactures  and  raw  wool,  iron  and  steel 
and  their  manufactures,  copper  and  brass  man- 
ufactured and  un  wrought,  lead  and  tin  unman- 
ufactured, timepieces,  gutta-percha,  and  tea. 
The  total  decrease  in  the  imports  of  this  list  of 
articles  was  from  $272,269,688  to  $124,211,- 
784,  a  fioUing  off  of  $148,027«800,  or  nearly  65 
per  cent  The  decrease  in  tne  imports  of  the 
articles  niuned  constituted  78  per  cent,  of  the 
total  decrease  in  the  imports  of  all  classes  of 
merchandise  between  those  years.  The  de* 
crease  in  the  several  classes  of  imports  was  as 
follows : 


CVrb,«alehM,aBdBMt«lal0 

ijannaBQaelnw 

Fu  ottaftetarw ','. 

<ftBttnftetBrat 

f  «h«y 

r«:<to 

^'^^  4nM  goods i. !....'. .'!!!.'.*.'!! 

'^QudhetonoofwooL 

v  nd.  boopt  iiid  obcet  Iron 

u.'Jiiii'.;;; '  i' v.v//.' '* ;'  '.'/.*.  *.*'/.'.'//. ; ; 

^  •fiw  filalBi,  aad  otbw  manofketiirM. 

>'jfoCikbv«,alieela,aiidwlro. 

;^«7-  »«>.  nd  othor  maanftotorM  of  atod. 

:  :>t.  hcam,  wad  wonnftptnwa  of. 

<f>i:api(indbon 


isra. 


$8,S74,8S5 
99,702416 
80,498^1 
99,8801,887 

8,fi6U61 
90,488,988 

4,888,957 
19,447,797 
98,896,791 

7,4n,666 
18,847,981 
19,740,709 

8,094,900 

4,166,934 
10,499,779 

8,966,471 

8,999,627 

18,866,653 

900,187 

94,466,170 


1878. 


$819,669 

14,898,791 

11,490,768 

19,701,781 

6,676,788 

8,868,015 

698,888 

19,065,806 

19,968,868 

1,680,767 

1,960,057 

580 

990,790 

1,990,087 

4.085,519 

617,188 

858,986 

19,119,689 

949,564 

16,660,168 


$9,469,9«B 

15366,886 
8,987,688 

10484,186 
1,874,879 

19,070,998 
8,989,868 
7,891,991 

14,866,868 
6.846,848 

19,607,994 

19,740,179 
9,674,110 
9,98^197 
6,457,967 
8,849,968 
9,668,691 
6,944491 
657,688 
8,806,009 


^  Taking  an  the  textile  fabrics  together,  the 
*.3^  off  of  the  values  imported  was  in  the  six 
:  4r»  from  $169,464,248  to  $86,866,181 ;  de- 
c^toe,  174,1 09, 1 1 7.  or  46J  per  cent.  The  de- 
^'t^  in  the  total  imports  of  iron  and  steel 
rxiocU  was  from  $60,808,462  to  $9,067,688, 


being  $60,260,810,  a  falling  off  of  over  84^  per 
cent 

The  principal  commodities  of  American  pro- 
duction in  wnich  a  largely  increased  exporta- 
tion has  taken  place  between  ^e  year  1868 
and  the  year  1878  are  the  following : 


isea. 


fi  lad  maottlMtarM  of. 

^  aad  te  piodaets  (osefaulTO  nf  fliomim) 

^'^^ndiMttemmtetaioo 

''*»te.„  

ttd   


$678,881 

788,895 

68,980,997 

1,516,990 

989,960 

i,6n,054 

406,519 

6,040,961 

848,468 

1,414379 

9,918,448 

91,810,676 

80378,968 


isra. 


$9/(76,196 

6,844,668 

18l,n4,60T 

9369,467 

8,078349 

ll,48^698 
1,876,969 

10,696,970 
1387,078 
6,077,668 
5,095,168 

46,674,974 
198348386 


$1301,81T 

6,111,966 

119,798310 

848,94T 

9,180,099 

6364374 

970,407 

4,656,009 

1,088,610 

6,668387 

9,181,n5 

94,764,998 

98,971,788 


-^^ass^regateincreaseintiiesedosen  classes    926,087,  their  aggregate  amount  in  1868,  to 
^  exports  was  $^62,899,614,  or  from  $140,-    $408,826,601.  the  sum  of  their  exports  in  1878, 


118  COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  CJNITED  STATES. 

being  an  increase  of  about  187  per  cent    The  general  shrinkage  of  valaes  was  the  most  ac- 
increase  in  the  values  exportea  of  this  group  tive  cause  of  the  stagnation,  and  was  a  pro- 
of commodities  amounts  to  64  per  cent,  of  the  cess  which  had  to  be  passed  through.    There 
total  increase  in  American  exports  during  this  is  a  general  impression  that  the  lowest  decline 
period.    The  exports  of  breadstuffs  were  over  in  prices  has  been  reached,  so  that  there  wan 
two  and  a  half  times  greater  in  value  in  1878  much  more  inclination  to  resume  business  en- 
than  the  J  were  in  1868,  the  increase  in  quan-  terprises  in  1878  than  in  the  foregoing  year, 
tity  being  still  greater.    The  value  of  the  total  and  less  lack  of  work  for  laborers.    The  signs 
exports  of  provisions  was  more  than  quad-  of  recuperation  can  be  traced  perhaps  as  far 
rupled,  while  the  average  export  price  had  back  as  the  middle  of  the  vear  1876. 
sunk  for  bacon  and  hams  from  12^,^  cts.  per       The  transactions  of  the  Kew  York  Clearing- 
pound  to  8^  cts.,  and  for  lard  from  14^  cts.  House  afford  one  of  the  best  available  criteria 
to  8^  cts.    That  of  live  animals  increased  of  the  volume  and  activity  of  business  through- 
eight  fold,  and  that  of  fruits  over  three  fold,  out  the  country,  making  allowance  for  the  gen- 
the  preparation  of  desiccated  and  preserved  era!  fall  of  prices,  throuffh  which  an  equal 
fruit  for  foreign  markets  being  almost  a  new  amount  of  business  can  be  performed  with 
branch  of  trade,  as  also  in  that  of  exporting  smaller  money  transfers,  and  cuso  keeping  ac- 
live  animals  and  dressed  meat  to  Europe.    The  count  of  the  perturbations  of  the  investment, 
export  of  oilcake  nearly  doubled.    That  of  the  stock,  ana  other  speculative  markets,  and 
coal  shows  a  steady  increase.    The  Export  of  all  the  accidental  movements  of  money  which 
petroleum  has  more  than  doubled  in  value  and  are  not  immediately  connected  with  the  opera- 
quadrupled  in  quantity,  since  the  average  ex-  tions  of  regular  commerce.    The  comparison 
port  price  has  declined  from  29f  cts.  per  gal-  of  the  daily  clearings  of  the  New  York  banks 
Ion  in  1868  to  14}  cts.  in  1878.    The  export  shows  a  gradual  improvement  since  the  mid- 
of  copper  and  brass  products  has  more  than  die  of  1877.    In  the  beginning  of  1878  the  first 
trebled ;  in  1873  there  was  a  net  import  of  cop-  week^s  currency  clearings  amounted  to  $128,- 
per  and  brass  and  their  manufactures  amount-  000,000  a  day.    In  the  beginning  of  February 
ing  to  nearly  $3,250,000,  while  in  1878  the  im-  they  had  declined  to  $109,000,000,  then  rose  to 
ports  were  only  one  quarter  as  great  and  the  $130,000,000  on  March  10th,  and  were  large  and 
exports  four  times  as  much  in  value  as  in  that  variable  until  the  panic,  reaching  their  highest 
year,  and  there  was  a  net  export  to  the  amount  amount  on  April  21st,  $148,000,000.    In  the 
of  nearly  $2,250,000.    In  iron  and  steel  and  summer  they  sunk  rapidly  to  $70,000,000  in 
their  products  the  exports  increased  from  $6,-  the  week  ending  August  11th,  increasing  again 
833,000  in  1868  to  $12,000,000  in  1878.    Since  to  $108,000,000  in  the  week  ending  September 
the  opening  of  the  Lake  Superior  mines  the  cop-  15th,  and  falling  off  suddenly  to  50  millions  after 
per  production  of  the  United  States  has  grown  the  panic.    They  then  increased  toward  the  end 
to  astonishing  dimensions,  so  that  already  in  of  uie  year,  amounting  to  86  millions  in  the 
the  year  1874  there  were  17,648  tons  of  cop-  second  week  of  January,  1874.     They  fluc- 
per  mined ;  the  importation  of  this  metal  from  tuated  between  80, 70,  and  60  millions  through 
Germany  and  Belgium  must  cease  altogether  the  spring  and  early  summer,  falling  off  to  50 
at  an  early  date.  millions  and  under  in  the  dog-days,  and  in- 
Since  the  crisis  of  1873  there  has  been  a  creasing  as  usual  toward  the  end  of  the  year, 
complaint  of  bad  business  and  a  feeling  of  amounting  to  88  and   89  millions  in  some 
doubt  and  discouragement  in  nearly  all  branch-  weeks  of  October  and  November,  and  clos- 
es of  trade  and  all  sections  of  the  country,  ing  the  year  with  81  millions.    The  average 
The  depression  has  been  prolonged  and  wide-  clearings  in  1874  were  about  72  million  dol- 
spread,  but  not  so  paralyzing  as  that  which  lars  daSy.    In  1875  we  find  a  brisker  basiness 
has  occurred  in  some  other  countries.    It  has  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  than  in  1874, 
had  a  most  ii^jurious  effect  in  producing  misery  and  a  higher  average  for  the  year,  74  mil- 
and  demoralization  in  the  ranks  of  the  most  lions  a  day;  but  the  contraction  in  trade  is 
useful  class  of  citizens,  the  skilled  mechanics  reflected  in  the  diminished  amounts  of  the 
of  many  trades.    It  has  brought  great  num-  clearings  in  the  latter  half  of  the  year,  com- 
bers of  traders  to  bankruptcy,  who  in  ordinary  pared  with  1874.    After  the  middle  of  1875  we 
times  could  have  held  their  position.    Yet  it  find  them  also  varying  less  from  week  to  week, 
has  had  its  good  effects  in  compelling  the  busi-  and  more  obedient  to  the  usual  variations  of 
ness  community  to  adopt  methods  of  system  business  at  the  different  seasons  of  the  year, 
and  economy,  and  in  accustoming  them  to  ao-  In  the  spring  and  early  summer  of  1874  the 
cept  rates  of  profit  considerably  below  the  diurnal  transactions  averaged  some  80  millions, 
standard  which  has  hitherto  prevailed,  and  In  the  autumn  and  winter  there  appears  to  have 
which  are  necessitated  by  the  greater  develop-  been  less  business  activity  than  in  the  year 
ment  of  trade  and  industry,  the  larger  accumu-  before.    All  through  1876  there  is  marked  de- 
lation of  fixed  capital,  and  the  sharper  compe-  cline  in  the  volume  of  the  bank  transactions 
tition  which  must  exist  henceforward.    Since  compared  with  1875.    The  average  clearings 
the  harvesting  of  the  large  crops  of  1877,  there  were  the  least  of  any  year,  being  about  63  f 
has  been  a  general  improvement  in  the  tone  and  millions;  in  the  latter  half  of  the  year  1873 
disposition  of  the  commercial  community.   The  they  had  averaged  62|^  millions.    In  1877  w  e 


COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


119 


find  8  marked  improveraent  over  1876,  a  steadj 
and  normal  flow  of  monej,  and  an  average 
(hrongh  the  year  of  over  69  millions  a  day 
settled  through  the  CleariDg-Hoase.  It  mast 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  monetary  transac- 
dons  represented  by  those  figures  are  based 
Qpon  a  lower  scale  of  general  prices  than  those 
Tbich  ruled  in  former  years.  The  aggregate 
tnuuactions  of  the  Clearing-Honse  were  re> 
ported  for  the  fiscal  year  1876-77  as  24,668  mil- 
lions  of  doliare,  against  22,892  millions  in  1875 
>^6.24,613millionsin  1874r-'75, 24,142  millions 
in  187^-74  ,and  86,935  millions  in  1872>'78 ; 
these  inclode  the  currency  and  gold  exchanges 
and  the  balances  pud.  The  average  daily  ex- 
changes for  each  year,  ending  September  80th, 
^oe  the  first  organization  of  tne  New  York 
Ckaring-House,  were  in  millions  of  doUars, 
omittmg  the  fractions  of  millions,  as  follows : 
ISW,  19;  1855,  17;  1866,  22;  1857,  26;  1858, 
15:  1S59,  20;  1860,  23;  1861,  19;  1862,  22; 
IS<3,  48;  1864,  77;  1865,  84;  1866,  93;  1867, 
93: 1868,  92 ;  1869,  121 ;  1870,  90 ;  1871,  95; 
H71105;  1878,111;  1874,68;  1875,79;  1876, 
?/:  1877,  68. 

Taking  the  average  daily  clearings  for  periods 
f^i  three  months  since  the  beginning  of  1873,  a 
:tefidring  and  gradual  development  of  business 
on  the  new  scale  of  values  can  be  traced  from 
lit  year  1876.  In  the  winter  months  of  1878 
tiiti  average  daily  transactions  amounted  to  128 


millions  of  dollars;  in  the  spring,  to  116  mil- 
lions ;  summer  months,  82|  millions ;  autumn, 
69(  millions.  In  the  winter  of  1873-74  the 
average  business  was  72^  millions;  in  the 
spring  of  1874,  74f  millions;  summer,  62} 
millions;  autumn  of  1874,  74}  millions.  In 
the  winter  of  1874-75  the  clearings  were  77} 
millions  a  day;  in  the  spring  months  of  1875, 
80}  millions ;  in  the  summer,  67  millions ;  in 
the  autumn  months,  69}  millions.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1875-76  they  were  72|  millions;  in  the 
spring,  63}  millions ;  in  the  summer,  55}  mil- 
lions; in  the  fall  of  the  year,  65  millions.  In 
the  winter  of  1876-77  they  averaged  72  mil- 
lions ;  in  the  spring  of  1877,  70}  millions ;  in 
the  summer,  61}  millions ;  in  the  autumn  of 
1877,  70}  millions. 

The  statistics  of  bankruptcy  form  another 
fairly  reliable  measure  of  the  good  or  evil  con- 
dition of  general  commerce.  Taking  the  rec- 
ord of  failures  as  a  guide,  there  is  a  noticeable 
improvement  in  business  in  1877,  and  decrease 
in  the  number  of  insolvents  and  in  the  aggre- 
gate amount  of  their  debts.  The  total  number 
of  failures  in  1877  in  the  United  States  was 
8,872,  and  the  aggregate  liabilities  $190,669,- 
000,  against  9,092  failures  with  $191,117,000 
total  liabilities  in  1876.  The  statistics  of  mer- 
cantile failures  in  the  different  sections  of  the 
country  and  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  are 
given  in  the  table  below : 


BTATB. 

NambviB 

Tstaltaak 
dmUtiOB. 

bMkdroi. 
•Mh  tmdar. 

Nnmbcr  of 

MlUM. 

Pcrontif* 

orfla.aiM. 

Ttotal 

AwngB 

^'■ft'n  ^tBC«t        ,  . .  X   . .  .    .... 

984,707 
91J88 

S«,886 

$11M783S6 

112,811,918 

88,681,026 

6MM,8S1 

8,098,494 

$1,450 
547 
256 
2S1 
118 

1,858 
8,049 
],0T8 
8,756 
686 

Iin68 
lln78 
11d65 
lln84 
lin41 

$96,088,007 
77,173,750 
17,271,980 
56,187,074 
18,949,185 

$19,881 
85,811 
16,089 
20,887 
81,989 

V^UW^tAliW 

^.::tb-Tn  St»tf« 

W*«u«  States 

Pkofle  Satfea  aad  Tenitoilet 

Told  United  9tatoa 

«69,00« 

•817,814,110 

$486 

8.879 

11d78 

$190,669,986 

$21,491 

tv^B^Btai  of  CouHla . , 

6e,884 

$28,018,658             891 

1,892 

llnSO 

$25,588,908    1   818.400 

■»    »    - 

The  number  of  bankruptcies  among  active    pared  with  the  same  period  in  the  previous 
traders  in  the  first  three  quarters  of  1878,  com-    year,  was  as  follows : 


isrs. 

Htm  MonriB. 

isrr. 

AUfl  MOKTHS. 

STATB. 

KiHBlMrof 
Mlom. 

Tsui  iuaiti«i. 

Nnmtarof 
•idloni. 

IbUllkbOltlM. 

faKgra  StBfaB 

1,517 
9,560 
1.158 
9,909 
544 

$80,088,185 

79,876.469 

21,859,104 

56.655,846 

9,887,575 

978 
2,226 

791 
2,096 

474 

$19,098,075 
65.579,875 
12,289,288 
44,718,129 
10,182,408 

H-M>  8tat« 

SwtierD  Statm 

■  «-t*ra  ^atet 

Heflt  Mates  aad  TeRitoriM 

Total TTnltod  States., 

8,678 

$197,911,189 

6,566 

$141,862,265 

I>-Blaiaa  of  Canada 

1,942               818.183.821 

1,644 

$20,904,976 

Hke  total  number  of  failures  in  the  United 
nu«s  in  1877  was  8,678,  total  liabUities  $190,- 
<*-9.936«  average  liabilities  $21,491 ;  the  total 
t-mber  in  1876  was  9,092,  total  liabilities  $191,- 
'^3,7158,  average  Uabilities  $21,020;  the  total 
'•.^anber  inl875  was  7,740,  total  liabilities  $201,- 
'.'^j,333,  average  liabilities  $25,960.   It  was  ex- 


pected that  in  1878  the  number  and  volume  of 
bankniptcies  among  merchants  would  be  enor- 
mously augmented.  The  repeal  of  the  national 
bankrupt  law  went  into  operation  on  the  1st 
of  September,  and  it  was  supposed  that  a  large 
number  of  firms  were  carrying  a  burden  of  debt 
which  with  the  diminished  trade  and  low  rates 


120                    OOMMEROE  (DTTEBNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  profits  that  have  prevailed  for  several  years,  The  whole  body  of  share-  and  bond-holders  feel 
and  which  are  likely  still  to  prevail,  they  could  the  keenest  interest  in  keeping  op  the  value  of 
not  expect  to  discharge  or  support,  and  that  these  capitals.  The  hopes  of  all  the  holders, 
they  would  thus  avail  themselves  of  the  privi-  great  and  small,  supplement  the  efforts  of  the 
lege  of  bankruptcy  to  liquidate  or  compromise  leading  managers.  The  great  bulk  of  aocnmu- 
their  engagements  before  they  were  deprived  lated  capital  is  held  under  this  system,  and  they 
of  that  last  resort  for  embarrassed  traders.  It  could  not  turn  it  over  to  another  body  of  hold- 
is  a  most  gratifying  and  convincing  indication  ers  if  they  would.  There  is  a  great  disquiet 
of  the  general  sound  condition  of  the  meroan-  and  mistrust  among  the  investors.  It  is  plain 
tile  houses  of  the  country  that  the  increase  to  many  that  the  greater  part  of  these  works 
of  failures  in  the  first  nine  months  of  1878.  were  built,  extended,  or  recapitalized  on  such 
among  nearly  700,000  trading  houses  inscribea  a  scale  of  cost  and  prices  that  they  can  never 
in  Messrs.  Dun  &  Barlow's  records,  was  only  return  the  ordinary  profits  and  interest  on  the 
about  2,000  over  the  same  period  in  the  pre-  invested  capital,  and  that  many  of  them  can 
ceding  year,  in  spite  of  this  powerful  induce-  scarcely  pay  the  interest  on  their  debts.  There 
ment  to  take  advantage  of  the  expiring  bank-  is  additional  doubt  and  insecurity  caused  by 
rupt  law.  The  average  of  liabilities,  except  in  the  secret  mauner  in  which  the  financial  inter- 
the  State  of  Oalifomia,  was  about  the  same  as  ests  of  the  companies  are  conducted,  and  not  a 
in  previous  years.  The  number  of  failures  in  little  disauietude  from  the  numerous  malversa- 
1878  was  no  doubt  swelled  to  no  inconsidera-  tions  ana  defalcations  committed  by  officers 
ble  extent  by  fraudulent  bankrupts  who  were  of  corporations,  which  have  been  computed  at 
able  to  compromise  their  obligations  at  less  an  aggregate  of  $80,000,000  within  four  years, 
than  their  face,  though  possessing  the  means  One  effect  of  tbe  mistrust  of  corporate  securi- 
of  fairly  coping  with  them ;  in  the  last  sixty  ties  has  been  the  suocessfnl  placing  of  Govern- 
days  prior  to  September  let  there  were  1,000  ment  bonds  bearing  a  low  mterest.  Another 
more  assignments  and  compromises  than  in  the  has  been  the  excessive  demand  for  real-estate 
third  quarter  of  1877.  Of  the  different  por-  securities,  which  has  served  to  keep  up  inflated 
tions  of  the  country,  the  Western  States  fur-  values  of  real  estate,  great  quantities  of  which 
nish  a  smaller  proportion  of  loss  by  bankruptcy  have  changed  hands  by  the  foreclosure  of  raort- 
than  the  Eastern,  but  the  Southern  and  Mid-  gages;  the  natural  effect  of  this  must  be  a  re- 
dle  States  about  the  same  as  the  Eastern  States,  action  which  will  tend  to  keep  up  the  prices  of 
The  declension  in  the  market  values  of  cor-  corporate  securities.  The  great  mass  of  in- 
poration  stocks  and  bonds  is  a  trustworthy  vestors  can  not  cut  loose  from  the  capital  in 
measure  for  the  entire  nominal  loss  of  capital  the  hands  of  corporations.  The  decline  of  share 
in  the  United  States,  or  for  the  whole  shrink-  prices  is  steadily  progressing;  in  many  cases 
age  of  values.  Indeed,  it  is  not  far  from  in-  no  doubt  the  fail  is  much  too  great  already, 
eluding  the  aggregate  loss,  since,  by  the  pecu-  owing  to  the  temporary  arrest  of  affairs ;  yet 
liar  arrangements  of  American  industry,  nearly  the  average  depreciation  can  not  yet  have 
the  whole  productive  capital  of  the  country,  reached  its  lowest  mark,  nor  the  standard  about 
except  that  employed  in  agriculture,  wellnigh  which  the  values  must  oscillate  for  the  future, 
all  the  mining  and  transportation,  and  the  unless  there  is  an  increase  in  the  currency  of 
greatest  part  of  the  manufacturing  works,  are  the  country  and  a  general  rise  of  prices.  It  is 
managed  by  incorporated  companies ;  while  the  doubtful  whether  the  country  would  again  ab- 
agriculture  and  merchandising  interests  them-  sorb  a  large  access  of  paper  currency,  and  the 
selves  are  entirely  dependent  upon  the  bank-  metal  currency  can  only  increase  very  slowly, 
ing  and  railroad  corporations.  The  settlement  unless  silver  is  shut  out  from  the  European 
of  this  vast  aggregate  of  associated  capital  to  mints  and  coined  free  or  in  large  quantities  by 
a  basis  of  value  which  corresponds  to  the  aJ-  the  United  States  Government.  Disturbance 
tered  commercial  conditions  is  most  essential  in  business  and  in  vested  interests  must  follow 
to  the  healthful  development  of  business ;  but  upon  a  sudden  increment  of  either  paper  or 
this  process  is  necessanly  slower  than  it  would  silver  currency,  and  can  not  be  wished  by  the 
be  were  the  capital  controlled  by  a  greater  present  holders  of  property.  The  great  actual 
number  of  individuals.  Those  who  have  the  depreciation  in  the  values  of  corporate  shares 
greatest  interest  in  and  the  chief  management  may  be  illustrated  by  the  fall  in  the  prices  of 
of  the  companies  have  it  in  their  power  and  are  the  following  list  of  twenty  stocks  in  the  New 
prompted  to  keep  up  the  valuation  of  this  capi-  York  Stock  Exchange  during  five  years,  fh>in 
tal  to  correspond  to  the  original  investment  or  Januarv  1, 1878,  to  December  81, 1877;  they 
former  scale  of  profits ;  diminished  business  are  active  stocks,  which  are  constantly  on  the 
or  smaller  earnings  do  not  affect  the  prices  of  market  and  frequently  change  hands,  and  thus 
shares  as  long  as  the  dividends  are  paid,  but  best  reveal  the  real  shrinkage  of  values :  Oen- 
the  payment  of  the  dividends  enhances  them ;  tralNew  Jersey,  quoted  January  1, 1878,atl06-|^, 
even  passed  dividends  do  not  have  their  full  fell  to  14},  a  decline  of  91jt  per  cent.,  repre- 
natural  effect  in  depreciating  stocks,  as  long  as  senting  a  depreciation  of  over  18}  millions  in 
the  stocks  are  kept  out  of  the  market  by  com-  its  capital  stock,  whose  par  value  is  $20,600,000; 
binations,  and  hopes  are  held  out  of  the  same  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  capital  stock  $24,- 
old  rates  of  profit  upon  the  revival  of  business.  999,700,  fell  from  115  to  78),  or  86},  a  depre- 


COMMERCE  (INTEBKAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  121 

Mob  of  over  9  millions;  preferred  stock  of  $666,286,787;  at  the  date  of  lowest  prices  in 

the  ttme,  $2,625,400  at  par,  declined  from  1878,  $420,060,673;  and  on  September  20,1878, 

116  to  103,  the  14  points  representing  a  third  $461,060,678. 

of « million;  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  In  1876,  64  railroads,  with  a  length  of  rail 
cipital  t34f999,800,  declined  12(,  or  f^om  90}  of  8,846  miles  and  an  aggregate  invested  capital 
to 78},  depreciation  near  a  million  and  a  half ;  of  $217,848,000,  were  sold  nnder  foreclosure; 
Cleveliiid,  Colombns  &  Ciilcinnati,  oapiiiBl  stock  in  1877, 80  roads  with  a  mileage  of  8,876  miles, 
|:,491,80O,  fell  64},  from  93}  to  89,  nominal  loss  and  a  total  capital  of  $198,984^400.    The  f ore- 
o*et  8  millions ;  Colnmbns,  Chicago  &  Indian-  dosnres  for  the  two  years  therefore  embraced 
tpoli^  capital  $13,938,972,  sank  from  41i  to  4},  84  roads   and  7,721  miles  of  rail,  with  $416,- 
sd«din6  of  86},  standing  for  over  6  millions  loss  832,400  of  capital  stock.     Proceedings  were 
o/  capital ;  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western,  institoted  in  1876  against  80  more  railroads, 
vith  A  nommal  capital  of  $26,200,000,  qnoted  with  6.691  miles  of  rail  and  $897,894,000  capi- 
is  H73  at  101  i  and  at  the  end  of  1877  at  6H,  tal,  and  in  1877  against  44  additional  roads  with 
dicHned  60,  representing  18  millions  and  over ;  a  length  of  6,409  miles  and  a  total  capital  of 
Erk  RaihtMd,  capital  $78,000,000,  quotations  $320,681,980 ;  and  16  roads  besides,  2,888  miles 
b  1873  67,  in  1877  (December)  10},  shrinkage  in  aggregate  length,  having  a  capital  of  $266,- 
:^l  making  44} million  dollars;  Hannibal  &  St*  766,4pD0,  were  ordered  by  the  conrts  to  be  sold 
Ji«eph  common  stock,  capitalized  at  $9, 1 68,700,  out  for  the  mortgages  in  1877.   The  total  of  all 
tell  38,  from  60}  to  12},  aepreciation  of  market  the  roads  foreclosed  or  in  difficulties  for  these 
nlue  near  8}  millions ;  preferred  stock  of  the  two  years  was  therefore  174,  with  a  total  mile- 
same  road,  $6,083,024,  declined  63,  or  over  2}  age  of  21,109  miles,  and  a  total  invested  capi- 
niL'liona,  range  of  quotations  from  71}  to  28} ;  t^  of  $1,891,168,730.     The  bonds  of  roads 
Dinoii  Central,  capital  stock  $29,000,000,  de-  foreclosed  or  reorganized  previous  to  January 
^e  in  prices  62,  from  126}  to  74},  depreciar  1,  1876,  amounted  to  $169,878,300.    Cf  this 
trio  of  market  value  16  millions;  Lake  Shore  total  capital  of  insolvent  railroads,  amounting 
t  Michigan  Southern,  capital  stock  $49,466,-  therefore  to  $1,660,687,080,  embracing  more 
y>0,  quoted  at  the  first  date  at  97  and  at  the  than  one  third  of  all  the  railroad  property  of 
f nal  ditd  at  64},  or  82  less,  depreciated  nearly  the  United  States,  probably  fully  one  half,  or 
1$  millions;  MUwankee  &  St  Paul,  oapitid  over  $760,000,000,  may  be  considered  wiped 
)Id,399,261,  fell  from  64}  to  87},  decline  17^  out    The  loss  of  capital  in  the  railroad  busi- 
rcpreeenting  1}  million ;  Morris  &  £ssez,  capi-  nees  is  revealed  by  the  fact  that  on  $1,811,888,- 
uJ  $15,000,000,  quoted  in  the  beginning  at  92  608  of  the  $2,248,868,376  total  railroad  stocks 
^d  finally  at  78},  decline  18},  or  2  millions:  of  the  United  States  no  dividends  were  paid  in 
Pacific  M^  capital  nominally  $20,000,000,  fall  1876,  and  on  $642,604,841  of  the  total  raiboad 
'•(  price  62,  or  from  76}  to  28},  showing  a  de-  bonds,  $2,220,298,660,  no  interest  was  paid, 
pfeciition  of  nearly  10}  millions ;  Chio  &  Mis-  The  interest  and  dividends  together  paid  in  that 
««^ppi,  capital  $20,000,000,  fell  in  the  stock-  year  gave  an  average  return  of  only  8*66  per 
Tf^m  qaotations  from  49}  to  10},  a  range  of  cent  upon  the  capital  in  vested.  Whether,  ho  w- 
^9},  showing  a  depreciation  of  nearly  8  mil-  ever,  taking  the  share  capital  and  debentures 
"&»;  Panama  Railroad,  capital  $7,000,000,  together,  the  average  rate  of  profit  for  a  p6rio<l 
V^d  from  180  to  126,  shnnkage  $860,000 ;  of  years  nas  been  less  on  railroad  capital,  con- 
lAedo,  Wabash  &  Western,  with  an  original  sidering  only  the  amoimts  actually  invested, 
'^M  of  $16,000,000,  fell  off  60},  from  76}  to  than  on  other  classes  of  property,  must,  in  the 
i  H<  <  depreciation  of  almost  10  millions;  West-  absence  of  exact  informi&ion,  be  considered  an 
-.n  Cnion  Telegraph,  capital  stock  $88,787,476,  open  question. 

■  >^ed  from  86}  to  74},  6}  less,  shrinkage  The  total  ^ratn  crop  of  1878  was  consider- 

wAii:  2}  miUions.    These  twenty  companies  ably  greater  than  in  1877.    The  wheat  crop 

>v«9ent  a  total  par  capital  of  $482,804,868.  of  1878  was  estimated  at  about  400  million 

T:^  sbrinkage  in  the  market  value  of  their  bushels.    The  States  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  Min- 

^-*k\3  during  the  period  mentioned  amounted  nesota,  Nebraska,  Dakota,  and  Kansas  pro- 

^tWaggregate  to  $174,680,976.    A  compari-  duced,  it  is  estimated,  46  million  bushels  of 

*''3  of  the  prices  of  the  stocks  of  forty-five  wheat  more  in  1878  than  in  the  preceding 

^*Qada,  being  all  the  principal  railroad  stocks  year.    The  average  prices,  however,  are  26  or 

^^t  in  on  the  New  York  Exchange,  at  their  80  cents  less  for  the  bushel  than  in  1877,  and 

^W  rates  before  the  panic  of  1878,  and  at  the  total  proceeds  will  be  therefore  considera- 

^-«ir  lowest  rates  after  the  crash,  with  the  bly  less  than  in  that  year.    The  maize  crop  in 

"r"^  in  September,  1878,  shows  a  deprecia-  the  single  State  of  Illinois  in  1877  was  260  mil- 

^4  of  37  per  cent  as  the  immediate  sequel  of  lion  bushels,  and  in  Iowa  166  million  bushels, 

>  panic,  which  was  diminished  to  81  per  cent  yielding  in  the  two  States  respectively  $76,- 

'  September  20,  1878;  the  prices,  reduced  to  000,000  and  $89,000,000.    In  1878  their  crop 

'-i  valuee,  sank  in  1878  28  per  cent,  below  was  lO^per  cent  larger,  but  prices  from  one 

'•'•'•T  highest  range,  and  stooa  in  September,  fourth  to  one  third  less. 

i'\  only  about  20  per  cent  below  that  range.  The  grain  produced  in  Europe  altogether  is 

"  ^  '^nrrency  value  of  these  46  stocks  was,  at  estimated  to  aggregate  6,000  million  bushels ; 

^  ^ate  of  highest  prices  before  the  panic,  of  this  Russia  produces  about  one  third  or  over 


122  COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1,600  million  bushels,  France  520  millions,  Ger-  composed  of  6,678,950  barrels  of  flonr,  65,834,- 
many  aboat  the  same,  and  Austro-Hangarj  500  141  bushels  of  wheat,  and  81,054,249  bushels 
millions.     The  aggregate  prodaction  of  the  of  Indian  com;  and  in  1877  of  6,107,531  bar- 
United  States  is  1,600  million  bushels,  about  rels  of  fiour,  68,776,909  bushels  of  wheat,  and 
the  same  as  that  of  Russia.    The  production  77,995,208  of  com.    The  Western  shipments 
averages  40  bushels  per  head  of  population  in  in  1876  were  made  up  of  4,977,846  barrels  of 
the  United  States,  and  16  bushels  per  head  in  flour,  4^,799,613  bushels  of  wheat,  and  75,010,- 
Earope  entire ;  and  the  average  consumption  881  of  com,  and  in  1877  of  6,340,493  barrels 
is  about  15  bushels  per  head.    The  average  of  flour,  44,638,537  bushels  of  wheat,  and  67,- 
production  of  Russia  is  25  bushels  per  head ;  587,819  bushels  of  corn.    The  proportions  In 
that  of  Germany  and  France  nearly  balances  the  Atlantic  receipts  were:  in  1876,  9,939,160 
the  consumption,  as  does  that  of  the  whole  of  barrels  of  flour,  42,740,235  bushels  of  wheat, 
Europe  taken  together.    The  production  in  and86,776,163bushelsof  com;  in  1877, 8,546,- 
England  is  only  4  bushels  per  head,  and  that  349  barrels  of  flour,  46,000,508  bushels  of 
country  must  therefore  import  three  fourths  of  wheat,  and  87,804,025  bushels  of  corn.    A  cal- 
the  grain  consumed.    Russia  exports,  year  in  cnlation  of  the  total  receipts  of  grain  at  the 
year  out,  not  as  much  as  hidf  its  crops.    The  seaports,  published  by  the  l^ew  York  Produce 
production  of  the  United  States  is  nearly  three  Exchange,  for  the  years  ending  August  Slst, 
times  the  quantity  needed  for  domestic  con-  ^ves:  for  1875, 170,828, 767  bushels;  for  1876, 
sumption;   nearly  two  thirds  of  the  average  208,762,038    bushels;  for  1877,    181,791,088 
crop,  or  about  1,000  million  bushels  per  annum,  bushels;  for  1878,  283,633,261  bushels.     The 
can  on  the  average  be  spared  for  exportation,  increase  has  been,  therefore,  70  per  cent,  since 
The  best  arable  lands  in  the  United  States  1876.    The  exports  of  wheat  and  flour  from 
have  been  or  will  soon  be  all  taken  up  under  United  States  ports  and  Montreal  from  the  crop 
the  stimulus  which  good  prices  and  the  export  of  1878  were  before  the  beginning  of  Decem- 
demand  for  cereals  have  given  to  cultivation,  her  about  lli  million  bushels,  leaving  about 
Large  tracts  of  new  land  have  been  broken  60  million  bushels  of  the  surplus  available  for 
in  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  and  Dakota,  ^port  still  in  the  country. 
The  wheat  lands  opened  up  along  the  line  of       The  commencement  of  the  Russo-Turkish 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  yielded  in  1878  war  in  April,  1877,  occasioned  a  large  spec- 
a  fine  crop,  which  made  up  for  the  great  dam-  ulative  movement  in  breadstuffs  and  provi- 
age  caused  by  rains  in  the  other  parts  of  Min-  sions.    The  price  of  No.  2  spring  wheat  ad- 
nesota.    Kansas  nearly  doubled  its  production  vanced  from  tl.44  per  bushel  in  January,  1877, 
of  cereals  in  1878,  and  took  its  place  as  one  of  to  $1.53  in  April  and  $1.66  in  July,  and  then 
the  chief  grain-producing  States  in  the  Union ;  declined,  in  consequence  of  the  extraordinary 
the  crop  of  1877  was  16  million  bushels  of  size  of  the  new  crop  and  a  clearer  estimate  of 
wheat  and  103  million  bushels  of  maize.    In  the  European  demand,  to  $1.36  in  October, 
1878,   679,331  acres  of  new  land  was  plowed  and  stood  at  $1.36  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
up  in  that  State,  nearly  all  held  in  small  par-  Indian  corn.  Western  mixed,  was  62)^  cts.  per 
eels  and  in  great  part  paid  for.    This  gives  its  bushel  in  January,  1877,  51  cts.  in  April,  60  eta. 
farmers  a  great  advantage  over  those  of  Illi-  in  July,  59  cts.  in  October,  and  66  cts.  at  the 
nois  and  other  States  of  the  West,  where  the  close  of  the  year.    In  the  begining  of  1878,  on 
ambition  to  cultivate  huge  farms,  which  in  the  expectation  of  the  early  cessation  of  the 
themselves  are  often  less  economical  to  till  European  war,  there  was  a  breakdown  in  the 
than  smaller  pieces  of  land,  and  the  desire  to  prices  of  grain  and  provisions,  accompanied 
accumulate   money,   burdened  many  of   the  by  an  improvement  in  the  cotton  market.     In 
farmers  with  loads  of  debt  at  high  rates  of  the  middle  of  January,  No.  2  spring  wheat 
interest,  while  grain  prices  were  high,  which  sank  below  $1.30,  and  Indian  com  below  60 
at  the  present  prices  of  produce  are  quite  un-  cts.    In  the  beginning  of  February  wheat  sold 
manageable;  in  such  districts,  in  spite  of  the  as  low  as  $1.22,  but  toward  the  middle   of 
enormous  crops  and  the  exports  of  1877  and  that  month  the  price  rallied  to  $1.30  in  conse- 
1878,  great  numbers  of  farms  have  been  sold  quence  of   the  diplomatic  complications   of 
under  foreclosure  of  mortgages ;  and  in  some  Great  Britian  in  the  Eastern  question,  but 
parts  of  Illinois  the  price  of  land  has  sunk  gave  way  again  after  a  few  days.   By  the  mid- 
from  $60  to  $20  or  $25  an  acre.  ale  of  March  the  market  had  again  stren^h- 
The  movement  of  grain  for  the  past  five  ened,  with  the  price  at  $1.25;  and  new  war 
years    was   as   follows: — Western   receipts:  rumors  caused  an  upward  movement  toward 
1873,  167,723,768  bushels;  1874,  171,249,249;  the  end  of  the  month,  and  the  market  oontin- 
1875,  154,063,413;   1876,  173,561,877;   1877,  ned  generally  buoyant  through  April.    In  May 
169,431,733.  Shipments  from  the  West :  1873,  the  price  sank  to  $1.20,  and  the  fluctuatingr 
134,862,056 bushels;  1874,  127,631,866;  1876,  market,  dependent  upon  speculations  on  tlie 
124,443,329;   1876,  150,361,872;   1877,   138,-  prospects  of  a  European  war,  gave  place  to  a 
386,343.  Receipts  on  the  Atlantic  coast :  1873,  steadily  falling  market;  and,  when  the  expec- 
125,253,186  bushels;  1874,  139,399,192;  1876,  tations  of  a  still  greater  crop  in  1878  were 
136,963,146;   1876,  163,694,941;   1877,   166,-  confirmed    by  a  generally  favorable  season, 
728,169.    The  Western  receipts  in  1876  were  prices  sought  a  much  lower  level,  sinking  be- 


COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.                    123 

hw  $1  in  the  latter  part  of  Jane,  but  ralljiDg  vember  1,  1878, 4,598,000  swine  were  Rlaugh- 

^mewiiat  in  Jnlj,  in  conseqaence  of  reports  tered  in  the  Western  packing  and  curing  houses 

of  reins  in  the  Northwest,  the  unwillingness  — that  is,  80  per  cent,  more  than  in  the  foregoing 

of  holders  to  take  the  low  prices,  and  vaiions  year — and  the  price  ofhogs  sank  during  the  year 

specoUtiohs  and  combinations.    In  August  and  60  per  cent.,  or  from  $4  or  $5  to  half  as  much. 

September  there  was  a  recovery  of  8  or  10  cts.  The  price  of  mess  pork  declined  steadily,  in  the 

from  the  lowest  midsummer  quotations,  and  New  York  market,  from  $18.25  per  barrel  in 

Itfge  speculative  transactions  took  place,  cans-  *  January,  1877,  to  $18.12(  in  December  of  that 

ing  considerable  irregularities  of  price.    As  the  year ;  no  other  article,  except  petroleum,  exhib- 

ttock  of  spring  wheat  became  aepleted,  win-  ited  such  a  marked  and  rapid  decline  in  Value. 

ter  wheat  stood  relatively  considerably  lower.  Other  hog  products  went  down  in  price  in  the 

The  foreign  demand  fell  off  in  September,  and  same  ratio.    The  prices  continued  to  fall  in  the 

i^run  depressed  prices.    In  the  beginning  of  beginning  of  1878;  in  the  winter  and  spring 

October  the  price  had  again  fallen  to  96  and  months  the  lowest  prices  were  paid  that  had 

97  cts.,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  month  to  90  been  known  for  generations,  mess  pork  going 

rtfl.  In  November  there  was  a  slight  upward  down  several  times  below  $10  per  barrel  in 

t^odency,  and  by  the  beginning  of  December  New  York,  lard  selling  at  $7  to  $7.50  per  cwt., 

the  price  had  returned  to  $1.  and  bacon  much  of  the  time  at  6^  cts.  per 

The  price  of  Indian  corn  was  subject  to  the  pound.    In  the  month  of  May  the  lowest  ebb 

same  induences  which  governed  the  price  of  was  reached,  pork  going  below  $9.50,  lard 

wbedt,  except  that  it  was  not  so  disturbed  by  down  to  $6.70,  and  bacon  selling  at  4f  cts. 

^pecalative  operations.    The  market  was  dull,  There  was   a   recovery  during  the  summer 

mi  prices  were  irregular  at  the  beginning  of  months  from  this  extreme  prostration,  pork 

tie  jear,  ranging  from  50  cts.  to  over  60  cts.,  fluctuating  above  $10  and  lard  from  $7  to 

with  a  downward   tendency,  wliioh  showed  $7.50;  bacon  was  almost  a  drug  in  the  market 

•i;^  of  improvement  in  February.    The  mar-  much  of  the  time.    September  saw  another 

kJ:  was  moderately  active  and  firm  until  in  sinking  of  prices,  pork  at  $9,  lard  below  $7, 

April  large  shipments  filled  the  market  and  and  bacon  Quoted  at  5  cts.  and  under ;  in  Oc- 

bruke  down  prices  for  a  few  days ;  but  they  tober  they  aeclined  to  a  still  lower  range.    In 

recovered  and  slowly  advanced,  until  in  May  the  beginning  of  December  old  mess  pork  was 

:bey  began  to  recede,  ranging  from  45  to  50  selling  at  $7.40  and  new  mess  at  $8.75,  lard  at 

<^,  with  a  very  active  market  and  extraordi-  $6.02^.  and  bacon  at  4)  cts.  per  pound.    The 

D^rily  large  transactions,  under  a  demand  for  price  tor  mess  pork,  which  was  $7.40  on  the 

•hipment  abroad.    Large  supplies  poured  in,  Ist  of  December,  1878,  was  $18.50  at  the  same 

and  the  price  BanlL40  cts.  being  taken  in  the  date  in  1877,  $16.75  in  1876,  and  $21.25  to 

middle  of  Jane.    In  July  and  August  there  $22.25  in  1875. 

vas  an  active  demand  and  an  upward  ten-  The  exports  of  dairy  products,  butter  and 

dt4icy,  which  culminated  in  the  latter  part  of  cheese,  which  amounted  to  less  than,  $1,250,- 

September  at  about  50  cts.    The  demand  fell  000  in  1850,  and  less  than  $2,750,000  in  1860, 

off  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season ;  and,  as  in  1870  amounted  to  nearly  $9,500,000,  and  in 

fftvorable  reports  were  returned  of  the  new  1877  to  $17,125,248.    The  development  of  the 

crcip,  Uiere  was  a  steady  decline  in  prices  and  factory  system  of  durying,  both  for  butter  and 

i^eat  iSslling  off  in  operations  toward  the  cheese,  and  the  employment  of  refrigerator 

e*2<l  of  the  year,  excepting  a  temporary  activi-  compartments  in  riulroad   trains  and  trans- 

tj  in  the  lower  grades  in  November.  oceanic  steamships,  have  cheapened  and  im- 

In  none  of  the  staple  exports  of  the  United  proved  the  average  product,  and  brought  the 

States  except  breadstuff's  has  the  increase  been  American  producer  as  near  the  European  con- 

$-.'  ;n^at  in  the  ten  years  from  1868  to  1878  as  scmaer,  as  regards  the  time,  facility,  and  cost  of 

in  the  class  of  protmons;  and  in  no  class  has  transportation,  as  he  formerly  was  to  the  con- 

:Le  percentage  of  increase  been  so  large,  it  be-  sumer  in  the  nearest  great  city.    Owing  to  this, 

'n^  over  300  per  cent,  or  from  $80,278,258  to  the  area  devoted  to  dairy  productions  has  been 

|I.!3,549,986.     Of  the  exports  of  provisions  and  is  still  being  immensely  extended ;  a  large 

:s  1877—^78,  amounting  to  the  above-mentioned  portion  of  the  northwestern  regions  is  being 

nm,  bacon  and  hams  formed  the  largest  item,  occupied  by  this  industry.    The  dairy  business, 

''?2  million  pounds,  of  the  value  of  $51,750,-  now  so  well  systematized,  and  capable  of  in- 

V'y ;    lard  was  the  next  largest,  848  million  definite  further  extension  in  proportion  as  the 

P'HincU,  rained  at  $80,014,028 ;  and  after  cheese,  demands  of  the  European  market  are  met,  has 

md  bee(  salt  and  fresh,  salted  pork  came  next,  undergone  considerable  changes  owing  to  these 

71  million  pounds,  valued  at  $4,918,646.    The  causes.    Winter  dairying  in  the  Western  facto- 

jiriaess  of  raising  hogs  and  that  of  preparing  ries  has  done  away  with  the  necessity  of  carry- 

:t«^afn  for  the  market  have  increased,  to  satisfy  ing  heavy  stocks  over  winter,  and  has  created 

*'.!s  great  foreign  demand  and  the  augmented  a  demand  for  a  fresh-made  article  all  the  year 

•j>me  consumption,  to  immense  proportions ;  round.    As  the  European  market  is  conquered 

And  in  this  last  year  they  overstepped  all  bounds,  by  the  cheapness  rather  than  the  quality  of  the 

ixA  so  exceeded  the  natural  demands  of  the  American  products,  the  prices,  which  have 

tsarket  that  in  the  twelve  months  ending  No-  fallen  considerably  already  since  the  export 


124 


COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


movement  began,  will  have  a  tendency  to  grav- 
itate still  lower,  while  improvement  in  quality, 
whioh  from  natural  causes  most  be  very  slow, 
can  not  be  accelerated  by  the  competition  in 
cheapness,  unless  it  is  attempted  to  imitate  the 
higher-priced  foreign  makes  of  cheese;  the 
tendency  to  conform  to  the  taste  of  the  Euro- 
pean consumers  is  already  observable  in  the 
cheese  now  sent  to  market.  The  export  price 
must  henceforward  rule  in  the  market  for  dairy 
products,  as  it  does  for  cotton,  cereals,  and  the 
other  chief  exports.  The  price  for  choice  but- 
ter ranged  in  New  York  from  25  to  28  cts.  per 
pound  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1877,  ad- 
vanced to  from  88  to  40  cts.  in  the  winter,  and 
was  between  25  and  85  cts.  in  the  spring  of  1878. 
The  exports  from  that  port  from  May  1,  1877, 
to  the  same  date  in  1878,  were  27,500,000  lbs. 
Oleomargarine  has  affected  the  price  and  inter- 
fered with  the  sale  of  all  the  lower  grades  of 
butter  within  the  past  year  or  two.  When  this 
oil  is  churned  with  sour  milk,  and  a  quantity 
of  cream  or  butter  is  added  to  it,  it  has  a  very 
close  resemblance  to  genuine  butter.  The  pro- 
vision merchants  of  New  York  and  elsewhere 
organized  the  vigoroos  prosecution  of  aU  deal- 
ers who  sold  the  article  without  complyins 
with  the  laws  which  require  it  to  be  ticketed 
with  its  name.  As  much  as  25,000  lbs.  of  this 
artificial  butter  have  been  sold  in  some  single 
weeks  from  the  New  York  factories,  and  over 
5,000,000  lbs.  of  it  were  exported  in  1877. 

The  manufacture  of  cotton,  like  that  of  iron 
products,  has  within  the  past  decade  passed 
through  an  epoch  of  excessive  acceleration  and 
extension  in  all  lands,  and,  like  it,  is  now  suf- 
fering the  effects  of  too  great  an  accession  of 
capital  and  enterprise.  The  congestion  and 
stoppage  succeeding  the  over-stimulation  of 
these  two  mighty  industries  aU  over  the  world, 
and  the  accompanying  derangement  of  the 
functions  of  economical  production,  are  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  the  general  prostration 
of  trade  through  which  the  world  is  now  pass- 
ing. Each  nation,  encouraged  chiefly  by  a  gen- 
eral inflation  of  prices  consequent  upon  an  un- 
usual abundance  of  money  of  different  kinds, 
hastened  simoltaneonsly  to  establish  its  indus- 
try, and  above  all  the  great  textile  and  metal 
trades,  on  an  independent  basis.  No  country 
took  a  more  vigorous  part  in  this  struggle  than 
the  United  States,  and  none  is  likely  to  emerge 
from  it  more  unscathed  and  more  victorious. 
In  the  accessibility  of  raw  materials  and  in  the 
abundance  and  cheapness  of  food  it  was  strong- 
er than  its  rivals,  and  with  methods  of  mechan- 
ical production  it  was  better  armed;  its  pro- 
tective tariff,  the  unusual  home  demand  for 
railroad  iron,  and  the  long-fostered  patriotic  re- 
solve to  furnish  its  own  snpply  of  cotton  manu- 
factures, whose  accomplishment  was  aided,  un- 
der the  protection  of  the  high  tariff,  both  by 
the  original  high  range  of  prices  anq  even  by 
the  extensive  fall  in  prices  and  the  depression 
of  general  trade  in  so  far  as  it  occasioned  the 
fiobstitution  of  native  cotton  goods  for  dearer 


foreign  fabrics — these  and  various  other  dr- 
oumstances  combined  to  place  America  on  a 
ground  of  vantage  in  the  desperate  intemation- 
al  conflict  which  has  raged  most  fiercely  in  the 
field  of  the  cotton  and  iron  trades,  the  cotton 
industry  of  the  world  must  for  some  time  to 
come  suffer  from  the  sharp  competition  aod 
slow  trade  resulting  from  tne  excessive  eiten* 
sion  of  manu£&cturing  facilities.  This  exten- 
sion has  been  over  50  per  cent  within  thirteen 
^ears,  the  spinning  capacity  of  the  world  har- 
ing  increased  from  about  2,000,000.000  lbs., 
equal  to  5,000,000  bales  of  400  lbs.  each,  in  1865 
to  over  8,000,000,000  lbs.  in  1878,  as  is  shown 
by  the  following  table,  giving  the  number  of 
spindles  and  their  consuming  capacity  in  the 
different  parts  of  the  world,  according  to  the 
latest  reports : 

Contmninff  Power  of  the  World  in  1877-'78. 


oomrnoES. 

KoBkwor 
iflodtai. 

■pfndk. 

TMdpoodfc 

MOpOOdL 

OroAt  BrtUin.... 

CoDtliMnt 

India 

(JnltedStBtM.... 

89,600,000 

80,000,000 

1,27^000 

10,600,000 

8S 

68 
75 
85 

1,808,600,000 

1,060,000,000 

9^08&,000 

688,600,000 

8,8«\0C0 

8,660,000 

88»,0«l 

l,706,2a0 

Itelri. 

71,875,000 

44 

8,141,685,000 

7,809,888 

This  sharp  international  competition  has  been 
detrimental  to  l^e  foreign  trade  of  England 
in  cotton  manufactures,  which  is  fast  losing 
ground  year  by  jear  on  the  Continent  and  in 
India  as  well  as  m  the  United  States.    Of  the 
total  consumption  of  raw  cotton  in  1877-^78, 
which   aggregated  7,848,000  bales,   England 
took  40*6  per  cent,  the  Continent  88*7  per 
cent.,  the  United  States  22*6  per  c«iit.,  India 
8*1  per  cent. ;  of  the  total  consumption  in  the 
year  1870-71,  6,246,000  bales.  Great  Britain's 
share  was  47*9  per  cent,  that  of  the  Oontinent 
81*4  per  cent,  of  the  United  States  19*8  per 
cent,  of  India  1*4  per  cent. ;  in  1860  the  Eng- 
lish mills  manufactured  49*4  per  cent  of  the 
world's  total  takings,  the  Continental  mills 
81*5  per  cent,  the  United  States  19*1  per  cent., 
and  India  none.    The  English  exports  of  cot- 
tons to  the  United  States,  which  were  226,- 
000,000  yards  in  1860,  were  only  47,000,000 
yards  in  1877-78,  little  more  than  one  third 
of  the  exports  of  the  ynited  States  the  same 
year.    The  export  of  American  cottons  has 
increased  with  remarkable  rapidity   of    late 
years,  as  the  foUowing  statement  of  exports 
for  the  last  five  fiscal  years  will  show : 


pxaoa  oooDS. 

OokiM 

TXABS. 

tidUffua*. 

OoUmH 

TiM,fud». 

«Ukte^ 

1878.... 
1874.... 
18T6.... 
1^77.... 
1878.... 

8,860,191 
18,887,510 
69,819,867 
76,780,860 

88,028,198 

8,844,888 

4,600,447 

16,488,814 

89,111,484 

87,76^818 

11,704,079 

17,887,967 

7^807,481 

106,881,694 

186,898,005 

fS,804,880 

T,7«2;97d 
10,180.!^^4 
11,48fi,e^«' 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  United   States   In 
1877-78  was  the  largest  ever  grown,  save  tliot 


CO] 


•  :"<;<(  w 


(INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1S5 


Qfoneyetf,  185(^*60,  which  was  about  12,000 
biidi  larger.  The  total  crop  of  the  year  end- 
ing Aa|^  81,  1878,  amoonted  to  4,811,265 
y«8,  agiJnBt  4,485,428  bales  in  1876-77, 
i,669,288  bales  in  1876>'76,  8,882,091  bales 
m  1874-75,  and  4^170,888  bales  in  1878-74. 
Tbe  total  exports  for  the  year  amounted  to 
Z,m,m  bales,  against  8,049,497  bales  in 
IdT^'TT,  8,252,994  in  1875-76,  2,684,410 
yes  in  1874-75,  and  2,840,981  bales  in 
187^74.  The  stock  remaining  on  hand,  Sep- 
(ember  1, 1878,  was  48,449  baleSj  being  76,189 
Ules  lees  than  the  stock  remainm^  at  the  be- 
gioning  of  the  year.  The  American  cotton 
crop  for  each  year  since  1881  is  given  below  : 


ICr-TI 4,81],M5 

Ki-IT 4,480,498 

I-3-18 4,609,388 

K^T3 8,881,991 

1*3-14 4,lT0,a88 

Ki-H 8,989,608 

bn-Ta 8,974,801 

KS-Tl 4,898,81T 

l«-1i 8,164,946 

M^ll 8,489,009 

l«C-W 8,406,896 

l*.-?! 8,009,971 

M-tl 8,898,987 

1%-V BONeord 

»•-« 8,886^ 

m:m 4,888,770 

M«-W 8.9H481 

IW-'M 8,888,901 

1«-'5T 8,096,619 

lA^K 8,640>46 

b04.».  8*988,889 

l^'a 8,080,097 


1861-'08 8,090,089 

1660.*61 9,416,267 

1840.*60 8,m,706 

lM8-'49 8,808,606 

1847.*48 8,484,118 

184^*47 1,860,479 

184ft-*46 8,170,687 

1844-'4& 8,484,689 

184a.*44 8,106,679 

1842-*48 9,89^908 

1841.'48 1,688,676 

1840-*41 1,689,868 

1689-'40 9,181.748 

1888-*a9 1,868,408 

1887-'88 1,804,797 

1884-'87 1,495,675 

1886-*86 '.  1,860,790 

1884-*86 1,254,828 

1888-'84 1,906.894 

lasg-'SS 1,070,488 

1881-'89 967,4n 

1880-*81 1,088,847 

8,808,889 

The  takings  by  American  spinners  for  the 
(liferent  years,  ending  Aagast  Slst,  were  as 
fbOowa,  in  bales : 


TIUXR— 

isra. 

isra. 

isrt. 

ists. 

1,068,089 
1461,079 

1,911,608 
14^000 

1,988,418 
147,000 

1,898,998 
148,000 

1,807,691 

UB4.B96 

1,486,418 

VMW 

Th»  orerland  movement  of  cotton  in  1878 
Tia  693,640  bales,  an  increase  of  56,754  bales 
<^^er  the  gross  overland  movement  of  1877. 
Th«  moTemeot  direct  to  mannfactarers  was 
S17.650  bales,  against  800,282  bales  in  1877, 
bcm^  an  mcrease  of  17,888  bales.  With  the 
«x<%ption  of  the  Fall  River  mills,  the  Northern 
Varies  worked  less  hours  in  1877-78  than 
Cf  the  preceding  year ;  the  coarser  average  ot 
'-^  prodaoed,  however)  made  the  amount  of 
"^i^rial  consumed  larger.  At  Fall  River, 
^h  has  1,800,000  spindles,  most  of  the  mills 
««e  on  half  time  in  the  summer  months. 

Tho  Sea  Island  crop  in  1877-78  was  22,825 
^  The  stock  on  hand  September  1, 1877, 
n<  1,048  bales.  Of  the  total  supply  of  26,878 
^^  16,295  were  exported,  9,451  were  con- 
l^ed  by  American  manufacturers,  and  127 
^saiioed  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  season. 

The  highest  price  of  the  season  of  1877-78 
■^liTerpool  was  obtained  on  October  9,  1877, 
viei  middling  upland  sold  for  6}df. ;  the  mar- 
^<  ▼•§  quiet  and  dull  through  the  autumn 
!:d  viflter,  owing  to  the  uncertain  condition 


of  European  politics.  The  lowest  price  of  the 
season,  5|{^,  was  touched  on  May  2,  1878, 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  great  strike  in  Lanca- 
shire. Prices  afterward  i^vanced  some,  owing 
to  the  strong  statistical  position,  fluctuating 
between  6^.  and  ^d,  through  the  summer, 
rising  in  August  to  ^^d,  again  on  the  prospect 
of  a  short  supply,  afterward  weakening  after 
increased  arrivals,  and  standing  on  September 
29th  at  ^yL,  The  average  price  for  the  sea- 
son was  6^(2.  against  6^3.  the  season  before, 
and  6^.  two  seasons  before.  The  extreme 
fluctuation  was  Itv^.  The  price  ruling  in  the 
New  York  market  for  middling  upland  on  the 
1st  of  January,  1877,  was  12fc. ;  on  April  Ist, 
life.;  July  Ist,  12ic. ;  October  Ist,  11)0. 
The  price  on  the  Ist  of  January,  1878,  was 
^l-iV^i  0°  February  l8t,ll-|>^.;  March  lst| 
lOic. ;  April  1st,  lOJc. ;  May  1st,  10}c. ;  June 
1st,  life. ;  July  Ist,  lliV<^. ;  August  Ist,  ll|c. ; 
September  1st,  124fc. ;  October  1st,  lOfc. ; 
November  1st,  9^. ;  December  Ist,  9-,^c.  The 
price  on  the  Ist  of  June,  which  was  life,  in 
1878,  was  llV^c.  in  1877,  12c.  in  1876,  16c. 
in  1875;  August  1st,  life,  in  1878,  12c.  in 
1877,  120.  in  1876,  life,  in  1875;  October  1st, 
lOfc.  in  1878,  life,  in  1877,  lie.  in  1876, 
18fc.  in  1875;  November  1st,  9fc.  in  1878, 
llAe.  in  1877, 12^0.  in  1876,  U^.  in  1875. 

The  total  crop  of  all  countries  in  1879,  it  is 
estimated,  will  be  about  7,590,000  bales,  of 
which  American  spinners  will  require  about 
1,650,000  bales,  leaving  8,978,000  of  the  Amer- 
ican crop  available  for  export.  The  total  esti- 
mated exportable  surplus  of  the  different  cot- 
ton-growmg  countries  in  1879  is  as  follows: 

Ameriea. 1,691,900,000 

EMtlndiik 418,000,000 

Egypt 904,000,000 

Bradi 88,000,000 

8inTnia,ete 89,760,000 

Weat  India,  ettu. 11,060,000 

Total 9,980,000,000 

The  actual  consumption  of  Europe  in  1878 
was  2,182,578,000  pounds,  about  242,000  bales 
less  than  the  estimated  supply  for  1879.  The 
total  power  of  consumption  is  208,000  bales 
more  than  the  estimatea  supply. 

The  trade  in  wool  and  the  manufacture  of 
woolen  goods  have  been  in  an  unsatisfactory 
condition  since  1875.  The  competition  has 
been  lively  and  the  market  frequently  flood- 
ed with  manufactures,  followed  by  periods  of 
comparative  scarcity,  owing  to  the  numerous 
bankruptcies,  which  excited  the  trade  again  to 
large  unregulated  production.  Owing  to  this 
strong  competition,  the  first  prices  of  raw 
wool  have  generally  been  high  until  1878. 
There  is  a  slow  but  steady  improvement  in  the 
average  quality  of  American  wool;  one  sec- 
tion of  the  country  after  another  makes  a  fit- 
ful effort  to  improve  the  breed  of  stock,  so 
that  gradually  the  native-grown  wool  is  dis- 
placing the  foreign  sorts,  which  have  been  re- 
Quired  for  the  higher  grades  of  goods.  The 
demand  of  late  has  not  been  for  fine  wools. 


126 


COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


owing  to  general  contraction  and  economy. 
The  extreme  western  country  has  made  great 
progress  in  wool-growing.  Oregon  produced 
6,000,000  pounds  in  1877,  against  8.000,000 
pounds  in  1876.  The  Territory  wools,  those 
of  Nevada,  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Montana,  show  a 
marked  improvement  each  year  both  in  quan- 
tity and  quality ;  they  possess  a  long  staple, 
and  are  without  burr.  The  Colorado  product 
has  been  so  increased  that  the  carpet-makers 
rely  entirely  on  that  State  for  the  softer  kinds, 
instead  of  on  Spanish,  Mediterranean,  and  East 
Indian  sorts;  Colorado  produces  combing  and 
filling  wools  at  d5o.  per  pound,  scoured.  The 
Southern  wools,  Virginia  South  Down,  Geor- 
gia, Lake,  etc.,  are  also  improving  in  quality 
and  increasing  in  quantity.  It  is  well  adapted 
from  the  length  of  its  staple  for  medium  grades 
of  cloth,  and  commanded  55c.  per  scoured 
pound  in  1877.  The  Texas  wool  increases  in 
quantity,  but  shows  a  sad  lack  of  improvement 
in  blood,  and  is  only  adapted  for  the  poorest 
work,  owing  not  only  to  its  underbred  quality 
but  to  the  pernicious  practice  of  shearing  twice 
a  year  which  obtains  in  that  State.  The  price 
for  washed  Ohio  fleeces  at  the  beginning  of 
1877  was  45c.  for  fine  wool.  In  the  summer 
the  price  rose  to  50c.,  but  weakened  later,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  year  there  were  large  stocks 
of  XX  Ohio  in  dealers^  hands  and  no  buyers  at 
44  to  45c.  per  pound.  The  price  for  American 
XX  at  the  beginning  of  January,  1878,  in  New 
York,  was  88  to  45c. ;  in  February,  87  to  45c. ; 
in  March,  85  to  4dc. ;  in  April,  84  to  42c. ;  in 
May,  the  same ;  in  June,  82  to  88c. ;  in  July, 
80  to  87c. ;  in  August,  80  to  88c. ;  in  Septem- 
ber, 88  to  88c. ;  in  October,  the  same ;  in  No- 
vember, 80  to  86c. 

In  the  iron  industry,  the  means  of  production 
have  been  enlarged  within  a  few  years  to  a  great- 
er extent  relatively  than  in  any  other  branch. 
The  extraordinary  demand  during  the  rapid  ex- 
tension of  the  railroad  network  of  the  United 
States  gave  the  principal  impetus  to  the  move- 
ment The  high  price  of  iron  which  prevailed 
made  it  profitable  to  work  furnaces  and  forges 
whose  location  and  facilities  would  be  exceed- 
ingly disadvantageous  in  times  of  ordinary  de- 
mand. Since  the  demand  for  railroad  iron  con- 
siderably declined,  the  prices,  owing  to  the  ex- 
cessive increase  in  the  exceedingly  expensive 
works  necessary  for  iron  production,  and  to  the 
large  accumulation  of  stocks  to  be  disposed 
of,  declined  in  a  far  greater  ratio ;  so  that  no 
branch  has  been  in  a  worse  financial  position 
for  a  year  or  two  back  than  the  iron  trade. 
The  rapid  growth  of  the  iron  and  steel  indus- 
tries has  been  much  more  beneficial  to  the  na- 
tion, however,  than  the  large  losses  of  capital 
sunk  in  useless  works  by  over-sanguine  under- 
takers has  proved  detrimental.  The  iron  in- 
dustry is  now,  and  will  remain,  the  largest  in 
the  country,  not  counting  agriculture.  The 
American  consumption  is  entirely  emancipated 
from  its  former  dependence  on  the  English 
producers.    The  American  demand  for  railroad 


bars  alone  is  still  large,  and  will  long  remain 
so.  The  railroad  construction  for  the  last  four 
years,  1874-77,  has  been  at  the  rate  of  2,224 
miles  per  annum.  This  demand  is  now  satis- 
fied altogether  by  the  native  product.  In  the 
year  1872,  in  which  $850,000,000  were  invested 
in  new  railroads,  and  5,720  miles  of  track  laid, 
the  production  of  rails  in  the  American  mills 
was  a  million  tons,  and  the  imports  from  En- 
rope  about  half  a  million.  In  1877  the  con- 
sumption had  diminished  60  per  cent.,  and  the 
total  supply  had  decreased  60  per  cent ;  but 
that  portion  of  the  supply  which  came  from 
abroad  had  ceased  altogether,  while  that  from 
American  works  had  declined  less  than  25  per 
cent.  The  falling  ofi*  in  the  imports  of  iron  and 
steel  rails  between  1878  and  1877  amounted  to 
about  $20,000,000 ;  the  import  is  now  as  good 
as  nothing.  The  railroad  network  is  likely  to 
be  extended  in  its  smaller  ramifications  for 
many  years  to  come,  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
25  per  cent  decrease  in  the  native  production 
will  be  recovered,  and  the  demand  will  be  con- 
stantly equal  to  or  greater  than  the  supply  of 
the  year  of  largest  production.  The  rapidity 
with  which  foreign  rails  have  been  displaced 
by  the  American  product,  after  the  domestic 
works  had  been  increased  sufSciently  to  satisfy 
the  demand,  can  be  seen  from  the  following 
table,  which  gives  the  number  of  miles  of  rail- 
road constructed  and  the  number  of  tons  of 
rails  produced  for  the  eleven  calendar  years 
1867-77  and  the  number  of  tons  imported  for 
the  eleven  fiscal  years  1868-'78 : 


YawandiiicD*- 
Mnter  tL 

lUOlMd 

coaatrwtod. 

NtCtoni 
pradaoad. 

Ymr  •adliif 
JumM. 

Nrttooi 

tinpoitada 

1867 

8,449 
8,979 
4,61S 
6,070 
7,608 
C720 
4,069 
8,805 
1,758 
8,657 

462,106 
606,714 
608,586 
680,000 
776,788 
1,000,000 
890,0n 
789,418 
792,518 
679,689 
764,709 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1671 

1879 

1878 

151,0»7 

1868 

266,228 

1869 

818,888 

1870 

518,028 

1871 

595,821 

400,546 

1878 

1878 

1874. 

1875« 

1876 

1877 

1878. 

166,790 

1874. 

1875 

47,183 

5,878 
88 

1876 

1877 

12 

Simultaneously  with  the  displacement  of  for- 
eign rails  by  American  in  the  home  market, 
the  old  iron  rail  has  been  rapidly  supplanted 
by  steel  rdls  converted  by  the  Bessemer  pro- 
cess. The  rate  at  which  this  change  has  taken 
place  can  be  seen  in  the  following  statement, 
giving  the  relative  quantities  of  iron  and  Bes- 
semer steel  rails,  which  each  year  made  up  the 
total  annual  product  stated  above : 


YKABS. 


1867. 

1868. 

1860. 

1870 

1871. 

1873. 

1878. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 


Imnlb, 

SMtlnUa, 

IMltOIII. 

BSttOBC 

450,558 

8,660 

499,489 

7,226 

588,986 

9,650 

566,000 

84,000 

787.488 

86,850 

905,980 

84,070 

761,068 

189,015 

584,469 

144,944 

501,649 

890,868 

467,168 

418.461 

882,540 

482,169 

COMMERCE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


127 


la  IdTT,  for  the  first  time,  the  prodaotion  of 
steel  nik  exceeded  that  of  iron  rails.  The 
decrease  in  the  prodnction  of  the  latter  was 
1S4,628  tons,  while  there  was  an  increase  of 
19,708  tons  in  the  prod  action  of  Bessemer  steel 
nils.  The  total  production  of  rails  in  1877 
irsfl  114,920  tons,  or  13  per  cent,  less  than  in 
1976.  The  manufacture  of  rails  was  carried 
m  in  nineteen  States  and  one  Territory,  Wyo- 
ming, in  1677,  Pennsylvania  furnishing  46i  per 
eest  of  the  total  product.  In  1878  a  plant 
W89  eetablished  in  a  new  State,  Colorado. 

The  decrease  in  the  imports  of  iron  and  steel 
products  in  the  six  years  from  1878  to  1878 
imounted  to   $50,250,819;  the  total  imports 
in  the  former  year  having  been  $59,808,452, 
those  of  the  latter  $9,057,638.     During  this 
period  the  imports  of  railroad  bars,  which 
sffioonted  to  $19,750,000  in  1873,  bad  ceased 
altogether ;  that  of  pig  iron  had  declined  from 
tl3.$47,2dl  to  $1,250,057;  that  of  bar,  rod, 
sheet  and  hoop  iron  from  $7,477,556,  to  $1,- 
iidJOT;  that  of  raw  steel  from  $4,155,234  to 
1 1,220,037;  that  of  steel  manufactures  from 
tKU92,779  to  $4,035,512.    Between  the  same 
dates  there  was  an  increase  in  the  iron  and 
Ettelexports,  amounting  to  $1,943,198,  or  nearly 
S3  per  cent. ;  the  exports  of  1878  amounted  to 
112,084,048.     The  price  of  iron  had  declined 
iboQt  one  half  in  this  period ;  the  arerage  ex- 
port price  of  pig  iron  per  cwt  was  $2.49  in 
^73,  $2.14  in  1874,  $1.55  in  1875,  $1.31  in 
1<6.  $1.24  in  1877,  and  $1.21  in  1878.    The 
chtnge  in  the  national  balance  in  this  dass  of 
^Jmfnodities   was  from  $49,000,000  net  im- 
ports in  1873  to  $3,000,000  net  exports  in  1878, 
or  over  $52,000,000.    The  exports  of  all  iron 
and  steel  products  during  the  calendar  year 
1877  amounted  to  $16,659,675,  an  increase  of 
about  $5,000,000  OTcr  the  exports  of  the  pre- 
ceding, half  of  which  increase  was  made  up  of 
Sretnss  alone. 

The  total  product  of  pig  iron  in  the  calendar 
recr  1877  was  2,314,585  tons,  against  2,093,- 
iS4  tons  in  1876,  2,266,581  in  1875,  2,689,418 
to  H74,  2,868,278  m  1873,  and  2,854,558  in 
H72;  there  has  therefore  been  a. decrease  in 
:rie  prodnction  of  raw  iron  of  about  540,000 
*<0Qa,  or  not  quite  19  per  cent.,  since  1872.  The 
•  Ul  prodnction  of  rails  duriug  the  same  pe- 
nod  decreaaed  over  235,000  tons:  while  that 
ct  every  other  dass  of  products  shows  a  con- 
iLJrrable  increase.  The  number  of  furnaces 
i::  working  order  in  the  United  States  at  the 
«-'  »^  of  the  year  1877  was  716,  against  712 
r.  the  cloae  of  1876.  The  number  of  furnaces 
•')  blast  at  the  end  of  December,  1877,  was 
-Tf>,  ai>oat  three  eighths  of  the  total  num- 


ber of  completed  furnaces,  against  286  in  De- 
cember, 1876,  or  less  than  one  third  of  the 
number  then  existing ;  there  was  thus  an  in- 
crease during  the  year  of  84  in  the  number  of 
active  furnaces.  The  consumption  of  pig  iron 
was  very  much  greater  than  in  1876,  and  the 
production  also  considerably  greater ;  the  esti- 
mated consumption  was  2,418,216  tons,  against 
2,172,503  tons  in  1876 ;  the  stock  remainiog  in 
makers'  hands  was  642,351  tons  on  the  Ist  of 
January,  1878,  against  686,798  the  year  before. 
The  imports  of  pig  iron  in  1877  amounted  to 
66,871  tons,  and  the  exports  to  7,687  tons. 
The  increase  in  the  consumption  of  iron  in 
1877  is  explained  by  the  decline  in  prices  which 
continued  in  that  year,  and  reached  a  lerel 
below  which,  it  was  thought,  they  could  not 
ftu*ther  descend.  The  Philadelphia  price  of 
anthracite  pig  iron  went  down  steadily  from 
$20.75  per  gross  ton  in  January  to  $18  in  No- 
vember and  December,  the  average  for  the  year 
being  $18.92 ;  that  of  best  iron  rails  from  $38 
to  $33,  average  $35.25 ;  the  price  of  refined  bar 
iron  fell  from  $48.72  in  January  to  $44.80  in 
April,  and  remained  steady  at  that  figure  for 
the  rest  of  the  year. 

The  total  production  of  rolled  iron,  with  that 
of  iron  rails  and  other  varieties  of  rolled  iron 
given  separatdy,  is  shown  in  the  table  below : 


TBAHS. 


18M 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1860 
1870 

isn 

1872 
1878 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 


boa  nDty 


88^869 
866,298 
I80,n8 
459,558 
499,480 
588,986 
586,000 
787,488 
906,980 
761,069 
584,469 
601,649 
467,168 
882^540 


(XbtrnOti 
Bat  tool. 


686,958 

500.048 

606,811 

679,888 

508,286 

642.420 

706,000 

710,000 

941.992 

1,0764^68 

1,110,147 

1,097,867 

1,042.101 

1,144,219 


Totel, 
B«l  tani. 

872327 
856,840 
1,026,080 
1,089,896 
1,097,775 
1,226,856 
1,291,000 
1,447.488 
1,847,922 
1,887,480 
1,694,616 
1,509,516 
1,609360 
1,476,760 


The  production  of  iron  rails  was  about  the 
same  as  that  thirteen  years  before,  while  that 
of  all  other  iron  products  taken  together  had 
more  than  doubled.  The  decrease  in  the  total 
iron  since  1872,  the  year  of  greatest  production, 
was  371,000  tons ;  but  that  of  iron  rails  during 
the  same  period  was  573,000  tons,  so  that  there 
has  been  an  increase  of  202,000  tons,  or  nearly 
21^  per  cent.,  in  other  iron  products.  The  pro- 
duction of  cut  nails  and  spikes  was  4,828,918 
kegs  in  1877,  against  4,065,322  kegs  in  1872. 

The  production  of  the  different  classes  of 
steel  and  the  total  steel  product  for  the  past 
six  calendar  years  were  as  follows: 


KOTDB  or  snzL. 

isra. 

NettoM. 

isrt. 

Ncttoaii 

1874. 

Nattrat. 

isra, 

Nflilons. 

isre. 

Nflitons. 

isrr. 

Nattau. 

"H^  fwK  stml 

29,260 

8.000 

7,740 

120,108 

84,786 

8,500 

18,714 

170,662 

86329 

7,000 

6358 

191,988 

89,401 

9,050 

12,607 

875,017 

89,382 

21.490 

10,806 

525,996 

40,480 
25,081 
11294 

''^\fwtfc  afefwl      

•    "tfcfT  itfcl  nimrpt  BmiifiTnnr 

-^ma^^^^m  ^0M  nnitt. 

560387 

^"••^^  ^t^^m  j.^wi^ ...••••••••.•• 

Totaa   

160,108 

222.652 

241,614 

486376 

697,174 

687,842 

128 


COMMEBOE  aNTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


This  great  fnorease  in  the  production  of  steel 
hss  been  attended  by  an  increase  in  the  exports 
of  steel  and  its  manufactures,  exclnaiye  of  fire- 
arms,  between  the  fiscal  years  1878  and  1878, 
of  $181,613,  or  since  the  fiscal  year  1872  of 
$489,472,  and  a  decrease  in  the  imports  of  steel 
and  steel  mannfactures  of  $9,892,464  since 
1873,  of  which  amount  $6,467,267  was  the  de- 
crease in  the  imports  of  finished  steel  manufac- 
tures. There  has  occurred  a  ^at  decline  in 
the  prices  of  steel  products  durmg  this  term  of 
years. 

The  production  of  Bessemer  steel  has  been 
deyeloped  faster  than  other  branches  of  this 
great  industry,  owing  to  the  preference  which 
u  given  to  Bessemer  steel  rails  for  railway 
tracks.  In  1867  there  were  only  2,660  tons  of 
Bessemer  rails  made  in  the  Uunited  States.  In 
1876  the  product  had  increased  to  290,868  tons 
and  m  1677  to  432,169  tons  of  rails.  The  quan- 
tity of  pig  and  spiegeleisen  converted  into  Bes- 
semer steel  in  1877  was  662,227  tons,  against 
689,474  tons  in  1876,  and  896.966  tons  in  1876 ; 
the  consumption  of  spiegeleisen  alone  was 
48,229  tons  in  1877,  46,980  tons  in  1876,  and 
88,246  tons  in  1876.  The  quantity  of  Besse- 
mer steel  ingots  produced  in  1877  was  660,687 
net  tons;  m  1876,  626,996  tons;  m  1876,  876,- 
617  tons;  in  1874.  191,988  tons.  The  Besse- 
mer industry  was  nrst  established  in  the  United 
States  in  1867,  and  during  its  eleven  years*  ex- 
istence up  to  the  end  of  1877  the  totaJ  product 
of  steel  rails  amounted  to  1,596,197  tons.  Be- 
sides the  consumption  of  Bessemer  ingots  for 
rolling  rails,  there  is  a  quantity,  whicn  is  al- 
ready considerable,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
wrought  iron  and  for  other  varieties  of  steel ; 
this  use  of  Bessemer  steel  is  rapidly  increasing. 
The  number  of  converters  in  operation  within 
the  year  1877  was  22 ;  there  are  altogether  ten 
companies  engaged  in  the  production  of  Besse- 
mer steel  in  the  United  States.  There  was  a 
marked  decline  in  the  prices  of  Bessemer  rails 
during  the  year  1878,  the  price  sinking  from 
$49  per  gross  ton  at  the  works,  which  was  the 
rate  for  the  first  four  months,  to  $40.60  in  No- 
vember and  December,  the  average  rate  for 
the  year  being  $46.68.  In  1878,  although  the 
prices  remained  low,  an  improved  business  was 
reported  by  most  of  the  makers. 

At  the  monthly  auction  sales  of  coal  in  1878 
the  prices  brought  were  as  follows  per  ton : 


DATC  or  SALE. 


January  80. . . , 

MarohST 

VmjI 

M«7a9 

JuneM 

JnljrSl 

AnfnutfS.... 
Beptember  25. 
October  80... 
NoTemb«r  26. 


Stoomw. 

Onto. 

Esf. 

$8  10 

|8  1«« 

$8  14 

8  1U 

8  074 
8  21} 

8  16} 

82& 

8  40 

880 

880 

8  45 

8  49^ 

848 

85«} 

8  4TI 

849 

86f^ 

8  47 

80Pf 

861^ 

868 

•  •   •  a 

8M 

8  68 

84fif 

SOU 

8  67} 

820 

828 

828} 

SlOT*. 

18  67 
866 
8  09f 
8  76| 
8  76 
8  89 
890 
898} 

4  m 

406 
8  71f 


The  exports  of  coal  in  the  first  ten  months 
of  1878  aggregated  13,260,000  tons  besides 
8,846,000  tons  furnished  to  steamers  engaged 


in  foreign  trade.  The  largest  quantity  vent 
to  France,  2.600,000  tons,  Germany  takmg  over 
1,600,000  of  the  rest,  Russia  1,000,000,  Sweden 
and  Norway  nearly  as  much,  Italy  also  nearly 
a  million. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  year  1876  speculative 
operations  drove  up  the  price  of  petroleum  to 
a  nigh  figure ;  80c.  a  gallon  was  paid  for  large 
lots  on  December,  and  $4,224^  per  barrel  for 
crude  oil  at  the  wells.    In  tne  beg^niiing  of 
1877,  with  a  stock  of  8,000,000  barrels  at  tbe 
W€lls  and  large  quantities  of  fine  oil  ice-bound 
on  the  route,  and   no  opportunity  to  ship 
abroad,  there  was  a  remarkable  fall  in  prices, 
17c.  being  the  usual  price  in  February.  Vihen 
the  spring  opened,  and  for  the  rest  of  tbe 
year,  the  prices  ran  lower  still,  18c  to  15o. 
being  the  usual  range  of  quotations  for  stand- 
ard white  oil  in  barrels  firbm  May  to  Decem- 
ber.   The  average  price  for  the  year  1877  was 
16*92c.,  against  19-12c.  in  1876,    12'99c.  in 
1876,  and  18*09c  in  1874 ;  that  of  crude  oil 
in  bulk  was  9*  12c  per  gallon,  against  10*60c  in 
1876,  6'69c  in  1876,  and  912c  in  1874.    The 
low  prices  of  freight  and  of  oil  excited  an 
unprecedented  foreign  demand.    Hie  orders 
for  export  commenced  early  in  the  spring  and 
continued  until  the  end  of  the  year ;  the  total 
shipments  were  8,781,178  bbls.  against  6,884,- 
810  bbls.  in  1876,  and  6,810,296  bbls.  in  1875. 
The  largest  increase  was  in  the  exports  to  the 
far  East  and  the  Levant;  the  shipments  in 
cases,  in  which  form  the  oil  for  the  Oriental 
trade  is  put  np,  increased  over  100  per  cent 
for  the  year. 

The  exports  of  petroleum  from  all  ports 
from  the  1st  of  January  till  tbe  beginning  of 
December,  1878,  were  802,828,688  ^ons, 
against  about  829,600,000  gallons  during  the 
same  months  in  1877,  and  219,600,000  in  1876. 
Of  this,  199,000,000  gallons  were  sent  from 
New  York,  against  284,000,000  in  1877  and 
126,000,000  m  1876 ;  nearly  64,000,000  gal- 
lons from  Philadelphia,  against  42,000,000  in 
1876  and  69,000,000  in  1876;  and  81,000,000 
gallons  from  Baltimore,  against  42,600,000  the 
year  before  and  83,760,000  m  1876. 

The  tobaeeo  crop  of  the  United  States  in 
1876  averaged  very  poorly  in  quality ;  yet  the 
lai^  requirements  of  the  European  govern- 
ment monopolies  in  1877,  and  a  considerable 
specnlative  demand  for  export  to  Germany  on 
the  prospect  of  the  establishment  of  a  monop- 
oly or  a  high  tariff  in  that  empire,  drew  ofl 
the  larger  part  of  the  surplus,  so  that  the 
market  for  the  year  closed  quite  firm.  The 
yearns  business  in  1877  was  feeble  and  de- 
pressed on  account  of  the  low  quality  of  the 
stock  and  the  general  mercantile  timidity 
The  prospects  of  an  unusually  fine  crop  in  1877 
which  was  estimated  at  70,000  hogsheads  ii 
Virginia  and  60,000  in  Maryland  and  Ohio— 
the  best  crop  since  1866— increased  the  caotior 
of  the  buyers.  The  operations  of  tbe  Europeai 
rSgies  were  thus  a  great  relief  to  the  market 
The  exports  of  leaf  tobacco  in  1877  from  Nev 


OOMMEBOE  (INTERNAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATEa 


12» 


fork  were,  in  hogsheads,  92,798,  against  100,- 
IS5  in  1876,  54,831  in  1875,  74,026  in  1874, 
lad  94,865  in  1878.  The  receipts  at  the  sea- 
ports from  the  crop  of  1877  were  estimated  at 
155,000  hogsheads.  The  crop  turned  oat  leafj 
iod  sound,  bat  vith  less  heavy  leaf  than  was 
tipeetod.  The  exports  of  seed-leaf  tobacco  in 
IhTT  were  83,950  cases,  against  51,426  in 
h:<,  35,015  in  1875,  and  81,801  in  1874.  The 
jobbing  trsde  in  seed-leaf  tobacco  at  New 
\>xi  £bs  been  mach  ii\jared  by  the  growth  of 
' « Isrge  cigar  factories,  which  purchase  sap- 
piiea  on  the  spot  where  they  are  grown,  and 
!>5  the  extension  of  the  trayeling  System.  The 
tnde  was  arreted  by  the  strilce  of  the  cigar- 
aukers  in  1877,  bat  the  smallness  of  the  stock 
rtf  old  crops  prevented  the  decline  of  prices. 
Tbd  old  stock  remaining  on  hand  Janaary  1, 
W7a,  was  for  the  whole  country  about  56,000 
m^  sod  the  new  crop  of  1877  was  about 
1)0,000  cases  of  fair  average  quality.  The 
^lantitj  of  domestic  seed  leaf  manufactured 
iaro  cigars  in  the  year  ending  June  80,  1877, 
VIS  S3,702,834  lbs.,  or  88,692  cases,  against 
«?.789  eases  in  1876,  71,785  in  1875,  89,140  in 
Xi,  and  80,659  in  1873.    The  quantity  of  for- 


eign tobacco  worked  up  into  cigars  in  1877 
was  about  7  million  pounds,  against  about  7, 
7^,  9^,  and  lOf  million  pounds  in  1876,  75, 
'74.  and  73  respectively.  The  number  of  cigars 
ana  cheroots  stamped  for  the  internal  revenue 
in  1877  was  1,800,009  mUle,  of  which  44,100 
mille  were  of  foreign  make,  against  48,410 
mille  in  1876,  57,345  in  1875,  65,060  in  1874^ 
and  75,018  in  1873;  and  1,755,909  mille  were 
of  domestic  manufacture,  against  1,780,397  in 
1876, 1,869,317  in  1875, 1,792,789  in  1874,  and 
1,699,732  in  1873.  It  is  thus  seen  that  the 
consumption  of  cigars  has  decreased  since  1875, 
owing  partly  to  the  deficiency  of  the  crops  and 
partly  to  tiie  impaired  consumptive  capacity 
of  the  people.  The  business  in  manufiustured 
tobacco  has  been  large  and  profitable  for  the 
Eastern  factories  during  the  last  couple  of 
years.  The  quantity  of  manufactured  tobacco 
on  which  the  internal  revenue  tax  was  paid 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1877,  was 
112,722,054  lbs.,  the  number  of  cigars  and  che- 
roots 1,799,412  mille.  The  prices  in  the  New 
York  market  in  the  year  1878  at  or  near  the 
beginning  of  the  months  designated  was  for 
the  following  varieties,  per  pound,  as  follows : 


MONTH. 


F'knu  J. . 

Vstfi... 

Irf 

Kit. 

4%m, 

«3.T 

a««M^^ 


KMiodqr  lng% 
hMvy. 


New  IkigUiMJ 

Mcd  Im^ 

flUai. 


VwnmylwaaJm 


■liuft  won. 


CMta. 

21/9  44 
20(^45 
14(^40 


14 1 
14 1 
IS 
14 1 
14 
14 1 


40 
40 
45 
40 
40 
40 


10^45 


Gnu. 

m(^21 
IB  §24 
11  gl8 
11   §18 

11  019 

12  ®84 
11  ®18 
11  §18 
11  M18 
IS  4^24 


Tbere  was  tax  active  speculative  movement 
^tyar  in  the  early  part  of  1877,  on  account 
"/  its  exceptionally  strong  statistical  position, 
\  le  stocks  carried  over  in  all  countries  being 
'^XOOO  tons  lees  than  those  of  the  previous 
Tftf.  and  the  crop  in  cane  and  heet  sugar  of 
I-tT^-'T?  falling  short  of  that  of  the  season 
>:f»re  about  800,000.  Acting  on  the  strength 
^*  these  facts,  the  American  sugarmen  im- 
'/ned  Yerj  largely,  not  taking  into  account 
•iii.*ieatly  the  influence  of  high  prices  to  di- 
-i:^-*h  conanmption  in  the  depressed  state  of 
'ii<ry.  The  prices  ranged  excessively  high 
2  Iftj,  Jone,  and  July,  drawing  into  the 
-^rican  market  quantities  of  the  Oriental 
'^^Bct,  which  had  never  heen  seen  there  be- 
'>uaod  even  cargoes  of  West  Indian  sugar 
"^^iiipped  from  England.  At  the  same  time 
^««3inption  rapidly  declined,  until  toward 
><<  cloae  of  the  year  there  was  a  breakdown 
''  T'licea,  and  the  heavy  stocks  were  nearly 

*  fked  off  at  the  yearns  end  with  great  loss. 

•  y  importations,  notwithstanding  the  short 
>''i  In  all  eoantries,  exceeded  those  of  1876 
•;  MwS$4  tons,  and  the  stock  held  over  till 
'^^  was  25,862  tons,  being  one  third  greater 
te  the  stook  remaining  on  hand  at  the  open- 

Vd..  xviu. — ^9    A 


ing  of  the  year.  The  total  imports  of  foreign 
raw  cane  sugar  in  the  United  States  during 
the  calendar  year  1877,  not  including  the  im- 
portations ftom  the  Pacific  islands  and  Asia, 
were  646,499  tons,  against  592,153  tons  in  1876, 
heing  an  increase  of  54^346  tons,  or  9*17  per 
cent.,  and  against  662,672  tons  in  1875.  The 
consumption  of  foreign  unrefined  sugar,  de- 
ducting reexports  of  raw  and  manufactured, 
was,  in  1873,  592,725  tons;  in  1874,  661,809 
tons;  in  1875,  621,852  tons;  in  1876,  581,369 
tons;  in  1877,  577,194  tons,  being  a  decline  of 
4,175  tons,  or  71  per  mille.  The  total  con- 
sumption of  cane  sugar,  foreign  and  domestic, 
increased  from  269,466  tons  in  1850  to  415,- 
281  tons  in  1860,  and  to  530,692  tons  in  1870, 
633,314  tons  in  1871,  637,373  tons  in  1872, 
652,025  tons  in  1873,  710,369  tons  in  1874^ 
685,853  tons  in  1875,  658,869  tons  in  1876, 
666,194  tons  in  1877.  There  were  29,556  tons 
received  at  San  Francisco  in  1877,  the  largest 
importations  coming  from  Hawaii  and  Manila^ 
and  smaller  quantities  from  Batavia,  China, 
and  Calcutta.  The  consumption  of  sugar  of 
all  kinds  in  the  United  States  was  745,250 
tons  in  the  calendar  year  1877,  against  745,- 
269  tons  in  1876,  heing  a  decrease  of  19  tons ; 


130  OOMMEROE  (INTERirAL)  OF  THE  UNITED  STATEa 

this  was  composed  of  86,600  tons  made  from  nearly  one  half.     A  proposed  cbange  in  ibe 

molasses,  12,000  tons  of  maple  sagar,  and  2,000  tariff  on  raw  sngars,  the  abolition  of  the  color 

tons  of  native  beet-root  and  sorgbam  sugar,  standard  by  which  the  grades  have  hitherto 

besides  the  importations  above  mentioned  on  been  distinguished,  and  the  imposition  of  t 

both  seaboards.    The  proportion  of  the  import  uniform  specific  duty  on  all  raw  sorts,  haTe 

trade  coming  to  the  port  of  New  York  was  caused  much  uneasiness  among  the  refiners. 

over  72  per  cent,  of  the  whole  in  1876,  but  The  change  has  been  advocated  on  the  grounds 

only  69-16  per  cent,  in  1877 ;  the  trade  of  of  the  greater  simplicity  of  such  a  duty,  the  in- 

Baltimore,  on  the  other  hand,  was  64*69  per  adequacy  ofthe  color  standard  in  distingnisfaing 

cent,  greater  in  1877  than  in  1876,  and  of  Bos-  qualities,  the  encouragement  of  the  importation 

ton  48*64  per  cent.,  while  the  receipts  at  Port-  of  finer  qualities  of  raw  sugar,  and  the  proven- 

land  and  the  other  New  Englana  ports,  at  tion  of  losses' to  the  revenue  from  the  supposed 

Philadelphia,  and  New  Orleans,  diow  a  falling  frequent  fraudulent  artificial  coloration  of  sa- 

ofiT.    The  fluctuations  in  price  were  great  dur-  gars.     Its  opponents  fear  that  it  will  so  en- 

ing  1877,  the  general  course  being  a  decline  courage  the  introduction  of  the  high  grades 

from  January  till  March,  an  increase  till  the  and  of  half-refined  sugars  as  to  greatlj  injure 

highest  range  in  June,  and  then  a  steady  and  if  not  nearly  destroy  the  American  refining 

great  falling  oft  till  the  end  of  the  year.    The  industry,  in  which  a  vast  capital  is  emharked, 

mean  price  of  brown  Havana,  for  example,  was  and   in  which  many  thousands  of  laborers, 

in  January,  92c. ;  February,  9|c. ;  March,  9|c. ;  skilled  and  unskilled,  receive  employment,  and 

April,  9-|^. ;  May,'10Ac.;  June,  lO^c. ;  July,  whose  appliances  and  machinery  have  been 

9fo. ;  August,  8-^c. ;  Beptember,  8^c. ;  Octo-  perfected  for  refining  and  clarifying  the  dark 

her,  8{c. ;  November,  7-f^. ;  December,  7|c.  grades,  producing  from  them  a  good  article. 
The  average  prices  for  the  year  were  41c.  per        The  receipts  of  eoffes  at  all  Atlantic  ports  in 

cwt.  higher  than  in  1876,  and  92c.  higher  than  1877  were  841,214,488  lbs.;  stock  on  hand. 

in  1876,  for  Ouba  Muscovado,  4dc.  higher  than  January  1, 1877,  4,022,862  lbs.    Of  the  total 

in  1876  for  Porto  Rico,  42c.  for  Havana  browns,  supply,  81,629,620  lbs.  remained  over  Januar) 

80c.  for  Manila,  and  88c.  for  Brazil.  1,  1878.    The  consumption  of  the  year  wat 

The  Louisiana  cane  crop  was  larger  in  1876-  therefore  804,480,146  lbs.,  against  802,680,21$ 

'77  than  it  had  been  in  any  year  since  the  lbs.  in  1876,  807,601,088  lbs.  in  1876,  282,688. 

Southern  war.     The  average  prices  of  New  622  lbs.  in  1874,  and  269,188,160  lbs.  in  187S 

Orleans  molasses  ruled  lower  in  1877  than  in  The  importations  in  that  year  were  larger  thai 

the  preceding  year  by  4-96c.    Of  molasses  fot  in  any  previous  year  except  1876,  and  the  de 

household  use  the  Louisiana  product  is  the  liveries  for  consumption  were  only  exceeded 

most  esteemed,  and  the  large  crop  of  1877  by  the  years    1876  and   1871,  alUiough  thi 

compensated  for  the   short    foreign   supply,  prices  ranged  higher  than  in  the  previous  year 

But  the  refineries  can  not  use  the  native  sorts  The  receipts  at  San  Francisco  during  the  yea 

on  account  of  their  high  price ;  so  the  cessa-  were  16,179,220  lbs.,  and  the  consumption  o 

tion  of  the  refining  industry  explains  the  small  the  Pacific  States  11,208,266  lbs.    The  remark 

consumption  of  89,966,906  gallons  in  1877,  the  able  increase  in  the  consumption  of  cofiTee  i 

smallest  in  twelve  years.    'Hie  molasses  crop  the  United  States,  at  a  period  when  a  rednc 

of  Louisiana  and  the  other  Southern  States  in  tion  in  all  luxuries  is  observable,  is  in  contriu 

1876-'77,  the  main   part  of  which  was  con-  to  the  consumption  of  cofiTee  in  Europe,  whic 

Bumed  in  1877,  was  altogether  about  12,900,000  declined  in   1877  from  821,260    to    287,68 

gallons.    The  total  consumption  of  molasses  in  tons,  while  the  total  conscunption  of  the  JJnv 

the  United  States  in  1877  was  not  quite  40,-  ed  States  increased  from  189,686  tons  in  187 

000,000  gallons,  being  about  9,000,000  gallons  to  140,907  tons,  0.87  per  cent   more.     It 

less  than  in  1876.    The  consumption  of  foreign  Brazil  coffees  were  more  largely  used  than  i 

molasses  was  27,066,906  gallons,  that  of  the  former  years,  the  imports  from  Hayti,  Fori 

previous  year  9,898,698  gallons  greater.  Rico,  Java,  Sumatra,  Europe,  and  Ceylon  d« 

The  molasses  refining  industry  labored  under  dining.    The  average  gold  price  for  the  R 

great  difiSculties  in  1877.    The  whole  product  berry  for  the  year  1877,  at  New  York,  wi 

for  the  year  from  molasses  received  at  the  At-  19'72c.  per  lb.,  against  17'97c.  in  1876,  ai 

lantic  ports  was  about  86,600  tons,  against  19'lc.  in  1876.    New  York^s  share  in  the  cc 

48,600  tons  the  previous  year.    The  deficient  fee  trade  is  increa.sing;  64*88  per  cent,  of  tl 

crop  in  the  West  Indies  diminished  greatly  the  imports  came  to  that  port  in  1877,  61  per  cei 

supply  of  molasses,  and  the  refiners  stopped  in  1876,  and  69  per  cent,  in  1876.     The  exte 

their  works  at  an  early  part  of  the  season,  of  the  fluctuations  in  price  was  S^o.  per  lb.  f 

The  sugar  refineries  have  suffered  from  various  Brazil  and  Maracaibo,  and  2ic.  for  Java  ai 

depressing  causes.    Carrying  light  stocks,  they  San  Domingo.    The  yeor  1877  was  not  a  pre 

received  no  benefit  from  the  rise  of  prices  in  perous  one  for  the  trade, 
(the  early  part  of  1877.    The  reduction  of  the        The  tea  trade  in  the  United  States  has  be 

rate  of  drawbacks  allowed  by  the  Government  undergoing  a  considerable  revolution  of  lal 

on  importations  to  be  improved  and  reexported  and  the  prmcipal  importing  houses,  once  firm 

discouraged  the  export,  and  at  the  close  of  the  seated  in  New  York,  have  seen  their  trade  < 

year  1877  the  manufacture  lad  been  rednoed  varted  into  other  channels.    Closer  commni 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


0ONGBEGATIONALI8T8.        131 


dtioD  with  the  East  by  telegraph,  the  Paoifio 
iteamers,  and  the  tranacoDtinental  railways, 
hire  enabled  the  priinarj  markets  in  the  Ori- 
eoul  ports  to  sapplant  the  old  center  of  the 
tnde  iQ  America.    Jobbers  and  large  grocers 
tto  seod  their  orders  directly  to  the  Eastern 
cities.    Intelligence  is  transmitted  so  rapidly 
tlut  ti)e  market  is  constantly  well  stocked  and 
thd  margin  of  profit  is  small.    San  Francisco 
has  become  an  important  entrepot,  and  sup- 
plies much  of  the  Western  trade ;  while  New 
iVk,  iostesd  of  being  the  central  market  as  it 
QDce  was,  is  only  the  distributing  point  for  the 
^oods  which  are  unshipped  there.    The  total 
^HlQmption  of  teas  in  the  United  States  was 
S4^9,822  lbs.  in  1877,  against  40,127,299  lbs. 
is  1976,46,094,596  lbs.  in  1875,  52,424,545  lbs. 
n  1874,  aod  51,028,904  lbs.  in  1878.    It  is  thus 
«aM  that  the  ase  of  tea,  like  that  of  coffee,  has 
i&*rea9ed  daring  the  hard  timee.    Of  the  oou- 
(imptioa  of   1877,  less  than   15,000,000  lbs. 
fffe  China  gpreen  teas,  over  20,000,000  lbs. 
rere  Japan   teas,  and  over  14,500,000   lbs. 
•)oioiig;  the  total  black  tea  consumed  was 
{9.000,000  lbs.    The  Japan  teas,  which  were 
erst  introdaced  in  this  market  in  1868,  are 
pining  rapidly  in  favor,  ewen  supplanting  the 
Cbinese  green  tea  in   the  Western  markets. 
Toe  price  of  tea,  and  of  coffee  as  well,  is  fre- 
^lently  of  late  subject  to  sudden  fluctuations 
'HI  aceoaot  of  rumors  of  the  restoration  of  a 
tiriff  OQ  those  staples.    The  arerage  currency 
prio«  of  Japan  tea,  fair  to  fine,  in  New  York, 
«ra$  n-^^c  in  1877,  against  87*04c.  in  1876, 
mi  54'91c.  in  1875 ;  of  Hyson,  82-62c.  in  1877, 
im»t  33'92o.  and  89*79o. ;  of  Oolong,  87'16c., 
tniiut  44-17C  in  1876,  and  40'20c.  in  1875. 
At  the  beginning  of  February,  1878,  Japan 
ka,  soperior  to  fine,  was  auoted  at  82  to  42c. ; 
b  the  beginning  of  March,  at  28  to  85o. ;  m 
April,  at  the  same  rates ;  in  May,  the  same ; 
b  hue,  the  same ;  in  July,  at  80  to  88c. ;  in 
Aozmt,  at  26  to  82o. ;  in  September,  at  26  to 
^'' ;  in  October,  the  same.  * 

The  fall  retarns  of  the  wheat  exports  of  the 
Toited  States  for  the  year  1878,  as  compiled  for 
^i  ^ew  York  Produce  Exchange,  give  228,- 
^,410  bushela,  a  giun  of  68  per  cent  over  the 
^rerioos  year.  Philadelphia  shipped  88  per 
f'-nl,  Sew  York  53  per  cent.,  Baltimore  89  per 
«at.,  and  Boston  84)-  per  cent  more  than  in 
M7.  The  potato  crop,  reported  at  124,000,000 
'  i^bel^  was  larger  in  1878  than  had  been  ex- 
pected. The  com  crop  has  been  large  every 
r«ar^ncel874;  theaveragein  1878  was51,000,- 
■<0  acres,  against  50,800,000  in  1877,  and  the 
ji'M  30,000,000  bushels  greater  than  that  of 
i^::,  which  was  1,283,000,000  bushels.  The 
•4!  frop  was  the  largest  ever  raised.  The  rye 
*n  was  60,000,000  bushels,  against  51,000,000 ; 
trier,  4S,00O,O00,  against  84,500,000  bushels. 
*•«  woal  dip,  211,000,000  lbs.,  was  the  largest 
'"^  got,  exceeding  by  8,000,000  lbs.  that  of 
''^,  10  sptto  of  a  decrease  of  14,000,000  lbs. 
*  <  Womia.  These  figures  are  from  the  re- 
^iH  of  the  Agricultural  Bnreaa. 


CONGREGATION ALI8TS.  The  foUowing 
is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the  Oongrega- 
tional  churches  in  the  United  Statea,  as  they 
are  given  in  the  ^*  Congregational  Quarterly  " 
for  January,  1878 : 


8TATK8»  BID. 

Alabftma. 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticat 

Dakota 

District  of  Oolvmbla . . 

riorida 

Ooorcla. 

nilnoh 

Indian  Tenltory 

Indiana. 

Iowa 

Knnwii 

Kantttckf 

l/^n1if1fnai 

Maine 

Mairlaad 

Mniachoaetta 

Michigan 

Mlnneaola. 

Mlaalsaippl. 

Mlasoon. 

Nebraska 

Nevada. 

New  llampiblre 

New  Jeney 

New  York. 

North  OaroUna 

Qhfc) 

Oregon , 

Pennaylvania. 

Bhode  Island 

Soath  Carolina. 

Tenneaaee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington  Territory. 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

WyomlQg 

Total 


CksfohM. 

MakUi.. 

18 

T 

71 

67 

8 

4 

8M 

860 

10 

6 

1 

11 

1 

1 

10 

9 

848 

848 

1 

1 

89 

88 

885 

194 

148 

85 

T 

T 

18 

10 

88T 

169 

8 

1 

02S 

668 

818 

194 

114 

86 

4 

8 

U 

44 

•8 

08 

1 

1 

186 

177 

88 

88 

869 

809 

5 

4 

880 

167 

9 

18 

n 

60 

84 

80 

8 

8 

7 

9 

9 

9 

8 

1 

19T 

818 

8 

4 

9 

9 

8 

8 

190 

170 

I 

8 

8,664 

8,406 

666 

4,199 

866 

08,808 

840 

084 

41 

667 

88,668 

11 

1,744 

14,761 

0,159 

600 

779 

80,878 

106 

87,478 

10,788 

0,9^ 

190 

8,747 

8,681 

88 

80,018 

8,871 

88,208 

887 

81,904 

&»8 

0,918 

4,600 

868 

46$ 

894 

48 

19,880 

^  198 

160 

61 

18,894 

86 

860,090 


The  numher  of  licentiates  waa  204;  total 
numher  of  persons  in  the  Sunday  schools, 
420,628;  number  of  families,  145,012.  The 
totiU  amount  of  benevolent  contributions  re- 
ported by  2,736  churches  was  $1,117,808.44; 
the  amount  of  contributions  for  home  expendi- 
tures reported  by  1,608  churches  was  $2,276,- 
164.87. 

The  receipts  of  the  Ameriean  OtrngregtiHonal 
Uhum  were  reported  at  its  anniversary  in  May 
to  have  been  $24,688.  The  Union  had  ad- 
vanced to  churches  the  sum  of  $11,946,  and 
for  pastors*  libraries  $864.77,  and  had  a  bal- 
ance in  its  treasury  of  $4v094.  Thirty-one 
churches  had  been  helped.  The  report  gave  a 
review  of  the  twenty-nve  years*  history  of  the 
Union.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Edwin  B.  Webb,  of 
Boston,  Mass.,  was  elected  President  at  the 
annual  meeting. 

The  receipts  of  the  Ameriean  ffbme  Mimenr 
ary  Society  for  the  year  ending  with  the  anni- 
versary in  May,  1878,  were  $284,486.44,  and 
its  expenditures  $284,640.71.  The  Society  has 
employed  996  ministers,  who  had  supplied  in 
whole  or  in  part  2,287  congregations  and  mis- 
sion stations,  and  had  91,762  pupils  enrolled 


132  OONGREGATIONALI8T8. 

in  its  Sunday  schools.  Forty-seren  chnrohes  tional  work  of  the  Association  had  been  Tig- 
had  been  organized  bj  the  iniBsionaries  dor-  orously  sustained  with  increasing  numbers ; 
ing  the  year,  and  forty-six  churches  had  be-  various  necessary  new  bull dixigs  bad  been  erect- 
come  self-supporting.  The  nnmber  of  addi-  ed  in  connection  with  the  higher  institutions, 
tions  to  the  churches  by  profession  of  faith  and  considerable  attention  had  been  paid  to 
was  5,027.  normal  teaching.     There  were  7,229  pupils 

The  sixty-ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Amer-  in  the  schools,  1,529  of  whom  were  receiving 

iean  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis-  normal  instructioo.    Five  new  churches  bad 

sions  was  held  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  beginning  been  organized,  making  sixty-four  in  all  on 

October  1st.  President  Mark  Hopkins  presided,  the  list  of  the  Assooiation,  and  868  mem- 

The  Treasurer  reported  that  the  total  receipts  bers  had  been  added.    The  work  among  the 

for  the  year  had  been  $482,204.78,  and  the  total  Indians  had  been  impeded  by  the  unsettled 

expenditures$486,772.98,  of  which  sum  $410,-  condition  of  their  affairs,  but  an  increasing 

858.55  was  charged  to  the  cost  of  missions,  interest  had  been  shown  in  education.    Twelve 

$9,375.64  to  the  cost  of  agencies,  $2,546.44  to  schools  had  been  sustained  amoug  the  Chinese, 

the  cost  of  publications,  $16,006.41  to  the  cost,  with  1,492  pupils. 

of  administration,  and  $47,985.94  to  the  ac-  The  Congregational  Union  of  CanadOy  at  its 
count  of  the  balance  for  which  the  Bofu^  was  twenty-fifth  annual  session,  adopted  resoln- 
in  debt  on  September  1, 1877.  This  statement  tions  expressing  grateftil  satisfaction  and  sy in- 
showed  that  the  debt  of  the  Board  had  been  patby  at  the  stand  which  the  Congregational 
reduced  to  $4,568.26.  The  Woman^s  Board  Union  of  England  and  Wales  had  "  recently 
had  contributed  $81,285.67  to  the  support  of  felt  it  to  be  its  duty  to  take  in  opposition  to 
female  missionaries  cooperating  with  the  So-  the  aims  and  tendencies  of  skepticism  and  nn- 
ciety,  and  was  supporting  about  ninety  mis-  belief  as  developed  by  the  Leicester  Confer- 
sionaries  and  ^ving  aid  to  a  large  number  of  enoe,^'  and  tendering  to  the  Union  aforesaid 
native  helpers  and  schools.  Ten  missionaries  its  congratulations  that  it  had  been  enabled  to 
had  died  anring  the  year,  eighteen  names  had  maintain  the  position  it  took,  and  '*  to  vindi- 
been  dropped  from  the  rolls,  and  nineteen  new  oate  itself  from  the  imputation  of  any  sympa- 
missiouaries,  including  three  representatives  of  thy  or  complicity  with  the  rationalistic  theol- 
the  Woman's  Board,  had  gone  out.    The  ^^  Gen-  ogy  of  the  age.'* 

eral  Survey ''  of  the  missions  gave  the  follow-  The  annual  meeting  of  the  London  Mission- 

ing  summary  of  members:  Number  of  mis-  ary  Society  was  held  in  London,  May  16tb. 

sions,  16;  number  of  stations,  79;  number  of  Samuel  Morley,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  presided.    The 

sub-stations,  529 ;  total  number  of  missionaries  contributions  received  during  the  year  for  gen- 

and  laborers  connected  with  the    missions,  eral  purposes  had  been  £68,848,  the  largest 

1,549;  number  of  churches,  248;  members,  amount  ever  received  in  one  year  from  this 

18,787;  training  and  theological  schools,  15;  source;  and  the  total  income,  including  lega- 

boal^ding-schools  for  girls,  26;  common  schools,  oies,  £10,665  given  for  the  Indian  famine,  and 

612 ;  total  number  of  pupils,  26,170.  other  extraordinary  receipts,  had  been  £188,- 

Conoeming  the  condition  of  the  particular  138.    The  expenditures  had  been  exceedinglj 

fields,  it  represented  that  the  possibility  of  civ-  heavy,  an  increased  outlay  having  been  re- 

ilizing  the  Indians  was  made  more  clear  every  quired  for  carrying  out  plans  for  the  enlar^e- 

year.    The  Dakotas  were  more  and  more  seek-  ment  of  the  area  and  appliances  of  several  of 

ing  the  privilege  of  instruction  in  the  schools,  the  Sdbiety^s  missions. 

the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and  religion,  and  the  The  income  of  the   OongregationiU  Home 

schools  at  the  Santee  Agency  hid  never  been  Missionary  Society  for  the  year  ending  in  May, 

BO  successful.    The  work  in  Spain  and  Austria  1878,  was  £6,199,  and  the  expenditures  during 

had  called  out  much  opposition.    The  ques-  the  same  period  were  £4,876.    One  thousand 

tion  of  establishing  a  mission  in  Central  Af-  members  were  added  to  the  churches.    The 

rica  had  been  careftiUy  considered.    The  Zoo-  Society  has  been  reorganized,  and  will  be  known 

loo  mission,  which  had  fifteen  churches  with  hereafter  as  the  Church  Aid  and  Home  Mi&- 

more  than  six  hundred  members,  and  training  sUyna/ry  Society, 

schools  for  both  sexes,  with  more  than  one  The  annual  meeting  of  the  Colonial  Mission- 

hundred  pupils,  was  thought  to  be  especially  (vry  Society  was  held  in  London,  May  9th.   The 

well  fitted  to  become  a  base  of  operations.  total  receipts  of  the  Society  for  the  year  had 

The  thirty-second  annual  meeting  of  the  been  £4,868.  The  report  stated  that '' in  nearly 
American  Missionary  Association  was  held  at  every  colony  there  is  a  Congregational  union, 
Taunton,  Mass.,  October  29th.  E.  S.  Tobey,  of  combining  all  the  churches  for  mission  work, 
Boston,  presided.  The  report  of  the  Trea-  formed,  as  nearly  as  possible,  on  the  home 
surer  showed  that  the  receipts  for  the  year  model,  with  year  book,  college,  Provident  So- 
had  been  $195,601.65,  and  the  expenditures  ciety.  Chapel-building  Society,  and  other  Chris- 
$188,079.46.  The  current  receipts  had  been  tian  agencies  in  vigorous  operation.  There  are 
$18,000  less  than  in  the  previous  year,  but  the  five  hundred  churches  and  stations,  with  an 
indebtedness  of  the  Association  had  been  di-  income  for  religious  purposes  which  can  not 
minished  by  nearly  $40,000.  The  report  of  the  be  less  than  £100,000  a  year,  to  say  nothing 
Executive  Committee  showed  that  the  educa-  of  the  mass  of  church,  school,  and  manse  prop' 


OOKGBEGATIONALISTS.  133 

aij  which  has  been  created  and  setiled  in  Wales,  17 ;  in  Scotland,  8 ;  in  Ireland,  1 ;  in 

tnut**;  and  claimed  that  the  existence  of  these  the  colonies,  10;  in  Madagascar,  1.    Number 

organizationa  was  largely  due  to  the  work  of  of  Congregational  colleges  and  institations  for 

thB  Sodety.    Thirty-six  missionaries  had  been  ministerial  training :  in  England,  10,  with  88 

employed  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada;    81  professors  and  816  students;  in  Wales,  8,  with 

cfanrches  and  oat-stations  had  been  supplied,.  8  professors  and  122  students;  in  Scotlimd,  1, 

ind  a  net  increase  of  408  church  members  was  with  8  professors  and  18  students ;  in  the  colo- 

reported.    More  than  70  students  had  been  nies,  4,  with  18  professors  and  46  students; 

trsined  in  the  Congregational  College,  many  total,  18,  with  57  professors  and  497  students, 

of  whom  were  holding  important  positions  in  There  were  also  ten  institutionB  in  heathen 

Cuuda  and  the  United  States.  lands  belonging  to  the  London  Missionary  So- 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  tables  ciety,  training  about  800  native  students. 

^T«Q  in  the  *'  Congregationid  Tear  Book ''  The  annual  meeting  of  the  Congregational 

London)  for  1878,  to  show  the  number  of  Union  of  England  and  WaleiYrviA  Yi^l'A.mljoinr 

Brtish  Congregational  ministers  in  Great  Brit-  don,  beginning  May  6th.    The  Rev.  J.  Bald- 

lin.  the  Continent  of  Europe,  the  British  colo-  win  Brown  presided  as  the  churman  for  the 

2ies,  and  tiie  foreign  missions:  Ministers  in  year.     The    Committee  reported  concerning 

EozUnd,  and  English  ministers  in  Wales,  2,087;  their  operations  for  the  year,  which  included 

W<j^  ministers,  424 ;  ministers  in  Scotland,  arrangements  for  the  pubucation  of  two  series 

li2 ;  ministers  in  Ireland,  25 ;  ministers  in  the  of  tracts  and  the  reorganization  of  the  Con- 

rimnel  Islands,  8 ;  English  ministers  on  the  gregational  Church  Aid  and  Home  Missionary 

CmtiDent,  8;  ministers  in  the  colonies,  811 ;  bociety.    A  conference  had  recently  been  held 

nLwionaries  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  at  Leicester,  wholly  unconnected  with   the 

145:  natiwe  ordained  ministers,  817;   total,  Union,  but  participated  in  by  many  Congre- 

1M7.    Of  these,  2,796  were  pastors,  and  651  gationalists,  the  object  of  which  was  to  bring 

were  without  charge.    Congregational  unions  about  religious  communion  without  taking  ac- 

exist,  with  their  subordinate  unions  and  local  count  of  the  theological  opinions  of  the  par- 

K^ociations,  and  general  missionary  and  be-  ticipants;  and  the  result  of  the  meeting  had 

arfTolent   societies,  for  England   and  Wales,  been  to  create  apprehension  that  it  might  be 

SM>Usnd,  Ireland,  Ontario  and  Quebec,  Nova  regarded  as  the  sign  of  an  increasing  laxity  of 

Scocia  and  Kew  Brunswick,  Victoria,  New  belief  among  the  Congregationalists.    Resolu- 

!^oqth  Wales,   Queensland,   South  Australia,  tions  which  had  been  prepared  by  the  Com- 

Western  Australia,  Tasmania,  Auckland  (New  mittee  with  the  object  of  meeting  these  ap- 

ZriLind),  Natal,  South  Africa,  Madagascar,  and  prehensions,  and  oi  defining  the  tlieologicul 

ift-naiea.     Twelve  Independent  churches  are  position  of  the  churches  of  the  Union,  were 

T^nrneA  in  British  Guiana,  and  six  in  India,  adopted,  as  follows : 

be^es  nine  English  churches  which  are  sup-  That,  in  view  of  the  uneaBinesB  prodaoed  in  the 

>«ned  by  the  London  Missionary  Society,  five  ohurohes  of  the  Congregational  order  by  the  pro- 

Eodish  Union  churches,  and  eleven  Tamil,  two  oeedings  of  the  recent  oonferenoe  at  Leioeater  on  the 

'Miarese,  two  Teloogoo,  one  Undu,  and  one  ^"^5  °^  religious  oommunion,  the  asBembly  feela 

:T.nj;_ni  .11  ...•^^♦-S^  «af5,rn  «K«..«W  ^W«K  cfiUed  upon  to  reaffirm  that  the pnmaiyobject  of  the 

the  terms  of 
evaogelical 


!•?  retamed   at   Hong-Kong  and   Shanghai,  Tl»»*  the  assembly  appeals  to  the  history  of  the 

Ciina.    The  English  Congregational  services  Congregational  churches  generally,  as  evidence  that 

TT^   ^    T.  -""©"""  vvug* wgovtviw  9VET1VV9  CongregationaUsts  have  always  regarded  the  accepts 

■^4  the  Continent  embrace  a  church  m  Pans,  ance  of  the  faoU  and  dootribes  of  the  evangeliiil 

ri:h  twenty-two  stations  and  sixteen  Sunday  faith  revealed  in  the  Holy  Scripturea  of  the  Old  and 

•cbot^  connected   with  the   mission   to  the  New  Testaments  as  an  essential  condition  of  rcli- 

v«.rkingmen  of  Paris;  churches  at  St  Peters-  «!<>«•  communion  in  Conjrregadonal  ohurohea;  and 

^►,  ™i  Ai^-*.n^.^»air«r  In  ni.aofa.  Aiv»i.Aka<i  ^hat  amoHff  thosc  have  fQways  been  included  tlie 

T'  «  *°?  Alexandrovsky,  in  Russia ;  churches  incarnation,  the  atoning  saori^oe  of  the  Lord  Jesus 

4t  Hambarg  and  Berlm,  and  a  sailors'  msti-  Christ,  his  resurrection,  his  ascension  and  media- 

:.td  at  Hamburg,  in  Germany;  and  a  church  torial  reign,  and  the  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the 

it  Antwerp,  in  Belgium.      The  number   of  renewal  of  men.                                     , ,.  ,    , 

-^-^htm  was,  in  England,  2,012,  with  1,806  ,J^'^}^^P,^«^P^}'''^J^?}?}':^^^^^ 

^-  .K    ^w«^k^    ^Jz^^vX^^  \.^A    ^«,.»»J;^<.i  the  basis  of  these  facts  and  doctrines  is,  m  the  jud^- 

•Tfloh  churches,  preaching  and  evangelical  ^^^^  ^f  ^^^  assembly,  made  evident  by  the  deilara- 

' ■^noQa,  and  churches  supplied  by  lay  pastors ;  tion  of  faith  and  order  adopted  at  the  annual  meeting 

^^^  74S  Welsh  and  111  English  churches.  In  1888;  and  the  assembly  believes  that  the  churches 

cl    9S    preaching    stations;    Scotland,    107  represented  in  the  Union  hold  these  flwts  and  doo- 

-.ircbM;  Ireland;  28  churches;  the  Channel  trines  in  their  integrity  to  this  day. 

•Ciada,  17  churches ;  Canada  and  Newfound-  The  resolutions  were  opposed  by  the  Presi- 

j&i  121  churches;  Australia,  169  churches  dent  of  the  assembly, but  the  vote  by  which 

'•>!  H  pfreachtng  stations ;  New  Zealand,  20  they  were  adopted  stood  1,000  in  favor  of  them 

"^  .rrhes ;   Natal,  4  churches ;   Cape  Colony,  to  20  against  them. 

:'  '.hurches  independent  of  the  London  Mis-  The  autumnal  session  of  the  Union  was  held 

•■-csry  Society.    The  number  of  county  asso-  at  Liverpool,  beginning  October  14th.    The  re- 

"-aciona  and  unions  was :  in  England,  41 ;  in  port  of  the  Congregational  Total  Abstinence 


134  OONGBEGATIONALISTS. 

Aflsodation  showed  that  of  the  2,492  Oongre-       Another  resolution,  also  nnanimonsly  adopt- 

gational  ministers  in  England  and  Wales.  750  ed,  instrncted  the  Committee  '^  to  enter  into 

were  total  abstainers.    The  chairman  of  the  immediate   correspondence   with   the  repre- 

Union,  the  Rev.  J.  Baldwin  Brown,  opened  the  sentatives  of  the  non-established  eyangeucal 

regular  sessions  with  an  address  reviewinff  the  churches,  with  a  view  to  a  conference  at  an 

resolutions  respecting  the  faith  of  the  Dodf  early  date  on  matters  connected  with  the  reli- 

which  had  been  adopted  at  the  meeting  in  the  gious  condition  of  England  and  the  cooperation 

spring.    While  he  felt  obliged  to  express  his  of  those  churches  for  the  promotion  of  £aith 

dissent  from  the  resolutions,  and  doubted  the  and  godliness  among  the  people.'*  Another  tq»- 

expediency  of  adopting  what  seemed  so  nearly  olution  sanctioned  the  claims  of  the  Church 

like  the  enunciation  of  a  creed,  be  had  decided  Aid  and  Home  Missionary  Society,  advised  the 

that  he  would  not  place  himself  in  the  posi-  formation  of  an  auxiliary  of  the  Society  in 

tion  of  the  leader  of  a  party  and  an  encourager  every  Congregational  church  in  England,  and 

of  schism,  and  had  therefore  concluded  that  expressed  the  hope  that  the  county  associa- 

he  would  not  resign  the  chairmanship  of  the  tions  would  labor  **  to  diffuse  throughout  tlie 

Union,  as  he  had  once  been  tempted  to  do,  churches  a  spirit  of  bold  and  generous  enterprise 

saying:  in  promoting  the  objects  which  the  Society 

I  am  of  the  same  mind  as  in  May,  and,  had  I  known  ^^S,^™?}**®®-",  ,         ,.  ^  ^.      ^ 

the  Union's  intention  to  formulate  a  creed,  nothing         Ibe  sixty-sixtn  annual  meetmgs  of  the  Con- 

would  iiave  induced  me  to  occupy  the  obair.    I  am  oregatianal    Union  qf  Scotland  were  held  at 

afraid  I  have  litUe  patience  toward,  or  sympathy  Edinburgh,  beginning  April  29th.   The  income 

with,  those  who  would  set  up  si^u-posts  amid  the  ^f  the  Union  for  the  year  had  been  £1,691,  and 

mists  of  human  doubt.    I  dread  them  when  they  are  *.    ^ ^««^:*„«^-  i*-!  »«>a  ^#t-.i.'  i.  oi  koa  ' 

set  up  as  reliable  guides  to  faith,  for  just  in  the  pre  1^  expenditures  £1,780,  of  which  £1,630  were 
portion  to  which  they  are  trusted  do  they  becuilo  m  the  shape  of  grants  to  churches, 
the  soul  from  the  Divine  Guide.  Convinced,  then.  The  Welsh  Congregational  Union,  at  its  sev- 
that  the  Union  has  lost  some  of  its  freedom  which  enth  annual  meeting,  held  August  6th  to  8th, 
made  it  so  dear  to  me  as  an  ecclesiastical  organixa-  adopted  resolutions  expressing  adherence  to 
tion,  and  had  taken  some  retrograde  step  m  presum-  ?r^  *>;  .  *«»vi«wvtio  ^^y^%>aoxMMi^  uuu^yu\,^  w 
ing  to  formuhxte  the  theology  of  the  Church,  I  had  *"«  ScnpturaJ  views  of  truth  as  taught  by  the 
aome  temptation  to  ask  von  to  relieve  me  from  the  fathers  m  the  Welsh  pulpit  for  more  than  two 
duties  of  the  oluur,  but  I  saw  by  so  doing  I  should  centuries,  and  approvmg  the  declaration  which 
lead  a  party  and  create  a  schism :  and  these  things  had  been  made  by  the  Congregational  Union 
I  hate.  More  than  this,  the  idea  has  been  borne  m  ^^  ir^^io-,;!  ^^a  w^Ia-  >»^m^a^;,«»  ♦u^  ^r^^:.. 
upon  me  that  we  are  really  more  of  one  mind  about  f  r°§™u  .*5^  ^*  ul  ^^^^^S^^«  ^«,  '"J^^ 
the  policy  of  creed-making  than  was  at  first  sup-  "<5t8  of  Onnsnanity,  to  allay  the  anxiety  that 
posed.  These  resolutions  were  only  a  relief  to  our  had  possessed  the  minds  of  many  in  the  church- 
burdened  feelin/f.  and  an  outcry  of  hearta  longing  to  es,  lest  the  denomination  should  lose  its  hold  of 
express  their  faith  uid  love,  rather  than  an  expres-  the  faith  once  delivered  to  the  saints." 

Bion   of  doctrinal  formulsB.     I  would  resist  most         n.^.^^^^4i^^   i     i/- '^ ^'      tl    i.  in. 

strenuously  any  effort  to  frame  new  forma  of  doc-         Co^ngregatwnal    M^MMnM  «n    TViri^.— The 

trine,  or  to  impose  them  on  the  brethren.    A  very  report  of  the  American  isoard  for  1878  gives 

substantial  unity  reigna  amung  us  as  regards  creedii  the  following  summary  of  its  missionary  work 

and  excommunications.    Therefore,  for  the  year  of  in  the  Turkish  £mpire :  "  The  moral  forces 

my^offloe,  I  regard  my  true  place  as  occupying  this  ^ow  immediately  connected  with  this  Board 

Thire  are  many  who  think  that  since  you  have  ^^  represented    by  182  devoted    men    and 

begun  to  defend  doctrines,  you  should  go  much  fVir-  women  from  our  churches  and  our  beat  in- 

iher,  for,  since  you  havo  commenced  to  set  up  guide-  stitutions  of  learning ;   by  over  600    native 

posts  to  direct  men  who  wander  amid  the  mists,  you  preachers  and  teachers  in  active  service:  by 

ahouldoertamly  raise  one  more  in  referenoe  to  man's  no   >vKM««i,*%a     wUk    ^    •»A»>K/>..k:*.   ^*   1 1 

immortality,    j&y  advice,  however,  is  to  "let  the  2La     u    on' i.^u'^  ^    membershlD   of   over 

dead  past  bury  its  dead."  *>»^^ ;  by  20  higher  institutions  of  learning — 

colleges,  seminaries,  and  boarding-schools — 

The  following  resolution  was  unanimously  with  an  attendance  of  over  800  youth  of  both 

adopted :  sexes ;  by  800  common  schools,  with  an  at- 

That  the  assembly,  while  heartily  recognizing  nil  tendance  of  over  11,000;  by  285   places  of 

ohurehes  which  are  iTaithful  to  evangelical  truth  and  worship,  scattered  from  the  Balkans  to  the 

ready  to  cooperate  with  them  in  all  Christian  service,  Bosporus,  and  from  the  Bosporus  to  the  Ti- 

is  impressed  with  the  importance  of  the  inwease  of  grig   ^h^re  Sabbath  after  Sabbath  over  25,- 

a  healthy  denominational  sentiment  m  the  Congre-  ooa   «.^«    ««j   «.««,^«  «-^   ^T^^r.^^  ♦-TV  * 

gational  body,  in  order  to  the  due  administratioB  of  000  "len  and  women  are  gathered  to  listen 

Congregationalism  as  a  church  polity,  and  the  ade-  to  the  gospel  message ;  by  the  Scnptnres  in 

?[uate  development  of  the  resouroes  of  the  churehes  the  various  languages  of  the  people,  now  dis- 

or  the  extension  of  Christ;s  kingdom ;  that  it  ear-  tributed  by  tens  of  thousands  of  copies,  and  a 

re^m^X7Stte™rte".iMn^MXri^^^^^^  Christian  Uteratnre,  from  8abbatb-«,hool  les- 

ral  principles  of  churoh  organization  and  order;  and  8®?^  papers  up  to  elaborate  volumes  on   the 

that  it  instnicta  the  Committee,  in  proopect  of  a  evidences  of  religion  and  the  history  of  the 

jubilee  of  the  Union  in  1881,  to  make  timely  arrange-  church."     This  Society,  which  is  the  principal 

ments  for  the  use  of  specUl  means  during  that  year,  Protestant  Society  laboring  in  Turkey,  haa 

by  publications  and  otherwise,  for  the  popular  ex-  ♦-w^^  .^^nif-^^^*  ♦v««-«.^««:^ a  *i     n  -^^   l 

pbsftion  of  the  principles  and  adaptations  of  Congre-  ^**^^^  advantage  of  the  extension  of  tlie  Bntich 

gationalism,  and  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge  in  Protectorate  over  Asia  Minor  to  call  upon  the 

regMxi  to  its  history.  British  churches  to  help  support  it  in  ita  work« 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  8TATES. 


135 


OOJfGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  The  first 
Kmoa  of  the  Forty-fifth  GoDgress,*  being  an 
extra  sesaioii,  was  convened  on  October  15, 
1877,  in  pursuance  of  the  following  prooiama- 
tioD  of  the  President : 

By  U*  I^^rideni  of  ike  VniUd  States  of  America, 
Whereas  the  final  adjoarnment  of  the  Forty-fourth 
Coa^ress,  withoat  making  the  usual  appropriations 

•  Hm  ftiDowtBg  la  s  fist  of  msmbera  of  the  Forty -fifth  Con- 


E.  SfMiioer,  John  T.  Morgnn. 
W.  Doisey,  A.  H.  Garlsnd. 
V'U^ortUa — Asron  A.  Sarj^ent,  Newton  Booth. 
Cohrado—JvrwxM  B.  Gbalfee,  Henry  M.  Teller. 
rbaiMKfi'nf/— Wrn  H.  Bsmom,  Wm.  W.  Eaton. 
/M(S«jF»— Thoa.  F.  Bayard,  Eli  Saalabary. 
fi»rida—&baion  B.  OonoTer.  Chaa.  W.  Jones. 
OHfT^ia—JtAin  B.  Gordon,  A^njamin  H  HllL 
/JUiMia— Bicfaard  J.  Offleaby,  Darid  Davla 
hdiama — O.  W.  Voorbjeea  ^ontU  Legialat ore  meets),  Joa. 
E^MeDonakL 
ib«a~  WUBam  B.  AIUaoD,  Samael  J.  Kirkirood. 
IVnttW^-John  J.  IntH^s*  P-  B.  Plumb. 
KfmiMtsf—Tbom,  C.  MeOvery,  James  B.  Beck. 
Uvidana-^.  B.  Enatis,  W.  P.  KeUosf  . 
Jfo»««^IIannlbal  HsmHa,  James  O.  Blabe. 
M<tryiamd^-4itorm  B  Dennis,  Wm.  Plnckney  Whyte. 
MamaeXmaeitB — Dennr  L.  Dawea,  Oeorge  F.  Hoar. 
jr«dUdo»— laaao  P.  Chrtotlancy^homaa  W.  Feny. 
J»MM0<a-B.  J.  B.  MoMilkn,  William  Windom. 
JViMJastApi— Blanche  K.  Brace,  L.  Q.  0.  L^mar. 
JTiMoari— D.  U.  Armstrong:  Francis  M.  CockrelL 
Wmnl-ii     Mgemrm  8.  Paddock,  Alvin  Saonders. 
JTMcufo— John  P.  Jonea,  William  Sharon. 
JTtftf  ir<Mi|MMre— Balnbrldge  Wadleigh,  E.  H.  BoHlns. 
Jf<w  Jerm§    Theodore  F.  Bandolpb,  John  R.  MePherson. 
JTm  rorA— Bosooe  ConUlng,  Fmncla  Kernan. 
3f«rA  OsroMisa— Angostos  S.  Merrlmon,  Matthew  W. 


aU9— dtealay  aiatthewa,  Allen  O.  Thorman. 
OreQem. — John  H.  Ifltehell,  Lafayette  Ororer. 
Hmftwamia    J.  Donald  Cameron,  WUHam  A.  WaHaoe. 
£todtf  idamA — ^Ambroaa  B.  Bomalde,  Henry  B.  Anthony. 
Jki^Ok  CkMroUna^JeibM  J.  Patterson,  M.  GL  Butler. 
TtMnime«»    Jamea  E.  Bailey.  Isbam  G.  Harris. 
7aakit— 3«ani0l  K  Mazey.  Klofaard  Coke. 
rwiami^-^iiattn  9.  Monlll.  Georvs  F.  Edmonds. 
Hin^iatfa— Bobert  E.  Withers,  John  W.  Johnston. 
rw  n>vi»<<s -Frank  Hereford,  Henir  G.  Da?ia. 
Wiwomein    Timothy  O.  Howa,  Angna  Cameron. 

■oiTsa  or  asnuaufTAnna. 

iSatemo— Jamea  T.  Jones,  Hilary  A.  Herbert-  Jere.  N. 
Tiasass,  Cbas.  U.  Shelley,  Robert  F.  Ugon,  Q.  W.  Hewitt, 
Wa.  IL  FbrMT,  W.  W.  Garth. 

ArtammMt-^Ladea  0.  Gause,  Wm.  F.  Blemona,  J.  E.  Cra- 
vcgs^  Thas.  M.  Oontar. 

C(i<^n»lA— Hotaoe  DatiSi  Horace  F.  Paga,  John  K.  Lat- 
t!»a.  K.  Fachaoo. 

fMorado^T.  M.  Patterson. 

fy*nu^effrut  -Oeorge  M.  landers,  James  Phelps,  John  T. 
Vat  L«t1  Waner. 

IMawjre    Jamea  WiBlania. 

^4r<fii»— B.  H.  H.  Davidson,  Horatio  Bisbee,  Jr. 

*J*orgia  JnHan  Hartrldge,  Wm.  E.  Smith,  Philip  Cook, 
3^rr  K.  Harria,  Milton  A.  Candler,  Jaoaea  H.  Bk>nnt,  Wm. 
a.  FdcoB,  Atez.  H.  Stephena,  H.  P.  BeU. 


§.  EdcB,  W.  A.  J.  Sparka,  Wm.  B.  Morrison,' Wm.  HartselL 
s.  W.  Tovaaband. 

l%diaMA—B.  9.  Fuller,  Thomaa  B.  Cobb,  Geo.  A.  Blck- 
v-t.  f,wHaa  Sexton,  Thos.  M.  Browne,  M.  8.  Boblnson, 

•  laa  Haua,  M.  0.  Hnnter,  M.  D.  White,  W.  H.  Calkins, 
L.  Evana.  A.  H.  Hamilton,  John  H.  Baker. 

s»— J.  O.  dtoae,  Hiram  Price,  Theo.  W.  Burdlck,  N.  C. 
'""vtec,  Boah  Clark,  E.  S.  Sampson,  H.  J.  B.  Cumminga, 
»•  F.  flapo,  Addison  OUyer. 

rjB«a#-Wm.  A.  Philllpa,  Dndley  0.  HaskeO,  Thos.  Ryan. 

I>«««Ml^r— A.  B.  Boone,  Jaa.  A.  McKenzle,  John  W.  Cald- 
•^^  J.  Prooter  Knott,  A.  8.  WUHa.  John  G.  Carlisle.  J.  C. 

*  Baekbwa,  M.  J.  Dnrham,  Thos.  Turner,  John  B.  Clarke. 
/rf*WaJgtia-B.  !«.  Gibson,  E.  John  Ellis,  Chester  B.  Dar- 

■A  J.  B.  Elan,  J.  B.  Lsooaid,  B.  W.  Bobartion. 


for  the  support  of  the  army  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  80,  1878.  presents  an  extraordinary  occasion, 
requiring  the  rresident  to  exercise  the  power  vestea 
in  nim  by  the  Oonstitutio^n  to  convene  the  Houses  ot 
Congress  in  anticipation  of  the  day  fixed  by  law  for 
their  next  meeting : 

Now,  therefore,  1,  Butherford  B.  Hayea,  President 
of  the  United  Btatea,  do,  by  virtue  of  the  power  to 
this  end  in  me  vested  by  the  Constitution^  convene 
both  Houses  of  Congress  to  assemble  at  their  respeo- 

ifo^ne— Thomaa  B.  Reed,  Wm.  P.  Frye,  8.  D.  Lindaey, 
Llewellyn  Powers,  Eugene  Hale. 

ifarj^/ofUif— Daniel  M.  Henry,  Charies  B.  Roberta,.  Wm. 
Kimniell,  Thomas  Swann,  E.  J.  Henkle,  Wm.  Walsh. 

Mauachueette—yfi^  W.  Crapo,  Be^J.  W.  Harris,  Wal- 
bridge  A.  Field,  Leopokl  Morse,  N.  P.  Banks,  George  B. 
Loring,  Be^J.  F.  Butler,  Wm.  CUflin,  W.  W.  Bice,  Amaaa 
Kurcross,  George  D.  Robinson. 

Michigan— A.  8.  WUliams,  Edwin  WiHets,  J.  H.  MoGow- 
an,  E.  W.  Keightley,_John  W.  btone,  Mark  8.  Brewer,  Omar 

D.  Conger,  Chas.  C.  Ellsworth,  Jay  A.  Hubbell. 
Jfinneeota—U.  H.  Dnnnell,  H.  B.  Strait,  J.  H.  Stewart 
Miesieeipoi^H.  L.  Muldrow,  Van  H.  MauUng.  H.  D. 

Money,  O.  R.  Singleton,  Chaa.  £.  Hooker,  J.  R.  Chalmers. 

ifZMOttH-Anthony  Ittner,  Nathan  Cole,  L.  8.  Metcal^ 
Bobt  A.  Hatcher,  R.  P.  Bland,  Chaa.  H.  Morgan,  T.  T.  Crit- 
tenden, B.  J.  FranJdin,  David  Kea,  Henry  M.  Pollard,  J.  B. 
Clark,  Jr.,  John  M.  Glover,  A.  H.  Buckner. 

J^e6raato~Krank  Welch. 

ITevada—Thomtm  Wren. 

Ifew  liampehire—Ynnk.  Jones,  James  F.  Bilggs,  Henry 
W.  Blab". 

New  Jereetf—C.  H.  Sinnickson,  J.  H.  Pugh,  Miles  Boss, 
Alvah  A.  Clark,  A.  W.  Cutler,  Thos.  B.  Peddle,  A.  A.  Har- 
denburgh. 

^ete  FoTifc— Jaa.  W.  Covert,  Wm.  D.  Veeder,  8.  B.  Chit> 
tenden.  Arch.  M.  Bliss,  Nlch.  MuUer,  8.  8  Cos,  Anthony 
ElckhofT,  A.  G.  McCook,  Fernando  Wood,  A.  8.  Hewitt,  Beni 
A.  Willis,  C.  N.  Potter,  John  U.  Ketcham.  Geo.  M.  Beebe,  8. 
L.  Mayham,  T.  J.  Quinn,  M.  I.  Townsend,  Andrew  WilUams, 
A.  B.  James,  John  H.  Starin,  Solomon  Bundy,  George  A. 
Bagley,  Wm.  J.  Bacon,  Wm.  11.  Baker,  Frank  Hiscock,  John 
H.  Camp,  E.  G.  Lapham,  J.  W.  Dwlght,  J.  N.  Hunrerford, 

E.  Kirke  Hart,  Chaa.  B.  Benedict,  D.  N.  Lockwoo^  G.  W. 
Patterson. 

yorth  Carolina— Jemo  J.  Testes,  C.  H.  Brogden,  A.  M, 
Waddell,  J.  J.  Darla,  A.  M.  Scales,  W.  L.  Steele,  Wm.  M. 
Bobbins,  Bobert  B.  Vance. 

Ohio-Mhion  Sayler,  U.  B.  Banning,  Mills  Gardner,  J.  A. 
MoMahon,  A.  V.  Bice,  Jacob  D.  Ooz,  Henry  L.  Dickey,  J. 
W.  Keifer,  John  8.  Jones,  Charies  Foster,  Henry  8.  NeaL 
Thomas  Ewing,  M.  I.  8onthaid.  E.  B.  Finley,  N.  H.  Van 
Vorhea,  Lorenzo  Danfbrd,  Wm.  McKtnley,  Jr.,  James  Mon- 
roe, Jamea  A.  Garfield,  Amoa  Townsend. 

Oreifon^Bkltaud  Williams. 

Penneylvania—Ch^mKa  Freeman,  Charles  O'Nein.  Sam- 
uel J.  Randall,  Wm.  D.  Kelley,  A.  C.  Banner.  Wm.  Ward, 
Isaac  N.  Evans,  Blester  Clymer,  A.  H.  Smith,  8.  A.  Bridges, 

F.  D.  Collins,  H.  B.  Wright,  James  B.  Reilly,  J.  W.  Klin- 

rr,  E.  Overton,  Jr..  John  I.  Mitchell,  J.  M.  Campbell,  W. 
Stengor,  Levi  Maish,  L.  A.  Mackey,  Jacob  Tnmey.  Boasell 
ErrettjjThos.  M.  Bayne.  W.  8.  ShaUenberger,  Harry  White, 
J.  M.  Thompson,  Lewis  F.  Watson. 

Jihode  letand—Btfny  T.  Eames,  L.  W.  Ballon. 

South  CaroUna-^.  H.  Bainey,  Richard  H.  Cain,  D.  Wy 
att  Aiken,  John  H.  Rvina,  Robert  Smalls. 

Tennetmee-^.  H.  Randolph,  J.  M.  Thombnrgh,  George  G. 
Dibrell,  H.  T.  Riddle,  John  M.  Bright.  John  F.  House,  W. 
C.  Whitthome,  J.  D.  C.  Atkins,  W.  P.  Caldwell,  Casey  Young. 

7toa«— John  H.  Reagan,  D.  B.  Culberson,  J.  W.  Throck- 
morton, Roger  Q.  Milla,  D.  W.  C.  Giddlngs.  G.  Schleicher. 

Fermoist— Chaa.  H.  Joyce,  D.  C.  Denison,  Geo.  W.  Hen- 
dee. 

Virginia— "B.  D.  Donglas,  John  Goode,  Jr.,  G.  C.  Walker, 
Joseph  Jorgenson,  Geo.  C.  Cabell,  J.  R.  Tn<^er,  J.  T.  Harris, 


Eppn  Hunton,  A.  L^Prldemore. 


Teeil  Virginia— Bm^,  Wilson,  Bei^.  F.  Martin,  John  K 
Kenna. 

iriaeo«ie<ii— Chas.  G.  Williams,  L.  B.  Caswell.  George  0. 
Hazleton,  Wm.  P.  Lynde,  Edward  8.  Bragg,  Gabriel  Bonck 
U.  L.  Humphrey,  Tnad.  C.  Pound. 

marrosiAL  DBLiOATaB. 
Arizona— B..  S.  Stevena 
J>akota-^J.P  Kidder. 
Idaho— S.  S.  Penn. 
Montana— hi.  Maginnls. 
New  MesHeo—T.  Bomero. 

Uiah—G.  Q.  Cannon. 

Waehington — O.  Jacobs. 

Wyoming— W,  W.  Corlett 


136  OOKGRESS,  UinTED  STATES. 

tive  ehamben  at  twelve  o'olook,  noon,  on  Hoodaj,  basis  of  twenty-two  thonaand  enlistod  men  in 

^S  1"^*^V^  October  next,  then  and  there  to  con-  the  service,  exclusive  of  oflScers,  for  the  first 

aider  and  determine  such  meaaares  as,  m  tbeir  wia-  ^,^„.  .«^„*k!.  «#  ^u^  ^^.^^^^  fio^Ti   «/*«»      t?^- 

doni,  their  duty  and  tue  weltare  of  the  people  may  ^^^^  months  of  the  present  fiscal  year.     For 

seem  to  demand.  the  remaining  eight  months  of  the  present  hs- 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  oal  year  the  basis  of  the  bill  is  twenty  thou- 

and  caused  the  eeal  of  the  United  8ute«  to  be  affixed,  gand  enlisted  men,  and  we  have  made  our  cal- 

Done  at  the  city  of  Waahington,  thU.  6tli  day  of  oulations  accordingly. 

May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1877  and  of  tbe  I nde-  ^"^"X^j'"*' »^^^*"»"6V' 

pondenoe  of  the  United  Btatea  of  America  the  one  ^^^  question,  therefore,  which  wiU  natural- 
hundred  and  first.  ly  suggest  itself  to  every  mind  is  this :  Are  tw  en- 
Bv  the  I'resident:                       R.  B.  HAYES.  ty  thousand  enlisted  men,  exclusive  of  oflicers, 
William  M.  Evabts,  SecreUry  of  State.  sufficient  to  meet  the  legitimate  mUitary  de- 
The  Senate  was  called  to  order  by  tbe  Vice-  mands  of  the  country  ?    Upon  that  question 
President,  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York,  there  may  be  a  wide  divergence  of  opinion  in 
In  the  House  Samuel  J.  Randidl,  Democrat,  this  House. 

was  elected  Speaker,  having  received  149  votes,        "  That  we  may  arrive  at  a  proper  conclusion 

and  James  A.  Garfield  182.    For  message  of  on  this  point,  it  is  necessary  to  inquire  what 

the  President,  see  Annual  Otolopjedia,  1877,  w®  the  proper  and  lawful  uses  of  the  regular 

PuBuo  DoouMENTs.  army  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  Senate,  on  October  22d,  the  follow-        **  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  pro- 

ing  resolution,  offered  by  Senator  Edmunds,  vides  that  Congress  may  *  raise  and  supoort 

of  Vermont,  was  adopted :  armies.'    It  also  provides  that  *  the  President 

».^7-..j  rnu  *         I    *  .^  w        *  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army  and 

Eetolifed,  That  a  select  committee  conBiBtmcr  of  «„„„  ^#  ^u^  tt«u«;i  s^^^^^^  ^^a  ^^  ♦k^  J.;iw;^ 

seven  Sonatora  be  appointed,  wliose  duty  it  sliall  be  ^?7  ^'  *^®  United  States  and  of  the  mibtia 

to  toke  into  conaideration  the  atate  of  the  law  re-  of  the  several  States  when  called  mto  the  o^tf^zf 

apeoting  the  aaoertaiuing  and  dedaration  of  the  re-  service  of  the  United  States.'    The  Const itu- 

ault  of  the  electione  of  President  and  Vioe-Preaident  tion  also  provides,  in  article  4,  section  4,  that 

of  the  United  States;  that  aaid  committee  have  pow-  4  ^j^     United    States  shaU  guarantee  to  every 

er  to  report  by  bill  or  otherwise :  and  that  said  com-  o*  7   •    1\^     ^^»f»»^"  °"«»"  6»~ »"vw  «v  -o » ^*  j 

mittee  have  power  to  confer  ani  act  with  any  com-  ^tate  in  this  Union  a  republican  form  of  gov- 

mittee  of  the  House  of  Be^rosentativea  that  may  be  ernment,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against 

charged  with  the  same  subject.  invasion,  and  on  application  of  the  Legislature, 

Ordsred,  That  the  Secretary  communicate  a  copy  or  the  executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot 

of  this  resolution  to  the  House  of  Kepreseutatives.  y^  convened),  against  domestic  violence.'     In 

In  the  House  on  the  same  day.  on  motion  ot  these  constitutional  grants  and  limitations  of 

Mr.  Southard,  a  similar  resolution  was  adopt-  power,  it  is  manifest  that  it  lain  constitutional 

ed,  but  making  the  number  of  the  committee  contemplation  that  the  civil  authorities  of  the 

eleven.  States  are  expected  to  preserve  internal  order 

No  act  was  passed  in  consequence  of  a  re-  and  protect  their  own  ffovernments.    If,  bow- 

port  by  this  committee.  ever,  the  States  are  uni&le  to  do  so,  and  should. 

The  special  object  of  the  extra  session  was  through  the  Legislature  or  executive  (the  Le- 

to  provide  for  the  expenses  of  the  army,  owing  gislature  not  being  in  session),  call  upon  the 

to  the  failure  of  an  appropriation  at  the  pre-  President  for  military  aid,  in  that  case  it  is  his 

yious  session.  duty  to  furnish  the  assistance  asked  for.    There 

On  November  8th,  Mr.  Atkins,  of  Tennessee,  his  right  to  interfere  terminates.  In  the  his- 
from  the  committee  of  the  House,  reported  a  tory  of  this  country  but  a  very  few  instances 
bill  making  appropriations  for  tbe  support  of  have  occurred  where  Federal  interference  has 
the  army  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80,  heen  invited  by  State  autliorities,  except  by 
1878.  He  said:  **  The  estimates  as  submitted  the  anomalous  and  revolutionary  State  govern- 
to  us  by  the  War  Department  for  the  present  ments  which  have  for  the  last  decade  disgraced 
fiscal  year  were  $80,516,756.50.  We  have  American  civilization.  For  the  purpose  of 
provided  in  this  biU  for  the  sum  of  $25,763,-  maintaining  order  and  preserving  peace  in  the 
000  as  the  appropriation  for  the  present  fiscal  States  the  instances  are  so  few  and  exceptional 
year.  Last  year  the  estimate  was  $81,896,-  that  we  logically  assume  that  for  such  a  pur- 
035.90,  the  amount  appropriated  was  $26,967,-  pose  alone  there  would  not  be  any  necessity  of 
167.90.  But  the  estimate  included  twenty-five  a  regular  army  whatever,  as  Stste  military  or- 
hundred  cavalry.  For  that  there  was  an  ad-  ganizations  would  answer  for  such  defense  if 
ditional  amount  appropriated,  running  up  the  called  into  service. 

general  aggregate  of  the  appropriation  for  last        *^  The  universally  accepted  theory  of  our  sys- 

year  to  $27,624,567.90.    There  is  besides  a  tem  of  government  is  that  the  States  must  reg- 

deficiency,  for  which  an  estimate  has  been  ulate  their  own  affairs  in  their  own  way,  not 

sent  to  this  House,  for  tlie  item  of  transporta-  inconsistent  with  the  Federal  Constitution, 

tion,  amounting  to  $1,200,000;  making  in  all  Those  rights  necessarily  carry  with  them  the 

$28,824,567.90  the  entire  sum  appropriated  for  duty  of  self -protection  by  their  own  civil  passes, 

the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80,  1877,  which  is  When  that  theory  and  practice  is  abandoned  it 

in  excess  of  the  appropriation  which  this  bill  will  be  a  rueful  day  for  republican  government, 

makes  of  $8,061,567.90.  If  the  ordinary  constabulary  force  in  a  Stato 

''  Mr.  Chairman,  this  biU  is  made  up  upon  the  cannot  preserve  the  peace  and  protect  life  and 


0OK6BESS,  UIHTED  STATES.  137 

propertj,  and  mflitary  organizations  mast  be  Obedience  is  the  first  and  paramount  duty  of 

iDToked,  why  not  encourage  the  States  to  or-  a  soldier ;  and  although  the  solemn  authority 

^ruiize,  discipline,  and  arm  and  equip  their  of  the  courts  has  been  defi^,  judges  and  gov- 

ailida  organizations!    I  am  frank  to  say  that  ernors  have  been  deposed  and  stripped  of  the 

I  sLaU  favor  a  liberal  appropriation  at  the  next  insignia  of  office,  and  the  doors  of  State-houses 

session  of  Congress  for  tliat  purpose.  have  been  dosed  by  armed  soldiers  against  the 

'*  What  are  the  real  and  true  uses  of  our  reg-  rightful  entrance  of  the  legally  and  duly  elect- 

;i]ir  army  in  time  of  peace?    Simply  to  furnish  ed  representatives  of  the  people,  and  many 

ft  small  force  to  take  care  of  our  ordnance  and  other  similar  outrages  have  been  committed 

fortft  upon  our  ocean  front,  and  to  protect  the  by  detachments  of  regular  soldiers,  under  the 

^lorder  settlements  on  our  Indian  frontiers,  and  immediate  command  of  their  officers,  acting 

CO  repel  the  cattle-thieves  upon  the  Lower  Rio  under  orders  of  superior  officers,  yet  the  coun- 

Grande.     Now,  just  what  force  is  necessary  to  try  well  knows  that  the  responsibility  for  all 

pcHbrm  that  service  it  is  our  duty  to  amply  the  wrongs  to  public  liberty  lies  at  the  door  of 

provide  for;  and  when  I  say  amply  I  mean  it.  the  late  Executive,  and  in  no  manner  attaches 

I  would  aocouter  the  United  States  soldier  with  to  the  army  proper. 

ft]]  the  improved  modem  appointments,  arms,  *^  But  while  Oongress  and  the  people  acquit 

etc^  »o  that  when  he  meets  the  enemy  upon  the  army  of  all  responsibility  for  these  great 

tie  field  of  battle  he  cannot  reflect  upon  a  par-  wrongs,  it  nevertheless  was  used  in  the  hands 

siaonions  and  unfeeling  Government  because  of  the  Executive  as  an  involuntary  instrument 

of  the  nneqnal  means  of  defense  with  which  he  to  perpetrate  these  wrongs  against  constitu- 

is  mppUed.  tional  law  and  free  government.    Hence  the 

'^  This  bill  provides  to  supply  a  force  of  twen-  advocate  of  home  rule  and  independent  State 

tj  tboosand  men;  that  is,  it  proposes  not  to  action,  limited  only  by  the  Federal  Constitution, 

recruit  the  army  above  the  number  of  enlisted  felt  in  the  closing  hours  of  the  Forty-fourth 

men  on  the  army  rolls  on  the  first  day  of  this  Oongress  the  absolute  necessity  of  embodying 

□'iUth,  which,  from  the  most  reliable  data,  is  in  the  army  appropriation  bill  a  restriction, 

not  over  twenty  thousand  enlisted  men.  denying  the  use  of  the  money  so  appropriated 

**  I  wish  to  noake  one  other  remark  in  refer-  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army,  if  employed 

•"ooe  to  this  bilL    It  is  in  reference  to  a  restric-  to  uphold  the  State  governments  of  either  of 

tion  that  was  placed  on  the  last  army  appro-  the  rival  governors  of  Louisiana  and  of  South 

f>riation  bUl,  controUing  the  use  of  the  army.  Carolina.     That  action,  though  violentiy  op- 

llie  Committee   on  Appropriations  did  not  posed  by  the  Republican  side  of  the  House  at 

•ie«m  that,  in  view  of  recent  events,  in  view  the  time,  found  a  precedent  in  the  action  taken 

v*f  the  action  of  the  President  in  carrying  out  by  the  Republicans  of  this  House  in  theThirty- 

the  Constitution,  in  carrying  out  the  time-  fourth  Congress,  in  reference  to  the  use  of 

b:tpaored  doctrine  of  non-interference  by  the  troops  to  uphold  the  State  government  of  Kan- 

<i«neral  Government  with  the  States,  but  al-  sas,  attempted  to  be  set  up  by  the  pro-slavery 

1  >ving  the  States  to  regulate  their  own  affairs  party  of  that  State  in  1854. 

2  their  own  way,  subject  only  to  the  provi-  "  But  the  independent  and  responsible  course 
•'oia  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  the  commit-  which  the  last  House  chose  to  adopt  in  refer- 
red did  not  feel  that,  in  view  of  recent  events,  ence  to  this  subject  is  derived  from  a  much 
lod  of  the  action  of  the  President  in  so  prompt-  higher,  more  powerful  and  ancient  source  than 
ly  removing  the  troops  from  Louisiana  and  the  Republican  Representatives  of  the  Thirty- 
^  AQth  Carolina,  we  should  express  a  want  of  fourth  Congress.  It  is  coeval  with  represen- 
-^nfidenee  in  his  policy,  and  his  determination  tative  government.  It  springs  from  the  very 
t  •  ftHow  the  people  of  the  States  to  regulate  nature  of  free  government  itself.    In  England 

*  2^ir  own  affairs  in  their  own  way.  for  centuries  tne  Commons  withheld  supplies 

*•*  Kothing  leas  than  the  inexorable  demand  from  the  Crown  whenever  redress  of  grievance 

*  f  ciril  liberty  and  free  government  for  the  could  not  be  otherwise  attained.  It  is  as  old, 
r^xthem  States  would  have  induced  the  Demo-  then,  as  free  government  in  the  mother-country, 
^ranc  Hooae  of  Representatives  of  the  Forty-  and,  indeed,  was  about  the  only  expression  of 
/  >r3rth  Congress  to  refuse  the  ordinary  annual  true  and  unrestricted  freedom  wh%:h  the  peo- 
t;i»ropriation  for  the  maintenance  of  tiie  regu-  pie  of  the  realm  epjoyed.    In  this  country  it 

±T  army  of  this  country.     Not,  sir,  that  I  is  the  resultant  power  which  springs  from  the 

VMild  be  understood  as  intimating,  much  less  great  American  doctrine  of  non-intervention 

inferring,  the  charge  that  the  temper  and  dis-  and  popular  sovereignty  which  lies  at  the  base 

;-«c:ioa  of  our  regular  army  is  inimical  to  civil  of  our  free  States.    What  disciple  of  free  gov- 

'.  crty  or  local  self-government ;  for,  with  the  emment  will  rise  and  gainsay  the  right  to  with- 

-'Z^cption  of  a  few  officers  «high  in  command,  hold  supplies  even  from  our  gallant  army,  if 

*>  srmy  has  exhibited  no  political  bias,  nor  that  army  by  a  usurping  Executive  is  to  be 

*^a  guilty  of  any  voluntary  oppressions  of  the  employed  for  the  overthrow  of  the  State  gov- 

^'['^  or  of  defiance  of  the  civil  authority,  emments  established  by  the  people  in  their 

vildb,  alas,  has  been  of  too  frequent  occur-  sovereign  right,  and  the  erection  on  their  ruins 

*'*fe  in  the  last  decade.     No,  no,  sir;  the  ofthe  governments  of  pretenders  and  usurpers? 

i'aj  19  not  to  blsme.    It  is  created  to  obey.  *^  Mr.  Chairman,  it  is  not  necessary  to  recur 


138  OOKGRESS,  UinTED  STATEa 

to  the  argament,  so  often  repeated  upon  this  The  extra  Bession  closed  on  the  da^prevloiu 

floor  and  throughoat  this  country,  that  tbe  to  the  commencement  of  the  regolar  session. 

United  States,  and  not  the  Ezecntive,  are  re-  No  important  public  act  had  been  passed.    The 

quired  bj  the  Oonstitntion  to  secure  to  each  bills  and  resolutions  offered  in  each  House,  and 

State  a  republican  form  of  government.    Fn-  not  decided  upon,  were  continued  into  the  reg- 

der  that  authority  the  President  has  no  right  ular  session. 

to  decide  upon  the  legality  of  State  govern-  

meats.   That  duty  clearly  belongs  to  Congress. 

Congress,  then,  had  the  right  to  destroy  the  For  the  President's  annual  message,  see  Pra- 

means  which  enabled  the  Executive  to  usurp  "o  Documents,  Akitual  Cyclopedia,  1877. 

this  power  or  prerogative  of  Congress ;  and,  ^^  the  Senate,  on  December  10th,  the  f ol- 

sir,  it  had  the  courage  to  do  so  on  the  8d  of  lowing  resolution,  introduced  by  Mr.  Matthews, 

March  last.    Had  it  failed  to  discharge  its  duty,  of  Ohio,  was  considered ; 

in  view  of  the  remarkable  and  unexampled  WJksreat.  By  the  aot  entitled  »*  An  act  to  strength- 

scenes  then  transpiring  within  these  bolls  and  en  the  publio  credit/'  approved  March  18, 1869,  it 

in  this  CapitoL  well  might  the  patriot  have  ;*»  provided  and  declared  that  the  faith  of  the 

despaired.    But  with  singular  unanimity  and  Sfvml?l?^!!.in*i?r  u.Tm,^v^^^^^^^ 

J  .  *^      .     4.       av    -Tk              x»    TT                       •  payment  in  coin  or  its  eaaivalent  of  all  tUe  intereet- 

determmation  the  Democratic  House  was  ani-  tearing  obligations  of  the  United  States,  except  in 

mated  but  by  one  voice  and  one  will.     The  oaaes  where  the  law  anthorising  the  iaaue  of  such 

present  Executive  of  the  United  States  too  obliffationa  had  expressly  provided  that  the  Bame 

clearly  saw  the  absolute  necessity  of  non-inter-  ™J«^t  be  paid  in  lawfal  money  or  other  currency 

vention,  the  right  of  the  people  of  a  State  to  '"'^^^^triond^  of  the  United  Sute.  an. 

regulate  their  own  affairs  m  their  own  way,  thorized  to  be  issued  by  the  act  entitled  •*  An  act  to 

subject  only  to  the  Constitution,  and  hence  authorize  the  reftindin^  of  the  national  debt,"  ap- 

wisely,  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army,  proved  July  14, 1870,  by  the  terms  of  said  aot  were 

ordered  its  removal  from  the  soil  of  the  two  declared  tobe  redeemable  in  coin  of  the  then  present 

^^^c4-»^4.^  a4>»4-^<.   ««;i  ♦!.««  ^^^^^A  t-y^^  ™««.  *^«  standard  value,  Deanng  interest  payable  semi-au- 

prostrate  States,  and  thus  opened  Uie  way  for  ^^^j,   j^^  ^^^^  coin ;  anS              ^ 

the  return  ot  peace  with  its  mynad  blessmgs,  WherMt.  All  bonds  of  the  United  States  author- 

rejoicing  the  hearts  of  the  people,  and  banish-  ized  to  be  issued  under  the  act  entitled  **  An  act  to 

ing  the  dark  and  lowering  clouds  of  war  which  provide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments,"  ap- 

fnr  fiftAPn  vfiara  huH  TiAVAr  rAAiiA^^  tn  thpMtAn  proved  January  U,  1876,  are  required  to  be  of  tLe 

lor  nneen  years  naa  never  ceasea  to  inreaien  gescription  of  boncJs  of  the  United  States  described 

every  household  with  the  storms  of  war,  and  !„  the  said  act  of  Conirress  approved  July  14, 1870, 

paralyzed  every  interest,  moral  as  well  as  ma-  entitled  ^*  An  act  to  authorise  the  refunding  of  the 

terial,  in  the  Southern  States.  national  debt"  ;  and 

"The  committee,  therefore,   after  a  calm  W^A^rsa*,  At  the  date  of  the  passage  of  said  act  of 

consideration  and  full  discussion,  agreed  to  ?b*1^*^u"  ^"^^  M^^/if '¥r^^^^^^^ 

^"v     .       _^        ^  ",          7T^ ;.  '    «»6»^^«v  1870,  the  com  of  the  United  States  of  standard  value 

omit  the  insertion  of  the  restriction  upon  the  of  that  date  included  silver  dollars  of  the  weifbt  of 

use  of  the  army,  which  was  so  persistently  418i  grains  each,  declared  by  the  act  approved  Jan- 


suited  in  the  failure  of  the  army  bill.  value,  for  any  sums  whatever:  Therefore, 

**  I  repeat,  sir,  that  despotic  policy  of  mill-  £e  it  retoUed  hp  the  SenaU  Uhs  ffoiue  of  Repre-^ 

tary  absolutism,  under  the  late  Executive,  hav-  •enUUwet  coneurrtng  thertin).  That  all  the  bonda  of 

inir  viAldml  tn  thn  milder  and  mnra  nAnopfnl  ^he  United  States  issued  or  authorized  to  be  issued 

mg  yieiaea  to  tue  muaer  ana  more  peaceful  ^^^^^  ^j^^  ^^.^  ^^^  ^^  Conjjress  hereinbefore  recited 

modes  iwinted  out  by  the  Constitution  of  the  ^^^e  payable,  principal  and  interest,  at  the  option  of 
United  States,  there  is  therefore  no  necessity  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  in  silver  dol- 
for  the  insertion  of  the  restriction  in  this  bill,  lars,  of  the  coinage  of  the  United  States,  containing 
but  on  the  contrary  potent  and  patent  reasons  *12t  grains  each  of  standard  silver;  and  that  to  re- 
fer its  omission.  I  hope  it  will  be  the  pleasure  ^^^^  ^  its  coinage  such  silver  coins  as  a  legal  tender 
M  IC*  ^'"•■^'•v"*  *  "^r^  ■*'  "^Y  w"«  p*^w»  jjj  payment  of  said  bonds,  principal  and  interest,  ia 
Of  this  Congress,  before  it  adjourns  its  labors,  not  in  violation  of  the  public  faith  nor  in  derogation 
to  mature  and  enact  such  legislation  as  will  in  of  the  rights  of  the  public  creditor, 
flitnre  be  a  guide  to  the  Exeoative  of  tUs  conn-  ^  Matthews  said :  "Mr.  Preddent,  the  Gen- 
try in  the  nse  to  which  the  array  of  the  United  „^  iT^llvTr'rVkl  atliJ  «#  nks-Tl*  s*.^ 

anti-republican  and  unconstitutional  purposes  ^*,,,     ,^        ,.       „      ^.,    «,. 

•a  that  of  n|.holding  or  overthrowing  State  ^.^'Sl^f^o'^'Tne^T^eC^y^tire 

governments.        ^                j         ,            ,        i.  ^®*^®'  **^^  **^«  *Pl'"»*  ^^  *he  contract  under  which  the 

A  brief  discussion  ensued  on  the  number  of  ffreat  body  of  its  indebtedness  was  assumed  by  the 

men  in  the  army,  and  the  bill  was  passed  and  United  States,  and  true  financial  wisdom,  each  and 

sent  to  the  Senate.     There  it  was  passed  with  *11»  demand  the  restoration  of  the  silver  dollar  to  it* 

several  amendments,  in  which  the  House  re-  ^*^''"«'  ^^^  "  ^•'^^"^  ™°°®y- 

fused  to  concur.    Subsequently,  on  November  '^  This  resolution  was  passed  with  great  una- 

19th,  the  Senate  receded  from  their  amend-  nimity.    There  were  but  three  negative  votes 

ments,  and  the  bill  was  passed.  in  the  House  of  Representatives  and  but  on« 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  139 

IB  the  Senate,  and  I  have  no  doabt  it  expresses  meaning  gold  coin  alone,  and  not  as  including 

the  defiberate  and  oonsidered  pnblio  opinion  of  silver  coin  as  then  known  to  the  laws  of  the 

the  people  of  that  State  with  the  same  proper*  United  States,  we  are  met  at  once  by  a  conse- 

tioD  among  them  as  to  nnanimity  as  was  evi-  qnence  to  which  I  wish  to  call  the  attention  of 

dtsneed  hr  the  vote  of  their  representatives  in  the  Senate,  and  that  is  that  it  would  be  just  as 

the  General  Assembly.  illegal  and  jast  as  dishonorable  to  pay  the 

''  I  have  been  moved,  Mr.  President,  in  part  United  States  Treasury  notes  circulating  as 

by  that  expresaon  of  pablic  opinion  of  the  money  in  any  other  than  gold  coin  as  so  to 

^te  which  I  have  the  honor  in  part  to  repre*  pay  the  interest-bearing  obligations  of  the  Gov- 

»eQt  in  this  body,  to  introduce  tne  resolution  emment ;  so  that,  if  we  are  shut  up  to  a  gold 

whieh  hs8  been  just  reported  to  the  Senate  by  payment  of  our  bonds  by  the  terms  of  the  law 

the  Secretary.    The  resolution  to  which  I  now  or  the  spirit  of  the  law  or  the  obligations 

•peek  does  not  cover  the  entire  ground  cover-  of  honor,  then  also  are  we  cut  off,  in  respect 

cd  by  the  resolution  of  the  General  Assembly  to  the  resumption  of  payment  of  our  non-in- 

^Ohio,  forthe  latter  not  only  expresses  the  terest-bearing  obligations  which  circulate  as 

<^nion  contained  in  the  resolution  now  pend-  currency,  from  any  otlier  medium  of  redemp- 

in;  in  thia  body,  that  the  restoration  to  the  tion  except  that  of  gold  alone. 

Manage  of  the  country  of  the  silver  dollar  au-  *'  The  proposition  is  a  very  wide  one,  and  its 

chorized  by  the  legislation  prior  to  the  year  application  ought  to  be  thoroughly  understood. 

]^  IS  not  in  violation  of  the  public  faith  nor  The  Government  of  the  United  States  in  this 

10  derogation  of  the  rights  of  the  public  cred-  statute  has  pledged  its  faith  not  only  to  the 

isor,  bat  it  also  expresses  the  opinion  that  this  owners  and  nolders  of  its  interest-bearing  ob* 

re^oration  of  that  coin  is  demanded  by  true  ligations,  but  to  the  people  who  are  the  holders 

ftn^jwaifc^  Wisdom ;  in  other  words,  that  it  is  and  owners  of  its  non-interest-bearing  obliga- 

ooionly  the  right  of  the  United  States  consist-  tions ;  and  in  whatever  medium  of  redemption 

«o:ly  with  its  obligations  to  its  creditors  to  re-  they  seek  to  liauidate  one  they  are  bound  by 

st^re  to  its  coinage  the  silver  dollar,  but  that  the  same  consiaerationsof  law  and  public  faith 

It  \o  expedient  and  wise  and  in  pursuance  of  a  to  insist  upon  the  redemption  of  the  other ; 

proper  pnblic  policy  so  to  do.  and  it  is  Just  as  much  in  violation  of  all  these 

^  The  recitals  in  the  resolution  refer  to  three  considerations  to  make  the  silver  dollar,  by 

diffdoct  periods  in  our  legislative  history,  and  any  new  legislation,  a  medium  for  the  redemp- 

rlas^fj  tiie  public  obligations  by  reference  to  tion  of  our  Treasury-note   circulation  as  to 

thoM  dates.   The  first  recital  refers  to  all  the  ob-  make  it  the  means  of  paying  our  bonded  debt. 

l^ationa  which  were  outstanding  on  the  date  '*  There  are  Senators  here  who  are  familiar 

vheo  the  *  Act  to  strengthen  the  public  credit*  with  the  circumstances  of  the  passage  of  this 

r??eived  the  executive  sanction:  the  18th  day  law.    The  history  of  the  legislation  antecedent 

•f  March,  1869.    That  statute  corrected  and  to  its  passage  is  very  plain,  and  the  questions 

»Qpplemented  all  the  prior  legislation  on  the  which  it  was  designed  to  solve  are  not  doubt- 

«a'>ject  by  making  an  express  and  emphatic  dec-  ful.    The  question  had  arisen  in  consequence 

.jraHon  and  definition  of  the  public  faith  in  of  the  language  used  in  the  act  of  1862  and  in 

r?^>ect  to  the  existing  and  then  outstanding  the  subsequent  acts  authoriziug  the  issue  of  the 

'>Sri|rationfl  of  the  Government.    It  providea  bonds  of  the  Government,  with  the  exception 

s:«  follows :  of  that  statute  which  created  the  10-40  bonds, 

Tbatin  order  to  remove  any  doubt  M  to  the  pur-  thereby  it  appeared  that,  although  express 

?o»^  of  the  Ooverament  to  di»charge  all  ju»t  oblira-  Provision  was  made  for  the  pajrment  of  the  m- 

u  cs  to  the  pabltc  creditors  and  to  settle  oonflicting  terest  accruing  on  those  bonds  in  coin,  the  ques- 

^aeationa  aiid  interpretatioDs  of  the  laws  by  virtue  tion  as  to  how  and  by  what  medium  payment 

>f  which  aoeh  obliga^Ds  have  been  oontraoted,  it  gbould  be  made  of  the  principal  of  the  debt 

J  Lerebj  proTided  and  declared  that  the  faith  of  the  _-.  i^^  ««««-„«-*wi     tu^  ^.JLk-^v  «^*«  ».— 

rtilied  gtktee  is  solemnly  pledged  to  the  payment  ^*»  left  unanswered.    The  greenback  note  was 

.-  coin  or  its  equivalent  of  all  the  obligations  of  the  ^i^®  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  debts  and 


'.'iited  States  not  bearing  interest,  known  as  United  demands,  public  and  private,  except  interest 

**-si«s  Doces.  and  of  all  the  interest-bearing  oblige-  on  the  public  debt  and  the  payment  of  customs 

t  KM  of  the  United  States,  except  in  esses  where  the  (iQ^g, 

«'p^;t~'^.dSl  ?C  Jh.'S.Srm^^lSnSd'S  "  The  q«ertion  was  therefon,  agitated  wheth- 

i«fal  money  or  other  currency  than  gold  or  silver,  ©r  or  not  the  prmcipal  of  the  debt  might  not 

2^:  none  of  eaid  interest-bearing  obligations  not  al-  lawfully  and  properly  be  paid  in  the  greenback 

•*fciy  da«  ahaU  be  redeemed  or  paid  before  maturity  circulation.     To  meet  that  question  and  to  an- 

.A^as  at  Mch  timeUmted  States  notes  shall  be  con-  ^^^^  u  and  to  answer  it  in  the  negative,  the 

•  TUble  into  com  at  the  option  of  the  holder,  or  an-  , ,.   ^     ,..       *    *  io«rk                "vkomt^,  i^uo 

>.*  at  iiQch  time  bonds  of  the  United  States  bearing  paWlO-credit  act  of  1869  was  passed.     In  my 

t    wer  rmie  of  interest  than  the  bonds  to  be  redeem-  judgment  (and  it  was  always  my  opinion),  the 

-d  can  be  sold  at  par  in  coin.   Andthe  United  States  yery  nature  of  the  case  was  such  that  under 

j>^  •olemnly  plediros  its  fMth  to  make  provision  at  the  statutes  the  original  indebtedness  of  the 

tt«  earlftest  practicable  penod  for  the  redemption  of  ^^„«f-,_  „„.  ^^a,  «^^«-„ki^  :«  4.u«  ,^^^«u*^u 

i-:  Cnitea  dtatea  ootes*^ln  coin.                  *^  country  was  not  repayable  m  the  greenback 

notes.    I  believed  that  by  its  terms — I  mean 

"*  If  the  word  *  ooin,*  as  used  in  this  act,  for  by  the  implied  terms,  not  by  the  actual  lan- 

i:iy  sufficient  reason  must  be  interpreted  as  guage,  but  by  a  necessary  implication  growing 


140  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

out  of  the  very  nature  of  the  contract,  it  being  should  be  in  the  silver  com,  and  of  what  fine- 
expreesed  to  be  payable  in  dollars,  and  the  ness  and  how  much  alloy ;  and  at  that  date,  as 
greenback  circulation  not  being  doUars,  but  at  every  prior  date  from  that  time  back  to  the 
being  merely  promises  to  pay  dollars — the  ori-  beginning  of  the  financial  history  of  the  Gov* 
ginal  indebtedness  of  the  country  oonld  not  emment,  there  had  been  known  to  the  conn- 
properly  be  liquidated  in  any  other  than  coin  try,  to  its  laws,  to  its  statutes,  to  its  people,  to 
dollars.  Still  there  were  a  great  many  of  a  the  world,  as  one  of  the  legitimate,  lawful  coins 
different  opinion,  and  the  public  agitation  upon  of  the  United  States,  the  silver  dollar  contain* 
that  subject  became  very  extensive;  and,  to  ing  871i  grains  of  pure  or  fine  silver.  The 
meet  it  and  to  meet  the  doubts  and  to  allay  silver  dollar  authorised  to  be  coined  by  every 
the  disquiet  excited  by  that  public  agitation,  coinage  act  which  had  been  passed  and  which 
this  statute  to  which  I  have  referred  was  had  been  changed  only  in  reference  to  its 
passed.  It  was  intended  to  settle  that  ques-  weight  as  standard  silver,  as  to  its  intrinsic 
tion,  and  was  intended  to  settle  every  question  value,  as  containing  so  much  of  pure  silver, 
connected  with  the  mode  of  paying  those  had  been  established  at  the  very  foundation  of 
bonds,  and  to  assure  the  public  creditor  that  the  Mint,  and  had  been  carried  on  continuous- 
he  should  be  paid  only  in  coin  money.  ly  in  every  act  of  legislation  upon  the  statute- 
"  Mr.  President,  it  does  seem  to  me  that  if  book.  That  was  one  of  the  coins.  That  was 
it  had  then  been  thought,  if  it  had  then  been  one  of  the  coins  also  spoken  of  in  the  act  of 
in  contemplation  of  the  parties,  that  these  1862  authorizing  the  issue  of  Government 
bonds  ought  only  to  be  payable  in  gold  money,  bonds  and  establishing  a  sinking  fund  for  the 
and  that  their  value  in  the  market  ought  only  redemption  of  the  principal  of  these  bonds,  for 
to  be  measured  by  that  mode  of  payment  in  the  fifth  section  of  that  act  provided : 
undertaking  to  wttle  doubts,  this  statute  would  ^hat  all  duties  on  importod  goods  sball  be  paid 
not  nave  created  new  ones ;  it  would  not  nave  in  coin  or  in  notes  payable  on  demand  heretofore 
left  such  a  question  as  that  open ;  it  would  not  authorized  to  be  issued  and  by  law  receivable  in 
have  been  guilty  of  the  ambiguity  of  introduc-  payment  of  public  dues,  and  the  coin  so  paid  shall 
ing  a  new  element  of  dissatisfaction  and  discord  ^®  fo^o ws"'  "  '  ^V^iol  fund,  and  shall  be  appUed 
between  the  Government  and  the  public  cred-  "Fi>Bt.*Ti  the  payment  in  coin  of  the  interest  on 
itor.  These  bonds  had  been  bought  m  the  the  bonds  and  notes  ofthe  United  States, 
market  and  from  the  Government.  They  had  Second.  To  the  purchase  or  payment  of  1  percent, 
been  bought  largely  by  the  use  of  paper  money,  o^.  'H«  entire  debt  of  the  United  Sutes,  to  be  made 
4>«t/i  ♦iiA  IL^'^J^i^  «rao  «^iiAn  «no/iA  ;.«^v«>.xA<.;f;^»  within  each  fiscal  year  after  the  let  day  of  July,  1862, 
and  the  argument  was  then  made  m  opposition  ^j,ich  is  to  be  set  apart  as  a  sinkingVund,  and  thi 
to  tlie  passage  of  this  act  that  it  was  meoui-  interest  of  which  shall  in  like  manner  be  applied  to 
table;  that  it  was  unjust  to  the  people;  that  the  purchase  or  payment  of  the  public  debt,  as  the 
it  was  a  hardship  to  the  Government,  which  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  from  time  to  time 

ought  not  to  be  imposed  to  pay  in  any  other  *^^5?5h.,    m,  ^  «  .:  i  ^  *v*-^  p  »^  v..  ^^'a  •  *    »t 

^....«..^«  ♦u^-^   -.k!v   «,^»«   iw.i^^..M>  ^/  ♦K^o^  Third.  The  residue  thereof  to  be  paid  into  the 

currency  those  who  were  holders  of  these  Treasury  ofthe  United  States. 

bonds  than  that  which  had  been  received  for 

them  at  the  time.  The  answer  to  that  was  "  At  that  date,  up  to  the  time  of  the  passafre 
made  and  was  accepted,  and,  in  my  judgment,  of  the  act  of  1873,  which  dropped  that  coin 
was  conclusive.  It  was  this:  *  It  is  an  imma-  from  the  list  of  the  coins  of  the  United  States, 
terial  circumstance  what  was  the  consideration  the  silver  dollars  authorieed  by  the  previous 
received  for  these  bonds ;  it  is  a  matter  of  no  coinage  acts  were  receivable  in  payment  of 
sort  of  relevancy  what  we  were  willing  to  take  customs  duties,  and  were  pledged  by  the  see* 
or  what  you  were  willing  to  give.  The  ques-  tion  of  the  statute  which  I  have  just  read  to 
tion  of  our  obligation  is,  what  have  we  prom-  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  the  principal 
ised  to  pay  ?  what  is  the  letter,  and  the  spirit,  of  the  public  debt  The  same  state  of  thinfrs 
and  the  true  meaning  of  our  contract?  We  in  respect  to  the  ledslation  of  the  country  ex- 
have  taken  greenbacks.  We  have  promised  to  isted  on  the  14th  day  of  July,  1870,  which  is 
pay  dollars.  That  is  our  obligation,  and  that  the  date  of  the  passage  of  the  act  to  authorize 
we  will  declare.*  And  it  was  declared  by  the  the  refunding  of  the  national  debt,  which  pro- 
act  of  March  18,  1869.  vides  for  the  issue  of  6  per  cent,  4^  per  cent., 
"  Now,  what  did  '  coin  *  mean  at  that  date  7  and  4  per  cent,  bonds,  and  marks  the  beginniD^ 
Where  do  we  go  for  the  definition  of  a  term  of  the  second  period  of  classification ;  for  that 
used  in  a  statute  ?  What  is  ^  coin  *  ?  Nothing  was  intended  to  make  the  beginning  of  a  new 
is  coin  in  this  country  but  that  which  by  law  history  for  the  public  debt,  the  object  being  to 
may  be  coined  as  money,  and  everything  which  reduce  the  annual  interest  by  converting  our 
by  law  may  be  coined  as  money  is  coin.  We  6  per  cent,  and  other  bonds  into  bonds  of  the 
had  on  our  books  at  that  time  another  statute  description  authorized  by  the  statute  of  July 
which  contained  that  definition,  which  enumer-  14,  1870.  At  that  date  the  coinage  of  the 
ated  the  coins  of  the  United  States,  which  de-  country,  so  far  as  it  was  regulated  by  law,  re^ 
dared  of  what  they  should  consist,  how  they  mained,  as  I  have  stated,  in  the  same  condition 
should  be  named,  at  what  value  they  should  in  which  it  was  the  previous  year, 
be  rated,  how  many  grains  of  gold  should  be  *^  In  this  carefully  prepared  and  well  consid- 
in  the  gold  coin  and  how  many  grains  of  silver  ered  law,  intended  to  be  the  foundation  of  the 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  141 

Bflr  order  of  thlngB  in  relation  to  the  public  standing  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  obli- 

dtfbt;  intended  to  be  the  new^  starting-point  gations  entered  into  under  it  hj  tbe  United 

kod  period  of  reorganizing  it ;  intended  to  States,  that  it  was  declared  in  the  statute  of 

aike  A  new  basis  for  the  title  of  its  holders  1870  *  that  tbe  said  bonds  shall  have  set  forth 

ittd  owners;  intended  to  strengthen  it  and  se-  and  expressed  upon  their  face  the  above-speoi- 

nre  it  00  far  as  the  ingenuity  and  the  wit  of  fied  conditions.*    Therefore  every  bond  here- 

ouB  could  do  by  the  choice  of  careful  expres-  tofore  issued  and  now  outstanding,  and  all  that 

rods;  intended  to  define  with  the  utmost  pre-  can  by  law  be  hereafter  issued,  either  under 

cisum  all  the  rights  and  obligations  of  both  the  act  of  1870  or  the  act  of  1875,  contain  the 

ptrtiesto  tbe  contract,  we  find, that  the  medium  words  that  they  are  to  be  redeemed  in  the  coin 

for  tbe  redemption  of  those  bonds,  the  measure  of  the  United  States  of  the  standard  value  as 

oftherslne  of  those  bonds,  was  most  explicit-  it  was  on  the  14th  day  of  July,  1870;  not  as 

I;  declared.   They  were  declared  to  be  redeem-  it  is  at  the  date  of  the  issue  of  the  p€u>tioular 

tb!e  w  coin  of  the  pre$ent  itandard  value  at  bonds,  not  as  it  may  be  on  some  future  oocar 

Uw  pjeasore  of  the  United  States  after  ten  sion  and  at  some  future  period,  but  as  the  law 

Tttfs  from  the  date  of  their  issue,  and  bearing  stood  at  that  time ;  and  is  not  less  certain  and 

hferes^  payable  semi-annually,  in  9ueh  coin,  explicit  in  its  meaning  than  if  it  had  recited 

There  is  no  ambiguity  about  these    terms,  the  coinage  act  of  the  United  States  then  in 

Ibsre  is  no  possible  ground  of  doubt  as  to  force  and  said,  *  Here  is  the  list  of  the  coins  of 

rbat  tbe  woros  mean.    There  is  no  vagueness  which  we  speak,  and  here  are  the  denomina- 

i>  tbe  meaning  which  was  intended  to  be  con-  tions,  the  names,  the  weights,  and  the  com- 

Tejed.    It  is  as  free  from  any  possible  shade  parative  values  of  the  several  particular  coins 

<j(  doobt  as  words  con  make  it.    It  refers  to  in  which  we  agree  that  you  shall  be  paid.* 

tbe  standard  of  values  of  coin  as  then  existed,  *^  I  have  already  adverted  to  the  grounds  and 

the  standard  value  then  present,  coin  of  that  reasons  for  this  very  particular  and  express  in- 

'  present  standard  value.'  sertion  in  the  statute.    It  was  done  to  secure 

''Tberefore,  it  seems  to  me,  outside  of  all  the  cre<litor;  it  was  done  to  assure  the  pur- 

Irjitimate  contention  in  this  argument  in  re-  chaser;  it  was  done  to  declare  in  express  terms, 

<>art  to  the  obligation  of  tbe  Government,  beyond  the  possibility  of  mistake,  the  full  meas- 

tiut  all  the  bonds  issued  prior  to  the  act  of  ure  and  full  extent  of  the  obligation  of  the 

IS$^,  and  all  the  bonds  issued  directly  under  Government. 

the  act  of  July  14,  1870,  known  as  the  refund-  ^*  Prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act  of  1875,  but 

ioff  act,  by  their  terms,  by  the  phun  and  proper  subsequent  to  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1870, 

Btftoing  of  the  words,  are  redeemable,  as  of  to  wit^  in  the  act  of  1873,  the  Government  of 

right,  in  the  true  and  just  sense  of  that  word,  the  United  States,  actuated  by  motives  and  in 

^  tbe  coins  known  to  tne  statutes  of  the  United  reference  to  purposes  of  its  own,  in  the  exer- 

^tates  on  those  dates,  either  gold  or  silver,  ac-  cise  of  its  sovereign  prerogative,  passed  a  new 

wording  to  the  weights  and  rates  expressed  in  coinage  act,  in  which  there  was  dropped  from 

tte  sutotes  then  in  force.  the  list  of  authorized  coins  of  the  United  States 

**  Now,  how  do  the  bonds  issued  under  the  what  had  been  always  previously  known  to  our 

i^ie  resumption  act  of  January,  1875,  differ  law  as  the  silver  dollar. 

fna  those  wtuch  have  been  already  the  subject  ^'  Therefore  it  is  true  that  since  that  year,  and 

'ioor  coa»derationf    Let  us  see.    The  act  to  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1875, 

y^ide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments,  and  at  every  date  when  bonds  have  been  issued 

<a  tbe  third  section  and  in  the  concluding  para-  since  1873,  under  the  act  of  1870  or  under  the 

inph  of  the  statute,  declares  as  follows:  act  of  1875,  there  were  no  silver  dollars  which 

Hid  to  enahle  the  Secretarv  of  the  Treasury  to  <^.^°^^  ^T  ^^-"^  Vi?'l  '^iT  *^®  ^T1^  ""t  '''' 

•>?«T«  rod  provide  for  the  redemption  in  thiiaot  silver  dollars  m  Which  they  conld  have  been 

A.nik-»nz«d  or  t«qmred,  he  in  anthonzod  to  nee  any  p&id  off  if  they  had  then  been  due.    Now,  in 

nTJjsrevenaea,  from  time  to  time,  in  the  Treasury  law  or  in  morals  what  difference  does  that 

-X  .cbenriMi  aporopriated,  and  to  issue,  Ml^nnd  make?    Could  the  United  States  by  any  act  of 

•  V-"^  of,  at  not  Jess  than  par,  in  coin,  either  of  the  u_  -.«,_  ,vo»*;«t.i— 1«  <>.«•  «^  «^4.  a^wx^  »;4>k  ««««r 
-•  ription  of  boods  of  the  Uiited  States  d^ribed  ^^  f'^^'  particularly  any  act  not  done  with  any 
^^%dof  On^grm  appmptd  Jtdff  14, 1870,  entitled  8^c»  design,  change,  alter,  make  over  again  the 

*  Ai  set  to  aatlioriae  the  refunding  of  the  national  terms  of  the  contract  between  these  parties, 
^''  with  Hit  qualUUt^  priviUget,  and  ex$mptton».  between  itself  and  its  creditors  ?  Could  it  make 
U  !  *J?°*  «*«f««^7  ^  <»rn  tills  act  into  ?ull  ef-  ^y  y^^j^^  j^  the  hand  of  a  new  purchaser  dif- 

-^d^to  oso  the  proceeds  thereof  for  the  purposes  ^^^^^^  ^  ^  .^  obligation  and  value  by  any  act 

of  its  own  from  those  which  had  been  original- 

~Xow,  then,  it  follows  that  this  is  as  if  it  had  ly  and  directly  issued  under  the  terms  of  the 

f'T-eat^  word  for  word  every  provision  in  the  act  of  1870  ?    Was  that  the  intention,  or  was 

vt  o(  Jaly  14,  1870,  by  reference  to  its  date,  it  not  most  expressly  the  intention  to  make  all 

•i  had  raiade  the  bonds  of  the  9ame  obligation,  these  bonds  identical,  precisely  alike  in  every 

^toeaame  tenor,  of  the  same  meaning,  as  if  particular  as  to  the  obligation  of  the  United 

'w  had  been  issued  directly  under  the  act  of  States  and  as  to  their  values  in  the  hands  of 

•^TH.  1870;  and  that  act  was  so  particular,  the  holders? 

^  reference  to  avoiding  possible  misunder-  '*  Then,  Mr.  President,  if  the  United  States  as 


142  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

one  party  to  a  contract  conld  not  of  its  own  it  ont  on  the  pnblio  debt,  or  a  part  of  it,  what- 
mere  motion,  by  any  act  of  its  own,  change  the  ever  was  reserved  beyond  a  sufficient  amonnt 
character  of  the  obligation,  its  nature,  and  its  to  pay  the  calls  which  might  be  made  by  hold- 
extent,  how  can  it  be  claimed  that  that  act  lias  ers  of  the  certificates.  I  will  not  take  time  to 
affected  the  right  of  the  holder  of  the  bonds?  read  it. 

Was  it  intended  to  increase  the  weight  of  the  ^'  Now,  Mr.  President,  itdoesseem  to  me  that 

obligation  ?    Was  it  intended  to  add  a  new  term  the  public  faith  has  been  pledged  in  relation  to 

to  the  nature  of  the  contract  ?    It  is  not  to  the  this  subject.    Our  Secretaries  of  the  Treasury, 

purpose,  as  I  have  already  had  occasion  to  say  the  only  authorized  agents  of  our  Government, 

in  another  connection,  that  gold  wa(>  in  fact  have  given  assurance  according  to  this  inter- 

the  only  circulating  medium  since  1878,  any  pretation  of  the  law,  and  their  acts  have  never 

more  than  prior  to  that  act  it  makes  any  dif-  been  repudiated.  They  have  given  their  pledges 

ference  in  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  obliga-  in  relation  to  this  matter,  and  the  Government 

tion  of  the  contract  that  no  silver  coins  were  has  profited  by  those  pledges, 

in  circulation."  '*  Mr.  President,  we  passed  here  at  a  critical 

Mr.  Morrill,  of  Vermont,  said :  '*  The  Sena-  period  of  our  history  an  amendment  to  the 

tor  from  Ohio  set  out  with  the  idea  that  we  Oonstitution  in  these  words : 

had  the  right,  the  legal  right,  the  equitable  t^^  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United 

right,  to  pay  our  public  debt  m  silver.     Sir,  it  States,  authorised  by  law,  including  debts  incurred 

must  be  known  to  that  Senator  as  well  as  to  for  payment  ofpensionB  and  bounties  for  services  in 

all  others  that  we  have  not  coined  silver  for  Buppressinff  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  bo 

forty  years  for  any  circulation  except  as  mi-  ^^estioned, 

nor  coinage.  All  the  silver  dollars  that  we  ^^Imustsay  that  that  amendment  of  the  Con- 
have  coined  have  been  for  exportation ;  none  stitntion  was  adopted  through  some  appreben- 
of  them  to  speak  of  have  gone  into  circulation,  sion  of  the  representatives  that  might  be  re- 
and  none  of  them  have  been  paid  out  or  re-  turned  here  from  the  States  lately  in  rebeUion. 
ceived  by  the  United  States,  and  tlie  whole  It  was  not  intended  to  apply  to  the  heresies  of 
amount  that  we  have  coined  annually  for  forty  Ohio ;  and  yet  I  am  forced  to  read  it  upon  this 
years  will  not  exceed  about  $160,000  per  an-  occasion,  and  in  this  hour  of  oonoiliation  and 
num.  During  all  this  time  we  have  been  in  reconciliation,  when  gentlemen  have  come  back 
receipt  of  gold  for  our  customs  duties — gold  and  here  and  are  rebaptized  to  their  faith  in  the 
nothing  else ;  and  every  dollar  of  that  gold  has  Union,  to  appeal  to  some  of  them  for  a  patriotic 
been  pledged  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  endeavor  to  support  the  honor  of  the  country. 
and  the  redemption  of  the  principal  of  the  I  say  I  appeal  to  them  as  against  the  Senator 
public  debt    Now,  can  it  be  possible  equitably,  from  Ohio. 

after  we  have  made  a  pledge  of  the  revenues  **  The  Senator  from  Ohio  intimated  that  the 

collected  exclusively  in  gold,  that  we  can  now  law  of  1869  was  passed  for  the  purpose  of 

say  that  a  debt  contracted  under  such  circum-  doing  away  with  the  heresy  about  paying  the 

stances  may  be  paid  in  anything  else  than  that  debt  in  paper.    Did  he  and  those  who  then — 

which  has  been  received  by  the  Government  I  will  not  include  him,  for  I  believe  he  was 

for  duties?    Let  me  read  what  has  once  already  not  included  in  that  category — but  did  tboee 

been  read,  but  I  desire  to  have  it  emphasized  who  were  then  opposed  to  paying  the  public 

again  before  the  Senate.  debt  in  paper  reserve  their  forces  in  order  that 

*'  By  the  act  of  February  25,  1862,  in  the  it  might  be  paid  in  something  cheaper,  six  or 

fifth  section,  it  is  provided :  seven  per  cent,  less  than  the  value  of  paper  ?  '' 

That  all  duties  on  Imported  goods  shall  be  paid  in  ^  Mr.  K^ard,  of  Dekware,  said :  "  Mr.  Preei- 

ooin—                        r         o                   r  dent,  it  seems  to  me  that  no  more  severe  or 

,,  .    ,  ^,       ..                -    ^,          ,      ^       ,  bitter  commentary  upon  the  outcome  of  the 

"And  then  it  goes  on  further  and  sets  com  management  of  the  finances  of  this  nation,  foi 

apart  as  tollows :  ^jj^  p^^^  twelve  years,  could  be  made  than  if 

First  To  the  payment  in  coin  of  the  interest  on  contained  in  the  preamble  and  resolution  upon 

the  bonds  tnd  notes  of  the  United  Stati's.  which  we  are  now  asked  to  vote:  a  severe 

oftr^ir'^&^^i^^^^^^  commentary  indeed  upon  the  management  of 

in  each  fiscal  year  after  the  Ist  day  July.  1862,  which  ^^at  party  which,  liavmg  conaplete  control  of 

is  to  be  set  npart  as  a  Hinlting  fund,  and  the  interest  every  branch  of  the  Federal  Government,  yet 

of  which  shall  in  like  manner  be  applied  to  the  pur-  now,  in  view  of  all  their  legislation  for  the  past 

chase  or  payment  of  the  public  debtj  as  the  Secretary  sixteen  years,  sends  in,  as  a  reconnoiterinsr  ad- 

of  the  Treasury  shall  from  time  to  time  direct.  ^^^^^  ^j^.^  resolation,  embodying,  as  it  does, 

'*  If  that  pledge  of  the  honor  of  the  Govern-  the  ominous  and  alarming  question  whether  a 

ment  shall  be  carried  out,  this  whole  debt  will  certain  proposed  act  of  Congress,  of  which  this 

be  exUnguiBhed  in  a  very  short  time  and  after  resolution  is  the  harbinger,  and  which  has  al- 

the  manner  there  prescribed.  ready  been  resolved  upon  elsewhere,  and  lies 

"I  desire  to  call  attention  to  another  act,  printed  on  our  table  ready  to  follow  on  the 

passed  July  14,  1870,  whereby  it  was  provided  neels  of  this  discussion,  is  or  is  not  an  act  of 

that  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  should  re-  national  dishonor,  or,  to  use  the  precise  words 

oeive  gold  coin  for  certificates,  and  should  pay  of  the  resolution,  whether  it  is  not  ^  in  viola- 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  143 

tioB  o(  the  public  fttth '  or  *  in  derogation  of  the  act  of  1870,  known  as  the  funding  bill,  the 
(fa«  rights  (H  the  public  creditor.*  bonds  therein  authorized,  to  the  amount  of 
^'Sir,  the  Terj  propounding  of  such  a  ques*  $1,600,000,000,  were  made  expressly  payable 
tio&itftstoniflhing,  and  exhibits  at  least  a  doubt  ^  in  coin,'  principal  and  interest,  not  designat- 
m  the  minds  of  its  proponents  of  the  propriety  ing  gold  or  silver  coin,  but  including  them  both. 
uk]  justice  of  the  measure  referred  to.    This  Why  were  not  the  metals  nominated  or  one  of 
reioliitioii  belongs  to  a  declaratory  class  of  acts,  them  designated  ?  Because  by  the  regulation  of 
DeeUntory  legislation  is  never  to  be  favored,  the  Government  and  the  laws  relating  to  coin- 
lad  i9  to  be  regarded  as  rather  vicious  in  its  age,  the  two  metals,  the  two  units  of  value,  the 
cbireeter,  in  that  it  tends  to  trench  upon  the  silver  and  the  gold  dollar,  were  equivalents,  or  as 
prerogative  of  the  judicial  branch ;  for,  while  nearly  so  as  human  statutes  could  make  them. 
thi  legislative  branch  have  the  power  to  use  and  were  intended  to  be  maintained  at  an  equal 
vfast  words  they  please  In  framing  an  act,  it  is  relative  value  so  long  as  both  of  them  should 
Bot  their  duty  to  pass  upon  the  meaning  of  be  used.    The  intent  of  the  law;  well  under- 
tint which  they  have  framed.     That  is  the  stood  by  all  parties  to  the  contract,  was  to  pay 
htf  and  prerogative  of  a  distinct  and  inde-  the  debt  for  which  these  bonds  were  issued  in 
pdideiit  braooh  of  the  Government,  which  gold  coin  or  its  equivalent  in  silver,  or  in  silver 
mj  not  be  invaded.    But  this  resolution,  be-  coin  or  its  equivalent  in  gold.    The  Government 
ifi^  of  a  declaratory  nature,  is  more  remarkable  that  borrowed  this  money  and  issued  these 
la  this,  that  it  proposes  to  expound  an  act  bonds  had  the  power  and  the  duty  so  to  regu- 
vhich  is  not  yet  in  existence,  and  in  that  re-  late  the  value  of  its  silver  unit  of  value  and 
fpect  is  without  precedent  to  my  knowledge.  gold  unit  of  value  as  to  make  them  equivdents. 
""ib.  President,  history  will  yet  record  the  No  advantage  was  slyly  contemplated,  but  all 
iSsiost  incredible  fact   that,  with  a  people  was  open  and  dear  in  the  sunlight  of  honest 
emerging  from  an   exhausting   and   terrible  contract;  and  when  the  Government  in  1878 
<niggle,  those  who  had  charge  of  their  finances  dropped  the  silver  dollar  out  of  its  list  of  au- 
vere  guilty  of  the  folly — I  will  not  call  it  by  thorized  coins,  it  preserved  for  its  creditor  the 
1  Junher  name— one  of  those  blunders  worse  equivalent  in  gold  as  it  had  agreed  to  do.    This 
than  a  crime,  of  the  rapid,  unnecessary  prepay-  was  the  bargain ;  this  was  the  intent.    There 
cent  of  a  debt  not  yet  due,  at  prices  far  above  was  no  advantage  contemplated  either  way. 
tii4t  which  its  face  called  for.    Men  will  stand,  The  Government  was  dealing  in  equivalents. 
I  »r,  in  wonder  at  the  fact  that  upward  of  It  did  not  intend  that  any  derangement  of  the 
I^!i0,000,000  of  gold  coin  was  sold  out  of  the  relative  values  of  the  two  should  inure  to  the 
Tr^asaryof  the  United  States  in  tiiese  last  nine  gain  or  the  loss  of  either  party  to  the  bar- 
?«arB,  to  pay  for  bonds  not  due,  not  demanded,  gain. 

ifid  which  had  been  forced  above  their  value  *^  The  preamble  before  us  recites  the  laws  up 

Vt  a  class  of  legislation  intended  to  have  that  to  1875  relating  to  the  issue  of  these  bonds ; 

nd  DO  other  effect.    And  while  those  obliga-  but  it  is  incomplete.    It  is  not  true  historically. 

tioQs  not  due  were  thus  sought  to  be  prepaid  More  is  needed  to  complete  this  history.    The 

It  a  rate  high  above  their  face  value,  the  de-  preamble,  with  its  many  recitals,  still  fails  to 

Qaad  notes  of  the  Treasury,  the  currency  of  recognize  an  act  of  Congress  quite  as  formal, 

^$  country,  the  money  of  the  people,  the  just  as  constitutional,  just  as  binding  as  any 

aeasare  of  %'alne  in  their  daily  contracts,  was  which  are  therein  mentioned ;  and  that  is  the 

&huoored  year  after  year,  and  no  provision  act  of  February,  1873 ;  and  therefore  I  submit 

vtutever  made  for  their  just  payment.    Such,  to  the  honorable  Senator,  the  mover  of  this 

<r,  has  been,  in  my  judgment,  the  unwisdom  resolution,  that  to  make  his  recitals  complete 

9f  legislation  in  the  past  nine  years.    It  has  the  following  or  its  substance  should  be  in- 

^  thi^  unwise  financial  course  that  has  made  eluded : 

Wf  h  a  resolution  as  this  possible.     Here  we  And  whereas  from  and  after  the  act  of  Congress  oi 

ir^  asked  whether  a  law  proposed,  overshadow-  1884,  and  antil  February  12, 1878,  the  silver  doilai 

ft?  TB  already,  is  or  is  not  an  act  of  national  ^^  ^^^i  jfraina  of  standard  value  having  been  found 

^boQor  ^  have  a  greater  intrinsic  value  in  public  markel 

«.  u.    D-^ zA «. *  *i  «*          1.         ^1.  than  the  gold  dollar  of  25.8  grains,  silver  bullion 

Mr   Freadent,  any  act  that  weakens  the  ceased  to  be  brought  to  the  mints  for  coinage  and 

|?wt  of  the  nation  adds  just  so  much  to  the  silver  dollars  already  coined  could  not  be  retained 

^en  of  the  laboring  men,  and  takes  away  in  circulation ;  and  whereas^  the  silver  dollar  of  41 2^ 

J>t  80  much  from  the  just  rewards  of  labor,  fif""*'""  having  become  practically  obsolete,  the  Gk)v- 

»K  fK*  .AA*^  «#  /»^M  A/»^n />•»•-   a  «rAairA^:«^  ^4  emmcnt  of  the  United  States  by  act  of  Conscreaa 

»3  Uje  score  of  cold  economy,  a  weakenmg  of  ^^^  ^^  the  12th  of  February,  1878,  and  du'v  ap- 

.*liic  credit  is  the  most  wasteful  of  conoeiv-  proved  by  the  President,  abolished  from  its  coinage 

^■^  proceedings.     A  man's  good  name  is  his  the  silver  dollar  of  412k  grnins  as  a  nnit  of  value,  so 

^•^f  posseanon,  and  our  laws  give  remedies  that  for  nearly  Ave  years  the  aame  has  ceased  to 

•»J  award  recompense  to  every  citizen  who  is  ****** 

^ttified  by  slander  or  by  libel.    But  a  nation  "  Is  not  that  true  ?    Is  there  any  man  within 

u>  ao  such  remedy,  and  its  sole  defense  must  the  sound  of  ray  voice  who  questions  the  accu- 

J*  fjmd  in  the  jealous  care  of  its  citizens  of  racy  of  that  historical  statement?    No,  sir;  no 

}zy^k  honor  and  credit  one  will  question  it.    It  is  simply  and  precise- 

"  Xow,  let  it  be  noted  that  by  the  terms  of  ly  the  truth,  and  is  a  part  of  the  history  which 


144  CONGRESS,  UOTTED  STATEa 

the  honorable  Senator's  resolution  and  pre-  ferenoe  in  prinoiple;  and  then,  I  repeat,  can 

amble  has  excluded.  yon  demand  that  a  piece  of  coined  silver  worth 

^*  Now,  sir,  let  us  not  forget  that  this  is  not  but  ninety  cents  shall  be  taken  as  the  equiva- 

a  case,  and  we  are  not  sitting  in  judgment  lent  of  a  piece  of  coined  gold  worth  a  hundred 

upon  the  sharp  bargain,  of  two  stock-brokers  cents?    You  undervalue  one  coin  deliberately; 

with  their  rights  of '  option '  and  of  *'  call '  and  you  do  not  certify  the  truth  as  to  its  value,  but 

other  phrases  of  their  trade ;  nor  is  it  yet  a  yon  stamp  upon  it  that  which  you  know  at  the 

case  of  contract  between  two  citizens ;  but  it  time  is  false.    You  cannot  term  such  action 

is  a  case  in  which  a  great  Government  is  deal-  regulation.    Is  this  an  execution  of  the  power 

ing  with  a  transaction  in  which  its  own  law-  in  its  honest  intent  and  meaning  ^  to  coin 

making  power  is  to  control  its  own  case;  for  money  and  to  regulate  the  value  thereof'? 

it  cannot  be  denied  that  unless  the  existing  ^^It  seems  to  me  that,  treating  this  whole 

laws  of  the  land  are  to  be  altered,  the  object  question  in  the  light  of  the  facts  that  surround 

of  this  resolution  and  the  law  it  foreshadows  it,  it  is  impossible  to  say  that  there  ever  was  an 

will  fail.    That  is  to  say,  we  are  considering  a  actual  contemplation  of  using  the  metal  of  sil- 

contraot  in  which  one  of  the  parties  must  alter  ver  in  the  liquidation  of  this  debt  or  its  inter- 

the  law  in  order  to  succeed  in  obtaining  a  con-  est,  or  in  the  sale  of  the  bonds  or  any  part  of 

struotion  in  its  own  behalf.  them.    I  am  speaking  now  of  the  question  to 

*^  Now,  Mr.  President,  what  did  Congress  real-  be  determined  by  the  actual  facts,  undeniable 

ly  do  by  the  act  of  Februry  12, 1878  ?    It  sim-  and  undisputed,  that  surrounded  the  transac- 

ply  relinquished  the  attempt  to  keep  gold  and  tion." 

silver  at  an  equilibrium  of  value  by  law,  and  it  The  Vice-President :  ^^  The  question  recnra, 

dropped  the  silver  unit  of  value,  the  dollar  of  Will  the  Senate  agree  to  the  resolution  ? " 

412i  grains.    Wisely  or  unwisely,  it  was  done.  The  Secretary  proceeded  to  call  the  roll. 

Such  was  the  fact,  that  they  relinquished  the  The  result  was  announced — yeas  48,  nays  22 ; 

attempt  further  to  regulate  and  preserve  the  as  follows: 

eauUibrium  of  value  between  these  two  units  YEAs-MesBrB.  AIIibou,  Armstrong,  Bailey,  Beck, 


of  value  of  silver  and  of  gold.  Bootli,  Bruoe,  Cameron  of  PennBylvania,  Cameron 


rednact,  the  ratio  was  declared  to  be  15.98,  or  Men-iinon,  Morgan,  Ogleabv,  Plumb,  BanBom,  Baula- 

practically   16   parts  of  silver  to   1  of  gold,  bury,  Saanders,  Bnenoer,  'teller,  Thnrman,  Voor- 

What  is  now  proposed  is  that  Congress  shall  h«®^  Wallace,  Wither»-48.                      ,  ^,  . 

A«.a»4  a  i»nr  iw*  lui^ ^^»^  *v#  ».»^a  1  q^t  ttV^^.*!*  Nats— MeBBrs.  Anthouy,  Bamum,  BayaTd,  Blaine, 

enact  a  law  m  this  year  of  grace  1877,  which,  Bumside,  Christiancy,  6onkling,  *Dawe.  *  Eaton 

under  the  pretext  of  regulating  the  value  of  Edmunde,  Hamlin,    Keman.  Lumsr,  McPhereon, 

the  two  metals  when  coined,  shall  falsify  their  Mitchell,  Monill^addook,  Eandolph,  Bollins,  S«r- 

true  proportionate  value.    I  ask  any  man  with-  '  gent,  Wadleiffh,  windom— 22.       „   ^    .     .  _ 

in  the  sound  of  my  voice,  is  any  piece  of  silver  .  AB8BHT--M;BBBrB.  Butler,  Cockrell,  Garland  Har- 

containing  4124  gHiins  United  States  standard  ^^\^^1lS?""'  ^°^""'  ^'^^'^^'  n^HeT^on,  Sharon, 
worth  anywhere  in  the  world  25.8  grains  of 

gold  of  the  United  States  standard  value?    No  So  the  resolution  was  agreed  to. 

man  will  venture  to  say  so.    Now  I  will  ask.  The  Vice-President:  "The  question  is.  Will 

does  the  power  *  to  coin  and  regulate  the  ^e  Senate  agree  to  the  preamble  as  proposed 

value '  mean  the  power  *  to  coin  and  falsify  *  ?  by  the  Senator  from  Ohio? " 

Has  Congress  the  righi— I  do  not  say  the  power,  The  roll-call  having  been  concluded,  the  re- 

although  those  who  realize  the  sanctity  of  the  suit  was  announced,  as  follows: 

trust  of  power  will  believe  that  right  must  Yeas— MeBBw.  Allison,  Armstrong,  Bidlev,  Beck, 

always  enter  into  its  exercise— has  Oongress  Booth,  Brace,  Cameron  of  Pennsylvania,  Cameron 

the  right  to  make  this  false  declaration  and  of  WiBconsinjChaffee,Coke,Conover.Davi8of  Illi- 

stamp  it  upon  metal,  that  the  lie  may  be  the  noi^  Dhvib  of  West  Virginia,  DenniB,l)orBev,Eu8ti8, 

o««    |/  «•!  Mp^u  Vo       '                                "^  Ferry,  Gordon,  Grover,  Hereford,  Howe,  Johnston, 

better  preserved  ?  jo„/g  ^f  Floriiw,  Jones  of  Novacia,  Kirkwood,  Mc- 

"  Let  me  ask  the  advocates  of  this  resolution,  Creery,McDonald,MoMillan,  Matthews, Maxey,Mer- 

if  Congress  should  declare  by  law  that  silver  rimon,  Morgan,  Oglesby,  Plumb.  Btansom,  Baulf^bu- 

should  be  equal  to  gold  ounce  for  ounce,  would  }T^  Saunders,  Spencer,  Teller,  Thurman,  Voorheea, 

that  be  justice,  would  that  be  a  regulation  of  ^^^^.tli^eBsrs.  Anthony. Bamura, Bayard,  BUine, 

values,  or  would  it  not  be  their  entire  confu-  Buruside.  Chris«tiancv,  Conkling,  Dawes.  Eaton,  Ed ' 

sion  and  derangement?    Yet  I  say  to  you  that,  munda,  Hamlin,  Keman,  Lamar,  Mitchell,  Morrill, 

knowing  that  412^  grains  are  worth  to-day  in  Paddock,  Rollin»,  Sargent,  Wadleigh,  Windom— 20. 

any  market  in  the  world  bnt  ninety  cents  in  .  ABSKinv-Messrs.  Butle^  Cockrell,  Gnrland,  Har- 

«/*M   u  ;«  K«*  «  ^r.o..4>;».«  ^4  Ar..^^^   ««^  «^4.  r.*  "^i  Hill,  Hoar,  Inpalls,  Keliofr^,  McPherson,  Pat- 

gold.  It  IS  but  a  question  of  degree,  and  not  of  ^^      liandolph,  Sharon,  Why  te,  Wiihers-U. 
principle,  whether  you  shall  not  stamp,  com, 

and  declare  thereby  that  4}  grains  of  silver  are  So  the  preamble  was  adopted, 

equal  to  25.8  grains  of  gold.  No  action  was  taken  in  the  House  on  the 

*^  It  is  bnt  a  question  of  degree,  and  not  a  dif-  resolution. 


0ON6RESS   UNITED  STATES.  145 

fntlie  Hooae,  on  November  5th,  Mr.  Bland,  denberffh.  Hart,  Hendee,  Abram  S.  Htwitt,  Joyce, 

ef  MwsoDri,  moved  to  suspend  the  rules  so  as  to  I'.eonarB,  lind»ey,  McUo  wan,  Moree,  Nororow,  fed- 

u  k-—  *^  :«♦-,  ;i ^  Z^A  *u^  ti^«-«  ♦^  ««—  die,  Powers,  Seed,  William   W.  Kice,  Sohleioher, 

enable  bun  to  introduce  and  the  House  to  pass  gtephenB,  SviaoD,  *ard,  and  Wood-M. 

I  i>Ul  to  SDthonze  the  free  coinage  of  the  staud-  Kot  Vorisa— Meaara.  Aiken,  Bagley,  William  H. 

v^  silver  dollar  and  to  restore  its  legal-tender  Baker,  Banka^  Bayoe,  Beebee,  Benedict.  Biabee, 

c^i^r  Blackburn,  Bliss,  Boyd.  Bragff,  Briirbt,  Barchard, 

Tb«  firk  section  provides  that  there  shall  be  S^i'^'-oSrl!!;?'  olIIJ  n.'.w.'T  nnn^fJ^'iSte" 

.    J  ^ .,                V     •  A      «  ..L    TT   •<.  J  Ci.  X  Cobb,  Collins,  Crapo,  Davidaon,  Doofflas,  Durham, 

^«led  at  the  several  mints  of  the  United  States  Dwi^lii,  Eickhoff,  ^iett,  I.  Newton  Evins,  Jamea 

:ht  wJfer  dollar  of  the  weight  of  412J  grams  L.  Evans,  Fort,  Freeman,  Garfield,  Gause,  Gunter, 

t^)T  of  standard  silver,  as  provided  in  the  act  Hale,  Hanna,  Harmer,  Benjamin  W.  Harria,  John  T. 


lifTetofore  coined  by  the  United  States  of  like  Potter,  Pugh,  Quinn,  Beillv,  Boberts,  Georoe  D. 

Vfifht  and  tioeness,  shall  be  a  legal  tender  at  Robinson,  Boss,  Byan,  Sballenberger,  Sinniokson, 

tscir  nominal  value  for  all  debts  and  dues,  pub-  S'?»«^^«»  ^  ^3"J'^i^\  Soutlianl,  "Btarin,  Bteuger, 

I-    -J  -.  ■     *^ ^^*  —u^-^  ^♦k«-...:-^  V.-^  Thompson,  Martin  I.  Townsend,  Tucker,  Tumey, 

Icai  pnvate,  except  where  otherwise  pro-  VeedeWait,  Wslker,  Walsh,  'Wamer,  WaUon 

r..Jed  by  contract;   and  any  owner  of   silver  Harry  White,  Whitthome,  Alpbeua  8.  WUliam*, 

biliion  may  deposit  the  same  in  auy  United  Andrew  Williams,  James  Williams,  Benjamin  A. 

Skiies coinage  mint  or  assay  office  to  be  coined  Willis,  and  Wilson— 93. 

iniosocli  dollars  for  his  benefit  upon  the  same  go  (two  thirds  voting  in  favor  thereof)  the 

teniM  Aod  conditions  as  gold  bullion  is  deposit-  r^ies  were  suspended  and  the  bill  was  passed. 
«dfur  coinage  under  existing  law. 

Sectioa  a  provides -for  repeding  all  acts  q    November  6th.  this  bill  was  received  in 

ttdptrtsof  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provi-  ^^^  g^^^^^  ^^  ^^.^  ^^  ^^f^„^  ^^  ^^^^ 

M,M  or  tue  act.  Finance  Committee.  On  November  21st  it  was 

MrBlanl:  "This  is  the  bill  which  passed  ^ed  back  with  amendments,  and  placed 

a<  House  last  winter— "  on  the  calendar 

Tb«  Speaker:  -  Neither  debate  nor  amend-  snbseqaently,'  in  the  ensning  session,  the 

«M  «  m  order.    The  Clerk  will  proceed  to  ^^j,,  ^Jtaken  np  and  discnssedL 

T  "*  "'"• .              ^  .             ,  ^,  On  December  1 8th,  Mr.  Allison,  of  Iowa,  sub- 

Jrjr*'*"  'Tf  *^V'  ^^  ^oo"  ""^^Tr  "nitted  the  following  amendment  : 

r«j  103,  najs  84,  not  votmg  93 ;   as  fol-  ^jj  j^  the  bill : 

.'jvs  : 

Ssonoir  2.  That  immediatelv  after  the  passage  of 

YiAs—Mcsrrs.  Aldrtch,  Atkins,  John  H.  Baker,  thia  act  the  President  shall  invite  the  govemmenta  of 

^uiB2.    B<;11,  Biokneil,    Bland,    Blount,  Boone,  the  countries  composing  the  Latin  Union,  so  called, 

39j:k,  Brentano,  Bridges,  Broffden,  Browiie,  Buck-  and  of  such  other  Europenn  nations  as  he  may  deem 

'T,  Bandy,  Hanlio'<.  Cabell^  Cain,  John  W.  Cald-  advisable,  to  join  the  United  States  in  a  conference  to 

V"^.  W.  F.  OaldwcU,  Calkins,  Candler,  Cannon,  adopt  a  common  ratio  of  legal  tender  as  between  gold 

CarlUlc.  Caswell,  Cbalmera,  John  B.  Clarke  of  Ken-  and  silver  for  the  purpose  of  establiahing,  interna- 

*.2?kr,  John  B.  Clirk,  Jr.,  of  Missouri,  Bush  Clark,  tiontiUy,  the  use  of  bimetallic  money,  and  securinff 

'-  '^a,  Coo.c,  Jacob  D.  Cox,  Samuel  S.  Cox,  Cra-  fl^itv  of  relative  value  between  those  metals;  suon 

^it*.  Crittenden,   Culberson,    Cummings,  Cutler,  conference  to  be  held  at  such  place,  in  Europe  or  in 

Biaford,  Darrall.  Joseph  J.  Davis,  Deerinff,  Dibrell,  the  United  States,  at  such  time  within  six  months, 

l^ser,  Daoaell,    Edfen,  Blam,  Ellis,    Ellsworth,  as  may  be  mutually  agreed  upon  by  the  executives 

J«ha  a.  E/ina,  Ewing,  Fclton,  Finley,  rorncy,  Fos-  of  the  governments  joining  in  the  same,  whenever 

>',  Fruiklin,   Fuller,   Gardner,  Oarth,    Qiddings,  the  governments  so  invited  or  any  three  of  them 

^•rer.  Go-xie,  Htmilton,  Henry  R.  Harris,  Hurri-  shall  have  siirnifled  their  willin^rness  to  unite  in  the 

*  X  Hitri  \^,  Hartiell,  Haskell,  Hatcher,  Haves,  same.    The  President  shall,  by  and  with  the  advice 

^•ton,  Uen  lers'jc,  Herbert,  Goldsmith  W.  Ijew-  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  appoint  three  oommis- 

**«  Hooker,  Houae,  Uubbell,  Humphrey,  Hunter,  aioners,  who  shall  attend  such  conference  on  behalf 

Hr.:jQ,  Itsner,  Ja:nes  Taylor  Jones,  John  S.  Jones,  of  the  United  States,  and  shall  report  the  doings 

f^-V.  Keiifhtley.  Kelley,  Kenna,  Knapp,  Knott,  thereof  to  the  President,  whn  shall  transmit  the  same 

..'Lr^p,  Lisron,  Luttrell,  Lynde^  MackeV,  Mainh,  to  Congress.    Said  commissioners  shall  each  receive 

)li"j;[n^.  Mtrsh,  Martin,  Mc&enzie,  McKinley,  Mc-  the  aum  of  $2,500  nnd  their  reaaonable  expenses,  to 

^^'-0%  iCills,  Mon  -y,  Monroe,  Morgan,  Morrison,  be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  Stste ;  and  the 

V-  .rov,  K^al,  Oliver.  Pacheco,  Pa^e,  Patterson,  amount  necessary  to  pay  such  compensation  and  ex- 

;"-  """«.  Pollard,  Pound,  PrioCj  Pridemore,  Bainey,  pon!>es  is  hereby  appropri 

-•'.nic^h.  R)  I,  Keaitan,  Americua  V.  Bice,  Riddle,  the  Treasury  not  otherwis 
^-  '  ii4,  R  )b3rtAO0,  Milton  S.  Robinson,  Sampson, 

'>^%  i^aUer.  So  lies.  Sextan,  Shellejr,  Sinzleton,  In  the  Senate,  on  Jannary  29th,  the  bill  was 

V  aoi*.  Wil'iim  E.  Smith,  Sparks,  Springer,  Steele,  considered.  Mr.  Wallace,  of  Pennsylvania,  said : 

/yrf,  J^hnW.  Stone,  Joseph  C.  Stone,  Strait,  "Theact  of  1834  rednced  the  weight  of  the  gold 

«  fiHir?  I,  Throckmorton,  Tipton,  Amos  Town-  j  .i         .     -  toorr      j        i  av,          •  i.*. 

*.i,  Ri  har  I  W.  Town^^h^id,  TumJr,  Vance,  Van  ooms,  and  the  act  of  1887  reduced  the  weight 

^*.**,Wad4  11,  Welch,  Michael  D.White,  Willete.  of  the  silver  dollar  to  4124  grains,  and  the 

^  *  t  G.   Williams.  Jere  N.  Williams,  Richard  smaller  silver  coins  proportionally.     AU  were 

^    ms,  Albert  S.  Willis,  Wren,  Wright,  Yeates,  made  legal  tender  for  all  sams.    The  act  of 

s'„!:^e.V;^'.    Bacon,  Ballon,   Blair,    Brewer,  1849  authorized  the  coinage  of  a  do^^^^ 

!r>.  fTiiUsnden,  Cla^in,  Cole,  Covert,  Horace  ^^^  ^or  the  first  time,  of  a  gold  dollar;  which 

*^'X  Beniaon,  Eamea,  Field,  Frye,  Gibaon,  Bar-  latter  was  to  be  of  the  value  of  one  dollar — a 
Vol.  xvm. — 10    A 


priated  out  of  any  money  in 
otherwise  appropriated. 


146  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

silver  dollar — or  unit.  The  act  of  1858  reduced  silver  dollar  precisely  as  it  stood  before.  The 
the  weight  of  the  half  dollar  from  206  grains  addition  to  the  fineness  made  up  the  8^  grains 
to  192  grains,  and  the  smaller  coins  proper-  of  weight  taken  from  it. 
tionally.  It  took  awajr  from  them  their  fall  "  There  was  therefore  no  change  whatever 
tender  quality,  and  made  them  a  lawful  tender  in  the  unit  of  value,  the  silver  dollar,  but  the 
for  sums  not  exceeding  $5.  Up  to  1858,  there-  gold  coins  were  by  these  acts  of  1834  and  1887 
fore,  the  silver  dollar  was  the  only  unit  of  reduced  in  weight  and  fineness,  so  that  the  rel- 
valne ;  both  metals  were  in  full  use,  and  the  ative  value  of  gold  to  silver  adjusted  by  the 
only  laws  upon  the  subject  were  those  which  act  of  1792  at  1  to  15  was  by  this  process  ad- 
adjusted  the  relative  value  of  the  metals  coined,  justed  at  1  to  15.988,  or  nearly  1  to  16.  This 
The  causes  leading  up  to  the  legislation  in  the  again  demonstrates  the  basis  of  our  system  to 
several  years  named  are  given  in  the  official  be  silver,  with  gold  as  its  auxiliary, 
reports  of  the  times.  In  January,  1838,  the  *^  During  these  four  years,  1834  to  183?,  the 
Director  of  the  Mint  says  Hhat  from  1792  to  silver  dollar  was  worth  an  average  of  101.4 
1821  gold  and  silver  remained  at  par  with  each  cents  in  gold,  and  from  1837  to  1858  it  ranged 
other,  and  that  the  first  notice  of  a  premium  from  101  to  104.  The  quarter  and  half  dollar 
on  gold  measured  in  silver  in  this  country  ap-  were  of  equal  fineness,  and  as  a  result  of  this 
peared  late  in  1821.'  It  then  advanced  to  5^  undervalue  it  became  difficult  to  keep  siker 
per  cent.  Between  1821  and  1832  it  ranged  coin  in  the  country.  It  was  sold  as  bullion 
from  2  to  7  per  cent,  premium,  and  during  the  and  fled  from  us.  France  and  Germany  had  a 
month  in  which  he  was  writing  it  stood  at  31^  relative  value  of  1  to  15|,  and  oursOver  btand- 
to  4  premium.  The  relative  value  of  gold  to  ing  at  3  per  cent,  above  this  made  it  profitable 
silver  in  the  coins  of  that  day  was  1  to  15  by  to  export.  It  was  to  remedy  this,  and  not  to 
law,  and  he  states  the  actual  average  relative  tend  toward  a  gold  stamlard,  that  the  quantity 
value  covering  a  period  of  years  at  15.65  to  1.  of  silver  in  the  silver  coins  less  than  one  dollar 
Following  this,  in  December,  1888,  the  same  was  reduced  by  the  act  of  1858.  The  Director 
gentleman  is  most  distinct  and  emphatic  in  his  of  the  Mint  in  his  report  in  January,  1853,  ex- 
views  as  to  the  purposes  of  the  proposed  legis-  pressly  states  the  necessity  for  such  legislation, 
lation  and  in  regard  to  silver  as  the  standard,  and  instead  of  advising  the  gold  standard,  Mr. 
He  unequivocally  recognizes  and  insists  upon  Hunter,  chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee 
it.  His  language  is  :  of  the  Senate,  in  his  report  March  9, 1852,  em- 
No  purpose  is  presumed  to  be  entertMued  of  chang-  phaticaUy  asserts  the  necessity  for  the  donble 
ioff  io  any  degree  the  standard  measure  of  value  re-  standard  of  gold  and  silver.  These  were  im- 
siding  in  our  silver  ooins,  the  acknowledged  basis  tiatory  to  the  legislation  of  1858.  This  was  an 
of  contracts.    To  do  this  by  a  diminution  of  the  fine  end  of  the  legislation  on  the  subject  until  the 

V^Z.l  aXU'drut'rtfj  e'^t.TS  f«t  of  1873 ;  in  it  all,  from  beginning  to  end, 

deterioration  of  the  metallic  currency.    Both  gold  ^he  silver  dollar  of  the  original  value  mamtam- 

and  silver  have  during  the  existence  of  the  Govern-  ed  its  place  as  the  unit  of  valueand  base  of  our 

roent  been  a  general  le^  tender,  while  silver  alone  system,  and  the  astonishing  fHCt  is  presented 

has  been  the  standard  of  value  familiar  in  our  con-  that  from  1772  up  to  and  including  1878,  the 

oeption  of  price.    Any  modification  of  the  gold  com-  ^^„,„  iqaa   iqia   «,»^   iqik  «««  4.k^  rv«i«  !^«^ 

afre  will  be  safe  which  shall  leave  this  standard  of  y^^^s  1809,  1810,  and  1815  axe  the  only  ones 

value  undisturbed,  and  none  could  be  contemplated  in  which  tnis  aollar  has  not  been  worth  more 

without  concern  which  would  impair  it.    The  design  than  100  cents  in  gold.     The  use  of  the  word 

entertained,  therefore,  in  the  change  of  ratio  now  *  coin'  in  our  statutes  during  the  war  and  since 

l!^f'  iVJl'*  ""?''  fr  *"  ?"3'°iH  ^i"«  ?^fw  raay  be  understood  when  we  recaU  the  language 

currency  and  the  controllmff  standard  of  value ;  that  ^a     rw    ^*      ^*  ai.^ -ir-  *  •    i  •            ^  >    r\ 

gold  shall  be,  as  at  present,  a  legal  tender  for  all  ^^^^^  Director  of  the  Mint  m  Ills  report  m  Oc- 

amounts,  but  estimated  in  such  a  proportion  to  sll-  tober,  1861.     He  says :  *  The  silver  dollar  as  it 

ver  that  the  former  will  be  exported  by  a  sliffht  pref-  now  is  has  actually  three  values :    1.   It  is  by 

erence  when  occnsional  circumstances  shall  induce  ]a^  a  dollar  simply,  or  100  units  or  cents.    2. 

the  export  of  a  portion  of  the  national  coins.  gy  ^j^^  ^j^j.  p^.^^^  ^^  ^y^^^  j^  j^  j^g  gg  ^^^^ 

"  Acting  upon  this  principle,  the  weight  of  which  is  its  true  commercial  value  as  compared 

the  gold  coins  was  reduced — ^the  eagle  from  270  with  gold.'    It  was,  when  the  war  began,  worth 

grains  to  258  grains,  and  the  others  propor-  nearly  four  cents  more  than  a  gold  dollar, 

tionally,  while  the  fineness  was  reduced  from  **  If  gold  was  then  the  standard,  why  not 

91 6f  to  899i.    This,  clearly,  was  an  adjustment  say  so  in  the  statutes  ?   Who  required  *  coin ' 

of  gold  to  the  silver  basis,  and  not  of  silver  to  to  be  inserted  ?    Perhaps,  in  a  review  of  the 

gold.    The  act  of  1837  was  recommended  by  legislation  and  of  the  truth  that  this  dollar,  if 

the  Director  of  the  Mint.    Its  purpose  was  to  coined,  would  flee  from  the  country  because  of 

adjust  the  standard  of  fineness  to  round  num-  its  actual  value  during  all  of  those  years,  our 

hers.    Gold  was  about  899}  parts  in  1,000,  and  friends  will  find  some  reason  for  their  cry  that 

it  required  no  appreciable  change  to  fix  it  at  it  was  obsolete ;  but  can  they  give  us  any  rea- 

900;  but  silver,  standing  at  892.428,  required  son  why  ^coin'  was  the  word  used?     I  com- 

a  change  in  the  number  of  grains  if  it  was  inade  mend  to  them  the  inquiry,  was  it  not  an  honest 

equal  to  900  parts  in  1,000.    This  was  done,  dollar  when  our  credit  was  pledged?     From 

and  the  silver  dollar  of  416  grains  was  made  1862  to  1878  the  silver  dollar  of  41 2}  grains 

one  of  412i  grains.    This  left  the  value  of  the  was  above  par  in  gold  ;  when  our  credit  was 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  147 

^dd^  it  was  an  honest  dollar,  even  in  the  our  mints  and  cnt  off  the  supply  of  the  very 

Kose  in  which  oar  friends  attempt  to  put  the  thing  our  necessities  called  for.    Who  dictated 

(tie.  this  policy  ?    Let  us  look  fairly  into  this  legis- 

**  Yon  say  we  have  not  coined  a  silver  dollar  lation,  see  its  purpose,  its  ultimate  scope,  and 

for  forty  years.    Why  ?    It  was  your  undis-  the  end  to  he  reached  by  those  who  originated 

potedanitof  value;  why  not  coin  and  pay  it  it,  and  who  now  with  pen  and  speech  bitterly 

o!]t  \  The  answer  is,  it  cost  too  much ;  gold  antagonize  its  repeal. 

vts  cheaper.    Tet  the  Government  that  did  ^*  The  proposition  goes  to  tbe  full  extent  of 
thiswithitflondoubtedstandardwould,  if  your  striking  out  of  existence  as  full  legal-tender 
postioQ  be  correct,  be  immoral  and  a  repudia-  money  all  of  the  silver  of  the  world.    It  is  the 
t^r  to  do  in  the  otner  metal  precisely  what  it  fruit  of  the  Paris  conference  of  1867,  by  which, 
h^  been  doing  for  forty  years  in  gold.    Would  with  deliberate  emphasis,  the  elevation  of  gold 
ve  ha?e  heard  any  such  argument  if  the  gen-  as  the  sole  standard  and  the  relegation  of  sil- 
L'eoien  who  own  the  debt  did  not  see  an  ap-  ver  to  a  subordinate  position  were  determined 
preciation  of  their  bonds  in  the  use  of  gold  upon.    Germany,  influenced  by  an  imperial  po- 
iloae?  Bat  there  is  another  answer  to  the  litical  policy  and  from  her  attitude  as  a  cred- 
i'liQment  of  non-coinage.    In  it  we  find  a  pos-  itor,  has  been  the  leader  in  the  practical  move- 
able denial  of  the  theory  that  gold  will  fly  from  ment.    She  changed  from  silver  to  gold,  and 
a^if  we  ooio  silver.    It  is  the  foct  that  while  threw  upon  the  world's  markets  all  of  her  sur- 
lil  tbe  rest  of  the  world  estimated  silver  as  151^  plus  silver.    France,  her  neighbor,  was  com- 
V)  1  of  gold  oar  laws  estimated  it  as  16  to  1.  pelled  to  cease  silver  coinage  or  be  the  recep- 
He  dif  erenoe  is  nearly  4  per  cent.,  and  neces-  tacle  of  all  of  that  surplus.    Other  European 
«irilj  when  oar  silver  was  minted  at  that  rate,  nations  upon  a  metallio  basis  were  influenced 
sore  than  it  was  anywhere  else,  the  cupidity  in  like  manner,  and  our  act  of  1878,  with  no 
'fthebalHon-dealer  sent  it  to  the  melting-pot  such  reason,  swells  the  list  that  debases  the 
'^  make  for  himself  the  profit  of  the  dilier-  white  metal.    Germany  not  only  refuses  silver, 
f^  If  it  had  stood  toward  gold  as  silver  did  but  she  demands  gold,  and  the  same  policy  is 
el^where,  the  equilibrium  of  the  two  metals  urged  npon  us.     Where  is  the  gold  to  come 
T  'aid  not  have  been  disturbed.    The  answer  from  ?    What  we  have  done  the  commercial 
to  the  cry  that  the  cheaper  metal  flies,  and  the  nations  of  the  earth  are  advised  to  do.    This 
fiormal  relation  of  the  two  metals,  is  found  in  a  is  the  ground  it  is  put  upon  here  now.    What 
mrtnal  relative  legal  value.    This  is  both  pos-  is  to  be  the  effect  of  this  ? 
fi^  and  practicable.  *'  Mr.  GOschen's  English  Parliamentary  com- 
""We  now  come  to  the  act  of  1873.    It  mittee  of  1876  gives  its  effect  in  these  words : 
^ttged  the  base  of  our  system  from  sUver  to  i^  j,  obvious  that  if  effect  ahonld  be  given  to  the 
P^'J.    Up  to  that  time  we  had  the  optional  poUov  of  eubetituting  tt<Ad  for  silver  wherever  it  is 
i^ard;  debtors  could  pay  debts  in  silver  leasible,  and  giving  ffold,  for  the  sake  of  its  ad van- 
♦"•Qars  or  in  gold  dollars.    Contracts  made  on  ^®*  i°  intemationarcommeroe,  tbe  preference,  even 
*M  filth  of  that  hiw  were  changed,  and  the  jmoJ^gpopalations  whoeehabite  andouBtomaarein 
»i^\t-  •  «^*  *i.^T^*T  «  r^  j™T!   J  \/   •   ^1 1  ^^^^^  of  silver,  and  thus  displacing  silver  fh)m  the 
t^U  got  Uie  option  to  demand  pay  m  gold,  pogition  (whict  it  has  always  occupied)  of  doing  the 
•u  contracts  m  existence  at  the  day  of  the  work  of  the  currency  over  at  least  as  large  an  area  aa 
t^iio^e  were  permeated  by  it.    The  option  of  gold,  no  possible  limits  could  be  assigned  to  the 
JJitf  debtor  to  choose  the  metal  in  which  he  ^^^^  fall  in  its  value  which  would  inevitably  take 
voold  pay  and  the  power  of  the  Treasury  to  P**®*' 

f^  sOver  dollars  were  stricken  out  of  exist-  ^^  This  is  the  report  of  a  committee  vested 

toee.  Before  it,  a  debt  payable  in  dollars  could  with  speciflo  power  to  inquire  as  to  the  fhrther 

^"^paid  by  silver  dollars;  after  it,  nothing  but  fall  of  silver.    This  committee  was  writing  in 

Hi  wonld  pay.    Legal-tender  notes  were  put  July,  1876,  when  silver  had  already  fallen  to 

^a  a  relation  to  gold  alone,  and  not  to  silver ;  62f .    It  had  not  been  this  low  for  a  century. 

<8^i  bj  this  act,  copying  the  policy  of  Ghermany  "  The  total  stock  of  gold  money  in  the  world 

ci  utiNSTiog  the  wishes  of  Great  Britain,  both  is  about  $4,000,000,000.    Russia,  Austria,  Italy, 

^vhich  were  creditor  nations,  while  we  are  and  the  United  States  are  using  paper.    They 

T^j)n,  resumption  has  been  delayed  and  much  require  gold  for  resumption.    By  the  doctrine 

^  the  misery  of  the  past  four  years  been  di-  of  our  opponents  it  is  to  be  gold  alone.    They 

^j  cansed.    But  for  the  suspension  of  the  need  eight  hundred  millions.    How  does  this 

*%}»  of  the  silver  dollars  caused  by  it,  the  need  affect  the  gold  where  it  is  now  ?   It  must 

3Bit^coaId  have  given  us  at  least  $100,000,000  be  redistributed.    The  demand  for  it  for  these 

^^^4t  period.    Oan  it  be  said  that  this  would  nations  necessarily  increases  its  value  wherever 

^<  hire  aided  us  on  our  road  to  resumption  ?  it  may  be.    The  quantity  held  by  any  nation 

•Common  sense  for  a  people  seeking  to  re-  must  be  decreased,  and  in  decreasing  the  cir- 

"^  specie  payment  to  deliberately  cut  off  one  culating  medium  you  reduce  prices,  destroy 

^^^  metals  as  an  aid  thereto  ?    We  were  in  commerce,  and  retard  the  progress  of  civiliza- 

^^^  of  Buspenuon*  with  a  currency  that  had  tion.    Nor  do  you  advance  it  in  the  nation  to 

^  Gallic  basis.     We  had  the  bullion ;  it  was  which  you  remit  the  gold,  for  you  intensify  the 

^''>vn  prodnct.    The  people  would  have  wel-  commercial  distress  consequent  upon  the  pas- 

^^  the  silver  coin,  yet  we  deliberately  closed  sage  from  paper  to  metal,  you  increase  the  dif- 


148  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

ficnlty  of  getting  it,  and  cheapen  commodities  California  and  Australia  and  the  sflver  in  Ke- 

to  buy  it.    We  feel  this  most  sensibly  now.  vada  since  1848,  has  been  the  leading  cause  of 

We  strike  down  silver,  and  in  doing  so  increase  the  great  stride  in  industrial  development  and 

the  value  of  gold.    We  must  have  gold  and  we  progress  made  by  the  world  in  the  last  thirty 

bankrupt  our  people  to  buy  it  with  their  com-  years ;  and  the  disuse  of  as  much  as  has  been 

modi  ties.  added  logically  and  necessarily  turns  us  back. 

*^  Seyd  gives  in  1876  the  figures  thus.  Leaving  Are  not  the  owners  of  capital  taking  a  fearful 

out  of  view  paper  entirely,  there  are  now  in  risk  in  the  adoption  of  this  policy?   In  sueli 

the  world  full  legal-tender  money :  an  enormous  reduction  of  money  as  will  follow 

In  gold  coin  and  bank  bullion $8,760,000,000  tTom  its  success  all  prices  must  fall  largely, 

In  legal-tender  tllver  in  Kurope  and  elsewhero     l,27fi,000,U00  (JaU    mortgages    be    paid?     Can    capital  »&\'i 

In  legal-tander  aUyer  io  the  Last 1,260,000.000  j^j^  j    p^j^jj^  ^^y^^  ^^  y^^j^^  fourfold  mor^ 

Total  of  legal-tender  metaiue  money $6,270,000,000  ouerous.     Taxes  will  be  lessened  upon  pro)>^ 

jSTowif  theiflgmi-twiderBikerbedemonetUed,    ^^    ^^  erty  because  its  value  falls,  and  in  the  cons© 

**^ '      -J —  quent  distress  and  confusion  public  faith  maj 

The  whole  li^-tender  money  of  the  world  la  $8,700,000,000  suffer. 

"In  these  figures  we  may  see  the  great  stake  "  ^^  silver  be  demonetized  as  lawful  money 

that  capital  plays  for.    It  is  dealing  with  eco-  can  you  use  it  at  all  as  subsidiary  coin  ?   lleri 

nomio  questions  over  a  vast  field,  and  the  propo-  I  ™6«t  the  question  of  my  friend  from  Georgil 

sition  needs  to  be  thoroughly  grasped  to  see  (Mr.  Hill).    It  is  not,  like  our  fractional  notes 

its  enormity.  *  promise  to  pay.    It  is  payment.    The  legal 

"  I  do  not  assert  this  upon  my  own  statement,  tender  quality  you  give  it  will  span  a  moderat 

but  I  quote  from  an  Indian  writer,  the  officer  gap,  and  the  people  will  accept  it  for  the  gak 

of  a  bank  in  Bengal,  Mr.  Hector,  writing  in  o^"  convenience  at  its  face  value.     But  if  silv^ 

1877,  upon  this  subject.    Let  us  see  what  he  'a^^s  to  one  half  the  value  of  gold,  will  the  m} 

gi^yg .  sidiary  coins  pass  at  their  face  even  as  tokens 

If  the  United  Rtatea  and  France  should  decide  ^^'  \t  were  redeemable  by  the  Government  < 

upon  a  single  atandord  of  gold,  then  silver  would  exchangeable  at  the  mints  for  gold,  it  conl 

depreciate  bo  much  as  to  render  it  unfit  to  remain  sustain   itself;    but  that  cannot  be  for  ni&ii 

the  measure  of  values  in  India.    More,  in  my  euti-  reasons  if  it  does  so  fall,  and  as  a  conseqnenj 

mation,  depend,  on  the  action  of  thoae  two  countries  ^f  relegating  silver  to  the  arts,  as  a  result  i 

than  on  auythmff  else.    Ix  they  elect  to  nave  gold,  .*    j     ^      .P  ^                   mi               i            ^^ 

we  must  have  gold  too,  let  the  cost  be  what  it  may!  ><»  demonetization,  you  will  compel  yoor  o^ 

Whichever  country  Ukea  the  initiative,  the  others  people  to  reject  it  m  the  form  of  subsidiaj 

must  fuUow,  and  the  three  would  be  competing  for  coin.     Tliey  will  not  accept  a  coin  as  paymej 

ffold  together.                                 ,^  ,           ..  that  is  SO  debased  as  to  be  worth  but  one  half 

1  have  not  much  faith  in  the  unse  fislmess  of  na-  j^at  it  professes  to  be  by  law.     The  argnni^ 

tiona  any  more  than  m  that  of  individuols.    JLacn  j  u     o       *        *.v  *    -i            v  -j-             •« 

country  will  be  guided  by  what  It  considers  to  be  ^sed  by  Senators  that  silver  subsidiary  com 

for  its  own  advantage,  without  much  regard  for  the  cheapened  and  may  be  used  to  defraud  labor^ 

consequences  to  its  neighbors ;  but  here,  what  is  for  intensified  when  you  consider  with  how  mnl 

the  common  good  is  likewise  for  the  good  of  each  m^re  force  it  applies  to  an  appreciated  g< 

'"ThTJhr^vernments  of  India,  France,  and  Amer-  f  Uar  than  it  does  to  a  silver  dollar ;  for  if 

ica  should  ?gree  upon  a  common  course  of  action  U  takes  two  hundred  and  sixteen  silver  half  d 

highlv  desirnble  in  the  interests  of  each.    If  nations  lars  to  buy  $100  in  legal-tender  silver  dolk 

were  influenced  by  considerations  extending  beyond  it  requires  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  sin 

their  own  immediate  interests,  I  might  go  further  hgjf  dollars  to  buy  one  hundred  gold  dolla 

and  say  that  the  world  at  large  would  lose  by  the  mi  ^  ,^^  „,:j^«„  kI^-^taa,.  *k<^«»  .™»  .0*^:^1^ 

general  demonetization  of  silvlr,  and  that,  with  the  The  pp  widens  between  them  very  rapidlj 

object  of  averting  such  a  calamity,  the  agreement  you  totally  reject  silver  as  iull  legal  tend 

for  concerted  action  might  be  so  extended  as  t'*  em-  The  result  of  such  a  system  inevitably  is  t) 

brace  all  the  nations  of  Europe,  or  at  any  rate  all  the  wages  of  labor  are  paid  in  debased  mo^ 

those  which  have  not  a  single  gold  standard.  ^^5,^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  p^^^  ^n  i 

^  So  both  Ohina  and  India,  with  their  large  money.    This  is  one  of  the  worst  results  of 

and  exclusively  silver  circulation,  are  driven  exclusive  gold  standard.    It  serves  to  6em\ 

to  follow  the  programme  of  gold  alone.    If  we  strate  the  necessity,  in  justice  to  all  cl&sses, 

diminish  the  legal-tender  money  of  the  world  full-valued  metallic  money,  upon  an  equal  bi 

by  two  fifths,  we  add  to  the  TaJue  of  the  re-  between  the  metals.    6ir,  the  people  wliotj 

mainder  by  fully  the  same  proportion.    Keduce  represent  want  no  system  of  coinage  in  wli 

the  measure  of  value  by  two  fifths,  and  yon  it  takes  fifteen  ten-cent  pieces  to  maJce  a  doi I 

add  to  the  value  of  all  money  indebtedness  an  ^^  What  is  the  remedy?    Silver  and  gold 

equal  amount,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  you  mutual  aids  to  each  other,  open  the  door 

enable  it  to  buy  that  proportion  more  of  prop-  resumption.    We  have  another  metal  to 

erty  or  labor.    Such  a  reduction  will  stop  all  gold.    It  is  constitutional  and  lawful  mol 

public  improvements,  deprive  labor  of  employ-  It  is  coin  within  both  the  word  and  the  sf 

ment,  cause  its  value  to  decline,  and  wages,  of  our  laws.     It  is  our  own  product.     It« 

production,  and  consumption  will  all  become  increases  the  quantity  of  the  modiuin  of 

less.    The  addition  to  the  stock  of  precious  change.    It  is  more  easily  accninnlated  d 

metals,  resulting  from  the  gold  discoveries  in  gold.    It  is  desired  by  and  is  acceptable  to 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  149 

people.    It  win,  if  gifted  with  the  function  of  act  of  1870  were  passed,  it  was  above  par  in 

QooeT,  natorallj  flow  to  the  Treasury  and  to  gold  and  was  plainly  implied  in  our  contracts. 

tb«  Taolts  of  oar  banks  as  a  basis  for  circula-  There  is  nothing  in  our  obligations  to  our 

tioOf  and  will  impart  confidence  to  business  creditors  that  impinges  upon  our  right  or  pow- 

lodTilae  to  property.    Oar  act  of  1873deliber-  er  to  retain  the  doable  standard.    It  is  the 

aielr  rejects  its  aid.  Who  profits  by  tbis?  Who  only  safe  and  sure  path  to  resumption  of  ppecie 

»ifers  from  it?    Can  any  reason  be  given  why  payments.    It  is  most  ui\just  and  inequitable 

ve  shall  commit  tbis  act  of  snioide?    A  debt-  for  those  who  own  and  control  the  measures 

cr  Dstion,  with  our  option  plainly  written  in  of  values  to  seek  to  reduce  the  quantity  thereof 

the  Uv,  with  morality  and  justice  both  upon  upon  the  ground  that  there  is  an  over-supply  of 

ibe  side  of  the  people,  a  silver-producing  coun-  one  of  them.    Those  who  own  the  debt  have 

trr.  seeking  a  return  to  a  specie  basis,  we  yet  no  right  to  dictate  the  terms  of  payment. 

d^Gbereteiy  aid  to  strike  out  of  existence  one  Those  who  owe  it,  and  are  to  pay  it,  are  to  be 

kilf  of  the  world's  measure  of  value,  to  depre-  consulted    before   the   contract   is   repealed, 

dtte  to  that  extent  all  of  the  property  of  the  There  is  no  foundation,  either  in  morals  or  in 

eoantrj,  and  to  appreciate  by  a  like  measure  law,  for  enhancing  the  value  of  the  debt,  and 

oar  actaal  indebtedness.  it  is  neither  just  nor  expedient  to  do  so ;  and 

"^The  Senator  from  Vermont  (Ikfr.  Morrill)  the  exercise  of  the  power  to  adopt  a  gold 

tmes  that  we  must  follow  where  commercial  standard  awakens  distrust  among  tne  people 

tstions  lead.    Is  it  wise  to  follow  the  lead  of  and  tends  directly  to  weaken  the  binding  obli- 

Ijre^  Britain  and  Germany  ?    Both  are  credi-  gations  of  the  public  faith.^' 

tiroatioas;  we  a  debtor.    The  example  of  the  The  Vice-President:  ^^The  question  pend- 

/jnner,  from  1816  to  1825,  in  changing  her  ing  is  on  the  amendment  reported  by  the  Oom- 

<indtfd  from  silver  to  gold,  does  not  com-  mittee  on  Finance,  which  will  be  read." 

^od  itself  to  as  when  studied  in  the  light  of  The  Chief  Olerk :  ^^  Tbe  amendment  report- 

ue  history  of  that  period.    No  people  ever  ed  by  the  Committee  on  Finance  is  in  section 

iQfered  so  intensely  from  the  throes  of  finan-  1,  line  12,  after  the  word  *  contract'  to  strike 

nJ  distress  as  did  hers,  and  many  sound  think-  out  : 

ffi  sscribe  the  misery  of  her  people  in  those  And  any  owner  of  silver  bullion  may  deposit  the 

Tears  to  this  very  cause.     The  change  from  sil-  aame  at  any  United  States  coinage  mint  or  assay  of- 

^^rlo  gold  in  Germany  should  have  noencomi-  ^^«»  *°  he  coined  into  such  dollars,  for  his  heneflt, 

iiiftomxm.    It  was  the  selfishness  of  a  credi-  PP?"  ^^  V^T  *®''^'  ^^  conditions  as  gold  bullion 

J  !:u     ^   *w  w«  lo^v  av«uoutxvo9  xy«  **  ^''^^  18  deposited  for  coinage  under  existing  laws. 

t««r  and  the  far-seeing  imperial  pohcy  of  Bis-  ..  1    ,  .    ,.      ^/^     ^  ^    .       ^  * 

oirck  that  beheld  unity  and  empire  in  gold  ^^^  ^  "®^  thereof  to  insert : 

la  1 A  sande  new  standard,  and  separate  state  4°,4  **^®  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Is  authorized 

Ncr  iatheoontinnanoeof  sU.er  .ad  the  old  ^i^:;!T^^°^^j:i^Z°';;^^^^:^r^:ZX 

•^.loa^    Like  every  other  act  of  his  states-  time,  silver  bullion,  at  the  market  price  thereof,  not 

:::a3«hip,  it  was  to  add  to  the  unity  and  power  less  than  $2,000,000  per  month  nor  more  than  $4,- 

»f  the  German  Empire,  and  to  cause  their  ne-  000,000  per  month,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  coined 

^Uee  for  money  to  bring  familiarity  with  ^"?°.  »"S**  <*<>"?"•  .  ^""^  »°y  J?*^'»  ""^  ?'W''^5 

•L           mi^wi^       <f                 o                    J  arising  from  this  coinage  shall  be  accounted  for  and 

:.      ^T^*"**"      ,     .           ......           .  paid  into  the  Treasury,  as  provided  under  existing 

**  Asa  silver-producing  nation,  it  is  to  our  m-  laws  relative  to  the*  sobsidiaiy  coinage :  Jhtiidsdl 

t«nHt  to  give  it  use  as  money.     If  we  demone-  That  the  amount  of  money  at  any  one  time  invested 

^-le  it,  we  discriminate  against  our  own  pro-  '^^  such  silver  bullion,  exclusive  of  such  resulting 

■Ivtiana.     We  appreciate  gold  by  discarding  coin,  shall  not  exceed  $6,000,000. 

Ci&^  and  legidate  to  raise  the  value  of  the  Mr.  Bayard,  of  Delaware,  Baid :  "  Now  that 

i-iicle  we  are  buying.    This  is  contrary  to  the  silver  has  reached  the  lowest  point  known  in 

■avrests  of  oar  own  people,  and  demanded  by  the  history  of  the  world,  that  moment  is  taken 

so  lUodard  of  morality.  With  a  double  stand-  advantage  of  to  construe  the  wording  of  the  act 

^i  there  is  less  fluctuation  in  value  than  with  under  which  certain  bonds  and  obligations  of 

I  <£2le  one.     The  use  of  both  metals  gives  the  Government  of  the  United  States  were  is- 

^4lihy  progress,  basis  for  confidence,  value  to  sued,  to  insist  at  once  upon  a  declaration  that 

n*TVQcy  in  paper,  and  a  just  measure  of  value,  it  is  proper  and  right  and  honest  that,  in  the 

Tii  xue  of  bat  one  strikes  out  of  existence  a  hour  of  this  extreme  depression,  it  shall  be 

«•"/%  part  of  tbe  world^s  capital  as  a  measure  brought  in  as  a  means  of  payment  of  certain 

'  Tilae,  and  is  prejudicial  to  the  progress  of  public  debts.    Tbis  was  embodied  in  the  resolu- 

trJiz^ion.     The  value  of  the  dollar  of  412|  tion  of  the  honorable  Senator  from  Ohio  (Mr. 

n  as  has  been  steady  from  1792  to  1873  ;  its  Matthews)  that  I  have  already  discussed,  and 

-'^'^  in  all  those  years  has  never  been  inter-  do  not  propose  now  to  repeat  it.    Some  reasons 

^"i  with  by  legislation ;  it  is  implied  in  the  I  gave  were  satisfactory  then,  as  they  are  now 

r-M  *eoin  *  ased  in  all  our  statutes  creating  to  my  own  mind,  and  to  which  as  yet  1  have 

-'Ifht^dneas;  its  coinage  was  suspended,  not  failed  to  hear  any  reply  whatever.    I  hold  that 

Vai^  it  was  cheaper,  but  because  it  was  those  bonds  were  the  obligations  of  this  great 

H'^T  than   gold.    During  all  of  the  years  Republic,  and  1  know  they  have  but  one  seen- 

•>n  onr  credit  was  pledged,  as  well  as  when  rity — no  property,  no  possibility  of  coerced  col- 

*?  pabhcHonedit  act  of  1869  and  the  funding  lection— K)nly  one  thing  and  nothing  more,  the 


150  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

sentiment  of  honor  of  the  people  of  this  conn-  earnest  himetallist  and  advooate  of  silyer,  to 

try.    It  may  be  deemed  a  mere  abstraction ;  the  enormons  amount  of  two  hundred  million 

but  those  who  so  consider  it  have  read  the  his-  pomids  sterling,  or  a  thousand  miUion  American 

tory  of  the  human  race  to  very  little  purpose,  dollars,  which  will  await  a  favorable  market. 

Give  me  but  the  sentiment  of  honorable  obliga-  and  this  bill  proposes  it  shall  be  the  United 

tion  in  the  hearts  of  a  people,  and  I  will  ask  States. 

no  better  or  other  security  for  the  payment  of        '*  Mr.  President,  the  act  of  February  12, 1873, 

all  their  just  debts  in  full.    It  will  be  fo  and  in-  has  been  denounced,  altogether  unjustifiably, 

deed  *  the  cheap  defense  of  nations. '  as  the  cause  of  the  decline  in  the  price  of  silver. 

"  Now,  sir,  this  bill  proposes  to  coin  pieces  of  Bishop  Latimer  in  one  of  his  sermons  told  of 
silver  of  a  standard  nme  tenths  fine,  weighing  an  old  man  who  alleged  Tenterden  steeple  was 
41 2^  grains,  and  to  call  them  dollars  and  units  the  cause  of  Goodwin  sands,  because  before 
of  value  in  the  American  currency,  and  make  the  steeple  was  erected  the  sands  were  not 
them  unlimited  legal  tender  for  all  debts.  This  knowu.  Just  as  reasonable  is  the  pest  propter 
is  called  in  debate  a  restoration  of  the  silver  dol-  hoc  argument^at  because  in  1878  the  Govem- 
lar,  *the  dollar  of  our  fathers';  and  yet  it  ment  of  the  United  States  simply  recognized 
seems  to  me  that  the  consequences  of  such  an  as  a  fact  that  we  never  actually  were  under  a 
act  can  scarcely  be  comprehended,  or  it  would  double  metallic  standard  of  values  in  the  United 
not  be  so  unhesitatingly  urged.  Can  we  be  un-  States,  therefore  you  are  to  say  that  that  l&w 
mindful  of  ttie  combmed  action  of  the  leading  passed  in  1878  was  the  cause  of  the  remarkable 
nations  of  the  world  since  the  United  States  fall  in  the  price  of  silver  which  we  have  since 
ceased  to  use  gold  and  silver  as  a  double  stand-  witnessed.  This  law  of  1878,  under  which  the 
ard  for  their  money?  The  same  writer  I  have  gold  unit  of  value  was  adopted,  was  enacted 
cited  makes  this  very  sensible  remark,  that  only  after  a  careful  preliminary  examination 
'  so  long  as  the  United  States  remain  on  the  of  the  proposition,  as  unusual  as  it  was  corn- 
paper  basis,  they  cannot  themselves  jadge  of  mendable. 

the  practical  effects  of  these  resolves  for  the        ^*  Why,  Mr.  President,  I  hold  in  my  hand  a 

future.'  letter  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  the 

"  I  believe  there  is  good  sense  in  that.    If  our  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Bepresentatiyes,  pre- 

people  had  continued  upon  the  metallic  basis,  sented  on  the  29th  of  June,  1870^and  referred 

no  such  law  as  this  could  have  been  suggested,  to  the  Committee  on  Coinage,  Weights,  and 

It  is  because  it  is  presented  theoretically  to  our  Measures,  and  ordered  to  be  printed,  which 

people,  who  are  still  on  a  paper  basis  and  not  discloses  this  fact,  that  the  recommendation 

in  a  oondiUon  to  appreciate  it,  that  this  cry  for  the  discontinuance  of  the  coinage  of  the 

which  we  hear  all  over  the  country,  and  which  silver  dollar,  and  the  adoption  of  gold  aa  the 

has  been  so  echoed  upon  the  floor  of  both  Houses  sole  standard  of  valuation,  was  submitted  to 

of  Congress,  is  heard  at  all.    Controlled  by  a  the  most  intelligent  and  competent  persons  to 

policy  which  has  been  gradually  but  steadily  speak  with  authority  on  the  subject ;  and  here 

adopted,  the  gold  valuation  was  begun  by  Eng-  are  their  views  on  the  various  pages  of  this 

land  very  nearly  a  hundred  years  ago.    In  1784  document,  which  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 

the  English  government  limited  payments  in  every  member  of  both  Houses  of  Congress, 

silver  to  £25;  in  1816  they  f educed  that  to  £2  which  was  distributed  as  a  public  document, 

or  40  shillings ;  and   other  nations  have  fol-  was  thus  announced  in  advance,  that  opinions 

lowed  in  their  track,  the  last  accession  by  form-  were  taken  upon  the  subject,  that  it  was  con- 

al  proclamation  being  the  consolidated  Empire  sidered,  and  after  that  (as  was  shown  by  the 

of  Germany.    Chili  had  long  since  adopted  the  Senator  from  Vermont  the  other  day)  the  bill 

sole  valuation  of  gold ;  the  vast  colonial  gov-  proposing  this  change  was  eleven  times  printed 

ernments  of  Australia  also.    Holland  has  al-  by  the  Congressional  Printer  and  passed  upon 

ready  stopped  her  silver  coinage,  and  is  prepar-  by  committees  of  both  Houses  of  Congress 

ing  for  a  gold  valuation.    France  is  preparing  from  1870  to  1878,  when  it  became  the  law. 
for  the  same  thing,  and  has  stopped  her  coinage        *'The  laws  of  coinage  of  the  United  States 

of  silver  absolutely,  and  by  a  unanimous  vote  from  1792  to  1878  will  disclose  the  fact  that 

of  her  Assembly,  within  the  last  month.  while  there  was  nominally  a  double  standard, 

"Belgium  and  Switzerland  have  given  no  in  reality  it  never  was  maintained  and  practl- 

uncerthin  note  of  preparation  in  this  case,  cally  did  not  exist.    Perhaps  at  the  risk   of 

Already  Russia  and  Italy  and  Austria,  who  are  tedium  I  had  better  recite  shortly  the  history 

under  paper  systems  still,  recognize  the  neces-  of  the  United  States  coinage.    It  is  not  lon^. 

sity  of  this  preparation,  so  that  the  duties  up-  There  have  been  but  six  acts  of  Congress  which 

on  imports  in  Russia  are  now  made  payable  in  touch  the  subject  since  the  foundation  of  the 

gold,  and  the  interest  upon  her  foreign  debt  is  Government.    In  1792  was  our  first  act ;  and 

payable  in  gold;   and  that  is  the  case  with  416  grains  of  silver,  at  a  standard  of  fourteen 

Austria.    The  result  of  this  combined  demon-  hundred  and  eighty>five  parts  of  pure  silver 

etization,  and  preparation  for  continuing  the  and  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  parts    of 

demonetization,  of  silver  has  created  a  great  alloy,  to  be  of  the  value  of  a  Spanish  milled 

fund  of  silver  coin  and  bullion,  which  may  be  dollar,   as  the   same  was  then   current^   l>e- 

swollen^  according  to  the  testimony  of  this  came  the  unit  of  vdue  in  the  United  States. 


00N6BESS,  UNITED  STATES.  151 

rhere  vas  free  coinage  for  botb  metals.    Both  If  we  can  have  a  onrrencj  oonsistiDg  of  silver 

vere  fall  legal  tender  for  their  declared  valae  and  gold  coin  of  equal  or  Bnbstantially  equal 

wbea  of  fall  weight,  and  when  of  leaa,  in  pro-  intrinsic  value,  so  thejr  will  circulate  together, 

portion.     The  same  act  authorized  the  gold  I  am  in  favor  of  it,  and  will  gladly  favor  such 

eagle  as  a  nnit,  of  270  grains  standard  gold,  legislation  as  will  attain  this  result.    I  am 

and  the  alloy  of  gold  was  fixed  at  eleven  parts  willing  to  unite  in  any  legislation  which  shall 

fine  and  one  of  uloy.    Part  of  that  alloy  was  utilize  silver  as  a  coin  as  much  as  can  be  done 

provided  to  be  of  silver.  without  putting  the  country  on  a  depreciated 

**From  1792  to  18d4  there  was  no  alteration  currency  as  compared  with  gold,  the  standard 

whaterer  in  the  standard  or  in  the  ratio  of  val-  of  the  commercial  world.    But  the  bill  now 

ves  between  these  two  coins,  and  I  wish  now  to  before  the  Senate  does  not  even  propose  to 

call  ibe  attention  of  the  Senate  to  some  remark-  give  us  a  gold  and  a  silver  dollar  of  equal  in- 

a^e  features  to  be  found  in  the  record  of  the  trinsic  value. 

Mint  from  the  berinning  of  the  Gk>vernment  "  The  silver  dollar  proposed  by  this  bill 

utO  the  80th  of  Jnne,  1877.    I  refer  to  the  would  not  be  of  equal  value  with  the  gold  dol- 

Ubles  at  page  28  of  the  report  of  the  Director  lar.    It  would  be  worth  from  6  to  10  per  cent, 

of  the  Mint  for  the  present  year,  and  it  will  be  less  than  the  gold  dollar,  as  the  price  of  silver 

foand  that  from  1792  until  1805  there  were  has  been  for  a  considerable  period, 

coined  of  ulver  dollars  less  than  one  million  *^  This  bill  does  not  proceed  upon  the  basis 

and  a  half;  from  1806  to  1835  there  waa  not  that  we  are  to  make  a  silver  dollar  equivalent 

e(Hned  one.     Not  a  single  dollar  of  the  unit  in  value  to  the  gold  dollar,  according  to  the  rel- 

aad  standard  of  value  was  coined  from  1804  ative  values  of  these  metals  in  the  markets  of 

until  1835.    The  history  of  that  may  perhaps  the  world  at  this  time,  or  as  they  have  been 

be  carious,  bat  it  does  not  disturb  the  force  of  since  leading  commercial  nations  of  Europe 

the  fact  which  I  have  stated  and  the  inferences  have  entirely  or  partially  demonetized  silver, 

vbieh  are  irresistible,  the  fact  being  that  the  **  If  we  coin  these  dollars  to-day  of  412^ 

alrer  unit  did  not  practically  exist  under  the  grains  of  standard  silver,  we  are  coining  a 

coioage  of  the  Unit^  States ;  that  there  were  dollar  depreciated  from  6  to  10  per  cent.,  ac- 

\ni  fifteen  hundred  thousand  dollars  prior  to  cording  to  the  fluctuations  of  the  price  of  sUver 

l^M,  and  that  not  one  was  added  to  the  coin-  below  the  gold  coin.    So  long  as  this  silver 

a:ra  from  that  time  until  1886,  and  then  one  dollar  is  depreciated  6,  8,  or  10  per  cent., 

thoQfland  were  coined  in  1836,  none  coined  in  or  even  8  per  cent.,  below  the  gold  coin,  it 

1^7  or  1838.    In  1839  three  hundred  dollars  will  drive  the  latter  irom  circulation  and  out 

yerecoind."  of  the  country. 

3Cr.  Withers,  of  Virginia,  said :  **  Will  it  in-  "  I  admit  that  if  the  remonetizing  of  sil- 

tempt  the  Senator  too  much  to  call  his  atten-  ver  in  this  country  would  bring  this  silver  dol- 

u>>Q  to  the  fact  that,  although  no  dollars  were  lar  to  par  with  our  gold  coin,  then  the  two 

coined,  very  many  millions  were  coined  in  would  circulate  together ;  but  I  cannot  believe 

^uu  of  dollars,  halves  and  quarters,  of  the  that  this  will  be  the  result.    So  long  as  the 

tune  standard  vaiue  precisely?"  silver  dollar  is  intrinsically  cheaper  bv  2  or 

Mr.  Bayard :  ^'  That  is  certainly  a  fact,  and  3  per  cent,  than  the  gold  coin,  the  cheaper 

tbe  several  amounts  will  be  found  in  the  tables  coin  will  remain  here  and  the  gold  will  be 

referred  to ;  but  I  am  only  speaking  of  this  exported.    Everybody  will  pay  debts  and  do 

eoiaof416  grains,  the  silver  dollar,  which  has  business  with  the  cheaper  legal-tender  coin. 

been  so  clamored  for. "  The  intrinsically  cheaper  silver  dollar,  being  full 

ICr.  Keman,  of  Kew  York,  said :  "Mr.  Pres-  legal-tender  money,  will  exclude  the  gold  as 

ident,  we  do  not  need  this  silver  dollar  to  re-  certainly  as  the  legal-tender  Treasury  notes 

Tire  boflinesa.     We  do  not  require  it  as  a  exclude  both  gold  and  silver  irom  circula- 

Rmedy  for  the  distress  existing  among  the  tion.    This  always  has  been  and  always  will 

^vQest  intelligent  business  men,  laborers,  and  be  the  practical  result.    The  Senator  from  Wis- 

B«cbanic8  of  the  country.    What  we  need,  in  consin  (  Mr.  Howe  )  stated  yesterday,  as  I  un- 

nr  judgment,  is  a  restoration  of  confidence,  a  derstooa  him,  that  silver  would  not  ostracize 

restoration  of  a  sound  currency,  and  an  honest  gold.    He  is  entirely  mistaken  if  he  believes 

measure  of  valoes.    Then  the  business  of  the  that  the  silver  dollar  proposed  by  this  bill  and 

^r^ntry  will  revive  and  be  carried  on  free  from  the  gold  coin  will  at  the  present  price  of  silver 

«eb  <Usaflters  as  occurred  in  1873,  and  from  circulate  together.    The  cheaper  silver  coin 

^r  conaeqaences  of  which  the  country  is  still  will  certainly  take  the  place  of  and  exclude 

nfering — aoch  disasters  as  every  people  have  the  gold. 

^^ainred  who  have  had  for  any  considerable  "  Therefore  I  insist  that  the  practical  effect 

j6G|th  of  time  a  depreciated  and  fiuctuating  of  this  bill  will  be  to  demonetize  gold  in  this 

nrrencj.  country  as  effectually  as  we  could  do  it  by  act 

''Sir,  I  am  opposed  to  this  bill  because  it  of  Congress,  unless  silver  bullion  shall  rise  in 

▼^  Dot  give  the  country  a  stable  currency  price  in  the  market  so  that  the  silver  contained 

ci  standard  value  at  par  with  that  of  the  in  the  dollar  shall  be  equivalent  in  value  to  the 

''>3iniereiai  world,  and  wiJl  tend  to  continue  gold  contained  in  the  gold  dollar.    We  cannot 

^  evil  we  have  been  and  are  suffering  from,  make  412^  grains  of  silver  equivalent  in  value 


152  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

to  the  gold  in  the  gold  dollar  by  act  of  Con-  ence  in  the  price  of  gold  and  silver  which  we 

gress.    I  think  the  beat  evidence  we  have  to  now  meet,  there  were  a  large  number  of  citi- 

gnide  ns  proves  that  the  silver  dollar  author-  zens,  many  of  them  of  intelligence  and  ability^ 

ized  by  this  bill  will  be  at  least  from  3  to  6  per  who  were  then  zealous  and  I  doubt  not  honest 

cent,  in  value  below  the  gold  dollar,  and  there-  advocates  of  an  irredeemable  paper  currency, 

fore  we  will  practically  demonetize  gold.    We  a  currency  which  was  not  based  upon  or  to  be 

will  not  have  as  our  currency  gold  and  silver  convertible  into  either  gold  or  silver  coin, 

coin ;  we  will  have  silver  only.    Our  standard  **  I  observe  that  now,  when  silver  is  depre- 

or  measure  of  values  will  not  be  gold  and  sil-  dated  below  gold,  is  not  worth  as  much  as  the 

ver,  but  silver  alone.  greenback  in  gold,  the  most  of  these  advoc-ates 

^*  Assuming  as  I  do  that  the  depreciation  of  of  a  paper  currency  are  urgent  and  active 
silver  bullion  below  gold  will  remain  at  least  advocates  of  the  Bland  bill,  and  I  fear  if  the 
from  8  to  6  or  8  per  cent,  after  we  have  re-  measure  is  adopted  it  will  practically  restore 
monetized  silver  by  the  passage  of  this  act,  in  the  country  an  irredeemable  paper  currency, 
and  that  the  depreciated  silver  dollar  will  ex-  Repeal  the  resumption  law,  make  this  silver 
elude  gold  from  circulation,  then  the  legal-  dollar  an  unlimited  legal  tender  at  a  depreci- 
tender  Treasury  notes  will  occupy  the  same  ated  value,  which  will  expel  gold,  and  silver 
relation  to  the  silver  dollar  which  they  now  will  become  what  gold  is  now,  not  practically 
occupy  to  gold  coin.  The  silver  dollars  will  in  circulation  as  coin,  but  a  commodity,  and 
be  the  coin  with  which  the  Treasury  notes  are  we  will  have  au  irredeemable  and  inconverti- 
to  be  redeemed  whenever  they  are  redeemed,  ble  paper  currency.  1  ask  Senators  whether 
and  the  Treasury  notes  will  therefore  be  de-  we  should  not  legislate  cautiously,  so  as  to  feel 
predated  in  value  below  the  silver  dollar,  in-  step  .by  step  our  way  in  reference  to  the  coin- 
stead  of  being,  as  they  are  now,  nearly  at  par  age  of  silver  dollars  as  an  unlimited  legal  ten- 
with  gold  coin.  We  will  then  have  a  currency  der,  and  avoid  all  danger  of  getting  back  to  an 
consisting  of  silver  dollars  depreciated  in  value  entirely  irredeemable  paper  currency.  I  hope 
below  gold  coin  and  legal  tender  Treasury  I  am  in  error,  but  I  have  sometimes  been  dis- 
notes,  or  greenbacks  as  they  are  called,  of  less  turbed  lest  this  should  be  the  result  of  the 
value  than  silver  dollars.  Should  Congress  re-  legislation  which  during  this  session  is  pressed 
peal  the  resumption  act  and  fix  no  time  when  upon  Congress. 

the  Treasury  notes  are  to  be  redeemed  or  con-  **  Thoroughly  convinced  that  the  currency 
vertible  into  the  silver  coin,  they  would  at  once  of  our  country  should  be  coin  at  par  with  the 
fall  considerably  below  the  silver  dollar,  and  coin  of  the  commercial  world  and  paper  con- 
as  they  are  by  law  a  legal  tender  for  all  debts  vertible  into  that  coin  at  the  will  of  'the  holder, 
except  where  the  debts  are  expressly  made  I  am  opposed  to  any  measures  which  endanger 
payable  in  coin,  and  except  for  auties  on  im-  our  accomplishing  that  purpose  within  a  rea- 
ports,  the  Treasury  notes  would  become  prac-  sonable  time.^* 

tically  the  legal-tender  currency  or  money  of  Mr.  Christiancy,  of  Michigan,  said :  **  Never 

the  country,  and  the  silver  dollar  would  be  in  the  history  of  this  country  was  there  so 

excluded  from  general  circulation.    The  silver  much,  nor  even  one  half  so  much,  currency 

dollar  worth  only  ninety  or  ninety-five  cents  lying  idle  in  the  banks,  and  in  the  hands  of 

in  gold  will  be  driven  from  circulation  by  the  bankers  and  capitalists,  anxiously,  clamorously 

inconvertible  legal-tender  Treasury  notes  as  seeking  and  panting  to  be  used  and  put  in  cir- 

quickly  and  certainly  as  was  the  gold  coin  culation,  as  during  these  same  hard  times :  and 

when  that  was  the  coin  with  which  the  Treas-  never  was  the  demand  for  its  use  in  circulation 

ury  notes  were  promised    to   be  redeemed,  comparatively  so  small.    The  fact  that  it  was 

Thus  we  will  have,  if  this  bill  becomes  a  law,  not  used  and  did  not  enter  into  the  circulation, 

as  our  only  coin  and  measure  of  values,  a  de-  was  not  because  the  bankers  and  other  holders 

predated  and  fluctuating  silver  coin  consisting  did  not  wish  to  have  it  used  and  circulated,  for 

of  dollars  of  4121^  grains.     And  should  the  their  interest  clearly  lay  in  its  use  and  circula- 

resumption  act  be  repealed,  we  will  have  as  tion ;  but  because  business  men,  for  entirely 

our  currency  the  legal-tender  notes  iuconvert-  other  causes,  did  not  wish  to  and  would  not 

ible  into  any  coin  at  the  will  of  the  holder  take  and  use  it.    The  rates  of  interest  fell ;   the 

and  depredated  below  and  fluctuating  more  terms  upon  which  bankers  ought  to  get  the 

than  the  silver  dollar.     In  my  judgment  such  currency  out  were  as  easy  as  ever  before  when 

a  currency  and  measure  of  values  would  be  the  solvency  of  the  borrowers  was  clear  or  tlie 

seriously  detrimental  to  the  business  and  pros-  securities  good.    £ut  here  lay  the  real  and  im. 

perity  of  the  country.  mediate  obstacle.    A  state  of  things  had  been 

*'  Pardon  me  if  I  make  one  other  sugges-  produced,  and  was  then  and  is  still  to  some 
tion,  and  I  make  it  with  entire  respect  for  extentexisting,  which  n^ade  business  men,  men 
those  who  differ  from  me  as  to  this  measure,  of  enterprise,  timid  and  cautious ;  unwilling. 
Have  you  no  fears  that  there  is  something  be-  owing  to  the  uncertainties  of  the  situation — 
yond  this  measure  against  which  the  people  the  dread  of  the  effect  of  various  wild  schemes 
of  this  country  should  be  guarded  ?  When  of  financial  legislation — to  embark  in  any  great 
silver  and  gold  were  nearly  equivalent  in  value  enterprises,  or  even  to  continue  those  they  al- 
and there  was  not  this  difficulty  of  the  differ-  ready  had  in  hand,  and  which  they  were  com- 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  163 

peOed  to  redace  and  get  oat  of  as  fast  as  they  great  extent  fictitious,  and  consisting  in  drafts 

eoald,  lest,  on  acconnt  of  such  uncertainties,  upon  the  future  for  which  the  pay-day  must 

vhile  they  might  be  making  a  nominal  profit,  sooner  or  later  come.     In  the  South  almost 

thej  shooJd  be  really  incurring  great  and  un-  everything  in  the  shape  of  property,  except  the 

known  losses.  Ko  great  enterprises  could  there-  naked  face  of  the  earth,  had  practically  disap- 

'ore  be  undertaken ;  and  those  already  under-  peared,  and  had  to  be  recreated  by  the  slow 

uken  were  abandoned  at  the  first  practicable  process  of  labor  and  production.    And,  fortu- 

raofflent;  and  the  toiling  millions,  owing  to  nately  or  unfortunately,  the  North  and  the 

ti}ft)e  and  many  other  causes — among  which  South,  all  sections  of  our  common  country,  are 

ooe  of  the  most  prominent  was  the  improve-  so  linked  together  in  commercial  relations  that 

ment  in  labor-saving  machinery — found  little  it  is  vain  to  expect  one  portion  can  long  remain 

d^niAod  for  their  labor.  prosperous  while  a  large  part  of  the  Union  is 

''Mr.  President,  this  was  a  state  of  things  depressed  and  poor, 
for  which  neither  the  issue  of  more  Treasury  *^  But,  in  addition  to  the  direct  destruction 
notes  Dor  any  other  increase  in  the  volume  of  and  consumption  of  property  and  capital  by 
esrrenoy,  without  a  return  to  specie  payments,  the  war,  came  necessarily,  and,  as  I  think, 
Toald  have  brooght  a  remedy.  If  more  had  rightfully,  an  immense  debt,  the  mere  interest 
been  issued^  they  could  not  have  been  kept  in  of  which,  drawn  by  way  of  taxes  directly  and 
fircaUtion  when  those  already  issued  could  indirectly  from  the  productions  of  labor,  con- 
sot.  They  would  have  gone  with  the  others  stitntes  a  formidable  burden  and  causes  an  im- 
ioto  the  hands  of  the  banks  and  bankers,  just  mense  drain  upon  our  resources. 
L<  the  silver  dollar  would,  and  would  not  Imve  ^^  For  one,  Mr.  President,  looking  at  the 
drtQlsted  among  the  people,  unless  the  Gov-  situation  inunediately  after  the  war,  I  did  not 
enment  should  have  done  what  the  greenback  expect,  and  could  not  see  how  any  man  could, 
an<l  silver  advocates  seem  to  have  made  many  a  prompt  restoration  and  steady  continuance 
o(  the  people  believe  the  Government  ought  of  the  same  high  state  of  prosperity  as  before, 
to  tnd  will  do — send  to  each  individual  in  the  I  thought  I  saw  that  a  period  of  revulsion,  of 
fittkm  his  aliquot  proportion  of  the  greenbacks  terrible  depression,  must  soon  come  from  the 
or  silyer  pieces,  without  reauiring  anything  in  causes  I  have  mentioned ;  and  I  never  could 
retom,  as  the  Agricultural  Department  dis-  see  how  any  man  could  suppose  it  could  be 
tnbatM  garden-seeds,  except  that  it  shall  be  avoided.  My  wonder  was  not  that  it  finally 
aboolately  impartial  and  universal  But  what-  came  in  1873,  but  that  it  was  kept  off  so  long, 
erer  impression*  may  have  been  created  out-  I  could  not  see  (though  popular  delusion, 
fi4e,  I  think  no  one  has  yet,  in  this  hall,  advo-  prompted  and  stimulated  by  hope,  thought  it 
»ted  such  distribution  as  this.  did  see)  how  the  farmer,  for  instance,  whose 
''Now,  what  were  the  real  causes  which  means  had  been  accumulating  for  years  by  a 
placed  this  state  of  things  in  the  money  small  excess  of  income  over  outgoes,  until  a 
nirket,  and  the  depressed  condition  of  busi-  considerable  income  had  been  accumulated, 
sc99  enterprises — ^in  short,  the  distress  among  could,  after  some  calamity  which  compelled  an 
I'jd  people,  or  the  hard  times?  The  immediate  expenditure  of  all  his  accumulations,  and  after 
etttses  were  merely  the  combined  results  of  all  being  compelled  to  anticipate  the  income  of 
tfie  snteoedents  to  that  state  of  things.  These  many  future  years  by  debts  upon  which  he  was 
fa^ecedents,  the  real  causes,  are  too  numerous  to  pay  interest  yearly  and  ultimately  to  provide 
to  be  stated  and  analyzed  in  a  single  speech,  for  the  principal,  be  quite  as  prosperous  as  he 
I  can  only  tonch — and  briefly  touch — a  few  of  was  before ;  or,  except  by  great  frugality  and 
t^e  more  prominent  The  eajua  eausana^  the  industry,  or  some  fortunate  accident,  avoid  a 
t-aitfal  mother  of  all  the  other  causes,  was  the  crash  in  tlje  end. 

ferrible  war  which  for  more  than  four  years        "  And  in  the  case  of  the  farmer  I  thought  I 

•v«pt  over  the  country,  taking  from  produc-  saw  the  case  of  the  nation — which  is  but  the 

:  u  occupations  millions  of  men  from  all  parts  aggregate  of  our  population — and  that  it  was 

'Z  the  Union,  who  were  engaged  for  between  just  as  unreasonable  to  expect  the  nation  to 

f  fcr  snd  five  years  in  destroying  and  consum-  avoid  a  revulsion  by  any  other  kind  of  means 

t-^  the  property,  the  wealth  and  capital  of  the  than  the  farmer  could  in  the  case  I  have  just 

uaoQ,  of  the  people,  and  sweeping  away  the  put ;  and  these  were  that  the  people  compos- 

t^emnnlations  of  years  of  prosperity,  instead  ing  the  nation  should  cut  down  expenses,  and 

vf  producing  and  creating  wealth ;  so  that,  by  increased  frugality  and  economy,  and  in- 

vriout  reference  to  the  debt  entailed  upon  creased  industry  in  the  production  of  values, 

t''>?  nation,  the  nation^  as  a  whole,  had  become  gradually  overcome  the  depression ;  that  busi- 

>(x>rcr  by  thonsands  of  millions  of  dollars  than  ness  men  and  men  of  enterprise  ought  to  avoid 

sniediately  before  the  war.    In  the  North,  it  all  speculative  schemes  and  doubtful  enterprises, 

ii  tme,  where  the  direct  ravages  of  war  were  limiting  their  business  to  strictly  legitimate  oh- 

i»  sod  the  prices  were  greatly  augmented,  as  jects,  and  avoiding  the  creation  of  any  debts 

*cil  by  the  increased  demand  created  by  the  which  they  could  not  readily  and  certainly  meet. 

vtf  ts  inflated  by  the  immense  issues  of  Treas-  But  exactly  the  opposite  of  this  was  the  course 

STT  notes  in  which  they  were  paid,  was  kept  actually  taken.    The  large  fortunes  suddenly 

>p  an  appearance  of  prosperity  which  was  to  a  made  during  the  war  had  kindled  an  inordinate 


154  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

desire  for  becoming  rapidly  rich,  without  much  been  excited  and  stiinulated  into  an  nnnatural 

regard  to  the  means,  and  a  reckless  spirit  of  ex-  and  feverish  frenzy  of  exaltation,  far  above  the 

travagance  in  expenses  pervaded  the  whole  peo-  healthy  and  normal  equilibrium  of  its  powers, 

pie.    The  immense  amoants  of  the  Treasury  A  state  of  intoxication  and  onnataral  exhilara- 

notes  issaed  and  in  circalation  at  the  close  of  tiun  sure,  inevitably  sure,  to  make  the  patient 

the  war,  and  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  Uni-  sink  as  far  below  his  normal  condition  as  the 

ted  States  bonds  afloat  in  the  market,  which  stimulus  had  raised  him  above  it ;  a  state  in 

really  constituted  the  debt  of  the  nation,  the  which  all  men  saw  visions,  dreamed  dreams, 

debt  of  the  whole  people,  soon  began  to  be  and  built  air  castles,  and  took  them  for  reality 

looked  upon  as  the  capital  of  the  nation  and  its  and  sober  truth. 

people.    The  unnatural  stimulus  of  such  an  in-  '*  But  just  in  this  stage  of  the  disease,  when 

flation  of  the  currency  encouraged  a  reckless  all  seemed  gold  that  glittered,  there  burst  forth 

spirit  of  speculation,  and  drew  men  into  the  in  New  York,  like  a  clap  of  thunder  in  a  clear 

undertaking  of  numerous  and  gigantic  enter-  sky,  the  dismal  shriek,  *•  The  Northern  Pacific 

prises  far  in  advance  of  the  legitimate  demands  Railroad  has  collapsed ;  Jay  Cooke  is  a  bank- 

of  healthy  business.  rupt ! '    And  in  a  few  hours  this  cry  had  been 

**  Railroads  especially  were  projected  every-  carried  over  the  wires  to  every  comer  of  the 

where ;  not  only  to  meet  the  present  wants  of  Union,  bringing  a  chill  to  the  hearts  of  thon- 

commerce,  but  with  the  sole  idea  of  creating  sands  who  had  invested  their  treasures  in  its 

business  where  it  did  not  exist ;  running  hun-  bonds  and  others  directly  or  indirectly  con- 

dreds  of  miles  through  forests  or  prairies  or  nected  with  that  enterprise.    And  at  once  the 

deserts  without  an  inhabitant,  and  depending  holders,  not  only  of  these  bonds,  but  the  hold- 

npon  future  settlements  to  furnish  business  to  ers  of  all  the  bonds  and  stocks  of  other  abor- 

the  roads.     The  existing  trunk   lines  were  tive  railroad  projects  (for  all  were  more  or  less 

loaded  down  with  the  branches  which  they  connected  with  and  dependent  upon  the  others), 

undertook  to  construct,  and  which  would  not  began  to  tremble. 

pay  running  expenses  then,  and  some  of  wh;cli  **The  people  began  to  open  their  eyes;  and 
do  not  to-day;  and  finally  the  Northern  Pacific  down  went  one  siter  another  of  those  abor- 
Railroad,  that  abortion  of  the  last  decade,  tive  railroad  projects.  All  stocks  and  bonds 
which  should  only  have  been  undertaken  in  felt  the  shock ;  and  through  the  whole  series 
the  next  generation,  was  projected  and  com-  one  knocked  down  another,  like  a  set  of  blocks 
menced.  All  these  roads  issued  bonds  and  set  up  by  children  for  amusement.  All  the 
stocks  which  were  thrown  upon  the  market,  bright  visions  had  been  dissipated,  and  a  con- 
and  large  sums  were  invested  in  them.  They  gestive  chill  succeeded  the  fever  of  exaltation 
bought  and  speculated  in  each  other^s  bonds  which  had  preceded  it.  All  began  to  open 
and  stocks,  treating  them  as  so  much  reliable  their  eyes  to  the  fact  that  debts  were  not  capi- 
oapital.  The  iron  manufacturers  enlarged  their  tal ;  and  distrust  took  the  place  of  confidence, 
works  and  machinery  to  meet  the  increased  All  then  saw  that,  like  insects,  they  had  only 
demands  which  so  many  roads  were  expected  been  lifted  into  the  region  of  imaginary  pros- 
to  reouire.  Some  of  the  iron  companies  also  perity  upon  a  hollow  bubble,  by  the  explosion 
issued  bonds  and  stocks.  They  sola  their  iron  of  whic&  they  had  been  sunk  deeper  into  the 
in  large  quantities  for  the  bonds  and  stocks  of  mire  than  if  they  had  never  clung  to  its  glitter- 
these  railroad  companies,  and  went  on  enlarg-  ing  film.  Down  went  the  iron  men  with  roil- 
ing their  works  and  increasing  their  produo-  lions  of  the  worthless  bonds  of  such  companies 
tion.  This  is  but  a  sample  of  all  the  other  in  their  hands  and  with  large  stocks  of  iron 
great  business  enterprises  of  the  day,  all  of  for  which  there  was  no  demand ;  and  all  de- 
which  were  carried  on  largely  upon  credit;  pendent  upon  them  or  connected  with  them 
and  all  had  come  to  look  upon  each  other^s  went  down  with  them.  Works  were  stopped 
stocks  and  bonds,  and  frequently  upon  their  or  greatly  reduced  in  efficiency.  Laborers  be- 
own  liabilities,  as  so  much  actual  capital,  as  fore  employed  in  the  various  railroad  projects 
they  had  before  looked  upon  the  debt  of  the  and  at  the  forge  were  thrown  out  of  employ- 
nation  as  the  capita]  of  the  nation :  as  if  the  ment,  and  the  stocks  of  iron  would  only  sell 
day  of  payment  was  never  to  come.  at  reduced  prices. 

"  All  kinds  of  business  were  buoyant,  brisk,  ''  Tliis  is  but  a  sample.    All  other  great  basi- 

lively,  and  apparently  prosperous  beyond  ex-  ness  enterprises  took  a  similar  course ;  and  the 

ample  in  the  history  of  the  world.    Labor  was  people  woke  np  to  the  fact  tiiat  all  were  in 

in  demand  and  wages  high ;  prices  were  infla-  debt  and  none  could  pay.    And  capital,  always 

ted,  purely  fancy  and  dmost  fabulous,  ^and  timid,  shnmk  f^om  undertaking  or  continuing 

all  went  merry  as  a  marriage  beU,'  for  the  business  enterprises  which  gave  employment 

time— and  the  multitude  were  so  short-sighted  to  laborers ;  and  the  hard  times  were  upon  ns. 

as  to  suppose  such  a  state  of  things  could  en-  Such,  in  brief,  were  the  causes  of  the  hard 

dure  forever ;  as  if  the  real  prostration  caused  times  and  distress  by  which  the  country  has 

by  the  war  could  be  finally  got  over  in  this  been  afflicted,  and  not  the  want  of  a  sufi^cient 

pleasant  way.    Now  this,  in  my  opinion,  then  volume  of  currency,  which  business  and  enter- 

and  now,  was  exactly  the  period  of  disease  in-  prise  would  not  venture  to  use,  had  it  been 

stead  of  health  in  the  body  politic,  which  had  issued.    Whatever  the  amount  of  currency  not 


OOtfGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  155 

restiog  upon  a  solid  and  reliable  specie  basis  \  **  1.  I  believe  gold  and  silver  coin  to  be 
migbt  be  m  such  a  state  of  doabt  ana  suspicion,  money  of  the  Constitution — indeed,  the  money 
it  would  have  gone  into  the  banks  or  the  bauds  of  ttie  American  people  anterior  to  the  Gonsti- 
ofetpitalista  who  dare  not  use  it  in  business;  tution,  which  that  great  organic  law  recog- 
as  tbe  blood  in  a  chill  shrinks  back  to  the  uized  as  quite  indepeudent  of  its  own  existence. 
heirl                                            ,  No  power  was  conferred  on  Congress  to  de- 
"  Still,  in  apite  of  all  these  obstacles,  confi-  clare  that  either  metal  should  not  be  money. 
denee  would  long  since  have  been  restored  and  Congress  has  therefore,  in  my  judgment,  no 
biuineas  enterprises  resumed  their  normal  con-  power  to  demonetize  silver  any  more  than  to 
dition,  but  for  the  wild  financial  schemes  of  demonetize  gold ;  no  power  to  demonetize  ei- 
bankrupt  debtors,  all  of  which  schemes  con-  ther  any  more  than  to  demonetize  both.  In  this 
sisted  in  rnnning  still  more  deeply  in  debt,  or  statement  I  am  but  repeating  the  weighty  dictum 
piTing  only  in  empty  promises  which  were  of  the  first  of  constitutional  lawyers.    ^  I  am 
Bererto  be  fulfilled;  like  the  greenback  theory  certainly  of  opinion,'  said  Mr.  Webster,  Hhat 
o:  finance,  started  first  by  the  iron  manufac-  gold  and  silver,  at  rates  fixed  by  Congress,  oon- 
rirers  and  taken  up  by  decayed  politicians  and  stitute  the  legal  standard  of  value  in  this  coun- 
Mo^ht  to  be  forced  upon  the  Government.  try,  and  that  neither  Congress  nor  any  State  has 
**  But  thia  insane  delusion  had  already  been  so  authority  to  establish  any  other  standard  or  to 
thoroughly  exposed  that  the  country  had  ceased  displace  this  standard.'    Few  persons  can  be 
to  fear  it,  and  all  things  were  working  upward  found,  I  apprehend,  who  will  maintain  that 
before  chia  bill  of  ill  omen  came  into  the  Sen-  Congress  possesses  the  power  to  demonetize 
ate.    Confidence  was  being  rapidly  restored;  both  gold  and  silver,  or  that  Congress  could 
ili«  Treasury  notes  had  risen  to  ninety-seven  be  justified  in  prohibiting  the  coinage  of  both ; 
or  ninety-eight  cents  in  gold,  and  would  soon  and  yet  in  logic  and  legal  construction  it  would 
iure  been  at  par  with  gold,  when  specie  re-  be  difficult  to  show  where  and  why  the  power 
nmption  would  have  been  practically  accom-  of  Congress  over  silver  is  greater  than  over 
piuhed — no  one  wishing  the  specie  when  the  gold — greater  over  either  than  over  the  two. 
Treasury  note  should  be  able  to  command  it,  If,  therefore,  silver  has  been  demonetized,  I  am 
nd  worth  the  same  amount    Such,  but  for  in  favor  of  remonetizing  it.    If  its  coinage  has 
this  silver  bill,  would,  in  my  opinion,  have  been  prohibited,  I  am  in  favor  of  ordering  it  to 
Keen  tbe  reaalt  long  before  next  January ;  but  be  resumed.    If  it  has  been  restricted,  I  am  in 
ioT  this  oininous  silver  bUl,  by  which  a  debased  favor  of  having  it  enlarged, 
coin  is  to  be  made  a  legal  tender  in  the  pay-        *^  2.  What  power,  then,  has  Congress  over 
sent  of  all  debts  and  demands,  both  of  the  gold  and  silver?    It  has  the  exclusive  pow- 
(rjremment  and  individuals.    This,  as  it  will  er  to  coin  them ;  the  exclusive  power  to  reg- 
rtdnce  the  greenbacks  to  the  level  of  silver  ulate  their  value ;  very  great,  very  wise,  very 
ind  drive  all  gold  from  the  country,  will,  in  necessary  powers,  for   the  discreet  exercise 
my  opinion,  put  ofiT  for  years  the  resumption  of  which  a  critical  occasion  has  now  arisen. 
4-f  specie  payments,  even  in  the  proposed  de-  However  men  may  differ  about  causes  and  pro- 
bued  coin,  and  compel  us  to  travel  again  over  cesses,  all  will  admit  within  a  few  years  a 
the  same  toilsome  road  we  had  already  gone  great  disturbance  has  taken  place  in  the  rela- 
orcr^  and  leave  us  five  or  ten  years  hence  fur-  tive  values  of  gold  and  silver,  and  that  silver 
"Ler  from  real,  honest  resumption  than,  but  is  worth  less  or  gold  is  worth  more  in  the 
f.,r  the  passage  of  such  a  bill,  we  would  be  to-  money  markets  of  the  world  in  1878  than  in 
diT.  1878,  when  the  further  coinage  of  silver  dol- 
*'  We  shall  never  have  a  condition  of  things  lars  was  prohibited  in  this  country.    To  re- 
a  which  capital  will  seek  investment  in  large  monetize  it  now  as  though  the  facts  and  cir- 
^-^^510659   enterprises,  creating  a  demand  for  cumstances  of  that  day  were  surrounding  us, 
^ibor  and  securing  living  prices  to  laborers,  is  to  willfully  and  blindly  deceive  ourselves 
ztxH  we  get  back  to  specie  payments  upon  a  If  our  demonetization  were  the  only  cause  for 
i^  and  proper  basis,  so  that  paper  shall  be  the  decline  in  the  value  of  silver,  then  reinon- 
\mf^  upon  coin  and  redeemable  in  it  at  the  etization  would  be  its  proper  and  effectual 
vprion  of  the  holder;  nor  until  the  coinage  of  cure.     But  other  causes,  quite   beyond  our 
:^  coontry  shall  have  the  real  and  substantial  control,  have  been  far  more  potentially  opera- 
rilne  for  which  it  is  made  a  tender.    And,  be-  tive  than  the  simple  fact  of  Congress  prohibit- 
r^  a  commercial  nation,  that  value  must  cor-  ing  its  further  coinage ;  and  as  legislators  we 
r-«;iond  with  the  market  value  in  the  countries  are  bound  to  take  cofmizance  of  these  causes. 
T-.*ii  which  our  trade  is  principally  carried  on."  The  demonetization  of  silver  in  the  great  Ger- 
Mr.  BlAine,  of  Maine,  siud :  '^  The  discussion  man  Empire,  and  the  consequent  partial,  or 
'1  the   qaestion  of  remonetizing  silver,  Mr.  wellnigh  complete,  suspension  of  coinage  in 
PVe^i dent,  has  been  prolonged,  able,  and  ex-  the  governments  of  the  Latin  Union,  have  been 
'"looire.     I  may  not  expect  to  add  much  to  the  leading,  dominant  causes  for  the  rapid  de- 
:« Talae,  bat  I  promise  not  too  add  much  to  dine  in  the  value  of  silver. 
u  ieo^h.      I  shall  endeavor  to  consider  facts        "  I  believe  then  if  Germany  were  to  remone- 
ncher  than  theories,  to  state  conclusions  rath-  tize  silver,  and  kingdoms  and  states  of  the  Lat- 
er than  argaments:  in  Union  were  to  reopen  their  mints,  silver 


156  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

woold  at  once  resnme  its  former  relation  with  comes  general  in  the  channels  of  trade.  Some 
gold.  The  European  countries  when  driven  one,  in  conversation  with  GomiDodore  Van* 
to  fiiU  remonetization,  as  I  helieve  they  will  derbilt  during  one  of  the  many  freight  com- 
be, must  of  necessity  adopt  their  old  ratio  of  petitions  of  the  trunk  lines,  said,  *  Why,  the 
fifteen  and  a  half  of  silver  to  one  of  gold,  and  Canadian  road  has  nut  sufficient  carrying  ca- 
we  shall  then  be  compelled  to  adopt  the  same  pacity  to  compete  with  your  great  line/  'That 
ratio  instead  of  our  former  sixteen  to  one.  is  true,'  repned  the  Commodore,  *  but  they 

**3.  The  question  before  Congress  then —  can  fix  the  rate  and  force  us  down  to  it.'  Were 
sharply  defined  in  the  pending  House  bill — is,  Congress  to  pass  a  law  to-day  declaring  that 
whether  it  is  now  safe  and  expedient  to  offer  every  legal-teuder  note  and  every  national- 
free  coinage  to  the  silver  dollar  of  4l2^  grains,  bank  note  shall  hereafter  pass  for  only  ninety- 
with  the  mints  of  the  Latin  Union  closed  and  six  or  ninety-seven  cents  on  the  dollar,  there 
Germany  not  permittiug  silver  to  be  coined  as  is  not  a  constituency  in  the  United  States  that 
money.  At  current  rates  of  silver,  the  free  would  reelect  a  man  that  should  support  it, 
coinage  of  a  dollar  containing  412^  grains,  and  in  many  districts  the  representatives  would 
worth  in  gold  about  ninety-two  cents,  gives  an  be  lucky  if  he  escaped  with  merely  a  minority 
illegitimate  profit  to  the  owner  of  the  bullion,  vote. 

enabling  him  to  take  ninety-two  cents'  worth  *^  And  yet  it  is  almost  mathematically  de- 
of  it  to  the  mint  and  get  it  stamped  as  coin  monstrable  that  the  same  effect  will  inevitably 
and  force  his  neighbor  to  take  it  for  a  full  dol-  follow  from  the  coinage  of  an  inferior  silver 
lar.  This  is  an  undue  and  unfair  advantage  dollar.  Assurances  from  empirics  and  scien- 
which  the  Government  has  no  right  to  give  to  lists  in  finance,  that  remonetization  of  the 
the  owner  of  silver  bullion,  and  which  defrauds  former  dollar  will  at  once  and  permanently  ad- 
the  man  who  is  forced  to  take  the  dollar.  And  vance  its  value  to  par  with  gold,  must  go  for 
it  assuredly  follows  that  if  we  give  free  coin-  what  they  are  worth  in  the  face  of  opposing 
age  to  this  dollar  of  inferior  value  and  pnt  it  and  controlling  facts.  The  first  and  instant 
in  circulation,  we  do  so  at  the  expense  of  our  effect  of  issuing  any  silver  dollar  that  will  pay 
better  coinage  in  gold;  and  unless  we  expect  customs  dues  and  interest  on  the  public  debt 
the  uniform  and  invariable  experience  of  other  will  undoubtedly  be  to  raise  it  to  a  practical 
nations  to  be  in  some  mysteriotis  way  suspend-  equality  with  gold ;  but  that  condition  will  only 
ed  for  our  peculiar  benefit,  we  inevitably  lose  last  until  the  amount  needful  for  customs  shall 
our  gold  com.  It  will  flow  out  from  ns  with  fill  the  channels  of  its  use;  and  the  overflow  go- 
the  certainty  and  resistless  force  of  the  tides,  inginto  general  circulation  will  rapidly  settle  to 
Gold  has  indeed  remained  with  us  in  consider-  its  normal  and  actual  value,  and  then  the  dis- 
able amount  during  the  circulation  of  the  in-  count  will  come  on  the  volume  of  the  paper  cor- 
ferior  currency  of  the  legal  tender;  but  that  renoy,  which  will  sink|>arf/>a««i  with  the  silver 
was  because  tiiere  were  two  great  uses  re-  dollar  in  which  it  is  made  redeemable.  That  re- 
served by  law  for  gold :  the  collection  of  cus-  monetization  will  have  a  considerable  effect 
toms  and  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  pub-  in  advancing  the  value  of  the  dollar  is  beyond 
lie  debt.  But  if  the  inferior  silver  coin  is  also  doubt,  but  not  enough  to  overcome  the  differ- 
to  be  used  for  these  two  reserved  purposes,  ence  now  existing — a  difierence  resulting  from 
then  gold  has  no  tie  to  bind  it  to  us.  causes  quite  independent  of  our  control  on  this 

*'4.  Consider  further  what  ii^ustice  would  continent, 
be  done  to  every  holder  of  a  legal-tender  "6.  The  responsibility  of  reestablishing  sil- 
or  nationid-bank  note.  That  vast  volume  ver  in  its  ancient  and  honorable  place  as  mon- 
of  paper  money—over  $700,000,000—18  now  ey  in  Europe  and  America,  devolves  reaDy 
worth  between  ninety-eight  and  ninety-nine  on  the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  If  we 
cents  on  the  dollar  in  gold  coin.  The  holders  act  here  with  prudence,  wisdom,  and  firmness, 
of  it,  who  are  indeed  our  entire  population  we  shall  not  only  successfully  remonetize  sil- 
from  the  poorest  to  the  wealthiest,  have  been  ver  and  bring  it  into  general  use  as  money  in  our 
promised  from  the  hour  of  its  issue  that  the  own  country,  but  the  influence  of  our  example 
paper  money  would  one  day  be  as  good  as  will  be  potential  among  all  European  nations, 
gold.  To  pay  silver  for  the  greenback  is  a  with  the  possible  exception  of  England, 
full  compliance  with  this  promise  and  this  ob-  ^^  6.  On  the  much-vexed  and  long-mooted 
ligation,  provided  the  silver  is  made,  as  it  fd-  question  of  a  bimetallic  or  monometallic  stand- 
ways  has  been  hitherto,  as  good  as  gold.  To  ard,  my  own  views  are  sufficiently  indicated 
make  our  silver  coin  even  three  per  cent,  less  in  the  remarks  I  have  made.  I  believe  the 
valuable  than  gold  inflicts  at  once  a  loss  of  struggle  now  going  on  in  this  country  and  in 
more  than  twenty  millions  of  dollars  on  the  other  countries  for  a  single  gold  standard 
holders  of  our  paper  money.  To  make  a  silver  would,  if  successful,  produce  wide-spread  dis- 
doUar  worth  but  ninety-two  cents  precipitates  asters  in  the  end  throughout  the  commercial 
on  the  same  class  a  loss  of  wellnigh  sixty  mil-  world.  The  destruction  of  silver  as  money  and 
lions  of  dollars.  For  whatever  the  value  of  establishing  gold  as  the  sole  unit  of  value 
the  silver  dollar  is,  the  whole  paper  issue  of  must  have  a  ruinous  effect  on  all  forms  of 
the  country  will  sink  to  its  standard  when  its  property  except  those  investments  which  yield 
coinage  is  authorized  and  its  circulation  be-  a  flxed  return  in  money.    These  would  be 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  167 

oonnoaslj  enhanced  in  valne,  and  w^nld  gain  will  equate  itself  with  the  gold  dollar,  and  ef- 

a  disproportionate  and  unfair  advantage  over  fectnallj  guard  against  the  drain  of  our  gold 

ififj  other  apeoies  of  property.  during  the  time  necessary  for  international 

"  7.  The  qaestion  of  beginning  anew  the  conference  in  regard  to  the  general  reSstablisIi- 

coinage  of  ulver  dollars  has  aroused  much  ment  of  silver  as  money. 
dixQsdon  as  to  its  effect  on  the  public  credit;        ^*  And  I  think  we  owe  this  to  the  American 

and  the  Senator  from  Ohio  (Mr.  Aiatthews)  laborer.    Ever  since  we  demonetized  the  old 

placed  this  phase  of  the  subject  in  the  very  dollar  we  have  been  running  our  mints  at  full 

forefront  of  the  debate — ^insisting,  prematurely  speed,  coining  a  new  silver  dollar  for  the  use 

and  Ulogically,  I  think,  on  a  sort  of  judicial  of  the  Chinese  cooly  an(i  the  Indian  pariali — a 

construction  in  advance,  by  concurrent  resolu-  dollar  containing  420  grains  of  standard  silver, 

tioo.  of  a  certain  law  in  case  that  law  should  with  its  superiority  over  our  ancient  dollar  os- 

kppen  to  be  passed  by  Congress.    My  own  tentatiously  engraved  on  its  reverse  side.    To 

raw  on  this  question  can  be  stated  very  brief-  these  *  outside  barbarians '  we  send  this  supe- 

Ij.   I  believe  the  public  creditor  can  afford  to  nor  dollar,  bearing  all  our  national  emblems, 

be  paid  in  any  silver  dollar  that  the  United  our  patriotic  devices,  our  pious  inscriptions, 

."^rates  can  afford  to  coin  and  circulate.    We  our  goddess  of  liberty,  our  defiant  eagle,  our 

hare  forty  thousand  millions  of  property  in  federal  unity,  our  trust  in  Grod.    This  dollar 

tfai4  coantry,  and  a  wise  self-interest  will  not  contains  7i  grains  more  silver  than  the  famous 

permit  os  to  overturn  its  relations  by  seeking  *  dollar  of  the  fathers '  proposed  to  be  recoined 

for  an  inferior  dollar  wherewith  to  settle  the  by  the  pending  bill,  and  more  than  four  times 

does  and  denumds  of  any  creditor.    The  quea-  as  many  of  these  new  dollars  have  already  been 

ti«iD  mi^ht  be  different  from  a  merely  selfish  coined  as  ever  were  coined  of  aU  other  silver 

standpoint  if,  on  paying  the  dollar  to  the  pub-  dollars  in  the  United  States.    In  tiie  excep- 

lie  creditor,  it  would  disappear  after  perform-  tional  and  abnormal  condition  of  the  silver 

io?  that  function.     Hut  the  trouble  is  that  the  market  now  existing  throughout  the  worhl  we 

inferior  dollar  yun  pay  the  public  creditor  re-  have  felt  compelled  to  increase  the  weight  of 

najns  in  circulation,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  the  dollar  with  which  we  carry  on  trade  with 

Utter  dollar.     That  which  you  pay  at  home  the  heathen  nations  of  Asia.    And  shall  we  do 

wUl  stay  there;  that  which  you  send  abroad  less  for  the  American  laborer  at  home?    Nay, 

« ill  come  back.    The  interest  of  the  public  shall  we  not  do  a  little  better  and  a  little  more 

(Ttiditor  ii«  indiasolnbly  bound  up  with  the  in-  for  those  of  our  own  blood  and  our  own  fire- 

terest  of  the  whole  people.    Whatever  affects  side? " 

Lim  affects  us  all ;  and  the  evil  that  we  might  Mr.  Withers,  of  Virginia,  said :  **  Mr.  Pres- 
indict  upon  him  by  paying  an  inferior  dollar  ident,  the  bill  under  consideration,  which  I 
Vi/old  recoil  upon  us  with  a  vengeance  as  believe  is  to  be  an  important  factor  in  restor- 
Dunifold  as  the  aggregate  wealth  of  the  Re-  ing  the  prosperous  condition  of  our  country, 
public  tranaoends  the  comparatively  small  lim-  has  been  assailed  most  vigorously  upon  two 
':>  of  oar  bounded  debt.  And  remember  that  grounds— objection  to  the  legality  of  the  pro- 
oar  assgregate  wealth  is  always  increasing,  and  posed  measure,  and  objection  to  its  expediency. 
(•V  l>onded  debt  steadily  growing  less  I  If  I  shall  have  but  little  to  say  with  regard  to  the 
paid  in  a  good  silver  dollar,  the  bondholder  legal  question ;  fir?t,  because  I  am  not  myself 
bas  nothing  to  complain  of.  If  paid  in  an  in-  learned  in  legal  lore,  and  it  is  perhaps  pre- 
f:rrior  silver  dollar,  he  has  the  same  grievance  sumptuous  in  me  to  attempt  a  legal  argument. 
that  will  be  uttered  still  more  plaintively  by  But  as  long  as  I  have  the  Constitution  before 
the  holder  of  the  legal-tender  note  and  of  the  me  I  cannot  fail  to  recognize  tlie  force  of  that 
aatjonal-bank  bill,  by  the  pensioner,  by  the  provision  which  specifies  that  gold  and  silver 
daj  laborer,  and  by  the  countless  host  of  the  shall  be  the  currency  of  this  coantry,  shall  be 
pfior,  whom  we  have  with  us  always,  and  on  the  legal  tender  of  this  coantry.  I  recognize 
vhom  the  most  distressing  effect  of  inferior  another  fact,  that  the  law  of  contracts  must  be 
money  will  be  ultimately  precipitated.  held  as  applying  to  all  the  obligations  of  the 

^S.  When  we  pledged  the  public  cre<litor  in  Government,  and  when  these  bonds  upon  their 

1^70  that  our  obligations  should  be  paid  in  the  face  distinctly  declare  that  they  are  payable  in 

stAJidard  coin  of  that  date,  silver  bullion  w.os  coin  of  a  certain  specified  value,  it  cannot  be 

vorth  in  the  London  market  a  fraction  over  that  payment  in  such  coin  is  a  violation  of  the 

Mxty  pence  per  ounce;   its  average  for  the  contract. 

j'ist  eight  months  has  been  about  fifty-four        ^*  By  the  Constitution  the  power  '  to  coin 

;^re;    the  price  reckoned  in  gold  in  both  money  and  regulate  the  value  thereof  Ms  giv- 

'.«Mis.     But  the  large  difference  is  due  partly  en  to  Con^^ess  in  explicit  terms ;  and  stand- 

Ui  the  rise  in  gold  as  well  as  to  the  fall  in  sil-  in<]^  upon  that  provision,  I  do  not  care  to  seek 

▼«r.    Allowing  for  both  these  causes  and  strik-  further  to  find  an  argument  to  sustain  the 

tLz  the  difference,  it  will  be  found,  in  the  judg-  proposition  that  Congress  has  absolute  and 

L  mt  of  many  of  the  wisest  men  in  this  coun-  entire  control  of  this  subject.     I  know  my 

:rr.  perfectly  safe  to  issue  a  dollar  of  425  grains  friend  from  Delaware  (Mr.  Bayard)  says  this 

iLukdard  silver ;  as  one  that,  anticipating  the  power  to  *  coin  money  and  regulate  the  value 

t^  and  legitimate  influence  of  remonetization,  thereof,^  if  carried  out  in  the  manner  proposed, 


158  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

wonid  be  to  '  coin  money  and  falsify  the  valne  the  question :  '  How  is  it  possible  for  the  stamp 

thereof,*  but  I  cannot  admit  the  soundness  of  of  the  Government  to  ^ve  to  a  piece  of  silver 

his  logic.    How  is  it  possible  for  Congress  to  worth  ninety  cents  valne  as  a  hundred  cents  9* 

falsify  the  value  of  an  article  when  the  Con-  I  answer,  briefly,  by  making  it  a  legal  tender 

stitution  gives  it  the  power  to  fix  that  value  f  for  all  debts.    The  tremendous  effect  of  value 

Whatever  value  Congress  puts  upon  it  is  the  of  legal-tender  power  on  currency  is  one  which 

value,  and  it  cannot,  therefore,  be  falsified  by  does  not  seem  to  be  appreciated  by  those  who 

their  action.  oppose  this  proposition.   Even  my  friend  from 

*^  As  an  abstract  proposition,  I  hold  that  un-  Georgia,  whose  candid  exposition  of  the  argu- 

der  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  the  ments  on  his  side  of  the  question  has  struck 

whole  question  of  what  shall  be  a  legal  tender  me  with  such  force,  while  admitting  the  possi- 

for  debt  is  left  with  the  States,  and,  although  bility  that  the  effect  of  making  it  a  legal  tender 

gold  is  now  the  sole  standard  by  the  laws  of  would  be  appreciable,  failed,  I  think  utterly, 

Congress,  I  believe  that  any  State  has  the  per-  to  realize  the  full  force  of  this  effect.    Perhaps 

feet  right  now  to  declare  both  silver  and  gold  a  few  citations  will  refresh  the  minds  of  Sen- 

a  legal  tender  within  its  limits,  because  the  ators  on  that  subject,  and  show  that  the  im- 

Constitution  explicitly  provides  that  this  power  print  of  the  Government  investing  with  legal- 

shall  rest  with  the  States,  and  the  phraseology  tender  power  an  article  intrinsically  worthless 

of  the  Constitution  is  specific  and  conclusive,  has  in  the  history  of  more  than  one  nation 

It  does  not  say  *  gold  or  silver,'  but  ^  gold  and  stamped  it  with  an  absolute  intrinsic  valne 

silver,'  one  with  as  much  force  as  the  other,  equal  to  that  of  gold  itself.    Why,  sir,  look  at 

and  no  power  exists  legally  to  dissolve  this  the  French  currency,  where  three  thousand 

partnership  between  the  two  metals  which  millions  of  irredeemable  paper  was  issued  and 

has  been  created  by  the  Constitution  itself,  circulated  side  by  side  with  sold,  retaining  the 

the  fundamental  law  of  the  land.  same  value  up  to  the  close  of  the  war  and  even 

^^  It  is  said  that  at  the  time  these  bonds  were  down  to  the  present  time,  simply  because  it 

issued  after  the  demonetization  of  silver  in  was  full  legal  tender  for  all  dues  whether  pub- 

1878,  the  holder  had  the  right  to  expect  pay-  lie  or  private.    Contrast  this  with  our  green- 

ment  in  gold  because  silver  did  not  exist  at  back  currency,  with  promise  to  pay  and  limited 

that  time  as  coin.    I  will  come  to  the  discus-  legal  tender.    Did  not  the  Government  here 

sion  of  the  latter  part  of  the  proposition  as  to  propose  to  pay  the  greenback  in  coin  when  is- 

the  non-existence  of  silver  in  a  subsequent  por-  sued  ?    Do  they  not  stand  pledged  to  pay  it 

tion  of  the  remarks  I  expect  to  submit.    But  either  in  gold  or  silver  ?    And  yet  because  it 

no  creditor  has  a  right  at  any  time  to  claim  lacked  that  one  single  element  of  being  a  legal 

anything  more  than  is  specified  in  his  bond,  tender  for  all  purposes,  the  greenback  has  not 

Shylock  himself,  who  will  live  in  all  time  as  yet  appreciated  to  the  gold  standard.    I  would 

the  prototype  of  his  class,  demanded  liis  *  pound  call  your  attention  to  the  issue  under  the  laws 

of  fiesh'  because  it  was. so  *  nominated  in  the  of  1862  of  $60,000,000  of  legal-tender  certifi- 

bond.'    Tet  these  bondholders  claim  more  than  cates  or  demand  notes  which  were  made  legal 

their  bond  demands,  claim  something  not  spe-  tender  by  the  terms  of  the  law  for  all  pur- 

cified  in  the  bond,  claim  the  privilege  to  select,  poses ;  and  what  was  the  resnlt  in  that  case  ? 

of  two  alternative  coins  in  which  their  bond  It  was  that  those  notes  remained  at  par  all  the 

must  be  paid,  the  one  which  in  their  opinion  is  time  with  gold,  and  they  circulated  side  by 

most  valuable,  asserting  that  the  option  is  with  side  with  gold  all  the  time,  that  they  com- 

the  creditor  and  not  the  debtor.    It  is  a  well-  manded  a  premium  of  185  per  cent,  with  gold, 

known  principle  of  law  that  no  verbal  under-  simply  and  wholly  by  virtue  of  their  being 

standing  can  set  aside  the  written  words  of  a  made  a  full  legal  tender.    Long  antecedent  to 

contract.    When  a  written  contract  exists,  so  this  time  the  bills  which  were  issued  under  the 

far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  it  is  held  valid  act  of  July,  1861,  which  were  known  as  the 

in  every  court  of  justice.  full  legal  tenders,  were  of  par  value  with  gold 

"  We  next  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  all  tlie  time,  that  in  the  markets  of  the  world 

expediency  of  remonetizing  silver  and  making  they  commanded  the  price  of  gold,  and  as  gold 

it  an  unlimited  legal  tender,  as  is  proposed  by  went  up  to  10,  20,  100,  or  175  per  cent,  pre- 

this  bill.    But,  say  my  friends,  ^  Is  it  poHsible  mium,  those  notes  went  up,  step  by  step,  pari 

that  yon  can  favor  a  proposition  to  pay  a  dol-  poMu,    Why  was  it  ?    Not  because  of  the  sim- 

lar  worth  ninety  cents  in  lieu  of  a  dollar  worth  pie  promise  of  the  Government  to  pay  at  an 

one  hundred  cents  ? '    This  is  the  favorite  for-  unspecified  time  and  in  no  specified  eonmiodity, 

mula.     It  is  one  which  is  taking,  it  is  one  but  because  they  had  the  quality  of  being  full 

which  is  best  calculated  to  mislead  the  super-  legal  tender  for  all  obligations.    Unlimited  le- 

ficial  thinker;  consequently  we  find  aU  through  gfd  tender  in  any  commodity,  I  care  not  what 

the  country  the  demand,  *  Make  the  dollar  in  it  is,  gives  it  a  certain  and  positive  additional 

silver  equal  to  the  dollar  in  gold,  and  we  are  value.    That  is  seen  in  the  greenback,  which, 

for  it,  but  we  cannot  ae^ee  to  a  dollar  which  although  payable  in  coin  and  a  legal  tender 

is  worth  less  than  a  dollar  in  gold.'  except  for  customs  and  interest,  has  not  at- 

*^  My  friend  from  Connecticut  (Mr.  Eaton)  tained  the  value  in  the  market  of  full  legal- 

adds  another  point  to  that  argument  by  asking  tender  notes  because  it  is  not  a  legal  tendei 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  169 

for  tH  dues.     The  snbsidiarj  ooin  about  which  the  same  at  an^  United  States  ooina^  mint  or  assay 

so  maoh  has  been  said  has  demonstrated  the  office,  to  be  oomed  into  such  dollare  for  his  benefit, 

.jR^#  ^f  i^^^i  4'^^A^^  .^\i  ».^«A  /.i4v^i.i«>  an^  nt  ^po^  tlie  Same  terms  and  conditions  as  eold  bullion 

f^ffact  of  legal  tender  stall  more  clearly  and  nn-  u^'deposited  for  ooinajje  under  existing  livs. 

eqmvocally,    Bemg  a  legal  tender  for  a  limited  Sio.  2.  All  acts  and  partd  of  acts  in^nsistent  with 

amoont,  for  sams  of  $5,  it  is  yet  inyested  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  are  repealed, 

s  TicarioDs  ralne  which  it  would  not  otherwise  -,,             j       i.     *  ^i.    o      ^                 «  i 

po83e»  as  compared  with  silver  bullion  and  as  ,   The  amendments  of  the  Senate  were  as  fol- 

compared  with  the  trade  doUar ;  and  although  l^^J '  ^^/^.^^  ^^^  .^'^J^     contract,"  in  tlie  hrst 

ibe  bne  contains  420  grains  and  the  other  884  ^^}'P'^  ^i^}^^  o«,V^^^  c?^^^     provided  by  " 
sad  a  fraction. 
Utter  sells 

Betds  nothing  ^j ^-^  w- — 1..^«  ^ ^,.  - .       .  *,     x-  n      • 

the  immense  addition  to  the  valae  of  any  com-  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  following 

moditr  effected  by  makinfc  it  a  legal  tender..  And  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized 

*•  If  the  mere  promise  of  the  Government  to  *"d  directed  to  purchase,  from  time  to  time,  silver 

PIT  tod  the  additional  fact  of  being  made  a  bullion,  at  the  market  price  thereof,  not  less  than  two 

!-*•*  ji  •"^  ""*^'""""'  ^^  ^*  ^/«t"6      «««  »  milhou  dollars' worth  per  month,  nor  more  than  four 

iiauted  legal  tender  wiU  mvest  a  mere  piece  of  million  dollars'  worth  per  mouth,  and  cause  the  same 

m^  or  paper  with  a  value  which  now  approx-  to  be  coined  monthly,  as  fast  as  so  purchased,  into 

imstes  so  closely  to  that  of  gold,  how  can  it  "uch  dollars ;  and  a  sum  sufficient  to  carry  out  the 

W  urged  that  the  imprint  of  the  Government  foregoing  provision  of  this  sot  is  hereby  appropri- 

r...x«  •  »*^»oi  «k;^k  ;«  4^v»  A^«,«»«/x.<«;«i  ww,r^miA  ated  out  ot  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise 

Bjwm  a  metal  which  m  the  commercial  world  appropriated.    And  iny  gain  or  seigniorage  arising 

to-day,  without  sucn  stamp,  and  m  the  face  oi  from  this  coinage  shall  be  accounted  for  and  paid 

all  the  pernicious  and  adverse  legislation  of  intotheTreasury,  as  provided  under  existing  lawn, 

rbich  it  has  been  the  victim,  by  this  nation  relative  to  the  subsidiary  coinage :  Provided,  That 


lad  other  nations,  sells  now  at  eight  per  cent,  the  amount  of  money,  at  any  one  time,  invested  in 

•-  .    .  .^.  .,,    .     ^      -1.  Il^a  au  X  such  Silver  bullion,  exclusive  of  such  resulting  coin, 

di«»unt,  how  IS  it  possible  to  assert  that  that  bj^^U  not  exceed  $6,000,000 :  And  provide  fiiHher\ 

<»in  will  not  be  largely  appreciated  in  value  if  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  au- 


mjde  a  legnl  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and  thorise  the  payment  in  silver  of  certifloatea  of  de- 
private  f  Now,  as  my  friend  from  Oonnec-  P0«»*  issued  under  the  provisioos  of  section  254  of 
tieat  said  the  other  day,  *I  pause  for  a  re-  the  Revised  Statutes. 

^^•'                ,        ,                  ,      3  ^     ,  Also,  after  section  1  insert  the  following  ad- 

The  amendments  were   ordered  to  be  en.  ditional  sections : 

rroscsed,  and  the  bill  to  be  read  a  third  time.  ^  ^ ^      ,  ^  , , 

'  The  byi  was  read  the  third  time  by  its  title.  Sao.  2.  That  immediately  after  the  passage  of  this 

Tk    D  :j*»» /Mn^^- .  uTX.^  ^^^JLx^^  :»  ^«  act,  the  President  shall  mvite  the  governments  of 

The  Presiding  Officer :      The  question  is  on  ^Xx^  countries  composing  the  Latin  Union,  so  called, 

th«  passage  of  the  blU.  and  of  such  other  European  nations  as  he  may  deem 

The  resalt  was  announced,  as  follows:  advisable,  to  join  the  United  States  in  a  conteren'ce, 


DiTi*  of  ItUaoi}!,  Davis  of  West  Virgiriia,  Dennis;  io  be  held  at^siiJhpUoer in' Europe  o7ii  the'Uidted 

b^y,  Eaatis,  Ferry.  Garland,  Gordon,  Qrover,  States,  and  at  such  time  within  six  months,  as  may 

H-ref^rd,  Howe,  I ngal la,  Johnston,  Jones  of  Flon-  be  mutually  agreed  upon  by  the  executives  of  the 

ii.  Jones  of  Nevada,  Kellogg,  Kirk  wood,  McCrecry,  governments  joining  in  the  same,  whenever  the  gov- 

McD  >Q»ld,  McMillan.  Matthewa,  Maxev,  Mernmon,  emmen ta  so  invited,  or  any  three  of  them,  shall  have 

M >rfmn, Ogrleabj, Paddock,  Plumb, Saulsburv. baun-  signified  their  wiUingness  to  unite  in  the  same, 

^r*  sjpencer,  'Wier,  Thurman,  Voorhees,  WalUoe,  »rj,e  President  shall,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 

wmiofo,  WitherB--48.                                 ,  „,  .  consent  of  the  Senate,  appoint  three  commissioners, 

^  -^^T*"^^-^**^:  Anthony,  Bamum,  BayaM,  Blaine,  ^y,o  ghall  attend  such  conference  ou  behalf  of  the 

B*-r33ideChnniancy,Conkling,  Dawes,  Edrnurids,  United  States,  and  shall  report  the  doings  thereof 

H*  Kim,  Hj^,KeraanjAmar,McPherson.  Mitchell,  to  the  President,  who  shall  transmit  the  same  to 

Mmll,    Randolph,   BolUna,    Sargent,   Wadleigh,  Confjress. 

White — 21.               ,»    1      «.          TT     •     TTMi  -n  Said  commissioners  shall  each  receive  the  sum  of 

'^«^— MeMrs.  Butter,  Eaton,  Hams,  Uill,  Fat-  $2,500,  and  their  reasonable  expenses,  to  be  approved 

Scrion,  Banaom,  Sharon— 7.  by  the  Secretary  of  SUte ;  and  the  am<iunt  necessa- 
ry to  pay  such  compensation  and  expenses  is  hereby 

In  the  House,  on  February  21  st,  tbe  amend-  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not 

%?  K-iJ^^  ^"*^  were  considered.  ^talS^i^^rtTny bolder  of  the  coin  authoriaed  b, 

Ttie  bill  was  read,  as  foUows:  this  act  may  deposit  the  same  with  the  Treasurer  oi 

&  it  €matUi,  €te,.  That  there  shall  be  coined,  «t  nnyasHiHtant  treasurer  of  the  United  States,  in  sums 

'•t  leveral  fiiinta  of  the  United  States,  silver  dollars  "^J  le««  t^an  •]?'  and  receive  therefor  eertiftcates  of 

/t:^  weizht  of  4124  grains  troy  of  standard  silver,  »«'  less  than  $10  each  corresponding  with  the  de- 

•I  rroTided  ia  the  act  of  January  18, 1887,  on  which  nominations  of  the  United  States  notes.    The  coin 

»fei  i  be  the  devices  and  superscriptions  provided  by  deposited  for  or  representing  the  certificates  shall  be 

fui  act ;  which  coins,  together  with  all  silver  dof-  retained  in  the  Treasury  for  tlie  payment  of  the  same 

-I  heretofore  coined  by  the  United  States  of  like  <>"  demand.    Said  certificates  shall  be  receivable  for 

•.-/  t  «ni  tlneneas,  shall  be  a  legal  tender,  at  their  customs,  taxes,  and  all  public  dues,  and,  when  so 

ttRiinai  valne,  for  all  debU  and  dues,  public  and  woei^ed,  m«y  be  reissued. 

^>ite,  except  where  otherwise  provided  by  con-  .,                 ,  .,      ...,    .          j       *  « 

»^;  ^d  aa;  owner  of  sUver  buUion  may  deposit  -^Jso,  amend  tbe  title  to  read  as  follows: 


160  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

An  act  to  Authorise  the  coinage  of  the  Btandard  eil-  qnestiOD  at  this  late  day  of  the  session  whether 

ver  dollar  and  to  restore  its  legal-tender  character.  ^q  g^^  iq  take  this  bill  or  whether  a  determi- 

Mr.  Butler,  of  Massachusetts,  said :    ^*  I  pro-  nation  to  disagree  with  the  Senate  shall  defeat 

pose,  Mr.  Speaker,   with   the   leave  of   the  the  legislation  upon  this  subject. 
House,  to  give  the  reason  why  I  think  it  is  not        ^*  I  do  not  like  this  bilL    It  is  not  what  the 

well  to  concur  in  che  Senate  amendments.    I  country  expects.    But  I  am  in  favor  of  takiiig 

cannot  discuss  the  bill  in  five  minutes,  but  I  this  now  as  making  one  step  in  the  right  di- 

can  say  to  the  House  in  that  time  that  it  is  not  roction.    But  I  give  notice  here  and  now  that 

according  to  its  dignity,  not  according  to  the  this  war  shall  never  cease  so  long  as  I  have  a 

proprieties  of  legislation,  not  according  to  the  voice  in  this  Congress,  until  the  rights  of  the 

conduct  in  which  an  American  Congress  should  people  are  fully  restoreid,  and  the  silver  dollar 

carry  on  its  business,  to  pass  a  measure  of  this  shall  take  its  place  alongside  the  gold  dollar, 

importance  without  a  single  word  of  discus-  Meanwhile,  let  us  take  what  we  have,  and 

sion;   and  I  myself  would  endorse  a  veto  of  supplement  it  immediately  on  appropriation 

the  President  of  the  United  States  if  he  should  bills ;  and  if  we  cannot  do  that,  I  am  in  favor 

send  it  back  here  and  say,  '  This  House  origi-  of  issuing  paper  money  enough  to  stuff  down 

nated  it ;  they  have  not  given  me  one  word  to  the  bondholders  until  they  are  sick, 
direct  my  judgment  or  inform  my  conscience.'        '^  I  say  I  protest  against  this  bill  while  I  vote 

I  think  tiiat  we  should  do  what  we  do  like  for  it  under  that   protest.     I  want,  in  this 

men,  and  not  grab  at  what  may  be  given  to  us  House,  to  give  nutice  and  the  understanding  to 

at  the  other  end  of  the  Capitol  as  though  we  go  forth  that  this  is  no  compromise  and  no 

of  the  House,  which  originates  revenue  meas-  settlement.    It  is  not  what  the  country  expects 

nres  and  controls  the  appropriations  of  the  or  desires ;  but  we  vote  for  it  now  to  secure 

country,   are  to  take  what  they  send  us  as  what  we  can  at  this  time,  intending  to  continue 

though  it  were  a  good  gift  of  God,  without  a  the  necessary  legislation    hereafter.      If  we 

question.  amend  it  now  and  send  it  back  to  the  Senate, 

'^I  desire  to  have  this  measure  discussed,  and  they  discuss  it  three  or  four  months  longer, 
and  the  trouble  with  tlie  friends  of  the  bill —  as  they  might  do,  they  defeat  that  legislation, 
for  we  are  here  in  a  two-thirds  majority —  It  is  true  policy  to  take  this.  It  restores  the 
seems  to  be  we  shall  lose  it  if  we  discuss  it.  silver  dollar,  makes  it  a  legal  tender,  and  corn- 
Are  they  so  afraid  ?  Furthermore,  it  is  said  pels  the  coining  of  $2,000,000  a  month,  up  to 
we  are  to  take  this  or  nothing.  Why,  we  have  the  capacity  of  the  Mint.  I  say,  pass  the  bill 
this  bill  always  in  our  power.  We  can  amend  and  let  us  then  get  up  a  free-coinage  bill  and 
it  as  much  as  we  please ;  send  it  over  to  the  pass  that  also." 

other  end  of  the  Capitol,  where  our  friends        Mr.  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  said:  '*Mr.  Speaker, 

are  in  a  two-thirds  majority.    If  our  friends  nine  tenths  of  the  people  of  the  United  States 

think  at  any  time  the  bill  is  in  danger  we  can  demand  the  unlimited  coinage  of  the  old  silver 

recede  from  our  opposition  to  those  amend-  dollar  with  which  to  pay  their  debts  and  con- 

ments  and  then  take  this  bill  at  all  times.    But  duct  their  business.    They  demand,  in  short, 

under  the  circumstances,  I  pray,  gentlemen,  we  the  status  quo  of  silver  as  a  money  metal  from 

shall  not  show  such  fear  of  this  great  measure  the  foundation  of  the  Republic  down  to  the 

that  we  are  not  willing  to  declare  our  senti-  furtive  and  rascally  acts  of  demonetization  in 

ments  to  the  country  and  give  the  reasons  for  1873-^74.    They  are  entitled  to  have  that  de- 

the  faith  that  is  in  us.    For  one,  I  shall  ask  the  mand  heeded  by  their  representatives.     Tliis 

House,  whether  this  bill  passes  in  this  way  or  House  should  at  least  make  a  determined  effort 

another,  at  some  time  to  give  roe  an  oppor-  to  secure  it.    But  if,  in  a  faint,  half-hearted 

tunity  to  explain  to  my  constituents,  who  are  way,  we  accept  without  a  struggle  a  delusive 

not  clamoring  for  this  bill  by  any  manner  of  compromise— without  even  asking  a  committee 

means — to  explain  to  my  constituents  why  I  of  conference — we  will  wrong  ourselves  and 

vote  for  the  bill.    At  the  present  I  think  it  is  the  people.    By  standing  firmly  for  the  whole 

a  wrong  done  to  every  gentleraan  situated  as  I  right  we  will  get  it  now,  I  think;  and  if  we 

am,  or  otherwise,  if  he  has  not  had  that  privi-  fail,  a  tempest  of  popular  indignation,  which 

lege  and  never  has  had,  and,  if  the  President  no  officer  of  the  Government  can  withstand, 

signs  the  bill,  never  can  have  it."  will  right  the  wrong,  and  right  it  thoroughly. 

Mr.  Bland,  of  Missouri,  said :  "Mr.  Speaker,         "Mr.  Speaker,  see  how  the  Bland  bill  has 

in  the  Forty-fourth  Congress  I  had  the  honor  been  perverted  by  the  Senate  amendments  from 

as  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Mines  and  its  original  beneficent  purpose  and  effect.     Our 

Mining,  to  introduce  a  bill  similar  to  this  one.  bill  declared  unlimited  coinage  of  silver.     In 

That  bill  passed  this  House  and  went  to  the  Profesi^or  Linderman^s  testimony  before  the 

Senate;  but  the  Senate  did  not  even  give  it  a  Coinage  Committee,  he  says  that  with    our 

passing  notice.    At  this  session  this  bill  was  mints  open  we  would  get  fifteen  millions  a 

introduced  and  pai^sed  under  a  suspension  of  year  from  Mexico  and  three  millions   from 

the  rules  some  three  months  ago  and  went  to  South  America.    This,  added  to  our  own  pro- 

the  Senate,  and  they  have  been  debating  it  duct,  w^ould  enable  us  to  coin  silver  doUars  at 

there  ever  since  and  send   it    back  in  this  the  rate  of  about  sixty  millions  a  year.     This 

amended  and  mutilated  form.      It  is  now  a  would  call  for  a  reopening  of  the  New  Orleans 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  161 

• 

ind  Chiriottesyflle  mints  and  the  enlargement  As  I  have  not  been  permitted  to  say  anything 

of  the  ctpacitj  of  the  mints  now  coining ;  bat  on  this  question,  I  wish  to  ask  w&l  it  be  in 

the  expense  of  Booh  preparation  woaldbe  com-  order  for  me  to  say  I  approve  the  amendment 

pintirel/ trifling.    This  bill  shats  out  silver  offered    by  the  gentleman   from  Ohio  (Mr. 

{too  ibroad,  expels  from  our  shores  one  half  Eeifer)  f  '* 

oftiieprodnct  of  our  own  mines,  and  gives  us  The  Speaker  pro  tempore:  **  The  remark  of 
Mt  tf  entj-four  millions  a  year,  except  by  tlie  the  gentleman  is  not  in  order.    Does  the  gen- 
grK«  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  tleman  from  Georgia  yield  f  ^* 
ISA  inreterate  enemy  of  the  silver  dollar.  Mr.  Stephens,  of  Georgia:  '^I  prefer  the 
Hot  tbsnrd  is  the  pretense  of  restoring  silver  Senate  amendments  in  some  respects  to  the 
u&IefTil  tender  for  public  and  private  debts  original  bill.    I  did  not  like  the  free-coinage 
rbrii,  \}j  the  same  act,  we  perpetuate  a  de-  feature  in  the  original  bill.    The  amendment 
aooetization  of  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  metal  of  that  feature  I  approve.    The  other  amend- 
to  ptr  them  1    And  to  crown  the  absurdity  ments,  Mr.  Speaker,  I  do  not  like ;  but  not  a 
T(  make  a  large  and  indefinite  appropriation  single  one  of  them  is  of  such  a  character  that 
*ji  euble  the  President  to  select  and  send  a  I  would  forfeit  the  passage  of  the  bill  on  ao- 
romisaion  of  anti-silver  men  to  Europe  to  count  of  them — ^not  one. 
pip«kj  with  our  foreign  creditors  for  a  revo-  **  The  great  object  that  I  had  in  view,  and 
otioDof  even  tMs  smaU  concession  to  the  rights  that  I  think  the  migority  of  the  Uouse  had  in 
(if  the  people.  view,  is  accomplished  by  this  bill;  that  is,  the 
''Bat  these  are  not  all  the  repulsive  features  donble  standard  of  value  by  it  is  to  be  retetab- 
of  tbesd  amendments.    The  country  is  in  an  lished  in  this  country.    By  it  the  dollar  of  the 
tpQj  of  business  distress,  and  looks  for  some  fathers  is  restored.    By  it  silver  is  made  money. 
KJ«f  by  a  gradual  increase  of  the  currency.  That  is  the  great  object  I  had  in  view.    We 
Tk  HoQse  bill  authorized  not  only  unlimited  can  easily,  if  a  majority  of  this  House  shall 
epjuge,  bat  coinage  of  silver  bullion  owned  by  hereafter  think  wise  to  do  so,  supplement  the 
d^ns  for  immcKiiate  use  in  business.    This  bill  in  any  way  we  please.    I  shall  vote  for  all 
VJI  authorixes  no  coinage  except  for  the  Gov-  these  Senate  amendments,  lest  we  hazard  the 
nmeat   Two  millions  of  silver  bullion  per  great  important  principle  established  in  the 
£o3tti  are  to  be  bought  by  the  Secretary  of  bill.    I  shall  say  no  more,  but  now  ask  the 
tlie  Treasury,   How  will  he  buy  it?   There  are  previous  question.^' 

10  qirplus  revenues.    But  the  resumption  law  The  question  was  upon  concurring  in  the 

auborues  the  issue  of  bonds  to  prepare  for  re-  first  amendment  of  the  Senate,  to  strike  out  in 

sznptiou.    Under  that  law  only  can  he  make  line  12  of  the  first  section  the  words  **  provided 

&e  porchaae,  and  only  by  the  issue  of  bonds ;  by  "  and  insert  in  lieu  thereof  "  expressly  stip- 

^  saddling  the  people  with  at  least  two  mil-  ulated  in  the  contract " ;  so  that  it  will  read : 

feu  per  month  of  new  bonded  debt.    And  Which  ooins,  toRether  with  all  silver  dollars  hew-. 

vben  silver  bullion  is  so  bought  the  resump-  tofore  ooined  by  the  United  Statesof  like  weight  and 

tiM  Ml  under  which  he  will  issue  the  bonds  fineneae,  shall  be  a  lesal  tender  at  their  nominal 

J'7 't*'  **  'f''^^  nnjBt  be  hoard-  J^lf^^^,  ^Z^iTpi^\&^l!:  Z 

tuintbe  Treasury  for  the  redemption  of  green-  contract.                         r       /      r 

^'ii.  Thos  this  bill,  instead  of  giving  the  .,            ..                   ^        :,            j.  .  . 

people  more  currency,  gives  them  only  more  ,  ^'^^  qnestion  was  put;  and  on  a  division 

^eddebt.    Instead  of  being  a  biU  to  relieve  there  were--ayes  176,  no^  62. 

irtD  from  the  terrible  effects  of  contraction  ^  T**®  ^«^  amendment  of  the  Senate  was  to 

adre«niption,it  reSnforoes  the  resumption  f!^™^^^'*^  ^  «i^f  the  word  "contract"  m 

weaieand  encourages  its  promoters  to  stand  ^l^^^.^^  f^  t^®  first  section,  down  to  and  in- 

am  and  resist  aU  efforts  to  repeal  it.  dudmg  the  word  "  laws,"  as  follows  : 

"  We  are  told,  *  Get  this  mucn  now,  and  then  ^^^  '^J  owner  of  silver  bullion  may  deposit  the 

a  the  rest  by  a  new  bill'    Sir,  if  the  friends  •2??  '1 S^  PnUed  States  ooiuage  mint  or  assay 

Jti.^     I             r  xiL»            1  •        Z  "'7"**"  office,  to  be  coined  into  each  dollars  for  his  benefit, 

*Ji6  people  accept  this  as  a  triumph,  a  long  upon  the  same  terms  and  oonditiona  as  gold  bullion 

^^  OD  this  question  will  follow.     If  the  ene-  ia  deposited  for  coinage  under  existing  Uiws. 

^^of  lOver  will  not  remonetize  it  now,  when  a  ^a  4-^  ;«o/»,f ««  i;/»r.  ♦Ti ^.^/^^  .o  #^^ii^«r<, . 

&i*rf:U»  A«^*^.«^«»  ;-  .^^«»   — «ii  4.\.^J  A^  14.  And  to  insert  m  lieu  thereof  as  lollows : 

f  r<iar  excitement  is  great,  will  they  do  it  *    ,  ^.t.    «      ..       ^  ^i.   r«_           .       .i.    .    ^ 

•i^  it  has  been  allayed  by  a  vaunted  triumph  ?  ^°,4^®  SooretaTy  of  the  Trejwnry  «  authorised 

?.  «.   a.  *"~".?"*^2^  yj^  Twuuwu.  wiuuipu  I  ^^^  directed  to  purchase,  from  time  to  time,  silver 

ii,  w;  they  wiU  not  yield  another  mch  until  bullion,  at  the  tmirket  price  thereof,  not  leu  than 

«iuU  hare  been  demonstrated  by  sad  expe-  two  million  dollars'  worth  per  month,  nor  more  than 

*^^  that  the  amendments  to  this  bill  are  in  four  million  dollars'  worth  per  month,  and  cause  the 

i^U  fresh  triumph  of  the  wrong  over  the  fame  to  be  coined  monthly,  as  fast  as  so  purchased, 

tA-  nf  tk^  m^ni^  ..^»A.  ^^^^^^  ,v»^,xi^  into  such  dolkre ;  and  a  sum  somcient  to  carry  out 

'J:  ^I!r  ™^^®^  P®^®f  ^^®^       .  .P^P*?-  the  foregoing  provUions  of  this  act  is  hereby  appro- 

•-«a.  Jt  lue  masses  are  not  worn  out  m  their  pnated  out  of  any  money  In  the  Treasury  not  other- 

^%rles  to  control  their  own  Government,  a  wise  appropriated.    And  any  gain  or  seiffniorage 

1:4  fifiUtion  will  follow,  and  a  new  Oongress,  srieing  from  this  coinage  shall  be  accounted  for  and 

"Taof   guch  agitation,  secure  that  justice  pwd  into  the  Trewuiy,  as  provided  under  wdstinff 

ij*»\**«riuJ71/ "s^-JT-iui    A        •'ji  J  »»  1*^8  relative  to  the  subsidiary  coinage:  Provided. 

»^i  an  be  had  now  if  inflexibly  demwided."  That  the  amount  of  money,  at  inj  one  fime,  invested 

V.  browne :  ^*  I  nse  to  a  qneation  of  order,  in  snob  silver  bullion,  ezolusive  of  such  resulting 
You  xvni. — 11    A 


162  CONGRESS,  UKITED  STATEa 

ooiDjijhall  not  exceed  $6,000,000:  Andprfrndsd/ur-  coinage  of  silver  dollaw,  with  the  objectiona 

tMTy  That  nothing  in  thiB  act  shall  be  construed  to  ^f  tht\  PrA«iHAnf  oa  fnVnvira  • 

authorize  the  pavSient  in  sUver  of  oertifloatea  of  de-  ^^  ^^  rresiaent  as  loLowB . 

posit  issued  under  the  provisions  of  section  254  of  m  ax    rr          ^  t>           ^_j. 

the  Revised  Statutes.  ^^  '**  ^^^^  ^f  BtprtnnUiiwu  : 

Ti^/^  /,r.A<.«^;/^n  «r„-  ♦«i^««   ^^  ^^^^^^«  .  «  After  a  very  careful  consideration  of  the  House 

The  question  was  taken,  as  follows :  \,ii,  No.  1098,  entiUed  **  An  act  to  authorise  the  coin- 

TxAS— Messrs.  Aiken,  Aldrich,   Bacon,  Bag]ej,  age  of  the  standard  silver  dollar  and  to  restore  its 

John  H.  Baker,  William  H.  Baker,  Ballou,  Bannin}:,  legaUtender  character,"  I  feel  compelled  to  r«tum  it 


Calkins,  Camp,  Campbell,  Candler,  Caswell,  Claflin,  annual  message,  that  "neither  the  interests  of  the 

Alvoh  A.  Clark,  Clark  of  Missouri,  Bush  Clark,  Government  nor  of  tlie  people  of  the  United  States 

Clymer,  Cole,  Collins,  Conner,  Cook,  Covert,  Jacob  would  be  promoted  by  disparaging  silver  as  one  of 

D.  Cox,  Crapo,  Cravens,  Cummings,  Cutler,  Dan-  the  two  precious  metals  which  furnish  the  coinage 

ford,  Davidson,  Ilorace  Davis.  Joseph  J.  Davis,  of  the  world,  and  that  legislation  which  looka  to 

Deering,  Denison,  Dibrell,  Dickey,  Douglas,  Dun-  maintaining  the  volume  of  intrinsic  money  to  as  full 

nell,  Dwiffht,  Eames,  Eden,  Eickhoff,  Ellsworth,  a  measure  of  both  metals  as  their  relative  commer- 

Errett,  I.  r^ewton  Evans,  James  L.  Evans,  Field,  oial  values  will  permit  would  be  neither  unjust  nor 

Finley,  Fornev,  Fort,  Foster,  Freeman,  Frve,  Fuller,  inexpedient,*'  it  has  been  my  earnest  desire  to  con- 

Oarfleld,  Garth,  Gibson,  Glover,  Goode,  HaJe^  Hanna,  cur  with  Congress  in  the  adoption  of  such  measures 

Hardenbeigh,  Harmer,  Beigamin  W.  Hiurns,  Hart,  to  increase  the  silver  coinage  of  the  countnr  as  would 

Hartridge,  Haskell,  Hatcher,  Hayes.  Hazelton,  Hen-  oot  impur  the  obligation  of  contracts,  either  public 

dee,  Henderson,  Ueory,  Abram'S.  uewitt,  Hiscock,  or  private,  nor  injuriously^  affect  the  public  credit. 

Hubbell,  Hunter,  Hunton,  Humphrev,  Hungerford,  It  is  only  upon  the  conviction  tl:at  this  bill  does  not 

Ittner,  James,  Frank  Jones,  James  T.  Jones,  John  meet  these  essential  requirements  that  I  feel  it  my 

8.  Jones,  Jorgensen,  Joyce,  Eeifer,  Kelley.  Eeuna,  dutv  to  withhold  fh)m  it  my  approval. 

Ketcham,  KiUinger,  Knapp,  Landers,  Lapham,  La-  My  present  official  dut^  as  to  this  bill  permits  only 

throp,  Leonard,  Ligon,  Lindsey,  Loring.  Mackey,  an  attention  to  the  specific  objections  to  its  passage 

Marsh,  Martin,  McCook,  McGowan,  MoSmley.  Mo-  which  seem  to  me  so  important  as  to  Justify  me  in 

Mahon,  Metcalfe,  Mitchell,  Mone^,  Monroe,  Morri-  asking  fh>m  the  wisdom  and  dutv  of  Congress  that 

son,  Neal,  Norcross,  Oliver.  O'Neill,  Overton,  Page,  Airtber  consideration  of  the  bill  ror  which  the  Con- 

G.  W.  Patterson,  Peddle,  Phillips,  Phelps,  Pollard,  stitution  has,  in  such  cases,  provided. 

Potter.  Pound,  Powers,  Frioe,  Pligli  J^uinn,  Bainey,  The  bill  provides  for  the  coinage  of  silver  dollars 

Bandolph,  Reed,  Beilly,  W.  W.  Bice,  Boberts,  George  of  the  weight  of  4121  grains  each,  of  standard  silver. 

D.  Bobmson,  Milton  8.  Bobinson,Boss,Byan,Samp-  to  be  a  legal  tender  at  their  nominal  value  for  all 

son,  Sapp,  Sadler,  Schleicher,  Sexton,  ShsJlenoerger,  debts  and  dues,  nublic  and  private,  except  where 

Singleton,  Smnickson,   Smalls,   Southard,   Stariri,  otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the  coniract.    It 

Btenger,  Stephens,  Stewart,  John  W.  Stone,  Joseph  is  well  known  that  the  market  value  of  that  number 

C.  Stone,   Strait,  Thompson,  Thombuigh,  Amos  of  grains  of  standard  silver  during  the  past  year  has 

Townsend,  M.  I.  Townsend,B.  W.  Townshend,  been  fi-om  ninety  to  ninety-two  cents  as  compared 

Tucker,  Tumey,  Van  Vorhes/Waddell^ait,  Walk-  with  tha  sUndard  gold  dollar.     Thus  the  silver 

er.  Walsh,  Ward,  Warner,  Watson,  Welch,  Harry  dollar,  authorixed  by  this  bill,  is  worth  8  to  10  per 

White,  Michael  D.  White,  A.  S.  Williams,  Andrew  cent,  less  than  it  purports  to  be  worth,  and  is  made 

Williams,  C.  G.  Williams,  James  Williams,  Jere.  N.  a  Idgal  tender  for  debts  contracted  when  the  law  did 

Williams,  Bichard  Williams,  Willits,  Wilson,  Wren,  not  recognixe  such  coins  as  lawltd  money. 

Wright,  xeates— 208.  The  right  to  pay  duties  in  silver  or  in  certificates 

Nats— Messrs.  Acklen,  Atkins,  Bell.  Blackburn,  ^or  silver  deposits  will,  when  they  are  issued  in  suf- 

Bliss,  Blount,  Boone,  Bouck,  Bragg,  Bright,  Brog-  ficient  amount  to  circulate,  put  an  end  to  the  receipt 

den,  Butler,  John  W.  Caldwell,  Cannon,  Carliale,  of  revenue  Ic  gold,  and  thus  compel  the  payment  of 

Chalmers,  Chittenden,  Clarke  of  Kentucky,  Cobb,  silver  for  both  the  principal  and  interest  ol  the  pub- 


Manning,  McKenzie,  Mills,  Morgan.  Morse,  Mul«  randed  debt  has  been  issued  since  February,  1878, 

drow.  Muller.  T.  M.  Patterson,  Prldemore,  Bea,  when  gold  alone  was  the  coin  for  which  the  bonds 

Beagan,  Biddle,  Bobbins,  Bobertson,  Scales,  Shel-  were  sold^  and  gold  alone  was  the  coin  in  which 

ley,  Slemons,  Sparks,  Springer,  Steele,  Throckmor-  both  parties  to  the  contract  understood  that  the 

ton,Tumer.  Vance,  Veeder,Whitthome,Wigginton,  bonds  would  be  paid.     These  bonds  entered  int4> 

Albert  S.  Willis,  Wood— 72.  the  markets  of  the  world.    They  were  paid  for  in 

Not  Vornro — Messrs.  Banks,  Bridges,  W.    P.  gold  when  silver  had  greatly  depreciated,  and  when 

Caldwell,    Durham,    Felton,   Gardner,   Keightley,  no  one  would  have  bought  them  if  it  had  been  nn- 

Lockwood,  Mfliflh,  Mavham,  Americus  V.  Bioe,  A.  derstood  that  they  would  be  paid  in  silver.    The 

Herr  Smith,  William  £.'  Smith,  Swann,  Tipton,  Ben-  sum  of  $225,000^000  of  these  bonds  has  been  sold 

jamin  A.  Willis,  Young — 17.  during  my  administration  for  ffold  coin,  and  the 

^      ,               J        X                    1  United  States  received  the  benefit  of  tliese  sales  by 

DO  the  amendment  was  agreed  to.  a  reduction  of  the  rate  of  interest  to  four  per  cent. 

The  next  amendment  was  to  insert  as  a  new  During  the  progress  of  these  sales  a  doubt  was  sug- 

section  the  invitation  to  European   govern-  psted  aa  to  the  coin  in  whioh  payment  of  these 

ments ;  which  w«  concurred  fn-ye«  196,  r'tUr^n'"„"h'o5.,d^«  w '.""CrSt: 

nays  71 .   1  he  other  amendments  of  the  Senate  anticipated  that  any  future  legislation  of  Congress 

were  then  concurred  in.  or  anv  action  of  any  department  of  the  Government 

would  sanction  or  tolerate  the  redemption  of  the 

T«  ♦!»/%  g»»a4>a  ^«  TT^v-^— «  oQ*i»   ♦i.^  "D-^^*  principal  of  these  bonds,  or  the  payment  of  the  in- 

In  the  Senate,  on  February  28th,  the  Presi-  terest  thereon,  in  coin  of  less  vSue  than  the  coin 

dent  pro  tempore  presented  the  bill  for  the  authorized  by  law  at  the  time  of  the  iaaue  of  tha 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  163 

^73<k  beiDsr  the  ooin  exaoted  bj  the  Government  Toted  in  its  favor,  the  bill  has  pfissed  and  be- 
in  eicluinj^  for  the  same."  come  a  law." 

Iq  Tiew  of  these  fmota  it  will  be  lastly  regarded  as 

tgnj6  breach  of  the  public  faith  to  undertake  to  ,   ^     . ,               j      .    x-l    tt            ^x           j- 

pay  tbeae  bends,  principal  or  interest,  in  silver  coin  ^n  the  same  day  in  the  Uonse,  alter  reading 

wtiitb  in  the  market  less  than  the  coin  received  for  the  message,  the  Speaker  said :  ^^  The  question 

tbeaL   It  is  said  that  the  silver  dollar  made  a  le^al  before  the  House  is,  *  Will  the  Honse  on  re- 

"l^'ml^  to^hJ*"old'^dollar''^SSn'*°  ^  ortera  consideration  agree  to  pass  the  bill  ? ' " 

Jf Tb/biirMieve  thif,'*and  woSd  not  ja8*SF/an  I"  ^^'  Stephens,  of  Georgia:     "  Upon  that  1 

teTipt  to  pay  debts,  either  public  or  private,  in  coin  move  the  previous  question." 

of  ioftfiior  value  to  the  money  of  tae  world.    The  The  previous  question  was  seconded  and  the 

o^iMl  defeot  of  the  bill  is  that  it  contains  no  pro-  main  question  ordered. 

rt^^a  proteedng  from  its  operation  preexisting  debts  The  question  was  taken,  as  follows : 

n  oa^e  the  coinage  which  it  creates  shall  continue  to  ^  »it**.o«»v*»  »» w  i/»<^vu,  w  avuvttd 

benf  leM  value  than  that  w<iich  was  the  sole  legal  Tbas — Messrs.  Aiken,  Aldrioh,  Atkins,  John  H. 

loafer  wheu  they  were  contracted.    If  it  is  now  Baker,  Banning,  Bavne,  Bell,  Benedict,  Bicknell, 


cKinigrciai  value  thjin  any  dollar,  whether  of  gold  ler,  John  W.  Caldwell,  W.  P.  Calawell,  Calkins, 

9rptp«r,  which  is  now  lawful  money  in  this  ooun-  Candler,  Cannon.  Carlisle,  Caswell,  Chalmers,  Clark 

:rT,ftadh  measore,  it  will  hardly  be  questioned,  will,  of  Missouri,  Busn  Clark,  Clarke  of  Kentucky,  Cly- 

iatiiejadgtnentormankind,  be  an  actofbad  faith,  mer,  Cobb,  Cole,  Conger,  Cook,  Jaoob   1>.  Cos, 

liV>sU(tebts  heretofore  contracted,  the  silver  dol-  Samuel  S.  Cox.  Cravens,   Crittenden,   Culberson, 

Wsboald  be  made  a  legal  tender  only  at  its  market  Cummings,  Cutler,  Danford.  Davidson.  Joseph  J. 

n^'oe.  The  standard  of  value  should  not  be  changed  Davis,  Deering,  Dibrell,  Dickey,  Dunnell,  Durham, 

vubooft  the  eonsent  of  both  parties  to  the  contract.  Eden,  Elam,  £llis,  Errett,  James  L.  Evans,  John  H. 

Sidioal  promises  should  be  kept  with  unflinching  Evins.  Ewing,  Felton,  Fiale^.  Forney,  Fort,  Foster, 

iieUtr.    There  is  no  power  to  compel  a  nation  to  Franklin.  Fuller,  Garth,  Giadings,  Glover^  Goode, 

Ptriujastdebu.    Its  credit  depends  on  its  honor.  Gunter,  Hamilton,  Hanna,  HenrvR.  Harris,  John 

Trie  nition  owes  what  it  has  led  or  allowed  its  credi-  T.  Harris,  ELarrison,  Hartridge,  Hartzell,  Haskell, 

tsn  to  expect.    I  cannot  approve  a  bill  which  in  ray  Hatcher,  Hayes,  Hazelton,  Henderson.  Henry,  Her- 

jj'iiaKnt  authorizes  the  violation  of  sacred  oblige-  bert,  G.  W.  Hewitt,  Hooker,  House,  Hubbell,  Hum- 

n}».   The  obligation  of  the  public  fiiith  transcends  phrey.  Hunter,  Hunton,  Ittner,  James  T.  Jones, 

l1  qoeitioas  of  profit  or  public  advantage.    Its  un-  John  S.  Jones,  Keightley,  Eelley,  Eenna,  Knapp, 

^Mitiooable  maintenance  is  the  dictate  as  well  of  Knott,  Landers,  Lathrop,  Ligon,  Luttroll,  Lynde, 

il'  highest  expediency  as  of  the  most  necessary  Mackey,  Manning,  Marsh,  Mayham,  McGowan,  Mo- 

iitr,  sad  should  ever  be  carefully  guarded  by  the  Kenzie.  McKinlev,  McMahon,  Metcalfe.  Mills,  Mlt- 

£t^:3tive,  by  Congress,  and  by  the  people.  chell.  Money,  Monroe,   Morgan,   Mulorow,   ffeal, 

It  is  my  firm  ooavietion  that  if  the  country  is  to  Oliver,  Pa^e^  G.  W.  ratterson,  T.  M.  Patterson, 


c-rditors,  bat  all  who  are  engajB^d  in  legitimate  Sexton,  Snallenberger,  Bhelwy,  singleton,  Blemons, 

bo^iaess,  and  none  more  surely  tmm  those  who  are  Smalls,  William  E.  Smith,  Sparks,  Springer,  Steele, 

iependeat  on   their   daily  Isbor   for  their   daily  Stephens,  John  W.  Stone,  Joseph  C.  Stone,  Strait, 

b«nl                                              B.  B.  HAYES.  Thompson,   Thomburffh,   Throckmorton,   Tipton, 

£xsemvB  Ma^tsiow,  February  28, 1878.  Amos  Townsend,  M.  I.  Townsend,  B.  W.  Towns- 

hend.  Tucker,  Turner,  Tumey,  Vance,  Van  Vorhee, 

The  President  pwftjffMwwtf;     "The  question  jy.«^«^e}l%,W^lF«''i  ^"^^h    welch.  Harry  White, 

IfcSwretary  wiU  call  the  roll.  bert  8.  Willis,    Willits,   Wilson,  Wren,  Wright, 

The  Secretary  proceeded  to  call  the  roll.  Yeates,  and  Younflr— 196. 

The  result  was  announced  as  follows :  Nats— Messrs.  bacon.  Barley,  William  H.  Baker, 

_        ..            .  „.         n  .«       n    .    -n         y,.    -  Ballon,  Banks,  Beebe,  Bisbee,  Blair,  Bliss,  BriiPflrs, 

TiAS-MeMTB.  Allison,  Bailev,  Beck.  Bruce,  Chaf-  Csin,  Camp,  Campbell,  Chittenden,  Claflin,  Covert, 

KC^krell.  Coke,  Conover,  Davis  of  Ilhnow,  Da-  Orapo,   Horace   Davis,   Denison,  Dwi^jht,  Eames, 

ni  y  West  Virginia.  Dennis,  Dorsey^Eustis.  Feny,  Eiokhoff,    Ellsworth.   Field,  Freeman,  F rye,  Gar- 

x^-lmd,  Qordoji,  Grover,  Hams,  Hereford,  Hill,  field,  Gibson,  Hsle,  Hardonbergh,  Harmer,  Bern.  W. 

k'^a.  lDg»Il»,  Johnston,  Joom  of  Florida,  -Jones  of  Harris,  Hart,  Hendee,  A.  8.  Hewitt,  Hiscock,  llun- 

u\i^  Keljogfir,  Kirkwood,  MoCreery,  McDonald,  gerfbrd,  James,  Frank  Jones,  JoyceV  Ketcham,  Lap- 

M^VLilan,   Matthews,  Maxey,Merriraon,   Morgan,  Eam,  Lmdsey,  Lockwood,  Lorinsr,  McCook,  Morse, 

'  '"^'^'J^'f^^J^^  Plumb,  Saulsbury,  Saunders,  Muller,  Norcross,  O'Neill,  Overton,  Potter,  Powers, 

--i-?rr.  Teller,  Thurman,  Voorhees,  Wallace,  Wm-  pugh,  feeed,  William  W.  Rice,  GeorRC  D.  Robinson, 

■:  3,  md  With«rs--46.                   ^    ^,  .        „    ,  Boss,  Schleicher,  Sinniokson,  A.  Herr  SmithiStarin, 

•  tJ*"^!**"-  ^»™a™»  5r»y*r?'  Blame,  Butler,  Btenger,  Stewart,  Veeder,  Ward,  Werner JVatson, 

•  -^^^ngv  ^f^**'  ^^^"v  ^?^VP'  ^P^'a  Kenian,  a.  8.  Williams,  Andrew  WUliams,  James  Williama, 

Liw,  IfcPherson,   Mitchell,   MorrUl,  Randolph,  Benj.  A.  Willis,  and  Wood— 78. 

.as  Sar^nt,  Wadleiffh,  and  Whyte-19.  ifoT  VoTW<>~Mes8rs.  Aeklen,  Cabell,  Alvah  A. 


The  President  pro  tempore :  "  On  the  pas-  The  Speaker :  "  Two  thirds  having  voted 
t&2e  of  the  bill  the  yeas  are  46  and  the  nays  for  the  passage  of  this  bill  upon  its  recon- 
Kt  19.    Two  thirda  of   the  Senate  having    sideration,  the  bill  is  passed,  the  objections 


164  OONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES, 

of  the  Preaidoit 


ing." 


to  the  contrary  notwithstand-  be«,  Bland,  Bli»s,BrenUno,  Brewer,  Bright,  Butter, 

Calkins,  Carlisle,  Clark  of  Mitsoun.  Coluns^amuel 

—  8.  Cox,  Joseph  J.  Davis,  Deniaon,  Dickey,  Dwigbt, 

_     ^-      __                   .      .,  _ -^,     -  _     X*     .      -  Ellis,  Ellsworth,  I.  Newton  Evans,  Jamea  L.  Evans, 

In  the  House,  on  April  29th,  Mr.  fort,  or  John  H.  Evins,  Freeman,  Gause,  Goode.  Harmer, 

niinois,  moved  to  siupend  the  rules  and  pass  a  Benjamin W.  Harris.  Harrison,  Hart,  Henkle,  Henrr, 

bill  to  forbid    "      "     "                            '    '  **        "  "      '    '^    *      -  ..  „  r 

United  States 

The  biU  _  _ 

and  after  the  passage  of  the  act  it  shall  not  be  BkidTe,'  BobertsI  Boss,  Soides,"  Schleicher,' Sexton j 

lawfiil  for  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  or  Shalleuberger,  Starin,  Stewart,  Throckmorton,  M. 

other  officer  under  him  to  cancel  or  retire  any  L'^i*?' n^^S-"*'*  ^°5'  '^^^Iv^  ^?^^^%rTf^^^^* 

.»^.^  ^f  4-\.^  TT«U/^  flfoi-Afl  i^««i  i-^w^A^^  n/xf.^a  WaddoU,  Wait,  W atson,  W hittbome,  A.  S.  Williams, 

moreof  theUmted  States  legal-tender  notes,  Andrew  *  WiUiluns,  Jaiiea  WUlianii,  Yeatea,  anJ 

and  that  when  any  of  said  notes  may  be  re-  Toung^77. 

deemed  or  be  received  into  the  Treasury  under  g^  ,^^;  ^.^  ^^^^    1^  f^^^^  thereof)  the 
any  law  from  imy  wuroe  whatever  and  shall  ^^  ^^^^  suspended,  wid  the  bill  was  passed, 
belong  to  the  United  States,  they  shall  not  be  r          »                            r 
retired,  canceled,  or  destroyed,  but  they  shall  xhe  Senate,  on  May  28th,  resumed  the  con- 
be  reissued  and  pwd  out  agam  and  kept  in  gideration  of  the  biU  to  forbid  the  further  re- 
circulation, provided  that  nothing  therem  shall  tirement  of  legal-tender  notes, 
prohibit  the  cancelUtion  and  destruction  of  ^^  Bayaid,  of  Delaware,  said :  '*  I  offer  the 
mutilated  notes  and  the  issue  of  other  notes  following  amendment:  After  the  word  *cir- 
of  like  denominations  m  their  stead,  as  now  oulation,^ in  line  10,  insert: 
provided  by  law,  and  that  all  acts  and  parts  of  ^^^  ^hat  the  said  note.,  when  so  issaed, 
acts  m  conflict  with  the  act  are  hereby  re-  .hall  be  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the  United  Statea, 
pealed.  except  duties  on  imports,  and  not  to  be  otberwiae  a 
The  question  recurred  upon  ordering  the  legal  tender;  and  any  reorint  of  the  said  notes  shall 
yeas  and  nays,  and  there  were  68  in  the  affir-  ^^^  ^^  superscripuon.'^ 
mative.    So  the  yeas  and  nays  were  ordered.  The  Presiding  Officer :   "  The  question  is  on 
The  question  was  taken,  as  follows :  the  amendment  of  the  Senator  from  Delaware-^' 
v        iLM          AVI       A.V       Aijj  V    A*w  Mr.  Bayard :"  Mr.  President,  it  will  be  ob- 

dtot,  BieknaU  .Btaokbdiii,  Bloint,  Boone,  feoock,  Treaeury  notes  of  the  Umted  States  is  by  this 

1X<w<4      Umamm     IXviMoAa      nm^^A^w%       ItvM^HimA      11iiAlr«%A*  Kill     OTif llA1*19A<1       afV^f*   fllAV    ^  ahall     TiaVA   K^/trkYTIA 


uaiaweii,  w .  r.  uawweu.  i>'«npi>eii,  uwoier.  i.  an-  j  nnderetand  that  they  shall  have  been  paid  by 

non,  Caswell,  CbaUuers,  Alvah  A.  Clark,  Rush  Clark,  . ,  ^  tt«u*w1  a^..^^^.. .  ^i/a  t  ^^A^^^^r>A  ^u^^^^^JL 

Clarke  of  xintuoky,  dlymer,  Cobb,  dole.  Conger  *!»?  ^^J^  States ;  and  I  undewtand  the  propo- 

Cook,JaoobD.CoxJjravena,  Crittenden,  Culberson,  Bition  is  now  deliberately  made,  m  a  time  of 

Ciimminga,  Cutler,  I)anford,  Davidson,  Bean,  Deer-  profound  peace,  in  the  presence  of  no  emer- 

ing,Dibreli,Donfflas,Dannell,Durbain|£den,£lam,  gency,  unaer  no  stress  whatever  of  political 

Ounter,  dale,  HioiUon,  H^nna,  HWenbe?gh,  Heniy  of  the  United  States,  not  only  to  issue  the  notes 

B.  Harris,  John  T.  Harris,  Hartridge,  Hartaell,  Has-  of  the  Government  upon  the  credit  of  the  Go v- 

kelhHatoher,  H^es,Haselton.  Henderson,  Herbert,  ernment,  but  to  accompany  them  with  a  com- 

G.  w.  Hewitt,  Mouse,  Humpbrey,  Hunter,  Ittner,  pulgory  clause  that  they  shall  be  receivable  in 

throp,Ligoni  i-ockwood,  LuttreU,  Lynde,  Mackoy,  other  and  third  parties. 

Maish,  Manning,  Marsh,  Martin,  Mayham.  MoGow-        *^  I  have  proposed  by  the  amendment  I  offer 

an,  MoKenrie*  MoKinle^,  McMahon,  Metoalfe,  MUls,  that  these  notes  are  to  be  receivable  for  public 

Mitchell,  Morgan.  Mornwn,  MuldrowJJeal,  Oliver,  jues  of  the  Government.    That  fact  being 

S:  ?X^fpT4'^^r  hS^^^^^^^  L^n^SJS:  tnown,  the  party  who  contracts  with  the  Gov^- 

Bea,  Reagan,  Americus  v.  Rioe,  Bobbins,  Bobertson,  ernment  wiU  arrange  his  prices  aocordmgly, 

M.B.Bobinson,  Byan,  Sampson,  Sapp^Sayler.Shel-  aud  if  the  notes  be  worth  par  or  more  than 

ley,  Sinffleton,  Slemons,  Smalls,  T^illiam  E.  Smith,  par  he  will  perform  his  services  upon  that  cal- 

W^o^^tt  g!^tt:ISri%'i2^n:^^^^^^  f-^on,  fo  one  will  be  ^eceiv^^^^^^^ 

son,  ThorJiburgL  Tipton,  Imos  Townsend,  B.  ^.  »>e  wronged,  and  every  one  wiU  have  an  inter- 

Townshend,  Tucker,  Vance,  Walker,  Walsh,  Warn-  est  that  the  Government  credit  shall  be  as  high 

er,  Welch,  Harry  White,  Michael  D.  White,  Wig-  as  the  credit  of  any  other  party,  public  or  pri- 

KJ°f?o»  ^:„9/  ^.!'*™*v./*"-No^'^?^?^',A-  ^'  vate.    But  I  have  excluded  the  payment  of 

^^'iyZ^':::r:!'^.:^iZ^I"^l^-4i^r,  dnde.  upon  in-porU  in  the  mendment.     I 

Briggs,  Camp,  Chittenden,  Claflin,  Covert,  Crapo,  know  that  there  is  a  proposition  before  the 

Horace  Dairis,  Eames,  Eickhoff,  Fiye,  Garfield,  Gib-  Senate  that  the  duties  on  imports  shall  be  made 

son,  Hendee,Hiscock,  Hungerford,  Joyce,  Ketcham,  payable  in  Treasury  notes.    When  the  Gov- 

Lapham,  Loring,  BJpnroe,  l^oroross,  iPotter,  Pugh,  ernment  of  the  United  States  issued  these  notes 

William  W.  Rice,  G.  D.  Bobinson.  Sinnickson,  A.  »     iq«„  .^ ^«„«*^>i  „  i«™  „,i.;«k  k«« -«•«««-» ^>i 

Herr  Smith,  Stenger,  Ward,  Richard  Williams,  Benj.  »»  1862  they  enacted  a  law  which  has  remained 

A.  Willis,  and  WoocU^S.  unrepealed  upon  the  statute  book  from  that 

Not  Votihq— Messrs.  Bagley,  Ballon,  Banks,  Bis-  day  to  this,  and  which  of  its  own  force  has 


OONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  165 

estered  into  erery  oontmot  which  the  Got-  longer  having  a  rapplj  of  ooin  from  its  ons- 

enuDent  has  made  in  the  sale  of  its  bonds  from  toma  duties,  will  be  compelled  to  purchase  it — 

1S62  to  the  present  day.     By  the  fifth  section  and  at  what  premiam  cannot  now  be  foretold, 

of  the  act  of  1862  it  was  provided :  *^  I  cannot  see  any  good  reason  for  it.    If 

Tbit  lU  duties  on  imported  goods  shall  be  paid  ^®  notes  were  below  par,  and  you  sought  to 

m  «»D,  or  ii)  ootes  payable  on  demand  heretofore  advance  them  to  par  by  giving  tnem  tnis  new 

wtMrizedtobeiaaoed  andbylawreoeiTableinpay-  function  and  use  at  the  custom-house,  there 

Ettt  aC  pabUp  duea,  and  the  ooin  bo  paid  thfUlJ^  »d  would  be  at  least  that  reason  for  it ;  but  the 

^^a»a^i^/und  ^^^^•^m^'lff'i^  notes  are  at  par ;  they  are  not  only  at  par,  but 

1.  To  tiie  payment  in  oom  of  the  interest  on  the  .i,          ^        Av  -L>.      *.    a      i    i,\.    ^    \    2     m 

txidi  and  Dotei  of  the  United  State*.  ^^^^  "*?  ^®?^  "^^^^ ^^^^^^  *^  .^®  markets  of 

1  To  the  parchase  or  payment  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  Umted  States  than  a  portion  of  the  our- 

tae  entire  debt  of  the  United  States,  to  be  made  renoy,  the  coin  of  silver  which  has  been  created 

•iikui  eaeh  fiscal  year  ^r  the  1st  dayof  July,  1862,  a  standard  of  value  and  stamped  with  the  name 

-i.ch  11  to  b«  Mt  apart  as  a  smkmg  ftand  and  the  of  American  doDars.    My  friend  from  Missouri 

iiUercst  of  which  shall  in  hke  manner  be  applied  to  ,xr^^  ^T      "            ./  .      "             .Tt       ,  t 

ta«  parchase  or  payment  of  the  public  debt  as  the  (Mr.  Armstrong)  says  it  is  at  par  with  gold, 

^^:rkary  of  the  'treasury  shall  from  time  to  time  and  worth  more  than  gold,  he  says.     Without 

^^ne^  questioning  his  statement,  I  only  would  say 

A  ^J?  ^y^?*  I^*^^  ^  ^  P*^^  ^*^  *^®  Treasury  ^^^  jf  he  ig  right  it  goes  to  strengthen  the  sug- 

rfUie  Umted  States.  ^^^^^^  j  j^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  jjp  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^ 

''A  few  years  ago,  when  the  duties  npon  paper,  as  my  friend  from  Missouri  says,  is 
iiiports  paid  in  gold  coin  very  far  exceeded  stronger  than  gold,  and  as  we  all  know  it  is 
t^d  imount  of  interest  on  the  public  debt,  I  just  now  more  valuable  than  silver  by  10  per 
proposed  by  way  of  relief  to  the  importer  and  cent.,  then  why  do  you  wish  to  give  it  an  in- 
M  A  matter  of  credit  to  the  United  States  notes,  creased  credit  by  what  plainly  to  my  mind  is  a 
tJut  s  percentage  of  those  duties  might  be  pay-  breach  of  the  contract  imder  which  every  bond 
it)d  in  the  demand  notes  of  the  Treasury ;  and  of  the  United  States  has  been  sold  since  the 
I  well  remember  that  no  one  was  louder  in  his  passage  of  the  act  of  1862  ?  I  cannot  there- 
erpnsslon  of  reprobation  of  what  he  called  fore  see  the  expediency,  I  cannot  see  the  right, 
t^Q  a  partial  exercise  of  bad  faith  than  the  1  cannot  see*  any  good  reason  whatever  for  the 
present  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  I  believed  payment  of  customs  duties  in  the  Treasury 
tiut  60  long  as  enough  coin  was  received  at  notes  of  the  United  States;  but  on  the  con- 
tte  eostom-hooaes  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  trary,  I  see  every  reason  of  morality,  of  justice, 
inMic  debt,  oar  pledge  in  incurring  that  debt  of  expediency,  in  every  light  in  which  the  sub- 
vas  fdlly  Mtaafieo.  Now  it  seems  from  some  ject  can  be  viewed,  that  we  should  continue, 
ea!i««  the  Secretary's  opinion  has  changed,  at  least  under  existing  laws,  that  source  of  sup- 
XlQd  has  not.  I  cannot  imagine  for  what  pur-  ply  of  coin  for  the  payment  of  interest  upon 
p4e  it  is  proposed  to  receive  the  Treasory  the  public  debt,  and  not  only  so,  but  for  the 
3jies  instead  of  ooin,  when  the  Treasury  notes  presence  of  coin  in  the  country,  which  the  con- 
tra i3  valuable  as  ooin.  The  duties  upon  im-  tinuance  of  duties  payable  in  coin  guarantees/' 
p>jru  of  the  United  States  have  always,  as  a  Mr.  Hill,  of  Georgia,  said  :  ^^  I  wish  now  to 
y^3sxec  of  fact,  been  paid  in  coin.  It  forms  say  that  I  concur  in  everything  that  has  fallen 
the  only  sonroe  from  winch  under  present  laws  from  the  Senator  from  Delaware  (Mr.  Bayard) 
tU  United  States  receive  their  supply  of  coin  on  the  subject  of  the  power  of  Congress  to 
IB  rhieh  interest  on  their  debt  is  guaranteed  make  a  legal-tender  paper  money.  1  do  not 
to  be  paid.  believe  that  that  power  does  exist  under  the 

"  Th^  I  ask,  if  already  the  Treasury  note  Oonstitution  of  this  country.    I  have  always 

•^  at  per  with  ooin,  what  further  oredit  do  you  believed  that  it  did  not  exist,  even  under  the 

desire  for  it!    And  if  no  farther  credit  is  de-  war  power.    The  Supreme  Court  has  held  it 

ar^l  for  it,  it  having  reached  the  acme  of  a  to  be  constitutional  as  exercised  in  1862,  only 

^>I'  ralae,  why  do  you  take  from  the  public  nnder  the  war  power,  and  I  am  willing  to  rec- 

7t:ditor  and  from  the  Treasury  of  the  United  ognize  that  decision  of  the  Court  as  law  as  far 

|*^.3i«9  the  certain  fund  of  coin  that  will  enable  as  it  applies  to  the  present  legal-tender  cur- 

^  t<>  perform  with  certainty  its  contract  under  renoy ;  hut  I  can  never  under  any  circnm- 

*'  i:  laws  by  which  these  bonds  were  authorized  stances  subscribe  to  the  doctrine  as  an  original 

c^  issoed  ?   The  tariff  will  oontinue  in  some  proposition  that  the  Congreas  of  the  United 

^ifi«.    We  cannot,  and  never  will,  I  suppose.  States  does  have  power  to  make  paper  money 

^  : je  existence  of  the  present  generation,  be  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  private  debts. 

^-Sout  a  tariff  of  duties  upon  imports.    If  the  On  the  other  hsnd,  I  concur  with  what  seems 

«3iefl  are  paid  in  ooin,  it  is  a  certainty  to  the  to  be  the  real  purpose  of  this  bill  as  it  comes  to 

*?iitor  which  he  can  rely  npon«    Make  the  us  from  the  House.    I  see  no  necessity  myself 

^es  payable  in  Treasury  notes^  and  you  then  for  what  you  call  further  contraction.    I  am 

^^M  Qpon  him  the  risk,  the  possibility  of  as  good  a  hard-money  man,  to  use  a  common 

i^Tio^  a  suspension  of  specie  payment  by  the  phrase,  as  any  man  in  the  Senate  or  in  the 

^'<it«d  States,  and  of  being  paid  not  in  coin  country.    I  want  a  sound  currency,  and  I  do 

vt<inynjr  to  contract,  but  in  the  paper  money  not  believe  any  depreciated  money  is  sound 

tf  the  United  States.    The  Qovernment,  no  currency ;    nor  do  -I  believe  any  currency  is 


166  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

sorrnd  or  any  oountrj  is  soand  which  tolerates  Mr.  Blaine :  "  That  is,  as  fast  as  they  oome 
except  as  a  necessity  a  depreciated  paper  money,  in,  they  are  to  he  paid  oat." 
I  want  gold  and  silver  for  our  money.  I  be-  Mr.  Bayard:  *^  I  mean  this,  that  whenever  a 
lieve  Congress  has  power  to  coin  money.  I  be-  note  has  been  paid — ^in  other  words,  whenever 
lieve  that  the  word  *  coin '  means  metallic  the  Government  has  performed  the  promise  in 
money.  I  believe  we  have  no  right  to  make  regard  to  which  it  has  been  sixteen  years  in 
anything  else  but  metallic  money.  That  is  my  default,  and  after  it  has  once  paid  the  note- 
opinion.  Therefore  I  want  gold  and  silver  as  it  shall  not  be  reissued  with  the  legal-tender 
our  money.  I  want  the  gold  dollar  equal  to  clause  attached.  That  is  my  proposition.^' 
the  silver  dollar,  and  the  silver  dollar  equal  to  Mr.  Blaine :  *'  Then  the  Senator,  I  think, 
the  gold  dollar.  still  ftirther  muddles  the  currency,  becanse 

*^  I  am  perfectly  well  aware  that  in  the  pres-  those  notes  that  do  not  come  in  for  redemption 
ent  condition  of  this  conntry  gold  and  silver  will  still  be  a  legal  tender,  but  those  that  hap- 
alone  are  not  sufficient  to  constitute  its  cur-  pen  to  come  in  for  redemption  when  they  are 
rency,  and  that  we  must  have  a  paper  currency,  reissued  will  not  be  a  legal  tender ;  and  so  the 
and  I  insist  that  that  paper  currency  ought  to  Senator  from  Delaware  gives  us  two  kinds  of 
be  equal  to  gold  and  silver — ^that  is,  converti-  Government  paper." 

ble  into  gola  and  silver.  I  do  not  say  ^con-  Mr.  Bayard:  ^'If  the  Senator  will  read  the 
verted  into  gold  and  silver.^  I  have  no  re-  amendments,  he  will  find  that  the  notes  so  re- 
spect for  the  argument  which  undertakes  to  issued  shall  bear  a  superscription  which  will 
prove  that  paper  currency  cannot  be  equal  to  prevent  their  being  mistaken  for  legal-tender 
gold  and  silver  because  there  are  not  as  many  notes." 

gold  and  silver  dollars  in  the  country  as  there  Mr.  Blame :  "  I  am  not,  of  course,  trying  to 

may  be  paper  dollars.     Convertible,  in  my  misrepresent  the  Senator.    I  understand  him 

judgment,  means  that  it  shall  have  the  same  to  aim  at  this,  that  when  a  greenback  shall  go 

purchasing  power;  and  whenever  the  paper  into  the  Treasury  and  the  holder  of  it  receives 

currency  gets  to  the  point  where  it  is  equal  in  his  gold  or  silver  for  it,  the  Government  then 

purchasing  power  to  gold  and  sijver,  then  it  reissues  it,  and  reissues  it  with  the  legal-tender 

ought  to  remain  there.    In  my  judgment,  if  quality  stricken  out." 

we  make  this  legal-tender  money,  as  you  have  Mr.  Bayard :  '*  And  that  fact  shall  be  print- 
got  it  to-day,  receivable  in  the  payment  of  all  ed  on  it." 

public  dues,  it  will  be  equal  to  gold  and  silver  Mr.  Blaine :  "  And  that  fact  shall  be  printed 

with  all  the  people  of  America.    I  think  it  is  on  it,  of  course.    So,  then,  if  they  all  go  in  and 

the  only  thing  on  earth  that  prevents  it  now  all  go  out  again,  we  should  have  a  uniform  kind 

from  being  absolutely  equal  in  purchasing  pow-  of  paper  currency  issued  by  the  Government 

er  to  gold  and  silver.  which   would  have  the  legal-tender  quality 

"I  move  to  amend  the  amendment  of  the  struck  out;  but  if  one  half  go  in  and  only  one 
Senator  from  Delaware  by  striking  out  the  half  go  out,  we  should  have  then  two  kinds  of 
words  '  excepting  duties  on  imports,'  so  as  to  Government  paper,  still  further,  as  I  say,  mod- 
read  :  dling  the  currency  of  the  country.    Then  of 

iVoUfef,  That  the  Bud  notes  when  so  reiswed  course  the  Senator  will  obwrve  that  the  power 

shall  be  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the  United  States,  of  the  national  banks  to  redeem  tneir  notes,  as 

and  not  be  otherwise  a  legal  tender:  and  any  reprint  they  now  have  the  right  to  do,  in  the  legal- 

of  the  tNud  notes  shall  bear  this  superacription.'*  tender  paper  of  the  country,  is  by  that  much 

Mr.  Blaine,  of  Maine:  **Mr.  President,  the  restricted,  and  you  have  thrown  them  back  in- 

proposition  of  the  Senator  from  Delaware,  to   'confusion  worse  confounded,'  because  I 

even  without  the  suggested  amendment  of  the  suppose  this  second  edition  of  paper  money 

Senator  from  Georgia,  is  a  very  radical  one.   It  would  not  be  of  the  kind  which  the  national 

would  work  an  extraordinary  change  in  the  banks  might  redeem  their  notes  in.    If  I  un- 

currency  of  the  United  Statea.    I  venture  to  derstand  the  Senator  from  Delaware  correctly, 

read  it  in  the  hearing  of  the  Senate:  ^^  would  not  consider  that  a  national  bank 

rru  *  *v      .J     *  '^^  discharging  its  obligation  as  it  would  be 

That  the  Bttd  notes-  ^^^^  ^^  handing  out  one  of  these  new  notes 

"  Referring  to  the  legal  tenders—  for  its  bill,  unless  he  adopts  the  novel  theory  of 

when  so  reissned,  shall  be  receivable  for  all  dues  of  the  Senator  from  Georgia,  that  the  very  mo- 

the  United  States,  exoeptinff  duties  on  imports,  aod  ment  you  take  the  legal  tender  out  of  the  note, 

not  be  otherwise  a  legal  tender.  ^j^^^.  moment  it  becomes  equal  to  gold." 

''  It  takes  $846,000,000  and  declares  right  oft  Mr.  Bayard :  '*  I  apprehend  that  resumption 

that  they  shall  not  from  that  day  forward  be  by  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  would  be 

considered  a  legal  tender  between  man  and  of  course  resumption  by  the  national  banks." 

man."  Mr.  Blaine:  *'AhI   that  may  be;  but  the 

Mr.  Bayard :  '^  Not  precisely  that.    The  Sen-  great  instrumentality  hitherto  relied  upon  for 

ator  will  see,  if  he  will  take  the  bill  before  the  resumption  by  the  national  banks  was  that  if 

Senate,  that  it  provides  for  the  reissue  of  the  the  Government  paper  was  brought  up  equal 

notes  when  the  same  shall  have  become  the  to  coin,  and  the  national  banks  only  had  the 

property  of  the  United  States."  obligation  they  now  have  to  redeem  in  the 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  167 

three  handred  and  odd  millions  of  legal  ten-  The  Presiding  Officer :  "  The  question  is  upon 

^rs,  they  maj  meet  their  oblimtion ;  bat  the  agreeing  to  the  amendment  of  the  Senator  from 

ameodment  of  the  Senator  from  Delaware  takes  Delaware  (Mr.  Bayard).  * ' 

iw&T  that  power  of  the  national  banks  to  re-  The  roll-call  having  been  concluded,  the  re- 

d«in.  suit  was  announced — yeas  18,  nays  42. 

^'The  Senator  from  Georgia  does  not  intend  The  bill  was  reported  to  the  Senate  without 

brhis  amendment  that  coin  shall  reach  the  amendment,  ordered  to  a  third  reading,  and 

frea^ary  of  the  United  States  in  any  way  read  the  third  time. 

wbiterer.    The  Senator  from  Delaware  does  The  Presiding  Officer  :  "  The  question  now 

nuke  a  reservation  that  duties  on  imports  shall  is  on  the  passage  of  the  bilL" 

oil  be  paid  in  coin.    Even  that  conservative  The  roU-oall  having  been  concluded,  the  re- 

eltose  the  Senator  from  Georgia  moves  to  strike  suit  was  announced  as  follows : 

u«t.  and  moves  then  to  put  us  upon  a  basis  of  Ykas— Mesan.  Alliaon,  Armstronff,  Bailey,  Beok, 

piper  money  in  which  the  United  States  no-  Blaine,  Cameron  of  Peunsylvania,  CttioeroD  of  Wis- 

Tliere  is  in  receipt  of  coin,  and  which  has  no  5?°"?.  Cockrell,  Coke,  Conover,  Davia  of  Illinoia, 

lu^•  .  «^  .^w  A^iT*^  \^^4>^^^  «v«»«  An<i  m«n      T  DenniB,  Ferry,  Gordon,  Grover,  Hiirrui,  Hereford, 

power  to  pay  debts  between  man  and  man.    I  jj.jj  i^gaUe/iohnaton/  Jones  o'f  Floridii,  Kellogg 

fionot  imagine  a  more  ingenious  contnvance  Kirkwood,  MoCreery,  McDonald,  McMillan,  ^fiS- 

ror  rendering  confusion  in  the  financial  world  thewa,  Mazey,  Merrimon,  Morgan,  OKlesby,  Pad- 

vurse  confounded  than  the  joint  amendments  dock,   Ranaom,  Saunders,  Spencer,  Teller,  Thur- 

ofthe  Senator  from  DeUware  and  the  Senator  «^^»  Voorheea, Wallace,  Window,  and  WitherB-41. 

>  ^  n^    .  Nats— Messrs.  Anthony,  Barnum,  Bayard,  Burn- 

iromUeorgia. „       , .        ^   ,             ^          ^  side,  Butler,  CbrUtiancy,  Conkling,  Eaton,  Hoar, 

"Undoubtedly  this  whole  question  of  re-  Howe,  Keman,  Mitchell,  Morrill,  Randolph,  EoUina, 

simption  has  been  radically  changed  by  the  Saulsbury,  Wi^eigh,  and  Whyte— 18. 

CiiMTO  of  the  sil  ver  dollar.    I  do  not  see  whence  ^^^bs  wtr-i-Messrs.  Booth,  Bruce,  Chaffee,  Davis  of 

b,  bc«o«ble  Senator  from  Vermont,  who«e  ^:^:^X^^lnU^o?^lult:i^^:t^^^ 

wmmittee  has  charge  of  the  biU,  derives  his  .on,  Patterson,  Plumb,  Sargent,  and  Sharon— 17. 

S*r  that  tiie  paper  money  of  the  United  States  q^  ^^^  ^^  ^^    ,^3^^^ 

H  going  below  the  silver  dollar.    The  Secre-  '^ 

Utt  of  the  Treasury  may  begin  resumption 

to-morrow  with  $10,000,000  in  silver,  in  my  In  the  House,  on  June  14th,  Mr.  Burohard.  of 

JBlrment,  witii  perfect  safety.''  Illinois,  offered  the  following  resolution  reiat- 

Mr.  Morrill :  "  On  the  proposition  of  not  re-  ing  to  the  Presidential  title : 

ceiring  it  for  duties,  I  shonla  have  stated."  Whereat^  At  thejoint  meeting  of  the  two  Houses  of 

Mr.  Blaine :  *'  Oh,  of  course,  on  the  propo-  the  Forty-fourth  Cfongress  convened  pursuant  to  law 

^itioa  not  to  receive  it  for  duties ;  but  let  it  *°5  **^«  ConstUution,  for  thepuroose  of  ascertaining 

•.^A  ^    •*  r-      -u-     _^*^  4    1        1 J  •««           A  and  counting  the  votes  lor  President  and  Vice-Presi- 

%iad  as  it  ifl.     My  vote  is  largely  mfluenced  ^ent  for  the  term  oommencini;  March  4, 1877,  upon 

br  the  fact  that  the  entire  financial  situation  of  oountmg  the  votea  Rutherford  B.  Hayen  was  de- 

the  eoontry  has  been  changed  by  the  introduo-  olared  to   be  elected  Preaideut    and  William  A. 

tJoo  of  the  silver  dollar.     No  man  pretends  Wheeler  was  declared  elected  Vice-President  for 

with  his  eres  open  that  the  silver  dollar  has  •-J^JJf^^;  ^^^IJ^^subsequent  Congress  and  nei- 

ie  value  of  the  gold  dollar.    No  man  pretends  ther  Houae  haa  jurisdiction  to  revise  the  action  at 

t::at  when  the  silver  dollar  begins  to  fill  the  such  joint  meeting,  and  any  attempt  by  either  House 

channels  of  circulation  the  Government  wiU  to  annul  or  disre^urd  such  action  or  the  title  to  ofSoe 

receive  any  gold  whatever  for  duties.    No  mah  ^^^^^  therefrom  would  be  revolutionary  and  is  dia- 

pretends  that  if  you  open  the  sub-treasury  to-  »PP«>^«d  by  this  House. 

ia;m)w  inNew  York  and  invite  every  holder  ^^'  Burchard:  /*I  call  for  the  yeas  and 

o/  a  legal-tender  note  to  go  and  get  silver  in  oaj^  on  the  resolution. 

exchange  for  it,  there  will  be  any  demand  for  The  question  was  taken,  as  follows : 

li»  silver.     You  cannot  do  that  with  gold.     I  Yeas— Messrs.  Aiken,  Aldrich,  Atkins,  Bacon, 

ii»«iM  «*▼   than   t£%  fnrmnlAtA  thfl  mAt^r  thuf  Bagley,  John  H.  Baker,  William  H.  Baker,  Banka, 

com  My,  tnen,  to  lormuiate  tne  matter,  tnat  ^^l^^     B^^n^    B^^lJ^    Bell,  Bicknell,  Bisbee, 

reninptton  in  silver  yon  have  got  plenty  of;  Blair,  Slount,  iouck.   Boyd,  Brentano,  Brewer,' 

rf«omption  in  gold  yon  have  not  half  enough.  Bridges,  Brif^trs.  Bright.  Broaden,  Browne,  Bundv, 

"I  have  no  faith  that  this  GK>vemment  will  Burobara,  Burdick,  Cabell,  John  W.  Caldwell,  W. 

jaj  gold  next  January ;  I  have  abundant  &ith  ^'  ^*^?7«";  Calkina,  Campbell,  Cannon,  Cnrliale. 

t^^  if  .^^  n*v  ofW/il  4^^  «ia«      tKa«^   «o   ♦k^  Caswell,  Chalmers,   Chittenden,  Clanm,  Clark  of 

w/    ^^  ?*?!?"  ®    A^r     ^^ST®, "  ^  ®  MUsourl,  Bush  Clark,  Clarke  of  kentucky,  Clymer, 

f -oblem,  and  it  has  rendered  me  entirely  care-  cobb,  Cole,  Conger,  Covert,  Jacob  D.  Cox,  Crapo, 

le^  on  the  question  whether  yon  contract  the  Cravens,  Crittenden,  Culberson,  Cummin^,  Cutler, 

'^-tender  notes  any  further.     It  is  not  going  Danford,  Horace  Davis,  Joseph  J.  Davis,  Dean, 

t.  make  one  hair  white  or  black  in  regard  to  ^«,?""?'  ?*''"T?LPl*l"*^i  ^''^}%'A?J''^y!tl^ll' 

.  ...^p.*:^^  »ti^«t.^.  -^^  ^^«f.«^f   —  V--  v^^..  nell,   Durham,  Dwi^ht,  Eames,  Eden,  Ellsworth, 

rr^ption  whether  you  contract,  as  has  been  j.^^  j,  Newton  EVans,  James' L.  Ev«ns,  John  H. 

U  habit,  or  whether  you  cease  according  to  Evins.  Ewinjr,  Felton,    Finley,  Forney,   Foster, 

tiu  bilL     Tour  resumption  is  equally  easy  in  Franklin,  Freeman,  Gardner,  Garfield.  Garth,  Gause, 

lilvcr  whether  yon  contract  or  whether  you  ^ib^Jgi  2*^<*."*fif*i  <^«>de,  Hanna,  Harmer,  Beiga- 

«•«  to  contract;  you  are  not  able  to  resume  Si^WSeA^hfr',  Hrv«%°eXrriend%''^ 

J  wkL    There  is  the  whole  problem  to  my  .on,  Herbert,  G.  V.  Hewitt,  fiiscick,  House,  Hub- 

'sind.^  bell,  Humphrey,  Hungaiford,  Hunter,  Hunton,  Itt- 


168  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

ner,  James,  Frank  Jones,  James  T.  Jones,  John  S.  in  his  bed  b^  Biokness  and  had  aaked  me  to 

,         ,               T^  .^^  ,,  ,  1^.,  _  T^  «      T^  ^  ^^^  report  until  to-morrow,  that  he 

make  a  diasentinff  report  for  himself, 

^wx.«w-    *-.^^w„««    «.w*^v^-..,,    -*>.«-«*«  T,  —.vir-  determined  to  yield  to  that  request  as  a 

oalfe,  mIUb.  MitcheA,  Monroe,  korsan,  MomBon,  matter  of  coorteej.    But,  air,  as  this  matter 

Morse,  Muller,  Neal,  Noroross,  Oliver,   O'Neill,  has  been  brought  before  the  House  for  its  con- 

Overton,  Pasre,  Q.  W.  Patterson,  T.  M.  Patterson,  gideration,  I  now  bring  before  the  House  the 

Peddle,  Philhps,    Pollard,   Pound,    Pnoe,  Puffh,  «^^^«x  ^^1  «^-^i„*:^«  ^  ♦k->  «^«.«.:**^«  n 

Bainey.'  Bandofi)^,  Bea,  Be'agan.  Beed,  BeiAy,  Will  ^Pp^  wjd  resolution  of  the  committee.' 

liam  W.  Bice,  Kiddle,  Bobbins,  Koberts,  G.  D.  Bob-  The  Clerk  read  the  report  and  resolution,  as 

inson,  Byan,  Sampson,  Sapp.  Sayler,  Scales,  Bezton,  follows : 
Shallenberger,  Shelley,  Sinnickson,  dmalls,  A.  Herr 

Smith,  Sparks,  Stahn,  Stsele,  Stenger,  btephens.  The  Committee  on  the  Jndiciaiy,  to  whom  were 

Stewart,  John  W.  Stone,  Joseph  O.  Stone,  Strait,  referred  the  bill  (H.  B.  No.  4315)  and  the  resola- 

Thompson,  Throckmorton,  Amos  Townsend,  M.  1.  tions  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Maryland 

Townsend,   B.  W.   Townshend,   Tucker,  Tumey,  directing  judicial  proceedings  to  give  effect  to  the 

Vance,    Veeder,   Waddell,  Wait,  Ward,   Watson,  electoral  vote  of  that  State  in  the  last  election  of 

Welch,  Harry  White,  Michael  D.  White,  Whitthome,  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  Sutes, 

A.  S.  Williams,  Andrew  Williams,  C.  G.  WUliams,  report  back  said  bill  and  reBolutions  with  a  reoom- 


Bichard  Williams,  Albert  S.  Willis,  Beigamin  A.  mendation  that  the  bill  do  not  pass. 

Willis,    Willits,    Wilson,    Wood,    Wren,   Testes,  Tour  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  Congress 

Toung~215.  has  no  power,  under  the  Constitution,  to  confer  upon 

Nats — Messrs.  Blackburn,  Bliss,  Boone,  Braffg,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  the  original 

Cook,  Samuel  S.  Cox,  ElUs,  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Iiar^  jurisdiction  sought  for  it  bjr  this  bill.    The  only 

denbergh,  Heukle,  Henry,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  May-  clause  of  the  Constitution  which  could  be  pUusiblv 


Knott.  Loring,  Luttrell,  Lynde,  Manning,  Martin,  Constitution  to  embrace  an  original  proceeding  by  a 

McMshon,  Money,  Muldrow,  Potter,  Powers,  Quinn,  State  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to 

Americus  V.  Bice,  M.  S.  Bobinson,  Boss,  Schleicher,  oust  anv  incumbent  fh>m  a  political  office  filled  by 

Singleton,  Siemens,  Swann,  ThombuiglK  Tipton,  the  declaration  and  decision  of  tlie  two  Houses  of 

Turner,  Van  Vorhes,  Walker,  Walsh,  Wif^inton,  Congress  clothed  with  the  constitutional  power  to 

James  Williams,  Jere.  N.  Williams,  Wright--5fi.  count  the  electoral  votes  and  decide  as  a  final  tribunal 

upon  the  election  of  President  and  Vice-President. 

So  (two  thirds  voting  in  favor  thereof)  the  The  Forty-fourth  Congress  selected  a  commission  to 

rules  were  suspended,  and  the  resolution  was  oount  the  votes  for  President  and  Vice-President, 

adoDted  reserving  to  itself  the  riffht  to  ratify  or  reject  such 

•>/     TT  ^  •  J         «  o         •         •  1     t<  T    •      A.  count,  in  the  way  prescribed  in  the  act  creatinir  such 

Mr.  Hartndge,  of  Georgia,  said :  "  I  rise  to  commission.  By  the  joint  action  of  the  two  Houses 
a  question  of  pnvilege.  Some  time  smoe  the  it  ratified  the  count  made  by  the  commission,  and 
House  referred  to  the  Oommittee  on  the  Judi-  thus  made  it  the  expression  of  its  own  judgment, 
ciary  a  bill  introduced  bv  the  gentleman  fi-om  ,,^J^  *^;  departmenU  of  the  Federal  Government, 
iTatXrUviii  ruw.  Vi^^^u  •«n«««K/...»;i  AQ1K  ♦^  all  the  State  governments  in  their  relations  to  Fed- 
Maryland  (Mr.  Kimmel),  numbered  4815,  to  eral  authority>reign  nations,  the  people  of  the  Uni- 
provTde  a  mode  for  trying  and  detemuning  by  ted  Sutes,  all  the  material  interests  and  industries 
the  Supreme  Oourt  of  the  United  States,  the  of  the  country,  have  acquiesced  in.  and  acted  in  ao- 
title  of  the  President  and  Vice-President  of  oordanoe  with,  the  pronounced  finding  of  that  Con- 
the  United  States  to  their  respective  offices  J^Vesi^wVo^^ower^tound^^^ 
when  their  election  to  such  offices  is  denied  by  de^fS^Hn'^uXrthe  elSjt^ral  l^te^r^to  lol^l 
one  or  more  of  the  States  of  the  Union.  On  upon  any  judioisUriDunal  the  right  to  pass  upon  and 
the  same  day  the  House  referred  to  the  same  perhaps  set  aside  the  action  of  that  predecessor  in 
oommittee  a  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  reference  to  a  purely  political  question,  the  decision 
the  State  of  Maryland,  instructing  its  attorney-  ^^^^^""^  "  '^'^^®^  ^^  *^*  ConsUtution  im  Con- 
general,  so  soon  as  Congress  had  passed  a  law  ^But  apart  from  these  ftmdamental  objections  to  the 
like  that  offered  by  the  gentleman  from  Mary-  bill  under  consideration,  there  are  features  and  pro- 
land,  to  cause  proceedings  to  be  taken  to  test  visions  in  it  which  are  entirdy  iinpracticable.  Tour 
the  validity  and  legality  of  the  title  of  the  oommittee  can  find  no  wajrantor  authority  to  sum- 
pr«.nt  incumbents  of  the  offices  of  President  Tv  Atre'sCrat^^S^hS,^^^^^^^^  "^4 
ana  Vice-r resident,  ine  uommittee  on  the  any  case,  however  grave  and  weighty  may  be  its  na- 
Judiciary  have  considered  those  measures,  con-  ture.  The  right  to  summon  must  carrr  with  it  the 
sidered  them  together,  both  the  bill  and  the  power  to  enforce  obedience  to  the  mandate,  and  the 
resolution,  and  the  committee  have  instructed  oommittee  om  see  no  means  by  which  the  judicial 
T^^  ♦«  «»«il«  «  .^..^^  t.^  «.i,:«  iT«««A  -«;i  o^^^,»  officers  of  a  State  can  be  compelled  to  assume  the 
me  to  make  a  report  to  thw  House,  and  accom-  functions  of  jurors  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Uni- 
panying  that  report  a  resolution.  ted  States. 

^^  I  desire  to  say  here,  as  a  matter  of  personal  There  are  other  objections  to  the  practical  working 

explanation,  that  this  morning  I  was  instructed  of  the  bill  under  consideration  to  which  we  do  not 

to  make  this  report;  but  as  the  chairman  of  *H?^l'ATf?!^7w  fh^Sv.f^ «^ 

XT  ^  o^ 'Ai.             1.1.     T  J"  •          av           i.1  It  may  be  true  tbat  the  state  of  Maryland  has  been, 

the  Oommittee  on  the  Judiciary,  the  gentle-  Jn  the  Ute  election  for  President  and  Vice-President, 

man  from  Kentucky  (Mr.  Enott),  was  detained  deprived  of  her  just  and  full  weight  in  deciding  who 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  169 

were  legally  chosen,  by  reason  of  frauds  perpetrated  Cntbenon,  Onmmings,  Cntler,  Danford,  BaTidson, 

bf  retamin^  boards  in  some  of  the  States.    It  msy  Joseph  J.  Davis^  Horaoe  Davis,  Dean,  Deering,  Den- 

slso  be  true  that  these  fraudulent  acts  were  counte-  ison,  Dibrell,  Diokev,  Douglas,  Dunnell.  Durham, 

naooed  or  encouraged  or  participtated  in  by  some  who  Dwight,  Karnes,  Eaen,  Elam,  Ellswortn,    Errett, 

itov  eiqoy  high  offices  as  the  firuit  of  such  frauds.    It  I.  Newton  Evans,  James  L.  Evans,  John  li.  Evins, 

itdae  to  the  present  generation  of  the  people  of  this  Ewing,  Felton,  Fhiley,  Forney,  Foster,  Franklin, 

oouotry  and  their  posterity,  and  to  the  principles  on  Freemso,  Fuller,  Gardner,  Qarlleld,  Qartb,  Gause, 

vbioh  our  Qovemment  is  founded,  that  all  evidence  Gibson,  Giddings,   Goode,   Hanna.    Hardenberffh, 

tendin«^  to  establish  the  fact  of  such  fraudulent  prao-  Uarmer,  Benj.  W.  Harris,  Henry  K.  Harris,  Jonn 

tices  should  be  oalmly,  carefully,  and  rigorously  ex-  T.  Hams,  Harrison,  Hart,  Hartzeil,  Hartrid^e,  Has- 

sfflined.  kell,  Hatcher,  Hayes,  Hendee,  Henderson, llenkle, 

Bat  year  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Herbert,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  G.  W.  Hewitt,  Hisoock, 

oon^equenoe  of  such  examination^  if  itdisolosesguilt  House,  Hubbell,  Humphrey.  Hungerford,  Hunter, 

apon  the  part  of  any  in  high  offlcuil  position,  should  Hunton,  Ittner,  James,  Frank  Jones,  Jae.  T.  Jones, 

not  be  an  effort  to  set  aside  the  judgment  of  a  former  John  8.  Jones,  Jorgensen,  Keifer,  Keightley,  Kelley, 


Coo^fls  as  to  the  election  of  a  President  and  Yice^'    Eenna,  Eetcham,  Etllinffer,  Landers.  Laphiim,  La- 
President,  but  should  be  confined  to  the  punishment,    throp,  Ligon,  Lindsey,  Lookwood^  Mackey,  Maish, 


may  be  protectea  from  a  recurrence  of  the  crime.  O^NeiU,  Overton,Paffe,  G.  W.  Patterson,  T.  M.  Pat- 

Yoor  committee,  therefore,  recommend  the  adop-    terson,  Peddie,  Phelps,  Phillips,  Pollard.  Pound, 


riujg  Ross,  Bran,  Sampson,  Sappj     .      ,  , 

deolared  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  to  be  elected  Presi-  Shallenoeiiger,  Shelly,  Sinmckson,  Smalls,  A.  Herr 

dent,  and  William  A.  Wheeler  to  be  elected  Vice-  Smith,  Southard,  Sparks,  Starin,  Steele,  Stenger, 

President,  there  is  no  power  in  any  subsequent  Con-  Stephens,  Stewart,  Joseph  0.  Stone,  John  W.  Stone, 

gress  to  reverse  that  declaration,  nor  can  any  such  Strait,  Thompson,  Throckmorton,  Amos  Townsend, 

fover  be  exercised  bv  the  courts  of  the  United  M.  I.  Townsend,  B.  W.  Townshend,  Tucker^ur- 

Utea,  or  any  other  tribunal  that  Congress  can  or&-  ney,  Vance,  Veeder^  Waddell,  Wait,  Walker,  Ward, 

ste  under  the  Constitution.  Watson,  Harr^  White,  Michael  D.  White,  Whit- 

We  ai^ee  to  the  foregoing  report,  so  far  as  it  states  thome,  Wiggxnton,  Andrew  WilHamfc,  A.  8.  WU- 


having  reference  to  such  reasons, 

the  inquiry  before  us, 'and  as  giving 

tion  to  the  propriety  of  the  pending  i 

dered  by  a  majority  vote  or  the  House  of  ^presen- 

taUvea,  to  which  we  were  and  are  opposed.  Warner-— 14. 

WM.  p.  FRTE.  Not  Vomro— Messrs.  Aclden,AtkinB.  Ballon,  Ben- 

0.  D.  CONGER.  edict.  Bland,  Buokner,  Butler,  Camp,  Etckhoff,  Ellis, 

E.  G.  LAPHAM.  Eort,  Frye,  Glover,  Gunter,  Hale,  Haxelton,  Hooker, 

•kr      rr  _^  -ji          it  r      11  xi.  Joycc,  Euapp,  Kuott,  Loriug,  Luttrcll,  Lyudc,  Msu- 

Mr.  Hartndge :   "  I  call  the  premns  qne»-  nii^,  \imrtin!' Monev,  Mnldrow,  Potter,  Quinn,  M. 

tioD.  '^  S.  Robinson,  Sohleichei^^  Singleton,  Slemons,  8  wana, 

Mr.  Frye :  '^  I  desire  to  ask  the  gentleman  a  Thomburgh,  Tipton,  Turner,  Van  Vorhes,  Walsh, 

qaestion.     Is  there  not  a  propriety  at  any  rate  '^elch,  Jere.  N.  Williams,  Wiight-42. 

in  obtaining  for  the  chairman  of  the  commit-  So  the  resolation  was  adopted* 

tee  (Mr.  Knott)  the  privilege  to  sabmit  his  mi-  

nority  report?"                      v    vr    ^  *  In  the  Honse,  on  May  18th,  Mr.  Potter,  of 

Mr  Hartnd^ :     I  am  mnch  obliged  to  my  ^^^  j^^^  J^.  c*  j  ^ise ^o  a  qnestion  of  privi- 

friend  for  remmding  me  of  that.    I  stated  the  j        ^^  ^^^  ^  ^^^  Ql^,j^,g  J^  ^  resolution 

reasoB  why  I  desired  to  wait  until  to-morrow  ,^»  i^e  investigation  of  aUewd  fraud  in  the 

before  I  presented  the  rcDort.    The  chairman  j^^  presidentiS  election  in  tte  States  of  Lou- 

of  the  committee  is  ill  and  desires  to  prewnt  a  ^^^^  ^„^  Florida." 

l"??^'"??  ""T'^   }  i^  ''''T''^  ""^  ^"^  ^"""^  The  Clerk  read  as  follows : 

that  he  nave  leave  to  do  so.  ,«^         «.^         «..     .«.     «.*• 

Thep,w«noobjectioB,«idleavew«8grant-  i.t^'^IS; rf.SsTO^di'TffLV^.V^ 

6d  ftooordmgly.  given  to  the  electoral  vote  cast  by  that  Stste  on  the 

The  previous  qnestion  was  seconded  and  the  dth  day  of  December,  1876,  by  resson  of  fraudulent 

main  qnestion  ordered,  which  was  upon  the  returns  of  electoral  votes  from  the  States  of  Florida 

sdoptioa  otthe  resolution.  "'^^Tn'^ffilvit  by  Ssmuel  B.  McLin,  chsir- 
The  question  was  taken,  as  follows:  nj^n  of  thi  Board  of  Stste  Canvassers  of  the  State 
YmAa — ^Messrs.  Aiken,  Aldrieh,  Baoon,  Bagley,  of  Florida,  for  the  election  held  in  that  State  in  No- 
John  H.  Baker,  William  H.  Baker,  Banks.  Banning,  vember,  1876,  for  Electors  of  President  and  Vioe- 
Bayne,  Beebe,  BelL,  Bicknell,  Bisbee,  Blnir,  Blount,  President,  has  been  made  publie,  alleging  false  and 
B.>uek,  Boyd,  Bragg.  Brentano,  Brewer,  Bridges,  fraudulent  returns  for  TOtes  for  such  Electors  in  that 
Brigffs.  Bright,  Brogaen,  Browne,  Bundy,Burchard,  State  whereby  the  choice  of  the  people  of  that  State 
Bordickj  Cabell,  Cain,  John  W.  Csldwell,  W.  P.  was  annulled  and  reversed,  and  that  the  aotion  of 
Caldwell,  Calkins,  Campbell,  Candler,  Cannon.  Car-  the  Board  of  State  Canvassers  in  msking  such  re- 
lisU.  Caswell,  Chalmers,  Chittenden,  Claflin,  Alvah  turns  was  influenced  by  the  eonduct  and  promises 
A.  Clark,  Clark  of  Hissouri,  Clarke  of  Kentucky,  of  Hon.  Edward  F.  Noyes,  now  a  minister  for  this 
Bush  Clark,  Clymer,  Cobb,  Cole,  Collins,  Conger,  Government  to  Franco:  and 
Covert,  Jacob  D.  Cox,  Crapo,  Cravens,  Crittenden,  WhirMt^  It  is  allegea  that  a  eonspiraoy  existed  in 


168  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

ner,  James,  Frank  Joneti  Jamea  T.  Jonea,  John  S.  in  his  bed  bj  sfcknesB  and  had  asked  me  to 

"'"''""   "'  ut  off  the  report  until  to-morrow,  that  ho 

light  make  a  dissenting  report  for  himself, 

^wv^w,,-    -.««^w,«„    «.w-w„-w    -*w^«*«  ,  -*«.r^  had  determined  to  yield  to  that  request  as  a 

oaifa^liillBri^rtoheA,  lloTa^^^\A^tK^^^or^Qu,  matter  of  courtesy.    But,  sir,  as  this  matter 

Morse,  Muller,  Neal,  Nororoaa,  Oliver,  O'Neill,  has  been  brought  before  the  House  for  its  con- 

Overton,  PajBre,  Q.  W.  Patterson,  T.  M.  Patterson,  gideration,  I  now  bring  before  the  Honse  the 

Peddle,  Phillips,    Pollard,   Pound,    Price,  Pugh,  ««^^^  «« J  -^-^i^*;,*,*  Zt  ♦k-.  ^^.^^i**.^  n 

Bainey,  Bandofi)!^,  Bea,  Be'agan,  Beed,  BeiAy,  Will  ^^^  "J^  resolution  of  the  committee.' 

Ham  W.  Bice,  Riddle,  Sobbina,  Koberts,  G.  l5.  Bob-  The  Clerk  read  the  report  and  resolution,  as 

inson,  Byan,  Sampson,  Sapp^  Sayler,  Scales,  Sexton,  follows : 
Shallenberger,  Shelley,  Sinnickson,  Smalls,  A.  Herr 

Smith,  Sparks,  Starin,  Steele,  Stenger,  Stephens,  The  Committee  on  the  Judiciary,  to  whom  'were 

Stewart,  John  W.  Stone,  Joseph  C.  Stone,  Strait,  referred  the  bill  (H.  B.  No.  4315}  and  the  reeola- 

Thompson,  Throckmorton,  Amos  Townsend,  M.  1.  tions  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Maryland 

Townsend,  B.  W.   Townshend,   Tucker,  Tumey,  directing  judicial  proceedings  to  give  effect  to  the 

Vance,    Veedcr,   Waddell,  Wut,  Ward,   Wataon,  electoral  vote  of  that  State  in  the  last  election  of 

Welch,  Harry  White,  Michael  D.  White,  Whitthome,  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 

A.  S.  Williams,  Andrew  Williams,  C.  G.  Williams,  report  back  said  bill  and  resolutiona  with  a  recom- 

Bichard  Williams,  Albert  S.  Willis,  Benjamin  A.  mendation  that  the  bill  do  not  pass. 

Willis,    Willits,    Wilson,    Wood,    Wren,   Teates,  Tour  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  Congresa 

Toung— 215.  has  no  power,  under  the  Constitution,  to  confer  upon 

Nats — Messrs.  Blackburn,  Bliss,  Boone,  Bragg,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Statea  the  original 

Cook,  Samuel  S.  Cox.  Ellis,  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Hai>  jurisdiction  sought  for  it  by  this  bill.    The  only 

denbergh,  Henkle,  Henry,  Abram  8.  Hewitt,  May-  clause  of  the  Constitution  which  could  be  plauaiblv 

ham,  Phelps,  Pridemore,   Bobertson,  William  JS.  invoked  to  enable  Congress  to  provide  the  le^^ 

J3mitn,  Southard,  Springer.  Warner— 21.  machinery  for  the  litigation  proposed  is  that  which 

Not  Votiko — Messrs.  Acklen,  Ballou,  Benedict,  gives  the  Supreme  Court  original  jurisdiction  in 

Bland, Buckner,  Butler.  Cain,  Camp, Candler,  Alvah  "cases"  or  *' controversies"  Df>tween  a  State  and 

A.  Clark,  Collins,  Davidson,  Eickooff,  Elam,  Fort,  the  citisens  of  another  State.    The  committee  are  of 

Frye,  Glover,  Gunter.  Halo,  John  T.  Harris,  Hart-  the  opinion  that  this  expression  "  eases  "  and  "  oon- 

riage,  Httzelton,   Hooker,  Joyce,  Kimmel,  Kuapp,  troversies"  waa  not  intended  by  the  framers  of  the 

Knott.  Loring,  Luttrell,  Lynde,  Manning,  Martin,  Constitution  to  embrace  an  original  proceeding  by  a 

McMahon,  Money,  Muldrow,  Potter,  Powers,  Quinn,  State  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Statea  to 

Americus  V.  Bice,  M.  S.  Bobinson,  Kots,  Schleicher,  oust  any  incomoent  fVom  a  political  ofBoe  filled  by 

Singleton,  Siemens,  Swann,  Thomburgh,  Tipton,  the  declaration  and  decision  of  the  two  Houaea  of 

Turner,  Van  Vorhes,  Walker,  Walsh,  Wigginton,  Congress  clothed  with  the  constitutional  power  to 

James  Williams,  Jere.  N.  Williams,  Wright — 55.  count  the  electoral  votes  and  decide  as  a  flnal  tribuniJ 

upon  the  election  of  President  and  Vice-President. 

So  (two  thirds  voting  in  favor  thereof  J  the  Tne  Forty-fourth  Congress  selected  a  commission  to 

rules  were  suspended,  and  the  resolution  was  <^o"Dt  the  votea  for  President  and  Vice-President, 

adonted  reserving  to  itself  the  right  to  ratify  or  rgect  anch 

if     TT  -X  •  J         c  r\         •         •  1     £<  T    •      ▲  count,  in  the  way  prescribed  in  the  act  creating  ench 

Mr.  Hartndge,  of  Georgia,  said :  "  I  nse  to  commission.    By  the  joint  action  of  the  two  Houses 

a  question  of  privilege.     Some  time  since  the  it  ratified  the  count  made  by  the  commission,  and 

House  referred  to  the  Oommittee  on  the  Judi-  thus  made  it  the  expression  of  ita  own  Judgment, 

ciary  a  bill  introduced  by  the  gentleman  from  ^,^}^  the  departments  of  the  Federal  Govcrament, 

i/.iiXriaTt^   f^Km    XT \'^'^ ^\\    ^rxJ^^m^Ji    ^QiK    ♦«.  all  thc  Statc  govemmeuts  lu  thcir  Tclations  to  Fcd- 

Maryland  (Mr.  Kimmel),  numbered   4315,  to  eral  authority,  foreign  nations,  the  people  of  the  Uni- 

provide  a  mode  for  trying  and  determining  by  ted  States,  all  the  material  interests  and  industriea 

the  Supreme  Oourt  of  the  United  States,  the  of  the  country,  have  aoquieaced  in.  and  acted  in  ao> 

title  of  the  President  and  Vice-President  of  oordanoe  with,  the  pronounced  finding  of  that  Con- 

the  United   States  to  their  respective  offices  g^»-  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

when  their  election  to  such  offices  is  denied  by  d^M^nn*So^t?ng  the^eUct^ral  v^to^  or^'to  toSf^ 

one  or  more  of  the  States  of  the  Union.     On  upon  any  judicial  tribunal  the  right  to  paas  upon  and 

the  same  day  the  House  referred  to  the  same  perhaps  set  aside  the  action  of  that  predeoesaor  in 

committee  a  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  reference  to  a  pin-ely  political  question,  the  decision 

the  State  of  Maryland,  instructing  its  attorney-  ^Jjs  ^"^  "  "^"^^"^  ^^  *^«  ConstituUon  u  Con- 

general,  so  soon  as  Congress  had  passed  a  law  *^But  apart  from  these  ftmdamental  objections  to  the 

like  that  offered  by  the  gentleman  from  Mary-  hill  under  consideration,  there  are  features  and  pro- 

land,  to  cause  proceedings  to  be  taken  to  test  visions  in  it  which  are  entirely  impracticable,     z  our 

the  validity  and  legality  of  the  title  of  the  oommittee  can  find  no  warranto*  authority  to  aum- 

pr««nt  incnmbenu  of  the  office,  of  President  f,°^^»sr.^^^«r.tViC^r.\';?5a^  t  ^' 

and  Vice-Fresiaent.      The  Oommittee  on  the  any  case,  however  grave  and  weighty  may  be  ito  na- 

Judiciary  have  considered  those  measures,  con-  ture.    The  right  to  summon  must  carrr  with  it  the 

sidered  them  together,  both  the  bill  and  the  power  to  enforce  obedience  to  the  mandate,  and  the 

resolution,  and  the  committee  have  instructed  committee  c^  see  no  means  by  which  the  judicial 

T*i/i  f^  ^n.il^  «  .^^.xw  #.^  ♦».;-  ti^.^»^  ^r>A  «»^/x»«  officers  of  a  State  can  be  compelled  to  assume  the 

me  to  make  a  report  to  thw  House,  and  accom-  functions  of  jurors  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Uni- 

pan3ring  that  report  a  resolution.  ted  States. 

"  I  desire  to  say  here,  as  a  matter  of  personal  There  are  other  objectiona  to  the  practical  working 

explanation,  that  this  morning  I  was  mstmcted  of  the  bill  under  consideration  to  which  we  do  not 

to  make  this  report;  but  as  the  chairman  of  ^Tnify^bT^K t'l'state of  Maiy^^^^ 

the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary,  the  gentle-  in  the  late  election  for  President  and  Vice-President, 

man  from  Kentucky  (Mr.  Knott),  was  detained  deprived  of  her  just  and  flill  weight  in  deciding  who 


CONGRESS,  UKITED  STATES.  169 

weralefiUj  oboMn,  by  reason  of  frsads  perpetrated  Oalberson,  Omnmings,  Cntler,  Danford,  DaTidaon, 

br  retuminjT  boarda  in  aome  of  the  States.    It  may  Joeepb  J.  Davis^  Horace  Davia,  Dean,  Deering,  Den- 

m  be  true  that  these  fraudulent  acta  were  counte-  iaon,  Dibrell,  Diokev,  Douglas,  DuunolL  Durham, 

Buoed  or  encouraged  or  participated  in  by  some  who  Dwight,  Eames,  Kaen,  Elam,  Ellswortn,    Errett, 

n}w  eajoT  high  omoes  as  the  fruit  of  such  frauds.    It  I.  Newton  Evans,  James  L.  Evans.  John  li.  Evins, 

isdutothepieseatgeiierationof  the  people  of  this  Ewing,  Felton,  Finley,  Forney,  Foster,  Franklin, 

eaiDtnr  and  their  posterity,  and  to  the  principlea  on  Freeman,  Fuller,  Gardner,  Oarileld,  Garth,  Gause, 

wbich  our  GoTemment  ia  founded,  that  all  evidence  Gibson,  Giddings,   Goode,   Hanna.   Harden beivh, 

kcdlD^toestablish  the  fact  of  Buch  fraudulent  prao-  Uarmerj  Benj.  W.  Harris,  Henry  K.  Harris,  Jonn 

tm  ahoald  be  calmly,  carefully,  and  rigorously  ex-  T.  Hams,  Harrison,  Hart,  Hart.zell,  HartridKe,  Has- 

inrnel  kell.  Hatcher,  Hayes,  Hendee,  Henderson, lienkle, 

Sat  foor  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Herbert,  Abram  a.  Hewitt,  G.  W.  Hewitt,  Hiscock, 

eoa««qQ«iioeoftuobejcaminationf  if  it  discloses  guilt  House,  Hubbell,  Humphrey.  Hungerford,  Hunter, 

tpoa  the  part  of  any  in  high  official  position,  ahould  Hunton,  Ittner,  James,  Frank  Jones^  Jas.  T.  Jones, 

B^t  be  so  etTort  to  set  aaide  the  judgment  of  a  former  John  8.  Jones,  Jorvensen,  Keifer,  Keightley,  Kelley, 

CoQ^rsM  IS  to  the  election  of  a  Pret»ident  and  Vice^  Eenna,  Ketcham,  Etllinger,  Landers.  Lapham,  La- 

Pr?«uidat,but  should  be  confined  to  the  punishment,  throp,  Ligon,  Lindsey,  Lockwood^  Mackey,  Maish, 

bv  k^  sod  oonatitutional  means,  of  the  offenders.  Marsh,  McOook,  McGowan,  McKenzie,  McKinley, 

ni  to  the  preservation  and  perpetuation  of  the  evi-  McMahon^  Metcalfe,  Mills,  Mitchell,  Monroe,  Mor- 

^ocet  of  tWr  ^uilt,  so  that  tne  American  people  ffan.Momson,  Morse,  Muller,Neal,Noroross,  Oliver, 

Dif  be  protected  from  a  recurrence  of  the  crime.  O'Neill,  Overton,Paffe,  Q.  W.  Patterson,  T.  M.  Pat- 

\  our  eommittee,  therefore,  recommend  the  adop-  terson,  Peddle,  Phelps,  Phillips,  Pollard.  Pound, 

tun  of  the  soeompanying  resolution :  Powers,  Price,  Pugh,  Kainey,  Kandolph,  Kea,  Bea- 

iaohtd.  That  the  two  Houses  of  the  Forty*fourth  g^n.  Reed,  Beilly,  Americus  V.  Rice,  William  W. 

C«tfreunavingoountedthe  votes  cast  for  President  Kice,  Riddle,  Robbins,  Roberts.  G.  D.  Robinson, 

uJ  Vioe-President  of  the  United  States,  and  having  Ross,  Ryan,  Sampson,  Sapp^  Sayler,  Scales,  Sexton, 

dfdared  Batherford  B.  Hayes  to  be  elected  Presi-  ShaHenoerger,  Shelly,  Sinnickaon,  Smalls,  A.  Herr 

^os^  and  William  A.  Wheeler  to  be  elected  Vice-  Smith,  Southard,  Sparks,  Starin,  Steele,  Stenger, 

Indent,  there  is  no  power  in  any  subsequent  Con-  Stephens,  Stewart,  Joseph  0.  Stone,  John  W.  Stone, 

p*s»  to  reverse  that  declaration,  nor  can  any  such  Strait,  Thompson,  Throckmorton,  Amos  Townsend, 

^ovcr  be  exercised  by  the  courts  of  the  United  M.  I.  Townaend,  xt.  W.  Townshend,  Tucker^ur- 

yj'^or  any  other  tribunal  that  Congreas  can  cr&-  ney,  Vance,  Veeder,  Waddell,  Wait,  Walker,  Ward, 

i:^  under  the  Conatitution.  Watson,  Harr^  White,  Michael  D.  White,  Whit- 

<re  n^ree  to  the  foregoing  report,  so  far  as  It  states  thome,  Wigginton,  Andrew  WilUanMi,  A.  8.  Wil- 

ihewawnsforthereaolutionadopted  by  the  commit-  JiamB,  C.  G.  Williams.  Jamea  Williams,  Richard 

t*«,  but  dissent  from  the  concluding  portion,  as  not  Williams,  Albert  S.  Willis,  Be^.  A.  Wilhs,  WiUita, 

iiTin^  reference  to  such  reasons,  as  not  pertinent  to  Wilson,  Wood,  Wren,  Yeates,  Young--286. 

•fwm^in'.i.*  K^ro>.A  .«.  ..»^  ..<.:»:«»  on  t»«.%i:a^<.an/^  NAYfi — MAiuirs.    KlAOkDnm.   BhfiA.  Boone 


^  -  majority  vote  of  the  House  of  Bepresen 

Uares,  to  which  we  were  and  are  opposed.  Warner— 14. 

WML  P.  FBYE.  Not  Votdto— Messrs.  Aeklen, Atkins.  Ballon,  Ben- 

0.  D.  CONGEB.  edict,  Bland,  Buckner,  Butler,  Gamp,  Etokboff,Ellia, 

£.  G.  LAPHAM.  Fort,  Frye,  Glover,  Gunter,  Hale,  Haxelton,  Hooker, 

u     rr  _^  .J          ttT      11  XL             .  Joyce,  Knapp,  Knott,  Loring,  Luttrell,  Lyude,  Man- 

. Mr.  Hartndge :   " I  call  the  prenoDS  que»-  ningiMartin!' Monev,  Muldrow,  Potter,  Quinn,  M. 

&^Q.*^  8.  Bobinson,  Sohleicneiv  Singleton,  Siemens,  Swann, 

Mr.  Frye:  "  I  desire  to  ask  the  gentleman  a  Thomburgh,  Tipton^  Turner,  Van  Vorhes,  Walah, 

qae^on.    Is  there  not  a  propriety  at  any  rate  '^^^^j  J«™«  N.  Williams,  Wright— 4«. 

m  obtaining  for  the  chairman  of  the  commit-  So  the  reaolntion  was  adopted* 

tee  (Kr.  Knott)  the  privilege  to  submit  his  mi-  

BontT report?"                      v    w    ^  *  In  the  House,  on  May  18th,  Mr.  Potter,  of 

{.^A  ?*^^i.    '  *""  f  °f^,  ""^^^f^.^  S^  New  York,  said :  »*  I  rise  to  a  question  of  privi- 

tieud  for  remmding  me  of  that.    I  stated  the  j        ^^  '^^^  ^  the  Clerk's  desk  a  resolution 

^a  why  I  d^ed  to  wait  untal  to-morrow  ,^»  ^^e  investigation  of  aUeged  fraud  in  the 

!fr    P«T*^  *.^f  T/*-.  ^^/  chairman  |^^  presidenti^  election  in  the  States  of  Lou- 

0  rtw  committee  is  ill  and  desires  tp  prewnt  a  ^^^  ^^^  Florida." 

tTf^  report    I  ask  consent  of  the  House  ^he  Gerk  read  as  follows : 

vut  he  have  leave  to  do  so."  --,         fm.a***vriJi.v«*T« 

There  w«  no  objection,  and  leave  was  gnmt-  ,.tSSTi>IS;  'i^JS^^^^di'Ttr^i;  "^aV^ 

K  aocoMmgly.  given  to  the  electoral  vote  caat  by  that  State  on  the 

The  previous  qaestion  was  seconded  and  the  dth  day  of  December,  1876,  by  reason  of  fraudulent 

^^^  question  ordered,  which  was  upon  the  roturna  of  electoral  votea  from  the  Statea  of  Florida 

S'i-i^tion  of  thA  rMmlntiAn  <^^  Loiusiana ;  and 

•a*  «„!-♦•      weoiunon.  WJUtms,  An  affidavit  by  Samuel  B.  McLin,  chair- 

The  qaestion  was  taken,  as  follows :  j^^  of  thi  Board  of  State  Canvassers  of  the  State 

zi^a-MsssxB.  Aiken,  Aldrieh,  Bacon,  Bagley,  of  Florida,  for  the  election  held  in  that  State  in  No- 

^>!ia  H.  Baker,  William  H.  Baker,  Banka.  Banning,  vember,  1876,  for  Electors  of  President  and  Vioe- 

l^faa,  Beebe,  Bell,  Blcknell,  Biabee,  Blnir,  Blount,  President,  has  been  nuide  public,  alleging  false  and 

^2^  ^J^  ^^Ki  Brentano,  Brewer,  Bridges,  fraudulent  returns  for  votes  for  such  Electors  in  that 

^^^^  Bright,  Brogaen,  Browne,  Bnndy,Burohard,  State  whereby  the  choice  of  the  people  of  that  State 

t^i^  CtbelL  Cain,  John  W.  Caldwell,  W.  P.  was  annulled  and  reversed,  and  that  the  action  of 


S '.th  Clark,  Clymer,  Cobb,  Cole,  Collins,  Conger,     Government  to  France:  and 
^>^«n,  Jacob  D.  Cox,  Crapo,  Cravena,  Crittenden,        Whtreas^  it  is  alleged 


that  a  oonspiracy  existed  in 


170  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

the  State  of  Loaisiana  vhereb]r  the  Bepublioan  of  bunness  in  this  House,  it  is  a  resolation 

vote  in  all  the  precinota  of  the  pariah  of  Eaet  FeUci-  introduced  because  of  the  memorial  of  a  bot- 

withheld  from  the  polla  to  aflford  a  pretext  for  the  "ign  officers  of  the  Government  and  relatmg 
exclusion  bj  the  BeturniDg  Board  of  ihat  State  of  to  frauds  alleged  to  have  occurred  and  to  have 
the  votea  cast  in  those  precincts  for  Electors  of  changed  the  result  of  the  election  of  the  high- 
President  and  Vice-Fresident,  and  that  James  K.  ^^  officers  of  this  Government" 

Anderson,  the  supervisor  of  registration  of  East         -w-^   ri^.,«^-     u  U7,ni  ♦v^  - *i  -.         n 

Feliciana,  and  D.  L  Weber,  the  supervisor  of  regis-       ^r.  Conger :      WiU  the  gentleman  allow  me 

tration  or  the  parish  of  West  Feliciana  in  that  State,  one  question  m  this  connection?      Has   this 

in  l\irtherance  of  that  oonspiraoj,  falsely  protestea  memorial  to  which  he  refers  been  committed 

that  the  election  in  such  precincts  had  not  been  fair  to  the  gentleman  from  New  York,  so  that  he 

and  free,  Mid  that  the  said  Returning  Board  there-  jj^g  ^y  g^^jj,  possession  of  it  as  would  an- 

upon  falsely  and  fraudulently  excluded  the  votes  of  "»"  .«*"J   ""*'"  pv«r«x,.vj*  vj.   *"  »      Y,, 

the  said  precincts,  and  by  means  thereof  and  of  other  thorize  him  to  draw  such  a  resolution  ?" 
false  and  fraudulent  action  by  the  said  Betuming        Mr.  Potter:     "I  am  now  speaking  to  the 

Board,  the  choice  of  the  people  of  that  State  was  question  of  order.      Later,  if  this  resolution 

annuUed  and  reversed,  and  that  such  action  of  the  ghaU  be  admitted,  and  if  I  should  have  an  op- 

aaid  Weber  and  Anderson  was  induced  or  encour-  -^-^«f„«;*«-  ♦/*  o.^  In<»4->^:*i»  t  ai»«ii  v^  i.^.^..^  *^ 

aged  by  the  assurances  of  Hon.  John  Sherman,  now  Portunity  to  say  anythmg,  I  shall  be  happy  to 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  ^^^  answer  to  the  inquiry  just  put  by  the 

Whereas,  The  gravity  of  these  charges,  the  nature  gentleman  from  Michigan.    As  to  the  question 

of  the  evidence  upon  which  they  are  reported  to  be  of  order,  it  seems  to  me  that  to  state  this  case 

based,  and  the  official  dignity  and  position  of  the  jg  ^  argue  it.    If,  for  the  reason  that  appears 

persons  named  in  connection  with  the  said  frauds  „^^«  4.^^  #„^^  ^2  4.k:„  •A„^i.,i.;^«   i.u:«  :i.^: 

make  it  proper  the  same  should  be  inquired  into  to  ?Pon  the  face  of  this  resolution,  this  inquiry 

the  end  that  the  honor  of  the  nation  may  be  vindi-  w  not  privileged,  nothmg  can  be  privileged. 

Gated  and  the  truth  as  to  such  elections  made  known :  If  the  House  of  Representatives  ought  to  give 

Therefore, ,   ^  ^^  ,  preference  to  the  consideration  of  any  subject 

offle1erm''^jrof%Si^^^^^  Z^^^,  O^T^  ^^?^f^^  ^^^'j  ^  »«%  -' 

the  Spealcer  to  inquire  into  the  aforesaid  allegation  ^^^  J?*?^?  *^^  magmtude  must  be  one  of  those 

as  to  the  conduct  of  the  penons  in  office  aforesaid  in  to  which  it  ought  to  give  preference.    I  do  not 

respect  of^  the  aaid  election,  and  into  the  alleged  think  it  can  be  necessary  to  make  any  further 
"        '•  '    ^  •    -                 ,     .         -     .     .  leman  from 

about  the 

^ will  arise 

tee,  are  connec^d  wltli  or  pertinent  ttiereto;  and  properly  after  the  resolution  is  admitted  to  be 

tiiat  the  said  committee,  for  tne  purpoae  of  executing  dlBCUSsed." 

this  resolution,  shall  have  power  to  send  for  pereons        ^.  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  said :  "  The  riffht  of 

and  papers,  to  administer  oaths,  and  to  take  testi-  .^^fif;««  „««  AL^r^a^^A  ^-^  ♦i./^  «.*»<. A.4..>4.r^»  ^e 

mony,  knd  \n  their  discretion  tJ  detail  aubcommit-  V^^^^  was  discussed  on  tlie  presentation  of 

tees,  with  like  full  authority  of  sud  committee  hi  ^^  Maryland  resolutions.    Everybody  admit- 

eveiT  particular,  and  with  power  to  sit  in  Florida  ted  the  unquestioned  right  of  petition ;  but  the 

and  Louisiana,  which  subcommittees  shall  be  com-  right  of  action  here  on  this  floor  is  a  difierent 

mittees  of  this  House,  and  the  chamnen  thereof  thing.     The  question  which  rises  to  the  digni- 

ahall  be  authorized  to  administer  oaths ;   that  the  x„  ^5  „  ^^„it^„^  ««^o4^^«  a^^^^a^  „^««  ♦v^ 

said  committees  and  subcommittees  may  employ  ^^  ^f  a  privileged  question  depends  upon  the 

atenographers,  clerks,  and  messengers,  and  be  at-  nght  of  action  wbicn  some  one  can  demand  of 

tended  each  by  a  deputy  aergeant-at-arms.  and  may  the  House.    A  member  here  can  demand  ac- 

ait  during  the  sessions  of  this  House  and  during  the  tion  in  regard  to  his  right  to  his  seat.    Any- 

vacation :  and  that  said  committee  do  forthwith  pro-  ^jjing  that  leads  to  an  action  relating  to  these 

ceed  in  this  mquiry  and  have  leave  to  report  at  any  I;*  i.    •«'»«'*«»  o  v v  c^i  avKivu  aoiumu^  w  mvow 

time.  f  /  high  questions  of  privilege  of  course  can  be 

called  a  privileged  question.  But  this  memo- 
Mr.  Conger,  of  Michigan,  said:  "I  make  the  rial  received  here  by  the  courtesy  of  the  rules 
point  that  this  resolution  is  not  a  question  of  of  the  House,  and  not  as  a  matter  of  right,  ex- 
privilege,  and  does  not  show  on  its  face  any-  cept  as  a  petition,  cannot  now  by  any  form  of 
thing  which  this  House  can  sustain  as  such,  lo^c  be  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  question  of 
I  make  the  further  point  that  the  action  pro-  privilege. 

vided^  for  in  the  resolution  changes  the  mles  ^*  Now,  I  say  another  thing.  This  would  be 
of  this  House.  It  not  only  gives  very  extra-  a  Question  of  privilege  without  any  doubt  pro- 
ordinary  privileges  and  powers  to  a  general  vided  the  resolution  dleged  a  purpose  to  insti- 
comroittee,  but  undertakes  to  give  to  a  sub-  tute  proceedings  in  impeachment.  If  he  says 
committee  and  to  the  chairman  of  a  subcom-  this  is  a  proceeding  intended  to  pave  the  way 
mittee  power  which  the  law  does  not  permit  for  an  impeachment,  doubtless  it  may  be  made 
in  regu^  to  the  administration  of  oaths.  I  a  question  of  privilege.  If  he  says  that  it  is  a 
ask  the  ruling  of  the  Ohair  in  the  first  place  proposition  by  this  House  to  raise  and  deter- 
upon  the  question  whether  this  is  a  question  mine  the  Question  of  the  title  of  the  present 
of  privilege."  Chief  Magistrate  to  the  office  which  he  holds, 
Mr.  Potter :  '*  Will  the  Chair  hear  me  one  then  I  answer  him  that  the  question  has  been 
moment  as  to  the  question  of  privilege?  Mr.  determined  by  the  Joint  action  of  the  two 
Speaker,  one  would  suppose  tnat  if  there  be  Houses  of  Congress,  and  is  as  much  beyond 
any  subject  entitled  to  preference  in  the  order  the  reach  of  this  House  as  tLe  election  of  Grant 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  171 

r^  Washington.    Again,  if  the  object  of  this  States  on  a  subject  so  nomentons  in  its  tenor 

KMlatioQ  is  merely  to  organize  a  committee  and  consequences. 

for  campaign  purposes,  to  make  campaign  lit-        "  So  far  as  a  question  of  privilege  is  con- 

enmre  for  the  coming  fall,  I  affirm  that  the  cemed  in  this  matter,  it  seems  to  be  a  high 

eiigeaeies  of  a  political  party  have  never  jet  question,  one  of  the  highest.    It  is  one  of  the 

[leeo  treated  as  a  question  of  privilege.  categories  in  our  book  of  rules :  *  Election  of 

"  Farthermore,  there  is  in  this  resolution —  President.^    Whether  the  ruling  referred  to  in 

udl  re^rre  the  point  of  order  after  the  point  the  Digest  (on  page  287,  Journal  second  ses- 

t')w  wsed  shall  have  been  settled — a  proposi-  sion.  Forty-fourth  Congress,  pages  555,  556) 

tioD  that  the  committee  shall  have  the  right  to  refers  to  the  matter  of  questioning  the  election 

report  at  any  time,  and  that  tiiey  shall  have  of  a  President  when  the  count  is  pending,  or 

thd  right  to  dt  in  recess.    Neither  of  these  whether  it  refers  to  other  and  subsequent  mat- 

tiiiDgs  can  be  effected  by  a  majority  vote  if  it  ters  chaUenging  the  count,  I  have  not  exam* 

(&a»  to  that,  and  I  reserve  on  them  the  ined,  nor  is  it  necessary.    They  are  of  equal 

p^xDte  of  order  when  the  time  shall  have  ar-  importance  and  dignity.    But  an  election  of 

rJTtd.  I  oonolude  by  saying  I  am  glad  that  at  President  and  all  that  concerns  it  is  a  question 

k<  after  this  proceeding  has  so  long  been  of  privilege.    Non  constat  but  it  may  lead  to 

iifflging  over  the  country,  we  now  know  what  impeachment  or  its  preliminaries.    So  far  as 

thdj  are  seeking  to  do.    For  some  weeks  I  this  resolution  goes,  the  very  terms  of  the  res- 

kr'e  been  inclined  to  say  to  these  gentlemen  olution  fix  some  sort  of  charge  upon  certain 

m  the  language  of  Hamlet  in  his  advice  to  the  officers,  a  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  a  minister 

plaTen :  abroad,  and  in  that  respect  it  is  a  question  of 

Ua%  off  jooT  damnable  Amsm  and  begfn."  the  highest  privilege.    It  is  SO  according  to  the 

Xr.  Cox,  of  New  York,  said :  **  Let  me  say  dictum  of  the  gentleman  from  Ohio  himself. 

m  word  in  reply  to  the  gentleman  f^om  Ohio  Therefore,  if  he  be  correct  in  saying  that  this 

■Hr.  Gtffield).    The  gentleman  from  Ohio  was  is  a  question  of  privilege,  if  it  should  proceed 

<*K  of  the  Electoral  Commission.    On  the  9th  nntil  it  reach  to  impeachment,  then,  according 

of  February,  1877,  he  decided  on  the  question  to  the  very  terms  and  intent  of  the  resolution^ 

•f  Honda.    He  voted  in  the  affirmative  along  impeachment  in  the  end  may  be  reached  by 

Thii  Messrs.  Miller,  Strong,  Bradley,  Edmunds,  this  process." 

Morton,  Frelinghuysen,  and  Hoar — eight,  in-       Mr.  Oonger :  **  In  answer  to  the  remarks  of 

dodinji;  himself,  against  seven.    At  that  time  the  gentleman  f^om  New  York  (Mr.  Oox),  and 

i»  held,  according  to  the  report —  partly  in  answer  to  the  other  gentieman  from 

That  it  i«  not  competoDt  under  the  Conetitution  New  York  (Mr.  Potter),  I  desire  to  say  that 

Rj  the  law,  as  it  ezuted  at  the  date  of  the  passage  the  YWj  memorial   upon   which   this   whole 

«^Mid  act,  to  go  into  evidenoe  aUmuU  on  the  papers  matter  is  based  is  not  before  the  House.    It  is 

?^  by  Uie  President  of  the  Senate  in  the  pres-  n^^  j^  ^^^  possession  of  the  mover.     But  it 

ec«  or  the  two  Houses  to  prove  that  other  persona  t^^„  ^^^.-us^^  i.^  ;i^  .„:*i^  u      tk;*.  tT/x«./%  iii>. 

tiin tboM regularly  oertiflecl  toby  the  Governor  of  hw  nothing  to  do  with  it     This  House  has 

I' t  Sute  of  Florida,  in  and  acoording  to  the  deter-  received  the  memorial  or  the  State  or  Mary- 

LiaitioD  Mid  declaration  of  their  appointment  by  land,   whether   as   petition   or  memorial  or 

*.!<  Board  of  State  Canvaaaera  of  saia  State  prior  to  whatever  it  may  be,  and  this  House  has  re- 

:/jtome«qni,^forthe  performance  of  theirdutiea,  f     ^  it  to  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary, 

^  be*n  appointed  eleotora.  or  by  oounter-proof  to  ~   j  \v^^  *u  *  --M  ^.I:  ^^    'Ji  ^xS  \      iH 

»i:w  that  tSey  had  not,  and  that  all  prooeedinga  of  *^d  there  that  memorial  is,  m  the  hands  of 

'  eoQits  or  acta  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  ezeou-  that  committee.    It  is  not  before  this  House 


''The gentleman  from  Ohio  has  a  convenient  understand  by  what  rule  any  member  of  this 

^'Qxtence,  or  rather  a  convenient  logic.    At  House  can  assume  under  color  of  any  pretend- 

tiit  time  it  saited  his  purpose  not  to  idlow  the  ed  question  of  privilege  to  lay  his  hands  upon 

Sue^  to  come  in  at  all.  it  was  aliunde.   Now  the  raemoriiU  and  state  it  has  been  received  by 

H  nits  his  purpose,  since  these  ^  damnable  the  House  and  has  been  referred  to  a  commit- 

^  have  began,*  to  keep  out  the  States  from  tee  while  that  memorial  still  remains  with  that 

pre^nting  their  grievances  for  inquiry  under  committee,  and  assume  himself  to  use  it  and 

M  allegations  and  proofs,  so  that  they  are  bring  it  in  a  roundabout  way  before  this 

*^  permitted  to  come  here,  hardlv  even  by  House.    Hie  gentieman  from  New  York  is 

'virteftj,  as  was  held  by  the  gentleman  the  not  even  a  member  of  the  committee.    He  has 

y^r  day  when  the  State  of  Maryland  present-  no  access  to  that  memorial.    He  lays  hands 

«i  that  petition.  upon  it  in  violation  of  the  order  of  the  House 

''It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  that  whatever  placing  it  in  charge  of  the  Committee  on  the 

n  may  do,  whatever  steps  may  be  taken  to  Judiciary.    If  I  might  characterize  it,  I  would 

>vb  and  unravel  this  great  transaction,  we  say  that  it  is  disrespectful  to  the  House  for 

'  ^uot  at  least  agree  with  the  gentieman  from  him  to  claim  his  right  to  act  upon  it  when 

<'Lio  when  he  says  that  all  these  questions  the  House  has  otherwise  directed.    If  I  might 

^^n  and  are  outside  the  record.    It  would  be  characterize  it,  I  would  say  that  it  is  disre- 

r-uge,  indeed,  if  we  cannot  hear  from  the  spectfnl  to  the  committee  of  this  House  to 


172  CONGRESS,  UNITEa)  STATES. 

whom  the  memorial  and  the  sabjeot  have  pose  of  this  resolution  is  to  impeach  and  nn- 
been  referred,  without  discharging  that  com-  seat  the  President  of  the  United  Statea,  then 
mittee,  for  any  member  to  put  his  hand  upon  they  will  admit  that  it  is  in  order.  And  the 
that  memorial  and  bring  it  m  here,  and  make  gentleman  from  liiohigan  even  said  that  he 
it  the  foundation  of  action,  while  he  has  not,  was  glad  to  understand  from  my  colleague 
neither  has  the  House,  the  memorial  in  its  pos-  (Mr.  Cox)  that  that  might  possibly  be  its  re- 
session,  suit.    Mr.  Speaker,  I  make  no  declaration  of 

"  But,  Mr.  Speaker,  I  shall  assume,  from  the  the  kind ;  I  absolutely  and  positively  refuse  to 
study  I  have  given  to  the  rules  and  to  the  declare  any  such  purpose.  My  purpose  is  only 
question  of  privilege,  that,  if  this  be  decided  a  to  inquire ;  and  if  the  construction  which  the 
question  of  privilege,  it  will  be  so  decided  in-  gentleman  from  Maine  (Mr.  Hale)  gives  to  the 
aependent  of  the  fact  that  the  memorial  comes  rule  is  right,  that  the  privilege  in  respect  to 
from  a  State.  I  shall  assume  that  it  is  decided  the  election  of  President  is  only  to  inquiry  in 
to  be  a  question  of  privilege  because,  as  the  regard  to  his  election  before  he  is  seated,  or 
gentleman  from  New  York  claims,  and  I  was  with  a  view  of  unseating  him,  then  it  is  a  con- 
glad  to  hear  him  claim  it,  it  relates  to  the  elec-  struotion  that  prevents  this  House  inquiring 
tion  and  tenure  of  office  of  the  President  of  into  frauds  which  have  been  successfully  oom- 
the  United  States,  and  to  the  tenure  of  the  mitted  and  have  come  to  light  after  their  suc- 
office  of  the  present  incumbent.  I  admit  free-  cessitil  accomplishment.  Now,  if  there  is  any* 
ly  that,  if  it  does  embrace  that  question  and  thing  in  the  oharaoter  of  a  fraud  which  should 
proposes  to  open  tlie  question  of  the  election  deserve  to  be  inquired  into,  it  is  when  it  has 
and  incumbency  of  the  President,  if  that  be  been  successfully  accomplished,  and  when  the 
involved  in  this  resolution  lo^cally  and  prop-  confession  of  people  who  took  part  in  bringing 
erly,  and  action  by  this  House  is  to  be  taken  m  it  about  or  other  facts  connected  with  it  have 
reference  to  the  election  and  to  the  occupancy  become  known  qfter  its  accomplishment.  If 
of  the  incumbent,  it  is  a  question  of  privilege,  we  refuse  to  inquire  into  a  fraud  which  has 
Otherwise,  and  for  the  reasons  given  by  tiie  been  successful,  then  we  encourage  the  com- 
gentleman  from  New  York,  I  maintain  that  mission  of  frauds  hereafter ;  and  so  far  firom 
such  a  decision  would  carry  with  it  the  right  securing  we  jeopard  the  peace  and  the  security 
of  members  continually  to  raise  questions  of  of  the  country." 

privilege  upon  every  resolution  sent  here  f^om  The  Speaker :  "  First,  as  to  the  question  of 

every  sovereign  State  in  the  Union."  privilege ;  the  other  points  of  order  of  course 

Mr.  Potter :  ^*  Mr.  Speaker^  the  question  of  will  be  reserved  until  presented, 
privilege  raised  by  the  objection  of  the  gentle-  '^  The  issue  involved  is  a  new  one  in  the 
man  from  Michigan  (Mr.  Oonger)  is  a  question  history  of  our  country.  An  examination  of 
of  privilege  only  as  to  the  order  of  business  in  the  basis  upon  which  the  preamble  and  resolu- 
this  House.  The  privilege  asked  for  is  tlie  tion  are  introduced  is  proper.  The  Legislature 
privilege  of  having  now  considered  the  pream-  of  the  State  of  Maryland  passed  a  joint  resolu- 
ble and  resolution  sent  to  the  0]erk^s  desk,  tion  (see  Mabtland)  touching  the  subject 
The  gentleman  from  Ohio  (Mr.  O^arfield)  says  treatea  of  in  the  preamble  and  resolution  just 
that  the  memorial  of  a  sovereign  Stato  never  read,  a  copy  of  which  has  been  remitted  to 
rises  in  the  order  of  business  to  the  dignity —  this  body,  received  and  r^erred,  and  is  within 
that  was  his  phrase-— of  anything  beyond  a  the  knowledge  of  the  members  of  the  House, 
memorial  to  be  referred  to  a  committee.  I  The  following  language  is  used : 
OTbmit  that  depends  upon  what  the  subject  of  That  due  effect  has  not  been  given  to  the  electoral 
the  memonal  is.  The  gentleman  from  Michi-  vote  cast  by  this  State  on  the  6th  day  of  December, 
gan  (Mr.  Oonger)  insists  that  if  this  resolution  1876,  by  reason  of  fVauduient  retuma  made  from 
is  received,  then  resolutions  touching  every  other  St^ea  and  allowed  U)  be  counted  pro viBionally 
subject  upon  which  States  have  ever  memdl  by  ^he  Kleetoral  Commiasion  and  subject  tojudicuQ 
rialized  Congress  shall  for  all  time  be  oonsid- 
ered  as  entitled  to  a  preference  in  oonsidera*  "  -^d  further— 

tion.    No,  Mr.  Speaker;  question  of  privilege  allegingtfaat  the  returns  fW>m  Louisiana  and  Florida, 

depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  a  question  which  were  counted  for  the  present  occupant  of  the 

is  reported  to  or  brought  before  the  House  «"«^tiv«  <^^^  "^^'^  fraudulent  and  void, 

upon  the  subject  matter  involved,  and  upon  "  Here  is  the  appeal  of  a  Stete  of  this  Union 

the  person  at  whose  instonee  it  is  set  in  mo-  to  the  Federal  legislative  power  for  the  cor- 

tion.  rection  of  a  high  grievance  said  to  have  been 

^^  The  privilege  which  this  resolution  is  en-  committed  in  the  Stetes  of  Florida  and  Louisi- 

titled  to  arises,  first,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  set  ana  against  the  rights  of  the  Stete  of  Maryland, 

in  motion  by  the  formal  action  of  a  sovereign  in  having  by  fraud,  in  said  Stetes  of  Florida 

Stete;  and,  second,  from  the  nature  of  the  and  Louisiana,  produced  a  different  result  in 

subject  matter  to  which  it  refers.    The  gentle-  the  election  of  a  President  and  Vice-President 

man  from  Maine  (Mr.  Hale)  and  the  gentleman  from  that  aotnally  decreed  by  tlie  people  them- 

from  New  Hampshire  (Mr.  Blair)  and  the  selves  at  the  polls. 

gentleman  from  Michigan  (Mr.  Oonger)  are  "  Whether  these  allegations  can  be  sustained 

quick  to  declare  that  if  I  will  say  that  the  pur*  by  proof  is  not  for  the  Ohair  to  consider.    It 


00NGRES6,  UNITED  STATES.  178 

is  enoogh  for  him  to  know  that  they  come  leji  Eetohwn,  KmUurer,  Lapham,  Lathrop,  Marsh, 

tm  a  power  which  within  its  limits  is  recog-  ^<*^^^1^S?.^l"^^?v  •i?^??''  Metcalfe,  Bfillfl  Mon- 

•  J   ^       ^  ^' T 4U^  r«^«„*i*«*: ««j  rooi  Neal,  Oliver,  O'Neill,  Paffe,  G.  W.  Patteraon, 

naed  as  aoyereign  by  the  Oonstitution,  and  p^^^ie,  Aillips,  Pound^rice;  tugh,  Bainey,  Rani 

thsttbe  lasoeiDFolYed  runs  to  the  welfare  of  dolph,  Beed,   William  W.  Kioe,  Kyan,  Sampson, 

the  people  of  all  the  States.     Nor  is  it  within  Sapp,  Seztoo,  Sballenberger,  Smalls^  Stewart,  John 

lae  range  of  propriety  for  him  to  express  an  W.  Stone,  Joseph   C.  Stone,  Strait,   Thompson, 

,^.»«U.howfar«.ohmve8ti«tionsh<,„ld  ^'Sfw"25:SS^V^te:*irb"Jf°D';Kc'^^^^^ 

s«)  to  reach  the  facts,  nor  what  Imiits  should  Williams,  Wreti— 108. 

be  set  up  as  to  remedies  to  be  provided  against  ^<yr  Votiho— Messn.  Aldiich.  Bagley,  W.  H.  Ba- 

artcorrence  of  snch  like  events.  ker.  Ballon,  Biabee,  Bland,  Cabell,  Carlislt;,  Chitten- 

•  A  higher  privUege  than  the  one  herp  in-  den,  Clarke^of  Kentucky,  Cojert,  Davidson,  Do^ 

•«u^^j  vJll.^i«^«^  <^:..o.»f1«r  «^*/^o<^nf  Ji^   ^a  Eiokhoff,  Freeman,^ Frye,  Fuller,  Oiddings,  Ooode, 

Tolred,  and  broadly  and  direcfly  presented,  as  HamUtoi,  Hanna,  fe.  W.'  Harris    John  *.  Harris 

Wthe  nghtful  occupancy  of  the  chief  execu-  Hart,  Uunton,  Knott,  Landera,  Liudaey,  Lorin^, 

rre  chair  of  the  Government,  and  the  conneo*  Maiaa,  Money,  Morse^  Norcroas,  Overton,  Pollurd, 

ti'M  of  high  Qovemment  officials  with  the  Powers,  Quinn,  Amencus  V.  Rice,  Roberts,  G.  D. 

fc»d.  allied,  the  Ohair  is  unable  to  conceive.  i^^;ii,^^^  iiei^t M^  I'To'^^SSSi Aee^dt^ 

The  Chair  finds  enumerated  among  the  Walker,  Warner,  Wataon,  Weloh^Andrew  WUliama 

<|wtioD9  of  privilege  set  down  m  the  Manual  Biohard  WillUma,  Bex^amin  A.  WillU,  Willita-66. 
the  following: 'Election  of  President.' 

**Tlw  Chair  therefore  rules  that  the  pream-  So  the  appeal  was  laid  on  the  table. 

We  ind  resolution  embrace  questions  of  privi-  Mr.  Reagan,  of  Texas,  said :  "  Mr.  Speaker, 

kg»  of  the  highest  character,  and  recognizes  while  I  shall  vote  for  the  adoption  of  this  reso- 

tfcer^tof  the  gentleman  from  New  York  to  lution,  I  desire  to  say  a  word  in  reference  to 

offer  the  same.'*  ^^^  grounds  upon  which  I  shall  place  that  vote 

Xr.  Conger :  "  I  desire  to  have  the  sense  of  that  this  resolution  involves  a  question  of  priv- 

tbe  House  upon  the  ruling  of  the  Ohair,  and  il®ge.    For  I  should  not  like  to  have  either 

thtfefore  take  an  appeal  from  the  decision."  myself  or  those  with  whom  I  act  politicallv  go 

The  Speaker :  "  The  gentleman  from  Michi-  before  the  country  upon  a  wrong  reason  if  the 

pn  appeals  from  the  decision  of  the  Ohair."  right  one  existed.    I  agree  with  my  colleague 

Mr.  Potter:  "I  move  to  lay  the  appeal  on  w^d  friend  who  spoke  a  short  time  ago,  that 

tie  table.-'  the  petition  which  has  been  received  oy  this 

The  Speaker:  **  The  question  is  on  the  mo-  House  from  the  State  of  Maryland,  and  referred 

tion  to  lay  the  appeal  on  the  table."  to  the  Judiciary  Oommittee,  of  itself  does  not 

The  question  was  taken,  as  follows :  present  a  privileged  question,  and  it  must  be 

.      „          .  ^,       ^ .-        *  ^      «      ,  disposed  of  regularly  as  all  such  petitions  are 

3:3cnLBooie,Bouel^braM,Briiges,Bright,Butler,  I  desire  to  state  distmctly  that  that  portion  of 

J-knW.  Caldwell.  W.  P.  Caldwell,  Candler,  Chal-  the  memorial  or  resolution  from  the  Legisla- 

nn,  AWsh  A.  Clark,  Clark  of  lusaouri,  Cl^^mer,  ture  of  the  State  of  Maryland  which  looks  to 

t  boXjllins,  Cook,  Samuel  S.  Cox,  Cravena,  Critten-  the  institution  of  legal  proceedings  to  retry  the 

lnai,Einiig,Pelton,Finley,  Forney,  Fort,  Franklin,  thing  which  can  not  be  done  by  this  House,  as 

C«;h,  Otose.  Gibson,  01over,Qanter^Hardenbergh,  that  was  a  political  question  settled  by  the 

g^7  B.  Harria,  fiarriaon.  Hartndge,  Hartiell,  highest  political  authority,  and  settled  under 

ftw*a  ^^h  Henry.  Herbert,  Abram  8.  Hewitt,  ^^  ^  accordance  with  tie  rules  which  con- 

t::L;'K7o'^la\^^^^^^^  '^^}  ^^  af«o°,<>' Congress.    The  courts  can 

^J^n,  Ljnde,  Maokey,  Manning,  Martm,  Mayham,  not  and  will  not  take  jurisdiction  on  a  pohtical 

j|:Ki3xi£,  MeMahon,  Mitchell,  Morran.  Morrison,  question  of  that  character.    Besides,  the  au- 

fciww,  Mdler,  T.  M.  Pajteraon,  Phelps,  Potter,  thority  which  could  determine  the  title  of  the 

^^^"^i^  iSS^^^'^^hU^hir^h^^^  President  to  hold  his  office  has  acted  on  it  and 

fx,J.etoi>lemins,  wJlliam''  k  Smith,  donthari,*  settied  that  Question,  and  we  can  not  now  dis- 

^ki,  Springer,  Steele,  Stenjfer,  Swan,  Throck-  turb  it    And  orobably  I  might  go  still  further 

^fi'm^  R.  W.  Townsend,  T acker,  Tumen  Tumey,  and  say  it  would  be  to  the  best  interests  of  the 

A  i''^n.*^'**"4  ^'*?fe'.M^*"^^\^™®Vf^/?|P^°»  country  that  we  should  not  disturb  it.    While. 

t4!^  Wuii*'^^  therefore,  I  can  not  vote  for  the  resolution  upon 

^•-t?-is8.                   '           1        a    »           »  ^|je  ground  that  the  petition  of  itself  involves 

^^ATt--Mesan.  Baoon,  John  H.  Baker,  Banks,  a  question  of  privilege,  or  that  we  have  the 

and  retry  the  question  of  the 
President  I  do  maintain  that 


fiCoSirB^^'c^o^^^jriJrCo'i  the  resolutton  a.  offered  by  the  gentleman 

'^''^\  Cumminga,  Danford,  Horace  Davis,  Deering,  from  New  York,  m  making  a  charge  that  great 

/zijr«,Duiiiie]l,Dwight,  Barnes,  Ellsworth,  Errett,  frauds  were  perpetrated  in  the  election  of 

Oitwton  Evans,  Jamea  L.  Evans,  Poster,  Gard-  President  and  Vice-President,  and  in  which  it 

^B^  Si^ie^rar,^&U^c^W^^^  ^'f  ttTLt'v  Z  oTn^w  K.t'X^ 

V'^.  HaiyJerford,  Hunter,  Jamei  Ittner,  John  8.  of  the  Treasury  and  one  now  acting  as  a  for- 

*'^  ioiganaen,  Joyce,  Keifer,  Keightiey,  Eel-  eign  mmister  were  participants  m  those  frauds 


174  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

—I  maintain  that  that  charge  of  frand  against  The  Speaker :  **  So  the  main  qnestion  is  on 

those  officers  does  rai^e  a  question  of  the  high-  dered ;  and  the  question  recurs  on  the  adop- 

est  privilege  which  may  he  investigated  hy  this  tion  of  the  preamble  and  resolution  of  the 

House  for  great  public  reasons.    It  is  just  to  gentleman  from  New  York  (Mr.  Potter)." 

the  country  and  it  would  be  right  to  those  The  question  was  taken  on  the  adoption  ol 

gentlemen  that  such  a  charge  having  been  made  the  preamble  and  resolution,  as  follows : 

should  be  investigated."  Yii^-Mesgrs.  Acklen,  Aikeo,  Atkins,  Bannine. 


Mr.  Potter : 


:  ''The  various  points  of  order  Beebe,  Bell, Benedict,  Bicknell,  BlackburD,  BUnS, 

raised  to  the  reception  of  this  resolution  hav-  ff *"»  ^1^^*°^^^°®*  ^^^' 5™fK»  S"^*j.^^W»} 

iug  been  disposed  of  I  deeire  to  make  only  ^lt^itcdZ.X''rr'i\l-M^ 

one  remark,   and  that  because  of  somethmg  MisaOuri,  Clymer,  Cobb,  CollinB,  Cook,  Bamael  S 

personal  said  by  the  gentleman  from  Michigan  Cox,  Cravens,  Crittenden,  Culberson,  Cutler,  David 

(Mr.  Conger),  before  I  shall   ask  the   House  bo^i  Joseph  J.  Davis  Dean,  Dibrell,  Dickey,  Doujj 

whether  it  desires  to  close  discussion  on  this  lf»>  Durfiam,  Eden  ilickboff,  Elam,  Ellis Joimfl 

resolution  or  not  by  the  previous  question  &,  ^^T^f;  ^f^;  |^tJ;  SJ^^-S^o'J^ 

The  gentleman  from  Michigan  intimated  that  it  Goode,  Gunter,  Hamilton,  Hardenberi;h,  Henir  K 

was  an  impertinence  on  my  part  to  introduce  Harris,  John  T.  Harris,  Harrison,  Hart,  Hartndge 

this  resolution.    Mr.  Speaker,  very  few  gentle-  ^"J»e^»  Hatcher,  Henkle,  Henry,  Herbert,  Abnm 

men  of  the  House,  I  think,  would  assume  the  l^^r'in'n?;  \^^t'  Sn2^^ir3i«Tv^^^n 

•i.'1'x      ^  •  i     J     •                1  i.*        MAX.  xranK  Jones,  James  i.  Jones,  Kenna,  Kimmell 

responsibility  of  introducing  a  resolution  of  the  Knapp,  Llgon,  Lockwood,  Luttrill,  LynAe,  Mackey 

character  and  magnitude  of  the  resolution  I  Maisb,  Manning.  Martin,  May  bam,  McKenzie,  Mo 


.,               .                    ^Tj>jxi»i^  bins,   Roberts,   Bobertson,    Boss,    Sayler,   Scalei 

mg,  gentlemen  whose  request  I  did  not  feel  at  Bobleioher,  Shellev,  Singleton.  Slemons,  William  E 

liberty  to  refuse.    I  think  few  gentlemen  on  this  Smith,  Southard,  Sparks,  Sprmcrer,  Steele,  Stengei 

side  of  the  House  when  so  requested  would  Swann,  Throckmorton,  K.  w.  Townshend,  Tuckei 

have  felt  themselves  at  liberty  to  refuse  to  pro-  I"??'' J"™^^' Jj?,??'  ^®*^^'  WaddeU  Walkei 

«^o«  ♦v^  .»«^i.,^^^  ;«  ^„«^4>i^^  Walsh,  Warner,  Whitthome,  Wigginton,  A.  8.  wi 

pose  the  resolution  in  question.  ^^^^  'j^^^  ViUiams,  Jere.  N.  Whllami,  Albert  8 

"  I  want  to  add  also,  in  view  of  something  Willis,  BenL  A.  Walis,  WUson,  Wood,  Wright 

that  was  said  by  the  gentleman  from  Texas  Yeates,  and Tonnff— 146. 

(Mr.  Mills),  and   by  gentlemen  on  the  other  NATs-Messrs.  MiUs  and  Moree— «. 

Bide,  that  the  resolution  contemplates  nothing  jo^V  bS:;:^^!  H'B2k'er,^BXu,^B:n2 

but  an  inquiry  into  the  facts  connected  with  Bayne,   Bisbee,   Blair,   Boyd,    Brentano,   Brew« 

the  electoral  vote  of  the  States  of  Florida  and  Brirgs.  Brogden,  Browne,  Bundy,  Barcliard,  Bui 

Louisiana,  and  into  the  participation  of  officers  dick,  Butler,  Cain,  Calkins,  Camp,  Campbell,  Can 

of  the  Government  in  connection  with  the  al-  »?»v  ^fSu'  S'S'^®"'  Chittenden.  Claflin  Bus 

legedfrau-lsthere     What ««  be  done  after  the  ^\' E}toi:L^TS^^^^i!i°'^^,n^ 

inquiry  is  completed,  what  ought  to  be  done,  Davis,  Deeriug,  Denieon,  Dunnell,  D wight,  Earn© 

should  be  determined  only  after  the  inquiry  Ellsworth,  Errett,   I.   iNewton  Evans,   James  1 

has  been  concluded.     For  myself,  I  have  no  Evwis,  Fort,  Foster,  Freeman,  Frye,  Gardner,  Ga 

purpose  in  this  respect,  and  I  know  of  none  J®  ?'^"^®»  ^t""^      w  ®!4  ^^ff*  a'  "*^*'  ^"i 

5[«  /k«  ,x««*  ^*  ^^  J^M^L^\  ..«^«:«^^«  kell,  Hayea,  Haaelton,  Hendee,  Henderson,  Hldcoo) 

on  the  part  of  my  political  associates.            ^  Hub\)ell,   duraphrey,  Hun,fferVord,  Hunter,  Ittne 

"I  desire  to  add  further  that  I  have  no  wish  James,  John  8.  Jones,  Jorgensen,  Joyce,  Kiife 

Marst 

Litche] 

ertol 


investigation  proposed  can  result  in  disturbing  p^ge,  d  W.  "Patterson'Peddiel  Phillips,  PoUar 

it.    The  Government  of  this  country  was  made  Pound,  Powers,  Price.  Pugh,  Quinn,  Rainey,  R« 

by  the  people,  and  they  are  competent  to  pre-  dolph.  Beed,  William  W.  Bice,  G.  D.  Robinson,  S 

serve  it  without  violence  and  to  nght  peaceably  f-  Bobinson,  Bjan,  Swipson,  Sann,  Sexton   Sh 

♦i>«  «T.^»»«  ♦K«4.  oi^^.^M  Ka  «$»k4-J^  ^»  :#  -^^Ja  lenberger,  Sinnickson,  Smalls,  A.  llerr  Smith,  Sr 

the  wrongs  that  should  be  nghted  ,or,if  need  j     gt'^hins,  Stewart,  John  W.  Stone.  Joseph 

be,  to  submit  for  a  season  to  wrong  if  the  public  Stone,   Strwt,    Thompson,    ThombuiA,    Tipt< 

._ .        .     -,  ^  ^^  ^  they  should  submit  to  it.  Amos  Townsend,  M,  I.  Townsend,  Van  Vorh« 

aid  before,  that  to  refuse  ^ajt,  Ward,  Watson,  Welch,  Harry  white,  Michi 

tfwfiil    frnndfl  ia  ti\   inviiA  ^"  White,  Andrew  Williams,  C.  G.  Williams,  Rid 

Til  H^^aI^J^H^  »rd  Williams,  WilUts,  and  Wren-m. 


Sexton,  Shi 
Sri 

interests  demand  that  they  should  submit  to  it.  Amos'^Townsend,  M.*^.  'town8end2_^an  Vorhc 

But  I  repeat  what  I  said 

to  inquire  into  successful 

their  repetition,  and  is  in  the  end  to  jeopard,  ^,       ,        ,    . 

not  to  secure,  the  public  safety.  So  the  preamble  and  resolution  were  adopte 

"And  now  as  the  subject  matter  of  this  res-       -rr^  wsi-««  ^f  w«c*  \r\,»^r^u   ^^ia  .  *i  t  ^ 

omtion  is  fajBiliar  to  all  the  members  of  the  ,irft;>  offe^r 'rStiliThS,  ^^nd  tl  U 

House,  I  will  call  the  previous  question  upon  ^  JL  »?  «**«   «»v  ^^  v«  t,    ^    *  o^uv* 

it,  and  let  the  House  determine  whether  it  shall        rrC^  rn««v  .*«^  «-  4Vvn««- . 
be  further  debated  "  "^^®  ^®^^  ^^^  ^  follows : 

After  many  days  of  delay  through  want  ot  ^  ^'^^^t  A  select  committee  of  this  Hoose  b 

.,•'       J,   "*  **    »/  w**v«g«  »»»««    ya  hej-etQforg  t,^en  appointed   to   investigate    alleg 

a  quorum,  the  mam  question  was  ordered  on  ft^^ds  in  oonnectibrwith  the  electoral  vote  of  i 

May  17th— yeas  147,  nay  1,  not  votmg— 143.  Sutes  of  Louisiana  and  Florida :  now,  therefore. 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  175 

A  U  mohtd^  That  laoh  oommittee  be  and  thaj  par^  in  coin,  either  of  the  description  of  bonds  of  the 

m  berebj  lathorised  to  investigate  frauds  touohinf  united  States  desoribed  in  the  act  of  Congress  ap- 

tki  elecbOQ  aforesaid  in  any  other  State,  provided  proved  July  14, 1870^entitled '  An  act  to  authorize  the 

tk4T  luve  probable  cause  to  believe  that  such  firauds  refunding  of  the  national  debt, '  with  like  qualities, 

eiL«'.^  privileges,  and  exemptions,  to  the  extent  necessary 

llr.  Cox.  of  New  York :  "  I  move  to  refer  *°  TvL'^''/?^  'fi°  ^^^^  etfect,  and  to  use  the  pro- 

ther^olotion  to  the  special  committee  that  SL^iV^^SSC^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

ia  chaqsed  with  investigating  the  alleged  frauds  Amend  the  title  so  as  to  read :  *^  A  bill  to  repeal 

in  tlie  electoral  ooont  in  the  presidential  elec-  all  that  part  of  the  act  approved  January  14,  1875, 

Loo.  and  upon  that  motion  1  demand  the  pre-  known  as  the  resumption  act,  which  authorizes  the 

Ti'ju  anestiOD.*'  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  dispose  of  United  States 

u    \v'\         It  T   J    •      A       •       At.     «  11    ▲  bonds  and  redeem  and  cancel  tne  greenback  curren- 

Mr.  Wilson:  "I  desire  to  give  the  lallest  oy.n                                           " 

i&d  freest  chance  for  investigation,  and  I  wish 

tilt  the  resolution  be  pnt  upon  its  passage  Nnmerons  amendments  were  also  proposed 

Kw^  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  mention. 

The  nuin  question  was  then  ordered,  being  Mr.Phillips,  of  Kansas,  sai^ :  "  Mr.  Speaker,  I 

ipoQ  the  motion  of  Mr.  Oox,  of  New  York,  to  "^^  willing,  even  anxious,  that  the  bill  now 

refer  the  resolution  to  the  select  committee  pending  before  the  House  should  have  pro- 

to  investigate  the  alleged  frauds  in  the  presi-  ceeded  to  a  vote  without  saying  a  word  upon  it. 

dmtul  election.  Through  all  its  stages  I  have  pressed  action 

The  question  was  taken,  and  there  were —  looking  to  an  immediate  issue  and  an  im- 

j<«  89,  nays  116,  not  voting  86.    So  the  mo-  mediate  vote.   I  think  I  can  say  for  the  major- 

ijft  to  refer  the  resolution  was  not  agreed  to.  ^^7  ^^  *^®  committee  that,  without  attempting 

to  gag  or  refuse  reasonable  time  for  consider* 

In  the  House,  on  October  81st,  Mr.  Ewing,  ation  or  debate,  they  have  realized  the  impor- 

•c-^Ohio,  reported  from  the  Oommittee  on  Bank-  ta^ce  of  immediate  action  and  the  responsibility 

^  and  Currency  a  bill  to  repeal  the  third  sec-  thrust  upon  them  by  haying  the   bill  in  their 

ii  of  the  act  to  provide  for  the  resumption  charge.    We  were  not  insensible  to  the  fact 

it  spede  payments.    The  bill  was  read  a  first  that  the  bill  in  question  was  antagonized  by 

laiwcond  time,  and  ordered  to  be  recommit-  a  formidable  party,  knit  together  by  strong 

t«d.  This  was  next  reconsidered.  interests.    We  also  were  sensible  that  the  dis- 

Iq  the  House,  on  November  6th,  the  dis-  tractions  of  debate  and  insidious  character  of 

K^on  of  the  biU  commenced.    It  was  as  fol-  amendments  proposed  or  to  be  proposed  might 

'.jtt:  lead  real  friends  of  the  measure  to  vote  for 

mtoRpesithetUrd  section  of  the  set  entltlsd**  An  set  to  pl*^^^'*^®  amendments  which  might  commend 

provWibrUie  rMumpttonof  spade  paymenu.''  themselves  to  their  individual  views,  so  as  to 

Biii<nadedbfth4  SenaUandHouMofSepretetUa-  ^^^  down  the  bill  until   it   would   not  re- 

^  'ftJu  UtiiUiSiaUtof  Anuriaa  in  dongrm  asaem-  ceive  the  support  of  a  majority  of  this  House. 

•wl  That  the  third  section  of  the  act  entitled  **  An  Therefore  the  committee  desired  to  demand  a 

« to  pride  for  the  resumption  of  soecie  pay-  ^^^e,  believing  it  was  due  the  House  to  have 

^^by'*^';?^  the  privilegeSf  SO  determining.    It  has  other- 

Ax-uinent  proposed  by  Mr.  Fort  to  the  bill  (H.  J^^«^  ^''^ V?*?r^/*w  ^  ^'^..^.^^^i^  P??°* 

i  V^  »6)  to  ropil  the  Uiird  section  of  the  act  en-  briefly  on  behalf  of  that  oommittee  the  leading 

^  "*  An  act  to  provide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  features  of  the  bill. 

jifaeati,"  Til. :  Strike  out  all  after  the  enacting  **The  third  section  of  the  resumption  act,  the 

'TJ^y'S^  ?.•  ^*"5T?^L             A  T  section  a  portion  of  which  it  is  proposed  now 

:*'"5:^i»^rr^  i^'V-i?e7or\t  r^rS?  to  repeal  'by  the  amendment  of  L  W^^^ 

« -itntdt  Daymenta,'*  which  reads  aa  follows,  to  '^om  Illmois  (Mr.  Fort),  which  I  will  state  here 

^^- "  And  whenever,  and  so  often  as,  circulating  has  been  accepted  by  the  committee,  was  and 

i-Vi  liuU  b«  issued  to  anjr  such  banking  association,  ig  a  contradictory  one. 

'-:3en»*ingiu capital  or  drculatiog  notes,  or  so  new-  tt  nn^j.*.  4.>>:«^  fl<»/»tinn  qAATns  ft\  "hnvp  Admitted  nf 

•'  ^ruSu  afonsaid,  it  shall  be  the  Auty  of  the  ^ "**  *^™  secoon  seems  to  Have  aamittea  or 

^rmvToftbe  Treasury  to  redeem  the  legal-tender  ™«^T  constructions  and  seems  to  have   been 

»i'«i  States  notes  in  excess  only  of  $800,000,000,  either  contrived  to  conceal  its  own  provisions 

•':^i3K>aQtof80per  cent,  of  thesum  of  national-  or  to  have  been  admirably  successful  in  con- 

•^  Mte*  so  iMuedto  any  such  banking  association  founding  all  opinions  as  to  what  it   was  de- 

-'X^^r2i^aSVSi^t^rn"K*o"„'£  -^ned.  for, .  The  theory  is  that  for  e.ch  $100 


City 

'*^i&tQm»ofnotleasthan$50.  And  to  enable  the  20  per  cent,  of  any  additional  amount  of  na- 

^'^oftheTreasuiy  to  prepare  and  provide  for  tional-bank  notes  that  was  issued,  and  that 

^-tSi^^rety's'u'^X'^^^^^  there  would  be  no  chimge  if  the  national-bank 

';=««DtbeTreaaunr,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  paper  was  not  increased.      ^.      .       ,     ^ 

'^^  iMue,  sell,  and  dispose  of,  at  not  less  than        *'  While  the  bill  was  pending  in  the  Senate, 


176  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Sherman,  then  a  Senator  and  chairman  of  Congresses  which  shonld  meet,  but  as  fast  as 

the  Committee  on  Finance,  who  reported  this  the  circulation  of  the  money  of  the  people 

bill,  was  asked  what  was  the  purpose  of  tbis  could  be  withdrawn  under  the  third  section  of 

third  section ;  whether  it  would  give  to  the  the  resumption  act,  it  was  promptly  destroyed 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury  power  to  caucel  and  to  prevent  its  reissue, 
destroy  the  legal-tender  notes,  or  were  they  to        *^  Now,  as  I  have  said,  the  theory  of  that 

be  reissued  ?    I  will  send  to  the  Clerk's  desk  to  sectioif  was  that  it  would  increase  by  20  per 

be  read  some  extracts  from  that  debate."  cent,  the  currency  of  the  country.    If  sach 

The  Clerk  read  as  follows:  was  the  purpose,  what  has  been  the  result? 

Mr.  Sohurz:  *'  I  think  that  the  Senator  from  Ohio  There  were  outstanding  at  the  date  of  the  pas- 
has probably  not  understood  my  queetion.  What  I  sage  of  the  act  $382,000,000  of  legal-tender 
meanttoask  was  whether,  whene ver  any  gpeenbaoka  notes,  and  of  national-bank  notes  $349,894,- 

many  thouaanda  of  doUara  of  bank  notes  having  been  tO-day   outstandmg    $816,776,111.      On    last 

iaaued,  the  greenbaoka  bo  retired  aball  be  cauoeled  Saturday,  the  8d  instant,  there  were  outstand- 

and  destroyed,  never  to  be  reissaed  again!    The  ing  of  greenbacks  $854,490,992.     There  has 

Senator  will  remember  ver^  weU  that  we  bad  a  pnH  ^een,  therefore,  under  this  third  section  of  the 

trSdVa^g  of^U^^^^^  resumption  act,  a  decrease  of  national-bank 

▼eray  on  that  identical  point.    Now,  what  I  am  after  notes  amounting  to  $86,066,889.     The  reduc- 

la  to  understand  whether  the  provisions  of  this  bill  tion  in  legal-tender  notes,  which,  as  I  have 

will  in  their  practical  operation  work  in  the  direction  stated,  have  been  canceled  and  destroyed,  has 

of  specie  payments  or  not,  and  for  that  it  is  a  very  been  $27,609,108.    Thus  there  has  been  a  re- 

easential  question  whether  the  greenbacks  so  retired  j     7.         *x.  a^o  eAr  j  j»t  •     *i.         i  j  ^iT 

ahall  be  destroyed,  never  to  be  reiaaued  again,  or  auction  of  $62,696,447  in  the  volume  of  the 

whether  tbey  shall  be  held  as  a  reserve,  as  the  forty-  currency  under  the  operation  of  this  section  of 

four  milUona  were,  certainly  to  be  put  into  the  mar-  the  resumption  act. 

ket  again.»»  4*  j^ig  ^^^^^  ^^  brought  about  by  an  adroit 

Mr.  Sherman :  *'  The  honorable  Senator  ft>om  Mia-  process.      When  a  million  of  national-bank 

•ouri  and  I  amed  per^Bctlv^ome  years  ago  when  notes  were  issued  eight  hundred  thousand  legal- 

the  question  about  the  $44,000,000  reserve  came  up.  x^^,  j«,   «^*^-   ^^^  ^«»^^i<^   »^a    a^,^»^^^ 

I  should  rather  put  thiTqueation  to  him.    At  all  ^^^^  notes  were  cancel^  and   destroyed, 

•vents  I  say  to  him  frankly  that  we  do  not  propose  to  When  national  banks  surrendered  tbeir  circula- 

decide  that  question  in  this  bill.    I  have  no  doubt  tion,  say  of  a  million,  eight  hundred  thoussnd 

that  when  the  time  arrivea  when  the  question  becomes  legal- tender  notes  were  not  reissued.    Indeed, 

material,  it  will  be  met.    Undoubtedly  until  the  re-  ^ ^^^  ^jg  cunning  machinery  a  national  bank 

duotion  of  the  United  States  notes  to  $800,000,000  ~V,  ^Z^LA^iJt  r.!^^^^^lA^J4^^ZrLi\\ir2 

they  can  not  be  reissued.    The  progresa  muit  gi  on  could  surrender  its  notes  one  day  for  a  million 

pari  pattu  until  the  amount  of  legal-tender  notea  is  ooUars  and  then  next  day  apply  for  a  fresh  or* 

reduced  to  $800,000,000.   Before  that  time  will  prob-  culation ;  and  every  time  they  went  through 

ably  arise  in  the  coarse  of  human  affairs,  at  least  one  this  process  caused  the  cancellation  and  A^ 

VJ^^.  m.v^«i?;:\rj  wfr^^^^^  str uctlon  of  eight  hundred  thousand  legal-ten- 

and  we  may  leave  to  the  future  these  questions  that  j  ^        -n    tv  x  •<.  'vi 

tend  to  divide  us  and  distract  ns,  rather  than  under-  3«r  notes.  By  this  arrangement  it  was  possible 

take  to  thrust  them  into  this  bill  and  thus  divide  na  for  a  syndicate  of  bankers  to  pump  the  legal- 

and  prevent  us  from  doing  aomething  in  the  direction  tender  system  dry ;  and  thus  we  witness  the 

at  which  we  aim.*'.  .  .  .  result  that  with  a  contraction  of  national-bank 

ho^J^&TsSJr  2r^?w^e?^^^^^^  notes  amounting  to  upward  of  thirty-five  mil- 

It  is  whether,  when  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  lions  there  is  also  a  contraction  of  legal  tender 

after  the  lat  day  of  Januaiy,  1879,  shall  redeem  Trea-  of  twenty-seven  millions  and  a  half, 
surv  notea  in  coin,  he  wiU  have  the  right  to  reissue        ^'  But  that,  Mr.  Speaker,  is  not  all*    At  the 

•uch  notes ! "  .,  -.  ^  ^  t  .  j  ji  *i  ^1-  ^^te  of  the  passage  of  that  act  there  were  out- 
Mr.  Sherman:  "That  question  I  said  dittinotiy  ^«^Ji«„  :«  aI3?^«-i  ^«««^«.a«  ajk  oaa  i»yo 
that  I  left  to  the  future,  fanawered  that  a  moment  Standing  m  fractional  currency  ^46, 800,  m^ 
ago,  and  stated  tliat  this  bill  did  not*  propose  to  78.  Tins  was  a  non-interest-bearmg  debt,  as 
answer  that  question,  but  would  leave  it  to  be  deter-  the  legal-tender  notea  were.  Now  I  wish  to 
mined  by  the  future  between  thi»  and  the  time  when  call  attention  to  a  fact  I  ascertained  at  the 
the  redemption  is  to  take  place."  ^f^^^  ^^  ^^iQ  Director  of  the  Mint  that  consider- 
Mr.  Phillips:  '''•  Mr.  Speaker,  it  will  be  observ*  ably  surprised  me ;  it  was  that  silver  subsidiary 
ed  that  in  the  bill  as  paraed  through  the  Sen-  coin  has  been  issued  in  exchange  for  the  fraction- 
ate the  question  as  to  the  reissue  was  supposed  al  currency  to  the  extent  of  $28,166,162.82. 
to  be  left  open.  In  endeavoring  to  collect  data  Then,  as  I  learn  from  that  officer  by  a  state- 
(and  I  only  learned  yesterday  afternoon  that  I  ment  which  I  have  here  in  my  hand,  there 
would  be  expected  to  speak  here  to-day),  I  have  been  coined  up  to  the  first  of  the  present 
went  to  the  Treasury  Department  this  morning  month  of  these  subsidiary  coins,  which  are  a 
and  saw  Mr.  Secretary  Sherman,  from  whom  I  token  coinage,  $89,118,000.  At  the  date  of 
learned  that  the  amount  of  legal-tender  notes  the  passage  of  the  resumption  act  there  was 
withdrawn  on  account  of  the  issue  of  nationd-  upward  of  four  millions  of  this  subsidiary  coin 
bank  notes  is  $27,609,108.  This  amount,  as  the  in  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  thus  mak- 
Secretary  informed  me,  has  been  canceled  and  ing  upward  of  $48,000,000  of  silver  coin  then 
destroyed.  The  question  of  its  destruction  was  on  hand  and  since  coined.  This  coin — halves, 
not  left  to  the  future.    It  was  not  left  to  the  quarters,  and  dimee— is  of  less  value  than  our 


OONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  177 

rtio Jard  dollan  by  abont  4  per  oent,  tbe  small  House  from  misconoeptioD  of  the  facts,  and  in 

ehio{^  of  nearly  all  civilized  nations  being  so  the  public  prints,  that  silver  had  been  declin- 

ddbsMd  to  keep  it  from  going  oat  of  the  ing  in  value  rapidly  before  it  was  demonetlEed. 

Miutry.    It  will  be  remembered  that  the  joint  Examination  proves  this  not  to  have  been  the 

i««)hitioii  of  1876  authorized  this  sabsidiary  fact.    As  the  Honse  is  well  aware,  in  1871 

eouage  to  be  issued  to  the  extent  of  $60,000,-  Germany  demonetized  sliver.    In  1878,  by  a 

000.  I  learn  that  there  has  been  submitted  to  provision  adopted  in  an  appropriation  bill,  and 

the  Attorney-General    a  question  as  to  the  which  members  of  the  House  and  the  Senate 

loKHiaC  of  this  issue  of  sabsidiary  silver  allow-  have  said  repeatedly  they  did  not  know  they 

ftble  bf  law,  and  that  his  decision  is  to  this  were  enacting,  the  silver  dollar  was  demone- 

tHici,  that  under  that  resolution  there  can  be  tized  in  these  United  States,  or  rather  stricken 

i<f3ed  of  this  sabsidiary  silver  coin  $62,108,-  from  the  coinage,  for  it  was  a  money  prescribed 

5U).  The  com  mission  appointed  to  examine  by  the  Constitution.    This  was  done  on  the  plea 

m  rabjeot  reported  that  $8,088,000  had  been  that  silver  was  declining,  or  rather  its  remon- 

io$t  or  destroyed  in  circulation,  and  could  be  etization  is  resisted  on  the  ground  that  the  de- 

TrpUeed  bj  an  additional  issue  of  subsidiary  cline  in  silver  no  longer  makes  it  useful  as  mon- 

ilrer,  which,  together  with  the  four  millions  ey.    What  were  the  facts  f    Up  to  the  date  of 

ii  tlia  Treasury  before  this  coinage  began  uii-  the  passage  of  that  act  silver  for  many  years 

dr  the  rsiiamptton  act,  makes  the  sixty-two  had  ranged  at  about  sixty  pence  on  the  ounce 

aillioDs.    For  the  purpose  of  redeeming  the  in  London — not  lower  than  fifty-nine.    In  Feb- 

re-Qiimler  of  old  fractional  currencv,  upward  ruary  of  that  year  it  was  a  small  fraction  un- 

of  $9,000,000  of  legal-tender  notes  have  been  der  sixty,  although  quoted  at  fifty-nine  and  a 

mnillf  retired,  having  been  placed   in  the  quarter  for  the  year  ending  in  June.    It  had 

Treasarr  to  meet  that  amount  of  fractional  not  been  declining  when  the  act  demonetizing 

ci*re3cf  if  ever  presented.  the  silver  dollar  took  effect  more  than  it  had 

"  It  will  thas  be  seen  that,  taking  into  con-  sometimes   declined   previously.      Since    we 

^deration  the  fractional  currency,  the  legal-  demonetized  it,  and  the  Scandinavian  countries 

teadsr  not3fl,  and   the  national-bank  notes,  have  demonetized  it,  it  has  fallen,  and  has  been 

there  ha^  been  a  contraction  of  $94,695,000,  if  at  forty-eight  pence,  and  even  forty-six  pence. 

7e  Ma  le  the  $9,000,000  retired  into  the  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  our  demonetization 

Trei^qrj  to  maet  the  fractional  currency  not  had  great  effect  in  producing  this  result,  for 

ttit  in.    There  is,  in  addition  to  this,  a  very  itsuseascoinis  what  gives  silver  its  chief  value. 

^'Tisideriible  anoant  still  on  deposit  for  the  We  have  thus  stripped  our  silver,  one  of  our 

vithdrawal  of  national-bank  notes  on  traa<uio-  most  important  productions,  of  much  of  its 

t:)as  not  yet  completed.    The  amount  of  leg^-  value.    The  improvements  in  machinery  in  our 

^i^  Dotes  withdrawn  from  circulation  and  westom  mines  have  actually  doubled  the  pres- 

M  in  tlie  Treasury  on  account  of  the  liquida-  ent  silver  production  of  the  world.    We  have 

'^a.  S8ttldm3nt,  and  resignation  of  national-  it  in  our  power  by  preserving  its  value  to  pay 

^i  Dotd3  is  made  up  as  follows :  our  debts  more  easily,  even  if  the  balance  of 

rorratedny |8»8iaooo  trade  should  turn  against  us.    We  have  it  in 

kS^fcuaii" rSaoS  ®°^  power  through  our  silver  and  gold  to  dic- 

^          8^50,000  tato  terms  to  the  money  magnates  of  Europe, 

''la  all  there  are  held  in  the  Treasury  up-  and  become  what  we  may  be,  the  ruler  in 

vvdof|ta,O00,000of  legal-tender  notes  with-  finance.    But  by  that  wretehed  act  we  threw 

<^'3VQ  fron  circulation  under  the  provisions  away  a  facility  to  pay  our  debts,  weakened  our 

^  this  third  section  of  the  resumption  act,  political  power,  and  tried  to  belittle  our  own 

^^og  in  all  a  contraction  in  the  volume  of  productions. 

^T^ncf  diriog  this  length  of  time  of  nearly  '*  We  have  seen,  Mr.  Speaker,  that  this  third 

tI>)T.i)03,0))  ap< in  a  circulation  of  $750,000,000  section  did  not  increase  the  volume  of  circula- 

aoitioail-bmk  notes  and  legal  tenders.    This  tion.    We  have  seen  this  third  section,  on  the 

3v»xQrrdd  under  the  operation  of  the  third  contrary,  decrease  that  circulation  almost  one 

*^ii9Qof  the  resumption  act.    It  wiU  be  seen,  sixth  of  its  entire  volume,  and  not  only  leave 

|3.'rdfara,  th^  tlie  avowed  purpose  of  that  act  power  with  the  Secretary  to  destroy  the  best 

-)  increase  the  volume  of  the  currency  has  money  we  had,  but  to  saddle  us  with  an  addi- 

^^  been  realized;  that,  on  the  contrary,  there  tional  debt  of  one  hundred  and  seven  millions 

-»  bean  a  contraction  almost  unparalleled  in  and  a  burden  of  interest  of  six  millions  a  year, 

•^^hiitory  of  any  commercial  country,  amount-  *'  Now,  there  is  one  fact  to  which  I  wish  to 

^^  (0  that  brief  time  to  one  sixth  of  the  en-  call  your  attention.    The  national-bank  notes, 

'••^  volume.  as  you  will  have  observed,  have  been  reduced 

'Before  I  dismiss  tbia  onestion  I  wish  to  in  volume,  and  any  man  might  have  foreseen 

'^^'-e  a  fact  which,  althongn  not  immediately  when  that  bill  was  pending  before  this  House 

*>MdTed  in  the   present   discussion,  vitidly  that  it  could  not  result  in  an  increase  of  the 

!r^  ^^  (T^neral  question  of  our  currency,  national-bank  notes  on  any  rational  hypothesis. 

^  show4  the  srross  misstatements  resorted  to  The  national-bank  notes  can  not  do  without  tbe 

^■)^iert.o  prevent  the  remonetization  of  silver,  legal-tender  notes.    So  long  as  the  volume  of 

^^•tementa  have  been  made  formerly  in  this  legal-tender  was  greater  than  t^e  volume  of 

Vol.  xviii. — 12    A 


178  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATEa 

the  national-bank  notes,  as  the  national-bank  greenbacks,  bnt,  as  I  have  already  stated,  the 
notes  were  redeemable  in  them,  there  were  al-  gold  sent  to  this  country  in  payment  of  oar  im- 
ways  means  in  the  country  to  redeem  them  mense  exports,  the  balance  of  trade  in  our  favor, 
without  the  banks  going  into  liquidation.  The  **  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  no  legislation  of  this 
moment  it  became  apparent  that  they  would  kind  can  ever  bring  the  country  to  resumption 
have  to  redeem  their  notes  in  gold,  that  instant  unless  it  has  the  necessary  resources.  Oar 
the  soundest  of  the  banks  began  to  relinquish  prosperity  comes  from  industry,  production, 
their  circulation.  That  circulation  reached  its  thrift.  The  gentleman  from  Ohio,  when  he 
lowest  point  July  1,  1877,  when  it  was  $815,-  was  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  was  intro- 
870,000.  Since  that  time,  while  there  has  been  duciDg  the  resumption  bill,  said  there  was 
some  bank-note  circulation  relinquished,  there  power  in  the  third  section  of  the  bill  to  execute 
has  also  been  an  increase.  There  has  oeen  a  its  purposes,  and  intimated  that  if  we  could  not 
demand  to  move  the  immense  produce  of  the  do  it  any  other  way  that  we  could  sell  bonds 
country,  which  prompted  bankers  to  increase  of  the  United  States  payable  in  coin ;  that  ^ 
their  circulation,  even  with  a  possibility  of  and  6  per  cents  could  be  put  in  the  market  in 
bankruptcy  amid  the  confusion  of  this  forced  order  to  buy  gold  to  keep  up  this  artificial  re- 
resumption.  With  the  possibility  that  they  sumption.  I  say,  sir,  that  such  a  thing  was 
must  redeem  in  gold  staring  them  in  the  face,  never  seriously  contemplated  by  many  mem- 
the  demand  for  currency  was  so  great  that  even  hers,  and  should  never  have  been  contemplated 
the  national  banks  have  increased  their  circula-  by  any.  There  is  no  member  of  this  House— 
tion  nearly  one  million  and  a  half  in  the  last  at  least  I  hope  there  is  not  one — who  would 
few  weeks.  Therefore,  with  all  the  drawbacks  consent  for  one  moment,  if  he  could,  to  main- 
on  the  national-bank-note  circulation,  it  has  tain  artificial  resumption  by  a  sale  of  our  coin- 
increased  to  $81 6,775,000  up  to  date,  being  now  bearing  bonds.  Why  should  we  forth  er  burden 
$85,086,839  below  its  volume  on  January  14,  our  people  by  an  additional  debt  which  neither 
1875,  as  stated.  the  letter  nor  the  spirit  of  our  contract  calls  for ! 
"Now,  it  has  been  said  on  this  floor  that  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  should 
this  is  a  revolutionary  measure.  We  have  have  the  power  to  sell  coin-indebtedness  of  the 
been  told  to  let  it  alone ;  that  to  change  it  United  States  to  buy  gold  to  keep  our  paper  at 
would  be  a  breach  of  faith ;  that  it  would  be  par  is  a  monstrous  f alkcy.  I  say  we  shall  have 
repudiation;  that  we  have  now  been  brought  resumption  when  the  country  is  prosperons 
near  resumption,  which  would  be  postponed  enough  to  carry  us  to  resumption.  I  say  to  the 
by  the  passage  of  this  bill.  Let  me  tell  you,  gentleman  from  New  York,  as  I  say  to  tlds 
sir,  that  the  only  thing  which  has  carried  this  House,  that  no  legislation  can  bring  us  there 
country  to  its  present  financial  position  is  its  unless  the  legitimate  business  of  the  country 
exports.  Ton  will  find  in  a  table  submitted  by  will  justiQr  it  I  do  not  believe  one  single  gen- 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  that  our  imports  tleman  who  argues  on  the  other  side  would 
for  the  year  ending  September  80,  1876,  were  agree  that  the  resumption  act,  by  any  virtne 
$485,427,270,  while  our  exports  were  $619,178,-  and  power  in  it,  would  carry  us  there  if  we  did 
850.  The  next  column  shows  our  exports  had  not  nave  the  means  legitimately  to  resume  and 
increased  for  the  year  ending  September,  1877,  leffitimately  to  maintain  resumption.  I  do  not 
and  that  our  exports  for  this  year  were  $667,-  believe  an  intelligent  man  in  tnis  House,  who 
000,000 ;  imports,  $468,181,778.  We  have  ex-  has  given  the  subject  attention,  believes  that 
ported  more  in  this  year,  ending  September  legislation  can  give  a  nation  solvency  if  it  is 
80th,  than  during  the  preceding  year.  We  have  bankrupt,  or  ^ve  a  bankrupt  nation  solvency, 
advanced  in  our  export  trade  this  year,  ending  I  believe  the  most  serious  objection  entertained 
September  80,  1877,  by  $50,000,000 ;  and,  sir,  against  the  repeal  of  the  resumption  act  was  a 
every  member  on  this  floor  knows  that  the  sentimental  one,  founded  on  supposed  moral 
immense  crops  of  this  season,  much  superior  effect ;  that  it  might  be  construed  to  mean  that 
to  the  last,  now  moving,  had  only  begun  to  be  we  would  not  resume  if  we  could,  which  is  ab- 
moved  September  80th  last,  and  that  many  of  surd.  As  I  have  stated,  there  has  been  a  re- 
the  articles  command  50,  60,  and  70  per  cent,  duction  of  currency,  equal  to  one  sixth  of  ita 
more  than  last  year,  owing  to  the  European  war.  entire  volume.  What  has  been  the  result  f  It 
It  is  this,  and  not  the  resumption  act,  that  has  has  increased  the  power  of  money  and  the  value 
^ven  to  this  country  a  balance  of  trade  which  of  money.  Look  at  real  estate ;  it  has  fallen 
it  never  before  had  in  its  history.  And  that  is  50  per  cent.  Is  money  now  invested  in  baild- 
the  secret :  that  the  gold  sent  to  this  country  ing  railroads  as  before  f  It  can  not  be  done  un- 
to meet  those  obligations  has  reduced  the  value  der  such  stringency  of  the  money  market, 
of  gold  in  our  market.    We  have  been  able  to  *^  The  first  thing  that  you  touch  when  yon 

Eay  our  debts  and  are  fast  paying  them.  We  contract  the  currency  is  investments  in  real  es- 
ave  shown  our  resources  and  our  recuperative  tate  and  investments  in  improvements.  When 
powers.  Ooin  is  worth  less  here,  and  our  cred-  you  touch  improvements  yon  touch  the  work- 
it  is  worth  more  in  the  markets  of  the  world,  ing  men  who  make  improvements.  When  you 
It  was  not  the  third  section  of  this  resumption  arrest  the  progress  of  improvements,  you  tarn 
clause,  now  proposed  to  be  repealed,  which  millions  of  laborers  idle.  And  that,  sir,  has 
brought  gold  down  to  within  2^  per  cent,  of  been  the  legitimate  and  the  inevitable  result 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  179 

of  this  resumption  aot^  and  it  is  a  blow  that  bonest  obligations  to  tbe  extent  of  its  meant  and  re« 

cripples  and  baa  crippled  tbe  only  producing  »ourcM,orbedi8creditedMddUhonor^^^ 

uZL^^  5«  ♦K/k  ^^n^^tv  -oett  enacted  by  the  SmaU  atid  Bouse  of  BepreeetUa- 

mterestsin  tbe  country.  Uf>eaqfthsVmUd8toUio/  Anuricain  Cdngt^ amm^ 

"1  ask,  sir,  if  tbe  condition  of  the  country  ftforf,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treaat^  be,  and  ta 

does  not  amply  justify  what  every  inteiligent  hereby,  authorised  to  withdraw,  aa  bood  as  the  ne- 

RDtlemaD  might  very  readily  have  anticipated  t  ceasary  preparations  can  be  made,  the  legal-tender 

I  ask  jou  to-day,  with  tbe  greatest  crop  ever  S^^u"  of  the  Umted  States,  wheoejer  presented  bv 

J  »a  J wu  MT^Bj)     A  •*  "i  SI ^T^    -Iv  *^  tlie  holders  thereof,  and  lasue  therefor,  dollar  for  dol- 

hsr?ested  in  tb^  United  States,  with  unpar-  i„  of  faoe-value,  coupon  or  registered  bonds  of  the 

tlleled  wealth  of  production  which  m  God's  United  Statea  in  the  spirit  of  the  original  legal-tender 

prondence  pours  its  richness  over  the  country,  sot :  Provided.  That  the  bonda  authorised  by  thla  act 

why  are  we  poverty-stricken  ?    Why  are  labor-  »*>•"  ^  payable  in  jold  at  the  expiration  of  forty 

era  idle  on  aooount  of  bard  times?    The  war  ^^f "  ^T.!?"*  I**  ^^  ""^  January,  18Y7,  and  bear 

CI9IU10  uu  Buwuub  u*  ui»*\»  UU109I     J. u^  n M  mtcrest at  tbe  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum, payable 

m  Europe  has  given  us  high  prices.     I  ask  you  quarterly  in  gold. 

if  under  these  circumstances  there  ever  was  Sbo.  2.  That  the  bonds  autliorised  by  thia  act  aball 

bown  anything  so  anomalous  as  millions  idle  be  available  for  deposit  in  the  Treaamy  of  the 

iDd  hundreds  of  thousands  starving?    In  this  5°*»*«^  8**^*  for  banking  pun>oaea  under  the  va- 

•«.  «r  ^»^,^^4-^  ^\>^  ;<.  i-k-,*,  -^  ^«;.v.vU^9  nous  pro  vwions  of  law  relaUng  to  national  banks. 

m  of  prosperity  why  is  labor  so  crippled?  g„f  g,  ^hat  the  legal-tender  notes  received  in  ex- 

nhst  has  done  it?    I  say,  sir,  that  all  that  le-  change  for  bonds  under  this  act  shall  be  destroyed, 

gislation  could  do  was  done  in  that  third  section  under  such  regulations  aa  the  Seoretary  of  the  Trea- 

of  the  resumption  act    Of  all  causes  that  was  •"JJ  ""fyjP"*<^,*>?*     ,         .  .    .    .  i. .,.. 

tbe  most  potent  and  mischievous,  for  while  i,e??by  wp^SU             "^^^ 

legislation  can  not  enrich  it  may  help  to  im-  ^    ^ 

poTerish.  Mr.  Chittenden :  '*  Mr.  Speaker,  I  am  con- 

'*In  France,  where  they  have  a  population  strained  to  ask  the  protection  of  the  Chair 
moch  smaller  than  our  own,  they  have  a  vol-  against  all  interruptionB. 
nme  of  circulating  medium  more  than  twice,  ^*  Unless  I  am  greatly  mistaken,  the  bill  we 
Tea,  more  than  thrice  as  great  as  ours.  They  are  considering  means  downright  repudiatioQ  ; 
bare  a  silver  currency  of  five-franc  pieces  of  Just  that.  I  hold  in  my  hand  tbe  promise  of 
between  five  and  six  hundred  millions.  The  my  Government  to  pay  me  $10.  The  date  of 
bank-note  ciroalation  of  tbe  national  bank  of  payment  is  fixed  by  law  upon  tbe  statute-book. 
France  is  much  greater  in  volume  than  ours.  The  Government  must  keep  faith  with  me ; 
Their  circulation  is,  for  the  population,  three  failing  in  that,  it  becomes  tbe  leader  of  all  de- 
times  as  great  as  ours,  and  there  is  to-day  no  faulters  and  repudiators,  including  towns,  cit- 
more  prosperous  country  in  Europe.  ies,  and  States.    Tbe  point  of  honor  is  central 

"  On  the  question  of  national-bank  notes  I  and  vital  in  this  discussion.    But,  before  com- 

hive  nothing  at  present  to  say.    I  differ  in  re-  ing  to  that,  I  have  to  brush  away  some  strange 

gardto  them  with  many  of  my  colleagues  upon  mistakes  made  by  tbe  gentleman  from  Kansas 

tbb  floor.    I  believe  that  the  legal-tender  cur-  in  opening  the  debate. 

rency  is  better  and  safer  than  the  national-bank  **  First,  I  regret  that  the  gentleman  misun- 
carrency ;  I  believe  that  the  Government  is  the  derstood  my  opinion  of  the  resumption  act.  I 
best  custodian  of  its  own  coinage  and  currency,  concede  that  some  additional  legislation  is  ne- 
If  France  borrowed  at  1  per  cent,  from  the  na-  cessary  to  make  the  act  finally  effecdve ;  but  the 
tioQsl  bank  of  France,  with  tbe  right  to  issue  absence  of  such  legislation  does  not  in  the  slight- 
notes  when  money  commanded  8  and  4  per  est  degree  weaken  the  sacred  force  of  the  obli- 
cest,  surely  we  can  turn  to  good  account  this  gation  as  it  stands  upon  tbe  statute-book ;  on  the 
ftmction  of  the  Government"  contrary,  it  reinforces  that  obligation,  leaving 

Mr.  Chittenden,  of  New  York,  offered  the  Government  absolutely  without  excuse. 

following  as  a  substitute  for  the  bill:  **In  the  second  place,  I  am  sorry  that  tbe 

c^,     _,  „   A    .1-         X.      1            J .  ,.  geiitJeman  from  Kansas  was  green  enough  to 

w'^rt'Sie  follo^^^^^^                   '        ""  ^^®  >^^  ^^  confidences  that  monster  of  infia- 

Whereas  the  legal-tender  notea  of  the  United  ^^^^  ^^O  *ol^  ^^  ^h**  ^^^^  '^®'®  ^<^^^  ^^^'' 

Sutei,  when  first  lAsued,  were,  by  a  provision  of  tbe  dred  thousand  street  paupers  in  the  metropolis. 

aet  aothorising  them,  fbndable  at  the  option  of  hold-  The  history  of  all  paper-money  delusions  on 

m  into  bonds  of  the  United  Statea  bearing  6  per  cent,  earth  will  be  searched  in  vain  for  the  equal  of 

umoal interest;  ^i,.x  a^h^^                                                    ^ 

And  whereas  but  for  such  provision  for  ftinding  "*?;^®"?,     t  j       i              ^  ^x.  ^     ss,        n  vi 

neither  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  nor  either  Fmally,  I  deeply  regret  that  after  ail  ms 

H)ue  of  Congress  would  have  ooneented  to  their  patient  and  profound  study  of  finance  tbe  gen- 

'*•?*»    ^          ^       ,       ,       ^          ,        ,    .  .,  tleman  seems  to  have  discovered  that  the  com- 

w^J'^^Tf*  ^}^  exigencies  of  a  prolonsred  civil  mercial  distress  and  shrinkage  of  values  under 

»w  led  to  the  temporary  withdrawal  of  the  aaid  ^v.  i  4.v^  ^^««4.w«.  .^^.^^  7L^^  k^^-»  K.^n»k4. 

fimding  pro viaion  ofthe  legal-tender  act ;  ^t"ch  the  countir  groans  have  been  brought 

And  whereas  the  Government  of  the  United  Sutes  about  by  enforced  contraction  of  the  currency 

i^  solemnly  and  firmly  bound,  by  aet  of  Congreas,  ap-  under  the  resumption  act  of  1 875.   I  beg  leave 

pwfed  January  14, 1876,  to  provide  for  the  redemp-  to  say  to  the  gentleman  from  Kansas,  and  to 

liTdi^'Sf  Jan^ii%^^^^^^          °''^' ''''  ""^  *^'  *"  unfortunates  who  roam  over  the  highways 

And  whereas  the  United  States  must,  like  all  other  and  by- ways  of  the  nation,  preaching  his  doo- 

debtora,  public  or  privste,  provide  for  and  pay  all  ito  trines  to  the  great  u\jury  of  honest  peoplei 


180  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

that  the  reBumption  act  is  no  more  responsible  *'Bat,  says  the  gentleman  from  the  West, 

for  the  present  sufferings  of  New  Yoric  and  the   banks  have  contracted  their  currency  t 

Kansas  than  it  is  for  the  frozen  feet  of  the  Turks  Why  not  ?    Government  has  no  more  right  to 

in  the  Shipka  Pass ;  not  a  bit  more  I    It  is  higb  say  how  many  notes  the  bank  shall  circolate 

time  for  members  of  Congress  and  all  men  of  than  it  has  to  enact  how  many  acres  a  farmer 

sense  to  drop  and  renounce  forever  all  such  non-  shall  cultivate.    The  banks  are  equally  free  to 

sense.     We  have  records,  which  no  man's  in-  expand  and  are  now  expanding  their  currency, 

genuity  or  audacity  can  change,  which  enforce  The  national-bank  act  admits  of  such  expansion 

and  establish  our  position.  to  the  full  amount  of  the  bonded  debt :  say 

''  As  late  as  the  20th  of  October  last,  or  $2,000,000,000.    Expansion  is  profit,  contrac- 
about  three  weeks  ago,  there  were  more  green-  tion  is  loss.    Is  it  not  tolerably  certain  that 
backs  in  use  than  at  any  time  from  1868  to  under  such  a  system  there  will  be  all  the  cur- 
1878 ;  more  than  when  we  were  building  ten  rency  out  that  can  be  used  honestly  and  prop- 
thousand  miles  of  railroad  per  annum  and  erly? 

otherwise  living  and  scheming  as  if  all  the  re-  ^^  But  the  gentleman  shouts  agun  he  can 

served  resources  of  this  continent  could  be  de-  get  no  money  in  the  West !     They  are  mistsr 

veloped  for  the  aggrandizement  of  our  senera-  ken.    I  know  how  it  is  myself,  for  I  have  been 

tion.    We  have  to-day  in  use  only  about  a  there.    Ton  have  money  instantly  at  command 

million  and  a  half  less  than  we  had  when  we  for  everything   you  raise  which  the   world 

constructed  those  sham  fortunes  which  crazed  wants.    You  and  I  both  want  money  to  resur- 

the  whole  nation  prior  to  the  great  explosion  in  rect  our  old  and  wild  investments,  which  we  do 

1878.    No  man  outside  of  jaS  will  deny  these  not  deserve  to  get  and  never  can  borrow  on 

statements  of  fact.  lands  and  improvements  which  have  cost  us 

'^  Now  place  alongside  the  foregoing  facts  the  four  or  five  times  their  value.  Let  me  explain 
following:  For  about  eight  years  prior  to  1878,  what  I  mean,  so  that  I  may  be  clearly  under- 
the  brain  power,  labor  power,  and  money  power  stood  by  every  man  from  the  North  or  South, 
of  the  country,  joined  by  the  land-giving  power  East  or  West,  who  will  take  the  trouble  to 
of  Congress,  were  to  an  uncommon  extent  de*  give  me  a  moment's  attention.  All  Congress- 
voted  to  railroad  industries.  It  amounted  to  a  men  of  our  time  have  heard  of  Duluth.  I 
railroad  mania.  These  industries  suddenly  col-  know  a  man  who  belongs  to  the  class  frequently 
lapsed.  The  capital  invested  was  lost.  A  very  denounced  in  these  halls  with  fiuent  and  igno- 
large  proportion  of  the  labor  ofthe  country  was  rant  rhetoric  as '  bondholders,'  who  was  fool- 
displaced.  It  was  violently  switched  off  its  track  ish  enough,  soon  after  the  eloquent  gentleman 
and  plunged  into  a  deep  pit  of  enforced  idle-  from  Kentucky  made  himself  and  Duluth  fa- 
ness  and  waiting.  There  it  has  remained ;  there  mous  for  evermore,  to  send  out  there  and  buy 
it  is  now.  Of  course  the  power  of  the  people  a  comer  lot,  on  a  portion  of  which  he  built  a 
to  consume  and  pay  for  the  products  of  labor  house  for  home  and  business  purposes.  The 
is  immensely  crippled.  Enterprise  is  dead.  In-  total  expenditure  in  cash  eight  years  ago  was 
comes  have  cUsappeared.  Wages  are  reduced.  $10,000,  leaving  a  slice  of  land  unimproved. 
The  volume  of  business  is  diminished.  Prices  The  property  has  cost  its  owner,  including  in- 
have  fi^len.  We  have  sharp  contraction  on  all  terest  and  taxes  and  deducting  income  to  the 
sides,  and  in  all  things,  by  the  force  of  laws  as  present  time,  more  than  $15,000.  He  is  willing 
immutable  as  the  law  of  gravitation,  the  green-  to  sell  it  all  for  $2,500.  The  dreadful  banks 
back  currency  only  excepted  I  It  has  required  will  not  loan  a  cent  on  it  Why  should  they  ? 
just  four  years  to  get  rid  of  the  new  emission  And  yet  there  is  plenty  of  money  in  Duluth  to- 
of  twenty-six  millions  issued  after  the  crash  of  day  to  buy  every  horse,  bushel  of  wheat,  and 
1878  by  a  freak  of  legislation  which  history  has  prairie  chicken  brought  to  market  This  case, 
already  located  in  a  lunatic  asylum.  Mr.  Speaker,  truthfully  snggesto  the  real  trouble 

"  Take  three  men,  where  you  find  them,  who  we  have  to  deal  with.    There  are  thousands 

have  for  a  long  time  ei\}oyed  and  shared  a  daily  just  like  it  in  the  city  and  State  of  New  York. 

ration  of  a  dozen  bottles  of  good  brandy.    Take  No  shouting  of  demagogues,  no  paper-money 

away  one  man  and  continue  the  same  ration,  device  is  equaf  to  the  exigency  upon  us.    It 

and  what  will  become  of  the  other  two  men  is  cruel  mockery  and  damnable  wickedness 

if  compelled  to  drink  half  a  dozen  bottles  apiece  to  hide  the  troth  any  longer  from  the  people, 

daily?    The  answer  to  that  question  will  throw  It  is  a  crime  against  the  omnipotent  forces 

vivid  light  upon  the  existing  currency  illusion,  of  nature,  which  with  boundless  generosity  in- 

and  the  argument  is  not  impaired  by  the  fact  vite  the  nation  to  patient  industry,  upright- 

that  the  two  victims  clamor  wildly  for  anoth-  ness,  and  frugal  living,  for  us  to  try  to  con- 

er  ration  I  ceal  our  scars  or  cure  our  disease  as  with  a 

^'  Nobody  ever  can  compute  the  cost  of  the  garment  of  irredo«)mable  paper  money,  or  with 

fatal  issue  of  twenty-six  millions  of  greenbacks  silver    dollars  worth   only  ninety-two  cents 

in  1873  to  which  I  have  just  referred.    The  apiece!    That  was  the  price  on  Monday  week; 

most  serious  and  distressing  disappointments  they  are  two  cents  cheaper  to-day.    In  the  case 

and  disasters  of  the  last  three  years  are  directly  I  have  cited,  the  sufferer  bought  no  more  than 

traceable  to  that  act  of  lunacy,  and  the  end  is  he  could  pay  for.  He  simply  threw  to  the  winds 

not  yet  I  his  own  in  a  ridiculous  w Ud  venture.    If  he  had 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  181 

hgght  more  and  mortgaged  the  whole  to  some  the  ooontry  were  on  the  other  side  of  the  Po- 

Ivilefl  bank,  he  himself  would  be  in  the  poor*  tomao  with  their  guns,  that  no  sach  harried 

boM  to-daj  and  not  here.  proceedings  were  tolerated.  What  is  the  mean- 

**  Mj  006  practical  observation  is.  that  the  mg  of  it  f    It  has  been  intimated  that  the  silver 

fioitatioQ  of  oar  paper  omrencj  should  be,  and  and  anti-reaamption  bills  are  the  sallen  rever* 

TiO  be  ia  the  end,  left  to  a^ast  itself  under  a  beration  of  the  late  Ohio  election.    It  is  said 

free  iMDking  system,  guided  hj  the  eager,  in*  that  eighty  thousand  Repablican  machine  pol- 

teUigent,  and  aggressive  enterprise  of  our  peo-  iticians  refused  to  vote  in   Ohio  because  their 

p'e.  There  is  but  one  alternative,  namely,  an  own  upright  leader  kept  his  promises  faithfully 

eiclosire  greenback  currency,  subject  at  all  to  the  country,  and  that  repeal  and  ruin  are  the 

nii»  to  the  caprice  of  Congress.    If  any  one  penalty  to  be  exacted  by  the  sucoesaftil  De- 

k\i  me  what  tnat  policy  will  lead  to,  I  refer  mocraoy. 

±a  sorrowfaUy  to  the  startling  vote  given  *'  I  cut  the  following  from  a  late  Baltimore 

UreoQ  Monday  for  the  silver  bill.  paper  which  throws  a  little  light,  perhaps,  on 

"Aod  now,  Mr.  Speaker,  I  come  closer  to  my  inquiry : 

tht  bili  before  the  House.    I  make  no  refleo*  i  have  oome,  be  said,  to  tell  the  laboring  men  of 

&JQ1  I  concede  that  its  authors  are  my  peers ;  Baltimore  and  of  the  Eighteenth  Ward  that  I  stand 

1st  I  deoonnce  their  work  as  hurtfd,  discredit-  J»«'«  to-nigbt  in  the  face  of  that  history,  now  made, 

il^t,  and  without  excuse.    The  issue  presented  l""^  'V^Uf  ^''•?"*'''  ^^  ''^JPl  '*'®  Democratic  party 

1  V    *                      .          *"«"»^«' F'^***"*^  liag  fulfilled  ite  promise  of  bomg  a  party  in  the 

Majtsorno  compromise.    There  is  no  way  to  interest  of  the  whole  people.    Id  my  la^t  speech 

i^enge  honesty  with  dishonesty.    There  is  to  you  I  sought  to  oonviaceyoa  that  your  depressed 

ao  ii«atral  groand  between  right  and  wrong,  condition  was  due  to  the  legislation  of  tne   Re- 

Tb*  popular  notion  that  it  is  the  duty  of  hiw-  publican  party,  and  that  prosperity  would  only 

im.I'JL  *^  4«  »w^  K^v^  ••u^-.  «—  «,uk  ^^,^^^^^a  return  to  you  when  the  shackles  thus   imposed 

ajkOT  to  do  the  best  they  <»n  witii  ouestions  where  stri/kcn  fh)m  you.    (Applause.)   Iteftyou 

^mi  dmde  the  public  Judgment,  does  not  now  that  by  the  action  of  the  Demooratio  Con- 

i^!j  here.    It  is  apparent  to  the  whole  conn-  gross  this  morning  these  shackles  have  been  sriok- 

trv  iml  to  the  civilized  commerce  of  mankind,  ^n  from  you.     It  has  declared  that  there  shall 

TJ^'  ''^^  ''  '^"^^^;f.ZrJ?^n  h ''f  ^  S^nar^ndTnoX'itt^^^                  ^V^i 

Oirredeemable-papOT-money  delusion  has  done  -^  farther  and  will  to-morrow  morning  pats  the  bill 

^  perfect  work  m  the  mmds  and  purposes  of  for  repeal  of  the  noxious  resumption  act.  (Applause.) 

'&riXi^:rA  ^tTetl  f"  "  Y-'  from  the  «une  paper  and  the  same 

tl»  people  to  arouse  themselves  to  know  the  ^V^^^  * 

^itii  and  save  their  priceless  heritage  from  a  ^o  have  commenced  by  the  resumption  of  silver; 

i^«iiffe  only  less  terrible  than  hnman  slavery  ^«  ^i?  ^^^^^^^  it  to-moiro  w  by  tlie  repeal  of  the  re- 

i»)f                      •ct**»/w  uuiw  uuuMu  OU.TV  J  sumption  act,  and  we  will  go  itirther  and  make  an 

t*.     .    ,          *,    «       ,                           ..  equalixation  of  taxes  by  restoring  the  income  tax. 

IUjitdown,Mr.  Speaker,  as  a  proposition  „^   ,        ,        .^     .« v     i.         j 
irmly  rooted  in  the  deepest  convictions  of  every  .     ^^  fj^ve  here,  it  will  be  observed,  resump- 
taooghtful  and  upright  citizen,  that  the  national  Jio^  ^^  silver  secured  to  day ;  repeal  of  the  nox- 
iauarity  shall  not  be  sacrificed ;  and  I  declare  ^o^  resumption  act  to-morrow  (they  did  not  get 
^»  TOO,  to  my  constituents,  and  to  the  people  of  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^*  ^  promised) ;  and  equalization 
tb  vhole  country,  that  there  never  has  been  ^  taxes  by  restoring  the  income  tax  shortly, 
i^f  in  American  history  since  the  days  of  co-  The  last  is  ahttie  mixed,  but  it  looks  to  me  hke 
■xi»l dependence  when  our  national  honor  and  »  proposition  to  equalize  things  generally. 
'^Ifire  were  so  imperiled  as  now.    Bay  not  H^'^Zr^  ^^^  ?®  foDo wing  in  a  highly  re- 
nting ig  an  extravagant  and  heated  state-  spectable  New  York  paper  of  October  25th,  cut 
>rtt.   What  have  we  witnessed  ?    What  did  from  a  paper  published  in  Missouri : 
I'ij  HoQse  of  Representadves  do  on  Monday,  Nearly  every  city  in  the  entire  West  ia  hopelessly 

^'ivemberSthl  It  Diuaed  a  fmrrencv  bilL  which  in  debt    All  are  movini?  for  a  compromise.    If  they 

r  J^L             paasea  a  currency  oui,  wnicn  ^^.^.^  ^^^.  ^^^  ^^^^  ^y^.      ^.jj  ^^^^^  repudUtion. 

r-voirw  the  one  we  are  now  conadenng,  with-  ^^^^  „  ^i  regret  it,  thiuls  the  feeling  of  a  majority 

«^  asyllable  of  debate,  which,  if  enacted  into  ©f  the  people.    The  minority  rules,  and  the  senti- 

i"^.  i§  estimated  to  take  twenty  miUlons,  more  ment  is  *^oompromise  or  repudiate.''    We  wish  it 

'•1^  from  the  hard  earnings  of  the  deposi-  ^«re  otherwise ;  but  it  is  not,  and  creditors  may  aa 

'-^in  sarings  banks  aloue^in  the  State  of  well  know  the  truth  at  once. 

^^'  York,  and  which  will  otherwise,  in  the  '*  Here  we  have  it,  Mr.  Speaker.  Repudiate  I 

^'rnt  »appo9ed,  result  in  disasters  and  loss  to  That,  in  truth,  is  the  word.    I  do  not  exagger- 

<^<^rT  State  in  the  Union  which  no  man  can  ate.     It  comes  as  a  rushing,  mighty  wind 

f-ifire  or  estimate.    Let  me  say  here  that  I  comes  I    We  are  now  shaken  by  a  wild  blast 

->T«  reason  to  think  that  at  least  half  a  million  of  a  grand  currency  illusion,  which  has  swept 

*-'>  'Q  in  the  Empire  State  are  prepared  to  send  over  the  plains  of  the  South,  the  prairies  of  the 

'Y'  protest  to  Congress  against  the  silver  West,  carrying  this  House  by  storm  on  Mon- 

-'-•miQation,  in  the  name  of  common  honesty,  day,  and  threatening  to  ingulf  the  national  in- 

^7  thi»  frantic  haste  t    There  was  never  such  tegrity. 

}?^>c«eding  here  before,  involving  so  much.  *^The  bill  before  us  justifies  the  most  serious 

'  Bi  itsnred  by  those  who  served  here  when  apprehensions.    It  is  a  plain  breach  of  con- 

*^  ^Uemen  who  now  rule  the  House  and  tract.    Its  monstrous  and  criminal  impolicy  is 


A 


182  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

also  only  equaled  by  the  silrer  bill,  as  is  perfectly  oently  uttered  in  another  place — ^the  greenback 
apparent  to  all  who  know  the  present  oondi-  in  place  of  money  as  a  fraud.  It  is  a  sham, 
tion  of  the  commerce  of  our  country  with  other  It  familiarizes  the  individual  and  public  con- 
leading  nations.  The  currents  of  trade  have  science  with  shams.  It  has  muddied  all  our 
set  strongly  in  favor  of  resumption  for  more  springs  of  honest  thrift  and  solid  enterprise, 
than  two  years,  and  now  the  miseries  of  two  confused  and  misled  the^  public  judgment, 
great  nations  engaged  in  war  unite,  as  by  a  sapped  the  courage  and  wisdom  of  the  Fed- 
special  providence,  to  assure  the  restoration  of  era!  Treasury,  and  given  immense  comfort  to 
our  currency  to  a  gold  standard.    It  is  almost  demagogues. 

universally  believed  by  men  most  largely  and  in-  *'Mr.  Speaker,  it  can  not  and  will  not  be 

timately  connected  with  our  foreign  exchanges  denied  that  the  indications  all  point  to  the 

that  but  for  the  meddling  by  Congress  gold  will  greenback  as  the  fhtnre  shibboleth  and  rallying 

cease  to  be  merchandise  in  New  x  ork,  and  be  cry  of  the  most  aggressive,  vicious  elements  of 

restored  to  use  as  currency  within  ninety  days,  society  throughout  the  land.    How,  then,  ahaU 

There  is  nothing  improbable  in  this  belief.  The  we  dispose  of  the  greenback,  and  uproot  the 

currents  have  all  run  in  that  direction  for  a  mischief  of  it?    The  substitute  I  have  offered 

long  time,  and  it  becomes  more  and  more  evi-  for  the  pending  bill  will  do  it  as  by  magic.     It 

dent,  day  by  day,  that  they  will  so  continue  to  will  do  it  efficiently  and  instantly,  without 

run.    Some  of  the  promoters  of  this  bill  can  not;  alarm  or  harm  to  any  one.    Jf  adopted^  goid 

be  ignorant  of  the  true  state  of  things.    They  and  bank  notes  toill  be  equal  in  value  oe/ore  the 

see  that  they  have  not  a  moment  to  spare  if  executive  ink  ie  dry.    It  is  the  original   and 

they  are  to  make  greenbacks  forever  irredeem-  fundamental  principle  underlying  the   l^al- 

able,  as  their  bill,  if  enacted,  will  do.     The  tender  act.    No  other  method  of  paying  the 

crisis  is  upon  them.    It  is  now  or  never.    With  forced  loan  was  ever  talked  about  by  any 

bank  notes  once  again  at  par  with  gold,  the  clear-headed  man  of  either  party  for  years.     It 

people  will  understand  the  case,  and  not  only  has  ever  been,  and  is  now,  advocated  as  the  on- 

insist  upon  maintaining  the  resumption  act  in  ly  practicable  method  by  the  most  distinguished 

its  integrity,  but  also  upon  such  other  legisla-  political  economists  and  eminent  merchants 

tion  as  is  necessary  to  secure  the  withdrawal  m  our  country.   It  has  been  so  recognized  again 

of  greenbacks  slowly  but  surely.  and  again  by  the  present  Secretary  of  the 

*'  It  is  moreover  reassuring  to  recall  the  per-  Treasury,  as  it  was  by  two  of  his  immediate 

feet  unanimity  of  public  sentiment  in  respect  predecessors,  and  the  principal  argument  we 

to  the  true  character  of  irredeemable  paper  hear  against  it  is  the  scandalous  one  that  fdnd- 

when  the  legal-tender  notes  where  first  issued,  ing  is  unpopular." 

The  Government,  charged  with  the  national  Mr.  Felton,  of  Georgia,  said:  *'It  is  wrong 
life,  in  the  darkest  hour,  without  money  and  and  criminal  for  productive  labor  to  conspire 
witnout  credit,  shut  up  the  Constitution,  and  against  corporations,  against  bondholders, 
seized  the  only  weapon  within  reach,  as  a  man  against  capital.  It  is  equally  wrong  and  crim- 
for  want  of  a  gun  might  seize  dynamite  and  inal  for  capital  to  combine  and  to  conspire 
hurl  it  in  bulk  at  the  head  of  a  burglar  attacking  against  labor,  and  by  its  superior  power  make 
his  house  at  midnight.  Then  all  intelligent  men  labor  a  mere  serf  to  minister  to  its  exorbitant 
in  both  of  the  great  political  parties  deplored  demands ;  to  seek  by  unhallowed  and  franda- 
the  use  of  legal  tender.  The  party  immediate-  lent  combinations  to  rob  agricultural,  manufac- 
ly  responsible  for  Government  frankly  appecJed  turing,  mining,  and  all  the  wealth-making  in- 
to history,  warning  the  people  against  the  dan-  dustries  of  their  legitimate  rewards.  I  submit 
gers  we  now  realize,  urging  them  at  the  same  that  the  financial  legislation  of  this  country^ 
time  to  avert  such  dangers  by  cheerful  submis-  since  1870  has  been  the  result  of  a  deliberate 
sion  to  taxation.  conspiracy  on  the  part  of  the  ereditor  class  to 

"Mr.  Speaker,  I  believe  that  the  greenback  rob,  defraud,  and  impoverish  the  dd^tar^  class, 

is  the  most  powerful  enemy  our  country  has  I  submit  that  the  act  forcing  resumption  of 

ever  encotmtered,  slavery  only  excepted.    I  specie  payments  in  1879,  by  contracting  the 

wish  I  were  master  of  words  to  express  its  circulation  of  legal-tender  notes,  and  the  act  ot 

true  character.    It  is  not  money,  but  a  device.  1878,  demonetizing  the  silver  dollar,  were  aa 

It  does  not  pretend  to  represent  capital  or  la-  ui^just  and  wicked  as  the  labor  strikes  which 

bor.    It  is  debt,  representing  the  exigency  of  a  have  recently  startled  and  alarmed  all  good 

great  civil  war.    It  is  a  device  in  its  natnre,  citizens.    The  only  difference  was,  the  last 

and  in  its  infiuence  on  mankind,  precisely  like  was  illegal  and  violent ;  the  other  sought  to 

tiie  paper-money  devices  of  the  days  of  our  cover  the  outrage  they  perpetrated  by  the  f onus 

colonial  dependence  in  the  early  part  of  the  and  sanctions  of  law.    The  only  difference  was, 

eighteenth  century,  of  John  Law^s  Mississippi  one  was  speedily  and  lustly  suppressed ;  the 

scheme,  the  assignat  of  the  French  revolution,  other,  panoplied  in  gold  and  protected  by  po- 

and  the  continental  money  of  our  own  revolu-  litical  influence,  smiles  in  its  bloated  security 

tionary  times.    There  is  nothing  in  the  history  upon  the  wrecks  of  fortune — ^the  blasted  hopes 

of  these  several  paper-money  delusions  to  war-  and  the  suffering  poverty  it  has  created, 

rant  the  belief  that  the  greenbsck  will  ever  be  ^*  The  act  demonetizing  silver,  in  my  opinion, 

fully  paid.    I  denounce — ^in  words  I  have  re-  was  the  most  deliberate  and  inexcusable  fraud 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  183 

gpoD  libor  known  in  the  legislative  history  of  money  of  the  Oonstitntion,  the  coin  which  had 

the  vorld.    The  scheme  of  demonetizing  one  been  a  legal  tender  for  ell  dues,  public  and  pri- 

of  the  metals  throoghont  the  Weetem  World  vate,  from  the  origin  of  the  €k>7emment,  was 

ori^nated  soon  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  deliberately  set  aside,  retired  from  circnlation, 

CtliiorDis  and  Australia.  It  was  supposed  that  practically  driven  oat  of  the  country ;   the 

theprodootion  of  gold  would  be  enormous,  and  chances  for  resumption  lessened,  indeed  made 

the  gorernments  of  the  world  were  invoked  to  imposible ;   debts  contracted  when  gold  and 

prerent  the  anticipated  decline  in  the  value  ot  silver  were  both  legal  tenders,  now  to  be  paid 

gold  bf  its  demonetization.     Germany  and  only  in  gold;  all  for  what?    To  benefit  that 

Aastris  did  in  1857  demonetize  gold,  and  other  *•  small  part  of  capital  that  has  ceased  to  labor 

iiim$  would  have  followed  their  lead  but  for  and  is  at  rest,  in  the  form  of  fixed  and  perma- 

tlie  resistance  of  France.    It  was  changed  in  nent  investments.' 

1865  into  a  movement  for  the  demonetization  *^  But,  sir,  this  *  money  power '  was  not  con* 

of  nlrer.  This  movement  was  likewise  resisted  tent  with  the  demonetization  of  silver.   This  did 

br  France.    Here  I  may  remark  that  France  not  contract  the  currency  sufficiently.    This  did 

ius  at  all  times  managed  her  finances  with  an  not  shrink  values  in  proportion  to  their  greed. 

aMlitj  nnequaled  among  the  nations  of  Europe.  This  did  not  quite  transfer  all  the  property  of 

Her  var  with  Germany  increased  her  debt  the  country  into  their  hands.     This  did  not 

{1000,000,000,  besides  the  loss  of  two  of  her  quite  make  New  York  and  commercial  New 

kasi  prorinces.    She  appeared  to  be  wrecked.  England  the  owners  in  fee  simple  of  the  cotton- 

Gi?rmanj,  her  conqueror,  looked  on  exnltingly ;  fields  of  the  South  and  the  grain-fields  of  the 

beii6red  she  was  crippled  for  a  half  century ;  West    Ever  on  the  alert,  in  1876  they  devise 

i»t  France  has  taught  her  that  well-managed  and  consummate  the  grandest  scheme  of  con- 

&t8&ce9  are  more  powerful  than  well-managed  traction  known  to  the  history  of  governments, 

armies.   To-day,  while  Germany,  crazy  about  at  a  time  when  the  public  and  private  indebted- 

a  single  metallic  standard  and  the  resumption  ness  of  this  country  was  appalling ;  for  there  was 

of  sp^zie  payments,  sits  shivering  on  the  verge  the  national  debt,  upon  which  the  Government 

of  national  bankruptcy,  France,  with  every  dol-  has  paid  interest  alone,  since  the  war,  amount- 

Itrof  her  war  fine  canceled,  with  all  her  in-  ing  to  $1,442,057,677;  there  was  the  railroad 

dnjtrieB  prosperous,  is,  seven  years  after  her  debt,  amounting,  at  the  time  this  iniquitous 

(nuhing  defeat,  the  superior  of  her  conqueror,  law  was  enacted,  to  about  $6,000,000,000,  up- 

Tbe  French  government  made  paper  money  a  on  which  the  labor  of  the  country  was  paying 

M  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and  private —  interest ;  to  which  must  be  added  the  State  and 

^Dored  its  own  money.  The  banking  establish-  municipal  indebtedness  of  the  country,  swell- 

peotsofthe  country  loaned  to  the  people  money  ing  the  entire  indebtedness  of  the  country  to 

ii  iojfficient  quantities  to  carry  on  their  indus-  abofit  $10,000,000,000,  upon  which  labor  is 

tries,  and  the  people  were  so  prosperous  that  paying  interest.     Then  there  is  the  private 

'.her  in  turn  tendered  to  their  government  the  mdebtedness  of  the  country,  absolutely  incal- 

^  of  four  times  the  amoxmt  of  money  ne-  culable.    Then  there  was  the  southern  section 

^ssary  to  pay  their  war  debt.    Such  is  France,  of  our  country,  laid  waste  by  war,  with  her 

tiiat  resisted  the  one-metallio-standard  folly ;  former  immense  wealth — about  $7,000,000,000 

i%h  is  the  nation  that  inflates  rather  than  con-  — ^blotted  out ;   her  fields  uncultivated ;    her 

cncts  her  correnoy,  that  never  worries  about  once  happy  homes,  many  of  them,  in  ashes ; 

fanmptbn,  and  at  the  same  time  has  in  the  her  farmers  without  implements  of  husbandry, 

^ts  of  her  banks  more  gold  and  silver  without  stock,  and  without  credit ;  all  her  en- 

t'itt  the  combined  banks  of  England  and  Ger-  terprises  prostrate — widowhood  and  orphanage 

Bm.  throughout  the  land.     Just  at  this  time  the 

"Germany  and  the  United  States  demone-  Government  resolves  to  contract  the  currency, 

^  sOrer  in  1873,  both  Governments  being  bringing  every  commodity  and  every  species 

i&^oenced  by  one  motive,  namely :  to  protect  of  labor  down  to  a  gold  basis,  and  unquestion- 

a&i  enrich  the  creditor  class  and  those  having  ably  reducing  the  debtor  class  to  penury  and 

M  incomes  against  a  fall  in  the  value  of  want. 

C'^&ej.    This  is  the  secret  of  the  one-metallic-  "  It  has  been  said  that  the  issuing  of  our 

i^dard  movement.    They  feared  a  decline  in  greenback  currency  was  a  war  necessity.    It 

t&T  parchasing  value  of  silver.    They  knew  if  was  intended  to  sustain  the  country  during  the 

*'^ij  eonid  shelve  one  of  our  metallic  standards  exhausting  struggle  in  which  it  was  engaged. 

^  vonld  quadruple  the  value  of  the  remaining  It  was  successful  in  doing  this ;  and  I  submit 

<a;M]anL     Enjoying  *  fixed   incomes,'  which  that  a  currency  which  was  essential  during  that 

i'<  never  affected  in  volnme  by  the  uncertain-  period  of  waste  and  destruction — the  stimulant 

**'-'*  of  trade,  by  fickle  and  unreliable  seasons,  that  preserved  the  vital  forces  of  the  nation 

^nekness  and  amount  of  work  performed,  during  the  war — ^is  more  a  necessity  at  the 

^  knew  they  would  thereby  quadruple  their  close  than  it  was  during  the  excitement  of  the 

''thh;  that  it  was  the  certain  means  of  mak-  struggle ;  that,  so  long  as  the  sequences  of  that 

•^  the  rich  richer  and  the  poor  poorer ;  it  war  continued,  so  long  the  stimulant  should 

'-^  lend  down  the  wages  of  labor  and  the  be  applied.    The  physician  who  suspends  his 

?fic«i  of  commodities.     So,  then,  silver,  the  remedies  just  as  the  paroxysm  passes  off,  either 


184  OONOBESS,  UNITED  BTATEa 

ignorantlj  or  criminallj,  delivers  up  his  patient  also  in  1886  and  1880,  in  1847  and  in  1867,  and 
to  death.  When  the  national  life  demanded  a  especially  in  1866— relief  was  only  obtained  by 
continaance  of  the  stimulant  which  had  borne  the  repeal  of  the  resumption  laws  and  by  inflat- 
it  through  the  crisis,  just  as  the  wild  delirium  ing  the  paper  currency  of  the  country, 
of  war  was  about  to  subside  into  reason,  just  *'  What  a  striking  contrast  between  England 
when  our  industries  most  needed  help — just  at  the  close  of  her  Napoleonic  wars  and  France 
then  all  encouragements  were  withdrawn  and  at  the  dose  of  her  war  with  Germany  1  The 
financial  ruin  ensued.  Like  the  poor  maniac  latter  power,  instead  of  contracting  her  cur- 
we  read  of  who  was  wild  with  rage,  the  evil  rency,  expands  it ;  makes  her  notes  a  legal  ten- 
spirit  was  rebuked  and  its  departure  left  him  der,  pays  her  debts,  sends  thrift  and  prosperity 
as  ^on§  decid^;  but  fortunately  there  was  through  all  her  provinces,  abolishes  the  empire, 
^ power  and  goodness  ^  at  hand.  He  was  com-  and  establishes  a  republican  form  of  govern- 
manded  to  arise,  and  he  sprang  into  life,  health,  ment.  The  finances  are  managed  in  tlie  inter- 
and  happiness.  Alas  1  alas  I  when  our  indus-  est  of  the  people,  and  not  in  the  interest  of  an 
tries  were  left  as  *•  one  dead '  there  was  no  aristocracy,  and  the  result  is,  monarchy  gives 
statesmanship  with  capacity  to  say,  '  Arise.'  place  to  a  government  by  the  people  and  for 
There  they  lay  in  their  helpless  exhaustion,  and  the  people. 

their  dying  condition  was  seized  upon  by  inter-  "  While  the  difference  between  England  and 
ested  parties  to  rob  and  despoil  them.  France  is  striking,  the  resemblance  between 
**  Sir,  it  seems  to  me  we  should  learn  some-  the  financial  policy  of  this  Government  and 
thing  from  history,  for  history  is  philosophy  that  of  England  is  also  impressive.  During  oar 
teaching  by  example.  In  England,  it  is  said,  late  civil  war  the  people  of  the  North  and  West 
the  years  from  1797  to  1815  were  the  most  were  never  more  prosperous  in  all  of  their  in- 
prosperous,  industriously  and  commercially,  dnstrial  pursuits.  Every  department  of  indos- 
ever  known.  Agriculture,  commerce,  and  try  was  stimulated  to  the  utmost  capacity:  farm- 
manufactures  had  greatly  augmented.  The  ers  and  manufacturers,  merchants  and  bankers, 
landed  proprietors  were  in  a£9uence.  Wealth  all  were  richly  rewarded  for  their  labor  and  in- 
to an  unheard-of  extent  had  been  created  vestments.  In  1865,  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
among  the  farmers.  Exports,  imports,  and  this  prosperity  was  still  in  existence.  This 
tonnage  had  more  than  doubled  since  the  war  prosperity  extended  in  part  to  the  devastated 
began.  These  eighteen  years  of  prosperity  Boutn,  and  enabled  her  for  a  brief  period  to 
were  years  of  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  restore  her  waste  places  and  gather  supplies  to 
the  Bank  of  England.  There  was  no  abatement  feed  her  houseless  population.  The  circula- 
in  this  prosperity  until  the  moneyed  nobility,  tion  of  money  among  the  people  at  this  time 
led  on  by  Sir  Robert  Peel,  began  a  clamor  for  amounted  to  $58  per  capita.  The  facts  assure 
resumption.  Then  all  this  prosperity  of  labor,  ns  that  if  this  volume  of  currency  had  been 
this  universal  and  unheard-of  prosperity,  continued  until  this  time  the  burden  of  taxa- 
ceased.  As  soon  as  contraction  conmienced  tion  would  have  been  wellnigh  removed ;  the 
prices  fell  to  a  ruinous  extent.  Wages  fell  with  debts  of  the  nation,  of  States,  of  corpora- 
the  prices  of  commodities,  and  it  is  said  that  tions,  and  especially  of  individuals,  would  have 
before  the  close  of  the  year  1816  panic,  bank-  been  wellniffn  canceled ;  *  tramps  ^  would  never 
mptoy,  riot,  bloodshed,  and  starvation  spread  have  been  heard  of ;  riots  would  never  have 
through  the  land.  The  1st  of  May,  1828,  had  disgraced  Pennsylvania  and  other  Northern 
been  fixed  upon  by  law  when  the  banks  should  States ;  all  sectional  strife  and  class  supremacy 
resume,  and  they  contracted  their  circulation  would  long  since  have  been  submerged  under  a 
rapidly  to  meet  the  gold  and  silver  standards  tide  of  unrivaled  public  and  private  prosperity, 
of  value.  The  result  was  that  from  1815  to  Alas  I  as  in  England,  so  in  this  country :  during 
1828  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  land-owners  the  war  the  commercial  centers,  notably  New 
of  England  lost  their  estates.  The  number  of  York  and  New  England,  from  their  superior  ad* 
land-owners  was  reduced  from  one  hundred  vantages,  gathered  in  the  '  bonds '  of  Uie  Gov- 
and  sixty  thousand  to  thirty  thousand,  and,  in  ernment :  the  crystallized  tears,  blood,  losses, 
the  language  of  Wendell  Phillips,  *  bankruptcy,  and  poverty  of  the  nation — ^theee  exponents  of 
the  very  history  of  which  makes  the  blood  cold  a  nation's  travail.  Every  dollar  that  the  specu- 
to-day,  blighted  the  empire.'  Why  all  this  lators  and  bankers  of  New  York  and  Boston 
suffering?  Why  all  these  tears  ?  Why  all  this  could  accumulate  in  this  time  of  prosperity, 
desolation?  It  was  brought  about  by  men  who  and  which  was  not  expended  in  hiring  substi- 
had  determined  to  drive  paper  money  from  cir-  tutes  to  take  their  places  in  the  field,  where 
oulation,  had  determined  to  bring  down  prices  brave  men  were  battling  for  the  Union,  every 
and  teages^  and  had  especially  determined  to  doUar  that  the  camp-followers  and  bomb-proof 
bring  all  the  real  estate  of  the  kingdom  within  office-holders  could  command,  was  invested  in 
their  possession.  They  triumphed.  To-day  the  Government  securities  at  about  fifty  cents  on 
immense  fortunes  of  the  English  lords  and  the  the  dollar.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  the  Amer- 
vassalage  of  the  English  peasantry  are  attribn-  ican  and  European  Shylocks,  as  they  did  in 
table  to  the  villainies  of  England's  resumption  England,  became  clamorous  for  eontraeti4fn  / 
laws.  In  every  panic  with  which  England  has  They  oared  nothing  for  specie  payments.  This 
been  afflicted — ^in  the  one  just  referred  to,  and  was  a  mere  pretense  to  accomplish  their  nlti- 


OONGRESSi  UNITED  STATES.  185 

Ditam,  e&ninmtion,    Spede  was  a  mere  '  de-  in  March,  1869,  an  act  was  passed  in  these 

eoj'  to  lead  the  nnsospecting  productive  dass-  words:  *  And  the  United  States  also  solemnly 

68  into  their  meshes.    Their  capital  was  fixed,  pledges  its  faith  to  make  provisions  at  the  ear- 

•nd  ihej  desired  to  convert  it  into  prod  acts  of  Jiest  practioahle  period  for  the  resumption  of  the 

iibor,  and  thej  most  first  shrink  the  value  of  United  States  notes  in  coin,'  and  also  all  other 

tbote  products  to  bankrupt  rates.  obligations  of  the  United  States  except  where 

""Thej  haye  triumphed!     The  agitation  of  it  is  expressly  provided  to  be  paid  in  lawful 

the  question  sent  labor  down,  sent  real  estate  mouey  pr  other  currency.    Here  was  an  assu- 

down.     Then,  through  their  influence,  came  ranee  of  speedy  resumption  which  destroyed 

6e  demonelLuUion  of  silver,  tben  the  resump-  confidence  in  the  paper  money  of  the  country, 

LaB  law ;  each  with  a  view  to  contraction ;  and  the  contraction  which  had  been  going  on 

And  ss  the  coils  of  the  anaconda  tightened,  a  since  1866  now  went  on  more  rapidly,  until  all 

waii  went  np  throughout  the  land — a  wail  ri-  confidence  was  lost  in  the  panic  of  1878.    Here 

raiing  the  wail  that  went  up  tiiroughout  £ng-  wss  a  repudiation  by  the  Government  of  its 

Iiad,  and  which  is  described  as  making  the  own  lawful  money ;  and  can  we  be  surprised 

*blood  mn  cold.'     The  failures  in  business  that  all  men  discredited  that  money  ? 

liSTd  been  innomerable;  the  loss  from  shrink-  *^  Confidence  1    We  hear  continually  about 

we  in  ralaes  has  been  incalculable;  the  suffer-  the  restoration  of  confidence.    Confidence  in  a 

xng  from  reduced  wages  has  been  appalling,  ship  while  the  scuttiers  are  at  work  to  send  it  to 

H<iQies,  comforts,  and  even  the  necessities  of  the  bottom  I  Confidence  in  a  ^  promise  to  pay,' 

lite,  haye  passed  forever  from  once  happy  while  the  sappers  and  miners  are  removing  the 

ftmilies.     Hard  and  grinding  poverty  is  press-  foundations  oi  value  upon  which  that  promise 

iDM  our  dtiaens  in  every  section  of  the  country,  is  made  1 

in  every  avenue  of  trade  and  production.    RaU-  "The  following  extract  from  the  *  Report 

rusds  and  banks  are  being  wound  up  by  re-  of  the  Silver  Commission '  should  be  remem- 

cdrtn ;  savings  institutions  are  disappearing;  bered : 

firosces  and  factories  are  suspended;  mining  it  is  maintained  by  many  that  existing  evUa  are 

property  is  a  burden  to  the  owners ;  merchants  the  reealta  of  a  loss  aod  laoK  of  ooDfldenoe,  and  that 

are  beimr  driTen  by  tiie  thousands  into  volun-  the  sufBcient  remedy  would  be  found  in  its  reetora- 

urr'TVrolaDUry  b«kr«otcy;  employeea  !L?-.SS>n&X?ri^'"wn  wfuW  W"i? 

u«  standing     all  the  day  idle,'   because  no  moneyed  and  other  bapitalUts  would  fh^ely  exhibit 

Ban  is  able  to  hire  them.    The  farmers — the  oonflaenoe  by  inaugurating  industrial  and  oommer- 

«:rength  of  the  country,  the  primary  source  of  ^^i^l  enterprises.    But  it  is  to  be  observed  that  they 

in  wealth— have  been  reduced  to  the  greatest  content  themselves  with  recommending  oonfldence  to 

^-^:*-      TK-.  #u.»««.M>  ^*  ♦!»«  a^n«-k  «.A  «!v*  -^*.i  others,  while  they  are  careful  not  to  make  a  practical 

crMtA^   The  fitfmers  of  the  South  are  not  real-  exhibition  of  any  on  tiieir  own  part.    They  seem  to 

tzinc  from  tcie  sales  of  their  cotton  the  cost  of  be  unconseionsly  inflttenced  b^  the  view  that,  while 

production.     In  many  of  the  States,  after  pay-  they  might  profit  by  the  oontfdence  of  others,  oonfi- 

inf  for  labor  and  fertilizers  and  other  expenses,  dence  on  tiieir  own  part  mi^ht  involve  them  in  loss- 

ibej  find    themselves    inextricably  in    debt  "•    The  real  mischief  is  not  the  lack  of  oonlldenc^ 

WC7   uuu    *uvuMr«Tvo    Au^AVAtuo^v    AMM.    ^^\^  but  thc  Iscfc  of  aHV  Icffitimate  grounds  for  oonfldcnce ; 

'  rMM^ia,  the  leadmg  Southern  State  m  aU  the  ^^^  there  neither  will  be  nofmtgU  to  ht  any  revival 

c<doieata  of   agncnltural  and   mannuGMtunng  or  extension  of  oonfldence  ao  long  aa  the  volume  of 

aeaith,  and  whose  citizens,  in  every  industry  money  oontinuea  to  ahrinlL  and  prices  continue  to 

sad  enterpriae,  are  without  a  superior,  decreased  ^^* 

is  taxable  property  last  year  $15,902,184;  Ten-  ''  The  gentieman  from  New  York  (Mr.  Ohit- 

DrdMe  decreased  over  $31,000,000 ;  and  these  tenden)  on  yesterday  from  his  perch  (Mr.  Chit- 

sre  the  moat  prosperous  in  their  material  in-  tenden  stood  at  the  Clerk's  desk  while  speaking) 

h^riee  of  all  the  Southern  States,  Texas  alone  announced  to  the  country  that  loafers,  gam- 

«x?«pted.     It  is  much  worse  among  the  pro-  biers,  and  bankrupts,  the  worst  elements  of  so- 

4vtive  daaaes  in  the  West  and  in  tiie  North,  ciety,  fiftvored  the  repeal  of  the  resumption  law. 

The  shrinkage  there  has  been  greater  and  the  Is  the  gentieman  already  designating  the  olass- 

•oSoring  more  intense.    For  while  the  South  es  of  society  which  favor  or  oppose  this  repeal, 

it  sot  aocannulating,  and  can  not  until  contrao-  putting  the  rich  on  one  side  and  the  poor  on  the 

Ua  is  arrested  or  until  it  touches  its  lowest  other  side  ?    I  know  not  whether  these  char- 

•^ths,  jei  there  is  no  one  starving  there  as  in  aoters  advocate  or  oppose  repeaL    One  tlung  I 

:ie  Xorth.     There  are  no  riots  there ;  there  are  do  know,  every  millionaire,  every  man  who 

^^itrikea  there;  every  man,  white  or  black,  owns  two  or  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  in 

u\,  if  be  will,  have  ^  food  and  raiment'    But  Government  securities,  is  opposed  to  repeal, 

:  4re  is  financjal  distress  there,  as  in  the  North  and  advocates  a  system  of  hard  and  grinding 

asi  West;  this  distress  must  continue  while  poverty  for  the  debtor. 

^•■itraccioA  of  the  currency  continues.    Why  **  I  suppose  the  gentieman  means  by'bank- 

a  this  distress t  Why  all  tiiis  forced  poverty?  rupt'  a  man  who  is  unable  to  pay  his  debts, 

\mplf  t0  ^nriek  the  few.  which  inability  has   been  brought  about  by 

**  It  ia  aaid  by  the  friends  of  resumption  this  system  of  contraction  which  he  advocates. 

*tii  the  paaie  of  1878  came  before  the  resump-  Still  the  ruinous  work  of  contraction  goes  on. 

*i'M  act  passed ;  but  these  special  pleaders  must  and  millions  of  *  greenbacks '  are  being  retired 

that  daring  the  Forty-nrst  Congress,  and  destroyed  by  the  Government  monthly, 


186  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

and  the  national  banks  are  likewise  retiring  that  has  been  held  to  be  legal,  it  must  become 
tiieir  circulation  by  millions,  in  preparation  for  more  and  more  the  duty  of  the  Government  to 
the  proposed  daj  of  resumption.  Still  the  min-  give  to  the  country  a  good  financial  system 
ous  work  must  go  on  until  1879 ;  and  false  com-  which  will  be  just  to  all  classes  and  meet  Uie 
forters  assure  us  that '  light  is  ahead,*  that  the  demands  of  a  great  industrial  people,  such  as 
margin  between  greenbacks  and  gold  is  very  we  are.  But,  sir,  what  has  been  done?  Id  the 
small,  that  the  chasm  is  almost  filled  up,  and  first  place  there  is  a  banking  law  which  gives 
that  all  these  things  will  *  right  themselves.'  a  monopoly  of  banking  business  to  the  nation- 
Yes  I  I  know  these  things  wiU  right  themselves,  al  bondholders.  This  law,  by  a  tax  of  10  per 
Look  at  that  storm-driven  ocean.  Darkness  cent,  on  the  circulation  of  all  banks  other  than 
and  hurricane  are  upon  the  deep,  bignal-guns  national  banks,  gives  them  the  exclusive  privi- 
of  distress  are  heard  through  the  gloom.  Ships  lege  of  banking,  and  this  tax  was  imposed  sole- 
are  going  down  by  the  hundred,  and  thousands  ly  for  this  purpose.  It  was  not  for  revenue, 
of  precious  lives  are  being  ingulfed.  In  the  for  not  one  cent  of  revenue  was  realized.  It 
midst  of  this  ruin  there  stand  the  ^  wreckers '  is  an  unjust  and  odious  discrimination,  prevent- 
(pointing  to  Mr.  Ohittenden,  who  was  standing  ing  all  free  competition,  which  is  the  life  of 
near)  awaiting  their  prey  and  comforting  them-  all  free  and  healthful  trade,  thus  giving  to  one 
selves  with  the  words :  *  These  things  will  right  class  of  men  the  power  to  control  absolutely 
themselves.'  Tes,  sir ;  I  know  that  the  mom-  the  currency  of  the  country.  You  may  have 
ing  sun  will  rise  brightly  upon  a  calm  sea.  your  gold,  but  you  can  not  bank  upon  it.  You 
Every  wave  shall  have  subsided,  llie  frag-  may  have  your  land,  but  yon  can  not  bank  upon 
ments  shall  have  floated  oft  to  some  neighbor-  it.  You  may  have  any  other  species  of  prop- 
ing  shore  and  the  dead  will  have  been  forgotten,  erty  than  those  national  bonds,  and  you  can 
Things  have  righted  themselves  on  that  sea.''  not  bank  upon  it  and  can  not  get  credit  upon 

Mr.  Chittenden :  ^' I  will  not  return  to  the  it.     And  yet  the  gentleman  from  New  York 

argument.    There  is  no  man  who  knows  my  life  (Mr.  Chittenden)  said  he  was  in  favor  of  free 

who  does  not  know  that  when  I  went  to  the  banking,  and  that  would  bring  relief  to  the 

unusual  place  of  the  Clerk's  desk  to  speak  yes-  country.    His  free  banking  is  a  tax  of  10  per 

terday,  I  went  to  speak  the  truth  according  as  I  cent,  on  all  other  banks  except  national  banks, 

understand  it.    The  gentleman  from  Georgia  and  nobody  to  bank  except  those  whp  can  get 

has  referred  to  me  as  a  capitalist — if  I  under-  the  national  bonds.    That  is  what  my  friend 

stood  him  correctly — as  owning  Government  on  the  other  side  of  the  House  means  by  free 

bonds,  and  theirefore  personally  interested  in  banking.    If  he  means  there  should  be  com- 

this  question.    It  is  about  eight  years,  Mr.  petition  in  this  as  in  every  other  business,  and 

Speaker,  since  I  have  held  or  owned  a  Gov-  that  it  should  regulate  itself  by  the  law  of  sup- 

ernment  bond ;  and,  although  I  spoke  favor-  ply  and  demand,  there  is  no  diflference  between 

ably  yesterday  of  national  banks,   I  parted  him  and  myself.    Save  us  from  his  kind  of  free 

with  my  last  share  of  stock  in  national  banks  banking!     We  have  had  it  for  fifteen  years, 

more  than  five  years  ago.     I  therefore  say  and  it  has  laid  the  country  prostrate  and  in 

that  any  man  that  aims  blows  at  me  as  a  ruin. 

holder  of  Government  securities  or  as  being  in-  ^^  Another  evil  has  been  contraction,  and  con- 

terested  in  the  national  banks  mistakes  the  traction  in  a  wonderful  degree.    I  heard  on 

mark.    The  bonds  I  hold  are  to  a  large  extent  this  floor  to-day  a  gentleman,  with  whom  1 

those  of  defaulting  railroads  and  States,  and  have  not  the  honor  of  an  acquaintance  (Mr. 

my  own  case  fairly  represents  the  condition  of  Bacon),  declare  that  he  was  in  favor  of  honest 

my  constituents.    I  have  not  come  here,  sir,  money,  and  that  his  State  was  in  favor  of  hon- 

without  experience  and   knowledge  of   this  est  money.    The  gentleman  from  New  York 

question  of  currency.    I  have  not  come  here  (Mr.  Chittenden)  said  that  half  a  million  of 

and  dared  to  utter  anything  on  this  subiect  hisconstituents  were  ready  to  come  down  here 

that  I  have  not  careitdly  considered.    If  I  had  and  protest  in  the  name  of  honesty  against  our 

time  I  could  expose  the  fallacies,  the  errors,  action  on  the  silver  question.    Honest  money ! 

and  the  absurdities  of  the  last  speaker,  so  that  Why,  sir,  are   not  the  '  greenbacks '  honest 

no  man  who  is  capable  of  forming  an  honest  money?    The  gentleman  held  up  one  of  them, 

judicial  opinion  upon  any  great  question  could  Is  not  this  honest  money  9    If  it  is  not,  pray  tell 

possibly  make  any  mistake  about  this  one."  me  where  are  the  men  who  put  it  upon  the 

Mr.  Davis,  of  North  Carolina,  said:  ^* Let  us  country?     Were  they  dishonest?    Does  the 

see  what  is  the  cause  of  this  disease  which  has  gentleman  mean  to  insinuate  that  this  money, 

brought  so  much  distress  upon  the  country,  put  into  the  hands  of  the  people  by  an  act  of 

It  is  to  be  found  in  the  financial  policy  now  Congress,  contaminates  the  holder,  and  that  it 

prevailing,  which  has  enriched  the  few  and  is  a  fraud  and  a  sham  to  use  it  in  paying  pri- 

impoverished  millions.     While  it  is  the  duty  vate  or  public  debts?  The  gentleman  from  New 

of  the  Government  to  coin  money  and  regulate  York  (Mr.  Chittenden)  has  said  it  was  a  fraud 

the  value  thereof^  and  while  it  has  been  held  and  a  sham.    Who  enacted  the  sham,  and  who 

in  these  latter  days  to  be  in  the  constitutional  perpetrated  the  fraud,  and  upon  whom  was  the 

power  of  Congress  to  make  legal  tenders  of  fraud  perpetrated  ?    The  gentleman  from  New 

paper  money  as  well  as  of  coin — I  say  while  York  talks  about  gentlemen  on  this  side  speak- 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  187 

isir  nonsense,  and  having  passion  and  temper,  may  resume  specie  payments  on  the  Ist  of  Jan- 
I  think,  Mr.  Speaker,  if  the  gentlemen  on  the  nary,  1879,  it  can  not  maintain  them  a  week, 
other  side  wonM  he  less  angry  it  would  he  het-  The  inadequate  snpply  of  hullion  on  which  it 
ter  for  them.    Why,  sir,  these  gentlemen  are  may  resume  will,  some  of  them  have  said,  he 
ooljmad  because  with  one  of  their  gold  dollars  exhausted  on  that  day  hy  the  holders  of  certifi- 
th«j  can  not  huy  twice  as  much  as  you  can  cates  of  deposit  and  hanks  which  will  have 
vitii  one  greenback  dollar.    That  is  the  cause  sent  forward  large  amounts  of  notes  for  re- 
ef the  anger.    I  hold  in  my  hand  one  of  those  demption ;  and  the  gold  having  thus  been  trans- 
greenback.    It  is  of  the  series  of  1869.    When  ferred  to  the  banks  and  the  Treasury  having 
m^  this  promise  to  pay  $10  was  worth  $7.50.  again  suspended,  the  time  will  have  arrived  for 
It  ]i  worth  now  $9.80,  and  yet  it  is  a  *  dirty  a  renewal  of  profits  on  sales  of  gold  hy  those 
ng,'  'a  sham,*  worth  nothing  in  eyes  jaun-  hanks  that  may  have  happened  to  present  their 
di^  bj  yellow  gold.    No,  sir,  my  Mends  are  demands  in  time.    What  the  effect  of  a  new 
tozry  becaase  we  are  ahout  to  take  it  out  of  suspension  hy  the  Gk>vemment  would  be  on 
their  power  to  make  one  of  their  gold  dollars  the  price  of  gold,  none  can  predict,  as  no  one  is 
vi)rth  two  of  greenbacks ;  or  in  other  words,  able  to  predict  the  duration  of  the  suspension. 
t9  gire  to  their  gold  double  the  purchasing        '^  Upon  what  demands  do  we  propose  to  re- 
power  which  tiie  money  of  the  people  has.  sume  gold  payments  ?    Over  $300,000,000  of 
''Then  there  is  another  thing.    The  gentle-  greenbacks;  over  $800,000,000  of  T>ank  notes. 
nun  from  New  York  sMd  yesterday  that  it  was  I  have  here  (to  continue  the  list)  Mr.  S.  Dana 
1  breach  of  faith — and  that  is  a  very  serious  Horton^s  work  on  Silver  and  Gold,  in  which  I 
(iurge— that  it  was  a  breach  of  faith  to  pay  find  some  things  from  which  to  dissent  and 
theK  debts  now  in  this  money.    Why,  sir,  he  much  to  commend,  but  the  facts  embodied  in 
laid  it  was  *  repudiation.'    Again  I  point  the  which  have  been  most  carefully  compiled.    It 
frademan  to  this  greenback  which  I  hold  in  gives  on  page  44  the  debt  statement  for  Sep- 
CT  hand.    There  it  is.    Does  it  fix  any  time  tember,  1876,  when  the  national  debt  was 
Then  it  is  to  be  paid?    It  does  not.    But  it  $2,208,902,645.    The  nominal  amount  of  out- 
promiaes  to  pay  $10.    Oh !  hut,  he  says,  there  standing  State  securities  is  given  as  about  $885.- 
wa3  legislation  fixing  when  it  should  be  paid.  000,000,  of  city  securities  $548,000,000,  of  rail- 
But  how  was  that  legislation  brought  about?  road  and  canal  bonds  about  $2,170,000,000. 
Let  the  gentleman  from  Pennsylvania  (Mr.  Gentlemen  may  say,  '  Why,  the  passage  of  this 
Kdilej)  teU.   By  a  party  caucus,  he  said.    And.  act  does  not  mature  those  obligations ! '    No, 
%  iiow  was  the  act  demonetizing  silver  passed  ?  gentlemen,  it  does  not ;  and  I  do  not  pretend  to 
Bj  firand?    Honorable  gentlemen  on  that  side  assume  that  the  conversion  of  all,  or  even  of  a 
of  the  HoQse  have  intimated  as  much.    Why,  considerable  percentage,  of  them  will  be  sought; 
Mr.  Speaker,  the  measure  which  was  passed  on  hut  when  you  remember  that  all  those  securi- 
t^dSthof  November  had  been  publicly  discuss-  ties  are  marketable  in  our  market,  it  matures 
ed  Qpon  every  stump  in  the  land ;  it  had  been  all  of  them  that  may  be  held  by  foreigners  who 
G:^nia9ed  both  before  the  people  and  in  the  can  send  them  home,  have  them  sold,  and  draw 
press.   Everybody  had  been  informed  in  rela-  for  the  proceeds  in  gold.    It  puts  our  Govem- 
tion  to  it,  and  every  gentleman  knew  what  he  ment  in  the  attitude  of  holding  itself  up  as  the 
wu  doing.    When  the  gentleman  speaks  ahout  reseryoir  of  gold  from  which  all  its  creditors 
lie  wrong  done  to  the  people  and  of  appealing  and  those  of  our  people  (and  they  are  to  be 
t*;  'Jie  people  to  right  tnis  great  wrong,  I  tell  found  in  every  dviliz^  nation)  may  draw  for 
^  to  bring  down  his  half  million  of  men,  and  gold  when  they  need  or  desire  it.    The  act 
I  (ball  not  dread  them  half  as  much  as  I  would  aoes  make  payable  in  gold  the  deposits  in  our 
t'4t  lobby  of  the  hankers  and  bondholders  national.  State,  private,  and  savings  banks,  which 
^^  in  former  times  influenced  the  legislation  amount  to  thousands  of  millions.    It  puts  upon 
^  Congress.    I  shall  not  dread  that  half  mil-  the  gold-paying  basis  all  hook  accounts,  prom- 
i-aof  men  so  much,  because  I  do  not  dread  issory  notes,  and  mortgage  and  judgment  debts. 
^«nemy  who  fights  with  open  hand,  for  I  can  It  piles  up  such  an  amount  of  debt  as  no  nation 
^:^  him  in  battle;  hut  I  do  dread  the  insidious  has  ever  undertaken  to  pay  in  money  based  on 
Ubj  vhich  comes  around  with  bankers*  money  a  single  metal.    And  with  what  do  you  pro- 
V) indoenoe  the  legislation  of  Congress."  pose  to  pay  it?    Gk>ld,  I  know.    What  gold 
Mr.  Kelley,  of  Pennsylvania,   said :   "  The  nave  you  ?    Why,  five  resolutions,  ingeniously 
*iHtion  before  the  American  people  to-day  is  contrived  to  extort  information,  brought  us 
'-'  between  gold  and  the  inconvertible  paper  the  fact  that  in  July  of  the  long  session  of  the 
•  the  Government,  which  by  its  legal-tender  last  Congress  the  Treasury  had  of  real  gold 
"dieter  is   money.    It   is   between  paper  at  its  absolute   disposal  $18,000,000;  for  in 
B««T  and  bank  credits,  which,  in  the  absence  the  amount  of  gold  named  hy  the  Treasury  in 
'  I  mfficient  supply  of  metallic  money  with  monthly  debt  statements  we  have  bonds  retired, 
*^di  to  convert  them,  will  continue  to  be  ir-  but  which  have  not  been  canceled ;  we  have 
^-iecnable.    I  have  conversed  confidentially  coupons  paid,  but  which  have  not  gone  into 
^•tii  many  bankers,  and  have  not  found  one  the  account  of  coupons  paid.    The  mi\jor  part 
'*  tbem,  when  speaking  thus  confidentiaUy,  of  the  gold  reported  as  in  the  Treasury  is  paper 
*to  did  not  admit  that,  though  the  Treasury  gold,  against  which  parties  have  claims,  or  pa- 


188  OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATEa 

per  which  the  Government  has  paid  and  not  yet  of  4  per  cent  bonds  for  gold,  and  bringing  the 

found  time  to  carry  into  aocoant  and  oanceL  proceeds  home,  as  though  gold  were  one  of  the 

**  Where  are  we  to  obtain  an  adequate  amount  products  of  the  shops  of  Birmingham  or  Shef- 
ofgold?  Who  has  it  to  spare?  By  what  means  field  which  British  manufacturers  would  be 
are  we  to  get  it  ?  When  London,  or  rather  Eng-  glad  to  selL  The  amount  of  gold  necessary  to 
land,  on  a  commercial  transaction  made  witii  enable  us  to  maintain  specie  payments  is  not  in 
the  syndicate,  owed  us  $21,000,000,  while  Mr.  the  possession,  with  power  to  dispose  thereof 
George  8.  Bontweil  was  still  Secretary  of  the  to  a  foreign  nation,  of  any  goyemment  or  peo- 
Treasury,  the  bank  and  the  business  men  of  pie  on  the  face  of  the  globe ;  and  such  amounts 
England  became  alarmed  at  the  possibility  of  as  can  be  spared  by  any  of  them  will  not  be 
the  withdrawal  of  so  large  an  amount  of  bul-  permitted  to  come  to  a  debtor  nation  whose 
lion  from  that  country ;  and  Secretary  Bout-  bonds  may  be  sent  home  in  settlement  of  inter- 
well,  having  subsequently  become  a  Senator  national  balances. 

from  Massachusetts,  stated  the  £aots  on  the  **  I  have  here  (for  gentlemen  may  doubt  my 

floor  of  the  Senate,  and  showed  that  the  Bank  Judgment  on  the  last  point)  the  great  financial 

of  England  interfered  and  threatened  destruc-  authority  of  England,  the  *  Economist,*  of  Oc- 

tion  to  American  credit  if  a  contract  was  not  tober  28, 1877.   The  editor  discusses  the  balance 

made  to  bring  the  paltry  sum  of  $21,000,000,  of  trade  between  this  country  and  England ; 

a  little  over  £4,000,000  sterling,  home  in  Gov-  and  I  am  sorry  my  venerable  Mend  from  New 

emment  bonds  bought  in  London.    And  Mr.  York  (Mr.  Townsend),  who  yesterday  talked 

Boutwell  concluded  his  statement  with  the  ex-  so  luminously  about  tiie  balance  of  trade  and 

clamatioDj  *  We  were  compelled  to  submit.'  how  it  was  to  bring  us  money,  is  not  here  to 

^*  But,  sir,  the  United  States  Government  had  learn  the  opinion  of  so  widely  acknowledged 

a  judgment  awarded  it  by  a  tribunal  more  au-  an  authority.    The  writer  says : 

gust  than  any  which  ever  adjudicated  the  claim  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  y^^^^  ^^  ^^  ., 

of  a  suitor.     The  high  jomt  W)mmission,  repre-  turning  less  favorable  to  the  Sutes.  the  buUion  move- 

senting  the  two  most  powerful  nations  of  the  menta  are  moving  strongly  in  their  favor.    The  the- 

earth,  the  sovereignty  of  England  and  that  of  orj  ia  thua  aeen  to  be  erroneoua ;  and  it  errs  because 

the  United  States,  after  due  deliberation  at  Ge-  *f  overlooka  two  important  items  which,  thoujgh  they 

neva,  found  that  we  were  entitled  to  $15  600,-  ?°etTh.'Kcl°  ttaTCfi.Z^'SS'L'tb'i 

000  in  gold.  Such  was  the  judgment  of  that  than  trade  debts  which  a  country  like  America  has 
august  tribunal.  What  was  the  sequel  ?  Did  to  settle.  She  haa  to  export  either  goods  or  apecie 
we,  on  settlement,  bring  $15,500,000  of  metal  **  intereat  upon  the  money  which  ahe  baa  borrowed 
to  replenish  our  exhausted  supply?  Oh,  no.  abroad  and  for  services  rendered  to  her  by  foreign- 
T  ^^^Iir  •«-;«  ««^«  ♦!»«  ^^^\.^Jl^  f^4  i.Sw.  ™v^  ®r8 ;  and  as  the  amount  of  this  inbnte  is  not  known, 

1  speak  agam  upon  the  auOionty  of  him  who  it  li  impossible  to  say  from  the  trade  returns  aloni 
was  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Bout-  on  which  side  the  balance  really  lies.  And  in  the 
well.  The  Government  of  England  induced  our  second  place,  even  if  the  balance  ahonld  in  the  end 
own  State  Department  to  suggest  to  our  Trea-  !>«  favorable,  it  may  be  liquidated  without  the  move- 

sury  Department  that  to  bring  home  that  award  ?®°1  °^  ^""^^T'  a  Sto<Jk-exchange  aecuritiea  have 

111     *^     _r  L  J     J  .J    "»6  "v«*w  »ua»  « w  tMM.  jjQ^  become  a  kind  of  international  money,  and  to  a 

as  the  court  had  adjudged  it  to  us,  m  gold,  lap«,  and  incrcaaing  extent  these  are  supplementing 

would  produce  a  financial  cnsis,  and  that  we  gold  or  aiWer  aa  a  medium  for  settling  intematioDia 

should  therefore,  in  the  same  spirit  of  amity  debts.    These  points  are  worth  remembering  now 

which  had  submitted  to  arbitration  the  great  T^^^  *^«  poBsibUity  of  gold  shipments  to  America 

issues  between  us,  accept  payment  in  our  jJuKtentfon'''"  "^^"^^  ^""^  "•  attracting  so 
own  bonds.    And  again  we  were  compelled  to 

submit  '^  Why,  of  course,  gentlemen,  England  will 

'*  But  later  still,  sir,  within  three  months  the  allow  the  gold  to  come  over  here  for  $200,- 

Government  ofBritish  India  advertised  in  Lon-  000,000  of  4  per  cent  bonds.     She  wiL  not 

don  for  a  loan  of  £8,000,000  sterling,  $15,000,-  send  over  for  conversion  any  of  our  overdue 

000;  and  the  'Economist,'  the  'Times,'  and  bonds.    She  will  hold  them,  and  allow  yon  to 

all  the  leading  Journals  of  England  announced  produce  a  financial  convulsion  by  withdrawing 

that  the  proposed  loan  was  producing  pertur-  all  the  bullion  the  Bank  of  England  now  holds, 

bation  in  business  circles,  because  if  the  pro-  which  is  less  than  $115,000,000.    No!  you  can 

ceeds  were  to  be  sent  to  India  in  money  it  resort  to  the  exclusive  use  of  irredeemable  bank 

might  produce  a  financial  crisis.   Why  produce  notes  on  the  1st  of  January,  1879,  but  you  can 

a  financial  crisis?    If  sent  in  the  money  of  In-  not  resume  gold  payments, 

dia,  it  would  be  silver,  which  is  not  money  in  *'  An  engineer,  Mr.  Speaker,  who,  having 

England.    Yes,  that  fact  was  recognized ;  but  been  employed  to  remove  a  great  structure, 

it  was  also  remembered  that  Germany  needed  should  begin  by  digging  away  the  foundation, 

gold ;  and  if  that  loan  was  to  be  sent  to  India  would  soon  find  himself  restrained  by  injunc- 

in  money,  Germany,  it  was  sidd,  would  supply  tion  sued  out  by  his  neighbors ;  or,  being  where 

the  silver  and  take  in  exchange  therefor  Eng-  a  court  was  not  accessible,  physical  force  would 

land's  gold  money  to  the  amount  of  £8,000,000  restrain  him  from  bringing  the  superstructure 

sterling.  upon  the  heads  of  his  neighbors.    Yet  what 

''  Yet  gentlemen  talk  on  this  floor  and  else-  do  you  propose  to  do  with  that  great  and  com- 

where  as  flippantly  about  selling  $200,000,000  plicated  structure,  the  currency,  production, 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  189 

flod  tnde  of  the  United  States?    The  cor-  kerohiefwoald  wipe  up  all  the  blood  that  woald 
reacy  viUi  which  exchanges  are  effected  now  be  shed;  thej  were  strict  oonstractionists  of 
cDuisto  of  three  hundred  and  odd  millions  of  the  Constitution ;  they  believed  that  the  Uni- 
kik  notes  which  are  not  legal  tenders,  and  ted  States  ooold  nse  nothing  bnt  gold  and  sil- 
vhichareredeemablein$dl6,(XK),000of  green-  yer  as  monej,  and  that  as  they  bad  none  of 
kaelu  which  are  legal  tenders,  and  are  there-  these  metals  thej  coald  not  put  armies  in  the 
fore  money ;  money  which  must  be  received  field  to  overwhelm  yon  or  fleets  upon  the  ocean 
bv  State,  coanty,  municipal  governments  in  to  blockade  your  coasts ;  they  had  not  studied 
parment  of  taxes  and  other  claims,  which  must  the  Constitntton  to  see  that  the  Government 
be  received  by  the  National  Government  for  has  control  of  the  question  of  what  shall  be 
«Terj  obligation  save  one-nluty  on  imports;  money.    We  discovered  that  it  had,  and  when 
vhich  most  be  received  by  every  citizen  from  we  oould  not  get  gold  or  silver  we  made  the 
the  Government  in  pajrment  of  all  debts  save  greenback,  and  it  was  that  that  whipped  you.* 
<)M— interest  on  a  coin-bearing  bond.    Your  ^^' Yes,' said  one  of  them,  enthusiastically, 
bmk  notes  in  the  absence  of  gold,  the  sufficient  '  Judge  Eelley,  you  are  right ;  it  was  the  green- 
inranmUtion  of  which  is  impossible,  are  con*  back  that  whipped  us.'    And  that  which  saved 
Tertible  into  this  money,  with  which  mort-  us  from  being  citizens  of  warring  sections ;  that 
zs^ea,  judgments,  and  every  debt  may  be  liqui-  which  has  brought  us  together  again  to  wran- 
dated ;  and  you  propose  to  remove  the  money  gle,  as  of  old,  over  minor  questions ;  that  which 
vfaiefa  Is  the  foundation,  and  to  leave  the  su-  removed  slavery  and  opened  the  way  to  con- 
perstracture  stand.    You  propose  to  maintain  ciliation  and  the  interonanges  of  duty  and  af- 
A  kw  which  decrees  that  from  find  after  the  fection  between  the  entire  people,  must  not  be 
In  of  January,  1879,  with  a  diminishing  re-  branded  as  ^  the  worst  enemy  the  country  ever 
«crv6  and  an  increasing  volume  of  notes  re-  had  except  slavery  '  without  at  least  a  passing 
deemable  by  that  reserve,  every  debtor  in  the  protest  from  me  as  one  who  loves  the  Union, 
winXTj  shall  be  liable  to  his  private  creditor,  the  whole  Union,  and  believes  it  now  to  be  in- 
acd  the  nation  in  its  public  character  liable  to  divisible,  indestructible,  and  destined  to  endure 
^  \u  foreign  and  domestic  creditors  in  gold,  through  all  time.    It  was  the  *  rag  baby '  that 
Tbe  banks,  if  greenbacks  continue  to  be  retired  saved  this  Union ;  that  enabled  yon,  Mr.  Speak- 
before  an  increasing  bank  circulation,  may  by  er  (Mr.  Rice,  of  Ohio,  in  the  chair),  to  go  forth 
t^t  date  be  unable  to  redeem  even  in  green-  at  the  head  of  your  column  to  lay  one  of  your 
Wk<<i.  limbs  upon  a  distant  field.    Gold,  the  coward, 
"^  Mr.  Speaker,  I  teU  gentlemen  they  are  at-  had  fled  the  country.    The  '  rag  baby  ^  stepped 
tempting  an  impoMibility.    The  laws  of  trade  forward  and  gave  you  and  your  men  arms,  am- 
caa  not  be  controlled  by  the  wisest  and  most  munition,  food,  medical  care,  and  trans|K>rta- 
p-'teotial  government.   As  well  attempt  to  reg-  tion.    It  watched  over  you  in  the  hospital, 
olate  the  laws  of  gravitation  or  refraction  as  and  brought  back  the  manly  spirit  in  the  mn- 
(''>  l«giaUte  the  flow  of  gold  from  creditor  to  tilated  patriot^s  form. 

dvbtor  nations  in  an  era  like  the  present    The  **Now,  sir,  when  peace  has  returned,  that 

bulks  understand  all  this.    They  know  that  which  served  us  so  well  in  war  is  not  deserv- 

tb^re  can  be  no  resumption  of  specie  payments,  ing  of  the  contempt  that  is  being  heaped  upon 

ipd  tbey  hope  to  obtain  control  of  the  entire  it,  while  the  people  by  millions  cry  from  their 

nrtolation  of  the  country.    They  are  here  in  cold  hearthsides,  from  their  hungry  homes, 

tUir  might  and  power  to  control  our  legisla-  for  the  privilege  of  toiling,  and  ask  us  to  main- 

ti<)fl.    They  invaded  different  committee  rooms  tain  a  familiar  medium  of  exchange  wliereby 

;«scerday.    Tbey  went,  so  the  newspapers  tell  capital  and  enterprise  may  pay  labor  for  its 

SK,to  the  Executive  Chamber  with  three  Oabi-  work.     Why  shall  we  not  heed  tiieir  prayer? 

set  ministers  as  captives  in  their  train.    I  The  nation^s  credit  will  not  suffer.    That  which 

Upd  it  is  not  true  ;   I  do  not  believe  it ;   I  gave  us  a  credit  of  twenty-seven  hundred  mil- 

ia  nnwiUIng  to  believe  it ;  I  will  not  believe  lions  of  dollars  is  certainly  enough  to  sustain 

» till  it  is  proven,  that  forty  or  fifty  men  who  the  two  thousand  millions  we  yet  owe.    You 

'^*M  the    money-bags  of  our  eastern  cities  had  no  gold  or  silver  when  your  bonds  were 

'^»jeome  here,  and  three  Cabinet  ministers  first  bought  by  foreigners;  they  knew  that  they 

&b«adoo  their  posts  of  duty  and  escort  them  took  the  bonds  payable  in  lawful  money,  the 

v.tb  wrvility  to  the  Executive  Ohamber,  while  interest  only  being  payable  in  coin  of  gold  or 

i^totheeriesof  widows,  of  orphans,  of  men,  silver;  and  who  will  say  that  when  they  did 

V'Wien,  and  children  pleading  for  the  poor  this  while  we  had  a  war  upon  our  hands,  with 

rnrilege  of  selling  their  labor.    I  will  not  be-  the  destiny  of  the  nation  uncertain,  knowing 

^▼«  the  slanderous  story.  that  the  Government  only  pledged  the  pay- 

"When  I  had  the  pleasure  of  addressing  a  ment  of  its  bonds  in  lawful  money  with  the 

>v  audienoes  in  the  State  of  Georgia,  where  I  interest  in  coin,  they  will  not  trust  us  now, 

*ii  kindly  received,  especially  at  Macon,  I  if  we  w  11  only  put  our  new  machinery  at 

*>th:  on  the  question  of  money,  and  said  to  work  ?  '* 

^  Confederate  officers  and  soldiers  nronnd  Mr.  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  said :  *^  I  want  it  re- 

3i^.'ToQr  leaders  were  mistaken  in  their  tinan-  membered  in  the  outset  that  the  greenback 

'ol  theories  when  the/  told  you  that  a  hand-  currency  was  and  is — so  known  in  the  courts 


190  OONGRESS^  UNITED  STATES. 

and  so  known  everywhere — a  forced  loan — a  emments.  One  thing  only  legislation  can  do. 
loan  forced  by  the  Government  npon  its  army  It  oao  determine  the  quality  of  the  money  of 
and  upon  its  other  creditors  to  meet  the  great  the  country.  The  laws  of  trade  alone  can  de- 
emergencies  of  the  war ;  and  the  primary  fact  termine  its  quantity. 

connected  with  every  greenback  is  that  it  is  a        ^'  In  oounection  with  this  view,  we  are  met 

promise  to  pay.     Those  who  believe  in  re-  by  the  distinguished  gentleman  from  Pennsyl- 

snmption  intend  that  some  time  or  other  the  vania  (Mr.  Kelley)  with  two  historical  refer- 

nation  shall  make  good  the  promise.  ences,  on  which  he  greatly  relies  in  opposing  re^ 

*^Now,  what  are  the  obstacles  to  resumption  sumption.  The  first  is  his  reference  to  France, 
in  accordance  with  the  law  we  have  passed  ?  Follow  France,  says  the  honorable  gentleman 
The  first  great  obstacle  stated  by  gentlemen  from  Pennsylvania — follow  France,  and  see 
who  have  argued  the  question  is  this :  that  we  how  she  poured  out  her  volumes  of  paper 
have  not  enough  currency  in  the  country  for  money,  and  by  it  survived  a  great  crisb  and 
its  business,  and  that  some  measure  of  con-  maintained  her  business  prosperity.  Oh  that 
traction  will  be  likely  to  attend  the  further  the  gentleman  and  those  who  vote  with  him 
execution  of  the  provisions  of  the  resumption  would  follow  France  I  I  gladly  follow  up  his 
law.  Before  I  enter  directly  upon  that  objec-  allusion  to  France.  As  a  proof  that  we  have 
tion,  I  desire  to  state  a  fact  for  the  considera-  not  enough  money,  he  notices  the  fact  that 
tion  of  those  who  hear  me.  In  that  prosper*  France  has  always  used  more  money  than 
ous  era  of  1860,  when  there  was  free  banking  either  the  United  States  or  England.  I  admit 
in  most  of  the  States  and  the  banks  were  push-  it  But  does  the  gentleman  not  know  that 
ing  idl  the  currency  they  could  into  circulation  the  traditions  and  habits  of  France  are  as 
without  Umit,  there  were  just  two  hundred  unUke  those  of  England  and  the  United  States 
and  seven  millions  of  paper  currency,  and  that  as  those  of  any  two  nations  of  the  world  can 
was  the  largest  volume  that  this  country  had  be  in  regard  to  the  use  of  money  ?  I  say  to 
ever  known.  Now,  nobody  estimates  that  the  the  gentleman  that  in  France  banking  as  an 
amount  of  coin  in  the  country  in  1860  was  instrument  of  trade  is  almost  unknown.  There 
more  than  $250,000,000.  The  received  esti-  are  no  banks  in  France  except  the  Bank  of 
mate  is  two  hundred  millions.  Add  that  sum  France  itself.  The  Government  has  been  try- 
to  the  two  hundred  and  seven  millions  of  paper  ing  for  twenty  years  to  establish  branches  in 
circulation,  and  you  have  four  hundred  and  all  the  eighty-nine  departments,  and  thus  fur 
seven  millions  of  currency,  paper  and  silver  only  fifty-six  branches  have  been  organized, 
and  gold.  How  much  have  we  to-day  ?  This  Our  national,  State,  and  private  banks  number 
day,  or  rather  on  the  first  day  of  this  month,  nearly  ten  thousand.  The  habits  of  the  French 
we  had  seven  hundred  and  twenty-seven  mil-  people  are  not  adapted  to  the  use  of  banks  as 
lions  of  greenbacks,  bank  notes,  fractional  cur-  instruments  of  exchange.  All  the  deposits  in 
rency,  and  fractional  silver ;  and  if  you  add  all  the  savings  banks  of  France  are  not  equal 
the  nine  millions  of  copper  and  nickel  money  to  the  deposits  in  the  savings  banks  of  >iew 
now  outstanding,  it  makes  a  present  volume  York  City  alone.  It  is  the  frequent  complaint 
of  seven  hundred  and  thirty-six  millions  of  of  Americans  who  make  purchases  in  Paris 
currency,  counting  no  gold  whatever,  although  that  the  merchants  will  not  accept  drafts  even 
the  Pacific  coast  uses  a  large  amount.  on  the  Bank  of  France.    So  long  as  the  busi- 

'*  Now,  I  put  it  to  the  judgment  of  this  ness  of  their  country  is  thus  done  hand  to  hand 
House,  if  under  free  banking  in  1860  four  by  the  use  of  cash,  they  need  a  much  greater 
hundred  and  seven  millions  was  the  limit  of  volume  of  money  in  proportion  to  their  busi- 
possible  currency  that  could  be  kept  in  circu-  ness  than  England  or  the  United  States. 
Jation,  how  can  it  be  said  that  almost  twice  ^'How  is  it  in  England?  Statistics  which  no 
that  amount  is  needed  and  is  hardly  enough  man  will  gainsay  will  show  that  95  per  cent, 
for  the  wants  of  1877  ?  Have  the  laws  of  of  all  the  great  mercantile  transactions  of  £ng- 
value  changed  in  seventeen  years  ?  Gentle-  land  are  done  by  drafts,  checks,  and  commer- 
men  who  aft»ert  a  dearth  of  currency  at  the  cial  bills,  and  only  5  per  cent,  by  the  actual 
present  time  roust  point  out  the  new  elements  use  of  cash.  The  great  business  of  commerce 
in  our  fiscal  affairs  that  require  three  hundred  and  trade  is  done  by  drafts  and  bills.  Money 
and  twenty  millions  more  money  than  was  is  now  only  the  small  change  of  commerce, 
needed  in  'i860.  No  theory  of  currency  that  And  how  is  it  in  this  country  ?  We  have 
existed  in  1860  can  justify  the  volume  now  adopted  the  habits  of  England,  and  not  of 
outstanding.  Either  our  laws  of  trade,  our  France,  in  this  regard.  In  1871,  when  I  was 
laws  of  value,  our  laws  of  exchange,  have  been  chairman  of  the  Oommittee  on  Banking  and 
utterly  reversed,  or  the  currency  of  to-day  is  Currency,  I  asked  the  Comptroller  of  the  Cur- 
in  excess  of  tiie  legitimate  wants  of  trade,  rency  to  issue  an  order  naming  fifty-two  banks 
But  I  admit  freely  that  no  Congress  is  wise  which  were  to  make  an  analysis  of  their  re- 
enough  to  (lete^ine  how  much  currency  the  ceipts.  I  selected  three  groups.  The  first 
country  needs.  There  never  was  a  body  of  group  were  the  city  banks ;  not,  however,  the 
men  wise  enough  to  do  that.  The  volume  of  clearing-house  banks,  but  the  great  city  banks 
the  currency  needed  depends  npon  laws  that  not  in  the  clearing-house  association.  The 
are  higher  than  Congress  and  higher  than  gov-  second  group  consisted  of  banks  in  cities  of 


OONGBESS,  UIOTED  STATES.  191 

^siid  of  Toledo  and  Dayton,  in  the  State  of  resumption  act  of  1819  was  a  blessing,  and  not 
Oiiia  In  the  third  groap,  if  I  may  coin  a  a  carse,  and  that  the  evils  which  England  saf- 
ford,  I  seleoted  the  *  countriest  *  banks,  the  fered  from  1821  to  1826  did  not  arise  from  the 
ssaltest  that  ooold  be  found  at  points  away  resumption  of  cash  payments. 
from  rulroads  and  telegraphs.  The  order  was  **  I  now  proceed  to  notice  the  second  point 
that  all  those  banks  should  analyze  all  their  that  has  been  made  in  favor  of  this  bill.  It  is 
nciipts  for  six  consecutive  days,  putting  into  assumed  that  specie  payment  will  ii\}ure  the 
one  list  all  that  can  be  called  cash,  either  in  debtor  class  of  this  country  and  thereby  op- 
coin,  irreenbaoks,  bank  notes,  or  coupons,  and  press  the  poor ;  in  other  words,  that  the  en- 
into  the  other  list  all  dr&fts,  checks,  or  com-  forcement  of  the  resumption  law  will  oppress 
nercuJ  bills.  What  was  the  result  ?  Dur-  tbe  poor  and  increase  the  riches  of  the  rich. 
i^  those  six  days  $157,000,000  were  received  It  is  assumed  that  the  laboring  men  are  in  debt, 
oTer  the  coanters  of  those  fifty-two  banks ;  and  that  the  rich  men  constitute  the  creditor 
nd  of  that  amount  $19,870,000  was  in  cash —  class.  I  deny  this  proposition  tn  toto.  I  affirm 
i3{>ercent.  only  in  cash — and  88  per  cent,  of  that  the  vast  m^ority  of  the  creditors  of  this 
M  Tsst  amoont,  representing  every  grade  of  country  are  the  poor  people ;  that  the  vast  ma^ 
kflfl«93,  was  in  checks,  drafU,  and  commer-  jority  of  the  debtors  of  this  country  are  the 
ciil  bills.  Does  a  country  that  transacts  its  well-to-do  people,  in  fact,  people  who  are  mod- 
btnness  in  that  way  need  as  much  currency  erately  rich.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  poor  man, 
iHost  among  the  people  as  a  country  like  the  laboring  man,  can  not  get  heavily  in  debt. 
Fnace,  without  banks,  without  savings  instl-  He  has  not  the  security  to  offer.  Men  lend 
tstioQa,  and  whose  people  keep  their  money  their  money  on  security,  and  in  the  very  na- 
il boaitis?  I  remember  in  rea^g  one  of  the  ture  of  the  case  poor  men  can  borrow  but  lit- 
M^ekofDamas,  when  an  officer  of  the  French  Ue.  What  then  do  poor  men  do  with  their 
ttmjseDt  home  his  agent  to  run  his  farm,  he  small  earnings?  When  a  man  has  earned  out 
Uied  him  down  with  silver  enough  to  con-  of  his  hard  work  a  hundred  dollars  more  than 
^net  the  basiness  for  a  year;  there  was  no  he  needs  for  current  expenses,  he  reasons  thus: 
tboazht  of  giving  him  credit  in  a  bank,  but  of  *  I  can  not  go  into  business  with  a  hundred  dol- 
I'vkiQg  in  the  till  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  lars ;  I  can  not  embark  in  trade ;  but  as  I  work, 
ta>^Qjb  coin  to  do  the  business  of  the  year.  I  want  my  money  to  work.'    And  so  he  puts 

''So  maeh  for  the  difference  between  the  his  small  gains  where  they  will  earn  sometMng. 

bbits  of  France  and  those  of  Anglo-Saxon  He  lends  his  money  to  a  wealthier  neighbor  or 

uQntries.    Let  us  now  consider  the  conduct  puts  it  in  the  savings  bank.    There  were  in  the 

f  France  daring  and  since  the  German  war.  United  States  on  the  1st  of  November,  1876, 

la  /oiy,  1869,  the  year  before  the  war  be-  forty-four  hundred  and  seventy-five  savings 

pa.  the  Bank  of  France    had  outstanding  banks  and  private  banks  of  deposit,  and  their 

U}lj)iK),000  of  paper  drcuhition,  and  held  in  deposits  amounted  to  $1,877,000,000,  almost 

Its  Taalt9  1329,000,000  of  coin.     When  the  three  fourths  of  the  amount  of  our  national 

yv  broke  out  they  were  compelled  imme-  debt.    Over  two  and  a  half  millions  of  the  cit- 

«atelT  to  issue  more  paper  and  to  make  it  a  izens  of  the  United  States  were  depositors.    In 

^  tender.  Tliey  took  pattern  by  us  in  their  some  States  the  deposits  did  not  average  more 

3^tj,  and  issued  paper  until  on  the  19th  than  $250  eacht    The  great  mass  of  the  de- 

<^  Korember,  1873,  four  years  ago  next  Mon-  positors  are  men  and  women  of  small  means — 

^T,  thej  had  $602,000,000  of  paper  issued  laborers,  widows,  and  orphans. 
VtlieBank  of  France,  while  the  coin  in  the        *^  Gkntlemen  assail  the  bondholders  of  the 

^t  WAS  reduced  to  $146,000,000.    But  the  country  as  the  rich  men  who  oppress  the  poor. 

*^^it  tbeir  great  war  was  over  they  did  Do  they  know  how  vast  an  amount  of  the  pub- 

^  I  commend  to  the  gentleman  from  Pean-  lie  securities  are  held  by  poor  people?    I  took 

2^^a  (Mr.  Kelley) :  they  commenced  to  re-  occasion,  a  few  years  since,  to  ask  the  officers 

^  their  paper  drcalation,  and  in  one  year  of  a  bank  in  one  of  the  counties  of  my  district, 

^acsd  it  almost  $100,000,000.  and  increased  a  rural  district,  to  show  me  the  number  of  hold- 

l^coiD  droalation  $120,000,000.    In  the  year  ers  and  amount  held  of  United  States  bonds  on 

'"T^  they  had  pushed  into  circulation  $200,-  which  they  collected  the  interest.    The  total 

v*>t<>iO  of  coin  and  retired  nearly  all  their  amount  was  $416,000.    And  how  many  people 

1^  notes.    They  are  at  this  moment  within  held  them?    One  hundred  and  ninety-six.    Of 

^  davs  of  resumption  of  specie  payments,  these  just  eight  men  had  over  $20,000  apiece, 

i-ader  Uieir  law,  fifty  days  from  to-day  France  and  the  other  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight 

^^  i^iin  come  into  the  illustrious  line  of  ranged  from  $50  up  to  $2,500.    I  found  in  that 

^•fis  who  believe  in  a  sound  currency.    I  list  fifteen  orphan  children  and  sixty  widows, 

^^^nd  to  the   eloquent  gentleman  from  who  had  a  little  left  them  from  their  fathers* 

;^49srlvania  (Mr.  Kelley)  the  example  of  or  husbands^  estates,  who  had  made  the  nation 

'^^  ^  their  guardian.    And  I  found  one  hundred  and 

y aiving  aQ  that  may  be  said  in  regard  to  the  twenty-one  laborers,  mechanics,  mi nisters,  men 

^^  of  these  two  writers  (Alison  and  Don-  of  slender  means,  who  had  kept  what  they  had 

^^y\  I  say  in  reply  that  the  overwhelming  and  put  it  in  the  hands  of  the  United  States 

^^ed  opinion  of  England  is  that  the  cash-  that  it  might  be  safe.    And  they  were  the 


193  CONGRESS,  UKITED  STATES. 

^  bloated  bondholders*  against  whom  so  mnch  foreign  trade  of  this  country— its  exports  and 

eloquence  is  falminated  in  this  House.  imDorts— amounts  to  tl»C^OO,000,000  in  value; 

**  Suppose  you  undo  the  work  that  Congress  and  every  dollar  of  that  trade  must  be  transact- 
has  attempted — co  resume  specie  payment —  ed  in  coin.  We  can  not  help  ourselves.  Every 
what  will  result?  Ton  will  depreciate  the  article  of  the  exports  we  send  abroad  is  mea- 
value  of  the  greenback.  Suppose  it  falls  ten  sured  by  and  sold  for  coin.  Every  dollar  of 
cents  on  the  dollar.  You  will  have  destroyed  imports  we  must  pay  for  in  coin.  l¥e  mnst 
10  per  cent  of  the  value  of  every  deposit  in  translate  these  coin  prices  into  our  currencyf 
the  savings  banks,  10  per  cent,  of  every  life-  and  every  fluctuation  in  the  value  of  the  green- 
insurance  policy  and  fire-insurance  policy,  of  back  falls  upon  us  and  not  upon  the  countries 
every  pension  to  the  soldier,  and  of  every  day's  with  which  we  trade.  Therefore  the  commer- 
wages  of  every  laborer  in  the  nation.  cial  interests  of  America  demand  that  the  in- 

*'  In  the  census  of  1870  it  was  estimated  that  temational  and  national  value  of  money  shall 
on  any  given  day  tht^re  were  $120,000,000  due  be  one,  so  that  what  is  a  dollar  in  Ohio  shall 
to  laborers  for  their  unpaid  wages.  That  is  a  be  a  dollar  the  world  over.  Our  money  must 
small  estimate.  Let  the  greenback  dollar  come  be  international  as  well  as  national,  unless  we 
down  10  per  cent,  and  you  take  $12,000,000  wish  to  isolate  this  country  and  have  no  trade 
from  the  men  who  have  already  earned  it.  In  or  commerce,  or  glory  on  the  sea.  We  who 
the  name  of  every  interest  connected  with  the  defend  the  resumption  act  propose  not  to  de- 
poor  man  I  denounce  this  effort  to  prevent  re-  stroy  the  greenback,  but  to  dignify  it,  to  glorify 
sumption.  Daniel  Webster  never  uttered  a  it.  The  law  that  we  defend  does  not  destroy 
greater  truth  in  finance  than  when  he  said  that  it,  but  preserves  its  volume  at  $300,000,000 
of  all  contrivances  to  cheat  the  laboring  classes  and  makes  it  equal  to  and  convertible  into 
of  mankind,  none  was  so  effective  as  that  that  coin.  I  admit  that  the  law  is  not  entirely  free 
deluded  them  with  an  irredeemable  paper  mon-  from  ambiguity.  But  the  Secretary  of  the 
ey.  The  rich  can  take  care  of  themselves,  but  Treasury,  who  has  the  execution  of  the  kw, 
the  dead  weight  of  all  the  fluctuations  and  loss  declares  that  section  8679  of  the  Bevised  Stat- 
foUs  ultimately  on  the  poor  man,  who  has  only  utes  is  in  full  force,  namely : 
his  day's  work  to  sell.  When  anv  United  Sutes  notes  are  returned  to  tlie 

*^  I  admit  that  in  the  passage  from  peace  to  Treaauryj  they  may  be  reiMaed,  from  time  to  time, 
war  there  was  a  great  loss  to  one  class  of  the  ••  ^*  exigenoiei*  of  the  public  interest  may  require, 
coramanity,  to  the  creditors;  and  in  the  return  *^  Although  I  do  not  believe  in  keeping 
to  the  basis  of  peace  some  loss  to  debtors  was  greenbacks  as  a  permanent  currency  in  the 
inevitable.  This  injustice  was  unavoidable.  United  States,  although  I  do  not  myseLf  believe 
The  loss  and  gain  did  not  fall  upon  the  same,  in  the  Government  becoming  a  permanent 
The  evil  could  not  be  balanced  nor  adjusted,  banker,  yet  I  am  willing  for  one  that,  in  order 
The  debtors  of  1862-'66  are  not  the  debtors  of  to  prevent  the  shock  to  business  which  gentle- 
1877.  The  most  competent  judges  declare  that  men  fear,  the  $800,000,000  of  greenbacks 
the  average  life  of  the  private  debts  in  the  Uni-  shall  be  allowed  to  remain  in  circulation  as 
ted  States  is  not  more  than  two  years.  Of  long  as  the  wants  of  trade  show  manifestly 
course  obligations  may  be  renewed,  but  the  that  they  are  needed.  Kow,  is  that  a  great 
average  length  of  private  debts  in  this  country  contraction  ?  Is  it  contraction  at  all?  Why, 
is  not  more  than  two  years.  Now,  we  have  gentlemen,  when  you  have  brought  your  green- 
already  gone  two  years  on  the  road  to  resump-  back  up  two  and  a  half  cents  higher  in  value, 
tion,  and  the  country  has  been  adjusting  itself  you  will  have  added  to  your  volume  of  money 
to  the  new  condition  of  things.  The  people  $200,000,000  of  gold  coin  which  can  not  circu- 
have  expected  resumption,  and  have  already  late  until  greenbacks  are  brought  to  par.  Let 
discounted  most  of  the  hardships  and  suffer-  thoi»e  who  are  afraid  of  contraction  consider 
ings  incident  to  the  change.    The  agony  is  al-  that  and  answer  it. 

most  over;  and  if  we  now  embark  again  upon  '*  Summing  it  all  up  in  a  word:  The  strug- 

the  open  sea,  we  lose  all  that  has  been  gained,  gle  now  pending  in  this  House  is  on  the  one 

and  plunge  the  country  into  the  necessity  of  hand  to  make  the  greenback  better,  and  on 

trying  once  more  over  the  same  brdsterous  the  other  to  make  it  worse.    The  resumption 

ocean,  with  all  its  perils  and  uncertainties.    I  act  is  making  it  better  every  day.    Repeal  that 

speak  the  deepest  convictions  of  my  mind  and  act,  and  you  make  it  indeflnitely  worse.    In 

heart  when  I  say  that,  should  this  resumption  the  name  of  every  man  who  wants  his  own 

act  be  repealed  and  no  effectual  substitute  be  when  he  has  earned  it,  I  demand  that  we  do 

put  in  its  place,  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  not  make  the  wages  of  the  poor  man  to  shrivel 

all  of  us,  looking  back  on  this  time  from  the  in  his  hands  after  he  has  earned  it ;  but  that 

depth  of  the  evils  which  will  result,  will  re-  his  money  shall  be  made  better  and  better,  un- 

gret,  with  nil  our  power  to  regret,  the  day  til  the  plow-holder's  money  shall  be  as  good 

when  we  again  let  loose  the  dangers  of  infla-  as  the  bondholder's  money,  until  our  standard 

tion  upon  the  country.  is  one,  and  there  is  no  longer  one  money  for 

*^  Our  conntry  needs  not  only  a  national  but  the  rich  and  another  for  the  poor, 

an  international  currency.    Let  me  state  a  fact  **  This  is  the  era  of  pacification.    We  be- 

of  vast  importance  in  this  discussion.     The  lieve  in  the  pacification  of  the  country.     That 


00NGBES3,  UNITED  STATES.  193 

U  ve  ieek  to  pass  out  of  the  storm-center  of  duct  of  oar  mines,  and  able  to  drain  the  petty 

war  Uiat  raged  over  this  country  so  long  and  aooumnlations  in  oar  Treasury  or  the  banks  at 

enter  the  calm  circle  of  peace.    We  believe  in  will  by  simply  demanding  coin  payment  of  the 

the  equality  of  States,  and  the  equality  of  citi-  interest  oa  oar  public  aud  private  securities, 

RDs  before  the  law.    In  these  we  have  made  or  by  sending  them  home  for  sale.    Under 

gr^  progreaa.    Let  us  take  one  step  further,  these  conditions,  how  utterly  futile  it  is  to 

Let  B9  have  equality  of  dollars  before  the  law,  hope  that  we  can  maintain  resumption  without 

so  that  the  trinity  of  our  political  creed  shall  the  swift  destruction  of  much  the  greater  part 

be  equal    States,  equal    men,  equal   dollars  of  the  present  currency  of  the  country  I 

throughout  the  Union.    When  these  three  are  ^*  If  we  were  wholly  out  of  debt  to  Europe,  if 

realized  we  shall  have  achieved  the  complete  ourforeigncoinmercefloatednnderour  own  flag, 

pedfication  of  our  country."  if  there  were  no  system  of  absenteeism  among 

Mr.  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  said:  ''The  Adminis-  our  wealthy  classes,  expending  their  wealth 
litioD  has  had  in  its  hand  for  three  years  past  abroad,  resumption  in  gold,  or  even  in  gold 
the  whole  credit  resources  of  our  nation  for  and  silver,  would  be  imposnble  on  our  present 
ibe  parchase  of  coin  wherewith  to  prepare  for  volume  of  paper  currency  for  many  years  to 
Rsamption.  It  has  been  authorized  to  sell  come.  In  the  proportion  of  coin  in  England 
fao&ds  bearing  4,  4},  and  5  per  cent,  interest,  to  redeemable  paper  moaey,  it  would  require 
Tkree  foartha  of  the  time  allotted  for  prepara^  about  eighteen  Imndred  millions  in  our  coun- 
tkn  have  already  elapsed.  The  Secretaries  of  try  to  maintain  resumption  on  the  six  hundred 
the  Treaaary  have  exerted  themselves  to  the  and  fifty-eight  millions  of  paper  money  out- 
utmost  to  accumulate  gold.  The  national  banks  standing.  In  the  proportion  of  France^s  paper 
hare  no  doabt  been  fairly  diligent  in  getting  money  to  her  coin,  we  would  re<}aire  an  accu- 
aod  hoarding  it.  The  problem  before  the  mulation  of  sixteen  hundred  millions.  Take 
Treaaary  and  the  banks  has  been  to  get  gold  even  the  proportion  of  coin  in  our  country  in 
oioa^b  to  keep  seven  hundred  and  thirty-three  1860  to  the  highest  volume  of  paper  money 
miDions  of  paper  afloat,  or  to  take  up  the  paper  then  in  circulation  and  nominally  redeemable, 
irith  gold  and  destroy  it.  How  sucoessfal  have  and  it  would  require  neariy  nine  hundrea 
thev  been  ?  millions  of  coin  to  float  our  present  paper 

**  We  find  from  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  money, 

the  Treasury  made  to  this  Hoase  last  Thursday  '*  Hence  resumption  can  only  be  maintained 

that  the  United  States  had  succeeded  in  ob-  by  the  destruction  of  the  greater  part  of  the 

tfiniDg  to  October  81,  1877,  but  $57,486,071  present  paper  currency.    To  accomplish  that 

of  gold,  from  which  is  to  be  deducted,  how-  puroose  the  means  provided  in  the  law  are 

erer,  aooming  interest,  amounting  at  that  date  probably  adequate.    Mr.  Sherman  saya  they 

to  $34,840,098— leaving    bat  $82,595,978  of  are.    He  ought  to  know.    His  plan  probably 

Hd  applicable  to  resumption.    Whether  any  will  be  to  limit  the  amount  of  redemption  per 

of  that  small  sum  is  what  Jim  Fisk  would  have  day  to,  say,  two  millions;  to  require  all  the 

eiUed* phantom  gold' — saysubsoriptionsbythe  greenbacks  to  be  presented  through  a  chosen 

Bational  banks  for  bonds  payable  in  gold,  but  syndicate  which  can  pay  him  two  millions  of 

Bot  vet  paid — does  not  oistinctly  appear.    In  gold  per  day  for  5  per  cent,  bonds,  and  present 

addition  to  the  thirty-two  and  a  half  miUions  in  two  millions  of  greenbaoka  per  day  and  receive 

the  Treaaary,  the  national  banks  hold  $19,948,-  the  gold  back. 

407  of  silver  and  gold  combined.  How  much  *^  After  our  currency  shall  have  been  oon- 
of  this  ia  ailver  and  how  mnch  gold  does  not  tracted  over  a  half  by  destruction  of  the  green- 
appear  from  the  bank  statement.  No  doubt  backs,  the  bank  circulation  must  also  be  largely 
t^  chief  part  is  subsidiary  silver  coin,  which  reduced  to  maintain  resumption.  The  national 
ii  of  no  nae  for  resumption.  banks,  since  the  resumption  law  was  enacted^ 

**  After  nearly  three  years  of  preparation,  have  made  a  net  reducnon  of  forty-eight  mil- 

vhct  have  we  accomplished?    We  have  effect-  lions  of  their  circulation.     Whatever  other 

cd  a  aet  destruction  of  over  seventy-five  mil-  causes  may  have  led  to  it,  the  obvious  im- 

HoQf  of  greenbacks  and  bank  notes  combined ;  practicability  of  maintaining  even  the  present 

^■3t  have  aocnmulated  in  the  banks  and  the  volume  of  bank  currency  redeemable  in  gold 

Tn^aory  less  than  ^(ty  millions  of  gold  and  was  the  main  cause.     Over  three  htmdred 

ten  milliona  of  silver  'applicable  to  resumption,  national  banks  have  already  surrendered  thdr 

Here  we  are,  then,  wiui  resumption  day  not  circalation  in  whole  or  in  part. 

Umttea  months  distant,  with  not  one  fifteenth  *^The  destruction  of  over  seventy-five  mil- 

(4  the  amoant  of  gold  and  silver  indispensable  lions  of  greenbacks  and  national-bank  notea 

%  loat  six  hundred  and  fifty-eight  millions  of  under  the  operation  of  the  resumption  law  has 

^■per  money  now  outstanding — with  no  stock  of  itself  caused  much  of  the  business  distress 

ef  the  precious  metals  in  the  United  States  to  we  have  witnessed ;  but  the  obviously  impend- 

inw  from — with  the  outgoing  drain  still  kept  ing  destruction  of  more  than  half  that  is  left 

t;>— with  oar  foreign  cr^itors  and  the  great  is  the  storm-cloud  which  covers  our  heavens 

^ks  of  Earope  determined  to  prevent  the  and  fills  all  communities  with  alarm, 

iktpment  of  gold  to  America,  holdmg  in  effect  *^  Sir,  the  assertion  that  the  distresses  that 

t  Burtgage  on  every  dollar  of  the  coined  pro-  our  country  is  now  undergoing  are  due  to  the 
YoL.  xvin. — 18    A 


194  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATEa 

large  volume  of  cnrrenoy,  and  to  the  wastes  back  to  redemption,  the  banks  were  compelled 

of  the  war,  is  contradicted  bj  our  experience,  by  their  charters  to  do  just  what  the  resump- 

and  by  the  parallel  experience  of  England^s  tion  law  now  compels  the  Treasury  and  tlie 

twenty  years  of  Continental  war  and  irredeem-  national  banks  to  do,  that  is,  contract  their 

able  paper  money.    British  industry  was  great-  paper  to  the  little  measure  compatible  with 

ly  wasted  by  that  protracted  war,  but  the  loss  coin  redemption.    That  contraction,  and  that 

was  more  than  made  up  by  the  industrial  pros-  alone,  caused  the  basiness  distress  which  char- 

Serity  which  attended  her  full,  stable,  but  irre-  acterized  the  years  following  those  panics, 
eemable  paper  currency.  It  was  in  that  sea-  ^^  I  think  it  safe  to  say  that  the  combined 
son  that  she  established  her  manufacturing  and  effect  of  withdrawal  of  over  seventy-five  mil- 
commercial  supremacy  over  the  world.  Every  lions  of  the  paper  currency  under  the  resump- 
sea  was  whitened  with  her  commerce ;  every  tion  law,  and  the  hoarding  caused  by  the 
market  filled  with  her  warei*.  Napoleon  said  threat  of  resumption,  have  together  reduced 
in  his  exile  at  St.  Helena,  *  Great  Britain  con-  its  effective  volume  at  least  one  third,  result- 
quered  me  with  her  spindles  ^ — with  spindles  ing  in  an  average  fall  of  values  in  like  propor- 
kept  in  motion  by  a  prosperity  due  to  the  fact  tion. 

that  she  had  during  that  period  of  suspension  *^  Now,  Mr.  Speaker,  what  is  the  extent  of 

a  fuller,  better,  and  more  stable  currency  than  injury  thus  inflicted  ?     How  have  tax-payers 

any  which  can  be  built  on  the  quicksands  of  suffered  ?    We  pay  more  taxes  each  year  than 

gold  and  silver.  the  aggregate  volume  of  our  currency — seven 

*^  So  toe  had,  during  the  rebellion  and  for  hundred  and  fifty  millions — for  the  support  of 

some  time  afterward,  a  full  and  satisfactory  national,  State,  and  local  governments.    That 

enrrency  which  stimulated  industry,  and  com-  is,  a  tax  of  $17.60  per  head  for  every  man,  wo- 

pensated  to  a  large  extent  for  the  ravages  of  man,  and  child  in  the  United  States — an  enor- 

war.    If  the  distress  which  now  afflicts  our  mous  burden,  far  surpassing  any  borne  by  any 

country  were  due  to  the  increased  volume  of  people  on  earth.    The  British  pay  $11.09  per 

paper  money,  how  is  it  that  daring  the  period  nead;  the  French,  $11.41 ;  the  Germans,  $9.24; 

of  the  fullest  currency  bankruptcies  were  al-  the  Austrians,  $7.22.     This  burden  is  insnp- 

most  unknown  ?    How  is  it  that  that  period,  portable,  unless  industries  prosper.     The  re- 

though  marked  by  extremely  heavy  taxation,  sumption  law  has  broken  down  industries  and 

was  one  of  comparatively  little  accumulation  reduced  one  third  the  average  values  of  land, 

of  municipal  or  private  debt  ?  labor,  and  products,  by  the  sale  of  which  alone 

^*  Mr.  Speaker,  the  records  of  commercial  taxes  are  paid,  and  in  effect  has  thus  increased 

failures  in  the  United  States  indisputably  show  the  tax  burden  60  per  cent.    The  burden «>  has 

that  business  distress  was  least  when  the  our-  thus  been  made,  in  heavily  taxed  communities, 

renoy  was  fullest,  and  that  the  contraction  of  absolutely  insupportable.    Several  great  States, 

the  currency,  by  funding  legal-tender  interest  and  many  counties  and  cities,  have  already 

notes,  arrested  prosperity  and  caused  an  enor-  sought  relief  in  repudiation.     Continue  that 

mous  increase  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  process  of  reduction  of  values,  bring  them 

nation.    In  place  of  this  currency  withdrawn  down  much  more,  as  will  inevitably  be  done 

was  substituted  a  mountain  of  debt  which  if  this  law  be  not  repealed,  and  one  half  of  the 

toppled  over  in  the  panic  of  1878.    But  in  the  corporate  and  municipal  debts  in  the  United 

year  following  the  panic  those  records  show.  States  will  be  repudiated.    The  greed  of  the 

and  our  recollections  attest,  that  the  business  money  power,  in  thus  seeking  to  enhance  so 

of  the  country  revived.    The  return  of  pros-  enormously  the  value  of  the  dollar,  is  only 

perity  was  stopped  by  this  resumption  law,  equaled  by  its  arrogant  and  dogged  stupidity, 

which  was  an  emphatic  warning  to  moneyed  *^  Consider,  Mr.  Speaker,  the  wrong  done  to 

men  to  withdraw  or  withhold  their  money  individual  debtors  by  this  contrived  shrinkage 

from  all  industrial  pursuits,  and  to  hoard  it  in  of  values.    The  aggregate  of  private  debts  in 

anticipation  of  a  contraction  and  shrinkage  of  the  United  States,  including  railway  mortgages, 

values  unparalleled  in  our  history.  is  probably  not  less  than  seven  and  one  half 

*^  My  colleague  (Mr.  Garfield)  attempts  to  biltions  of  dollars,  or  three  and  one  half  times 
prove  that  our  present  disasters  are  the  result  the  sum  of  our  national  debt.  They  are  owed 
of  the  increase  of  the  currency  during  the  war,  generally  by  the  young,  energetic,  driving  bus- 
by citing  the  hard  times  from  1837  to  1842  and  iness  men  of  the  country,  who  are  seeking  to 
from  1867  to  1869  as  instances  of  the  evils  of  rise  from  poverty  to  competence,  or  from  corn- 
redundant  currency.  Sir,  the  volume  of  cur-  petence  to  wealth.  They  comprise  two  thirds 
rency  was  no  larger  at  those  periods  than  it  of  the  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  exchan- 
was  in  1860,  which  has  been  cited  by  the  gen-  gers  of  values,  and  give  employment  to  two 
tleman  as  the  most  solidly  prosperous  year  in  thirds  of  the  wagemen  of  the  country.  This 
our  history.  Those  panics  were  caused  by  the  law  breaks  down  their  business,  strips  them 
fact  that  the  specie  reserves  of  the  banks  were  of  their  property,  and  casts  out  of  employment 
necessarily  small,  and  that  to  accommodate  the  millions  of  laborers  dependent  on  them, 
business  of  the  country  they  issued  more  paper  *^  Above  all,  Mr.  Speaker,  consider  the  effect 
than  they  could  get  coin  to  redeem  with,  and  of  the  shrinkage  of  values  on  wage-laborers 
therefore  specie  payments  collapsed.    To  get  and  their  families ;   on  the  millions  who  are 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  195 

eompelied  to  eat  up  in  idleness  the  little  ao-  Elam,  Eirctt,  John  H.  Evixu.  Ewiiwr,  Felton,  Fin- 

eomalaUons  of  thrifty  industry;   on  the  mU-  lejr  Forney  Port,  Franklin,  Fuller,  Gm^^^ 

i;^«-  «i»^  K«»^  -**  ..A»Vi.n.,i«4-;^no  K.i*  »Ai«r  «,*w  Giddings,  Glover,  Goode,  Gunter,  Hamilton,  Haona, 

boM  who  have  no  awumulations,  hut  rely  only  Henry  It.  Harris!  John  T.  Harris,  Harrison,  Hart^ 

on  daily  labor  for  daily  bread,  and  who  are  Hdge,  HarteeU,  HaskeU,  Hatcher,  Hayes,  Henkle, 

DOW  unemployed,  or  half  employed^  or  living  Henry,   Herbert,   Goldsmith  W.  Hewitt,  Hooker, 
an  pauper  wages.    Tl 
field  and    Pomeroy 

Emmett,  who  is  stru^ _  «„,„„   «•.».«   «.,,**„^«.w   «.w-*»«v.*   «*..*- 

w»7  across  southern  Ohfo,  told  me  recently  M[^"3uldrow"bliver"Help8^T^ 

thAt  he  had  plenty  of  laborers  offering  to  build  Koa,  Reagan,  Ueilly,  AmericusY.  Bice.  Kiddle,  Rob^ 

tis  road   without    other  compensation   than  bins,  Roberto,  Rolwrtson,  MUtonS.  Kobinson,  Byan, 

enough  bread  and  meat  to  keep  the  noor  ma-  'y^lLlT^JA^^^^^ 

chines  of  their  bodi^  m  working  order— ask-  gon,  Throckmorton,  ^Tipton,  fcchSrd  W.  To^shenS, 

iiii?  nothing  for  clothes,  nothing  for  wives  or  Tucker.  Turner,  Vance,  Van  Vorhes^addell,  Walk- 

children,  nothing  to  lay  up  in  store  for  winter  er,  Walsh,  HarryWhite,  Michael  D.  White,  Whit- 

-and  this  too  in  the  midst  of  bounteous  bar-  Jhope,  Jere.  N.  Williams,  Albert  8.  Willis,  Wilson, 

^^  l"*  fK^T/^^.^K^f  "/  "^l  '*r.'  '7'  ^''^'  "^NfTi^^Mri^Al^  Bagley,  William 

looed  by  the  Almighty  for  the  abode  of  man.  h.  Baker,  BaUou,  Banks,  Beebe^Benedict,  Bisbee, 

O  God  I  that  bread  shoald  be  ao  dear,  Blair.  Boyd,  Brentano,  Brewer,  Briggs,  Burohard, 

And  flash  and  blood  ao  cheap !  "*  Burdick,  Cam,  Camp.  Campbell,  Chittenden,  Clafliu, 

The  ^to  first  tdcan  was  on  the  «nendment  f^^  ^.  ^^^i,^^  c^iS^i^.fc'i&S 

of  Mr.  Fort,  which  was  agreed  to.     All  the  Horace  Davis,  Deering,  Denison.  Dunnell,  Dwight, 

ether  amendments  were  disagreed  to,  and  the  Eames,  Eickhoff,  Ellsworth.  1.  Itewton  Evans,  Fos- 

bill  aa  amended  was  as  follows :  ter.  Freeman,  Frve,  Qarfleld,  Gibson,  Hale,  Harden- 

berffh,  Harmer,  Benjamin  W.  Hams,  Hart,  Hendee, 

A  Ml  to  repeal  aU  that  part  ofthe  act  approred  Jannaiy  14,  Henderson,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Hubbell,  Hnngerford, 

iModAJdrodMrnaDdeanbelthegf^backoarnMior.  Keightley,Kimmel,   Landers.  Lapham,  Lathrop, 

^  ^  rr";4^r4^l's'?fi'"^^^^  t'  -^^  Ma^ha.^*  iSS'oSlN^Go'^^^^^  ieS,' 

approved  JanuajT  14,  1876,  ent^^^^^  Mitoheli;  Monroe,'  Morrison/ Morse,  Miller,  Nor' 

rJe  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments"  wfiich  ^         Qj^^iU    OvertoD,  Fackeoo,  pige,  Patterson, 

r^  as  ?>"<^^«i  «<>  ^^»V.Ln°Kt  u?.?^?''  '^^  "^  Peddle,  Fotte^,  Pound,  towers,  pViceTPugh,  Quinn 

o^^a  as,  cucaloting  notes  shall  be  issued  to  any  such  g^j^       Bandolph,  Beed,  Willim  W   Bi^,  George 

b^kmgassociation  so  increasing  Its  capital  oroij.  jy   Bobmson,  iJos's,  Sam'pson,  Schleicher  JShalleS- 

t*f  n^?i^-i«'f '^ A1^*L'''^f^"'^'i  1!S  *^"*^'  berger,  Sinniikson,  fetenger,  Stewart,  John V.  Stone, 

rt  shaTbe  the  duty  of  the  Secretoij  of  the  Treasury  Th^iurgh,  Amoi  Townsend,  Wait,  Warner,  Wat^ 
t .  redeem  the  «^-J«ider  United  States  notes  in  ^^j^g  Xlpheus  S.  Wiliuis,  Andrew  Wifliams, 

«««  only  of  $850,000,000.  to  the  amount  of  80  per  claries  G.  Williams,  Bichard  \^illiams,  Beiuamin 

c^nt.  of  the  aum  of  national-bank  notes  so  issue^  to  ^   ^jui     ^jn^     ^^^  ^^  Wren-120. 
.ir  such  banking  association  as  aforesaid,  and  to        jjor  vimro-kessrs.   Aiken,   Blcknell,   Bliss, 

e-.tmM.uchre<remptiona8snchcirouUtmg  notes  ^^^^^    ^^^^^    Bridges,   Bright,   Bundy' Butler 

S';S2^"r.'  'J^'Z:^Jl^^Tfi::i^h^^^  5-<il«0  Casw<8.^u^l  87C<^.,  parish  EUI^ 


;mpCion 

fl€  the  United  States  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in         t    xv    a  -.  a     xr^     —v  ..oa^v   av^    v 

•aiw  of  not  less  than  $50.   And  to  enable  the  Secre-  , .  P  J"?  Senate,  on  November  26th,  the  above 

Xltt  of  the  Treasury  to  prepare  and  provide  for  the  bill  of  the  House  was  received  and  read  twice, 

r^femption  in  this  act  authorized  or  reouired^  be  is  god  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance. 

actbonxed  to  nae  any  surplus  revenues  from  time  to  jhe  extra  session  of  Congress  closed  on  De- 

InTtT J.^uV^'Si  dijreT"  nrar?h^  r^^r  S  ''^T'  ^^  "^  they  t  day  the  regu. 

Mr,  in  ooln,  either  of  the  descriptions  of  bonds  of  1"*  annual  session  commenced.    Hor  the  Fresi- 

i-.:  United  States  described  in  the  act  of  Congress  dent^s  message  see  Ahitual  Ct0L0P.ADIA,  1877, 


on  Jane  18th,  the  Finance 

Z'; ^t^l^lki:r:^^S^'m^«:oi:i^i'^"\^r^.  committee  reported  the  abo.e  biU,  with  an 

"-  oeed^  thereof  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,"  be,  and  amendment  to  strike  ont  aU  after  the  enacting 

tjt  «ame  ia  hereby,  repealed.  clause,  and  in  lieu  thereof  to  insert  the  fol- 
io wincr  * 

On  the  passage  of  the  bill  the  question  was  -,,  fl      .«j  j^^*v       .     ^  ^4V     ^*tt  u^a 

f/Tiirtoro .  Thai  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  united 

jcea,  AS  lOiiows .  States  notes  shall  be  receivable  m  payment  for  the 

Teas — Messrs.  Atkins,  John  H.  Baker,  Banning,  4  per  cent,  bonds  now  authorized  by  law  to  be  issued ; 

Btyne,  B«ll,  Blackburn,  Bland.  Boone,  Bragg.  Brog-  and  on, and  after  October  1, 1878,  said  notes  shall  be 

'Q.  Browne,  Buckner,  Cabell,  John  W.  Caidwell,  receivable  for  duties  on  imports ;  and  said  notes  in 

v.  p.  Caldwell,  Calkins,  Cannon,  Carlisle,  Chal-  the  volume  in  existence  on  October  1, 1878,  shall  not 

iierf,  John  B.  Clarke  of  Kentucky,  John  B.  Clark,  be  canceled  nor  permanently  hoarded,  but  shall  be 

ir.,  of  BCissonri,  Clymer,  CobbfCollins,  Crook,  Cra-  reissued,  and  they  may  be  used  for  funding  and  all 

V  n»,  Crittenden,  Culberson,  Davidson,  Joseph  J.  other  lawful  purposes  whatsoever,  to  an  amount  not 

Uavia,  Dibfell,  Dickey,  Douglas,  Durham,  Eden,  exceeding  in  the  whole  the  aggregate  amount  there- 


L. 


196  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

• 

of  then  in  droulallon  and  in  tbe  Treasuiy ;  and  the  son,  Giddings,  Goode,,  Hale,  Hamilto&i  Hanna,  Has^ 
said  noteSf  whether  then  in  the  Treasory  or  there-  mer,  Harriaon,  Ua&kell,  bayea,  fiasejton,  Hendee, 
atler  received,  under  any  act  of  Congress,  and  from  Henderson,  UubbeU,  Humphrey,  Hunter,  Hud  ton, 
whatever  source,  shall  be  again  paid  out ;  and  when  Ittner,  James,  Frank  Jones.  Jorgenaen.  Kelfer, 
again  returned  to  the  Treasury  they  shall  not  be  can-  Keightle^,  Kenna,  Ketoham.  Kimniel,  Lapiiain.  La- 
oeled  nor  do»troyed,  but  shall  be  reissued  from  time  throp,  Iiindsey,  Loring,  Luttrell,  Marsh,  May  nam, 
to  time  with  lilte  qualities ;  aod  all  that  part  of  tiie  McUowan,  McRinley,  Metcalfe,  Mitch^,  Morrifroo, 
act  of  January  14, 1875,  entitled  ^^  An  act  to  provide  Muller,  Meal.  Koroross,  Oliver.  Overton.  Page,  G.  W. 
for  the  resumption  uf  specie  payments,"  authorizing  Patterson,  1.  M.  Patterson,  Peddie,  Plielps.  Pbil- 
the  retirement  of  80  percent,  of  United  States  notes^  lips,  Pollard,  Pound.  Powers.  Price.  Pugb,  Baiuey, 
shall  cease  and  become  inoperative  on  and  alter  th(  Kandolph,  Reagan,  need, 'William  W.  Rice,' Roberts, 
aaid  October  1,  lb78.  O.  D.  Kobinson,  Ryan,  Sampson,  Sapp,  Schleicher, 
8bo.  2.  All  laws  and  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  Sballeoberger,  Sinnickson,  emails,  otarin,  Sten^er, 
with  this  act  shall  be,  ana  hereby  are,  repealed.  Stewart,  John  W.  Stone,  Joseph  C.  Stone,  Strait, 
-^  »  ^  .,  „  .  ,,^  Thompson,  Amos  Townsend,  M.  I.  Townaeiid, 
Thia  report  of  the  Senate  committee  was  Tucker,  Veeder,  Watson,  Welch,  Harry  White,  Mi- 
amended  by  striking  ont  all  after  the  word  oliael  D.White,  A.  8.  Williams,  Andrew  Williams, 

"imports"  in  the  fifth  line.     Several  other  ^\?;J^i^ii«?Al^iHL^?l^'??iZl^^^ 

amendments  wei 

the  amendment 

tute  was  adopted-   ^,-,  ,-,  __,_,_.,  _ —     „,  ,  .„_„  _  ..._, 

The  Secretary  read  the  bill  as  amended,  as  GlarkofMissouri,C]arkeof  Kentucky,  Oollina,  Cook, 

follows :  Covert,  Jacob  D,  Cox,  Crapo,  Crittenden,  Dux  idson, 

i>  u   \^  J  ^     mi.  *  *  J    i^     av  Joseph  J.  Davia,  Dean,  iJibrell,  Dickey  ,I>urh  am, 

Ati4nadfd,ac,,T!hBX  from  and  after  the  pass^  E^mSs,  Elam,  I.  Newtin  Evans,  John  ^.  Evins 

of  this  act  United  States  notes  shall  be  receivable  Ewing  Feltoi,  Finley,  Forney,  ^nmklin,  Garfield 

the  same  as  coin  in  payment  for  the  4 per  cent,  bonds  Garth,  Gause,  Wdeniergh,  fiinry  B.  Hanis,  John 

^v''  '/?^^?f^,**  ^Ll""^  .^  ^\  "Tv  if"**  **?  ^^^  T.  Hairb,  Hart,  Hartridge,  riarttell,  Henkle,  Acnry, 

after  October  1,  1878,  said  notea  shall  be  receivable  Herbert,  kbraii  S.  flew-itt,  G.  W.  kewitt,  Hoi.ker 

for  dnues  on  imports.  House,  Hungerford,  Ji.mes  T.  Jones.  John  8.  Jones, 

read  three  times,  the  qoestion  is,  Shall  it  pass  ? "  ^oe,  Mo^n,  Morsi,  Muldrow,  O'Neill,  Potter,  tride- 

The  roll-call  having  been  concluded,  the  re-  more,  Rea,  Reillv,  Americus  V.  Bice,  Riddle,  Boh- 

snlt  was  annonnced,  as  follows :  *  bins,  Ross,  Sayler,  Scales,  Shelley,  8inglet<  n,  A. 


.  t/o  _ 

wood,  McCreery,  McDonald,  McMillan,  Matthews,  "N^T'^c^^^^MeVsrs.  Ballon,  Bayne,  Beebe,  Bene- 

Pi™^  pltT^ri?'  b^^TIL  ^^^*"5^J    Paddock,  ^.^^  Bj^.   Bliss.  Buckner,  wl  p/Cafdwell,  Vamis 

TinT^T?!Si^2iP^^J.»       ''J?^l®!?"^^^^^^    ®Pw-?k'  Bouglas,  l^llis,  6lover,  Gunter,  Bern.  W.^Ham^s 

J4jl2k                '                '  Wallace,  Windom,With-  Hatcler;  Hiscoik,  Joyoi,  Killinger,  Knapp,  Knottj 

vTrl'    -kt^. A-*v  ^     j> a   T> J  J     n  *.  Landers,  Martin,  Money,  Quinn,  Robertson,  M.  8. 

u,^nr;r«  %T;«^H^''"^t^'^*'^V^"""^i*''p?''^  Bobinsoi,  Seiton,  SlemonS,  Swann.  Thomburgh, 

In'i  ^r.n'i^p'^^?:"«"b^r"'*"i         .  Tipton,  Van  Vorhes,  Walkir,  W«ls\i,  Wiggin^n 

son,  Morrill,  Patterson,  BoUma,  dargent,  Wadleigh  j^^^  j}^  Williams,  Wood,  Wright,  Yeates-S?. 

ABSKKT^Messrs.  Blaine,  Cameron  of  Pennsrlva-  So  (two  thirds  not  voting  in  favor  thereof) 

nia,  Cameron  of  Wisconsin,  Chaffee,  Cockrell,  Cfonk-  Hiq  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  and  concur  in 

G??;e?,'SLljll^"^^^^^  ^^  amendments  of  the  Senate  was  not  adopted 

Whyte^ie,  

So  the  bill  was  passed.  ^^  ^^®  Senate,  on  June  6th,  the  bill  making 

Mr.  Ferry:  "I  move  to  amend  the  title  so  as  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  army  for 

to  read :  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80,  1879,  was  con- 

A  bill  to  make  United  States  notes  reljeivable  for  ^^l?'^^;,  .         ^,,  .          .,     ..>r    t^    .^     .  r 

dutiea  on  imports,  and  for  other  purposes.*'  Mr.  Blame,  of  Maine,  said :  "  Mr.  President,  I 

rpv^       ^                     1 A  desire  before  the  biU  is  read  to  make  a  very 

The  motion  was  agreed  to.  ^^.^^  explanation  of  its  general  features,  which 

T«  fi.^  TT^««^  ^T.  T«««  '^^T^^>   *  «»^«:^«  «,...  may  lighten  the  labor  of  Senators  a  little  in  un- 

In  the  House,  on  June  inh,  a  motion  was  derstanding  what  it  is  if  they  will  listen  to  me 

made  to  suspend  the  rules  m  order  to  concur  ^j*''v»""";b  """^ »«  «"  ^^j  ""*  aidi^u 

lh«  n^^^rilSlf^lTo"**!*!  n?  I^^fif  ■"*  "  The  total  araonnt  of  tbe  bill  as  it  came  from 

the  queetaonbeifig  taken  It  resulted  88  follows:  ^^^  ^^^^  ^„  $25,029,671,  but  there  were 

JoI:*rte;  ^°"£*  ^aV'rrt VnkS:Vc^':?i;  $300,000  to  b*  added  to  tWs  for  that  amount 

Bisbee,  Boyd.  Brentano,  Br«wer,  Bridges,  Briggs  advanced  to  the  Quartermasters  Department  m 

Browne,  Bundy,  Burchard,  Burdick,  Cain^  Calkins,  an  appropriation  made  some  sixty  dsys  since 

Campbell,  Candler,  Cannon,  Caswell,  Clafl in,  Clark,  for  the  purpose  of  anticipating  the  supply  of 

Bush  Clymer,  Cobb,  Cole,  Conger,  Samuel  8.  Cox,  the  posts  on  the  Upper  Missouri  River,  so  that 

Eden,  Eickhofl^  Ellsworth,  Errett,  James  L.  Evans|  So  the  total  as  the  bill  came  from  the  House 

Fort,  Foster^  Freenuin:,  Fiye^ .Fuller,  Gardner,  Gib-  properly  is  $25,829,671.    The  Senate  Commit- 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  197 

t««  on  Apprc^riatipna  have  added  to  this  $860,-  that  if  the  Senate  full  j  understood  it  there 

914;  80  that  the  total  of  this  bill  is  $26,195,*  would  be  more  interest  in  the  subject  than 

hS%  as  amended.  there  seems  to  be. 

*'The  total  of  the  estimates  for  the  year  was  **  My  objection  to  the  section  as  amended 

{.31,292^000,  so  that  the  bill  as  it  now  stands  is  now  is  that  it  is  utterly  useless  legislation.   It  is 

^ino,000  below  what  the  War  Department  in  my  judgment  a  very  foolish  ezpressionf  that 

^imted.    I  shall  be  perfectly  frank  and  say  can  do  no  good  but  may  do  harm.    As  a  matter 

t!iat  I  have  no  doubt  the  result  of  this  bill  will  of  course,  you  can  not  limit  the  power  of  the 

be  as  it  was  in  the  last  year,  a  considerable  de-  President  as  authorized  and  granted  by  the 

ficieocy  to  be  provided  for  the  next  year ;  but  Constitution.    I  suppose  that  there  is  really 

tbe  Senate  committee,  instead  of  talcing  that  no  limitation  on  that  power  as  now  expressed 

Sgbt  on  hand  now  with  the  House,  preferred  by  the  amendment  of  the  Senator  from  New 

u>  let  the  necessity  develop  itself,  if  it  shall  de-  York.    But  what  is  the  object  of  passing  such 

rebp,  and  meet  it  when  it  comes.  a  proposition  as  this?    I  understand  peifectly 

''The  twenty-ninth  section  is:  what  was  the  object  as  the  section  originally 

Sic.  S9.  From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  existed,  but  I  should  like  to  have  the  Senator 

ibll  oot  be  lawful  to  employ  any  part  of  the  arin^  of  from  New  York  explain  what  can  be  the  object 

tie  UoitedStatc*  as  a  powecomitatus,  or  otherwise,  or  purpose  of  the  Senate  in  now  passing  the 

^bJ^.?I!«tVL.h  ^j;JSTnH«/«*iTi?r^  section  as  he  has  amended  it.    The  Committee 

IX  aws.  except  m  sacb  oases  and  under  sucn  cir-  .              ...                           j  ^i.  ^  ^^  v     4.  •  i. 

niD3tu»^aa  such  fmploymentof  said  force  mav  be  0°  Appropriations  recommend  that  it  be  stnck- 

apre»Bly  authorized  by  act  of  Conffress ;  and  no  en  out. 

tB}a«j  appropriated  by  this  act  shall  oe  used  to  pay  Mr.  Kernan :  **  The  Senator  from  Delaware 

iLT  of  the  expenses  incurred  in  the  employment  of  n^f.  Bayard)   is  under   the  impression  that 

^'ffi^t°  p^^io^'TtrSitfotSi;;  imendin|the  section  in  this  way  wonld  make  it 

(iwned  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and»  on  oonviotion  ^^'^  satisfactory  to  the  Mouse.     1  suppose  no 

Tier^>f,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  one  claims  that  you  can  use  the  army  as  a  posse 

tio.>»o  or  impriftonment  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  comitatus  unless  that  use  is  authorized  by  the 

i>r  both  such  Une  and  imprisonment.  Constitution,  which  it  clearly  is  not,  or  by  act 

"The  Committee  on  Appropriations  recom-  of  Congress.    The  Constitution  authorizes  its 

mend  that  that  be  struck  out.    This,  in  brief,  use  to  repel  the  invasion  of  a  State  and  to 

is  ail  that  I  have  to  say  on  behalf  of  the  com-  suppress  domestic  insurrection,  on  the  call  of 

aiittde,  except  as  the  sections  in  their  reading  the  Legislature  if  in  session,  or,  if  it  be  not  in 

trim  the  ClerVs  desk  may  give  rise  to  discus-  session,  on  the  call  of  the  Governor. 

800.^  ^^All  gentlemen  will  remember  that  there 

Sohaequently,  the  twenty-ninth  section  being  was  a  claim  made  in  1876  that  the  army,  or- 
acder  consideration,  Mr.  Kernan,  of  New  York,  ganized  or  unorganized,  could  be  used  as  a  posse 
«jid:  '^I  wish  to  state  that  the  Senator  from  comitatus  without  the  call  of  the  Legislature 
I^eiawsre  (Mr.  Bayard)  had  prepared  an  amend-  or  the  Governor.  We  have  officers  known  in 
v-aai  to  perfect  it,  as  it  passed  the  House,  and  the  acts  of  Congress  as  marshals  of  election  in 
i^  be  is  detained  at  the  funeral  he  asked  me  to  certain  States.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the 
c€cr  it«  In  line  3  of  section  29, 1  move  to  strike  law  officer  of  the  Government  prior  to  the  dec- 
eit, after  the  word  'otherwise,'  the  words  *  un-  tion  in  1676  issued  a  circular  as  Attorney-Gen- 
d<^r  the  pretext  or ' ;  and  in  line  6,  between  tbe  era],  in  which  it  was  claimed  that  the  mar- 
Tord  *by '  and  the  word  '  act, '  to  insert  *  the  shals  could  rightfully  call  upon  the  army  in  its 
CoostitQtion  or  l)y ' ;  so  as  to  read :  organized  condition,  or  as  soldiers,  to  keep  or- 


a-5 


.».•.         V.-*       ^  •       t       1  tions  were  recited.    What  the  Attorney-Gen- 

»»tS4od  under  auoh  circumstancea  as  such  employ-  ^^„|  «i„;^^j  „„„  xi,^  ^^„t«,  ^f  *i.«  «,«J-i,«i  4^ 

«t  of  laid  force  may  be  expreaaly  authorized  by  ®^^*  claimed  was  the  power  of  the  marshal  to 

'I.  C'iiatvLution  or  by  act  of  Congreaa ;  and  no  roon-  use  the  army  as  a  posse  comitatus. 

*'  xppropriated  by  this  act  shall  be  used  to  pay  any  *^  Without  having  prepared  this  amendment 

•tii<  «xpena«a  incarrod  in  the  eraoloyment  of  any  or  having  bestowed  special  thought  upon  it,  it 

"^'-I'tw^ti^llnnf  S^h^^^^^^  is  8ach  an  amendment  as  I  think  every  Ameri- 

•-  >;f  the  provisions  of  this  section  sball  be  deemed  ...           mi  ji    •      •        j      x                x        i. 

.V .:?  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  cf »  citizen  will  desire  in  order  to  prevent  such 

'  'li  ^e  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $10,000  or  claim  of  the  law  officer  of  the  Government  act- 

t>ri«r,tunent  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  by  both  ing  in  conjunction  with  the  War  Office  that  the 

•-•J  5ne  and  impriaonment."  marshals  may  summon  and  order  up  a  company 

Tae amendment  to  the  amendment  was  agreed  of  United  States  soldiers  to  the  election,  to  pre- 

^^  vent  disorder  or  to  execute  any  law  there.    It 

Tbe  Presiding  Officer :   *^  The  question  recurs  would  be  an  entire  overthrow,  it  seems  to  me, 

'^  <nking  oat  section  29,  as  amended."  of  a  fundamental  principle  of  the  laws  of  this 

Mr.  Windonn,  of  Minnesota,  sdd :  "  I  hope  the  country,  of  all  our  traditions,  to  say  that  the 

>^«atioD  of  the  Senate  may  be  directed  to  this  army  at  the  instance  of  the  law  officer,  through 

'v^tidQ  before  it  is  acted  upon.    I  regard  it  as  a  marshal  or  a  deputy,  special  or  general,  of 

•  ^trr  ImportaLt  matter,  and  I  am  satisfied  election,  may  call  a  body  of  the  army  as  a  posse 


198  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

oomitatns  and  order  it  abont  the  polls  of  an  for  which  the  marshal  or  hii  general  or  Mb  special 

election.     We  all  know  that  that  might  be  used  ^^^P.^^jf*  ^"  *^?i?°;i"?f  J^^?^^^  '.nmm^?i;a'rXo 

M                *.•              i.u        ^c  4,v.    -:  "u*^^*  ^:4.:-^«,-.  each  of  them  la,  empowered  to  aunimon  ana  call  to 

for  an  entire  overtho  w  of  the  rights  of  citizens  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  byatandera  or  poaae  comitatua  of  hia  dis- 

at  the  polls.    I  do  not  want  to  discuss  this  trict. 
question  in  any  other  spirit  than  one  that  will 

lead  us  to  say  whether  or  not  Congress  shall  "  The  Attomey-General^s  opinion  anthorizes 

provide  that  the  army  may  be  used  as  a  posse  the  marshal  in  a  case  like  that,  where  he  is 

comitatus,  which  means  in  the  law  a  body  of  simply  allowed  by  the  law  to  call  on  the  by- 

oitizens  summoned  to  suppress  a  riot  or  any-  standers  or  posse  comitatus  to  aid  him,  to  call 

thing  of  that  kind,  which  should  be  called  upon  upon  the  army  of  the  United  States  as  individ- 

before  you  call  out  the  military.   That  has  been  uals  out  of  their  organization,  and  bring  them 

claimed  by  implication,  I  suppose.    Hence  I  in  as  a  sheriff  could.    That  raises  a  coniSict  of 

think  Congress  should  say  that  there  shall  be  duties  if  this  section  be  enacted, 

no  right  to  use  the  army  as  a  posse  comitatus  ^*  I  understand  the  whole  object  of  this 

by  the  peace  officers  of  tue  State  or  of  the  Gen-  section  as  amended  is  to  limit  the  use  bj  the 

oral  Government  unless  there  is  some  statutory  marshals  of  the  army  to  cases  where  by  law 

or  constitutional  provision  that  expressly  au-  they  are  authorized  to  call  for  them,  and  not 

thorizes  it.^'  to  assume  that  they  are  in  any  sense  a  posse 

Mr.  Beck,  of  Kentucky,  said :  "  Mr.  Presi-  comitatus,  to  be  called  upon  when  there  is  no 

dent,  I  am  sorry  the  Senator  from  Delaware  authority  given  them  to  call  upon  anything  but 

(Mr.  Bayard)  is  not  here.    I  desire  to  state  in  a  the  posse  comitatus.    An  order  issued  in  1672 

few  words  what  is  the  meaning  of  this,  as  we  from  the  War  Department,  subsequent  to  the 

construed  it  in  committee.     As  early  as  1854.  opinion  of  the  late  Attorney-General,  seemed 

while  Mr.  Caleb  Cushing,  a  very  distinguished  to  proceed  upon  the  idea  that  the  Federal 

lawyer,  was  Attorney-General,  a  very  exciting  troops  can  not  be  used  by  the  marshal  as  a  pos^ 

case  was  up  relative  to  returning  a  fugitive  comitatus." 

slave.    He  gave  an  opinion  in  these  words,  to  Mr.  Blaine :  '*I  suppose  that  the  only  place  in 

be  found  in  volume  vi.  of  ^  Opinions  of  Attor-  which  troops  would  be  needed  in  this  form  at 

neys-General,^  page  478 :  all,  or  in  any  way,  that  this  section  would  pre- 

i  apply  as  well  to  the  military  ^^^^  ^<>«W  be  in  aid  of  the  revenue  laws ; 

ployed,  for  the  poaae  comita-  and  I  should  like  to  ask  the  honorable  Senator 

iaea  eve^  peraon  in  the  district  or  countv  from  Kentucky  if  he  thinks  the  passage  of  this 

ajjeof  fifteen  veara  (WatBon»a  **  Slieriff,*^'  act,  this  broad  proclamation  to  all  sections  ot 

pa^e  60),  wHatever  may  be  hia  occupation,  whether  ^^^  country,  would  not  effectually  break  down 

uiVihan  or  not,  and  includinff  the  military  of  all  de-  \      ^    i.    ^ '    •     *  -ir  •*  j-  a-h^*:  «  o  i> 

nominationa,  militia,  aoldiera,  marinera,  A\  of  whom  the  efforts  against  ilhcit  distillation  ? 

are  alike  bound  to  obey  the  commands  of  a  aheriff  Mr.  Beck:  *^  I  think  not.^' 

or  marshal.    The  fact  that  they  are  organised a9  Mr.  Blaine:  *'The  question  I  rose  to  ask  is 

military  bodies,  under  the  immediate  command  of  this :  Where  exists  to-day  the  grievance  which 

^  '^  Where  is  the  oppression  that  this  is  intended 
*^  That  has  been  followed  by  other  Attorneys-  to  remove?  "Where  is  the  maladministration 
General.^  The  right  has  been  denied  over  and  which  tiiis  is  intended  to  cure?  The  case  must 
over  again.  The  army  authorities  have  issued  be  made  out  by  those  who  ask  for  the  law.  I 
orders,  some  of  which  I  hold  in  my  hand,  for-  am  not  asking  for  any  new  law.  The  Corn- 
bidding  the  officers  to  obey  the  marshals  when  mittee  on  Appropriations  do  not  instruct  me 
they  were  ordered  out  as  a  posse  comitatus.  to  ask  for  any  new  law  on  the  subject,  but 
Statutes  have  been  enacted,  the  civil-rights  bill  they  instruct  me  to  ask  the  Senators  who  bus- 
for  example,  authorizing  certain  officers  to  call  tain  this,  what  is  the  reason  for  it  ?  *' 
upon  the  army.  The  civil-rights  bill  author-  Mr.  Windom  :  "I  wish  to  suggest  to  Sena- 
izes  certain  officials  to  call  on  *  such  portions  tors  who  have  discussed  this  subject,  that  the 
of  the  land  and  naval  forces  to  aid  them  in  ex-  discussion  thus  far  has  proceeded  on  the  as^ 
ecuting  the  process,'  required  by  that  statute,  sumption  that  it  was  only  when  the  army  wad 
as  they  please :  and  nobody  denies  it,  and  this  used  as  a  posse  comitatus  that  it  was  forbid* 
section  does  not  seek  to  change  that  Wherever  den.  But  the  section  says  *  when  used  as  a 
the  law  authorizes  it,  it  is  admitted  to  be  right;  posse  comitatus  or  otherwise  * ;  whether  used 
and  there  are  two  or  three  other  statutes  of  in  that  way  or  as  a  portion  of  the  army,  it  is 
that  sort.    But  when  you  turn  to  section  2024  forbidden." 

of  the  Revised  Statutes,  relative  to  the  elective  Mr.  Sargent,  of  California :  "  It  ought  to  be, 

franchise,  this  is  provided:  unless  it  is  according  to  the  Constitution  and 

Sko.  2024.  The  marshal  or  hia  general  deputies,  or  ^S,^*^T?'-!r.«          .-^r.           x      n^r    -n      -ji     . 

such  special  deputies  aa  are  thereto  specially  empow-  Mr.  McMillan,  of  Minnesota:     Mr.  Fresident 

ered  bv  him  in  writing,  and  under  his  hand  and  it  seems  to  me  that  the  amendment  submitted 

seal,  whenever  he  or  either  or  any  of  them  is  for-  to  this  section  would  be  very  oppressive,  and 

tkY/orThril  hv'vfo?±^  would  be  a  snare  in  many  instances.    Jn  ordei 

titlA,  or  shall,  by  violence,  threats,  or  menaces,  do     .  ^-^  ^  •        **.    v.     ^A  u^  ^^ ^^*r.w 

prevented  from  executing  such  duties,  or  fVom  ar-  ^  constitute  a  cnme  it  should  be  accoratelj 

t'oating  any  peraon  who  haa  committed  any  offense  defined.    Every  person  should  know  what  laii 


These  coneiderationa 
as  to  the  civU  force  em 
tue  oompriaea 
iibove  the 


I 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  199 

he  is  Tiolatiiig  if  he  is  to  be  charged  with  a  this  way  (it  happens  to  be  open  on  mj  desk, 

criminal  offense/^  and  my  eye  fdls  on  it)  : 

Mr.Kernan:  "DoestheSenatorthinkitdan-  ^he  marshals  and  their  deputies  shall  have  in 

eeroas  to  say  that  the  anny  shall  not  be  used  each  State  the  same  powers,  in  executing  the  laws  of 

in  reference  to  onr  own  people  unless  the  Oon-  the  United  States,  as  the  sheriffs  and  their  deputies 

citation   or  the  law  expressly  authorizes  it  f  '^^  such  State  may  have,  by  law,  in  executing  the 

I  think  we  should  have  express  laws,  where  it  ^^^  thereof. 

is  used  among  our  people,  authorizing  it,  or  it  *^  A  marshal  in  the  State  of  Vermont,  under 
jhoold  not  be  done.  that  statute  having  the  power  of  a  sheri£C,  ap- 
Mr.  Edmonds,  of  Vermont,  said :  '*Mr.  Presi-  plying  the  laws  of  that  State  to  the  case  m 
dmt,  it  is  rather  a  singular  state te  to  pass,  to  nand,  having  process  there  to  execute,  would 
$sv  that  the  army  of  the  United  States  shall  have  a  right  to  call  forth  the  militia  and  every- 
Bot  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  executing  the  body  else,  if  he  were  resisted.    In  the  State  of 
laws — that  is,  of  course,  the  laws  of  the  United  New  Hampshire,  over  the  border,  the  marshal 
^tdtes — ^nnder  any  circamstances  unless  express-  may  have  no  such  power,  and  it  depends  upon 
JT  aatUorized  by  an  act  of  Congress  or  the  Con-  the  chief  executive  of  the  State ;  but  one  or 
-''itution.     Now,  take  the  Constitution  first :  the  other,  no  matter  whether  it  be  the  sheriff 
The  Constitution  says  that  the  President  of  the  or  the  executive,  has  the  power  to  invoke  mil- 
United  States  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  itary  aid.     This  statute  of  the  United  States 
the  army  and  of  the  navy ;  it  says  in  the  next  that  I  have  read  does  not  say  that  the  marshal 
place  that  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  are  of  the  United  States  may  call  upon  any  troops 
uithfolly  executed — that  is,  all  laws.    Then  the  that  may  be  within  his  reach.    It  does  not  say 
'lOestion  at  once  arises  whether  under  the  Con-  that  he  may  call  on  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the 
^itutioii  of  the  United  States,  saying  no  more.  United  States,  and  that  he  may  etui  forth  either 
it  being  the  doty  of  the  President  to  see  that  the  regular  army  or  the  militia,  to  enforce  the 
the  laws  are  faithfully  executed,  and  he  being  power  of  the  law.    There  immediately  arises 
''anmiander-in-ohief  of  the  army,  the  Constitn-  a  grand  question  to  try  some  person  by  im- 
t:aa  does  not  expressly  authorize  him  to  use  peachment  or  indictment  or  court-martial  at 
tue  army  wherever  power  is  lawfully  to  be  re-  once,  and  subject  him  to  severe  Densities  by  a 
quired  to  execute  the  laws.    Take  the  case  of  minority  of  this  body  in  case  of  impeachment, 
sa  army  officer  being  put  on  court-martial,  or  or  by  a  judge  in  case  of  an  indictment,  or  a 
the  President  being  impeached  for  using  the  court-martial  in  the  case  of  a  court-martial,  as 
army,  under  these  two  clauses  of  the  Consti-  happens  to  be  the  opinion  that  the  law  is  one 
tition.     All  the  lawyers  of  this  body,  being  way  or  the  other.    Too  can  not  say  that  it  is 
then  judges  on  an  impeachment,  get  into  a  expressly  authorized,  because  you  have  to  take 
great  debate  and  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  two  supposed  logical  and  legal  conclusions ; 
▼bether  that  is  within  the  Constitution  or  not;  and  here  is  a  provision  that  there  must  be  an 
sad  so,  as  the  Senator  from  Minnesota  (Mr.  express  act  of  Congress  which  says  that  the 
McMillan)  has  said,  it  is  quite  desirable  on  an  army  may  be  used. 

occasion  of  this  kind,  whatever  the  provision  '^  Tou  will  not  find  any  such  act  of  Congress 
may  be,  to  have  a  distinct  and  definite  under-  in  a  great  many  of  the  most  necessary  instances 
Cjodtng  as  to  what  it  does  mean,  so  that  all  where  the  power  of  the  law  is  to  be  carried 
persons  may  construe  it  alike.  into  execution,  and  where  it  can  only  be  car- 
'*  Now,  I  should  like  to  hear  some  person  ried  into  execution  by  the  exercise  of  force, 
tdH  me  which  way  the  law  is  on  the  case  I  which  is  never  legally  applied  but  as  the  power 
'::i7e  pot  under  these  clauses  of  the  Constitu-  of  the  law ;  and  you  are  stranded  at  once,  be- 
>4L  Would  the  President  bejustified  under  the  cause  this  very  statute  upon  which  the  whole 
C  fnstitotlon  of  the  United  States,  having  an  judicial  process  of  the  United  States  rests  in 
iar^mal -revenue  officer,  whose  duty  is  to  seize  respect  of  its  execution  when  there  is  any  re- 
in illicit  distillery  and  to  seize  it  by  force —  sistance  is  in  effect  repealed ;  and  the  army  of 
Tiiich,  of  course,  is  implied  in  the  word  seize  the  United  States  (the  very  thing  that  ought 
—m  employing  the  army  to  assist  in  perform-  to  be  used  if  any  force  is  necessary,  because  it 
isy?  the  Lawful  act  of  the  revenue  officer,  it  is  under  the  command  of  competent  and  re- 
jGng  the  duty  of  the  President  to  see  that  the  sponsible  officers,  it  is  under  the  command  of 
livs  are  fiuthfully  executed  and  he  being  com-  the  Chief  Magistrate,  who  is  bound  to  execute 
SAnder-in-chief  of  the  army?  Now,  how  are  the  laws,  rather  than  calling  upon  the  military 
ve  to  answer  that  question  ?  Is  it  lawful  to  or  the  citizens  who  may  be  bystanders)  is  set 
eoploy  the  army  for  that  purpose,  there  being  aside. 

£>5tatate,  or  is  itnot?    I  should  like  to  have  *^Mr.  President,  if  any  Senator  wants  to 

«ijQie  Senator,  who  wants  the  section  enacted,  vote  to  leave  the  law  in  that  way,  let  him  do 

'.fil  me  how  he  would  decide  that  question  to  it.    I  do  not.    There  are  other  criticisms  that 

>.jrin  with.  might  be  stated  upon  this  section  in  respect  of 

**  Then  go  to  some  other  provisions :  *  un-  its  phraseology,  one  of  which  I  will  refer  to. 

.-:«4  expreMl J  authorized  by  act  of  Congress.'  It  says  now : 

Txke  the  seven  hundred  and  eighty-eighth  sec-  Except  in  such  cases  and  under  such  oircum- 

'^'^  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  which  reads  m  stances  as  such  employment  of  sAid  force  may  be 


200  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

expressly  aathoiixed  by  the  Constitution  or  by  aet  shall  be  abont  to  seize  an  illicit  distillery,  and 

of  Congress.  1,^  jg  reaisted,  where  is  the  force  to  come  from 

'*  In  the  first  place,  I  call  yonr  attention  to  to  aid  him  in  the  ezecntion  of  that  law  in  that 

the  limitation  to  ^such  cases  and  under  snch  behalf?    The  answer  b  jast  as  simple  as  it 

oironmstances  as  snch  employment  may  be  an-  would  be  if  yoa  were  to  put  the  like  case  of  a 

thorized  by  an  act  of  Oongress.'     Takin^^*  it  sheriff  in  a  State.    It  is  not  to  anply  for  the 

literally,  yon  must  have  an  act  of  Congress  army ;  it  is  not  to  call  in  the  lua  of  the  sol- 

that  seems  to  provide  for  that  very  case,  that  diery  by  application  to  the  President  or  any 

shall  say  in  terms  that  the  marshal  or  Presi-  other  authority ;  but  it  is  to  call  in  the  aid  of 

dent,  as  the  case  may  be,  when  a  process  is  the  posse  comitatus,  the  people  around  him, 

issued.from  a  particular  court  and  in  a  particu-  every  citizen,  everybody  liable  to  do  pablio 

lar  instance,  may  call  upon  the  power  of  the  duty  at  all.    The  people,  the  posse  comitatus. 

United  States  organized  into  the  form  of  a  re-  are  as  much  bound  to  respond  to  him,  to  aid 

sponsible  army,  or  else  he  can  not  call  under  him,  as  to  aid  a  sheriff  in  the  execution  of 

this  section  at  all.  State  process,  in  the  collection  of  State  taxes 

*^  Then  here  is  another  phrase :  — ^JQSt  the  same,  and  on  the  same  principle." 

May  be  expressly  authorized  by  ^t  of  Congress.       tion  'uJt&r^^^^^''"''^''''  permitaqnea- 

"That  is  a  term  of  the  future;  and  in  a       Mr.  Merrimon:  "Yes,  and  I  will  answer  it 

criminal  case,  construing  a  criminal  statute  if  I  can." 

strictly,  it  might  be  said  with  a  great  deal  of  Mr.  filaine :   "The  case  the  Senator  from 

force  that,  until  you  can  get  a  new  act  of  Con-  California  referred  to  (the  sixth  volume  of  the 

gress  which  authorizes  it,  you  have  no  author-  '  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys  -  General '  con- 

ity  at  all,  however  many  there  may  be  of  iJie  taining  the  opinion)  was  a  case  of  the  arrest 

old  statutes.  of  a  fugitive  slave,  where  the  marshal  sam- 

"  I  am  going  to  vote  to  strike  out  this  whole  moned  the  posse  comitatus,  and  the  posse 

thing.   In  a  government  of  law,  where  we  have  comitatus  was  all  against  him ;  the  bystanders 

organized  a  body  of  men  whose  business  it  is,  were  agiuust  him ;  and  then  he  said  he  had  a 

under  a  constitutional  commander  and  in  a  case  right  to  call  in  that  part  of  the  posse  comita- 

where  the  law  authorizes  it,  to  apply  the  power  tus  located  there  in  the  army  of  the  United 

of  the  will  of  the  people  in  the  execution  of  States  that  would  not  be  against  him.    Now  1 

the  law,  I  do  not  propose  for  one  to  emascu-  asik  the   Senator  from   North  Carolina  this 

late  that  authority."  question :   If  you  attempt  to  seize  an  illicit 

Mr.  Merrimon,  of  North  Carolina,  said:  "Mr.  distillery,  and  all  the  snrrounding  population 

President,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  argument  feel  in  regard  to  that  illicit  distillery  —  and 

of  the  Senator  from  Vermont  (Mr.  Edmunds)  there  are  some  parts  of  this  country  where 

particularly,  and  I  nuiy  say  the  arguments  they  do  feel  a  good  deal  that  way — just  as  the 

generally  on  that  side  of  the  House,  proceed  people  of  Boston  did  about  the  arrest  of  fngi- 

Tipon  the  false  notion  that  the  laws  of  the  tive  slaves,  so  that  when  you  call  the  posse 

United  States  are  to  be  executed,  whenever  comitatus  they  are  on  the  side  of  the  illicit 

physical  force  is  necessary  to  that  end,  by  the  distiller,  what  will  you  do  then  f " 

use  of  the  anny.     That  is  a  great  mistake.  Mr.  Merrimon:  "Do  as  in  the  case  of  the 

The  people  of  this  country  are  citizens  of  the  whisky  insurrection  in  western  Pennsylvania.'* 

United  States,  and,  whether  they  live  in  one  Mr.  Blaine :  "  The  troops  were  called  in." 

place  or  another,  they  are  as  much  bound  to  Mr.  Merrimon:  "  Of  course,  but  not  at  once, 

join  in  the  execution  of  the  laws  of  the  United  Not  until  civil  remedy  after  civil  remedy  was 

States  as  they  are  the  laws  of  the  States  in  exhausted,  not  until  after  a  proclamation  was 

which  they  live.    By  possibility  there  can  not  issued  in  pursuance  of  the  laws  of  the  United 

be  any  conflict,  in  contemplation  of  the  Con-  States,  were  the  military  called  to  aid  in  en- 

Btitutton,  between  the  laws  of  a  State  and  of  forcing  the  law.^' 

the  United  States.    Thb  vast  machinery  of  Mr.  Blaine :  "  Then  the  Senator  from  North 

government,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  harmonious  Carolina  would  have  the  President  issue  a  great 

in  contemplation  of  law ;  each  part  is  without  proclamation  every  time  an  illicit  distillery  was 

conflict  with  the  other,  and  each  is  in  har-  to  be  seized.*' 

mony  with  the  other.  It  is  as  much  the  duty  Mr.  Merrimon :  "  No,  sir ;  when  we  pro- 
of a  magistrate  of  a  State,  a  justice  of  the  ceed  according  to  the  Constitution  and  the 
peace,  or  a  judge  or  the  Governor  or  any  ofli-  laws  it  will  be  very  seldom  in  this  country 
cer  of  a  State  Government,  to  enforce  the  laws  when  such  power  will  have  to  be  employed. 
of  the  United  States  as  to  enforce  the  laws  of  I  have  not  neard  of  any  case,  putting  aside 
the  State  in  which  they  live  and  of  which  they  the  late  war,  where  the  American  people  (un- 
are  the  immediate  officers.  The  laws  of  the  less  perhaps  the  exception  the  Senator  has  just 
United  States  are  the  laws  of  the  people  every-  mentioned  in  Boston)  failed  to  aid  the  mar- 
where,  and  in  the  same  measure.  shal  in  doing  his  office  when  ^ey  were  prop- 
*^^  Take  the  case  put  by  the  Senator  from  erly  called  upon  to  do  it  The  American  peo- 
Maine  (Mr.  Blaine)  a  while  ago,  in  which  he  pie  are  for  the  most  part  law-abiding ;  the 
said,  suppose  that  a  collector  of  internal  revenue  laws  are  their  laws,  and  they  are  willing  to  aid 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  201 

in  the  ezeontion  of  these  laws.    This  is  a  gov-  Mr.  Merrimon :  *'  Bat  this  section  has  heen 

erament  of  the  people  and  not  of  force.    The  amended  so  as  to  insert  the  words  *  or  bj  the 

marafaal  in  North  Carolina  can  command  the  Oonstitation.'    Here  is  the  act  of  Congress ; 

power  of  the  county  jost  as  the  sheriff  com-  yoa  will  find  it  under  the  head  of  'Insurrection,' 

sands  the  power  of  the  connty,  and  that  is  title  69  in  the  Revised  Statutes,  page  1034/' 

the  way  the  law  directs  it  shall  be  done.   Why,  Mr.  Hill,  of  Georgia,  said:  ^'Mr.  President,  I 

sir,  I  undertake  to  say  that  Congress  has  no  think  if  the  Senate  would  do  itself  the  justice  to 

fiower  to  invest  the  marshal  with  authority  to  suppress  very  unnecessary  partisan  feelings  in 

ose  the  army  to  enforce  the  process  of  the  law,  this  matter,  this  discussion  would  not  be  without 

and  I  respectfully  challenge  any  Senator  to  great  benefit.    So  far  as  I  am  concerned,  there 

point  me  to  such  authority.  might  have  been  a  time  when  I  would  have 

**  The  fact  that  statutes  have  been  passed  felt  great  interest  in  this  proposed  law  in  its 

that  aathorize  or  seem  to  authorize  it  does  not  practical  effect  in  the  country  in  which  I  live. 

Becestarily  imply  that  they  harmonize  with  the  That  time  has  passed. by,  and  I  feel  no  other 

Oonstitation.    Such  statutes,  if  they  are  made,  interest  in  it  now  than  such  as  every  American 

ire  void.     It  was  never  known,  never  contend-  citizen  ou^ht  to  feel.   I  can  not  understand  why 

eil  for  in  this  country,  until  the  dangerous  and  any  American  citizen  ought  to  feel  any  interest 

troablesome  times  that  we  have  fallen  upon  of  in  it  other  than  to  see  to  it  that  the  proper  dis- 

bte,  that  sach  power  was  claimed  or  exercised,  tinctions  between  the  use  of  the  army  and  the 

The  army^  under  the  Constitution,  is  not  to  bo  use  of  civil  power  should  be  kept  before  the 

Hied  for  the  purpose  of  executing  the  law  in  people  and  kept  before  us  all. 

the  ordinary  sense  of  executing  the  law.    It  **  I  should  like  the  section  better  if  the  words 

fsa  only  be  called  into  active  service  for  the  '  as  a  posse  comitatus  or  otherwise  ^  were  strick- 

pvposo  of  suppressing   insurrection,   where  en  out  altogether.    I  say  to  my  friend  from 

there  is  organized  resbtance  against  the  Gov-  North  Car6lina,  for  I  see  he  has  a  very  clear 

ernmest  in  the  execution  of  the  law;  and  then,  and  I  think  a  'very  correct  idea  of  it,  that  I 

\-  my  friend  from  Pennsylvania  suggests,  the  think  the  use  of  the  words  *  as  a  posse  comita- 

:')nn^  of  the  law  must  be  strictly  observed,  as  tus '  is  wrong,  because  they  imply  the  idea  that 

tiiey  w^'e  observed  by  the  President  when  the  the  army  can  be  used  as  a  posse  comitatus." 

irmr  was  used  to  suppress  the  whisky  insur-  Mr.  Merrimon :  *^  Whereas  it  can  nof 

rrnlon  in  western  Pennsylvania.    Last  sum-  Mr.  Hill:  ^^Tes,  whereas  it  can  not.    The 

mtsr  we  had  an  illustration  in  two  or  three  section  provides  that — 

>:jtes,  where  there  were  strikes  of  great  mag-  From  and  after  the  paaaage  of  tbia  act  it  ahall  not  be 

QiUide,  of  the  use  of  the  army  to  suppress  gen-  lawful  to  employ  any  part  of  the  army  of  the  United 

cfil  resistanoe  to  the  law  and  authority.    The  States  as  a  poase  comitatus. 

army  was  called  in  then  promptly,  but  only  on  ^^  That  implies  that  heretofore  it  was  lawful 

due  application  to  the  President  by  the  proper  to  employ  the  army  as  a  posse  coukitatus.    Now 

State  aathorities;  and  even  then  many  wise  I  lay  down  the  broad  proposition  that  the 

citizens  of  this  country  thought  the  army  was  army  can  not  be  employed  as  a  posse  comi- 

Mlied  for  when  it  ought  not  to  have  been,  tatus.    It  never  was  intended  to  be  employed 

The  army  was  not  used  then  until  civil  power  as  a  posse  comitatus.    A  posse  comitatus  is  a 

vas  exhausted — not  until  the  forms  of  law  wholly  different  thing  from  an  army;  it  is 

vcre  complied  with,  until  application  was  duly  different  in  every  respect  from  an  army;  it  is 

Qsde  to  the  President  to  use  the  army  in  sup-  different  in  England,  different  in  America,  dif- 

presdng  snch  insurrectionary  and  lawless  move-  f erent  in  every  free  country,  from  an  army ; 

meats;  and,  as  a  friend  suggests,  the  amend-  and  the  ideaof  making  a  posse  comitatus  of  the 

isent  now  pending,  although  I  did  not  mean  army,  or  any  part  of  the  army  as  such,  is  itself 

to  advert  to  it  at  this  moment,  does  not  pre-  an  absurdity.    It  never  was  lawful,  it  never 

^<Bt  the  use  of  the  army  for  such  purposes;  will  be  lawful,  to  employ  the  army  as  a  posse 

03  the  contrary,  it  provides  expressly  for  the  comitatus  until  you  destroy  the  distinction  be- 

Ud  of  the  army  in  such  cases.''  tween  the  civil  power  and  the  military  power 

Mr.  Edmunds :  ^*  How  does  it  provide  ex-  in  this  country.    If  I  may  use  a  sort  of  para- 

pre»lj  for  the  use  of  the  army  in  such  cases  ?"  doxical  term,  I  would  say  that  the  posse  comi- 

Hr.  Merrimon :  *^  It  provides  expressly  in  this :  tatus  might  be  considered  as  the  military  arm 

Fiwn  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  <>^.,!^®  civil  power;  that  the  purpose  of  the 

M»  be  lawful  to  employ  any  part  of  the  army  of  the  military  when  called  out  m  such  a  case  is  to 

I  a  tdd  Statea  aa  a  posse  oomitatns,  or  otherwise,  do  that  which  the  civil  power  can  not  do  in 

arier  th«  pretext  or  for  the  purpose  of  executing  its  character  as  a  civil  power.    The  posse  comi- 

•-i  lawa  tatus  belongs  to  the  civil  power  and  not  to  the 

"  Now  see  the  exception —  military." 

^«;»t  in  sQoh  cases  and  under  such  circnmstancea  Mr.  Edmunds:    '*fiut,  if  I  may  inquire  of 

tt  r-ch  employment  of  said  force  may  be  expressly  the  Senator,  with  his  permission,  is  not  the 

*.;uonaed  by  act  of  Congress."  ^^  comitatus  the  whole  body  of  citizens  who 

lb-.  Edmnnds :  ^^  Where  is  the  act  of  Con-  are  within  the  reach  of  the  sheriff  or  the  mar- 

zTHs  that  yoa  say  authorizes  it  ?    What  is  au*  shal  ? " 

liwized  f  "  Mr.  HiU :  "  Unquestionably." 


202  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Edmunds :  **  If  that  be  so,  then  why  are  mont,  the  oaae  of  a  battery  of  artillery  there 

not  the  people  engaged  in  the  military  service  stationed  as  a  part  of  the  troops  of  the  United 

jast  as  much  bound  as  anybody  else  ? "  States.    Can  the  sheriff,  with  the  power  U> 

Mr.  Hill :  ^^  Nobody  has  said  that  because  a  call  the  posse  comitatus  to  his  assistance,  call 

roan  is  a  soldier  he  has  ceased  to  be  a  citizen,  that  battery  of  artillery  into  nse  and  command 

The  Senator  from  Vermont  understands  the  them  to  fire  upon  a  crowd  there  standing  in 

distinction  very  well,  and  he  will  excuse  me  resistance  to  the  laws  of  the  State,  without 

from  explaining  it  to  him.^'  calling  on  the  State  officials  and  securing  the 

Mr.  Wallace,  of  Pennsylvania,  said :  "  Will  aid  in  the  form  prescribed  by  law  ? " 

the  Senator  from  Vermont  answer  me  whether,  Mr.  Edmunds:    **It  would  entirely  in  my 

if  there  be  a  battery  of  artillery,  a  company  opinion  depend  upon  this:  if  the  sheriff  did  call 

of  regular  soldiers,  in  the  town  of  Soranton,  in  upon  the  commander  of  the  battery  of  artillery 

my  State,  and  there  is  difficulty  among  the  and  upon  the  soldiers,  and  they  responded, 

laboring  men,  the  sheriff  of  the  county  can  and  they  were  then  indicted  for  assault  and 

command  that  battery  of  artillery,  that  com-  battery  in  arresting  disorderly  persons,  they 

pany  of  regulars,  to  aid  in  enforcing  the  law  could  make  a  lawful  defense  upon  the  ground 

without  applying  to  the  executive  of  the  State  that  they  obeyed  the  lawful  order  of  tlie  sheriff 

and  making  the  call  under  the  Constitution  in  assisting  him  to  execute  the  laws  of  that 

and  laws?"  State.    If  they  declined  to  obey  the  order  of 

Mr.  Edmunds:   *^I  answer  that  I  do  not  the  sheriff  and  they  were  then  indicted  for  not 

know,  because  I  do  not  know  whether  the  doing  their  duty,  if  there  was  a  statute  of 

sheriff  of  that  county  in  any  case  would  have  Pennsylvania  that  would  authorize  that,  and 

any  power  over  me  if  I  happened  to  be  stand-  they  undertook  to  set  up  the  defense  that  they 

ing  by."  were  in  duress,  so  to  speak,  that  they  were 

Mr.  Wallace :  "  Then  I  understand  the  Sen-  under  the  authority  of  somebody  who  was  not 

ator  to  say  that  the  sheriff  in  charge  of  the  there,  and   therefore   they  could   not   go— 

peace  of  the  county,  having  the  rignt  to  call  whether  that  would  be  a  good  defense  or  not  I 

out  the  posse  comitatus,  which  I  state  to  him  am  not  prepared  to  say." 

is  the  law,  would  not  have  the  right  to  call  Mr.  Wallace:    *'But   the   broad    question 

out  the  battery  of  artillery  ? "  whether  the  sheriff  can  go  to  the  barracks  of 

Mr.  Edmunds:  ^^I  have  not  said  anything  that  battery  of  artillery,  a  company  of  regulars, 

of  the  sort."  and  require  them  to  come  to  the  riot  and  assist 

Mr.  Wallace:  '*  What  do  I  understand  the  in  its  suppression,  is  still  unanswered." 

Senator  to  say?"  Mr.  Blame  :  "Will  my  friend  allow  me  to 

Mr.  Edmunds:  *^I  said  I  did  not  know,  be-  answer  that  question,  or  let  me  ask  him  a 
cause  I  did  not  know  what  the  laws  of  Penn-  question,  which  is  the  same  thing  ? " 
sylvania  were.    But  I  say  this,  that  if  by  the  Mr.  Wallace :  "  Certainly." 
laws  of  Pennsylvania  in  any  case  the  sheriff  Mr.  Blaine:  "Suppose  this  mob  had  such  pos- 
liad  authority  to  call  upon  me  and  to  call  upon  session  and  power  as  that  they  were  destroy- 
the  Senator,  if  we  happened  to  be  present,  he  ing  the  town  of  Scranton,  where  the  Senator 
would  have  tlie  same  authority  to  call  upon  locates  it,  and  the  property  of  the  whole  corn- 
General  Sherman  and  all  of  his  staff,  if  they  munity  was  under  the  power  of  that  mob,  does 
happened  to  be  present ;  and  if  General  Sher-  not  my  friend  think  it  would  be  a  very  poor 
roan  said  to  his  staff,  *  Gentlemen,  fall  in  and  battery  of  United  States  artillery  that  would 
help  the  sheriff,'  they  would  have  a  perfect  not  come  up  and  try  to  expel  it,  if  the  battery 
right  to  do  it,  ^though  this  proposed  statute  of  artillery  was  right  there? " 
now  says  they  shall  be  sent  to  the  penitentiary  Mr.  Hill :  "  I  have  the  floor,  Mr.  President." 
if  they  do."  Mr.  Blaine :    "  Will  the  honorable  Senator 

Mr.  Wallace:  "Now  I  understand  the  Sen-  answer  that  question?  If  the  town  of  Scran- 
ator  to  say  that  the  sheriff  of  the  county  of  ton  w^ere  in  possession  of  a  mob  who  were 
Luzerne  or  any  other  county  in  my  State  in  burning  and  destroying  the  property,  and  there 
which  there  happen  to  be  located  Federal  was  a  company  of  regular  soldiers  there,  a  bat- 
troops  could  employ  those  Federal  troops  tery  of  artillery,  would  he  not  want  them  to 
against  citizens  of  my  State  without  violating  interfere  ?  ^ 
the  Constitution  or  the  laws."  Mr.  Hill :  ''  Mr.  President—" 

Mr,  Edmunds:  "I  have  not  said  anything  of  The  Presiding  Officer:  "The  Senator  from 
the  kind,  if  the  Senator  will  pardon  me.    I  Georgia  declines  to  yield." 
said  if  my  friend  and  myself,  being  Senators,  Mr.  Blaine :  "  I  beg  pardon.    A  single  mo- 
were  standing  by,  and  General  Sherman  and  ment.    The  inquiry  is  one  to  be  answered." 
his  staff  were  standing  by,  that  in  my  opinion  Mr.  Hill :  "  Wait  until  I  get  through." 
the  sheriff  of  that  county  had  the  same  right  Mr.  Blaine :  "  I  certainly  did  not  introduce 
to  call  upon  General  Sherman  and  his  staff  the  battery  of  artillery  into  this  discussion; 
that  he  had  to  call  upon  us ;  and  he  would  get  but  I  do  not  propose  to  fly  before  it." 
a  good  deal  more  aid  from  them,  I  may  add."  Mr,  Hill :  "  I  nave  too  much  respect  for  the 

Mr.  Wallace :  "  I  have  no  doubt  of  it ;  but  legal  ability  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been 

take  the  case  I  put  to  the  Senator  from  Yer-  addressing  us  to  imagine  for  one  moment  that 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  203 

saj  of  them  believe  that  a  sheriff  has  any  to  obey  anybody^s  orders,  or  to  obey  anybody's 

power  to  issne  a  command  to  any  portion  of  information  who  gives  notice  of  it.    But  that 

the  army.''  is  not  the  question  involved  here.    The  qnes- 

ytr.  Edmnnds:  "Nobody  has  said  anything  tion  is  not  involved  in  this  section  whether  sol- 

of  that  kind."  diers  wonld  be  gailty  of  crime  when  they  would 

!£r.  Hill :    '*  What  have  yon  stated,  then  ?  suppress  a  crime  as  any  other  citizen  would 

You  are  still  insisting  whether  the  sheriff  has  suppress  it.    The  point  is  in  their  character  as 

cot  a  right  to  command  General  Sherman  and  an  army.    What  authority  has  the  sheriff  to 

hi»  staff  in  Pennsylvania  to  obey  his  orders.''  give  an  order  to  a  military  officer?    Under  what 

Mr.  Edmonds :    "  The  Senator  is  entirely  obligation  is  a  military  officer  to  obey  the  order 

mistaken."  of  a  sheriff,  or  a  marshal,  or  any  other  civil 

Mr.  HiU :  *^  The  Senator  will  excuse  me.  lean  officer?    None  on  earth.    He  obeys  the  Presi- 

not  give  way  any  more  for  such  interruptions.'*  dent's  proclamation  and  the  President's  com- 

Mr.  Edmonds :  "  Very  well.    When  the  Sen-  mand,  solely  because  the  President  is  made  by 

ator  is  stating  what  I  believe,  I  merely  ask  his  the  Constitution  the  commander  of  the  army 

pc^nnjasion  to  say  that  I  have  not  said  that  I  and  navy. 

bcHeved  anything  of  the  kind."  '*  It  is  time  this  country  shooid  see  the  dis^ 

Mr.  Hill :  "  I  know  the  Senator  has  not  said  tinction  between  civil  authority  and  military 

it :  he  dare  not  state  it ;  he  would  not  state  it ;  authority,  and  keep  the  army  distinct  from  a 

bat  that  implication  is  in  everything  he  said — ''  posse  coraitatus.    I  affirm  again  that  the  army 

Mr.  Edmonds:   ^'The  Senator  is  mistaken  is  not  a  posse  comitatus.     No    power    that 

about  that."  commands  a  posse  comitatus  can  command  the 

Mr.  Hill :  ^'  Because  he  makes  an  issue  with  army  as  such.    They  are  governed  wholly  by 

the  Sen&tor  firom  Pennsylvania  on  the  plain  a  different  code.    I  deeply  regret  that  anybody, 

qa«stion  as  to  the  power  of  the  sheriff  to  give  under  any  pretext,  should  say  that  it  is  lawful 

aa  order  to  a  portion  of  the  army.    I  lay  down  to  use  the  army  in   this  country  as  a  posse 

tb«  broad  propoeition  that  the  sheriff  as  such  comitatus.    Take  the  case  supposed,  that  was 

has  no  power  or  aothority  to  command  the  put  to  the  Senator  from  North  Oarolina,  of  a 

army  or  any  portion  of  it,  or  to  issue  a  command  distiller :  the  marshal  is  resisted,  and  he  calls 

to  the  army  or  to  any  portion  of  it."  upon  the  bystanders  to  enforce  the  law,  and 

Mr.  Edmonds :  **  The  Senator  has  jost  now  the  bystanders  refuse.    Says  the  Senator  from 

tested  A  perfectly  sound  proposition  of  law,  and  Vermont,  suppose  all  the  bystanders  refused 

I  am  very  glad  to  give  in  my  adhesion  to  it.    I  and  suppose  the  whole  community  refused,  and 

wish  to  ask  the  Senator  in  that  connection  this  suppose  the  grand  jury  refuse,  and  suppose  the 

q:ie9tion :  Snppoee  the  sheriff  did  call  upon  the  country  refase  ?    Well,  suppose  everybody  re- 

oricers  and  privates — ^"  fuses  to  do  their  duty  ? " 

Mr.  Hill :  ''If  the  Senator  will  wait  I  will  Mr.  Edmunds:  ''I  have  not  said  that" 

answer  that  question,  because  it  has  been  asked  Mr.  Hill :  '^  Then  the  Government  is  a  failure, 

a  dozen  timea"  that  is  all.    You  can  suppose  a  great  many 

Mr.  Edmonds:  ''If  the  sheriff  in  the  case  things.     Suppose  the  moon  were  to  turn  to 

npposed  did  caU  upon  the  officers  and  privates  blood  and  were  to  fall,  what  then  ? " 

<4  a  company  of  the  army  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Edmtmds :   *'  Then  there  would  be  no 

3ad  they  responded  to  that  call  and  assisted  him  bystanders." 

in  the  execution  of  his  process,  would  they  be  Mr.  Hill :  '^  You  can  suppose  anything.    You 

doiog  a  lawful  act?  "  can  never  make  a  sound  argument  by  suppos- 

Mr.  Hill :  *'  I  will  answer  that  question  as  the  log  extreme  cases.    What  I  say  is,  and  I  pre- 

S^nator  knows  it  can  only  be  answered,  and  sume  no  Senator  will  deny  it,  that  a  posse  coml- 

that  is  by  saying  that  neither  the  officers  nor  tatus  is  governed  by  one  law,  it  is  under  one 

t^  aoldiers  of  the  army  would  have  any  right  authority,  it  is  under  one  command ;  the  army 

<  r  authority  to  answer  the  demand  of  the  sher-  is  governed  by  another  law,  it  is  under  another 

If  as  an  army  or  as  soldiers."  authority,  it  is  under  another  command,  wholly 

Mr.  Edmonds:   "The  Senator  has  not  an-  separate  and  distinct;  it  is  a  distinct  govern - 

^wtred  the  question  at  all."  ment.    The  army  is  governed  by  the  roles  and 

Mr.  Hill :  ''  Becaose  they  are  governed  by  articles  of  war.    A  posse  comitatus  is  not  gov- 

*^  roles  and  articles  of  war ;  they  are  not  erned  by  the  rules  and  articles  of  war.    The 

pTemed  by  the  sheriff.    The  Senator  will  par-  sheriff  and  marshal  have  no  authority  under 

c^B  me.     This  mode  of  debate  must  stop.    We  the  rules  and  articles  of  war." 

^krstand  this  question  perfectly.    Of  course  Mr.  Edmunds  :   ^^  May  I  call  the  Senator's 

v.«rd  are  occasions  in  all  countries  where  un-  attention,  if  I  may  ask  him  a  question,  to  the 

•^rUie  biws  it  is  the  duty  of  every  man  to  save  phrase  in  this  section  other  than  the  posse 

Ut,  to  save  property,  to  suppress  crime.    I  comitatus  phrase  ?    The  inhibition  is  that  they 

fve  not  whether  he  is  a  soldier  or  whether  he  shall  not  be  employed  *  as  a  posse  comitatus, 

ii  a  cttixen,  whether  a  man  or  a  woman,  I  care  or  otherwise.'   Therefore  we  are  perhaps  wast- 

sot  what  he  is,  there  are  times  when,  in  order  ing  a  little  time  as  to  answering  what  the  posse 

t^  sappress  violence,  in  order  to  suppress  crimes,  comitatus  may  be  composed  of,  because  passing 

•:  is  the  doty  of  every  man  equally  to  act  and  that  we  come  to  the  other  point." 


204  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Hill :  "  That  is  a  right  pertinent  qnery.  one  or  the  other.    I  ooald  go  back  into  the  tu^ 

I  was  going  on  to  say  that  I  should  like  this  tory  of  New  England  and  the  history  of  ever^ 

section  better  if  the  words  'as  a  posse  comitar  portion  of  this  country,  and  show  that  the  lawi 

tus  *  were  stricken  out,  because  that  phrase  car-  of  different  places  have  been  resisted.     ^^'^ 

ries  the  implication  in  the  mind  of  the  draughts-  have  had  insurrections,  and  we  have  liad  do 

man  that  it  has  been  at  some  time  lawful  to  mestic  violence.     They  are  not  sectional  i] 

use  the  army  as  a  posse  comitatns,  which  I  their  character.    Wherever  human  nature  ei^ 

utterly  deny.   It  is  my  opinion  that  in  the  prop-  ists  they  will  exist.    Wherever  suftering  exist 

er  and  technical  acceptation  of  the  meaning  and  wrong  obtains  these  things  are  liable  t< 

of  the  word,  the  army  is  never  called  out  to  be.    The  great  beauty  of  our  system  of  goverQ 

execute  the  law.    I  want  to  be  understood  here,  ment  is  that  it  is  to  be  governed  by  the  peopk 

In  one  sense  it  is  in  execution  of  the  law;  in  If  there  is  anything  that  commends  our  iijistea 

the  proper  sense  it  is  not.    The  courts  through  of  government  as  a  government  designed  fui 

their  civil  ofScers  alone  technically  have  au-  preservation,  it  is  that  the  military  power  ebal 

thority  to  execute  the  law — that  is,  the  ordi-  never  be  called  in  to  discharge  a  civil  doty,  t^ 

nary  law,  the  judicial  process  of  the  country ;  execute  a  civil  process.    It  ought  always  to  bi 

and  what  we  are  referring  to  now  is  the  judicial  unlawful  for  the  military  to  undertake  to  e^ 

process.    Those  judicial  processes  may  be  re-  ecnte  a  civil  process.    As  I  say,  tliey  may  pu; 

sisted  and  the  sheriff  may  call  for  his  right  arm,  down  opposition  to  it,  but  the  courts  alone  aii< 

as  I  said  just  now,  his  military  force,  if  we  can  the  civil  officers  alone  ought  to  execute  tbj 

use  the  term,  if  it  is  at  all  applicable.    The  process. 

sheriff  calls  for  his  posse  comitatus,  and  that  is  *'  Every  day  we  see  it  in  the  papers  and  heai 

unable  to  put  down  the  opposition  to  the  law.  it  upon  the  wind  that  the  people  are  demand 

Then  it  goes  on,  and  it  amounts  to  insurrection  ing  that  we  shall  have  a  stronger  government 

or  it  amounts  to  domestic  violence.    Then  the  It  was  the  boast  of  our  fathers  that  we  did  no! 

Commander-in-Chief,  the  Executive,  issues  his  need  military  force  except  for  the  purpose  ol 

proclamation  ordering  the  insurgents  to  dis-  repelling  invasion  and  governing  the  Indian 

perse,  and  the  army  comes  in  to  do  what  ?  Now,  tribes.    Whenever  the  idea  obtains  that  yo^ 

nere  is  an  important  dbtinction  to  which  I  in-  need  a  military  power  to  govern  the  great  bod^ 

vite  the  attention  of  the  Senate.    What  do  you  of  the  people  of  this  country,  you  have  giie^ 

call  in  the  army  for  ?    Not  to  execute  the  law ;  up  the  fundamental  theory  of  your  system  ol 

that  is  a  misapplication  of  the  term.    You  call  government;  it  is  gone.    I  care  not  by  A^bai 

in  the  army  to  suppress  that  insurrection.    You  agency  it  is  brought  about,  the  fact  will  remaii 

call  in  the  army  to  suppress  that  domestic  vio-  that  whenever  you  need  the  military  arm  bi^ 

lence.     Then  when  the  insurrection  is  sup-  bitnally,  or,  in  better  language,  whenever  yot 

pressed,  when  the  domestic  -violence  is  put  conclude  that  it  is  right  to  use  the  army  to  ex 

down,  does  the  officer  commanding  the  army  ecute  civil  process,  to  discharge  those  dutiei 

execute  the  process  of  tlie  law  ?   By  no  means ;  that  belong  to  civil  officers  and  to  the  citizens 

but  he  having  suppressed  insurrection,  he  hav-  then  you  have  given  up  the  character  of  you| 

ing  suppressed  the  domestic  violence  which  government ;  it  is  no  longer  a  government  fo| 

prevented  the  civil  officer  from  executing  that  liberty ;  it  is  no  longer  a  government  foundej 

process,  the  civil  officer  steps  forward  and  ex-  in  the  consent  of  the  people ;  it  has  become  \ 

ecutes  it.    That  is  the  whole  of  it.    The  mil-  government  of  force.    The  army  is  a  goven^ 

itary  never  executes  the  law.     The  military  ment  offeree;  it  hasnooivU  functions  in  tbj 

puts  down  opposition  to  the  execution  of  proper  sense  of  the  term."                              i 

the  law  when  that  opposition  is  too  great  for  Mr.  Bayard,  of  Delaware,  said :  '*  Mr.  Presi 

the  civil  arm  to  suppress.    That  is  the  whole  dent,  I  endeavored  to  get  the  floor  for  the  pur 

of  it.    Therefore  I  say  it  ought  to  be  unlaw-  pose  of  offering  a  few  words  that  I  tbougb! 

ful  in  all  cases  to  talk  about  calling  upon  the  would  be  satisfactory  to  both  sides  of  tbii 

army  to  execute  the  law.     The  courts  must  chamber  in  explanation  of  the  amendment  o{ 

execute  the  law ;    executive  officers  and  min-  fered  by  the  Senator  from  New  York  ( Mr 

isterial    officers  must  execute    the  law;    in  Eernan)  in  my  absence  to  section  29,  wbicl 

other  words,  civil  officers  must  execute  all  laws  had  been  proposed  to  be  stricken  out  by  th^ 

and  execute  all  processes  of  the  courts.    If,  as  Senate  Committee  on  Appropriations. 

I  say,  opposition  to  these  processes  goes  to  ^^  Section  29  in  my  judgment  contains  nothing 

such  an  extent  that  they  are  unable  to  execute  but  the  statement  of  truisms  which  at  times 

the  law,  and  that  opposition  amounts  to  such  however,  it  may  be  well  and  wholesome  to  a» 

a  degree  that  it  becomes  an  insurrection,  or  do-  sert  and  reassert    It  is  no  answer  to  saj  thai 

mestic  violence,  then  let  the  military  arm  put  they  are  true,  for  if  they  are  true  they  &u 

down  the  insurrection,  put  down  the  violence,  without  just  objection.     On  the  third  lino  oi 

put  down  the  opposition,  and  let  the  civil  offi-  the  section  are  some  words  that  seem  to  gr&U 

cer  come  forward  and  execute  his  process ;  that  harshly  upon  the  sensibilities  of  certain  gen 

is  all,  and  that  is  right.  tlemen  in  the  chamber,  they  being  ^  under  tb^ 

*^Mr.  President,  I  do  not  think  that  on  either  pretext  ...  of  executing  the  laws,'  as  thougl 

side  of  the  chamber  or  in  any  section  of  the  there  had  been  something  unfair  or  not  real  i^ 

country  we  should  at  any  time  be  alluding  to  the  proposed  execution  of  the  laws.    I  believ« 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  205 

ihi  I  proposition  containing  a  wholesome  con-  the  other  set,  of  coarse,  wrong ;  and  it  throws 

dtodoDai  truth  con  certainly  be  coached  in  apon  these  officers  the  burden  of  determining 

Wiuge  offensive  to  no  man.    It  is  not  neoes-  a  question  apon  wliich  Senators  so  widely  dif- 

fuTT  that  the  kngaage  in  sach  a  case  should  fer.    Is  that  fair  to  oar  army  ?  is  it  a  right 

Vir  tmjastly  upon  tlie  feelings  of  any  man.  thing  for  as  to  do  f  is  it  a  nuuily  thing  for  ns 

Upa  a  friendly  and  personal  consultation  with  to  do  ? " 

ctrstlemen  of  both  parties  in  this  chamber,  I  Mr.  Bayard:    ^'I  submit  to  my  honorable 

fi'oni  the  idea  was  acceptable  to  permit  the  friend  that  I  do  not  understand  that  there  is  a 

kctioQ  to  stand  as  the  House  had  sent  it  to  us,  diminution  of  any  power  under  the  law  or  the 

Tjth  the  eri^eration  of  three  or  four  words  Oonstitution  by  this  proposed  section ;  it  stands 

csp^ble  of  an  uncivil  construction,  and  the  in-  just  aa  it  is  to-day.    It  simply  requires  that  the 

iertioQ  of  one  or  two  more  that  should  have  army  shall  not  be  used  unaer  the  ezistinar  law 

the  effeH  to  round  off  the  proposition  that  the  and  Oonstitution  of  the  United  States ;  that  is 

LMT  of  the  United  States  is  the  creature  of  all." 

rlie  Constitation  and  the  laws  of  the  United  Mr.  Eirkwood :    "  That  is  all  right  in  itself 

^^e^  and  that  in  this  land  we  know  of  no  as  a  statement  of  principle." 

\  'Ter  that  is  not  subordinate  to  law.    There-  Mr.  Bayard :  *^  The  SSenator  may  think  that 

fee  in  the  present  case  the  proposition  was  to  such  a  declaration  is  entirely  needless,  that  it 

reJte  that  it  was  not  lawful  to  employ  the  Is  useless;  but  nevertheless  there  can  be  no 

mj  of  Uie  United  States  in  violation  of  the  harm  in  its  insertion.     We  find  that  it  has 

11^  ar  the  Constitution,  but  that  the  method  been  insisted  upon  by  another  branch  of  Oon- 

of  its  employment  must  simply  be  in  accord-  gress,  and  it  is  certainly  such  a  provision  as  I 

u^e  with  the  law  of  its  creation  and  the  think  the  honorable  Senator  from  Iowa  would 

lowers  thereby  alone  it  must  exist.    In  that  most  readily  assent  to,  that  the  action  of  the 

i:  ^ck  me  as  being  nothing  more  than  a  army  must  at  all  times  be  a  lawful  action,  a 

u*::«  n.  legal  action,  and  the  authority  for  their  action 

"l  only  desire  to  say  that  the  section  as  must  be  determined  under  the  Oonstitution  and 

rtrsded  ander  my  suggestion  offers  to  me  no  existing  laws." 

^Kicle  of  any  constitutional  character  that  I  Mr.  Eirkwood :  *^  There  is  no  question,  I  re- 

■>:iima;nneto  the  vote  of  Senators  on  either  peat^  that  the  army  ought  to  be  used  for  all 

*iile  of  the  chamber,  and  its  adoption  will  lead  purposes  authorized  by  the  Oonstitution  and 

t'tbe  passage  of  this  bill  in  order  that  the  day  laws.    There  is  no  question  that  it  ought  not 

^^  adjonrnment  may  find  the  work  of  Oongrees  to  be  used  for  any  purpose  not  authorized  by 

}ytr\j  completed  and  the  Government  in  the  Oonstitution  ana  laws." 

'3>1  posesMon  of  the  funds  and  powers  to  Mr.  Edmunds :  ^*  That  states  it  exactly." 

yn  into  execution  the  laws  upon  the  statute-  Mr.  Eirkwood :  *^  There  is  no  dispute  about 

^'^>^''  that  in  the  Senate;    but,  without  ourselves 

Mr.  Eirkwood,  of  Iowa,  said :    "  I  wish  to  agreeing  upon  the  circumstances  under  which 

*?  a  word.    When  the  idea  of  amending  this  the  army  may  be  lawfully  used,  differing  as 

'H  w  as  to  prohibit  the  use  of  the  army  for  widely  as  the  poles  as  to  the  purposes  for 

Q;  parpose  not  authorized  by  the  Oonstitution  which  the  army  may  be  lawfully  used,  we  un- 

23^1  the  laws  wais  suggested  to  me,  it  appeared  dertake  by  this  section  to  say  that  if  the 

t'ai«  to  be  so  self-evident  a  proposition  that  I  ofScers  of  the  army  take  the  views  of  one  set 

tioijbt  it  could  not  be  objectea  to.    No  man  of   Senators,  they  shall  be  subjected  to  the 

feruiialj  would  object  to  the  use  of  the  army  penitentiary  or  to  a  fine.    I  repeat  the  oues- 

*''  parpodes  authorized  by  the  Oonstitution  tion,  Is  that  fair  to  these  men  ?     Should  we 

~i  the  hiwa,  and  no  man  ought  to  want  the  not  go  to  work  and  define  clearly  and  unmis- 

yar  to  be  used  for  purposes  not  authorized  takably  the  purposes  for  which  the  army  may 

'J  the  Ooostitution  and  the  laws.    But  the  be  lawfully  used,  before  we  say  that  if  the 

•.'n^'don  here  has  developed  this  condition  officer  allows  himself  to  be  used  for  a  particn- 

tfnirs:  Senators  upon  both  sides  of  the  lar  purpose,  he  maybe  sent  to  the  peniten- 

'•^Tiber  differ  widely  as  to  the  purooses  for  tiary  for  doing  so  ? " 

•-Jcb  the  army  may  be  lawfully  used.    Some  Mr.  Bayard :    "  May  I    ask  my  honorable 

y^xon  insist  that  it  may  be  lawfully  used  by  friend,  is  there  any  citizen  of  the  United  States, 

^uTsbila,  by  revenue  agents,  as  a  posse  comi-  whether  in  the  naval  or  military  branch  of  the 

'>£^  to  aid  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  du-  service  or  in  civil  life,  who  does  not  commit 

'  *^  tad  to  put  down  opposition  to  the  law.  any  act  at  the  peril  of  its  being  lawful  or  not? 

"!'i;Y  Senators  say  this  can  not  be  done.    This  Is  it  not  plain  that  constantly  officers  of  the 

Y^*>n  provides  in  substance  that  if  an  officer  law  are  called    upon  to  execute  the  laws  ? 

''•'«  army  shall  permit  the  men  under  his  There  are  things  they  may  lawfully  do  and 

inland  to  be  nsea,  and  shall  himself  be  used,  things  they  may  not  do,  but  every  officer  is  at 

''M%  marshal  or  to  aid  a  revenue  officer,  he  his  peril,  looking  at  the  statute  to  find  author- 

-  ^'  b«  subject  to  a  fine  of  $10,000,  or  impris-  ity  there  for  his  act.    In  the  present  case  there 

^^nt  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  both,  if  is  no  Jeopardy  in  which  the  soldier  stands  so 

•s  eonrt  shall  determine  that  the  views  of  long  as  he  keeps  within  the  pale  of  the  Oon- 

^'  set  of  Senators  are  right  and  the  views  of  stitution  and  the  laws.     There  is  no  more 


200  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

ezpreasly  aathoiixed  by  the  Constitution  or  by  aot  shall  be  aboat  to  seize  an  illicit  distillerj,  and 

of  Congreas.  1,^  jg  resisted,  where  is  the  force  to  come  from 

'*  In  the  first  place,  I  call  your  attention  to  to  aid  him  in  the  execution  of  that  law  in  that 

the  limitation  to  ^such  oases  and  under  such  behalf?    The  answer  b  jast  as  simple  as  it 

circumstances  as  such  employment  may  be  an-  would  be  if  you  were  to  put  the  lilse  case  of  a 

thorized  by  an  act  of  Congress.'     Taking*  it  sheriff  in  a  State.    It  is  not  to  anply  for  tie 

literally,  you  must  have  an  act  of  Congress  army ;  it  is  not  to  call  in  the  aia  of  the  sol- 

that  seems  to  provide  for  that  very  case,  that  diery  by  application  to  the  President  or  any 

shall  say  in  terms  that  the  marshal  or  Presi-  other  authority ;  but  it  is  to  call  in  the  aid  of 

dent,  as  the  case  may  be,  when  a  process  is  the  posse  comitatus,  the  people  around  biin, 

issued,  from  a  particular  court  and  in  a  particn-  every  citizen,  everybody  liable  to  do  public 

lar  instance,  may  call  upon  the  power  of  the  duty  at  all.    The  people,  the  posse  comitatos, 

United  States  organized  into  the  form  of  a  re-  are  as  much  bound  to  respond  to  him,  to  aid 

sponsible  army,  or  else  he  can  not  call  under  him,  as  to  aid  a  sheriff  in  the  execution  of 

tnis  section  at  all.  State  process,  in  the  collection  of  State  taxes 

*^  Then  here  is  another  phrase :  — ^JQst  the  same,  and  on  the  same  principle.^* 

May  be  expresaly  authorized  by  act  of  Congresa.  ti^^  j^^Xre  r^^  ^"^  ^^°''^''''  ^"^""'^  "^  '*°''' 

*'That  is  a  term  of  the  future;  and  in  a  Mr.  Merrimon:  "Yes,  and  I  will  answer  it 

criminal  case,  construing  a  criminal  statute  if  I  can.*' 

strictly,  it  might  be  said  with  a  great  deal  of  Mr.  Blaine :   "  The  case  the  Senator  from 

force  that,  until  you  can  get  a  new  act  of  Con-  California  referred  to  (the  sixth  volume  of  the 

gress  which  authorizes  it,  you  have  no  author-  'Opinions  of  the  Attorneys  -  General '  con- 

ity  at  all,  however  many  there  may  be  of  the  taining  the  opinion)  was  a  case  of  the  arrest 

old  statutes.  of  a  fugitive  slave,  where  the  marshal  sum- 

"  I  am  going  to  vote  to  strike  out  this  whole  moned  the  posse  comitatus,  and  the  posse 

thing.   In  a  government  of  law,  where  we  have  comitatus  was  all  against  him;  the  bystanders 

organized  a  body  of  men  whose  business  it  ia,  were  against  him ;  and  then  he  said  he  bad  a 

under  a  constitutional  commander  and  in  a  case  right  to  call  in  that  part  of  the  posse  comita- 

where  the  law  authorizes  it,  to  apply  the  power  tus  located  there  in  the  army  of  the  United 

of  the  will  of  the  people  in  the  execution  of  States  that  would  not  be  against  him.    Now  1 

the  law,  I  do  not  propose  for  one  to  emascu-  ask  the   Senator  from   North  Carolina  this 

late  that  authority."  ouestion :   If  you  attempt  to  seize  an  illicit 

Mr.  Merrimon,  of  North  Carolina,  said:  *^Mr.  distillery,  and  all  the  surrounding  population 

President,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  argument  feel  in  regard  to  that  illicit  distillery  —  and 

of  the  Senator  from  Vermont  (Mr.  Edmunds)  there  are  some  parts  of  this  country  where 

particularly,  and  I  nuiy  say  the  arguments  they  do  feel  a  good  deal  that  way — just  as  the 

generally  on  that  side  of  the  House,  proceed  people  of  Boston  did  about  the  arrest  of  fngi- 

Tipon  the  false  notion  that  the  laws  of  the  tive  slaves,  so  that  when  you  call  the  posse 

United  States  are  to  be  executed,  whenever  comitatus  they  are  on  the  side  of  the  illicit 

physical  force  is  necessary  to  that  end,  by  the  distiller,  what  will  you  do  then  ? " 

use  of  the  army.     That  is  a  great  mistake.  Mr.  Merrimon :  "  Do  as  in  the  case  of  the 

The  people  of  this  country  are  citizens  of  the  whisky  insurrection  in  western  Pennsylvania.'^ 

United  States,  and,  whether  they  live  in  one  Mr.  Blaine :  '^  The  troops  were  called  in." 

place  or  another,  they  are  as  much  bound  to  Mr.  Merrimon :  *^  Of  course,  but  not  at  once, 

join  in  the  execution  of  the  laws  of  the  United  Not  until  civil  remedy  after  civil  remedy  was 

States  as  they  are  the  laws  of  the  States  in  exhausted,  not  until  after  a  proclamation  was 

which  they  live.    By  possibility  there  can  not  issued  in  pursuance  of  the  laws  of  the  United 

be  any  conflict,  in  contemplation  of  the  Con-  States,  were  the  military  called  to  aid  in  en- 

Btitution,  between  the  laws  of  a  State  and  of  forcing  the  law." 

the  United  States.    This  vast  machinery  of  Mr.  Blaine :  "  Then  the  Senator  from  North 

government,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  harmonious  Carolina  would  have  the  President  issue  a  great 

in  contemplation  of  law ;  each  part  is  without  proclamation  every  time  an  illicit  distillery  was 

conflict  with  the  other,  and  each  is  in  bar-  to  be  seized." 

mony  with  the  other.  It  is  as  much  the  duty  Mr.  Merrimon :  '^  No,  sir ;  when  we  pro- 
of a  magistrate  of  a  State,  a  Justice  of  the  ceed  according  to  the  Constitution  and  the 
peace,  or  a  judge  or  the  Governor  or  any  offi-  laws  it  will  be  very  seldom  in  this  country 
cer  of  a  State  Government,  to  enforce  the  laws  when  such  power  will  have  to  be  employed. 
of  the  United  States  as  to  enforce  the  laws  of  I  have  not  neard  of  any  case,  putting  aside 
the  State  in  which  they  live  and  of  which  they  the  late  war,  where  the  American  people  (un- 
are  the  immediate  officers.  The  laws  of  the  less  perhaps  the  exception  the  Senator  has  just 
United  States  are  the  laws  of  the  people  every-  mentioned  in  Boston)  failed  to  aid  the  mar- 
where,  and  in  the  same  measure.  shal  in  doing  his  office  when  ihey  were  prop- 

*^  Take  the  case  put  by  the  Senator  from  erly  called  upon  to  do  it.    The  American  peo- 

Maine  (Mr.  Blaine)  a  while  ago,  in  which  he  pie  are  for  the  most  part  law-abiding ;  the 

said,  suppose  that  a  collector  of  internal  revenue  laws  are  their  laws,  and  they  are  willing  to  aid 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  201 

in  the  exdoation  of  these  laws.    This  is  a  gov-  Mr.  Merrimon :  *'  Bat  this  section  has  heen 

emmeot  of  the  people  and  not  of  force.    The  amended  so  as  to  insert  the  words  ^  or  by  the 

ovahai  in  North  Carolina  can  command  the  Constitution.'    Here  is  the  act  of  Congress ; 

pgverof  the  county  jnst  as  the  sheriff  com-  y on  will  find  it  under  the  head  of  *  Insurrection,' 

muds  the  power  of  the  county,  and  that  is  title  69  in  the  Revised  Statutes,  page  1084.^' 

ihe  way  the  law  directs  it  shall  be  done.   Why,  Mr.  Hill,  of  Georgia,  said :  ^  '*  Mr.  President,  I 

sir,  I  undertake  to  say  that  Congress  has  no  think  if  the  Senate  would  do  itself  the  justice  to 

f-ower  to  invest  the  marshal  with  authority  to  suppress  very  unnecessary  partisan  feelings  in 

ii«  the  army  to  enforce  the  process  of  the  law,  this  matter,  this  discussion  would  not  he  without 

lai  I  respectfully  challenge  any  Senator  to  great  benefit.    So  far  as  I  am  concerned,  there 

point  me  to  such  authority.  might  have  been  a  time  when  I  would  have 

^The  fact  that  statutes  have  been  passed  felt  great  interest  in  this  proposed  law  in  its 

that  aotborize  or  seem  to  authorize  it  does  not  practical  effect  in  the  country  in  which  I  live. 

Beeessarily  imply  that  they  harmonize  with  the  That  time  has  passed. by,  and  I  feel  no  other 

CoQstitQtion.    Such  statutes,  if  they  are  made,  interest  in  it  now  than  such  as  every  American 

ire  Toid.    It  waa  never  known,  never  contend-  citizen  ou^ht  to  feel.   I  can  not  understand  why 

ed  for  in  this  country,  until  the  dangerous  and  any  American  citizen  ought  to  feel  any  interest 

trooblesome  times  that  we  have  fallen  upon  of  in  it  other  than  to  see  to  it  that  the  proper  dis- 

Ute,  that  such  power  was  claimed  or  exercised,  tinctions  between  the  use  of  the  army  and  the 

Tbe  army,  under  the  Constitution,  is  not  to  bo  use  of  civil  power  should  be  kept  before  the 

ibed  for  the  purpose  of  executing  the  law  in  people  and  kept  before  ns  all. 

the  ordinary  sense  of  executing  the  law.    It  *^I  should  like  the  section  better  if  the  words 

ein  only  be  called  into  active  service  for  the  '  as  a  posse  comitatus  or  otherwise '  were  strick- 

parpose  of  suppressing   insurrection,   where  en  out  altogether.    I  say  to  my  friend  from 

tbere  is  organized  resistance  against  the  Gov-  North  Carolina,  for  I  see  he  has  a  very  clear 

ttument  m  the  execution  of  the  law ;  and  then,  and  I  think  a  very  correct  idea  of  it,  that  I 

i<  my  fnend  from  Pennsylvania  suggests,  the  think  the  use  of  the  words  *  as  a  posse  comita- 

f  )rms  of  the  law  must  be  strictly  observed,  as  tus '  is  wrong,  because  they  imply  the  idea  that 

tiiej  were  observed  by  the  President  when  the  the  army  can  be  used  as  a  posse  comitatus." 

armr  was  used  to  suppress  the  whisky  insur-  Mr.  Merrimon :  ^^  Whereas  it  can  not." 

u:\ioii  in  western  Pennsylvania.    Last  sum-  Mr.  Hill :  **  Tes,  whereas  it  can  not.    The 

Qdf  wd  had  an  illustration  in  two  or  three  section  provides  that — 

^tites^  where  there  were  strikes  of  great  mag-  From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  not  be 

aitode,  of  the  use  of  the  army  to  suppress  gen-  lawful  to  employ  any  part  of  the  army  of  the  United 

tfil  reastanoe  to  the  law  and  authority.    The  States  as  a  posse  comitatus. 

tnny  was  oalied  in  then  promptly,  but  only  on  **  That  implies  that  heretofore  it  was  lawful 

doe  application  to  the  President  by  the  proper  to  employ  the  army  as  a  posse  convitatus.    Now 

^^  authorities;  and  even  then  many  wise  I  lay  down  the  broad  proposition  that  ike 

eitizdm  of  this  country  thought  the  army  was  army  can  not  be  employed  as  a  posse  comi- 

<^ed  for  when  it  ought  not  to  have  been,  tatus.    It  never  was  intended  to  be  employed 

The  urmy  was  not  used  then  until  civil  power  as  a  posse  comitatus.    A  posse  comitatus  is  a 

WIS  exhausted — not  nntil  the  forms  of  law  wholly  different  thing  from  an  army ;  it  is 

Were  complied  with,  until  application  waa  duly  different  in  every  respect  from  an  army;  it  is 

Qide  to  the  President  to  use  the  army  in  sup-  difierent  in  England,  different  in  America,  dif- 

pre&iing  such  insurrectionary  and  lawless  move-  ferent  in  every  free  country,  from  an  army; 

Dttnts;  and,  as  a  friend  suggests,  the  amend-  and  the  idea  of  making  a  posse  comitatus  of  the 

i&«&t  now  pending,  although  I  did  not  mean  army,  or  any  part  of  the  army  as  such,  is  itself 

to  advert  to  it  at  this  moment,  does  not  pre-  an  absurdity.    It  never  was  lawful,  it  never 

vent  the  use  of  the  army  for  such  purposes;  will  be  lawful,  to  employ  the  army  as  a  posse 

oa  the  contrary,  it  provides  expressly  for  the  comitatus  until  you  destroy  the  distinction  be- 

lUdof  the  army  iu  f^uch  oases."  tween  the  civil  power  and  the  military  power 

Mr.  Edmunds :  *'  How  does  it  provide  ox-  in  this  conntry.    If  I  may  use  a  sort  of  para- 

Pf^j  for  the  use  of  the  army  in  such  cases  ?"  doxical  term,  I  would  say  that  the  posse  comi- 

Mr.  Merrimon :  *^  It  provides  expressly  in  this :  tatus  might  be  considered  as  the  military  arm 

From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  ^f.,!^®  ^^^^j^  power;  that  the  purpose  of  the 

B?(  be  lawfal  to  employ  any  part  of  the  army  of  the  miUtary  when  called  out  m  such  a  case  is  to 

t Sited  States  as  a  posse  comitatus,  or  otherwise,  do  that  which  the  civil  power  can  not  do  in 

Mlcr  the  pretext  or  for  the  purpose  of  executmg  its  character  as  a  civil  power.    The  posse  comi- 

r*~  tatus  belongs  to  the  civU  power  and  not  to  the 

">ow  see  the  exception —  military." 

•^^insQch  cases  and  under  such  ciroumBtances  Mr.  Edmunds:    "But,  if  I  may  inquire  of 

!!,f^  employment  of  said  force  may  be  expressly  the  Senator,  with  his  permission,  is  not  the 

•-.tomed  by  act  of  Congress."  ^^  comitatus  the  whole  body  of  citizens  who 

Mr.  Edmunds :  "  Where  is  the  act  of  Con-  are  within  the  reach  of  the  sheriff  or  the  mar- 

pe«  that  yon  say  authorizes  it  ?    What  is  an-  shal  ? " 

'^«>riwi ! »'  Mr.  HiU :  "  Unquestionably." 


208  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Kernan :  **  Will  the  Senator  allow  me  command  of  his  gnperior  officer,  even  be  liable 

to  put  him  a  qaestion  ?"  to  a  penalty ;  the  act  might  be  thron|^h  a  mi^ 

Mr.  McMillan :  **  Oertainlj."  take  even,  and  the  penalty  would  be  incurred. 

Mr.  Kernan :  "  Does  he  mean  to  argue  that  As  I  said,  a  judicial  officer  of  the  Government 
soldiers  and  officers  should  be  above  being  may  make  a  mistake  in  his  decision,  and  w  hat- 
indicted  and  punished  if  they  violate  the  law  ?  *'  ever  the  consequences  of  the  mistake  may  be, 

Mr.  McMillan :  **  I  mean  that  the  present  you  never  think  of  applying  a  penalty  to  a  ju- 
punishments  which  can  be  visited  upon  soldiers  dicial  officer  for  a  mistake  of  that  kind." 
and  officers  of  the  army  of  the  United  States  Mr.  Bayard :  **  The  honorable  Senator  from 
are  sufficient ;  that  any  further  punishments,  Minnesota  recognizes  as  well  as  I  how  essential 
or  such  punishments  as  are  provided  for  in  this  is  the  doctrine  that  ignorance  of  the  law  ex- 
section,  would  operate  to  injure  the  Govern-  cuses  no  man.  No  man  can  find  authority 
ment  and  destroy  the  effective  force  of  its  army,  under  a  void  warrant;  no  man  can  be  shel- 
and  it  is  a  dangerous  principle  to  incorporate  tered  behind  an  unlawful  authority.  He  must 
into  the  laws  of  the  country."  act,  and  we  all  act,  at  our  peril.    In  executing 

Mr.  Bayard :   "  Mr.  President,  it  seems  to  any  duty,  in  the  claiming  of  our  civil  rights, 

me  that  the  result  of  the  argument  of  the  hon-  claiming  our  political  rights,  in  all  matters  we 

orable  Senator  from  Minnesotii  (Mr.  McMillan)  act  under  the  supposed  authority  of  the  law; 

would  go  to  this  extent,  that  an  officer  in  charge  and  yet,  men  have  innocently  been  guilty  of 

of  any  military  movement  would  be  beyond  trespass,  men  have  innocently  violated  law; 

the  reach  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  United  States,  but  that  does  not  prevent  the  law  from  stand- 

because  forsooth  the  judge  before  whom  the  ing,  and  the  violator  from  paying  the  penalty, 

case  was  to  be  tried  might  be  mistaken  as  to  whatever  it  may  be.    But  the  question  of  the 

the  law,  or  might  find  him  guilty."  gnilty  intent  is  a  question  that  by  the  very 

Mr.  McMillan :  *'  If  the  Senator  will  allow  spirit  of  our  law  requires  to  be  found.    There 

me  to  answer  his  suggestion,  I  adduced  that  can  scarcely  be  an  innocent  breach  of  a  penal 

argument  to  show  that  you  were  applying  here  law.    I  apprehend  that  every  indictment  must 

to  the  army  of  the  United  States  a  principle  contain  the  elements  of  the  criminal  icienter; 

that  you  would  not  think  of  applying  to  the  otherwise  the  indictment  would  be  dismissed. 

Judicial  branch  of  the  Government."  It  must  be  knowingly  and  willfully,  or  it  must 

Mr.  Bayard :  "  Mr.  President,  I  should  like  be  erroneonsly  or  m^icionsly,  according  to  the 

to  show  here  that  in  section  5629  of  the  Re-  act  charged." 

vised  Statutes  there  is  provision :  Mr.  McMillan :  ^*  Is  the  Senator  willing  to 

Every  ofllcer  or  other  person  in  the  military  or  admit  an  amendment  of  that  character,  making 

naval  aervice,  who,  by  force,  threat,  intimidation,  gnch  a  declaration  as  that,  in  the  section?" 

order,  advice,  or  otherwise,  prevents,  or  attempts  Hj..  Bayard  :  "  Nothing  of  the  kind  is  found 

to  prevent,  any  qualified  voter  of  any  State  from  •     ^al^-  t,«-.^i  „4.«*„4.^- .  Kr.*  ;*  ;<.  <i^^n;.A^  ;» 

freely  exercising  tlie  right  of  suffrage  at  any  general  i?  ^^^^^  5«»?J  statutes ;  but  it  is  required  m 

or  special  election  in  such  State,  shall  be  fined  not  the  very  draft  of  an  indictment  to  present  a 

more  than  $6,000,  and  imprisoned  at  bard  labor  not  man  for  a  crime.    This  section  is  drawn  in  the 

more  than  five  years.  usual  form  of  laws  on  this  subject,  and  there 

*'  There  is  an  offense  denounced  against  any  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  stand  in  its 

officer  in  the  military  service  who  does  this  present  form." 

thing,  and  yet  he  may  be  upon  the  eve  of  very  Mr.  McMillan :  **  Still  the  objection  applies 

important  military  movements  at  the  time  the  to  the  statute,  and  the  further  objection  that 

indictment  is  found  against  him,  or  at  the  time  yon  place  within  the  power  of  any  citizen  here 

the  trial  comes  off.  But  it  seems  tq  me  scarcely  the  right  to  interfere  with  an  officer  in  the  per- 

worth  while  to  illustrate  the  principle  that  no  formance  of  his  duty  in  a  manner  which  may 

man  before  to-day  to  my  knowledge  has  ever  result  in  its  defeat." 

denied,  which  is  that  every  resident  of  this  Mr.  Bayard:  **  No  more  than  an  interference 

country,  official  or  unofficial,  civil  or  military,  is  allowed  by  existing  laws." 

is  subiect  to  the  law  of  the  land ;  and  for  every  Mr.  McMillan :  ^^  You  provide  a  remedy  \p 

breach  of  that  law  such  penalties  as  are  therein  instituting  a  process  which  does  not  exist  m 

described  shall  be  visited  against  him,  no  nist-  the  law  now,  because  you  have  not  the  pro- 

ter  what  may  be  his  occupation  or  his  position  ceeding  of  indictment  in  cases  of  this  kind, 

nnder  the  Government.  If  you  had,  then  why  assert  it  here?    If  yon 

^*I  really  think  the  honorable  Senator  is  have  the  remedy  which  this  section  provides, 

conjuring  up  difficulties  that  are  not  fairly  sup-  why  re^nact  it  ?   If  you  have  not,  then  you  do 

posable,  and  imputing  to  this  section  inten-  introduce  the  evils  to  which  I  have  referred." 

tions  and  influences  which  are  not  only  tot^dly  Mr.  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  said :  *^  I  should 

foreign  from  it,  but  which  are  absolutely  im-  like  to  put  to  the  Senator  from  Delaware  again 

possible  under  it."  the  question  just  put  to  him  by  the  Senator 

Mr.  McMillan  :    "  But  if  the  Senator  will  from  Minnesota,  because  the  answer  to  it  did 

allow  roe  to  call  his  attention  to  the  section,  not  satisfy  me  what  his  real  opinion  was.    I 

an  officer  performing  any  of  the  acts  which  understand  the  Senator  from  Delaware  now 

would  come  within  the  provisions  of  it  might  to  say,  in  answer  to  the  criticism  npon  this 

without  any  intention  to  violate  law,  under  the  section  that  it  would  condemn  the  officers  of 


CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES.  209 

th^vmyfor  ▼ioIatioDfl  of  law  where  they  had  party  errs  with  Imowledge  that  he  is  violating 

eienued  their  discretion  and  had  exercised  it  law  I    I  understand,  when  that  question  is  re- 

TTong,  that  he  does  not  claim  that  they  ought  peated,  the  Senator  from  Delaware  abandons 

to  be  connoted  and  punished  under  this  sec-  that  ground  and  desires  to  have  the  army  pun- 

DoQ  onless  their  violation  of  law  was  knowing  ished  at  its  peril." 

sfld willful;  that  it  would  require  the icienter,  Mr.  McMillan:   "The  Senator  says  that  a 

Kov  I  wish  to  ask  him  again,  is  he  willing  to  soldier  of  the  army  and  a  citizen  of  the  United 

pit  that  into  the  section ;  to  say  *  whoever  States  are  both  bound  to  know  the  law,  and 

TiUfdly  and  knowing  that  it  is  in  violation  that  they  are  both  in  the  same  position  with 

of  the  law  shall,'  etc.  ?    That  will  test  the  relation  to  their  obedience  to  it.    The  Senator 

tiiiDg.'*  in  that  is  mistaken,  as  I  apprehend.    The  sol- 

Xr.  Bajard :  **  Mr.  President,  I  hold  that  dier  as  a  soldier  is  under  obligation  to  his  su- 

bifore  the  laws  of  the  United  States  a  soldier  perior  officer ;  he  is  bound  to  obey  him ;  and 

w  driliaa  stands  precisely  on  the  same  level,  if  he  resists,  be  does  it  at  the  rii«k  of  punish- 

ad  that  either  acta  at  his  peril ;  and  that  there  ment  by  a  court-martial.    He  can  not  act  f^om 

Bfio  plea  of  any  kind  of  ignorance  of  the  law,  choice." 

or  mistake  of  the  law,  that  would  not  avail  a  Mr.  Blaine :  *^  He  may  be  shot." 
drifiaa  as  much  as  a  soldier,  or  a  soldier  as  Mr.  McMillan:  "  He  may  be  shot,  as  is  sug- 
QRieh  aa  a  civUian,  or  that  would  avail  either  gested,  as  part  of  that  penalty.  The  citizen  is 
of  them  one  jot  or  one  tittle."  at  liberty  to  obey  the  law  or  refuse  to  obey  it 
Mr.  Hoar :  ^*  That  is  a  very  different  answer  without  incurring  any  penalty ;  and  he  has  but 
from  the  answer  which  the  Senator  from  Dela-  one  duty  that  is  single,  always  to  be  appre- 
vire  gave  to  the  Senator  from  Minnesota  Just  bended— obedience  to  the  law." 
aow."  Mr.  Bayard:  "Mr.  President,  I  should  ex- 
Mr.  Bayard :  **  Well,  Mr.  President,  the  hon-  press  my  astonishment,  if  it  were  not  rather 
onble  Senator  asked  me  for  my  answer:  I  gave  late,  at  what  I  hear.  The  Senator  from  Min- 
c.  If  he  desired  me  merely  to  make  tne  same  nesota  now  says,  and  I  understand  him  to  say 
uiwer,  it  was  unnecessary  to  ask.  I  have  not  it  with  the  approval  of  the  Senator  from  Mas- 
tbe  Dotes  of  the  reporter.  I  think  the  Senator  sachusetts,  that  a  member  of  the  army  of  the 
froQ  Massachusetts,  however,  must  have  mis-  United  States  by  becoming  subject  to  the  rules 
iiderBtood  me."  and  articles  of  war  is  absolved  from  his  obe- 

Mr.  Hoar :  ^  Now,  if  the  Senator  will  par-  dience  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States." 

4oB  me,  the  difference  is  a  difference  of  sub-  Mr.  McMillan :  '*  No  such  assertion  as  that 

ittsee.    The  Senator  from  Minnesota  urged  was  made  by  me." 

opoa  the  Smate  with  great  force  the  impro-  Mr.  Bayard :  '*  Let  me  state  the  proposition. 

Pfietf  of  sdeoting  one  branch,  those  of  our  I  will  state  the  Senator  as  I  heard  him,  as  I 

dauoiB  engaged  in  one  department  of  publio  comprehended  him ;  and  if  I  am  in  error,  I 

serrice,  and  not  merely  saying  that  this  or  that  shall  be  gladly  corrected,  for  I  have  no  other 

M  done  by  them  should  be  criminal,  but  say-  wish  than  to  understand  him  and  to  report  him 

Sin  one  sweeping  clause  that  whenever  they  fairly.    He  states  that  a  soldier  is  subieot  to 

as  an  army,  in  their  official  capacity,  an  the  rales  and  articles  of  war,  and  that  his  law 

Kt  not  aothonzed  by  law  or  by  the  Oonstitu-  is  the  articles  of  war,  so  that  if  he  disobeys  any 

tioD,  they  were  to  be  punished  by  fine  and  command  of  him  whom  by  the  articles  of  war 

iaprisonment.    That  is,  it  does  not  say  a  spe-  he  is  called  upon  to  obey,  and  he  must  obey 

ci&  act  shall  be  prohibited ;  it  says  that  all  him  blin^y.  he  may  be,  according  to  the  sug- 

wti  beyond  law  shall  be  punished  in  this  way.  gestion  of  tne  honorable  Senator  from  Maine, 

ToQ  can  not  find  another  instance  of  such  legis-  shot    My  answer  is  this,  that  where  a  soldier 

kion  in  this  country,  in  my  opinion.  is  subject  to  the  articles  of  war,  the  articles 

**  5ow,  then,  the  Senator  from  Minnesota  of  war  are  subject  to  the  law  of  the  land ;  and 

Kjs  yon  not  only  do  that,  but  you  do  it  to  that  he  does  not  cease  to  be  a  citizen  because 

p«noos  who  are  obliged  to  act  at  tiieir  peril,  he  enlists  in  the  army  of  the  United  States. 

iad  to  obey  the  orders  of  a  superior  on  pain  He  has  his  obligations  as  a  citizen  to  obey  the 

•*fpaoiahment,and  who  may  do  the  act  having  laws  of  his  country,  and  superadded  to  those 

'^  their  best  to  know  what  the  bounds  of  he  has  the  articles  of  war  that  compel  him  to 

^«  legal  duties  are,  and  having  honestly  obedience  to  his  military  superior ;  but  if  his 

«^.  to  which  the  Senator  from  Delaware  military  superiors  give  him  an  order  whicl 

ft^-ied,  *  Why,  of  oounie  the$eientery  the  guilty  transgresses  the  law  of  the  land,  and  if  undei 

powledge,  is  essential  to  their  being  punished.'  that  order  he  commits  either  trespass  or  a  crime, 

^  was  the  renly  which  I  should  have  expected  both  he  and  the  man  who  gave  the  order  will 

^^^n  the  leffai  learning  and  the  candor  of  that  answer  as  criminals  or  transgressors  at  the  bar 

*vsator.    Now  I  ask  him,  as  the  Senator  from  of  the  courts  of  the  country." 

Mmaesota  did,  if  that  be  the  opinion  of  the  Mr.  McMillan :  ''  Then,  if  the  Senator  will 

^tor  from  Delaware  as  to  what  is  just  and  allow  me  to  state  the  position  of  the  soldier, 

"i^t  and  righteous,  are  you  willing  to  ex-  it  is  this :  Here  is  a  command  from  a  superior 

H^a  that  in  your  law,  and  to  say  that  this  officer  which  he  is  bound  to  obey  at  the  peril 

puiahment  shall  only  be  inflicted  where  the  of  the  punishment  of  death  in  some  oases ;  he 

Vou  rnii. — 14    A 


210  CONGRESS,  UIOTED  STATES. 

has  on  the  other  hand  the  oommand  of  the  language  of  the  laws  on  these  sahjecte.    There 

civil  law,  which  pronounces  a  penalty  against  is  nodonht  ahont  that, 
him  if  he  does  the  act.    Now  which  is  he  to        ^^  I  merely  reiterate  what  I  said  before,  that  I 

obey  f   There  he  is.    He  is  commanded  to  per-  regard  the  declaration  of  this  section  as  yery 

form  an  act  which  may  be  essential  to  the  sal-  little  more  than  a  tmism  which  I  am  not  pre- 

vation  of  the  conntry  or  some  of  its  interests,  pared  to  hear  denied.    The  assent  to  it  wonld 

He  is  to  determine  whether  he  will  incur  the  lead  us  to  an  agreement  with  the  House  and 

penalty  of  the  court-martial  or  the  penalty  of  the  passage  of  this  bill  without  delay.    I  pro- 

the  law,  and  he  is  to  decide  that  on  the  instant  pose  that  that  should  be  accomplished.    I  of- 

of  action,  witiiout  any  opportunity  of  ezamin-  fered  an  amendment  striking  from  the  propo- 

ing  ^e  law,  under  the  circumstances  not  within  sition  of  the  House  certain  language  that  was 

his  reach."  considered  objectionable  by  certain  gentlemen 

Mr.  Bayard :    ^'  The  ultimate   question   is  in  the  Senate.     After  that  was  passed  the  na- 

whether  he  liyes  under  a  government  of  laws  ked  proposition  was  this,  that  the  army  of  the 

or  not ;  because  if  his  military  superior  orders  United  States  was  the  creature  of  the  Consti- 

him  to  do  an  act  in  violation  of  the  law  of  the  tution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  that  it 

land,  then  he  is  guilty  who  executes  it,  and  he  should  not  be  used  except  in  accordance  with 

is  guilty  who  compels  its  execution ;  and  if  a  the  laws  of  its  being,  ana  that  he  who  used  it 

soldier  were  shot  by  his  military  superior  be-  otherwise  than  the  law  and  the  Constitution 

cause  he  did  not  obey  an  order  which  would  permitted  should  be  answerable.    That  was  alL 

have  led  to  a  violation  of  the  law  of  the  land,  That  is  what  the  section  means.    To  that  I 

tliat  military  superior  himself  will  pay  the  can  express  no  dissent    Whether  I  should 

penalty  of  murder  before  the  laws  of  the  coun-  originally  have  desired  to  have  a  reaffirmation 

try  for  doing  it."  of  that  proposition  is  a  different  thing ;  but  the 

Mr.  McMman :  *'  Would  that  bring  the  sol-  other  branch  of  Congress  have  seen  fit  to  affirm 

dier  back  to  life? "  it    I  am  not  to  deny  it    On  the  contrary,  I 

Mr.  Bayard :  '*  Not  in  the  least.    The  soldier  g^ve  it  my  hearty  assent;  and  the  question  is 

has  his  peril  for  the  mistaken  act  of  his  supe-  simply,  as  a  practical  measure,  whether  we 

rior ;  and  the  superior  has  his  peril  in  meeting  shall  have  this  bone  of  contention  removed 

the  law  which  he  has  defied."  from  the  opinions  of  the  two  Houses^  or  wheth- 

Mr.  McMillan :  "  Then  the  Senator  will  ob-  er  we  shall  have  it  with  this  modification  in 

serve  the  importance  of  the  question  presented  such  manner  as  will  be  acceptable  to  all." 
here:  Will  you  insert  in  the  law  *  knowingly       Mr.  Christiancy,  of  Michigan,  said :  '^Whatl 

violate  the  provisions  of  this  section ' ?  WiU  wish  to  say  is,  that  all  this  controversy  about 

you  express  the  9cienterf    Will  you  require  the  liability  of  a  private  soldier  is  one  which 

that?    Or  wiU  you  permit  the  principle  to  ap-  does  not  arise  in  this  case,  and  the  discussion 

ply  that  from  the  very  performance  of  an  act  of  it  is  thrown  away.    If  there  is  anything 

in  violation  of  it  you  woidd  presume  the  un-  clear  under  this  bill,  it  is  that  it  does  apply  to 

lawful  intent,  when  the  unlawM  intent  might  the  President  of  the  United  States,  who  must 

not  exist  in  fact,  because  the  law  does  presume  initiate  all  orders  to  the  military,  and  on  the 

from  acts  in  violation  of  law  an  intent  to  vio-  other  hand  that  it  does  not  apply  to  the  private 

late  the  law  ?    Will  you  insert  in  this  section  soldier.    The  private  soldier  certainly  does  not 

that  which  will  expressly  prevent  any  such  employ  the  army  of  the  United  States  in  any 

construction  f  "  instance.    The  language  can  not  apply  to  him. 

Mr.  Bayard :  "Well,  Mr.  President  I  will  On  the  other  hand,  I  do  not  wholly  agree,  as 

follow  in  respect  of  this  law,  of  which  I  may  at  present  advised,  for  I  have  not  careMy 

say  I  am  not  the  draushtsman,  the  language  looked  into  this  matter,  with  the  Senator  from 

and  provision  of  general  laws  on  the  same  sub-  Ohio  (Mr.  Matthews'),  who  holds  that  the  sec- 

Ject  that  have  been  on  the  statute-book  for  tion  as  it  now  stands  would  apply  to  nobody 

many  years,  and  here  I  have  them  before  me.  but  the  President  of  the  United  States.    I  think 

I  have  read  one ;  I  can  read  other  sections ;  sU  there  is  great  room  for  holding  that  it  would 

of  them  simply  declure  that  the  violation  of  the  apply  to  any  officer  in  command  of  a  post,  or 

act  in  question  shall  be  followed  by  punish-  in  conmiand  of  five,  or  ten,  or  fifteen  men. 

ment    That  is  all  that  is  declared  here."  The  language  is,  'from  and  after  the  passage 

Mr.  McMillan :  "  I  am  not  prepared  now  to  of  this  act  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  employ  any 

give  construction  to  &Q  the  acts  that  are  upon  part  of  the  army  of  the  United  States  as  a  posse 

the  statute-book.    I  only  have  to  reply  to  the  comitatus,*  etc.    I  think  there  is  great  room 

Senator  thus :  We  are  called  upon  now  to  en-  for  contending  that  the  particular  officer  in 

act  a  statute ;  and  if  we  do  so,  we  ought  to  command  of  a  detachment  might  render  him- 

insert  the  safeguards  in  it  which  should  be  in-  self  liable  under  that  language." 
eerted.    If  there  are  statutes  in  existence  which       Mr.  Conkling,  of  New  York,  said :  "  Would  it 

do  not  contain  them,  they  should  be  immedi-  not  include  also  a  marshal,  for  example,  who 

ately  repeided  or  amended."  summoned  any  part  of  the  army,  that  is,  of  the 

Mr.  Bayard :  "  The  Senator  will  find  himself  enlisted  men  in  the  army,  to  act  as  posse  ? " 
▼ery  busy  in  repealing  acts,  because  the  Ian-       Mr.  Christiancy :  "  It  is  barely  possible  that 

gnage  of  this  present  section  is  the  general  it  might;  but,  inasmuch  as  the  command  of 


OONGBESS,  UNITED  STATES.  .    211 

the  mflittfy  officer  most  be  givett  before  the  "  It  is  designed,  I  think  I  may  say — ^and  if 

ft:>ldier9oan  be  oBed,  it  is  possible  it  might  not.  that  be  not  parliamentary  because  imputing 

Upon  that  I  should  not  like  now  to  give  a  posi-  motive,  I  will  say  adapted — to  make  those 

tift  opinion."  who  vote  for  it  pat  a  cognovit  on  the  record, 

Mr.  Conkling:  "Is  even  that  tme?    Is  it  to  make  them  plead  in  sabstance  that  things 

true  thst  the  oommand  of  an  officer  is  neoes-  have  been  done  in  derogation  of  this  principle, 

Kj  to  jostify  or  require  citizens,  although  that  they  so  admit  that  they  regret  it,  and  that 

thej  maj  be  soldiers,  when  summoned  by  the  they  affirm  by  their  votes  that  the  time  has 

ppjper  officer,  the  marshal  for  example,  to  act  come  when  a  disapproval  ought  to  be  re- 

u  i  posse  oomitatus  f    I  think  the  very  re  verse  corded. 

Til  held  in  the  Philadelphia  cases ;  the  very  '*  Mr.  President,  I  am  not  sure  that  some- 

rererso  has  been  held  in  England  continually  where,  at  some  time,  some  man  in  the  army — 

fisoereijlong  before  the  Senator  or  I  knew  and  I  suppose  every  unit  is  a  part  of  the  army 

■ach  AboQt  jadicial  proceedings."  — has  not  done  that  which  I  wish  he  had  not 

Mr.  Chrifltiancy:  **The  Senator  may  be  en-  done.     I  will  not  stop  to  deny,  or  inquire 

tinlr  right  apon  that    That  is  a  point  which  whether  I  could  truly  deny,  that  any  part  of 

I  Ind  not  brought  my  mind  to  consider  at  all,  the  army  has  recently  done  that  which  is  rep- 

udtheroforelleave  that  tohim.    But  I  wish  rehenflible.     To  vote  for  the  provision  now 

to  aj  something  more  upon  the  ii^ustice  of  wonld,  however,  imply  that  some  special  occa- 

Vplringtbiskw  fixing  severe  penalties  to  sub-  sion  in  this  regard  has  arisen,  or  that  there  is 

ordioate  officers.    It  does  not  apply,  as  I  have  something  in  the  present  constitution  of  the 

^  to  privates,  but  to  subordinate  officers.  Government  alarmmg  in  this  respect.    I  shall 

Bcfe  ban  officer  in  command  of  twenty  men.  not  be  suspected,  Mr.  President,  of  being  too 

^7  be  is  a  second  lieutenant,  if  you  please,  partial  to  the  present  national  Administration. 

Hd  receives  an  order  which  has  come  down  I  am  not  credited  with  friendship  for  it ;  in- 

i^jOk  the  President  of  the  United  States  by  the  deed,  I  am  not  sure  that  I  have  credit  for  a 

vimrj  routine,  through  all  his  superior  of-  wish  to  judge  it  impartially  or  justly.   I  may  be 

fe«r&  It  19  regular  on  its  face.    He  is  placed  permitted  to  say,  however,  that  the  present  Ad- 

^b«Q  in  a  position,  according  to  the  Senator  ministration — and  I  speak  of  both  its  head  and 

^  Delawafe,  that  on  one  side  if  he  refuses  of  all  its  components---4ia8  never  to  my  knowl- 

ioobej  that  order  he  is  liable  to  court-martial  edge  given  evidence  of  any  intention  so  unob- 

ud  to  severe  penalties,  even  to  the  loss  of  life ;  servant  of  the  improper  nse  of  the  army  as  to 

oo  the  other,  if  the  Senator  from  Delaware  is  demand  from  any  Senator  a  penal  statute  by 

^  he  may  be  eaually  liable  under  this  act  way  of  menace.    If  the  head  of  any  adminis- 

(jfUring  obeyed  tne  order.    There  is  no  jua-  tration  in  ancient  or  in  modem  times  has  so 

^  in  a  proposition  of  this  kind,  whatever  conducted  himself  as  to  avoid  reasonable  sus- 

iQpc  there  may  be  in-  it ;  and  the  oonmion  picion  of  his  intention  to  do  that  which  this 

i»»  of  mankind  must  condemn  if  section  denounces,  I  think  I  may  say  the  head 

The  Presiding  Officer :  '*  The  question  is  on  of  the  present  A^inistration  has  so  conducted 

w  amendment  of  the  Oommittee  on  Appro-  himself ;  and  therefore  I  am  not  willing  to  vote 

putions  to  strike  out  the  section  as  amended."  even  for  truisms,  if  they  be  such,  which  seem 

Mr.  Conkling :   *'  Mr.  President,  this  is  an  to  imply  that  the  recent  past,  or  the  present, 

^^ple,  peculiar  perhaps,  but  not  solitary,  or  the  visible  future  have  in  them  that  which 

^1  qneation  beinff  presented  the  answer  to  snmmons  Congress  to  its  feet  to  invent  new 

^  might  be  understood  as  affirming  or  de-  and  heavier  denunciations  or  penalties  against 

*JQf  the  truth  of  the  statement  made,  and  in  those  who  attempt  to  trample  the  Constitution 

*^  that  supposition  would  be  erroneous  as  and  the  laws  under  foot  by  the  employment  of 

^^f^^  the  intention  of  those  giving  the  military  force. 

^^  To  state  myself  more  clearly,  I  will  say  "  I  hope,  Mr.  President^  that  no  Chief  Ma- 

j<f  Uhoold  be  sorry  to  seem  to  affirm  dis-  gistrate,  no  commander  of  the  army  and  navy, 

<^^ef  in  or  disrespect  for  the  import  of  this  will  ever  be  so  perverted  as  to  take  it  into  his 

*'^  Ab  it  is  amended,  although  I  think  head  that  he  has  a  right  to  nse  either  arm 

^  verbiage  might  be  improved   by  other  of  the  service  except  as  the  Constitution  and 

^"^Qgei,  on  an  appropriate  bill,  at  the  proper  laws  permit.    When  any  Chief  Magistrate  ever 

^ia  a  proper  manner,  implying  as  it  then  does  take  that  in  his  head,  if  at  that  time  I 

1^  nothing  beyond  its  term&  I  should  vote  have  any  position  of  power  or  responsibility,  I 

>?it.  I  can  not  conoeiye  that  tne  army  or  any  will  surely  vote  to  chastise  such  an  intention 

^  instrumentality  ot  representative  of  law  if  executed  by  an  act ;  but  I  do  not  feel  bound, 

^  order  should  ever  in  any  contingency  be  in  the  absence  of  any  summons  in  this  regard, 

^jed  except  in  observance  and  obedience  to  put  on  the  statute-book  such  a  denuncia- 

^ttutitotional  and  statutory  authority ;  and  tion.'' 

^^  I  can  not  read  this  lanj^age,  I  can  not  hear  The  Presiding  Officer :  *^  The  Secretary  will 

^TUQe  called  propounding  to  me  the  qnes-  call  the  roll  on  the  motion  to  strike  out.^^ 

^hov  I  vote  upon  it,  without  remembering  The  Secretary  proceeded  to  call  the  roll,  and 

^.^reeiating  the  implication,  I  might  say  the  result  waa  announced  as  follows : 

^iapQtation,  intended  by  it.  YBAa-MeBsrs.  Allison,  Anthony,  Blame,  Booth, 


212     .  CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Brace,  Bumside.  Cameron  of  Wiseonein,  Christian-  cnrred  in  and  a  committee  of  conference  re< 

ej,  Conkling,  Uamlin,  Hoar,  Howe,  Jones  of  Ne-  quested 

S^df4!teJlirtiwru11Ii.%^^^^^  ^''""'  A  co»n,ittee  of  conference  w«,  .ppointed 
l^ATs— Mesers.  Armatroug,  Builey,  Bamum,  Bay-  ^^  the  benate  amendmenta,  and  on  Juae  loth 
•rd,  Beok.  Butler,  Cockrell.  Coke,  Eaton,  Euatia.  Mr.  h^argent  reported  to  the  Senate  as  to  sec- 
Gordon,  Orover,  Hereford,  Hill,  Ingalls,  Jouea  of  tion  29 :  ^*  With  reference  to  the  provisions  of 
Florida,  Kernan,  Lamar,  McCreerv,  Maxev,  Merri-  ^jj^  y^m  inserted  by  the  House  prohibiting  ttie 
mon.  Plumb,  Samiom,  Sargent,  Teller,  VoorLeea,  „^  «<?  *i.^  «»r«^  ^kf^k  io  ^^^^i,.^  qo  fi«r.«f«-o 
Wallace,  White,  and  v5rithe?»-29.  ^^,,^^  "^®  w-my,  which  is  section  29,  Senators 
ABSEHT^Meaars.  Cameron  of  PennayWania,  Chaf-  will  remember  that  it  was  amended  m  the  ben- 
fee,  Conover,  Davis  of  Hlinoia,  Bavia  of  WeMt  Vir-  ate  80  as  to  Strike  ont  in  lines  8  and  4  the 
ffiniA,  Dawee,  Dennis,  Doraey,  Edmunda,  Ferry,  words  *  under  the  preteit  or ' ;  in  the  sixth  hne 

Patterson   Randolph, 'sauU bury    fihaion,  Spencer  the  seventh  line  the  words  'the  Constitution 

and  Thttrman--86.  or  by  *  were  inserted,  so  as  to  read  *  by  the 

_,_^^^            «««          ^  Constitution  or  by  act  of  Congress,*  and  the 

The  Preaidmg  Officer :  "  The  Senate  has  re-  penalty  was  stricken  from  the  bill.    We  found 

fosed  to  strike  ont  the  section.''  considerable  difficulty  in  agreeing  upon  this 

Mr.  Blaine :  "  I  move  to  amend  section  29  section,  but  the  modification  which  the  Senate 

of  the  bill  by  striking  out  all  after  the  word  had  made  in  it  made  it  possible  to  come  to  an 

*  section '  in  line  9 ;  that  is,  I  move  to  strike  understanding.    I  should  like  to  say  here  that 

oat  the  following  words :  it  is  my  firm  judgment,  after  the  experience  of 

And  any  person  willfully  and  knowinjfly  violat-  the  last  forty-eight  hours,  that  unlesa  the  Sen- 

ing  the  proviaions  of  this  aeotion  shall  be  deemed  ^te  had  made  the  duty  easy  for  the  committee 

guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  v.„  ^^^  «,,„^j<5^„*;^«  «ri,««k  u  *»o^^  :«  ♦i,-*  -«,.» 

Shall  be  punUhed  by  fine  not  exceeding  $10,000,  or  V  ^^?  modification  which  it  made  in  that  sec- 

imprisonment  not  exoeedinf?  two  years,  or  by  both  tion,  it  wouid  have  been  impossible  to  have 

such  fine  and  imprisonment."  come  to  any  agreement  on  the  Army  bill  with 

The  Presiding  Officer :  "  The  question  is  on  '*»«  ^^.«y«*j  .^«>°««  »^^^^  |f  controversy    I 

the  amendment  moved  by  the  Senator  from  ^  **'"^^^.J*  ^^l^^,^^^^  have  been  stnckeD 

Maine."  *"  ^^                      ^^^  stands,  the  House 

The  result  was  announced  as  follows :  ^^^1^,^  ^^»*  *J*^  X?^  '  under  the  pretext  or ' 

-        -,          .„.         .   ,,         „,  .       -,    ^,  should  go  out,  which  we  contended  were  in 

*a^^»— Measra.  Allison,  Anthony,  Blaine,  Booth,  ^^^  «„4.„,^  ^#  r«AflA-»*;««  ^^^^  ♦!.«  »v««*  ^a^Iw, 

Bruce,  Bumside,  Came^n  of  Wisconsin    Chris-  f  ^,«  nature  of  a  reflection  upon  the  past  admm. 

tianoyj:7onklinff,  Ferry,  Hamlin,  Hoar,  Howe,  In-  istration  of  the  Government,  and  we  could  not 

EUs,  Kellogg,  Mitchell.  Morrill,  Oglesbv,  Plumb,  consent  that  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  reflee- 

>llin8,  Sargent,  Saunders,  Teller,  Wadleigh,  ajtd  tion,  and  which  was  entirely  useless  for  any 

Windom--26.                        «.,      u       «tj-  practical  purpose,  should  remain  in  the  bill. 

„d^"B:rk"BXX'k;^?lffcSe;%.^Ju:"^^^^^  Ve  satisfied  *«»  by  oor  argument  that  that 

Qrover,  Hereford,  Hill,  Jonea  of  Florida,  Keman,  ought  to  be  done,  and  it  was  stricken  out 

Lamar, MoCreery. Maxey, MeiTimon, Kanaom, Voor-  **With  reference  to  the  word  'expressly' 

heea,  Wallaoe,  Whyte,  and  Withers— 84.     .    ^^  ^  we  restored  it  and  allowed  it  to  go  in,  so  that 

ABSXHi^Meaara.  Cameron  of  Pennaylvania,  Chaf-  ^i.     pmnlovment  nf  an«h  force  mnat  be 

fee,  Conover,  DavU  of  Hlinoia,  Davis  of  West  Vir-  ^^^  ^^®  employment  01  Bocn  lorce  musi  oe 

ginia,  Dawes,  Dennis,  Doraey,  Eiiton,  Edmunds,  expressly  authorized  by  the  Constitution  or  by 

Garland.  Harris,  Johnston,  Jones  of  Nevada,  Kirk-  act  of  Congress,  they  assentmg  that  the  words 

wood,  McDonald,  McMillan,  MoPherson,  Matthews,  ^  the  Constitution  or  by '  before  the  words  '  act 

Morgan,  Paddock,  Patterson,  Randolph,  Saulsbury,  of  Congress'  might  remain  in,  so  that  if  the 

Sharon,  Spencer,  and  Thurman-27.  p^^^^  ^^ises  under  either  the  Constitution  or 

So  the  amendment  was  agreed  to.  the  laws  it  may  be  exercised,  and  the  Exec- 

The  amendments  were  ordered  to  be  en-  utive  would  not  be  embarrassed  by  the  pro- 
grossed,  and  the  bill  to  be  read  a  third  time.  hibition  of  Congress  to  act  where  the  Consti- 

The  bill  was  read  the  third  time,  and  passed,  tution  requires  him  to  act ;  and  the  embarrass- 
ments would  not  have  the  effect  of  restraining 

In  the  House,  on  June  lOth,  Mr.  Hewitt,  of  the  action  of  an  upright  and  energetic  Exec- 
Kew  York,  said :  *'  I  ask  unanimous  consent  utive,  but  still  might  raise  a  question  which 
to  take  from  the  Speaker's  table  the  bill  (II.  he  would  desire  to  avoid  if  possible.  The  pen- 
B.  No.  4867)  making  appropriations  for  the  alty  remains  in  the  section  as  agreed  upon,  ex- 
support  of  the  army  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  cept  that  we  procured  that  the  word  *  will- 
June  80,  1879,  and  for  other  purposes.  The  fully'  should  be  put  in  before  tlie  word  'vio- 
bill  has  been  returned  from  the  Senate  with  lating';  so  that  it  reads : 
sundry  amendments,  and  I  desire  to  move  that  And  any  person  willfully  violating  the  provisions 
the  amendments  of  the  Senate  be  non-con-  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  gmliy  or  a  miade* 
cnrred  in  and  a  committee  of  conference  asked  °^^"or. 
for."  *<  Mr.  President,  that  is  the  report  of  the 

ThO'motion  was  agreed  to,  two  thirds  voting  committee  of  conference,  with  the  exception 

in  the  affirmative.  of  some  minor  matters  which  are  settled  in 

The  rules  were  accordingly  suspended,  and  accordance  with  the  general  principles  which 

the  amendments  of  the  Senate  were  non-con-  I  have  stated." 


00NGRE6S,  UNITED  STATES.  OONNECTIOUT.                213 

Tbe  report  was  concnired  in.  to  a  joint  oommittee.   Upon  that  Joint  oommit- 

lo  the  House,  on  the  same  day,  Mr.  Hewitt,  tee  there  are  to  be  five  members  of  the  House 

»f  Xew  York,  said :   **  When  the  conference  and  three  of  the  Senate.    Thej  are  also  em- 

tomniittee  upon  this  bill  met,  they  found  them-  powered  to  sit  during  the  recess,  take  testi- 

Bdres  in  opposition,  in  absolute  antagonism,  inouy,  and  mature  a  proper  report  and  scheme 

open  three  points :  First,  the  number  of  men  of  of  transfer,  if  they  shall  conclude  that  it  ought 

whieh  the  army  waste  be  composed ;  secondly,  to  be  made. 

the  question  of  the  immediate  reorganization  *^  But  these  are  all  minor  points  and  insignifi- 

of  the  arm  J ;  and  third,  the  transfer  of  the  In-  cant  questions  compared  with  the  great  prin- 

diaa  Borean  from  the  Interior  to  the  War  De-  ciple  which  was  incorporated  by  the  House  in 

pirtmeat.  the  bill  in  reference  to  the  use  of  the  army  in 

**  Now,  the  preponderance  of  votes  in  the  time  of  peace.    The  Senate  bad  already  con- 

Soiste  had  been  so  great  upon  these  three  ceded  what  they  called  and  what  we  might  ao- 

points  as  to  be  almost  overwhelming,  while  cept  as  the  principle ;  but  they  had  stricken  out 

tlw  ra^ority  in  the   House  on  those  three  the  penalty,  and  had  stricken  out  the  word 

points  was  very  narrow,  running  in  one  case  *  expressly,'  so  that  the  army  might  be  used  in 

dovn  to  fonr  votes.    We  were  confronted  then  all  cases  where  implied  authority  might  be  in- 

with  the  question  of  the  &ilnre  of  the  bill  on  ferred.    The  House  committee  planted  them- 

fB  attempt  to  reconcile  the  Houses  on  these  selves  firmly  upon  the  doctrine  that,  rather  than 

pointi^    The  failure  of  the  bill  would  not  have  yield  this  fiindamental  principle,  for  which  for 

reduced  the  army,  for  the  army  exists  now  by  three  years  this  House  had  struggled,  they 

Uw  to  the  number  of  thirty  thousand  men.  would  allow  the  bill  to  fail,  notwithstanding 

A  iailare  of  the  bill  would  therefore  have  the  reforms  which  we  had  secured ;  regarding 

praeticaUj  made  it  possible  to  have  an  in-  these  reforms  as  of  but  little  consequence  along- 

cresse  of  the  army.    Neither  would  the  fail-  side  the  great  principle  that  the  army  of  the 

ve  of  the  bill  have  secured  any  reorganiza-  United  States  in  time  of  peace  should  be  under 

tion.    Neither  would  it  have  transferred  the  the  control  of  Congress  and  obedient  to  its  laws. 

ladian  Borean  from  one  Department  to  the  After  a  long  and  protracted  negotiation,  the 

other.     Therefore  there  was  nothing  to  be  Senate  committee  have  conceded  that  prinoi- 

Sained  bj  its  failure,  and  there  was  much  to  pie  in  all  its  length  and  breadth,  indnding  the 

be  lost  in  the  necessity  for  an  extra  session,  penalty  which  the  Senate  had  stricken  out.  We 

and  the  postponement  of  the  reforms  which  bring  you  back,  therefore,  a  report  with  the 

ve  saw  oar  way  dear  to  secure.  alteration  of  a  single  word,  which  the  lawyers 

**  The  qnestion  was  tiiis :  how,  by  a  conces-  assure  me  is  proper  to  be  made,  restoring  to  this 

■on  of  the  points  upon  which  the  Senate  were  bill  the  prindpl^for  which  we  have  contended 

cawilliiig  to  yield,  we  miffht  secure  the  other  so  long,  and  which  is  so  vital  to  secure  the 

reforms  for  which  we   had  contended  and  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people, 

which  were  contained  in  our  bilL    We  there-  ^' I  will  read  the  section  as  it  now  stands: 

fore  yielded  the  number  of  men,  and  they  stand  From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  not 

in  the  report  of  the  conference  committee  at  be  lawful  to  employ  any  part  of  the  army  of  the 

tveatv-five  thousand.  United  Statea  as  a  posse  oomitatoa,  or  otherwise, 

J^  Oa  the  quejtion  of  reorganization  we  yield-  J^se'll'lln'^dTdr/uti^^^^^^ 

«d  the  immediate  attempt  to  reorganize  the  ment  of  said  foroe  may  be  expressly  authorized  by 

anay,  but  we  procured  m  lieu  thereof  a  jomt  the  Constitution  or  by  act  of  Conffresa;  and  no  mon- 

eommittee  of  the  Senate  and  the  Honse,  to  be  ey  appropriated  by  this  act  shall  be  used  to  par  any 

fompoeed  of  five  members  of  the  House  and  of  the  expenses  incurred  in  the  employment  of  any 

»L „  Z,"   w^^  ^r  ♦Ka  aA«.*fA    «K«ia   aA/»iii.;n.»  troops  m  violation  of  this  section;  and  any  person 

three  members  of  the  Senate,  thus  secunng  willfully  violating  the  provisiona  of  thU  section  shaU 

the  eentrol  of  the  committee  to  tne  House,  bedeemedguiltyofamisdemeanor,  and,  onconvi^ 

And  in  order  that  the  army  might  not  be  in-  tion  thereofVahall  be  punished  by  fine  not  ezoeeding 

creased  in  any  direction  pending  the  considera-  |10,000,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  two  yeara, 

turn  of  thia  question  by  the  joint  committee,  ^^  ^^  ^°*^  »»«^  *°«  '^^  imprisonment, 

we  proenred  the  further  stipulation  that,  pend-  '*  Thus  have  we  this  day  secured  to  the  peo- 

isff  the  action  of  the  committee  and  pending  pie  of  this  country  the  same  great  protection 

tbe  action  of  Congress  upon  it,  there  should  be  against  a  standing  army  which  cost  a  struggle 

B>  promotion  in  any  staff  corps  or  department  of  two  hundred  years  for  the  Commons  of  Eng- 

t&d  BO  appointment  whatever  to  vacancies  ex-  land  to  secure  for  the  British  people.    I  move 

<»pt  m  grades  in  the  line  below  that  of  captain,  the  previous  question.*' 

ti  order  tliat  the  company  organizations  might  The  question  was  taken ;  and  there  were— 

set  saffer.    Thia,  therefore,  arrests  the  army  yeas  154,  nays  68,  not  voting  79. 

vbere  it  ia,  and  it  must  stay  there  as  in  the  The  session  of  Consress  was  closed  by  ad- 

javs  of  a  viae  until  by  the  joint  action  of  journment  on  June  20th. 

tiM  two  Houses  a  scheme  of  reorganization  is  CONNECTICUT.    The  Legislature  of  this 

screed  to,  and  in  devising  this  scheme  the  pre-  State  met  for  its  regular  session  of  1878  on 

pooderaace  of  power  is  secured  to  the  House,  the  9th  of  January.    Senator  Hoyt,  Republi- 

"*  Lastly,  aato  the  Indian  Bureau,  we  have  can,  was  elected  President  pro  tempore  in 

prsvided  finr  a  xef erenoe  of  that  question  also  H)ompetition  with  Caleb  B.  Bowers,  Democrat, 


214  OONNEOTICUT. 

by  a  vote  of  11  to  7.    In  the  Hoaae  of  Repre-  the  matter,  and  obose  Mr.  Hills  hj  a  Tote  of 

sentatires,  Charles  H.  Briscoe,  Republican,  was  181  to  104. 

elected  Speaker  over  James  Gallagher,  Demo-  On  the  opening  day  of  the  session  Governor 
crat,  by  a  vote  of  188  to  98.  Upon  the  meet-  Hubbard  personidly  delivered  his  annnal  mes- 
ing  of  the  Senate,  the  seat  from  the  First  Dis-  sage  to  the  Legialatare  on  tbe  affairs  of  the 
trict  was  given  to  George  G.Sumner,  Democrat^  State.  Among  other  matters  of  public  inter- 
on  the  certificate  of  election  given  to  him  by  est,  he  calls  attention  to  serions  evils  in  the 
the  Board  of  Canvassers ;  but  it  was  contested  working  of  the  legislative  and  judicial  depart- 
by  John  R.  Hills,  Republican,  on  the  ground  ments  of  the  State  as  follows : 
that  there  had  been  no  choice.  The  manner  There  seems  to  be  a  radical  vice  in  onr  present 
in  which  this  contest  was  settled  at  the  first  methods  of  enaoting  law8.  The  first  half  of  eacli 
moming^s  session  seems  worthy  of  notice,  session,  owing,  I  must  think,  to  uDnecessary  and 
After  the  roll  had  been  caUed,  the  Secretary  ▼oluntair  delays,  is  subsuntially  wasted,  and  its 
Ja^  r  *v.i  uau  vvvu  uoucTu,  *.*«»  kj^  v^  z,  real  work  crowded  into  the  last  two  or  three  weeks, 
of  State,  as  chairman,  mvited  the  Senators  ^f^^^  i^to  the  last  two  or  three  days,  or,  stUl  worse, 
elected  from  the  odd  districts  to  come  forward  fortwd  into  the  last  two  or  three  hours,  under  a  total 
and  be  sworn  into  ofSce ;  when  one  of  the  suspension  of  rules  at  the  yerv  time  when  the  rigor 
Senators  read  a  protest  signed  by  himself  and  of  tbe  rales  is  most  needed,  for  example :  The  last 
^;«v»*  ^«^kA.  fi^^f*^..  a  Jzui^^^,*  ^^  fi^/k  ^A  Assembly— and  I  select  that  body,  not  because  it  is 
eight  other  Senators,  "objwstmg  to  the  ad-  ^  gi^ner  above  all  ite  fellows,  bLt  because  the  in- 
mmistermg  of  the  oatn  ox  otnce  to  ueorge  {±.  stance  is  recent—was  in  session  for  three  months. 
Sumner  as  a  member  of  the  Senate  from  tlie  having  passed  818  acts.  Of  these,  one  only,  and 
First  District,  for  these  reasons:  that  at  the  that  of  inconsiderable  importance,  waa  passed  in 

election  held   November  7,  1877,  both   Mr.  *^*  *?**•**'!?  ^itS^V^S^fi^gl^lSi^!  S 

o                  ^ -w     T>Mi            •'  J       '          i*j.      «  suty-flve  in  the  last,  and  fiity-three  m  the  last  three 

Sumner  and  Mr.  Hills  received  an  equality  of  ^ays.    Of  this  latter  number,  several  were  drafted 

votes ;  that  Mr.  Sumner  was  not  elected  for  and  passed  through  both  ilouses  on  the  same  day, 

the  said  district ;  and  that  it  becomes  the  duty  without  reference  or  printing,  and  some  in  the  same 

of  the  House  of  Representatives  to  designate  hour.    The  number  of  bUla  Oie  present  Executive 

bv  bAllot  which  of  the  aaid  AiindiilAtAA  fthftll  hA  ^"  obliged  to  pass  upon  m  the  Ust  three,  or  prao- 

oy  oauot  wnicn  oi  tne  saia  oanaiaates  snau  De  ^.^^  ^^  Ust  two  days,  under  the  pressure  of  s 

declared  to  be  elected."    The  Chairman  ruled  multitude  of  other  duties,  was  lifty-nine,  and  by  fsr 

'^  that  he  could  not  receive  the  paper  until  the  the  greater  part  of  them  the  most  important— and, 

Senate  was  organized."    On  the  same  ground,  1  "dd  ahio,  tne  most  imperfect- bills  of  the  aession. 

he  refused  to  entertain  the  motion  offered  by  I  ^''^o\  "f^  ^  "J  ^^^  anyUiing  like  scrotiny  or 

•«i^«kA.  a.^««»f^.    44  ♦k„*  «ii    *u^  a^.,»«^.<i   kl  deliberate  Judgment  upon  such  a  mass  of  matter  is, 

another  Senator,  "that  aU  the  Senators  be  ^^^^  ^^^^  ciroumstaices,  utterly  impoesible.    It 

sworn,  except  the  Senator  from  the  First  Dis-  iias  been  the  custom  of  the  Legisiatnre  to  fix  in  ad- 

trict."    Mr.  Sumner  was  therefore  sworn  in  vance  a  positive  day  of  adjournment,  and  of  the 

and  seated.    As  soon  as  th«  Senate  was  or-  Executive  to  accommodate  himself  to  this  custom, 

g.n^,  the  Select  Committee  on  ttje  0«iya«  ^f^'j^X^S:?  S^-'^flSd.' ut  11  &nVr^ 

Of  Votes,  consisting  of  two  Republicans  and  ^rd  the  custom  as  more  honored  in  the  breach  than 

one  Democrat,  presented  a  report  on  the  first  in  the  observance. 

District,  signed  by  the  two  Republican  mem-  But  this  ia  not  the  only  evil.    A  public  statute 

hers,  finding  a  tie  in  the  votes  for  John  R.  of  tbe  State  requires,  or  rather  until  the  last  session 

Hills  and  Oforge  G.  Sumner  and  recommend-  Jl  ^'^sW^^  b^i^S^^y^l'd^'^i^^^^^^^^^ 

mg  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  referring  the  interlineation,  be  examined  by  the  joint  sUnding 

choice  to  the  House  of  Representatives.     The  Committee  on  Engrossed  Bills,  and,  it*  found  cor- 

Democratic  member  of  the  Committee   dis-  i^eot,  be  presented  to  the  presiding  ofiBoers  of  tbe 

sented,  on  the  ground  that,  Mr.  Sumner  hav-  *^o  |?o««»  ^  ^«  "^"li  1?  V!l^K*?S!l°A^L*^f«i^'^ 

iw>„  \^Z^^  ^^^^^A  ^\^^^A^   4\.^  «»»*4^».  -,—  4.^^  spective  Houf>es,  and  then  to  the  Governor  for  sp- 

mg  been  seated  already,  the  matter  was  too  ^^^^^^    Tj^.g  ^{^^  ^„  ^^acted  in  1869.    It  his 

far  advanced  to  be  dealt  with  m  so  summary  not  been  observed  by  a  single  Legislature  since  its 

a  manner.    He  submitted  a  minority  report,  passage.    The  earlier  bills  of  the  sest^ion  have  usu- 

referring  the  matterto  a  joint  select  committee  fl^y  been  engrossed;  the  later,  and  by  far  tbe 

to  be  raised.  In  the  debate  which  ensued  Mr.  Jf'gf  SfJ!^^!!  ''w!;VS^lL"tStL*^a«rwhIS'''i^^ 
a_  X  T_  -J.  J  i_  A  1  —t-u  tions  dispensing  with  tne  statute  just  wnen  vne 
Sumner  took  part,  and  spoke  at  some  length,  gtatute  was  most  necessarv,  and  presented  to  the 
maintaining  his  right  to  occupy  his  seat  until  Governor,  not  only  without  engrossment,  but  with- 
the  question  should  be  decided  on  the  result  of  out  the  inspection  of  any  examining  committee, 
a  regular  examination  of  the  facts  bearing  on  sometimea  in  pencil,  often  disagured  by  ew«D™J 
^Un,  7l«o/i  .n^  ».^«.  ^p  .  K.11^4.  *^^,^^  K-  ♦u-^  and  interhiieations  in  different  handwritings,  loaded 
the  case,  «id  not  of  a  ballot  taken  by  the  ^j^j^  amending  tags  and  riders  not  identilfe J  by  tbe 
members  of  tbe  JLower  House  on  the  mere  signatures  of  the  derks  nor  attached  tn  the  iile,  and 
assumption  that  there  was  a  tie  in  the  vote,  endorsed  with  clerical  entries,  sometimes  erroneous, 
without  ascertaining  ftom  the  investigation  of  a"d  sometimes  difficult  to  decipher,  and,  when  de- 
fects whether  there  had  really  been  a  tie  or  ©jphered,  1™P<>"J^^«  tf,<^„7»F^|»f°<*- . /^^^^^ 
«^* .  ««  i»«  «.««  -«-«  4^K^.»  \.^A  ..^^  v*^..  v—  tioe  is  dangerous  to  the  last  defrree.  As  the  result 
not ;  as  he  was  sure  there  had  not  been,  hav-  ^f  .^^  -^  ^»  ^  instance,  at  least,  a  bill  besrirg  the 

ing  proofs  m  his  hand  that  he  had  received  entries  of  having  passed  both  Houses,  and  tbe  attes- 

raore  votes  than  Mr.  Hills.    Amotion  to  re-  tationofthepresidinff  officer  of  each,  was  presented 

fer  the  whole  matter  to  a  joint  committee  was  to  the  Governor  on  toe  last  day  of  the  SAssion,  ap- 

loet  by  a  .t«.ding  vote  of  7  to  10 ;  «.d  the  frs^l^'X  A:/°f'!k'i'8l.t^^^^  ;'iS,n',T.^ 

majority  report  was  then  adopted.   The  House  ^^^  bill  never  passed  the  Assembly. 

of  Representatives  took  immediate  action  on  A  public  statute  was  enacted  by  the  last  Asaemb^ 


CONNECTICUT.  215 

pmndiitf  fchtt  beieafter  all  acts  and  resolutionB,  not  have  just  cause  for  surviving  its  second  term.    The 

eAgiMiea  daring  the  session,  may  be  signed  and  present  delays  are  disoouraginff  to  clients,  discredit- 

ifprov«d  without  engrossment,  and   be  examined  able  to  the  profession,  and  hurtful  to  justice  hj 

m  CDgrossed  after  adjournment.    Uuder  this  act  needless  expense,  often  by  the  death  of  parties  and 

wleMthAD  176  bills  of  the  last  session  were  enact-  witnesses,  and  always  by  their  failing  recollection 

•disto  Isws  without  being  engrossed,  and  without  of  facts. 

(Sttee.  I^erommend  the  total  repeaf ^f  thw  He  points  also  at  the  manifold  evils  of  the 

Kt  I  ilM  advise  the  passage  of  a  statute  provid-  system  of  legal  procedure  and  plan  of  reme- 

ia^thit  the  Leffislatnre  shalT,  at  each  session,  after  dies,  on  account  of  its  intricacy  and  artificial- 

•arifl^  disposed  of  the  business  of  the  session,  ex-  ^ess,  forming  a  fruitful  source  of  impediments 

gU^t'lS:?ttS^frt;o?."hrt'^fvo't;!?|  to^e  proJr  administration  of  JustiW    As  . 

lad  that  after  said  provisional  adjournment,  no  step  toward  ounng  these  evils  ne  maKes  tne 

baiiaess  whatever  be  entertained  except  the  recon-  following  recommendation : 

edjMtion  of  sueh  bills  as  the  Governor  may  return  _                   j  *v  *              s    •      v    — •    j  ♦^  ♦^v^ 

vitiK»t  mproval,  or  such  other  matter  as  he  shuU,  ^J  recommend  that  a  commUsion  be  raised  to  take 

if  i|«dlf  wmmSnication,  lay  before  the  Assembly!  JJ^"»  n»a"er  into  consideration,  and,  if  they  shidl  think 

I  IsSiheae  recommendatioM  with  urgency  iff  tl.e  J*  expedient,  to  report  to  the  next  Assembly  a  bUl 

iirwtof  better  methods  of  legishition, and  because  ^o'  '»>«  simplifiajtion  of  our  svstem  of  legal  pro- 

I  bid,  in  more  than  one  instance,  serious  cause  to  <»dure,  and  for  the  more  speedy  administration  of 

Rfwr  the  hasty  and  inconsiderate  approval  of  bills  justice. 

jrhiA  were  huddled  upon  me  In  the  last  hours  of  g^  ^i^  Ij^e  system  of  probate  courts  in 

UMMion.  Connecticut  radically  drfeetitey  and  urges  the 

With  reference  to  the  judloial  department  Legislature  to  correct  it,  saying: 

tlie  Governor  says :  q„  probate  districts,  originally  limited  to  coun- 

Tte  delays  in  the  administration  of  justice  in  this  ties,  have  been  one  niter  another  divided  and  sub- 

Stte  ire  crying  and  scandalous.    It  is  safe  to  say  divided,  until  they  are  now  112  in  number,  and  a 

tint  in  our  larger  counties  trials  in  the  Superior  large  part  of  the  towns — some  of  them  with  little 

Cfortare  not  reached  in  less  than  two  vears.    Our  more  than  one  hundred  voters — ^have  become  sepa- 

M  of  Eij^hts  provides  that  justice  shall  be  admin-  rate  districts.    The  rep.ult  is,  that  probate  adminis- 


voieii  often  amount  to  a  denial.    The  judicial  force  kept  on  wheels,  shifting  from  house  to  house  and 

ef  the  State  is  abundantlv  sufficient  to  clear  the  store  to  store  with  each  election  of  judffes ;  exposed 

d)eket3  of  the  courts  with  dispatch,  and,  if  business  to  loss,  mutilation,  and  fire,  and,  in  tne  necessary 

V're  only  famished  by  parties  and  counsel,  more  absence  of  the  judfi^e  at  his  dally  business,  to  fraudu- 

tba  loffieient.    Of  this  I  have  no  manner  of  doubt,  lent  alteration.    How  senseless  and  hurtful  this  sy  s- 

Tae  number  of  judges  in  £n|cland  and  Wales  (petty  tern  is  must  be  evident,  when  one  considers  that  all 

«nrtB  net  included),  exercising  law,  chancery,  pro-  the  property  of  the  State  passes  and  repasses  every 

l»t«,  admiralty,  divorce,  and  bankruptcy  jurisdio-  twenty-flve  or  thirty  years  under  the  administration 

tiss,  is  thirty-one,  with  a  population  of  over  22,-  of  these  courts;  that  the  estates  ot'mii_ors,  widows, 

»X')00;  while  Connecticut,  with  less  than  a  fortieth  and  orphans,  and  large  and  complicated  trusts,  are 

"ftliepopalstion,  has  twenty  Judges  of  the  Supreme,  under  their  jurisdiction ;   that  some  of  the  most 

Sipeiior  Coorte,  and  Common  Pleas,  and  one  hun-  subtile  and  difficult  legal  questions  are  involved  in 

^  and  twelve  judges  of  probate.    The  difficulty  their  adjudications ;  and  tnat  an  error  necessitates 

ii  dili:  The  judges  find  it  an  ungracious  tank  to  for  its  correction  long  and  expensive  proceedings  in 

p«i  eonosel  up  to  their  work ;  perhaps  they  are  appeal,  a  retrial  in  the  Superior  Court,  and  often  re- 

*iiiMQt  the  power  to  do  it ;  and  so  causes  on  the  visoiy  proceedings  in  the  Supreme  Court.    In  my 

ixksteome  forward  and  fall  back  for  want  of  prep-  judgment,  there  should  be  but  one  Probate  Court  in 

■oti^n,  for  private  convenience,  and  for  the  most  a  county,  with  circuits  if  required.    It  should  have 

fytAaoM  reasons.  There  were  ponding  in  the  Supe-  power  to  finally  determine  (with  a  jury  when  neces- 

nsr  Conrt,  Common  PleaA,  and  District  Court,  at  sarr)  all  questions  of  fact,  subject  only  on  errors 

'•^openiniT  of  the  last  fall  terms,  4,248  civil  causes,  of  law  to  the  revinory  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme 

»  vVieh  (he  entry  and  continuance   fees  alone  Court.    This  would,  in  the  first  place,  secure  judges 

(•wanted  to  $4,S10  for  each  term,  and  the  attend-  of  known  ability  and  experience ;  next,  vastly  expe- 

>ae«  foeii  to  upward  of  $1,000  for  every  single  court  dite  the  settlement  of  estates ;  and,  lastly,  relieve 

^  in  the  year.    How  shall  this  evil  ne  corrected  f  the  superior  courts  of  a  multitude  of  probate  appeals 

ue  intwer  ia  not  so  easy.    As  the  best  remedy  which  now  encumber  their  dockets. .  .  .  Then,  in 

viueli  uder  the  present  system  I  can   sugffeet,  addition  to  this,  a  single  repository  of  probate  titles 

tao3fh  a  ver^  Imperfect  one,  I  advise  the  nassage  at  the  county  seats  would  be  more  accessible  to  the 

^tti«t  requiring  (1)  that  counsel  shall,  before  the  general  public,  and  the  records  be  better  guarded, 

^3te  of  eaeh  term,  or  within  three  days  thereafter,  systematized,  and  kept,  than  under  our  present  sys- 


■sv  esasee  suheequently  brought;   (2)   that  the  thegreaterpartof  their  offioes  deserted  for  the  great- 

j^ifes  at  eaeh  term  make  fh>m  auch  trial  docket  er  part  of  the  year,  with  judges  in  their  fields  or  at 

*tsk  trial  lists  for  days  as  will  furnish  business  to  their  merchandise.    I  recommend  that  the  Legisla- 

^  eoart;  (S)  that  all  causes  assigned  for  days  be  ture  make  the  changes  above  Indicated,  or,  if  the 

^^*?Hed  of  ia  their  order  and  without  delav,  unless  subject  require  more  consideration,  that  it  be  re- 

O'stiaged  or  postponed  for  strict  cause  shown,  or  ferred  to  the  commission  before  named  for  examina- 

*>>k«a  out  of  the  trial  docket  or  daily  list  by  agree-  tion  and  report. 

2^  and  that  any  cauae  so  taken  out  by  asrreement  I  regard  all  these  reforms  in  our  judicial  system  as 

W  tnatpo^  to  tne  foot  of  the  general  court  docket,  very  needfiil  and  urgent.    I  know  they  will,  if  car- 

rifHi^  the  jad/es  idready  possess  this  power.    If  ried  out,  greatly  simplify,  expedite,  and  cheHpen  the 

'^itvill  be  useful  to  ingraft  a  mandatory  duty  on  administration  of  justice,  and  be  productive  of  the 

^  power.   There  is  not  one  case  in  fifty  that  can  very  best  results.  . 


316  CONNEOTIOUT. 

For  tbe  protection  of  widows,  orphans,  and  or  in  the  State  prison  not  more  than  five  years; 
other  persons,  whose  estates  are  managed  by  and  when  he  shall  so  testify  or  affirm  witii  in- 
fidaciary  trustees — in  which  estates  the  Got-  tent  to  take  the  life  of  another,  he  shall  be  im- 
emor  avers  that  *^  robberies  are  becoming  too  prisoned  in  the  State  prison  daring  life." 
frequent  and  far  too  respectable " — he  urges  In  order  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  tbe  la- 
the necessity  of  further  legislation,  and  *^  reo-  mentable  disasters  caused  by  the  breaking  awsy 
ommends  the  passage  of  a  statute  punishing  of  storage  reservoirs,  like  those  which  occurred 
with  exemplary  penalties  all  acts  of  embezzle-  at  Mill  Kiver  in  Massachusetts  in  1876,  and  at 
ment  committed  by  executors,  administrators,  StaffordviUe  in  Connecticut  in  the  spring  of 
guardians,  conservators,  or  trustees,  under  any  1877,  resulting  in  great  destmction  of  property 
testamentary  or  express  trust."  The  existing  and  loss  of  life,  Governor  Hubbard  suggests 
law,  which  requires  testamentary  trustees  to  '^  the  anpointment  of  a  board  of  civil  engineers, 
render  annual  accounts  to  tbe  courts  of  pro-  charged  with  the  supervision  of  reservoirs  and 
bate,  he  avers  to  be  little  better  than  a  aead  reservoir  dams,  and  that  no  such  structure  be 
letter,  and  hints  at  the  ways  in  which  it  is  built,  enlarged,  or  materially  altered  without 
usually  violated  or  evaded.  He  recommends  the  written  sanction  first  obtained  of  such 
the  passage  of  an  act  enforcing  the  execution  board,  nor  until  the  plan  and  specifications 
of  the  said  law,  and  ordaining  that,  if  any  thereof  shall  have  been  approved  by  them,  nor 
guardian,  conservator,  or  testamentary  trustee  be  pnt  to  use  until  the  work  shall  have  been 
fails  to  render  to  the  Probate  Court  his  annual  completed  to  their  acceptance ;  and  that  it  shall 
account  justified  with  oath  and  vouchers,  '4t  be  the  duty  of  said  board  to  examine  any  exist- 
be  made  the  duty  of  the  Court,  of  its  own  mo-  ing  reservoir  or  dam,  on  written  coniplaint  by 
tion,  and  on  reasonable  notice  given  to  the  any  three  persons  claiming  to  be  endangered 
parties  in  interest,  to  remove  such  delinquent,  thereby,  and  to  order  such  repairs  or  altera- 
with  disallowance  of  compensation,  and  ap-  t'ons  thereof  as  they  shall  find  necessary  for  the 
point  a  suitable  person  in  his  place."  protection  of  life  or  property,  with  ample  pow- 

The  present  laws  relating  to  manufacturing,  era  to  enforce  their  orders."    He  gives  some 

mechanical,  mining,  and  other  like  corpora-  details  of  the  manner  in  which  the  building  of 

tions,  the  Governor  characterizes  as  '*  discord-  these  reservoirs  is  usually  contrived  to  profit 

ant  and  scandalously  loose."    He  calls  on  the  the  builders  at  the  peril  of  the  people  resid- 

Legislature  *^  to  reform  them,  reducing  corpo-  ing  below  them  ;  and  reminds  the  Legislature 

rations  of  a  common  class  to  a  common  level,  that  '^no  man,  or  set  of  men,  in  corporate 

more  effectually  securing  the  wages  of  opera-  bodies,  or  otherwise,  should  be  allowed,  of 

tives  in  their  service ;  and,  above  all,  to  ut-  their  own  mere  will  and  motion,  to  pile  up  and 

terly  extirpate  certain  corporations  which  have  suspend  great  floods  of  water  above  the  heads 

grown  up  within  a  few  years,  and  which  are  of  any  community,  and  thus  threaten  their  life 

gross  frauds  on  the  law  and  discreditable  to  the  and  property,  and  compel  them  to  live  in  daily 

tate."    An  act  to  punish  the  dishonest  ban-  and  nightiy  fear  of  an  avalanche."    A  \>ill  was 

dling  of  property  belonging  to  corporations,  or  passed  by  the  House  of  Representatives  on 

to  estates  in  trust,  mentioned  above,  was  passed  March  16,  1878,  creating  a  commission,  com- 

by  this  Legislature,  entitled  ^' An  act  concern-  posed  of  the  Surveyor-General  and  one  civil 

ing  embezdement,"  providing  a?  follows :  engineer  from  each  Congressional  district,  to 

S^moN  1.  Every  oflloer  or  agent  of  any  poblic,  '"5^!?^*"  ♦l'^'5''«'  '''''^  ^™*  ^  ^^^  ®^*^ 
municipal,  or  private  corporation,  every  executor,  *^4  ^®?^™fif  ^^F  ?^^^'  _ 
administrator,  iruardian,  conservator,  or  any  truatee  At  the  same  sitting  the  House  passed  m  con- 
under  a  testamentary  or  anv  express  trusty  who  shall  currence  a  joint  resolution  "  relieving  the  town 
wrongfully  appropriate  and  convert  to  his  own  use  of  Stafford  from  State  tax  for  three  years." 

S^TiSS  o'r'oZr^i^n'rt'h^riJ^?;  B^  «.other  re«>lution  ^e  s.m  of  $8,000  w« 
of  embesslement,  and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  appropnatea  in  aid  to  btafford. 
to  exceed  ten  thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  Early  in  the  session  the  Legislature  deliber- 
not  to  exceed  ten  years,  or  by  such  fine  and  imprison-  ated  on  the  currency  question,  with  reference 
ment  both.  especially  to  the  resumption  act  and  the  silver 
There  being  some  doubt  whether  the  exist-  bill,  so  called,  which  was  then  under  considera- 
ing  statute  for  the  punishment  of  perjury  was  tion  in  the  Federal  Congress.  In  the  Connecti- 
applicable  to  the  willful  false  swearing  of  offi-  cut  Legislature  each  side  of  the  question  was 
oers  of  financial  institutions  who  are  by  law  favored  by  a  number  of  members  who  advo- 
required  to  make  returns  to  the  various  depart-  cated  opposite  measures.  After  repeated  de- 
ments of  the  State  government,  the  Governor  bates,  and  the  rejection  of  amendments  and 
recommended  the  passage  of  a  law  removing  substitutes  severally  offered,  the  following 
all  possible  doubt  on  the  subject.  An  act  resolutions  were  finally  adopted,  on  the  seventh 
"  relating  to  peijury  "  has  been  passed  by  this  day  of  the  session : 

Legislature,  providing  that  "  every  person  who  JUtoUidj  That  we  condemn  any  attempt  to  post- 
shall  testify   falsely  to  any  material  matter  P<>n®  *be  time  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payment 

where  an  oath  or  aflSrmation  is  required  by  now  provided  by  the  act  of  Congress.       ,    .  ,   . 

w.«i«  CM*  «/«  A*  v»   aiutui»«rvu  «o  jw^uuv^  t/j  Boohtd.  Thst  wc  disapprovc  of  any  legislation 

law,  or  procure  another  so  to  do,  shall  be  im-  wliich  shall  in  any  way  tend  to  repudiate  any  por- 

priaoned  in  a  jml  not  more  than  six  months,  tion  of  the  public  debt:  that  we  an  opposed  to 


OONNEOTIOUT.  217 

tb«  Bland  bill  (ao  called),  now  pending  before  Con-  They  at  the  same  time  oharaoterize  it  as  a 

«»•• ,    ,  ^,                                         ....  chronic  evil "  of  over  fifty  years'  standing,"  and 

iJlf^V^'^P^r^jrtinSL'TffT^'n^^^^^  ^rgo  the  immediate  introduction  of  a  more 

both  branehea  of  ConffresB  to  oppose  the  measare.  .©  ,  ,  .  i.  ir^ui     *^^       tu^  ^.^.^^4. 

Rmhed,  That  the  Beoretary  be  requested  to  for-  ample  and  intelligible  system.     The  present 

wd  a  eopj  of  these  resolutions  to  each  Senator  and  incumbent  of  that  office  has  recognized  the 

RepreseaUtiTe  from  Kbis  State  in  Congress.  justice  of  the  Commissioners*  criticism,  and, 

The  Legislature  of  1877  appointed  a  special  ]fj^^  *  Y"!?^**^  communication,  dated  February 

eommissioD,  consisting  of  six  prominent  oiti-  28, 1878,  he  sent  to  the  Legislature  a  supply 

fl»i5,  "  to  eiamine  and  report  upon  the  whole  "^^^t^.^^J^iS?  ^i  ^»?  Previously  sobraitted 

ifstem  of  public  expenditures  in  the  State,  and  [fP^rt  for  1877,  wherein  the  items  of  diflTerent 

report  soch  retrenchments  as  may  be  made  kinds  of  expenditure  are  set  down  under  sepa- 

witbont  detriment  to  the  public  service,  and  'ate  heads,  stetmg  that  he  has  prepared  the 

»U  ezpenses,  if  any  there  are,  unauthorized  by  f?*^  Mialysis  for  the  assistance  of  the  Legisla- 

ItT."  The  Commissioners  performed  the  work  ^7^  Committee  on  that  subjec^  and  submits 

mtnsfced  to  them,  and  by  the  beginning  of  hw  new  classification  to  them  »'with  the  re- 

F^broary,  1878,  presented  a  fuU  report  on  its  Otiest  that  they  would  make  any  suggestions 

resaita.    They  find  the  expenditures  in  ahnost  ***  *^«y  might  deem  likely  to  improve  it" 

ifl  parts  of  the  public  serrice  to  have  steadily  Jh®  following  is  the  new  method  of  cla^ifioa- 

inarmed ;  stating,  among  numerous  other  in-  ^on  of  expenditures  exhibited  m  the  said  sup- 

iuneefl,  that  the  board  of  prisoners,  which  cost  P^mental  analysis : 

^449.74  in  1846,  rose  to  over  $89,000  in  1870,  General  Acwunt  of  Expend  of  Dtpartmenti  for 

lad  to  $87,858  in  1877 ;  that  the  board  of  boys  1877. 

ia  the  Reform  School  has  run  from  $4,689  in     Expenses  of  mssIoiib  of  Genexal  Assembly $96.818  82 

1870  to  $46,768  in  1877;  and  that  m  the  ex-    ^'^.^^^S'^  ^  ^''^^'"' ''^'^ 3^  S 

^.J       -r      'i^^i.         1.       V  jnaiouu  ezDMises j9S,4iy  80 

penses  of  the  Legislature  there  has  been  an    BoMdofprisoneninoonntyjaiis 87^858  01 

iBcreaseof  400  per  cent  during  the  past  thirty    Expenses  of  state  House J,6i9  85 

raw.    This  increase  of  expenditures  the  Com-  §S2S?Sf^'lklUirEduitt<;i: :::::::::        IJsSto 

siisBioners  ascribe  to  various  causes,  some  of    8t>SeNonns] School i8,6oo  00 

rtwi  they  condemn,  and  sog^t  the  remedies.  ^2S258lS?5ai,SS^*;:::::::::::::::::   "".iSSS 

They  recommend  biennial  sessions  of  the  Legis-    sutePrison fi,887  os 

latere,  the  abolition  of  some  offices,  and  a  proper    S?**52^T®?®i  vi  u  Virx;; S^H?2 

_  i„2L ^f  >^i«-:^  ».  -,^11  «.  aP#^^  ««/I  ^^.4-.     Oonnectloat  Industrial  School  tor  Girls 19,287  06 

7«dQction  of  salanes  as  well  as  Of  fees  and  costs    Expense  <^  state  psupers 6^156  so 

ia  the  TUionS  branches  of  public  service.     The  Account  of  humane  InstltutJons. '. '.                          128,488  90 

c»mmi«onew  specify  the  obje<rt8  of  their  reo-  g^jJsSSSSSliS^.;:::::::::::::::    ^22  S 

amineadAtionB,  conclndmg  their  report  with  de-  Prtntinc;  publishing,  and  ciicubiting  public  laws 

uarfubiee,«.d  the  following  summary:  ax'SSfeXi-chiid;^::::::::::::;::::    SiSSw 

Wt  ttntiTnit^^  that  the  annual  saving  for  the  State,     Expense  of  Fish  Oommtesioners 8,104  91 

.MStJian  AS  loiiowa,  ▼«..  Expense  of  Insmaiioe  Commissioner 18,884  88 


h  jnffifial  eacpen— s $100,000     Expense  of  Bsak  Commisslooen 8,888  90 

U^Kiatin  mxpuaaM 10,000     Expense  ofbuilding  new  Bute  House 850,000  00 


ioaial  s— liwia  (redoetioa  la  each  jear  at  rate  of  Commissioners  for  repairing  State  Prison 25.875  89 

8UMM  la  two  years). AOOO     Special  Insurance  CommlasTon 8,488  80 

9^000     Amount  of  taxes  reftinded 512  80 


l^ooo 

.      ^  20,000  Total $1,885,848  48 

Bawd  kE^aeatftoa  and  Honnal  School 2,500 


flxrsehoois T0,ooo  The  January  session  of  1878,  the  last  one 

l^^^^Sm. ;'    ^'500  ^^^^  ^°  *^®  ^^^  State  House,  practically  ended 

*^^                   — ' —  on  March  16th,  when  the  Legislature,  pursu- 

^  .  _.      ^   MM          *      1. 1#  *^*^®^  ant  to  a  concurrent  resolution  passed  the  15th, 

llJSr^.^^^f!^.  ..^I^rr^.  .'"•^       50.000  adjourned  thence  to  meet  in  the  new  Oapi' 

tol  building  on  the  26th,  but  transact  there  no 

$415,000  ^Q^  business  except  on  special  communications 

The  Legidatare  at  this  session  took  into  con-  Arom  the  Governor  or  the  Insurance  Oominittee. 

fidemtion  the  matters  set  forth  in  the  Special  At  the  point  of  leaving  the  old  hall  for  the 

0>guni9»on*8  report,  and  acted  on  them  by  last  time,  the  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 

btOa  or  reaolutions,  some  of  which  were  passed,  sentatives  passed  a  resolution  "  authorizing  the 

wm6  left  undecided,  or  continued  to  the  next  State  OomptroUer  to  sell  the  furniture  of  both 

G^aeral  Assembly.    A  noteworthy  feature  of  Houses";  and  then  adopted  another  resolu- 

ciie  report  seems  to  be  that  the  Special  Oom-  tion  unanimously  '^  directing  the  Comptroller 

KMOoers    severely  criticise  the  manner  in  to  present  to  the  Speaker  the  chair,  the  block, 

Ti:^h  th«  State  Comptroller's  accounts  are  and  the  gavel  used  in  this  session."  TheSpeak- 

-iMafiedL,  items  of  expenditure  that  belong  to  er  accepted  the  present,  and  thimked  them  for 

i^nct    classes   being    there    promiscuously  the  courtesy.    At  the  appointed  hour  of  March 

o*>vded   under  one  and  the  same  head;   a  26th  the  Legislature  assembled  in  the  new  Cap* 

prkctiee  ealcnlated  to  bring  confusion  and  be-  itol  and  dispatched  the  business  specified  in  the 

«9at  a  aooroeofmistakes  and  dangerous  abuses,  resolution  before  mentioned.    In  this  place 


218  OONNEOTIOUT. 

they  passed,  amoog  others,  a  resolntion  author-  old ;  hoth  appr<mriatioD8  to  be  paid  qnarterlj 

izing  the  Governor  and  the  other  State  officers  In  the  House  of  Kepresentatives  this  resolotioi 

to  remove  to  the  new  State  Oapitol,  and  the  was  passed  nnanimously. 

transfer  of  the  old  State  House  to  the  oitj  of  Three  resolations  were  passed  by  the  Hous 

Hartford.    After  a  two  days'  contmnance  in  of   Bepresentatives^  on   Eebroary  28th  &u< 

the  new  Oapitol  the  session  was  finally  closed  March  16th,  respectively,  proposing  the  follow 

with  the  nsoal   formalities  on  the  28th  of  ing  three  amendments  to  the  State  Gonstitu 

March.  tion,  to  be  continued  to  the  next  General  As 

Among  the  laws  and  resolutions  passed  at  sembly,  and  pubUshed  with  the  laws  passed  a 

this  session  are  the  following:  the  present  session : 

**  An  act  creating  a  State  Board  of  Health,  First  Proposed  amendment  to  the  Consti 

composed  of  six  members  to  be  appointed  by  tution  relating  to  biennial  sessions  of  the  Lc 

the  Governor."    This  bill  was  long  and  warm-  gislature : 

ly  debated,  with  hearings  of  physiciana  and  Members  ofthe  Qenenl  ABsembly  shall  be  electe 

other  competent  persons  before  the  Judiciary  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  Noven 

Committee,  to  whom  it  had  been  referred  for  ber,  1880,  and  hiennially  thereafter,  and  ther  sha 

consideration  and  report.    At  the  vot«  first  ^^IJ^XtSl'^.K 

taken  on  its  passage  it  was  rejected  in  the  aiy  next  sucoeeding  their  election. 

lower  House ;  a.large  number  of  members  op-  Their  compensation  shall  not  exceed  three  bni 

posing  the  measure,  chiefiy  on  the  ground  of  dred  dollars  for  the  term  for  which  they  are  elect 

the  expense  which  the  establishment  of  such  a  «?»  »n^  ^'»«  ^}^^^^  T*" ""?  ^^'  *^*  ^^^^^  *"?'' 

Board^ould  cost  the  State.    The  matter  was  fe^^ite^r'S^l^'thT^^^^^^^^^ 

subsequently  reconsidered,  and  the  bill  finally  any  extra  session  called  by  the  Governor, 

passed  in  concurrence  on  March  18th.    By  a  The  regular  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  sht 

special  message  sent  to  the  Senate  on  the  28th,  commence  on  the  Wednesday  following  the  fln 

the  Governor  nominated  the  six  members  of  Monday  of^the  January  next  buom 

the  Board  of  Health,  two  of  them  for  the  term  ®  The'SteprwJentatives  elected  from  the  aeyeral  tows 

of  two  years,  two  for  four,  and  two  for  six  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  of  NovemUi 

years.    His  nominations  were  confirmed  by  1878,  shall  hold  their  ofiloes  for  two  rears  from  ad 

the  Senate.  ^^^  ^he  Wednesday  following  the  ant  Monday  ( 

"  ^  ri  ''%^  ^  "^^^f ,  "?.  ^^^.^^'  •^'rh^linSo™  elected  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  to 

oers,  and  fees  of  the  Secretary."   It  fixes  them  Monday  of  November,  1877,  shall  hold  their  ofl5« 

as  follows :  until  the  Wednesday  following  the  first  Monday  < 

Sxonoir  1.  After  the  first  day  of  January,  a.  d.  •'^""TO^j  ^1-    ,    .         .,      ^  ,«,«  •    u           j 

1879,  the  several  ofRcerB  herein  named  shall  wmually  ,  I^  the  General  Assembly  of  187»  holds  an  »(i 

receive  the  following  saUuies:    Secretary,  fifteen  Journed  session  dunng  the  year  1880.  its  mcmbei 

hundred  dollars ;  Treasurer,  fifteen  hundred  dollars :  "hall  receive  for  aU  services  performed  dunDj?  mi 

ComptroUer,  fifteen  hundnJd  dollars :  School  Fund  7^"  »  Bum  not  exceeding  five  dollars  per  day  for  n< 

Commissioner,  twothousand  dollars:  Executive  Seo-  exceeding  twentv  days.      _     ^,    .          ,„. 

letaiy,  twelve  hundred  dollars;  State  Librarian,  If  this  amentoentis  ^opted,  there  shfU be  u 

eighteen  hundred  dollars ;  AcUutsnt^eneral,  twelve  ©l/Jtion  held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Mondi 

hundred    dollars;    Quartermaater-General.  twelve  of  November,  1879. 

hundred  dollars ;  Paymaster^neral,  six  hundred  jg^^^^^^  Proposed  amendment  concerning  n 

dollara;  executive  messenger,  two  doUars  per  day.  ^.„^5^„  ;«  4«^:«;«i  ^«i^^ . 

Sko.  2.  All  fees  paid  into  the  office  of  Secretkry  fancies  m  judicial  oflices : 

shall  be  paid  by  him  into  the  Treasury  of  the  State.  All  vacancies  arising  in  the  offloes  of  judges  of  tl 

Approved  March  87, 1878.  courts  of  Common  Pleas,  district  courts,  city  court 

"Ax.  act  topnnish  tte  mddnjof  ia««i-  S^bS^'V^r'til^tt Sle^S^Tti 

nnal  statements  by  officers  of  fire^msnrance  only. 

companies."     It  inflicts  the  penalty  of  five  The  provisions  of  this  amendment  shall  apply  i 

hunared  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and  of  one  *ny  vacancies  that  may  be  filled  by  the  General  A 

thousand  dolUire  for  the  second.  sembly  of  1879. 

^<  An  act  relating  to  railroads."    It  provides  Third.  Proposed  amendment  concerning  tei 

that  any  person,  detained  at  railroad  crossings  nre  of  office  of  judges: 

by  railroad  cars  longer  than  five  minutes,  is  The  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  ai 

entitled  to  sue  the  railroad  company,  and  re-  of  the  Superior  Court  hereafter  appointed,  shall  bol 

cover  fifty  dollars  from  it.  their  offloes  durinff  good  behavior,  but  may  be  r 

"A  joint  reflation  apthoriring  the  Gov-  Z^'fJiJ'f^'Z' J^^'^tZr^* 

ernor  to  appomt  a  commission  of  tliree  mem-  ^^o^j  House  of  the  General  Assembly, 

bers,  to  inquire  into  the  necessity  of  erecting  No  ludge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  or  of  tl 

another  State  hospital  for  the  insane  poor."  Superior  Court  shall  be  capable  of  holding  o1fi< 

"  A  joint  resolution  in  aid  of  the  family  of  *^«r  he  shaU  arrive  at  the  age  of  seventy -fi^ 

Wells  Shipman,  the  night-watchman  of  the  7^"^ 

State  Prison,  murdered  by  convicts  on  Septem-  A  joint  resolution  authorizing  the  ^tna  Lii 

ber  1,  1877."    It  appropriates  eight  dollars  a  Insurance  Company  to  capitalize  its  surplus  i 

month  for  his  widow  during  her  widowhood,  t600,000  was  vetoed  by  the  Governor,  on  re^ 

and  six  dollars  and  fifty  cents  a  month  for  his  sons  set  forth  in  his  message  for  that  purpoa 

little  daughter  until  she  becomes  fourteen  years  The  resolution  with  the  Governor^B  olyeotlQ 


OONNEOTIOUT.  219 

tis  reoooBidered  by  the  two  Honsee  on  March  mUsionen  are  satisfied  that  in  these  essential  pai^ 

?*th,  and  passed  over  his  veto  by  a  vote  of  14  '"^'^•JJ*?^ ht^^g  and  ventiUtion  they  bave  seoured 

to  6  in  the  Senate,  and  167  to  68  in  the  House  *  il^ewiiS^g^riglnal  and  improved  plans,  with 

of  Representatives.                                 ^  detailed  estimates,  through  its  special  oonunitkees, 

ConeerDing  the  charters  and  other  interests  the  Legislature  finally  fixed  upon  the  sum  of  two 

of  Conneotiont  insurance  companies,  the  Le-  »nd  a  h^  million  doUars  as  the  total  amount;  to 

cslatnre  of  1878  passed  namerons  bills  and  ^  •upended  m  the  construction  of  the  new  Stote 

loiaioro  VI   xonj   t/oo^  uuuuv^v/uo  ijiaxo  ou^a  jj^^^^     ffjjjg  aum  jjag  been  approved  by  three  dit- 

resolutions,   several  of  which  the  Governor  feront  Legislatures ;  and  the  Commissioners  have 

retoned  without  his  approval ;  as  he  likewise  made  it  a  special  object  to  obtain  the  best  building 

^tQrDed  a  large  nnmber  of  other  bills  passed  possible  for  this  amount  of  money,  but  on  no  account 

ea  different  snbjects,  by  reason,  as  he  explains  *<>  «oeed  two  and  a  half  million  dollars  in  their  ex- 

k  bis  m^sagea,  that  the  bills  severally  con-  P^^^d^'ttres. 

uined  serious  defects  either  in  the  substance  The  dimensions  of  the  building  are  as  fol- 

or  in  the  structure.  Many  of  them  he  returned  lows : 

'flfier  consultation  with  the  chairmen  of  the    Extreme  length 295  feet  8  loebes 

KTeral  committees  by  whom  the  bills  had    SfSSnlSSl^^^ ?i?SjJl£±! 

,  X  J         J       •4.1-  J.1-   •  J.  11     /\        Deptnorwings ill  reet  8  inones 

been  reported,  and  with  their  consent."    On    Depth  of  intarmediftte  part loa  feet  8  inches 

rwonsideration,  the  bills  having  defects  of  a    Height  jom  cellar  to  ground  floor iifeet6in<^ea 

«»«.^.>i   ^uJIL^*^.  ««^.A  <w«   ♦k-,  «»r«<>4>  .^«^     Height  from  first  to  mersanine  floor 14  feet  6  inches 

fiTQCtoral  ebaracter  were  for   the  most  part     Height  lh)m  meaanlne  to  aecond  floor I4feet61nchea 

imeiided  by  the  Legislature  in  accordance  with    Height  from  second  to  fourth  floor 15  feet  o  inches 

th«  anrpmnr^fl  nnffirMitinnii  •   thts   ntbAm  wprA     Height  of  building  to  top  of  roof 92  feet  8  Inches 

ui«  governors  suggestions,  ine  oinere  were    Height  of  dome  from  top  of  roof. IM  feet  6  inches 

persisted  in,  or  contmued  to  the  next  General  Height  from  ground  to  top  of  crowning 

^{Qblr.  figure S5T  feet  9  inches 

Tie  new  Capitol  building  at  Hartford  is  The  dome  tower  rises  in  the  center  of  the  build- 
now  eonsidered  finished,  and  in  actual  use  for  ing  in  a  rectangular  shai>e  to  the  roof,  and  from  there 
ti« purposes  which  it  was  intended  to  serve;  ^J^  ^  *^«  twelve-sided  shape,  with  butta^esaea 

;♦  \I^JL  k^^«  *u:-  «« ^^^^^z^A  ix-.  4.1,^  T  .«:«  »>id  oolumna  on  each  of  the  twelve  comers.    Its  di- 

u  knng  been  this  year  occupied  by  the  Legis-  ^^^er  is  68  feet  4  inches.   From  roof  to  bottom  of 

iifve  for  their  sitting^  and  by  the  Governor  <K>ne  it  ia  76  feet  9  inchea ;  the  cone  is  97  feet  4  inches 


in  their  annual  report  for  1877,  which  was  iVwTby  es'fMt.  M^his  a%lea7£ii^^^ 

»3amDiucated  by  the  Governor  to  the  Legiala-  inches.    The  Senate  chamber  is  80  by  89-7  feet,  with 

tw  OQ  Janaary  17,  1878,  give  a  comprehen-  a  dear  height  of  87  feet.    The  library  room,  65  by 

STe  idea  of  the  whole  structure  and  its  several  ®*  **•*>  *•  ®°  '^*  second  floor,  as  is  also  the  Supreme 

pcta  in  a  summary  statement  specifying  their  F^'^Tfi'  ^'*  ^^51'*  ^••''  'J'l  *^*  ^®%^*  f^f"^ 

r-    M*  a  otuuiuiu  J  ouni^iuv'AAv,  o^«^«i^  *u^  "".Y  is  g4  feet  8  Inohcs.    There  are  sixty  rooms  for  the  ase 

fanns  and  dimenstons  as  well  as  the  quality  ©fStateoffloera,  committees  of  the  General  Aasembly, 

m  qoantity  of  the  materials  employed  in  their  retirinff-rooms,  ete.    There  are  substantial  vanlts, 

MiBtnictiosi,  and  the  cost.    The  official  state-  with  <v>able  iron  and  steel  doors,  and  combination 

mat  on  these  matters  in  the  Commissioners'  }?«*»»  fo'>«  ^«  <>'  J^®  '^""•'^r^  and  School  Fund 

.  r^w*  ;-  -.«  #-^ii^«.«.  Commissioner:  and  there  are  alao  vaults  connected 

.cport  13  as  foUows.  ^i,.!^  ^^^^  ^^^.^    ^^  elevstor  six  by  eight  feet  in 

Tlu  exterior  of  the  building  is  finished  except  the  sixe,  to  be  moved  by  steam,  is  placed  near  the  cen* 

^391;  sod  ita  solid  brick  partitions,  brick  archea  ter  of  the  building.     The  roof  is  of  wrought  iron 

fer  ttieilooTB,  iron  girders,  beams,  joista,  and  rafters,  throughout,  and  the  fittings  are  arran|B[ed  so  aa  to 

■d  loof  of  copper  and  alate,  make  it  not  only  sub-  avoid  any  weldinip  whatever.    The  entire  floors  are 

Kffitad  and  enduring,  but  fire-proof.     The  dome,  built  with  wrought-iron  beams  and  brick  arohes. 

*^  is  to  be  of  marble,  rests  upon  heavy  masonry  The  foundations  are  maasive,  and  of  granite  and 

ha  the  fonadatloo  to  the  roof,  where  it  la  strongly  brownstone.     The  dormer-windows  are  of  marble, 

^Tved&od  supported  by  bt)n  beams,  braces,  anchors,  with  carved  trimminfca.     The  main  entrances  are 

•d  bolts,  devised  by  aooompliahed  engineering  skill,  built  of  solid  marble  piers  and  polished  grsnite  col* 

ai  is  designad  to  stand  unmoved,  with  the  entire  umns,  over  which  are  richly  carved  caps.    All  of  the 

Kme&are.  through  agea  of  time.  vestibules,  halls,  and  corridors  are  supported  by 

U  furnishiog  the  Senate  chamber  and  hall  of  the  granite  and  marole  columns,  except  the  two  light- 

H^^  of  Representatives,  the  Commissioners  have  shafts,  which  are  inclosed  bjr  iron  columns  and  oma- 

^vvided  m  seat  and  convenient  desk  for  each  mem-  mented  railings.     The  main  stairways,  of  which 

«e.  In  the  House  they  will  place  960  seats  and  there  are  two^  are  very  solid  and  imposing ;  they  are 

^*kL    The  deska  for  the  preaiding  oflloers  and  of  marble,  with  steps  and  platforms  of  granite.    In 

^Tii  are  by  designs  of  the  architect,  and  are  not  these  stairways  are  forty-six  polished  granite  col- 

■-'TMiiTeiiieDt.  but  in  harmony  with  the  general  de-  umns,  resembline  in  appearance  the  Scotch  granite. 

**<*)  ^tbe  building.    The  anterooms  on  each  side  of  The  foaoite  for  these  oeautifhl  columns  came  f^m 

^'■Eoate  and  the  Senate  are  oonveniently  arranged;  a  Connecticut  quarry  near  Stony  Creek,  on  Long 

fti  tii«re  are  more  than  twenty  committee  rooms.  Island   Sound.      These   stairways   lead   fh)m   the 

;-«i«Kt,  well  ventilated,  and    warmed.     Four  of  ground  fioor  to  the  galleries  of  the  hall  of  the  House 

-^^i  fcteam-boilers,  of  fifty  horse-power  each,  lo-  of  Bepresentatives,  or  one  flii^ht  above  the  second 

^^  'B  a  vault  outside  of  the  building,  fhmishea  the  floor.    All  of  the  woodwork  finish  is  of  oak,  black 

^''Sed  air  for  making  this  spacious  DUilding  com-  walnut,  and  ash.    The  white  glass  is  of  the  best  pol- 

'  tasle  in  all  its  parts  in  the  severest  weather.    The  ished  French  plate.    There  are  186  columns  of  pol- 

flea  of  hot^sir  pipes  and  radiators,  on  well-de-  ished  granite  and  80  columns  of  marble  in  the  build- 

>JMd  &nd  scientific  plans,  is  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Biohards,  intr*  the  material  for  which  was  taken  from  miarriea 

'^  3utford,  an  aocomplisned  mechanical  engineer,  in  Connecticut.  Maine,  Vermont,  and  Khode  Island. 

v«v  aiM>  designed  tiie  ventilating  flues.    The  Com-  The  engineer  Las  not  completed  his  accurate  mea- 


220  CONNECTICUT. 

■nrementfi  bat  thoCommismonen  are  enabled  to  give  cultivate  and  improve  the  same,  instead  of  squan- 

approzimHtely,  and  they  believe  nearly  accurately,  dering  the  public  domain  upon  corporations  or  pri- 

tne  foUow^ing  quantities  of  the  principal  materiMl  m  vate  speculators.    We  demand  a  graduated  tax  on  all 

the  buildinff :  7,800,000  hard  brick ;  2,100,000  pounds  lands, 

iron;  800,000  square  feet  plaster;  162,000  cubic  feet  Abt.  Y.  We  demand  that  the  Government  at  once 


eec  granite ;  d»,9U9  leet  steam  pipe ;  ^2,674  xeet  gas  ana  loaning  money  to  tne  people,  on  ample  secunty, 

pipe ;  12,078  feet  water  pipe.    Of  the  brick,  1,200,-  at  a  rate  ol  interest  not  exceeaiiig  the  actual  expense 

000  will  be  in  the  dome,  800,000  of  which  are  now  in  of  creatine  and  loaning  the  same, 

place:  and  of  the  47,000  cubic  feet  of  marble  re-  Abt.  VI.  In  the  language  of  JPeter  Cooper,  ''No- 

qnlred  for  the  dome,  20,000  cubic  feet  are  iu  place.  thine  can  be  bought  oneap  from  foreign  countries 

which  must  be  bought  at  the  expense  oi  leaving  our 

The  National  Greenback  Labor  party  con-  own  raw-material  unused,  and  our  own  labor  unem- 

vened  at  Hartford  on  the  17th  of  August,  be-  ployed  " ;  therefore  we  demand  a  protective  t«riff 

ing  represented  by  eighty  delegates  from  all  of  ^^^^^li^^^i"  ^!  ^^^^^  the  raw  material  is  produced 

♦k«  *^«4.««„   -«^  «™:«v.*«j  Z  #«ii  Q*«*^  *:^i,  *Dd  the  labor  to  manufacture  the  same  is  found  in 

the  counties,  and  nominated  a  full  State  tick-  ^e  country ;  all  articles  wl.ich  we  do  not  or  can  not 

et,  as  folioWB :  r  or  Grovemor,  Charles  Atwa-  produce  or  manufacture  to  be  admitted  firee. 

ter,  of  New    Haven ;   for  Lieutenant-Gover-  Abt.  VII.  An  income  tax  based  upon  a  constitu- 

nor,  Henry  Manchester,  of  Danbnry  ;  for  Sec-  t»onal  limitation  and  graduating  upward,  but  leaving 

retary  of  State,  Lucian  W.  Pinney,  of  Winsted ;  '^"n^^^nT^Tr.nSL?^!!;?^^-:  k.«u  ^r  «..». 

r     rr                 T           -E*    T  J  J     /vr       n  '^  •  AST.  Viil.  Tnat  iabor,  being  ttie  basis  of  msn's 

for  Treasurer,  Loren  F.  Judd,  of  New  Bntam ;  existence,  and  the  source  of  all  wealth,  deserves  our 

for  Comptroller,  Charles  J.    Winters,  of  Nor-  first  consideration.    We  therefore  demand  that  labor 

wicb.     The  following  platform  was  adopted  bureaus,  State  at  well  as  national,  be  established  for 

by  the  Convention :  ^®  collection  of  statistics  relative  to  the  condition 

^                              '  of  the  producing  classes,  and  the  management  to  be 

Whereatj  Both  the  old  political  parties  have  sano-  given  to  competent  men,  known  to  be  in  sympathy 

tioned  ieffislation  that  has  created  .excessive  ex-  with  the  design  for  which  said  bureau  is  created; 

penses,  deot,  and  taxation :  fostered  monopolies,  di-  that  wise,  judicious,  and  equitable  laws  may  be  enact- 

minished  "*^        '        '   "     '    '      *            '              *  ''             ^  .- .^    i            -,.            ,  .. 

evidences 

the  evils  < 

and                                                           "              '  '  system  of  public-school  education,'8o  as  to  establish 

Whereaty  This  policy  has  formed  privileged  class-  affriculturaJ,  mechanical,  and  commeicial  sehoola  in 

es,  changed  the  obligations  of  contracts,  lowered  addition  to  our  common  schools;  that   all  books 

wages,  thrown  laborers  out  of  employment,  and  pro-  should  be  procured  at  the  expenne  of  the  State  gov- 

dnced  an  enormous  amount  of  needless  suffering ;  emment,  and  that  not  less  than  one  lecture  per  week 

and  be  delivered  upon  the  dignity  of  labor  and  its  psra- 

Whtreas^  Governments  should  discourage  great  mount  importance  in  the  affairs  of  men  in  evezy-day 

accumulations  of  wealth  in  few  hands,  and  should  life. 

promote  industry,  frugality,  and  eaual.  prosperity  for  Abt.  X.  Equal  taxation  of  all  property  owned  by 

all:  therefore  the  National  Greenoack  Labor  party  individuals  or  corporations, 

of  Connecticut  resolves :  Abt.  XI.  We  demand  a  thorough  reform  in  the 

Abtiolb  I.   We  denounce  as  crimes  against  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  State.    It  is  the 

people  the  law  making  the  greenback  only  a  partial  duty  of  the  Legislature,  elected  by  the  people,  to  ap- 

leffai  tender,  the  act  creating  the  national  banking  propriate  definite  sums  for  the  various  State  depart- 

Bcneme,  the  act  changing  currenov  bonds  into  coin  ments,  the  officials  in  charge  of  said  departments 

bonds,  the  act  exempting  bonds  trom  taxation,  the  being  limited  to  the  amounts  so  appropriated, 

act  repealing  the  income  tax,  the  act  demonetizing  Akt.  XII.  We  demand  a  general  supervision  by 

silver,  the  act  for  issuing  interest-bearing  bonds  for  the  State  of  all  railroad,  gas,  and  other  monopolies, 

the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  to  be  converted  into  There  should  be  a  uniform  tariff  rate  for  paaaenger 

subsidiary  coin,  the  act  for  the  forced  resumption  of  and  flight  traffic  on  railroads,  and  definite  laws  curb* 

specie  payments,  the  act  for  the  indefinite  morease  ing  their  encroachments. 

of  the  national-bsnk  circulation  and  the  enormous  Abt.  XIII.  We  demand  the  abolition  of  the  sTrstem 

contraction  of  the  volume  of  the  circulating  medium,  of  letting  out  b^  contract  the  labor  of  convicts  m  our 

We  recognize  the  financial  legislation  of  the  Govern-  prisons  snd  reformatory  institutions, 

ment  from  the  besrinning  of  the  war  as  the  arbitrarr  Abt.  XIY.  We  are  opposed  to  the  importation  of 

dictation  of  a  syndicate  of  bankers  and  usurers,  witn  servile  Chinese  labor  to  come  into  competition  with 

the  single  purpose  of  robbing  the  many  to  enrich  the  free  labor  of  this  country, 

the  few.  Abt.  XV.  We  deprecate  and   denounce  all  sedi- 

Abt.  II.  To  remedy  and  counteract  the  evils  com-  tious  and  violent  measures,  and  appeal  only  to  the 

plained  of  we  demand  the  Government  shall  issue  a  good  senne  and  love  of  justice  and  patriotism  of  the 

nill  legal-tender  paper  money  adequate  in  volume  people,  and  invoke  them  to  redress  their  cruel  and 

for  the  employment  of  labor,  the  distribution  of  its  outrageous  wrongs  only  through  the  medium  of  the 

products,  tne  requirements  of  business,  and  for  the  ballot-box. 
payment  of  all  bonds  in  absolute  money  as  soon  as 

possible,  and  no  further  issue  by  the  Government  of  When  the  reading  of  this  platform  had  been 

any  bonds            „  .     ,     .        „             ,    -  ,  conclnded,  a  discnssion  ensued,  some  among 

.^"T!-  P*  ^®  ?^^  for  the  immediate  repeal  of  the  ^he  delegates  having  severally  proposed  cer- 

so-called  resumption  act  and  the  national-bank  act,  ..       ,,.*.         .     .,   ^            »  j  p.v|^  o« 

demanding  the  retirement  at  once  of  the  national-  ^^^  additions  to  it,  as  a  resolntion  advocating 

bank  circulation,  and  the  substitution  therefor  of  woman's  right  to  snffrage,  and  one  prohibiting 

full  lega^-tender  paper  money.  the  exportation  of  wheat  and  flesh-meat  be- 

^^'  ^Y*  TS®..''"^^^*^  '??^*i  belonging  to  all  the  cause  they  are  needed  at  home.    Their  motions 

people,  should  be  sacredly  held  m  trust  for  the  jjj  -.^a  nrevail 

nomes  of  American  citizens ;  that  the  Government  *""     w**  P  ^*a"»                                 ^     ,      .    vr 

should  furnish  aid  to  families  desirous  of  settling  The  Democratic   party  convened  at  Aew 

tharaupon,  in  amounts  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  Haven  on  September  17,  1878,  when  the  en- 


OONNEOTIOUT.  281 

lire  old  State  ticket,  with  Richard  D.Habbard  ▼•»•]  bankruptcy  and  total  repudiation;  and  we 
•t  lU  head,  was  renominated  by  acclamation.  ^^"^^  IH!?*^?*?  ^^^^J  ^  '"^•^  "^^  **•  ^^' 
AtosigBedbyUeatenant-Governorl^^^  ''i^7J5f^ ^T^ha?  J.'t ^^^  our  Senator,  and 
tiBdenog  018  resignation  of  tne  omoe  ne  tnen  Bepresentativea  in  Oongreaa  earnest  efforts  to  in- 
Ncapied,  was  read,  and  the  resignation  ac-  oreaae  oar  trade  with  foreign  nationa,  by  such  legia- 
ttjtk  Oharles  Darand,  of  Derby,  was  nomi-  lation  as  will  tend  to  restore  our  oommeroial  tonnage 
uMdiD  his  phMJe.  The  following  platform  to  Ito  former  equality  with  that  of  Great  Britain, 
J  «  A  iT-  ♦k^  n^«..««4.;««  ^,iXJL*  «  Ai^  ""id  plaoe  annually  in  the  hands  of  our  own  ship- 
was  adopted  by  the  Convention  without  a  dis-  ^wnera  many  millions  of  doUars  in  gold,  which  now 

mlD^  Toice:  foes  to  enrich  the  owners  of  foreign  ships,  and  thun 

Smlttd^  That  the  Democratic  party  of  Conneoti-  lumiah  to  the  laborer  increased  employment,  reduce 

R!  ifun  pledges  itself  to  the  principles  which  it  the  public  taxes,  and  greatly  increase  the  oountiy'a 

l»  ioraiiibly  adopted,  and  whi(Ui  a  migority  of  the  ezporta. 

pMpleof  this  State  have  repeatedly  approved.  Betolvid^  That  we  thank  the  Democratic  House  of 

L  The  CoMtitution  and  tbe  Union  shall  be  main-  Bepresentativea  for  earnestly  struggling  against  the 

tiioed,  with  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  BeDublican  Senate  to  reduce  the  public  ezpenditurea 

aJiUrj  Mthority ;  the  largest  individual  liberty  and  lighten  taxation. 

ntsiftent  with  public  order;  the  equality  of  rights  Meeolved^  That  we  request  the  next  Legislature  of 

kaOeitiieos;  local  setf-government  ana  the  umi-  this  State  to  carefully  consider  the  laws  that  have 

taaw  of  the  Constitution  to  be  observed  by  those  been  passed  during  the  period  of  war  and  of  exces- 

liaifliiterin^the  affairs  of  the  Federal  Qovemment.  ^i^c  expenditures,  and  to  modify  such  portions  of 

i  We  demand  that  rigid  economy  shall  be  ob-  them  as  may  be  deemed  injurioua  in  anv  degree  to 

•erred  in  every  department  of  the  State  and  Federal  the  public  interests ;  and  we  recommend  the  modi- 

f)remmeDts;  and  that  the  salaries  of  public  offtoers  fication  of  the  trustee  process  so  that  the  wages  of  a 

lull  b«  leduoed  aooording  to  the  necessities  of  the  laborinff  man  with  a  family,  and  the  wages  of  women 

iix?i  and  children,  may  be  protected ;  and  we  also  favor 

L  Thit  the  deep-seated  and  continued  cormp-  a  reasonable  nomesteaa  exemption. 

\Mi  imong  Federal  of&oe-holders  and  employees  Btsolv^d,  That  an  harmonious  Uniop,  the  rights  of 

lail  oease;  and  we  demand  of  Gongreas  that  it  every  State  respected,  a  friendly  intercourse  among 

•^  ri^dlr  and  persistently  pursue  investigations  the  people,  andf  a  cessation  of  sectional  hostility,  are 

ViGscover  fraudulent  praotioes  and  ring  contrivances  essential  to  the  good  name  of  our  republic  and  to 

vbieh  deplete  the  Treasury  and  add  to  the  burdens  the  prosperity  of  tbe  country ;  and  we  invite  all  voters 

sf t^ejMople.  vho  favor  tfaia  healing  poUcy  and  who  are  opposed 

i  We  eoodemn  the  monstrous  ftmids  and  the  to  the  politicians,  in  or  out  of  Congress,  who  strive 

firing  tad  onrighteous  action  of  the  Commission  by  to  keep  alive  animosities  between  different  sections 

tkica  Uie  people  of  the  United  States  were  cheated  of  the  Union,  to  act  with  the  Democratic  party  in 

t:idepri?ed  of  their  choice  in  the  last  presidential  the  oomlng   election;   and  to   those  workingmen 

tIaetio&-a  bold  plot  and  unparalleled  mud  which  whose  right  to  suffrage  has  been  sustained  by  that 

(Utek  It  the  heart  of  the  republic ;  a  plot  and  fraud  party,  in  great  conflicts  when  their  righta  were  as- 

rfcieh  ihiil  not  be  condoneo,  and  shall  never  be  re-  sailed,  to  all  laborera,  of  whom  In  every  vicissitude 

pcikd.  in  our  oountry's  history  the  Democracy  have  been 

I  T&At  the  public  lands  shall  be  preaerred  for  unflinching  advocates  and  friends,  we  extend  the 

^benefit  of  actual  aettlers,  and  subsidies  of  money  Mune  cordial  aQlUtion  and  respect  that  have  dis- 

«.ttds  to  oorporaiions  and  speoulatora  shidl  cease  tinguished  our  party  from  the  days  of  Jefferson  to 

U  «rer.  the  present  time. 

ITbattheConstituttonof  the  United  States  reo-  mi,^  t?«,v„vi:^««   r^^^,*^  t.^M.^T^\y^^   ;«.  Qfof^^ 

«niie»  gold  and  aUver  as  the  standard  money  of  ^  ^^^  Republican  par^  assembled  in  State 

t&iCoioa;  end  this  Btandu'dia  the  only  stable  baais  Convention  at  Hartford  on  the  24tb  of  Sep- 

'v  the  comnierdal  neoessities  of  the  world.    The  tember,  and  nominated  the  following  State 

^ts^OTtie  ptrty  of  the  Union  has  never  failed  to  ticket:  For  Governor,  Charles  B.  Andrews,  of 

^«  1  IlH;"i'^'*«'i%  !;?ffii^  ?.l2?i?*-«  J^  Litchfield;    for  Lientenant-Gtovernor,  David 

MrJjp^rl.'flM^^^^^  GaUnn,  of'PLunfield;  for  Secretary  of  State, 

f^'xf,  ijQder  which  prices  of  every  commodity  have  David  Torrance,  of  Derby ;  for  Treasurer,  Tal- 

'~'  '  Norwalk;  for  Comptroller, 

I,  of  Coventry.    The  platform 

,    .     -  _  l«ge  baUnce  of  fSrilgn  exchange  in  """H-"  »•  -«  Convention  was  aa  follows: 

J09r  of  this  oountry,  have  brought  us  to  the  door  The  Bepublicans  of  Connecticut,  in  convention 

•  I  redeemable  currency  and  a  sound  basis  for  an  aesembled.  resolve : 

^^nvad  sod  prosperous  state  of  affairs,  which  will  Urd.  That  the  existing  dangers  to  the  public 

^  the  creditors  and  debtors  of  the  Government  credit,  industry^  and  commerce  call  upon  us  to  pledge 

S;|i3  the  lame  flnanoial  plane.  anew  our  constancy  to  the  great  principles  of  pa- 

7.  That  the  resumption  act,  so  called,  waa  in  its  triotism  and  self-sacriflce  which  have  Buccensfully 

>^pCoQ  unwise,  uncalled  for,  and  not  demanded  carried  the  country  through  the  perils  of  a  great  war 

c  fi^  time  of  ita  enaction  by  those  laws  of  trade  and  preserved  and  established  the  Union. 

^"^  ^veni  with  unerring  certainty  the  finances  Steand.  That  the  bonds  of  the  United  States  and 

^toaatry:  and  having  oonfldence  m  the  Senators  the  legal-tender  notes  issued  under  the  necessities 

ci  S.'presentativea  of  tlds  State  in  the  Congress  of  the  war  are  sacred  debts,  to  be  paid  to  the  last 

!>  ^  t cited  States,  we  unhesitatingly  rely  upon  dollar  in  the  standard  monev  of  the  world ;  that  the 

^■y  integrity  and  judgment,  believing  that  tney  onlv  money  recognized  in  the  Constitution  or  in  the 

'■^  be  ooQtrolled  in  their  action  upon  tne  question  exchange  of  the  world  is  gold  and  silver  coin  of  the 

■^amptbn  by  those  well-known  principles  which  weight  and  fineness  which  give  it  universal  currency ; 

^j«ril<  the  neoesaities  of  commerce  and  the  best  and  we  demand  that  all  currency  shall  be  redeemable 

^=^^Mti  of  the  people  of  this  State.  in  coin  at  the  will  of  the  holder,  and  that  both  coin 

,  ^*>M,  That  we  condemn  all  repudiation,  and  and  currency  shall  be  kept  at  par  with  the  gold  stan- 

'^d  the  just  pavment  of  the  public  debt.    We  dard  of  the  world. 

*  2d«QB  the  financial  policy  of  the  Bepublioan  Ad-  7%ird.  That  the  issue  of  legal-tender  notes  was 
^^■tntica  as  the  direct  and  shortest  way  to  nnl-  only  justifiable  by  the  necessities  of  the  war,  and 


222  CONNEOTIOUT. 

fhat  anj  attempt  to  lower  the  standard  of  iDoiiej,  to  Januiy  1,  IBS,  ndMBoable  JaDoair  i,  istt,  bar-             | 

inorease  the  volume  of  irredeemable  paper  ourreoCT,     _  h*  totewrtat  6p«r  cent.. ;••;-:•  •  i.-    t^niW, 

to  make  the  money  of  the  people  un.uSe,  or  to  dJi  ^^^^:  ^^  wdeemable  Janiiaiy  1,  life*,  at  •              a 

teriorate  the  coin,  is  aimplr  repudiation ;  and  we  o^ober  l,'i8«;i;iiii;w;bitob^;iVib8fi,"ir      '         t 

deolare  that  a  reiaaue  ot  lesal-tender  paper  in  a  time       percent \7:.....   l,74l,iw' 

of  profound  peaoe  would  he  without  excuae  and  a  May  1, 18T7,  redeemable  on  option  after  liej  1,     *     '    .- 

§ra«a  violation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United       ld87,  at  5  per  oeot l,08l,0C0. 

tates ;  and  therefore  we  demand  actual  resumption  — ~  ~. 

of  specie  payments  at  the  time  fixed  by  law,  and  that  ^^^ HwT,6«r 

Con^p^Bs  sliall  do  no  act  to  delay  it,  but  ahall  leave  ^     i.            j  v 

the  oounti7  free  in  Its  reviving  prosperity.  The  aggregate  amount  of  the  grand  list,  ex* 

Fourth.  That  the  interests  of  capital  and  labor  are  hibitiDg  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  in 

BO  linked  together  that  all  action  hostile  to  one  must  the    State,   fell  off  last  year  by  more  tbaii 

be  usurious  to  the  other,  and  we  condemn  all  at-  aq  aaa  aaa 

tempts  to  array  one  against  the  other,  and  to  estab-  •'';^Vi*^"«      ...           .         .      i_    .     rt 

lish  enmities  and  pr^udioes  between  employee  and  There  are  fflxty-six  aavmgs  banks  m  Con- 

emplover.  necticnt,  four  of  which  are  under  temporary 

Fifth,  We  demand  the  most  rigid  economy,  not  injunction,   and   one   is    being   permanently 

only  from  the  State  and  national  governments,  but  closed  up.     The  snm  total  of  their  assets  on 

"^^1  wrc^nTrSir^orthy  of  an  enlighteued  ^J  first  day  of  October  1878,  ww  $76  024- 

peopleanlggardly  appropriation  ofthepubUc  money  606.40,  which  is  $4,260,000  less  than  at  the 

for  the  just  and  proper  expenses  of  the  Government,  same  date  in  the  previous  year.    There  are  t«n 

espeoially  in  dealing  with  the  army  and  its  officers,  trust  companies  m  the  State,  eight  of  which 

whose  life-long  services  are  devoted  to  the  defense  receive  deposits  and  attend  to  general  banking 

«?loreSlS:L^S4^S!S  transac^iof    All  of  them  areVated  to  be  in 

8€V€iUh.  That  we  demand  foil  protection  for  all  *  aound  finanoial  condition.     Four  banks  of  i 

oitiaens  in  evezypart  of  the  United  States  in  the  discount  continue  doing  business  in  Gonnecti- 

f^  exercise  of  civil  and  politicid  rights ;  that  we  out  under  the  laws  of  the  State.    Their  ag- 1 

S!i^  *^''*'  *^®"  '»^'5  ^  Jio.  •^j>"<iles,  grants,  or  gregate  outstanding  circulation  is  reckoned  at 

loans  of  money  or  lends  to  private  oorpomtions.  no  S-,  Q^rno 

payment,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  what  are  called  *^5r^^' ,       ^         -  ^,            ,,   .    ^,      «*  * 

rebel  claims,  and  that  the  legitimate  expenses  of  gov-  Ahe  education  01  the  youth  m  the  btate  ap- 

emment  shall  be  met  by  adequate  approjiriations.  pears  to  progress  satisfactorilj.     The  nomber 

JSifhth,  That  we  believe  in  the  Integrity  and  pa-  of  her  public  schools  at  the  close  of  the  last 

S!?*i!S°i^  President  Haves,  and  we  will  give  him  g^hool  year  was  1,647;  the  yearlj  average  of 

our  cordial  support  in  all  bis  constitutional  efforts  to  „  t  ^  ,    „^„«:^«„  «,!-   iJroi   ^«««       tv«  ™i,«u 

secure  an  honest  and  efficient  pubUc  service  and  to  ^^^^  sessions  was  178*  days.      The  whole 

maintain  the  financial  honor  of  the  nation.  number  of  children  between  four  and  sixteen 

Ninth,  That  the  title  of  President  Hayes  having  years  of  age  in  the  State  is  188,407,  of  whom 


percen- 

•««„  attempt  to  reopen  the  question  of  hU  title.  »«««  "^  ouuui  cu  m  ^^wa  w.  an  «aiiu»  for  the 

are  seditious  and  dangerous  to  the  public  peace  and  year   was   94.76.     The  aggregate   amount  of 

prosperity,  and  have  for  their  object  not  the  welfare  school  revenue,  from  school  fund,  State,  town, 

ofthowholecountry,buttheadvanoementofafaction.  j^j^  district  taxes,  and  other  sonrcea,  was  $1,- 

At  the  general  election  of  November  6,  609,158.86.    The  total  expenditure  for  school 

1878,  the  people's  vote  in  Oonneoticut  failed  to  purposes  was  $1,606,477.06.    In  the  Connect!- 

elect  the  Governor  and  the  other  State  officers,  cut  School  for  Imbeciles  at  Lakeville  there  were 

In  accordance  with  the  State  Constitution,  86  inmates,  of  whom  42  were  State  beneficia- 

they  were  elected  by  the  Legislature  in  joint  ries.    Out  of  the  $7,000  annuallv  appropriated 

convention  on  January  9th,  liie  result  being  for  their  support,  the  sum  of  $6,600  was  ex- 

the  choice  of  the  Republican  candidates.    On  pended  durmg  the  year.    The  Governor  aven 

the  same  day  the  Governor  elect  was  formally  that  *^  this  school  is  under  superior  management, 

installed  in  office.  i^  doing  excellent  work,  and  deserves  well  of 

The  income  and  expenditure  during  the  past  the  State.*'    The  inmates  of  the  State  Reform 

year  were  as  follows :  School  for  Boys  at  Meriden  are  at  present 

iw«.e.to th.'^^n.r,  I>««nb«i,i8n....    rM.4i4  »  f«7;  their  average  nnmber  for  ^.e  year  wm 

SeceiptB  last  year,  ih»n  all  sonroes. !: 1,652,670  81  260.    The  Industrial  Sohool  for  Girls  at  Mid- 

Totai $8,884,984'64  dletowu  continues  In  succcssful  operation.    Its 

B-««toti;.'n««ay.D««Db«i,i8TS...  -m^n  smoe  »to orj^zation in  1870  III 886,    Ofthow 

dismissed,  81  have  found  homes  or  gone  to 

This  balance  included    about  $600,000  of  friends  out  of  Connecticut ;  and  46  have  been 

taxes  paid  into  the  Treasury  in  November,  placed  out  in  families  within  the  State,  yet  re- 

1878.     The  excess  of  receipts  over  expendi*  maining  wards  of  the  school.    The  State  Asy- 

tures  during  the  year  was  $109,967.78.    The  lam  for  the  Insane  at  Middletown  continues, 

estimated  receipts  for  the  year  1878~'79  are  as  for  several  years,  crowded  to  its  utmost 

set  down  at  $1,664,200,  and  the  estimated  ex-  capacity,  with  a  large  number  of  applications 

gmditures  at  $1,680,846.    The  State  debt,  on  made  to  it  for  admission  of  new  patients  that 

ecember  1,  1878,  was  represented  in  four  must  be  refused.    At  present  there  are  above 

daasea  of  bonds,  as  follows:  76  such  applications  entered  in  the  books  of 


OOIWECTIOUT.  COPYRIGHT.                   333 

the  hospltaL  The  number  of  patieiita  in  it  at  in  alnuhoDMS,  bat  supported  whoU;  or  in  part 
the  end  of  the  jear  wai  461,  all  of  whom  were  bj  towns,  162 ;  in  bMpitala  oat  of  the  State, 
State  beneficiaries  eicei>t  27,  who  are  pajing  but  nipported  tf,  the  eipease  of  towns,  47. 
patieiita.  The  OontmisaioDera  created  bj  the  The  nnmber  of  oonvicta  in  the  State  Peniten- 
Legislature  at  the  Jannary  Marion  of  1878,  and  tiarj  on  Nuvember  80, 1ST8,  was  2T8.  The  re- 
appointed bj  the  Governor,  "  to  iDTestigate  the  ceipts  of  tbe  prison  daring  tbe  year  amoonted 
necewitjfur  the  erection  of  another  hospital  to  |80,9C1.8B,  the  ezpenaea  to  (32,869.09.  Tbe 
for  the  insane  poor  of  the  State,"  upon  inqoirj',  labor  of  the  prisoners  has  now  been  contracted 
have  ulreadyasoertained  that,  besidestbeabore-  for  better  prices  than  formerlj'.  Oonoeroing 
mentioDed,  tbere  ere  SS5  indigent  iosane  per-  management  and  discipline,  tbe  Legislative 
sons  in  Gonneotdoat,  maintained  at  tbe  charge  Oommitteeon  tbe  State  Prison,  by  joint  reaoln- 
of  towaa,  as  follows:  in  almsbonses,  1S6;  not  tioa  passed  at  the  Janusry  saaaion  of  1878,  waa 


directed  to  inqnlre  into  Its  management,  and  remedy  for  the  anoertainty  into  which  the  law 

reporL    Thej  attended  to  their  daty  by  sam-  of  copyright  has  fallen  lias  long  bew  reoog- 

moningbeforethemtheofficersoftbeprisonand  nised.    lie  Commiamon  which  has  now  re- 

othera,  and  found  that  the  roles  of  the  prison  ported  was  appointed  April  17, 187fl,  aod  eom- 

had  not  beea  strictly  enforced ;  that  in  some  prised  Lord  John  Manners,  tbe  Earl  of  Devon, 

eases  there  bad  been  partiality  to  prisoners;  Sir  Charlca  Yonng,  Sir  Henry  T.  Holland,  Sir 

and  that  they  "  had  conclusive  evidence  prov-  John  Rose,  Sir  Henry  Drummond  Wolff.  Sir 

log  thAt,  throngfa  some  agency,  liqnor  had  been  LouisMsIlet,Sir  James  Stephen,  Sir  Julias  Ben- 

famished  to  the  prisonerp."  edict,  Farrer  Herschell,  Edward  Jenkins,  Wil- 

The  military  force  of  Oonnectloat,  under  the  liam  Smith,  James  Anthony  Fronde,  Anthony 
^)pellBtion  of  "  National  Guard,"  is  in  an  effi-  Trollope,  and  Frederick  Richard  Daldy.  The 
dent  condition.  The  Govemor  avers  that,  in  OommisdonenfonDdthelawinastateof  great 
regard  to  discipline,  drill,  and  equipment,  it  is  nncerixinty  and  confusion.  There  are  fourteen 
not  sarpaaeed  by  the  militia  of  any  other  State,  statutes  in  force,  passed  at  varions  limes,  with 
Tbis  force  has  had  an  increase  of  152  men,  and  little  reference  to  one  another.  "  Tbe  piece- 
two  new  companies  have  been  added  to  its  or-  meal  way  in  which  tbe  snbject  has  been  dealt 
nnitttion  daring  the  year.  At  the  last  muster,  with,"  says  the  report,  "  afiords  the  only  pos- 
yorembBr2S-29, 1878,  ita  total  was  9,444  men.  sible  explanation  of  a  number  of  apparently 
Tbe  expenseof  maintuning  thisforoeismetby  arbitrary  distinctions  between  the  provisions 
the  oommntatdon  tax,  which  in  1878  amounted  made  upon  matters  which  would  seem  to  be 
to  |S5,170.  An  act  was  paesed  by  the  Le^»-  of  tbe  same  nature."  Tbns,  the  term  of  oopy- 
latore  at  tbe  January  aestion  to  furnish  tbe  Na-  right  in  books  is  forty-two  years  from  the  first 
tional  Onard  with  new  uniforms  at  tbe  cbarge  publication,  or  during  the  life  of  the  author 
of  the  State.  It  allowa  |20  to  eaoh  man  for  his  and  seven  years  after  his  death,  whichever 
oniform.  shall  be  tbe  longer  period ;  in  engravings  and 

COPYRIGHT.    The  report  of  the  Royal  prints,  twenty-elglit  years  from  pablication; 

Commisaioners  on  copyright  inbmitted  to  Par-  In  paintings,  drawinga,  and  photographa,  dnr- 

liament  in  Jane,  1878,  gave  riae  to  a  general  ing  the  life  of  the  artist  and  seven  years  after 

diicoHsion  of  this  subject  both  in  England  and  his  death ;  in  sculpture,  fourteen  years  from 

the  United  States.     Tbe  necessity  of  some  the  first  "putting  forth  or  publishing"  the 


824  COPYRIGHT. 

work,  with  provision  for  a  second  term  of  foor-  ed  for  the  life  of  the  anthor  and  fifty  years 

teen  years  if  the  sculptor  be  living  at  the  end  after  his  death ;    in  Germany,  for  l^e  and 

of  the  first.  ^  thirty  years ;  in  Belgium  and  Holland,  for  life 

One  of  the  first  questions  considered  by  the  and  twenty  years ;  in  Italy,  for  life  and  forty 

Oommissioners,  and  on  which  much  testimony  years,  with  a  second  term  of  forty  years,  dur- 

was  taken,  was  whether  the  royalty  system  ing  which  other  persons  than  the  proprietor 

should  be  substituted  for  the  copyright  laws,  may  publish  on  payment  of  a  royalty.    It  will 

This  system  may  be  briefly  described  as  one  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  English  Commis- 

under  which  the  author  of  a  work  of  literature  sioners  preferred  the  term  adopted  in  Ger- 

or  art,  or  his  assignee,  would  not  have  the  ex-  many. 

elusive  right  of  publication,  but  auy  person  By  a  law  passed  in  1775,  perpetual  copyright 
would  be  entitled  to  copy  or  republish  the  in  books  given  or  bequeathed  to  them  was 
work  on  paying  or  securing  to  the  owner  a  granted  to  certain  universities  and  colleges, 
remuneration,  taking  the  form  of  a  royalty  or  It  is  now  recommended  that  this  privilege  be 
definite  sum  prescribed  by  law,  payable  to  the  abolished.  Authors  and  publishers  have  corn- 
owner  for  each  copy  published.  The  principal  plained  of  the  heavy  and  unjust  tax  imposed 
reason  urged  for  the  adoption  of  the  royalty  upon  them  by  the  statute  requiring  the  free 
system  is  the  benefit  which  it  is  supposed  delivery  of  a  copy  of  every  book  published  to 
would  arise  to  the  public  from  the  early  pub-  certain  libraries.  The  number  of  copies  re- 
lication  of  cheap  editions,  as  the  original  pub-  quired  to  be  delivered  has  varied  at  different 
Usher  would  be  compelled  to  issue  cheap  edi-  times.  It  was  nine  under  the  statute  of  1710, 
tions  from  the  start,  or  this  would  be  done  by  and  eleven  under  that  of  180^.  It  was  reduced 
rival  publishers.  The  opponents  of  the  system  to  five  in  1886,  at  which  number  it  has  since 
say  that,  where  one  book  pays  the  publisher  continued.  The  libraries  which  now  enjoy 
for  his  outlay  and  risk,  many  are  complete  these  privileges  are  the  British  Museum,  the 
failures  and  never  pay  even  the  cost  of  pub-  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford,  the  Public  library 
lishing;  that  if  the  royalty  system  were  es-  at  Oanibridge,  the  library  of  the  Faculty  of 
tablished,  no  publisher  would  take  the  risk  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh,  and  the  library  of 
the  first  publication,  knowing  that  if  the  work  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  The  delivery  to  the 
proved  successful  he  would  immediately  have  British  Museum  is  peremptory,  but  not  to  the 
his  reward  snatched  from  him  by  the  numer-  other  colleges  unless  a  demand  in  writing  is 
ous  publishers  who  would  republish  and  under-  made  by  them.  The  Oommissioners  consider 
sell  nim ;  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  pub-  the  complaints  of  authors  and  publishers  on 
lishers  to  remunerate  authors  at  the  rate  they  this  point  to  be  well  founded,  and  recommend 
now  do,  who  would  therefore  often  be  deterred  that  the  law  be  repealed  except  in  the  case  of 
from  writing;  and  that  many  works,  especially  the  British  Museum. 

those  involving  long  preparation  and  great  Among  the  most  important  questions  con- 
cost  to  the  author  or  publisher,  which  would  be  sidered  by  the  Commission  were  those  relat- 
published  under  the  present  system,  could  nev-  ing  to  the  unlicensed  abridgment  and  drama- 
er  be  brought  out,  on  account  of  the  increased  tization  of  copyrighted  works.  In  regard  to 
risk  that  would  ensue  from  the  royalty  system,  abridgments,  the  law  is  not  settled ;  but  the 
Among  those  who  opposed  this  system  were  dicta  of  the  courts  lean  to  the  doctrine  that  a 
Herbert  Spencer,  Professor  Huxley,  Profes-  fair  and  honafide  abridgment  of  a  copyrighted 
8or  Tyndall,  and  other  well-known  authors,  book  is  not  piratical.  The  Commissioners  saj 
Among  other  reasons  urged  against  it  was  the  that  **  even  though  an  abridgment  be  so  framed 
fact  that  it  has  not  been  adopted  in  any  coun-  as  to  escape  being  a  piracy,  still  it  is  capable 
try,  except  in  a  modified  form  in  Italy.  of  doing  ^eat  harm  to  the  author  of  the  origi- 

The  Conomissioners  reported  against  the  roy-  nal  work  by  interfering  with  his  market;  and 
alty  system,  and  recommended  that  the  various  it  is  the  more  likely  to  interfere  with  that 
statutes  relating  to  copyright  be  consolidated  market  and  injure  the  sale  of  the  original  work 
into  one  uniform  law.  They  suggest  that  the  if,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  it  bears  in  its  title 
duration  of  copyright  in  books  be  during  the  the  name  of  the  original  author.  We  think 
life  of  the  author  and  for  thirty  years  after  his  this  should  be  prevented,  and,  upon  the  whole, 
death ;  that  the  term  of  protection  for  other  we  recommend  that  no  abridgments  of  copy- 
works  (except  photographs)  be  the  same  as  right  works  should  be  allowed  during  the  term 
that  for  books ;  and  that  the  exclusive  right  of  copyright,  without  the  c-onsent  of  the  owner 
of  representing  dramatic  and  musical  composi-  of  the  copyright.^*  The  statutes  are  silent  con- 
tions  be  secured  for  a  like  period.  This  will  coming  the  dramatization  of  novels  and  other 
amount  to  a  material  extension  of  the  term  of  Hterary  works.  They  neither  provide  for  re- 
copyright  in  Great  Britain,  and  will  make  the  serving  the  right  to  the  author  nor  expressly 
period  of  protection  considerably  longer  than  prohibit  unauthorized  dramatizations.  The  law 
it  is  in  the  United  States,  where  copyright  is  nas  been  settled  by  the  courts  that  it  is  piracy 
secured  for  twenty-eight  years,  with  provi-  to  publish  without  authority  a  dramatization 
sion  for  a  renewed  term  of  fourteen  years  in  of  a  novel.  But  what  authors  have  most  snf- 
favor  of  the  author  or  his  family.  In  France,  fered  from  is  the  unlicensed  dramatization  of 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Russia,  copyright  is  grant-  their  novels  for  public  performance.    Accord- 


COPYRIGHT.  •               285 

toftothe  law  as  jndidally  ezpoanded,  this  is  le^slation  for  ibis  purpose.     The  provision 

not  piratical  unless  the  author  has  dramatized  made  by  the  Canadian  Legislature  was  tliat 

IJ3  own  production  before  publishing  it  as  a  American  reprints  ofEnglish  copyrighted  works 

&>.>TeI :  and  to  do  this  is  the  only  remedy  might  be  imported  into  the  colony  on  payment 

&2JUD8t  nnaathorized  dramatizations.     Refer-  of  a  customs  duty  of  12}  per  cent.,  which  was 

riDg  to  the  common  practice  of  turning  novels  to  be  collected  by  the  Canadian  Government 

[Gto  plays  without  the  consent  of  the  authors,  and  paid  to  the  British  Government  for  the 

:he  Commiasioners  say :   ^*  Stories  have  been  benefit  of  the  authors  interested.    Like  pro- 

iritteD  in  a  form  adapted  to  stage  representa-  visions  were  made  in  other  colonies.    Of  the 

Hon  almost  without  change.    Sometimes  cer-  operation  of  these  laws,  and  the  effect  of  the 

t^  parts  and  passages  of  novels  are  put  bodily  Foreign  Reprints  Act,  the  Commissioners  say : 

into  the  play,  while  the  bulk  of  the  play  is  *^  So  far  as  British  authors  and  owners  of  copy- 

onginal  matter;  and  at  other  times  the  plot  right  are  concerned,  the  act  has  proved  a 

•>f  the  noTel  is  taken  as  the  basis  of  a  play,  the  complete  failure.     Foreign  reprints  of  copy- 

dialugae  being  altogether  original.    Whatever  right  works  have  been  largely  introduced  into 

mj  be  the  precise  form  of  the  dramatization,  the  colonies,  and  notably  American  reprints 

'Jie  practice  has  given  rise  to  much  complaint,  into  the  Dominion  of  Canada ;  but  no  returns, 

iS  i  considerable  loss,  both  in  money  and  repu-  or  returns  of  an  absurdly  small  amount,  have 

t^tido,  is  alleged  to  have  been  inflicted  upon  been  made  to  the  authors  and  owners.    It  ap- 

D< •relists.    The  author's  pecuniary  injury  con-  pears  from  official  reports  that  during  the  ten 

(■^  ia  his  failing  to  obtain  the  profit  ne  might  years  ending  in  1876,  the  amount  received 

refeire  if  dramatization  could  not  take  place  from  the  whole  of  the  nineteen  colonies  which 

TithoQt  his  consent.    He  may  be  ii^ured  in  have  taken  advantage  of  the  act  was  only 

rcpQtationif  an  erroneous  impression  is  given  £1,156  13«.  2id.y  of  which  £1,084  18«.  Sid. 

<  bis  book.    In  addition  to  tnese  complaints,  was  received  from  Canada ;  and  that  of  these 

t  lias  been  pressed  upon  us  that  it  is  only  jnst  colonies  seven  paid  nothing  whatever  to  the 

tUt  an  autnor  should  be  entitled  to  the  full  authors,  while  six  now  and  then  paid  small 

isoimt  of  profit  which  he  can  derive  from  his  sums  amounting  to  a  few  shillings."    In  1875 

vvD  creataon ;  that  the  product  of  a  man's  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Dominion  Parlia- 

inm  on^ht  to  be  his  own  for  all  purposes ;  ment  which  secures  copyright  for  twenty-eight 

ui  that  It  is  unjust,  when  he  has  expended  his  years  to  any  author  domiciled  in  Canada,  or  In 

ideation  and  labor  in  the  composition  of  a  any  part  of  the  British  dominions,  or  who  is  a 

^ory,  that  another  man  should  be  able  to  reap  citizen  of  any  country  having  an  intemation- 

pit  of  the  harvest."     After  weighing  these  al  copyright  treaty  with  Canada.    The  work 

'^fiderations,  and  those  which  were  advanced  must  be  published  or  republished  in  Canada. 

« the  other  side,  the  Commissioners  came  to  The  Commissioners  do  not  propose  to  interfere 

tie  cooclosion  that  the  right  of  dramatizing  a  with  this  law.     They  recommend  that  the 

t  ^trl  or  other  work  should  be  reserved  to  the  difficulty  of  securing  a  supply  of  English  litera- 

^'^or.  ture  at  cheap  prices  for  colonial  readers  be  met 

Coder  the  law  as  it  now  is,  a  British  author,  in  two  ways:  first,  by  the  introduction  of  a 

^  ^rder  to  secure  copyright,  must  first  publish  licensing  system  in  the  colonies ;  second,  by 

-i'  work  in  the  United  Kingdom.    If  he  pub-  continuing,  though  with  alterations,  the  pro- 

loh  in  a  foreign  country,  or  even  in  a  British  visions  of  the  Foreign  Reprints  Act.    In  pro- 

-  jbnT,  before  publishing  at  home,  he  forfeits  posing  the  introduction  of  a  licensing  system, 

-J  title  to  English  copyright.    The  Commis-  it  is  not  intended  to  interfere  with  the  power 

*i 'len  recommend  that  the  law  be  so  modified  now  possessed  by  the  colonial  Legislatures  of 

tu  Then  a  work  is  first  given  to  the  public  dealing  with  the  subject  of  copyright  so  far  as 

-i  uj  possession  of  the  Crown,  the  author  their  own  colonies  are  concerned.    The  Com- 

^1!  be  entitled  to  the  same  privileges  as  when  missioners  recommend  that  in  case  the  owner 

-.:  h^  publication  takes  place  in  Great  Brit-  of  a  copyright  work  should  not  avail  himself 

'^:  and  that  a  British  author  who  first  pub-  of  the  provisions  of  the  copyright  law  (if  any) 

'^^  abroad  may  secure  all  his  rights  in  Eng-  in  a  colony,  and  in  case  no  adequate  provision 

u*!  by  republishing  there  within  three  years  be  made  by  republication  in  the  colony  or 

i^-r  the  foreign  publication.  otherwise,  within  a  reasonable  time  after  pub- 

^e  Commianoners  find  that  '*  in  some  im-  Hcation  elsewhere,  for  a  supply  of  the  work 

.■■"42it  respects  the  state  of  the  present  copy-  sufficient  for  general  sale  and  circulation  in 

vU  bw,  as  regards  the  colonies,  is  anoma-  the  colony,  a  license  may  upon  application  be 

.4  and  unsatisfactory."    The  copyright  law  granted  to  republish  the  work  in  the  colony, 

;-ned  in  1842  protects  works  throughout  the  subject  to  a  royalty  in  favor  of  the  copyright- 

'f^  dominions ;  but  in  1847  the  **  Foreign  owner  of  not  less  than  a  specified  sum  per  cent. 

<:-nnts  Act  '^  was  passed,  providing  that  if  on  the  retail  price,  as  may  be  settled  by  any 

•  1  <t>lomal  Legislature  should  make  satisfac-  local  law.    It  is  also  suggested  that  effective 

'  7  provision  for  the  protection  and  remuner-  provision  for  the  due  collection  and  transmis- 

•*  -£  of  the  British  author,  foreign  reprints  of  sion  to  the  copyright-owner  of  such  royalty 

ueliflh  copyrighted  works  misht  be  imported  should  be  made  by  the  law. 

::U/ the  colon  J.   In  several  colonies  there  was  The  subject  of  international  copyright  re- 

YoL.  XVIII. — 16    A 


226  *  COPYRIGHT. 

ceived  carefal  attention  from  the  Commission,  stands,  an  alien  may  aoqaire  oopjiigbt  by  first 

This  topic  was  considered  nnder  two  heads :  publishing  his  work  in  Great  Britain,  provided 

first,  in  connection  with  tJie  international  copy-  ne  be  within  the  British  dominions  ait  the  time 

right  acts  which  have  been  in  force  in  Great  of  publication.    The  Royal  Commissioners  rec- 

Britain  for  forty  years;  and,  second,  indepen-  ommend  that  copyright  be  extended  to  foreign 

dently  of  them.    By  these  statutes  the  Queen  authors  on  the  same  terms  as  to  British  sub- 

is  authorized  to  extend,  by  an  order  in  Council,  jeots,  and  that  protection  be  granted  to  every 

protection  to  the  works  of  all  foreign  authors  author,  native  or  foreign,  who  will  give  the 

whose  government  shall  give  reciprocal  privi-  British  public  the  benefit  of  the  first  publica- 

leges  to  British  subjects.    Treaties  for  this  tion  of  nis  work. 

purpose  have  been  made  with  the  following  After  considering  the  question  of  interna- 
countries :  Prussia  and  Saxony,  in  1846 ;  Bruns-  tional  copyright  between  England  and  the  Unit- 
wick,  Thuringian  Union,  Hanover,  and  Olden-  ed  Stat^  and  the  steady  refusal  of  the  latter 
burg,  in  1847 ;  the  French  Republic  in  1851 ;  country  to  enter  into  a  treaty  for  that  purpose, 
Anhalt  and  Hamburg,  in  185S;  Belgium,  in  the  Commissioners  say:  ^'Although  it  has 
1854;  PiTissia  (additional),  in  1855 ;  Spain,  in  hitherto  been  the  practice,  we  believe,  of  your 
1857;  and  Sardinia,  in  1860.  The  United  Migesty^s  Government  to  make  international 
States  has  steadily  refused  to  enter  into  any  copyright  treaties  only  with  countries  which 
agreement  for  the  reciprocal  protection  of  are  willing  to  give  British  subjects  the  full 
American  and  English  authors.  Under  an  in-  advantage  of  their  domestic  oopyright  laws, 
ternational  copyright  treaty,  a  foreigner  may  nntrammeled  by  commercial  restrictions,  in  ex- 
secure  protection  for  his  work  in  Great  Britain  change  for  the  protection  afforded  to  their 
by  reentering  it  and  depositing  a  copy  in  Lon-  subjects  by  our  own  conyright  laws,  yet  we 
don  within  a  specified  time.  The  copyright  think  it  not  nnreasonable  for  the  American 
thus  secured  may  be  for  the  Aill  term  accoraed  people  to  wish  to  insure  the  publication  of  edi- 
to  English  authors,  and  it  gives  a  remedy  tions  suited  to  their  large  and  peculiar  market, 
against  the  unlicensed  republication  of  the  if  they  enter  into  a  copyright  treaty  with  this 
work  in  the  original  language.  The  exclusive  country.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  are  of 
right  of  publishing  a  translation,  and,  in  the  opinion  that  an  arransement  by  which  British 
case  of  a  play,  of  representing  it  on  the  Eng-  copyright-owners  oonld  acquire  United  States 
lish  stage,  is  also  secured  to  foreign  authors ;  copyright  by  reprinting  and  republishing  their 
but  the  term  of  protection  is  limited  to  five  books  in  America,  but  without  being  put  undei 
years,  and  the  conditions  imposed  are  more  the  coniUtion  of  reproducing  the  illustrationa, 
burdensome  than  those  to  be  observed  in  the  or  remanufacturing  the  stereotype  plates  there, 
case  of  original  works.  To  secure  protection  would  not  bo  unsatisfactory  to  yonr  Majesty^s 
for  a  translation,  registration  and  deposit  of  subjects;  and  that  it  would  be  looked  upon 
copies,  both  of  the  original  and  the  translation,  more  favorably  in  the  United  States  than  sdj 
are  required  to  be  made  within  a  specified  other  plan  now  before  us.  It  has  been  sag- 
time.  At  least  a  part  of  the  anthorizea  trans-  gested  to  us  that  this  country  would  be  josti- 
lation  must  be  puolished,  either  in  Great  Brit-  fied  in  taking,  steps  of  a  retaliatory  character, 
ain  or  the  foreign  country,  within  a  year  after  with  a  view  of  enforcing,  incidentally,  that 
registration  of  the  original ;  and  the  complete  protection  from  the  United  States  which  we 
translation  must  appear  within  three  years,  accord  to  them.  This  might  be  done  by  with- 
in the  case  of  dramatic  compositions  the  trans-  drawing  from  the  Americans  the  privilege  of 
lation  must  be  published  within  three  months,  copyright  on  first  publication  in  this  country. 
French  authors  have  complained  that  tiie  period  We  have,  however,  come  to  the  conclasion 
within  which  a  translation  is  required  to  be  that,  on  the  highest  public  grounds  of  policy 
published  is  too  short,  as  "it  is  found  to  be  and  expediency,  it  is  advisable  that  our  law 
impossible  to  ascertain  in  the  country  of  origin  should  be  based  on  correct  principles,  irre- 
in  so  short  a  time  whether  a  work  wUl  be  siSi-  spectively  of  the  opinions  or  the  policy  of  other 
ciently  successful  to  warrant  a  translation."  nations.  We  admit  the  propriety  of  protectmg 
The  changes  suggested  by  the  Commissioners  copyright,  and  it  appears  to  us  that  the  prin- 
are  decidedly  favorable  to  foreign  authors,  oiple  of  copyright,  if  admitted,  is  one  of  ani- 
They  recommend  that  the  existing  require-  versa!  application.  We  therefore  recommend 
ments  of  registration  and  deposit,  in  the  case  that  this  country  should  pursue  the  policy  of 
both  of  originals  and  translations,  be  abolished ;  recognizing  the  author^s  rights,  irrespective  of 
that  an  unconditional  right  of  translation  be  nationality." 

reserved  to  the  foreign  author  for  three  years       Copyright  was  the  subject  of  important  dis- 

after  the  publication  of  the  original ;  and  that,  cussion  in  France  during  the  year.    The  In- 

if  an  authorized  translation  be  published  within  ternational  Literary  Congress,  which  met  in 

that  time,  it  shall  be  entitled  to  protection  for  Paris  in  June  nnder  the  presidency  of  Victor 

ten  years,  instead  of  five,  as  at  present.    Wheth-  Hugo,  after  elaborate  discussion  of  the  subject, 

er  a  foreign  author  is  entitled  to  copyright  in  aflirmed  the  following  principles :    "  1.  The 

Great  Britain  independently  of  the  special  in-  right  of  the  author  over  his  works  is  not  a  legal 

ternational  acts  is  a  Question  on  which  English  concession,  but  one  of  the  modes  of  property 

judges  have  differea.    But  as  the  law  now  which  the  Legislature  is  bound  to  guarantee. 


OOSTA  BIOA. 


227 


_   Tj  property  is  perpetual  in  the  antbor, 

ind  in  his  neirs  or  assigns.  8.  After  the  ex- 
piration of  the  author's  rights  as  determined 
by  the  laws  actaally  obtaining  in  different 
roontries,  anj  person  will  be  free  to  reproduce 
bis  works,  on  the  condition  of  paying  a  certain 
«im  to  his  heirs  or  assigns.  4.  Literary,  scien- 
tiSc,  or  artistic  works  will  be  treated  in  each 
country  as  if  they  had  been  first  produced  in 
that  coantry.  This  rule  applies  also  to  the 
representation  of  dramatic  and  musical  worka 
5.  To  obtain  the  above  protection,  it  will  be 
soffident  for  the  author  to  go  through  the  cus- 
Kmsrj  formalities  of  the  country  in  which  his 
irorks  are  first  brought  out  6.  With  regard 
to  translation  and  adaptation,  the  Congress 
expresses  a  hope  that  international  treaties 
vill  seen  re  for  authors  the  exclusive  ri^ht  of 
aath<Hizing  the  adaptation  or  translation  of 
their  works.  7.  The  Oongress  is  of  opinion 
that  the  amelioration  of  the  moral  and  material 
condition  of  literary  men  is  indissolubly  con- 
nected with  the  establishment  or  development 
of  societies  having  for  their  object  the  protec- 
tion of  the  rights  of  authors,  and  the  creation 
of  a  fund  for  relief  and  pennons.'*  The  Oon- 
gress approved  the  project  of  founding  an  in- 
ternational literary  association,  open  to  the 
literary  societies  and  writers  of  all  nations. 
Among  the  resolutions  adopted  were  the  fol- 
lowing: 

1.  That  the  members  of  the  International  Oom- 
isittee  in  their  respective  ooontriee  form  eocletiee 
r.-i  the  pUn  of  the  Sod^U  dea  Qens  de  Lettres  de 
France. 

S.  That  in  each  country  there  be  a  oorreepondin); 
m«mb«r  of  tbe  International  Committee,  through 
whom  all  eommimications  between  the  eud  Com* 
Biittee  and  hie  nation  shall  pass,  and  whoae  dnty 
is  will  be  to  keep  tbe  aaid  Committee  informed  on 
an  to  bjecU  of  intereet  to  the  great  repoblio  of  letters. 

S.  That  the  members  of  the  International  Com- 
mittee endeavor  to  establuih  an  exchansre  of  books 
between  their  reepeotive  eountries,  bv  which  libraries 
of  modem  Uteratnre  may  be  gradually  formed  in  the 
neat  capitals  of  the  world,  for  the  use  of  men  of 
lettera;  each  Soei^t^  dee  Gens  de  Lettres  will  be 
kept  •»  eo>mratU  of  the  literary  activity  of  the  world ; 
iod  reproduction,  translation,  and  neffotiations  for 
the  parchaiie  of  copyrights  will  Be  fkoUitated. 

4.  That  the  beadquarters  of  the  International  Com- 
Q'ttee  be  at  the  offices  of  the  Soci^t^  des  liena  de 
Lettiee  de  France. 

5.  That  the  next  International  Congress,  to  report 
GO  tbe  work  which  the  members  of  the  International 
C^aimtttae  have  done  in  the  year,  in  fartherance  of 
tae  reeolotiona  of  the  Congress  of  1878,  be  held  in 
London  in  June,  1879. 

The  ''Law  of  Oopyright  and  Flayright,'* 
by  Eaton.  S.  Drone,  of  New  York,  just  pub- 
iished  (Little,  Brown  &  Oo.)t  is  the  most  com- 
plete treatise  yet  given  to  the  public  of  the 
law  on  this  subject  in  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States.  Playright  is  defined  by  the 
author  as  the  exclusive  right  of  representing 
lirsmatic  and  musical  compositions. 

OOSTA  RIGA  (BxrtnucjL  dm  Oosta  Rica). 
one  of  the  five  independent  states  of  Central 
America.  For  statistics  concerning  popula- 
tion, etc,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  ^'An- 


nual Gyclopsedia  **  for  1877.  In  accordance 
with  a  new  law,  statistics  of  births,  marriages, 
and  deaths  are  now  published  at  the  end  of 
each  year.  Those  for  1877,  however,  are  said 
to  be  only  approximate,  as  many  of  the  clergy 
had  failed  to  comply  with  the  letter  of  the  law 
in  making  their  reports.  The  total  number  of 
births  for  the  year  was  7,999,  of  which  4,114 
were  of  males,  and  1,706  were  illegitimate ;  the 
deaths  were  8,946 ;  thus  showing  an  increase 
of  population  in  this  respect  of  4,068.  The 
number  of  marriages  was  1,119.  The  number 
of  illegitimate  children  above  reported  is  com- 

garatively  much  smaller  than  in  some  of  the 
outh  American  republics. 
The  President  of  Costa  Rica  is  General  To- 
m&s  Guardia ;  the  First  Vice-President,  Sr.  Pe- 
dro Quiros;  and  the  Second  Vice-President, 
Sr.  Rafael  Barroeta.  The  Cabinet  was  com- 
posed of  tbe  following  Ministers :  Interior,  War, 
and  Navy,  Sr.  Rafael  Machado;  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, Justice,  Public  Instruction,  etc..  Dr.  Jos6 
Maria  Castro ;  Commerce  and  Finance,  Sr.  Sal- 
vador Lara ;  and  Public  Works,  Sr.  M.  J.  Za- 
mora.  The  President  of  the  Republic  is  the 
Commandant  of  the  army. 

The  following  table,  from  an  official  report, 
exhibits  the  national  receipts  and  expenditures 
for  the  year  ending  April  30,  1878 : 

REVINITI. 

National  Bank,  yield |129,8«S 

"          *»     oaplUI 968,98S 

PootaNDM*  Cnstom-hoase : 

Import  dnties $646^891  )  -iMnrar 

EzpoKdattM 164,096)  *»"*"'**" 

PanUronM  doekfl 2,189 

Spirit,  totmootK  and  powder  monopoUw. . .  1,189.940 

Mint ia,14» 

Pott-Offloe. «7,fl04 

Telegnpb S^'SM 

National  prlntlng-oflioe 8,261 

Hallway 88,019 

Bale  of  national  lands £0,757 

Interest  on  national  land. 7,561 

National  Institate 8,057 

Bank  of  Emission S8.30S 

Stamped  paper. 88,964 

Spirit  licenses. 20.719 

Tlnes,eio 80,149 

Mortgsce  fees 17.*>96 

JadldaT  deposits 97,7&« 

Castom-bonse  debts 8,916 

Sondiies 19^990 

Total $8,819,211 

IXrKHDITURI. 

HlnUtiyof  tbe  Interior $811,698 

**       of  Commeroe  and  Flnanoe 804,487 

••       ofJostloe n344 

"       ofWar. 482,194 

•*       of  War  (Navy  Department) 11 1,764 

**       of  PabHc  Works 680,291 

"       of  Foreign  AUkiis 80,076 

PabUe  Instmetlon 124,846 

Pubiie  worsbip 86,706 

Cbaritles 1,668 

National  credit 178,766 

PoHoeforoe 86.688 

Bondries I,80i;n9 

Total $8,904,667 

Defldt 186^446 

In  a  8emi*official  report  of  the  national 
finances,  the  expenditure  for  the  entire  year 

*  Cblaf  port  of  the  repabMOi  on  tbe  Pisdfle  ooasC 


228  OOSTA  RIGA. 

1877  was  set  down  at  $1,199,046,  of  which  480  lbs.,  against  24,800,000  in  1876-'77;  hides, 
the  raihroad  works  absorbed  $466,961,  the  War  894,169 ;  India-rubber,  71,167 ;  copper,  9,473; 
Department  $114,226,  the  navy  $161,417,  pub-  cheese,  8,966 ;  sarsaparilla,  4,082  lbs.  The 
lie  schools  $66,422,  and  expenses  of  litigation  shipping  movements  at  Puntarenas  in  1877 
in  England  $60,806.  In  the  budget  of  1878-79  were  as  follows :  Entered,  82  steamers  and  81 
the  revenue  was  estimated  at  $8,179,878,  as  sailing  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  172,334 
follows :  tons,  and  680  passengers.  Cleared,  81  steam- 
Export  and  import  dnttos $1,200,000  ers  and  22  saDing  vessels,  with  an  aggregate 

Spirit  moDopofy... 880,000  of  167,208  tons,  and  604  passengers.    Of  the 

MlttSS*]£S!'!^!^::::::::;:::;:::::;;     Sisoo  craft  entered,  82  were  under  the  united  States 

Baiiwaj 100,000  flag,  6  British,  8  French,  6  German,  and  7  Co- 

^^^^ *1MW  lombian;  and  of  those  cleared,  80  United  States, 

The  expenditures  were  distributed  among  the  6  British,  7  French,  8  German,  and  8  Colom- 

various  departments  of  government  in  the  fol-  Man. 

lowing  oraer :  The  "  Diario  Oficlal  '*  published  in  August 

MiBistriM  of  Foreign  AflUrt,  Eduction,  Jm-  «>™®  extracts  from  a  New  York  correspond- 

tioe,etc $288,&99  enoe  showmg  the  importance  of   the  fruit 

^tSS'eto^^"**^^''^^^^"'^*'^*^^^"     TMiiO  *"^®  between  the  Central  American  repub- 

MintaiS'ofPabiteWcMitV!!!!!!!!!^' !!!!!!!!!!!      25i;6«8  lies  and  the  United  States,  recommending  a 

Minic^  of  Finance,  ezpenaes  of  monopoUea,  etc ;  line  of  Steamers  between  Port  Limon  and  Pen- 

Bondryexpenaes 868,988  ^^^j^    Why  the  latter  point  should  be  pre- 

The  surplus  thus  accruing,  say  $998,661,  was  ferred  to  New  Orleans  was  not  explained.  The 
to  be  applied  for  the  prosecution  of  the  works  importation  of  bananas  into  New  York  in  1877 
on  the  railway ;  and  it  would  also  enable  the  is  stated  to  have  aggregated  402,921  bunches, 
Government  to  cover  the  deficit  standing  of  which  200,000  were  credited  to  Colon,  while 
ag^nst  the  year  1877-78  as  shown  above,  and  it  was  said  that  Colon  had  already  shipped  in 
that  of  $104,808  against  1876-'77.  The  cus-  1878  418,417  bunches,  losing  in  transportatioD 
toms  department  yielded  in  the  whole  of  1877  about  16  per  cent.  The  entire  shipment  of 
$840,710  more  than  in  the  year  immediately  pineapples  during  the  same  period  was  8,230,- 
preceding,  an  increase  accounted  for  by  unu-  470,  with  a  loss  of  about  20  per  cent.  In  Mhj 
sually  large  imports,  the  duties  on  which  be-  it  was  reported  from  the  interior  that  the  pros- 
sides  were  raised  60  per  cent  about  the  middle  pects  for  coffee  were  extremely  favorable,  and 
of  1877.  The  excess  of  the  revenue  over  the  that  the  new  crop,  should  no  unforeseen  disas- 
expenditure  for  the  month  of  April  was  said  ter  supervene,  would  be  the  largest  yet  known, 
to  be  $200,000 ;  money  "  was  plenty,  and  the  say  86,000,000  lbs.,  but  some  apprehension  ex- 
sal^ies  of  both  railway  and  Government  em-  isted  that  the  labor  market  would  be  severely 
ployees  (on  the  Atlantic  side),  bills  for  provi-  tried  when  the  time  for  picking  and  deanlDg 
sions,  ana  estimates  on  contracts  were  promptly  snob  a  large  quantity  of  coffee  should  arrive, 
liquidated."  A  statement  of  the  national  debt  A  new  port  called  Cocos  had  been  established 
may  be  found'  in  the  **  Annual  Cyclopeedia"  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  situated  on  Culebra 
for  1877.  Bay,  and  has,  it  is  believed,  a  fair  anchorage. 

The  Banco  de  Bmision  was  closed  about  the  A  custom-house,  warehouses,  etc.,  were  or- 
middle  of  the  year  by  decree  of  the  Govern-  dered  to  be  established.  Vessels  visiting  the 
ment,  and  the  business  transferred  to  the  new  port  will  have  no  tonnage,  anchorage,  wharf- 
National  Bank.  A  Government  order  was  is-  age,  or  lighthouse  charges  or  dues  of  any  sort 
sued  in  the  fall  requiring  the  sworn  brokers  whatever  to  pay.  The  population  of  the  dis- 
throughout  the  republic  to  forward  twice  trict  is  small,  but  it  was  hoped  that  facilities  of 
weekly  to  the  ^'Diario  Oficial"  information  this  character  would  have  the  effect  of  attract- 
on  the  following  points :  Prices  current  of  cof-  ii^g  settlers  and  increasing  commerce, 
fee  and  other  important  products ;  prices  of  '^^^  following  extract  from  a  manifesto,  pub- 
notes  and  other  documents  of  the  Government ;  lished  by  President  Guardia  on  June  9th,  and 
prices  of  bank  bills;  the  current  rate  of  dis-  referring  to  the  interval  between  that  date  and 
count  at  the  banks  and  by  private  capitalists ;  September,  1877,  when  he  superseded  Don  Vi- 
the  premium  on  or  commercial  price  of  foreign  cente  Herrera,  shows  an  improved  condition 
coins ;  rates  of  exchange  on  the  principal  com-  of  affairs  in  the  republic : 
meroial  points  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  The  public  works  which  have  been  accomplished 
of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  by  banks  or  private  durinf?  the  year  are  many  and  varioua ;  a  college 
individuals ;  failures  or  bankruptcies ;  and  such  for  young  ladies  in  Aligueia  established  by  the  sis- 


1877-78  was  $6,187,062,  of  which  $800,000  of  a  new  building  and  a  magnificeDt  still  in  the/a- 

was  through  the  Atlantic  port  of  Limon,  and  *»^  at  San  Jos6:  repairs  to  the  Presidio  in  Ban  Lii- 

the  remainder  through  that  of  Puntarenas  on  ?!■  !^fJ^Ji  fC^fc^^vL'^m^^hl^^^^ 

.v^  T»    :a        rrm        o  ^    ^     i        i  •        ji   ^  ezteusioH  OX  tbc  teicf rapii  system  ana  tue  vigorous 

the  Pacific.    The  chief  staples  shipped  from  prosecution  of  work  on  the  railway.    On  the  latter 

the  latter  port  were  as  follows :  coffee,  28,804,-  work  $8,000,000  have  already  been  expended,  of 


CX)STA  RIGA.  COTTON  AND  SILK.           229 

fiieh  15,000,000  were  received  as  the  result  of  loans  COTTON  AND  SILK,  Thb  Weiohtikg  of. 

i:  England:  the  remainder  has  been  fornUhed  by  Among  the  numerous  adulterations  of  com- 

u  Nitionil  Treaaarr,  in  iwidition  to  $76  000  lately  ^ercid  commodities  in  practice  of  late  years, 

fMifdfcd  to  Eafflaod  for  the  purchase  of  bridges,  "*'"^»«"  wt**i^w«wwD  xu  ^i«»^v»  ^  v*    »vv  j^^^^ 

r.Xiod  other  materials.    Six^  miles  of  road  are  several  of  which  have  transpired  to  awaken  a 


...  -       ,.      .     ,    ^  .   *  I         .  -  — «v,   ^*    ,.  ughting   cotton  goods,    ..  -.^-  .^ 

r«rora:^%Tr'diffe«nt'P'la1lr*b^  practiced  mE»  and  .bUiTb,  which  ^  com- 

?!3trQctioa  of  a  line  to  Port  Limon,  and  another  to  mon  m  France,  by  plastenng  them  with  com- 

ti  ^>rden  of  Nicaragua  to  connect  with  the  tele-  positions  of   various   ingredients,   which    on 

3iph»yBtemof  that  country,  will  largely  increaae  hardening  give  the  textiles  a  deceptive  ap- 

t^.iemttd  for  ikaied  operators.    Train|>s  are  to  be  pearance  of  weight  and  firmness.     It  has  long 

r^tevi^g'd^ieU^^^^^  been  notorious  tLt  the  heavier  English  cottoS 

mi  of  ill  men  under  fifty  years  of  age,  are  au-  cloths,  and  notably  those  which  are  manuutc- 

r.ned  to  torn  them  over  to  the  commandants  of  tured  for  the  Oriental  trade,  which  requires 

Mmenta,  who  in  turn  place  them  at  the  disposal  goods  of  unusual  weight  and  thickness,  owe 

l^%l^^'^^''i}\in!Z'{:^:\^^!r^i^  t^eir  appearance  of  strength  and  .olidity  to  a 

» -kef  coMtructing  the  central  division  of  the  Costa  preparation  of  size,  which  disappears  with  the 

I^aportioDoftheline.  first  washing.     For  that  reason  the  heavier 

and  honester  Indian   and  American   calicoes 

The  eoUege  above  referred  to  had  been  for*  have  long  been  preferred  in  some  of  the  £ast- 

Ktlij  opened,  dthough  the  buildings  intend*  ern  markets.     The  practice  of  sizing  cotton 

ii  for  its  me  were  not  yet  completed.    The  cloth  has  increased,  until  loud  public  protests 

rva^  edifices,  etc.,  being  a  Government  have  recently  been  neard.   Mr.  Mellor  declared 

■i')6doa,  the  rates  for  tuition,  boarding,  etc.,  in  Parliament  that  the  English  cotton  trade 

Vie  to  be  extremdy  moderate.    The  course  had  gone  down  because  of  the  rascalities  prac- 

i  lastrQction,  indnding  primary,  secondary,  ticed  in  the  manufiEusturing  districts.    A  suit 

^  adfaoced  branches,  will  be  full  and  com-  was  lately  brought  at  Rochdale  against  a  cot- 

p:te;  tod  altogether  the  institution  will  meet  ton-manufacturer  to  recover  a  sum  of  money 

»»«nt  long  felt  in  the  country.  "for  sizing  twenty-seven  warps."    The  plain- 

A  contract  had  been  made  for  the  introdnc-  tiff,  in  answer  to  the  interrogatories  of  the 

^>^  of  immigrants  from  the  Canary  Islands,  judge,  was  reluctantly  made  to  explain  that 

siiolr  for  the  purpose  of  securing  laborers  "  sizing "  was  "  loading "  or  adulterating  cot- 

P'  the  AtlftDtio  division  of  the  railway ;  and  ton  cloth.    The  composition  of  the  size,  he 

•  vis  expected  the  first  draft  would  bring  testified,  was  flour,  China  clay,  Epsom  salts, 

i^^it  500  men,  accompanied,  in  all  probabil-  chlorate  of  zinc,  chlorate  of  magnesia,  yid 

•r*.  ^T  the  usual  proportion  of  women  and  glue.    This  mixture  was  soaked  into  the  cloth 

tlim,  thns  forming  the  nucleus  of  a  desira-  in  the  proportion  of  70  per  cent  or  more  of 

Ve  ^>IonJ  of  immigrants,  which  would  doubt-  its  weight.    The  same  witness  had  used  as 

'^  be  increased  to  considerable  proportions  high  an- average  of  size  as  180  per  cent,  of  the 

^.*^re  the  lapse  of  many  months.    In  almost  weight  of  Uie  original  texture,  and  knew  of 

tithemioisterial  reports  to  the  Government,  manufacturers  who  adulterated  their  goods  to 

^^rvrer  allusion  is  made  to  the  agricultural  the  extent  of  280  per  cent.    When  the  depo- 

P^icu  of  the  country,  the  scarcity  of  labor-  nent  first  entered  the  business,  twenty  years 

^  is  bitterly  deplored,  particularly  with  refer-  ago,  the  only  size  used  was  pure  fiour  in  the 

y^  to  the  Department  of  Puntarenas,  where  proportion  of  1  to  20,  or  only  five  per  cent, 

'j/mnds  of  acres  of  most  valuable  land,  The  practice  of  weighting  silk  goods  is  even 

^ipud  to  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane,  more  generid,  and  the  adulteration  is  greater, 

^^  coffee,  etc.,  are  lying  waste  for  lack  of  than  in  the  case  of  cottons.    This  deception  is 

'■^U  to  till  it  confined  almost  entirely  to  black  silks,  which 

^i^e  GoTemment  has  recently  reduced  the  are  more  generally  used  than  all  others,  and 

J<:Btof  lands  held  by  mining  companies,  for  are  preferred  of  a  heavy  and  firm  texture. 

'^^/r'vpose  of  placing  them  at  the  disposal  of  The  adulteration  prevfdls  in  America  and  in  all 

'l^-oltural  settlers.    Especial  care  is  taken  in  conntries  where  silk  goods  are  manufactured, 

'j^  ^^  districts  to  secure  the  preservation  as  well  as  in  France,  and  to  such  an  extent 

f  ^  ^itahle  extent  of  forest  in  the  vicinity  of  that  experts  have  declared  that  there  is  no  such 

1^-  rijers  and  along  the  summits  of  the  moun-  thing  as  a  genuine  piece  of  black  silk  in  the 

uuf^  the  destruction  of  the  woods  on  the  market.    The  weighting  is  done  in  the  dyeing. 

-n^  aad  in  the  central  vaUey  having  do-  The  fraudulent  weight  produced  by  the  use  of 

'7i^  &  material  diminution  in  the  rainfall  adulterants  has  been  found  by  chemical  tests 

j<ie  ooontry.     Persons  destroying  timber  to  exceed  often  150  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 

'-^.o  the  limits  prescribed  are  to  be  held  the  origined  fabric,  and  in  some  cases  to  reach 

c^ble  to  a  fine,  or  to  plant  at  their  own  ex-  400  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  silk.     The 

f!^  in  equal  number  of  new  trees  of  va-  weighting  is  accomplished  in  the  dyeing  of  the 

C^kioda,  to  be  specified  by  the  Government,  thrown  silk  thread  before  it  is  woven,  which 

*>eo(mti7  was  in  the  enjoyment  of  peace.  is  made  to  take  up  a  large  quantity  of  nitrate 


230           OOURBET,  GUSTAVE.  OULLEN,  PAUL. 

of  iron  in  solution  after  boiling.    It  is  then  age  of  twentj  went  to  Paris  to  stndj  lavr. 
treated  with  soap  and  alkali  to  counteract  the  Snddenlj,  however,  he  relinquished  law  for 
acid  effects  of  the  nitrate,  or,  techuically  ex-  painting.  He  worked  chiefly  by  himself,  though 
pressed,  to  ^*  kill  the  iron."    It  is  giren  sue-  for  a  thort  time  he  visited  the  ateliers  of  Stea- 
oesMve  baths  of  nitrate,  followed  by  successive  ben  and  Hesse.    In  1844  one  of  his  pictures 
applications  of  soap  and  alkali,  until  the  de-  was  for  the  first  time  admitted  to  the  Salon, 
sired  weight  is  acquired.    The  process  is  the  The  boldness  of  his  realism  attracted  a  great 
same  which  is  used  in  honestly  dyeing  the  deal  of  attention,  but  he  found  more  opposition 
silk,  but  a  single  treatment  is  sufficient  for  than  favor.   The  Revolution  of  1848  made  him 
coloring  purposes,  each  succeeding  bath  an-  very  popular,  and  he  was  much  admired  as  a 
swering  no  other  purpose  than  to  add  f raudu-  gifted  representative  of  a  radical  naturalism  in 
lent  weight.     The  adulteration  can  be  con-  art.    His  pictures,  *^  L'Aprd8-dln6e  d  Omans  '* 
tinned  in  the  second  process  of  bluing  with  (1849), and** L^Enterrementi Omans*' (1850), 
prussiate  of  potash,   followed  by  a  bath  of  achieved  especially  a  notable  success.    Among 
gambler,  cutch,  or  other  astringents,  fastened  his  portraits,  those  of  Berlioz  and  Prondhon 
with  tin  salts,  and  then   an   application   of  are  greatly  valued.    At  the  be^nning  of  1870 
acetate  of  iron,  and  a  second  gambler  bath.  Courbet  was  made  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Every  time  this  is  repeated  the  thread  acquires  Honor,  upon  the  proposition  of  M.  Maurice 
additional  weight,  but,  through  the  action  of  Richard,  Minister  of  Fme  Arts ;  but  he  refused 
the  astringent  on  the  gelatine  in  the  silk,  loses  to  accept  the  honor  from  the  Government  of 
clearness  and  brilliancy  of  color.    A  bath  of  Louis  Napoleon,  in  a  letter  which  produced 
logwood  dye  gives  brightness  to  the  dull,  dis-  considerable  sensation.     The  Paris  Commune 
colored  thread.    In  this  bath  is  a  large  qnan-  of  1871,  in  which  he  took  an  active  part,  in- 
tity  of  soap,  often  eight  ounces  to  the  pound,  trusted  to  him  the  administration  of  the  na- 
which  is  absorbed  in  considerable  quantities,  tional  museums,  and  during  this  time  he  caused 
and  with  the  alkali  forms  a  kind  of  fat.    In  the  demolition  of  the  column  in  the  place  Yen- 
wear  this  greasy  substance  works  to  the  sur-  d6me.    After  the  overthrow  of  the  Oommune 
face,  making  the  shiny  appearance  and  the  Oourbet  was  arrested  and  sentenced  to  six 
smoothness  which  is  produced  on  the  surface  months*  imprisonment    Subsequently  he  was 
of  black  silks  Bfter  snort  use.    The  soft  and  also  sentenced  to  defray  the  expense  of  restor- 
satin-like  texture,  and  the  stiff  and  rustling  or  ing  the  column.     This  sentence  mined  him 
'<  scroopy "  character  in  the  piece  goods,  are  financially,  and  he  fled  to  Switzerland,  where 
produced  by  different  treatments  of  the  same  he  remained  until  his  death.    From  1872  to 
thread.    An  application  of  oil  and  soda  pro-  1877  his  pictures  were  not  admitted  to  any  art 
cures  the  soft  and  satiny  finish,  and  a  little  acid  exhibition  in  France,  on  the  ground  that  the 
gi^0S  it  the  stiff  and  rustling  properties.    These  part  he  took  in  the  Oommune  had  made  him 
processes  of  adding  extra  weight '  account  for  unworthy  to  associate  with  men  of  honor;  bat 
the  common  faults  of  black  silk,  such  as  crack-  at  the  approach  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878 
ing  in  the  folds,  turning  shiny,  and  pulling  out  the  prohioition  was  removed  by  a  jury  of  artists, 
of  shape.    The  large  use  of  dye  for  the  pur-  Proudhon,  who  was  a  native  of  the  same  de- 
pose of  adulteration  was  not  practiced  until  a  partment,  has  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his 
quite  recent  period.     Twenty-five  years  ago  work  "  Du  Principe  de  TArt  et  de  sa  Destina- 
the  highest  proportion  of  dye  employed  was  tion  sociale  "  to  Oourbet,  as  the  representative 
83  per  cent ;   17  per  cent  of  dye  is  all  the  of  a  radical  art-school, 
weight  that  is  required  for  coloring.    Of  col-  ODXLEN,  Paul,  a  Cardinal  of  the  Catholic 
ored  silks,  browns,  drabs,  slates,  etc.,  are  not  Church,  born  in  the  county  of  Kildare,  Ire- 
weighted  over  25  per  cent. ;  silks  dyed  with  land,  April  29,  1803,  died  in  Dublin,  October 
aniline  colors  do  not  admit  of  this  adultera-  24,  1878.    He  belonged  to  a  family  of  the  mid- 
tion.    Of  twenty-eight  samples  of  silk  goods  die  class  long  settled  in  the  counties  of  Kildare 
on  sale  in  the  New  York  stores,  those  which  and  Meath.    Passing  through  the  ecolesiaBtical 
sold  at  three  dollars  or  more  a  yard  were  college  at  Carlow,  he  completed  his  studies  In 
found  by  an  expert  (Lewis  Leigh,  of  Pittsfield,  the  Irish  College  at  Rome.    Subsequently  ad- 
Massaohusetts)   to    contain   55    per  cent,   of  mitted  to  the  priesthood,  he  became  rector  of 
weighting;  those  between  three  and  two  doN  the  latter  college,  and  also  held  for  a  time  the 
lara,  74  per  cent. ;  and  those  under  two  dollars  rectorship  of  the  Propaganda.    In  1849  he  was 
and  above  one  dollar,  94  per  cent. :  the  aver-  selected  by  the  Pope  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  tbe 
age  of  all  grades  was  74  per  cent.  Archbishopric  of  Armagh  caused  by  the  death 
COURBET,  Gust  AVE,  a  French  painter,  bora  of  Dr.  Crolly,  although  be  was  not  one  of  the 
at  Omans,  in  in  the  department  of  Doubs,  June  three  whose  names  were  submitted  to  the  Vati- 
10, 1819,  died  at  La  Tour  de  Peilz,  near  Vevey,  can ;  and  in  1852  he  was  appointed  Archbii«hop 
in  Switzerland,  December  81,  1877.     He  re-  of  Dublin,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Murray.    Final- 
ceived  his  first  education  in  the  seminary  of  ly,  in  1866,  he  was  created  Cardinsd,  and  took 
Ornans,  which  was  at  that  time  under  the  man-  for  his  title  that  of  St.  Peter  in  Montorio.    He 
agement  of  Abb6  Gbusset,  subsequently  Cardi-  was  distingu»hed  as  a  theologian ;  and,  as  tbe 
nal  Archbishop  of  Rheims.    He  continued  his  fervent,  unflinching  asserter  of  Catholicity  and 
studies  in  the  college  of  Besan^on,  and  at  the  of  the  Church's  rights  and  dignity,  he  was  one 


CYPRUS.  231 

of  the  moet  prominent  persons  of  bis  time,  nnder  whom  Cjprns  continued  as  an  inde- 

Chnrch^  hospitals,  conyents,  orphanages,  and  pendent  kingdom  for  three  hundred  years, 

tsrluma,  besides  the  diocesan  College  of  Glon-  Charlotte  of  Lusignan,  havins  married  Louis, 

cMe,  of  which  he  was  always  so  proudf  the  Count  of  Genoa,  was  crowned  Queen  in  1460, 

CaihoUo  University,  and  the  Mater  Misericor-  but  was  soon  afterward  expelled  by  her  natu- 

due  Hospital,  are  memorials  of  his  energy  and  ral  brother  James,  assisted  by  the  Mamelukes 

seal    He  felt  the  deepest  interest  in  the  qnes-  of  Egypt.    She  died  at  Rome  in  1487,  be- 

tioo  of  Irish  education,  and  cordially  approved  queathing  her  claims  to  the  Dukes  of  Savoy, 

ill  measares  which  had  its  care  for  their  object.  James,  who  expelled  Charlotte,  married  Cath-  * 

Xotvithstanding  popular  clamor,  and  at  the  erine  Comaro,  the  daughter  of  a  Venetian 

jisk  of  personal  odiura,  he  rendered  the  British  merchant,  who,  having  been  adopted  by  the 

Gi>vemment  great  service  in  extinguishing  the  Venetian  Republic  as  a  daughter  of  St.  Mark, 

dames  of  insarrection  during  the  Fenian  ex-  abdicated  in  1475  in  favor  of  that  state.    The 

dtement,  when  his  great  influence  was  thrown  Venetians  held  Cyprus  for  nearly  one  hundred 

brartily  in  favor  of  the  Government.    He  was  years,  till  they  were  driven  out  by  the  Turks 

also  a  stanch  advocate  of  every  measure  likely  under  Sultan  Selim  II.,  who,  invading  the  isl- 

to  decrease  intemperance  in  Ireland.  and  in  1670,  took  Nicosia  by  storm,  and  put 

CYPRUS,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  twenty  thousand  of  the  inhabitants  to  deatli. 

S>ea,  forming  a  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  He  then  attacked  Famagnsta,  which  capitulated 

Area,  8,708  square  miles;   population,  about  in  August,  1671,  after  a  siege  of  severd  months. 

lS5.flOO.    Under  the  Anglo-Turkish  agreement  Honorable  terms  were  granted  to  the  garrison 

of  Jane  4, 1878,  the  administration  of  the  island  and  people  of  the  place,  but  a  misunderstand- 

i^provisionallygiven  to  the  British  Government,  ing  arose  between  Bragadino,  the  Venetian, 

The  history  of  the  island  of  Cyprus  reaches  and  Mustapha  Pasha,  the  Turkish  commander, 

back  to  a  very  remote  annuity.    Its  earliest  and  the  terms  were  broken ;  Bragadino  was 

settlement  is  ascribed  to  Elttim,  a  grandson  murdered,  and  his  body  was  subjected  to  in- 

of  Japheth.     It  flrst  appears  historic^ly  as  a  dignities. 

colony  of  the  Phoenicians,  who  made  it  a  place  The  island  of  Cyprus  is  about  one  hundred 

flf  considerable  commercial  importance.    The  and  forty  miles  long,  and  varies  in  breadth 

Phanicians  were  succeeded  by  the  Greeks,  from  ten  to  sixty  miles.    It  is  crossed  near  its 

and  thej  became,  and  are  still,  the  predomi-  center  by  the  thirty>fifth  parallel  of  latitude, 

lunt  race  among  its  inhabitants.    Its  political  Its  position,  in  the  angle  between  the  coasts  of 

relations  have  been  of  a  diversified  character.  Asia  Minor  and  Syria,  overlooking  both  at  a 

ha  position  made  its  possession  a  matter  of  convenient  distance,  has  been  regarded  in  all 

commercial  and   political  importance  to  the  ages  as  of  great  strategical  and  political  impor- 

D«^bonng  nations,  so  that  it   has  always  tance.    It  is  considered  of  particular  value  to 

beCT  an  object  of  contention  between  the  dif*  the  British  Empire  in  view  of  the  relations  of 

ferent  powers  which  have  aspired  to  control  Great  Britain  to  Russia,  and  of  its  proximity 

tlt«  eastern  Mediterranean  and  western  Asia,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Orontes  River,  whence,  it 

About  720  B.  o.  it  became  divided  into  a  num-  is  agreed,  the  contemplated  Euphrates  Valley 

ber  of  petty  kingdoms,  which  appear  at  one  Railroad,  which  is  to  form  a  part  of  the  shorter 

time  to  have  paid  tribute  to  the  Assyrians,  and  overland  route  to  India,  is  to  start.    The  isl- 

vere  afterward  (650  b.  o.)  overcome  by  Ama-  and  is  skirted  on  its  northern  coast  by  a  range 

^isk  King  of  Egypt.    During  the  next  two  bun-  of  mountains  from  two  to  three  thousand  feet 

'ired  years  it  fell  into  the  hands  successively  of  high,  which,  continuing  for  several  miles  east 

the  Persians  and  the  Greeks,  ei\joyed  a  short  of  the  mainland  of  the  island,  forms  the  back- 

iodependence  under  Evagoras,  was  given  to  bone  of  the  Carpasian  Peninsula.    Another 

t^e  Persians  again,  and  was  surrendered  to  and  higher  range,  rising  in  Mount  Troados,  or 

Alexander  the  Great  in  838  b.  o.    After  Alex-  Olympus,  to  an  elevation  of  more  than  six 

ander^s  death  it  was  governed  by  the  Ptolemies  thousand  feet,  occupies  the  southwestern  part 

till  57  B.  o.,  when  it  was  reduced  to  a  Roman  of  the  island.    Between  the  two  ranges  lies 

t-rovince  by  Cato  of  Utica.    On  the  division  of  the  plain  of  Messaria,  extending  from  a  con- 

*le  Roman  Empire,  a.  d.  866,  it  was  given  to  siderable  distance  west  of  the  center  to  the 

wi«  Eastern  Emperors,  and  remained  in  their  eastern  coast,  which  has  been  celebrated  in  all 

pooeeaon  till  the  Saracens  seized  it  in  648.  ages  for  its  fertility.    The  country  is  watered 

Tbey  held  it,  except  for  about  sixty  years  by  several  streams,  of  which  the  principal  is 

'  L.  n.  746  to  805),  until  964,  when  Nicephorus  the  Pedia,  running  in  an  eastwardly  direction 

'17.  reiraiBed  it  for  the  Eastern  Roman  Empire,  through  tiie  plain  of  Messaria.    It  overflows 

le  1182  Isaac  Comnenus,  its  Byzantine  gov-  in  the  spring,  leaving  a  deposit  in  the  valley 

rikor,  declared  himself  the  independent  Em-  similar  in  character  and  properties  to  those 

p«n>r  of  the  island,  and  minntained  his  posi-  of  the  mud  of  the  Nile,  but  is  nearly  dry  in 

tir'A  till  1191,  when  he  was  overthrown  by  the  summer.     All  the  other  rivers  likewise 

Eidbard  I.  of  England.     About  a  year  later  fail  either  wholly  or  partly  during  the  dry 

Rtehud  gave  it  in  exchange  for  the  kingdom  season.    The  temperature  and  climate  of  Cy* 

o^Jerasalem  to  Guy  of  Lusignan,  who  became  prus  are  much  like  those  of  the  neighhoring 

the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Lusignans,  countries.    It  is  exposed  to  the  great  heat  of 


283  OyPRUS. 

Syria,  and  feels  the  violent  winds  and  drj-  All  writers  on  Cyprus  describe  it  as  haviog 
ness  of  Gilioia ;  bnt  these  are  partly  oompen*  extraordinary  capacities  for  agricnltaral  pro- 
sated  for  by  the  refreshing  «ea-breeze8  and  the  daction.  The  soil  is  soft  and  easily  tilled,  and 
night  dews.  The  northern  parts  are  often  still  produces  abundantly  in  favorable  seasons. 
made  uncomfortable  by  the  cold  wind:}  from  although  it  has  never  been  manured.  Vod 
Mount  Taurus,  and  the  summits  of  the  Olym-  LOher,  who  traveled  over  the  whole  island  in 
plan  range  are  generally  covered  with  snow  April,  1877,  speaks  repeatedly  of  the  variet.T 
till  late  in  the  season.  The  year  may  be  rough-  and  luxuriance  of  the  vegetation  and  the  rich- 
t  ly  divided  into  the  rainy  and  the  dry  seasons,  ness  of  the  flowers  which  he  saw  growing  in 
The  rain  begins  to  fall  about  the  middle  of  different  parts,  and  says  that  nearly  every  va- 
October,  and  continues  till  tlie  end  of  January,  riety  of  f rnit  will  ripen  there  in  a  wild  state, 
when  it  is  less  abundant  for  a  few  weeks,  un-  A  review  of  the  crops  that  are  or  have  been 
til  another  rain  sets  in  about  the  middle  of  raised  on  its  soil  shows  tliat  it  is  adapted  to 
March,  which  lasts  till  April.  The  spring  the  culture  of  nearly  all  the  products  of  tbe 
months  are  delightful,  with  their  pleasant  temperate  and  southern  climates.  It  was  for- 
temperature,  refreshing  dews,  and  luxuriant  merly  famous  for  its  wines,  and  is  said  to  have 
vegetation.  The  summer  months  are  hot  and  furnished  the  first  vines  to  Madeira.  Its  Corn- 
dry,  but  are  tempered  by  the  sea-breezes,  manderia  wine  had  a  distinguished  reputation 
These  cease  in  September,  and  the  country  a  few  centuries  ago,  and  is  still  in  good  repute, 
endures  about  six  weeks  of  torrid  heat,  in  Wines  are  one  of  the  leading  articles  of  export, 
which  everything  is  dried  up,  and  all  vegeta-  and  the  trade  is  increasing.  The  fruit  of  the 
tion  is  withered.  These  scorching  heats  and  e&roh'tree (CeraUmiasiliqua\commoii\jC8Jil^ 
the  parching  winds  that  accompany  them  are  locust  beans,  is  largely  exported  to  Russia  and 
the  scourges  of  the  country,  and  often  pro-  England.  The  wild  olive-tree  grows  abnndant- 
dnce  scarcity  after  the  summer  has  been  a  ly,  but  tbe  production  of  good  olives  and  olive- 
season  of  promise.  oil  is  insignificant.  An  excellent  quality  of 
Several  excellent  ports  existed  in  ancient  cotton  is  raised,  and  the  production  of  this 
times  and  in  the  middle  ages,  but  they  have  staple  was  greatly  stimulated  during  the  Ameri* 
been  neglected  and  allowed  to  be  filled  np ;  and  can  civil  war.  The  American  variety  was  in- 
the  island  has  not  now  a  single  good  harbor  troduced,  and  might  have  been  cultivated  sue- 
fit  for  the  uses  of  modern  commerce.  The  most  cessfuUy  but  for  the  mismanagement  of  the 
famous  ancient  ports  were  Gitium  and  Salamis.  Turkish  officers,  under  whose  regulations  the 
The  port  of  Gitium  is  now  represented  by  Lar-  crop  was  lost  while  the  cultivators  were  wait- 
naka^  which  is  in  its  immediate  neighborhood,  ing  for  them  to  collect  the  taxes  upon  it.  Since 
and  IS  regarded  as  the  principal  port  of  the  the  close  of  the  American  war,  the  production 
island.  According  to  Mr.  R.  Stuart  Poole,  this  of  cotton  has  declined  till  it  has  become  very 
port'  has  a  roadstead  frequented  by  the  little  small  Tobacco  of  excellent  quality  is  grown ; 
trading  craft  of  the  Levant,  which  sometimes  but  its  production,  too,  has  Mien  off,  until  it 
fail  to  land  a  boat^s  crew  over  the  bar,  and  at  is  very  small.  The  mountains  were  fonnerly 
other  times  are  blown  out  to  sea  by  a  change  covered  with  pine-trees,  and  they  still  exist  in 
of  wind.  The  ancient  harbor  of  Salamis  was  a  sufficient  number  to  promote  a  considerable 
supplanted  in  the  middle  ages  by  that  of  Fama-  industry  in  the  manufacture  of  turpentine.  In 
gusta,  a  few  miles  south  of  it,  which  became  the  valleys  grow  oak,  orange,  fig,  walnut,  and 
under  the  Lusignans  and  the  Venetians  one  of  a  great  variety  of  other  trees.  Other  products 
the  most  famous  ports  and  fortresses  of  the  are  silk  of  fine  qualities,  wheat,  barley,  maize. 
East.  It  is  said  to  be  better  worth  the  labor  oats,  millet,  sumach,  madder,  mulberries,  apri- 
of  restoration  than  the  harbor  of  Gitium  or  cots,  almonds,  cherries,  melons,  pumpkins, 
Larnaka,  and  has  been  spoken  of  as  probably  gherkins,  roses,  and  flowers  in  great  variety 
destined  to  be  the  fhture  port  of  the  island,  and  profusion.  Agriculture  formerly  suffered 
The  city  is  now  inhabited  by  about  two  bun-  greatly  from  the  locusts,  whose  operations  were 
dred  Turks,  and  contains  ma^y  ruins  of  cathe-  very  destructive  in  nearly  every  season ;  bnt, 
drals  as  evidences  of  its  former  splendor ;  and  by  the  exercise  of  unusual  energy  on  the  part 
massive  wbIU  still  standing  indicate  how  stupen-  of  the  pashas,  and  the  combined  efforts  of  the 
dous  its  fortifications  once  were.  Limasal,  near  people,  this  nuisance  has  been  nearly  extermi- 
the  southeastern  point  of  the  island,  is  a  place  nated.  The  production  of  salt,  which  is  ob- 
of  considerable  business  activity,  having,  ac-  tained  in  large  quantities  from  the  lakes  near 
cording  to  Von  Ldher,  about  6,000  inhabitants,  Larnaka,  has  been  a  government  monopoly, 
and  is  the  port  whence  most  of  the  wine  is  Extensive  mines  of  copper  were  profitably 
shipped.  Gerynia,  on  the  northern  coast,  was  worked  in  ancient  times.  The  asbestus  of  tbe 
formerly  a  port  and  fortress  of  considerable  neighborhood  of  Paphos  has  been  used  in  both 
i:aportanc6.  Nicosia,  the  capital,  is  a  town  of  ancient  and  modem  times  in  the  manufacture 
u^^out  12,000  inhabitants,  picturesquely  situ-  of  incombustible  cloth;  and  amber  and  cop- 
atod  in  the  interior  of  the  island.  With  its  peras  are  found  near  Larnaka.  Other  metals 
minarets  and  gardens  it  presents  a  beautiful  and  minerals,  including  some  of  the  precious 
appearance  from  a  distance,  but  is  minons  and  metals  and  stones,  have  been  found,  amonir 
squalid  within.  which  are  a  kind  of  crystal  called  the  diamonds 


CYPRUS.  233 

oiCrpruA.   Considerable  herds  of  cattle,  sheep,  same   region   the   progress   of    ancient   art 

aad  goats  are  kept,  and  mules  of  a  good  breed  through  many  hundred  years.   The  most  abim- 

are  numerous.     According  to  reports  made  dant  collections  of  antiquities  were  obtained 

fibortly  after  the  island  was  occupied  by  the  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  cities  at  Idalium, 

British,  about  one  fourth  of  the  land  had  been  Golgos,  Curium,  and  Amathus. 

enltiTated.    The  land  in  the  north  was  mostly  The  population  of  Cyprus  is  variously  esti- 

held  by  peasant  i>roprietors,  but  there  were  a  mated  at  from  120,000  to  260,000.    Two  thirds 

ttw  estates  reaching  an  extent  of  three  thou-  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the  Greek  race  and 

sand  acres.    The  ordinary  crop-bearing  ground  attached  to  the  Orthodox  Church,  and  one 

w&s  worth  about  $15  an  acre,  and  cotton-pro-  third  are  Mohammedans.    The  Mohammedans 

dacing  ground  $50.    The  exports  exceeded  the  are  partly  Turks,  who  live  mostly  in  the  towns 

imports  bj  more  than  a  million  dollars.  (as  Nicosia,  Famagusta,  Paphos,  and  Leuca), 

The  administration  of  the  several  local  conn-  partly  Neo-Muslims,  who  are  of  Greek  origin, 

ck  snd  law  courts  had  been  exercised  by  Mos-  speaking  Greek,  and  similar  in  character  to  the 

hm  and  Christian  officers,  all  of  whom  were  native  Christians.    The  Greeks  have  a  high 

elected  by  the  people.     The  revenue  of  the  character  for  morality  and  honesty,  are  inteUi- 

isUnd  is  derived  principaUy  from  agricultural  gent,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  harmony  of 

thhea,  dntiea  on  wine,  stamps,  a  sheep  tax,  and  their  family  life  and  their  fidelity  and  devoted- 

Uie  salt  monopoly.    Its  amount  has  not  been  ness  to  their  family  relations.    Schools,  ac- 

aecuratelj  reported ;  it  was  roughly  estimated  cording  to  Von  Loher,  did   not  exist  until 

ia  the  British  consular  reports  in  1872  at  £800,-  about  thirty  years  ago.    Now,  training  schools 

in X},  bat  it  appears  by  the  same  authority  to  are  established  in  most  of  the  important  towns ; 

hife  fallen  to  less  than  two  thirds  of  that  sum  and  Lamaka,  Nicosia,  and  Limasol  have  schools 

in  1874-*75.     Von  LOher,  in  April,  1877,  esti-  of  three  grades,  with  coarses  of  instruction 

mated  the  revenue  for  the  year  at  16,670,000  embracing  history,  geography,  and  Greek  lit- 

piasters,  or  $716,810.  erature. 

Cyprus  was  anciently  the  seat  of  the  chief  It  was  stipulated  by  the  treaty  of  June  4, 

Wiinhip  of  the  Grecian  goddess  Aphrodite  or  1878,  between  England  and  Turkey,  that  if 

Vrnus.     The  Phoenicians  introduced  the  wor-  Russia,  holding  Batoum,  Ardahan,  Ears,  or  any 

^ip  of  Astarte;  the  Greeks  found  this  wor-  of  them,  should  at  any  future  time  attempt  to 

Mp  established,  and  adopted  it,  appropriating  take  possession  of  any  further  Turkish  terri- 

i!  to  their  own  goddess,  who,  they  fabled,  was  tory  in  Asia,  England  should  join  the  Sultan 

t*om  of  the  sea-foam  at  Paphos.    A  temple  of  in  defending  it  by  force  of  arms ;  in  return 

the  goddess  was  established  at  this  point,  for  which  guarantee  the  Sultan  engaged  to  in- 

vbere  the  worship  became  famous  for  its  las-  troduce  necessary  reforms,  to  be  agreed  upon 

ciTions  rites  and  the  demoralizing  infiuence  it  between  the  two  powers,  into  his  dominions: 

was  said  to  have  had  on  the  character  of  the  ^*  and,  for  the  protection  of  the  Christian  and 

[•eople.    The  visit  of  Saul  with  Barnabas  and  other  subjects  of  the  Porte  in  these  territories, 

•I'thn  to  the  island,  and  their  successful  preach-  and  in  order  to  enable  England  to  make  neces- 

iijr  at  Salamis  and  Paphos,  are  recorded  in  the  sary  provisions  for  executing  her  engagement," 

A:.«ts  of  the  Apostles.    It  was  here  that  the  the  sultan  further  consented  "  to  assign  the 

came  of  Saul  appears  to  have  been  changed  to  island  of  Cyprus  to  be  occupied  and  adminis- 

PauL     Later,  the  island  was  associated  with  tered  by  England."    An  annex  to  the  conven- 

ti>  names  of  numerous  saints  of  the  early  tion  provides  that  if  Russia  restores  to  Turkey 

<  bristian  Church.    The  independence  of  the  the  conquests  it  made  in  Armenia  during  the 

<  Larch  of  Cyprus  of  every  other  ecclesiastical  late  war,  Cyprus  shall  be  evacuated  by  Eng- 
j'jisdiction  was  granted  in  the  fifth  century,  land,  and  Uie  convention  shall  be  at  an  end. 
i&d  has  been  preserved  ever  since.  The  In  a  communication  to  Sir  A.  H.  Layard,  dated 
-Lcrch  is  of  the  Greek  rite,  and  is  under  the  May  80th,  detailing  the  reasons  which  induced 
ririfdictioD  of  an  archbishop,  who  resides  at  the  Government  to  conclude  this  treaty,  Lord 
Xlcosia,  and  has  under  him  three  suffragan  Salisbury  explained  that  the  disintegration 
'l^iops.  Several  cloisters  exist,  which  are  of  the  Asiatic  dominions  of  the  Porte,  which 
r>hly  endowed  and  but  lightly  taxed.  would  be  promoted  by  the  mere  occupation 

a' prodigious  number  of  antiquities  have  of  the  captured  towns,  even  if  it  were  not 

'^•^D  excavated  by  General  Di  Cesnola,  late  brought  about  more  directly  by  Russian  agents, 

CfiBsul  of  the  United  States  to  the  island,  from  could  not  be  accepted  without  an  effort  to 

th«  ruins  of  the  ancient  temples  and  the  tombs  avert  it.     Military  measures   to  replace  the 

"f  the  island,  the  character  of  which  has  been  ceded  fortresses  were  not  practicable,  and  the 

filly  described  in  prerions  volumes  of  the  only  provision  which  could  in  any  case  furnish 

"  Annoal  C^clopiedia."    These  antiquities  are  a  substantial  security  for  the  stability  of  Otto- 

lombed  to  a  period  ranging  from  about  1200  man  rule  was  an  engagement,  on  the  part  of  a 

h,  c.  to  Uie  close  of  the  Greek  domination ;  power  strong  enough  to  fulfill  it,  that  any  fur- 

thfty  embrace  thousands  of  specimens  of  the  ther  encroachments  by  Russia  upon  it  would 

Ph^ni<Mn  and  Grecian  epocns,  and  are  re-  be  prevented  by  force  of  arms.    The  British 

iTirded  as  of  the  very  highest  value,  in  that  Government  was  also  anxious  to  see  reforms 

lUy  ftbow  in  a  continuous  collection  from  the  instituted  in  the  Turkish  administration,  and 


2Si  CYPRUS. 

had  sought  a  measure  that  would  give  It  the  welcome  and  confidence  were  received  from 
right  to  insist  upon  them.  These  objects  were  Greeks  and  Turks.  Official  possession  of  Ni- 
secured  by  the  convention  •;  and  the  oocnpa^  cosia,  the  capital,  was  taken  Jul j  80th,  when 
tion  of  Cyprus,  in  its  peculiar  position^  gave  the  new  Governor  received  the  symbols  of  a 
the  Government  the  opportunity  and  means  of  most  hospitable  welcome  from  representatives 
efficiently  executing  its  part  of  the  engage-  of  the  Greek  Ohurch.  Oivil  oonunissioners 
ment.  It  was  not  the  design  of  the  British  were  appointed  and  garrisons  assigned  for  the 
Government  to  alienate  territory  from  the  sov-  five  provinces  or  departments  of  Limasul, 
ereignty  of  the  Saltan,  or  to  diminish  the  re-  Famagusta,  Oerynia,  Paphos,  and  Lamaka. 
ceipts  of  his  treasury.  It  was  therefore  pro-  *^  A  young  and  learned  Moslem,"  Assim  Effen- 
posed  that,  while  the  administration  and  oo-  di,  was  appointed  religious  judge  in  the  ishmd, 
cupation  of  the  island  should  be  assigned  to  hi:^  salary  to  be  paid  by  the  British  Govern- 
the  Queen,  the  territory  should  still  continue  ment.  The  Christian  population  of  Nicosia, 
to  be  part  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  that  under  the  presidency  of  the  Bishop,  presented 
the  excess  of  the  revenue  over  the  expendi-  a  petition  to  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  praying  that 
ture  should  be  paid  over  annually  to  the  trea-  Greek  might  be  established  as  the  official  Ian- 
sury  of  the  Sultan.  guage ;  but  they  were  informed  that  their  re- 
Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  was  appointed  Gover-  quest  could  not  be  granted,  and  that  English 
nor  of  Cyprus,  and  was  assigned  an  efficient  would  be  the  officii  language.  A  Turkish 
body  of  troops  with  which  to  maintain  pos-  officer  arrived  in  the  island  at  the  end  of  Au- 
session  of  the  island,  and  which  included  the  gust  to  convey  to  Constantinople  the  Tarkish 
Indian  regiments  that  had  been  stationed  at  troops,  guns,  and  war  material,  which  were 
Malta.  T^e  new  Governor  was  instructed  to  still  there.  A  few  days  afterward  the  English 
administer  the  government  of  the  island  on  Governor  started  on  a  voyage  around  the 
the  footing  of  a  dependency  of  the  Crown,  so  island,  in  the  course  of  which  he  visited  Ge- 
fir  as  circumstances  should  permit,  and  was  rynia,  Baffo,  limasol,  and  other  places,  and 
advised  to  ascertain  what  farther  powers  were  returned  to  Lamaka  September  16tn.  On  the 
required  for  administrative  purposes,  and  how  27th  of  September  he  held  a  state  reception, 
far  the  existing  institutions  were  available  for  which  was  attended  by  the  leading  Mohain- 
government  under  the  Crown ;  it  being  held  medana,  when  he  stated  that  he  had  received 
desirable  that  the  provisions  already  estab-  orders  from  her  Majesty  to  appoint  a  Legisla- 
llshed  for  general  administration  should  remain  tive  Council,  of  whom  one  half  were  to  be  in- 
in  force,  *^  except  laws  and  institutions  repug-  habitants  of  the  island,  and  that  an  Executive 
nant  to  civilization  or  liberty,  or  except  in  Council  would  also  be  appointed, 
certain  special  cases  institutions  repugnant  to  The  troops  suffered  much  during  the  later 
the  laws  and  customs  of  England."  He  should  summer  and  the  early  fall  with  sickness,  from 
farther  study  the  means  of  developing  produo-  *^heat  apoplexy,"  and  fevers  and  agues.  The 
tion  and  commerce  and  revenue,  inquire  how  fevers  were  not  malignant,  but  they  prostrated 
far  the  existing  legal  establishments  were  ap-  the  men  and  rendered  them  unfit  for  service, 
plicable  to  the  new  conditions,  establish  an  The  reports  made  about  the  middle  of  August 
efficient  police  force,  *^  without  undue  pre-  agreed  that  25  per  cent,  of  the  white  troops 
dominance  of  race  or  creed,"  and,  **  it  being  were  thus  afflicted.  As  better  accommodations 
desirable  to  diminish  as  much  as  practicable  were  provided  for  the  troops,  and  the  hot  sea- 
the  British  force,  the  formation  is  advised  of  son  passed  away,  their  health  improved.  This 
a  local  military  defensive  force."  The  cession  prevalence  of  fevers  seemed  to  confirm  the 
of  the  island  to  Great  Britain  was  proclaimed  prejudices  which  have  prevailed  against  the 
by  the  representatives  of  the  Sultan  July  11th,  island  that  it  is  intrinsically  unhedthy;  bnt 
and  immediately  afterward  possession  was  those  persons  who  are  best  acquamted  with  it 
taken  in  the  name  of  the  Queen  by  Mr.  Wal-  deny  that  it  is  so,  and  point  to  the  robnst 
ter  Baring.  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  was  installed  native  population  in  proof  that  no  permanent 
as  administrator  of  the  government  on  the  sources  of  disease  different  from  those  of  other 
23d  of  July,  in  the  presence  of  a  great  crowd  countries  with  hot  climates  exist  there.  They 
of  people,  Greek  and  Turkish.  His  procla-  admit  that  superficial  sources  of  disease  exist, 
mation  to  the  inhabitants  was  received,  when  that  no  general  sanitary  provisions  have  been 
read  and  repeated  in  Greek  and  Turkish,  with  undertaken,  that  there  are  many  marshes  which 
cheers.  It  set  forth  the  Queen^s  great  interest  will  cause  unbealihiness  until  they  are  removed, 
in  the  prosperity  of  the  inhabitants,  and  prom-  and  that  unacclimated  persons  are  in  danger  if 
ised  that  measures  should  be  devised  to  pro*  they  expose  themselves  carelessly ;  bnt  they 
mote  commerce  and  agriculture  and  the  bless-  believe  that  if  these  causes  were  removed  and 
ings  of  freedom  and  Justice.  Whi4e  regard  proper  precautions  taken,  Cyprus  would  be  no 
would  be  had  for  the  moral  and  material  wel-  less  healthy  than  other  places  similarly  situated, 
fare  of  the  people,  attention  would  be  paid  to  A  survey  of  the  water  lines  of  the  island 
their  wishes  respecting  ancient  customs  so  far  under  Sir  George  Elliott  resulted  in  the  selec* 
as  is  consistent  with  civilization  and  liberty,  tion  of  Famagusta  as  the  most  suitable  place 
*^  which  must  always  be  upheld  by  those  who  to  begin  the  construction  of  a  new  harbor.  A 
govern  in  her  M<yesty*s  name."    Addresses  of  fine  ^d  harbor  was  found  here  seventy  acres 


DELAWARE.  235 

in  extent,  with  a  mole.  It  is  efficiently  shel-  Adapted,  with  Additional  Matter,  hj  Mrs.  A« 
cered,  but  silted  up.  The  silt  was  sounded  to  Batson  Joyner "  (London  and  New  York, 
a  depth  of  twenty-four  feet  all  around,  with-  1878);  "Oypem:  Its  History,  its  Present  Re- 
oat  touching  bottom.  It  was  thought  that  a  sources,  and  Future  Prospects,"  by  R.  Hamil- 
port  oould  be  constructed  here  capable  of  ao-  ton  Lang,  late  H.  M.  Consul  for  the  island  of 
commodating  conveniently  about  a  dozen  iron-  Oyprus  (London,  1878) ;  linger  and  Kotschy, 
cUdd.  "  Die  Insel  Cypem  " ;  J.  Seiff,  "  Reisen  in  der 
Information  respecting  the  island  of  Cyprus  Asiatischen  Turkei."  Much  information  re- 
sod  its  present  condition  is  supplied  in  the  fol-  specting  Cyprus  is  also  given  in  the  British 
k>wio^  works:  Greneral  Louis  Palma  di  Ces-  consular  reports,  in  the  articles  of  Mr.  H. 
sola,  ** Oyprus:  Its  Ancient  Cities.  Tombs,  Hamilton  Lang  in  '^ Macmillan*s  Magazine," 
and  Temples"  (New  York,  1878);  Franz  von  and  in  the  article  ^^ Cyprus,  its  Present  and 
Ldher,  "Cyprus,  Historical  and  Descriptive,  Future,"  by  R.  Stuart  Poole,  in  the  "Contem- 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day.  porary  Review "  for  August,  1878. 


D 

DELAWARE.    The  State  of  Delaware  has  limited  number  of  these  beneficisries  have  been 

a  prosperous  Treasury  and  a  rapidly  decreasing  admitted  to  institutions  without  the  State  es- 

debt.    The  amount  of  this  debt  on  January  1,  pecially  adapted  to  the  care  of  such  persons. 

1875,  was  $1,272,835.    Since  that  date  there  The  number  now  enjoying  the  advantages  of 

has  been  paid  $319,835,  thus  making  the  pres-  various  institutions  at  the  expense  of  the  State 

ent  indebtedness  $953,000.    The  cash  on  hand  is  as  follows : 

and  the   State  investments  show  assets  of  all  in  the  PeuMvlyanUInitltutloii  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb...  8 

descriptions    in    excess  of  State  indebtedness  IntheColimibfaIiiBtitatloD(Wa8hlngton)fortheDeafaod 

amonnting  to  $166  344.    In  January,  1877,  the  i„'Sfp«aiyi^irf.-  iiiutittoi  fc;ttito.i^iu»  ofih.  ' 

Mate  bonds  had  advanced  above  par,  and  be-       BUnd , 8 

come  a  subject  of  monetary  speculation.     As  ^°JJ**  PenniylYaiiia  Trainliig  echool  for  Feeble-mlndod 

the  revenues  of  the  State  were  obviously  larger  i^  ^j^^  PenMViViiia'HoBpiud  for  the  iiJMne.*  !.*!!.*!!!'.!!.*!  i 

and  the  reduction  of  the  debt  more  rapid  than  — 

was  necessary,  the  Governor  recommended  to  '^^^ * 

the  Legislature  then  in  session  to  consider  the  Showing  a  decrease  within  the  last  two  years 

propriety  of  making  such  reductions  in  the  ex-  of  one  imbecile,  one  blind,  and  four  deaf  and 

isting  rates  of  taxation  as  should  reduce  the  dumb  beneficiaries. 

annual  snrplus  to  such  a  sum  as  would,  in  their  The  foundations  for  a  public-school  educa- 

judgment,  prove  conducive  and  not  detrimen-  tion  were  laid  in  the  State  Constitution  framed 

tal  to  the  credit  of  the  State  and  the  interests  in  1792,  *^  as  a  provision  absolutely  essential  to 

of  its  people.    After  deliberation  the  Legisla-  the  safety  of  a  popular  government  and  the 

ture  curtailed  the  public  revenues  in  several  welfare  of  a  free  people."    The  free-school  sys- 

re^ects,  but  chiefly  by  the  reduction  of  mar-  tem  thus  inaugurated  has  been  steadily  ad- 

riage-Iicense  fees,  the  discontinuance  of  the  vancing  from  year  to  year,  and  keeping  pace 

tax  on  process  and  recording,  and  by  the  abo-  -  with  the  public  interest.    At  present  in  large 

lition  of  the  entire  State  tax  on  assessments  of  sections  of  the  State  an  ardent  educational  en- 

poIL  real  and  personal  property,  and  of  debts,  thusiasm  animates  the  teachers  and  pupils,  and 

stocks  or  shares,  securities  and  investments,  is  extending  to  parents  and  the  general  public, 

amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  $60,000  annually,  Apart  from  the  merits  of  the  present  system, 

and,  with  other  reductions  by  the  legislation  of  there  are  also  defects,  and  these  consist  in  the 

1875,  to  an  annual  saving  and  relief  to  the  peo-  need  of  more  suitable  schoolhouses  and  furni- 

ple  exceeding  $75,000.    It  is  further  proposed  ture,  longer  terms  of  school,  and  a  uniform 

to  diminish  the  indebtedness  by  calling  in  the  system  of  text-books. 

outstanding  six  per  cent,  bonds  and  reissuing  The  State  Library  contains  at  present  14,467 
them  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest.  There  is  also  volumes,  of  which  4,609  volumes  consist  of  re- 
due  to  the  State  $28,886  by  the  Brei^water  ports  of  decisions  of  the  United  States  and 
and  Frankford  Railroad  Company,  being  two  State  courts,  and  9,848  volumes  of  United 
Tears*  interest  on  the  bond  loaned  to  the  com-  States  and  State  documents,  Congressional  and 
pany  by  the  State.  It  remans  with  the Legis-  Legislative  journals,  and  miscellaneous  works. 
Utare  of  1879  to  decide  if  the  mortgage  on  the  A  case  of  train-wrecking  occurred  during 
road  shall  be  foreclosed.  the  year,  by  which  four  persons  lost  their  lives. 
The  State  has  no  'charitable  institutions  of  The  criminal  was  discovered,  tried,  and  con- 
its  own ;  but  provision  has  been  made  by  law  vioted.  But  so  inadequate  was  the  protection 
for  the  care  and  education  of  the  indigent  deaf  of  the  law  in  such  cases  found  to  be,  that  the 
and  dumb  and  the  indigent  blind,  and  also  for  accused,  under  the  peculiar  circumstances  at- 
tbe  support  and  protection  of  the  indigent  in-  tending  his  act  and  tne  law  governing  the  case, 
and  the  destitute  imbecile  children.    A  was  found  guilty  merely  of  manslaughter.  The 


236  DELAWARE. 

court,  however,  as  an  indication  of  their  sense  eion  to  InTeatijjato  the  charge«  of  fraud,  whereby 

of  the necessitj  of  such  protection,  sentenced  f«rti?cftte»  ^C «^«f ^1^°  ''^^  «»y«?,*<> ^^ ^Iv^f^ 

ui  buc  uci^vsoibj  V*  Dui.il  F*yj^^*'  ""♦                ^  tors  m  the  said  States,  was  a  violation  of  pubhc duty, 

the  cnmmal  to  all  the  penalties  the  statutes  of  ^^^  ^  betrayal  of  the  trust  reposed  in  them ;  and  we 

the  State  provide  for  manslaughter.  hereby  endorse  and  approve  the  investintion  instU 

The  boundary  question  between  the  State  tuted  by  the  House  of  Kepresentatives  for  the  pur- 

and  New  Jersey  has  been  taken  to  the  United  po"  of  exposing  to  the  whole  country  ttie  meanB  by 

states  Supreme  Court, for  settlement      The  ^^^''^Zljl^il^irir^iTL'^Jo^Jf^lr 

question  involves  the  jurisdiction  of  the  re-  chief  Executive. 

spective  States  over  that  portion  of  the  Dela-  Rmlved^  That  in  the  public  course  of  our  Scnaton 

ware  River  lying  within  the  compass  of  a  cir-  and  Representatives  in  Congress  we  recognize  evi- 

ole  of  twelve  mUes  about  the  town  of  New  **;^^^?^•>?.^^V^9':iy/?^*^'^'*^♦^♦^i^^ 

ri    L\^  i.^  1 *^- ^^-u  ^„  «.k^  \r^«r  t^^^^  charaoteristiooftaithful  representatives  of  a  sensible 

Oastle,  to  low-water  mark  on  the  New  Jereey  ^^^  ^^otic  constituency.*^ 

shore.   It  arose  under  the  demand  of  the  Dela-  «;    .  „      .            .      .       *    «.  ^       ,  ^ 

ware  authorities  from  all  persons  fishing  with-  The  following  nominations  for  State  and  Oon- 

in  the  above  limits  to  show  a  license.    The  suit  gress  were  made :  For  Governor,  John  W.  HaU ; 

was  commenced  by  New  Jersey,  and  a  pre-  ^or  member  of  Congress,  Edward  L.  Martm. 

liminary  injunction  issued.    Delaware  has  not  The  Republican  party  held  no  ^nvention 

vet  replied  ^^'^  made  no  nomination  for  State  officers. 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  assembled  The  National  Greenback  Labor  party  held 

at  Dover  on  August  6th,  and  was  organized  a  State  Convention  at  Dover,  on  October  17th. 

by  the  appointment  of  E.  W.  Cooper  as  Presi-  The  Convention  was  organized  by  the  selection 

dent.    The  following  platform  was  unanimous-  of  B.  B.  Cooper  as  President.    The  f oUowing 

ly  adopted :  platform  was  unanimously  adopted : 

The  Democratic  party  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  as-  1.  As  Congress  has  been  intrusted  with  the  que»- 

sombled  in  oonTention  at  Dover  on  Fuesduy,  August  tion,  What  shall  be  the  nation's  money  f  we  demand 

6, 1378,  do  resolve :  that  this  power  shall  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  all, 

1.  That  after  an  unbroken  administration  of  the  and  never  delegated  to  private  individuals  or  oorpo- 
government  for  nearly  thirty  years  we  ma^  fairly  rations,  but  hereafter  be  exercised  by  the  General 
and  justly  claim  credit  for  the  constant  exercise  of  a  Government,  in  harmony  with  the  Ajnericsn  ideas 
discretion,  economy,  and  integrity  which  has  kept  and  the  spirit  of  her  instltutions^instead  of  conform- 
and  to-day  continues  our  State  taxation  as  low  or  ins  to  the  financial  svstems  of  Europe,  which  have 
lower  and  the  financial  credit  of  our  State  fhlly  as  built  and  perpetuatea  for  centuries  the  monarchies 
high  and  untarnished  as  any  of  her  sisters  in  the  Fed-  of  the  Old  World  to  the  physical  and  mental  degrs- 
eral  Union ;  and  that,  during  all  this  period,  under  datioo  of  the  masses. 

the  State  laws  and  tribunals^  public  Justice  has  been  8.  That  the  national  paper  money — greenbacks— 

honestly  and^  equally  administered  to  all  classes  of  based  upon  the  entire  wealth  and  integrity  of  the 

her  people  without  favor,  and  all  the  rights  of  per-  nation,  will  (wnstitute  the  very  best  medium  of  ex« 

sons  and  property  have  been  duly  protected  and  pre-  change  the  people  have  ever  used,  and  has  already 

served,  while  the  Treasury  of  the  State  has  never  lost  proved  by  experience,  under  the  unjust  restrictions 

one  dollar  hj  the  dishonesty  or  defalcation  of  a  Dam-  placed  upon  it  for  the  purpose  of  limiting  its  powers, 

ooratic  official.  perfectly  effective  in  supplying  evex7  want. 

2.  That  the  present  business  depression  and  wide-  8.  We  demand  the  immediate  calling  in  of  all 
spread  distress  throughout  the  Union  is  chiefly  at-  United  States  bonds,  and  the  payment  of  their  prin- 
tributable  to  unwise  measures  of  finance  for  which  cipid  and  interest  in  greenbacks. 

the  Republican  party  is  wholly  responsible ;  and  that,  4.  We  demand  the  immediate  repeal  of  the  Ka- 

in  accordance  with  the  time-honored  and  constitu-  tional  Banking  Act,  and  the  retirement  of  its  circu- 

tional  faith  of  the  Democratic  party,  we  hold  that  lating  medium. 

the  onlj  honest  and  lawful  money  of  the  people  of  6.  The  public  lands  belong  to  all  the  people,  snd 
the  United  States  is  j^ld  and  silver  coin,  or  a  paper  should  be  held  in  trust  for  homes  of  the  worthy  dee- 
currency  convertible  into  such  coin  at  the  will  of  the  titute ;  and  we  advocate  irovemment  aid  to  destitute 
holder.  families  who  desire  to  settle  thereon,  and  in  amount 

8.  That  ever  since  the  foundation  of  the  Govern-  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  cultivate  and  improvd 

ment,  taxation  upon  imported  merchandise  has  been  the  same,  secured  by  mortgafi:e  with  long  time  for 

resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  revenue ;  and  payment. 

that  all  tariff  duties,  being  taxes  which  are  paid  by  6.  We  demand  a  system  of  Just  taxation  by  which 

the  consumer,  nhould  be  so  laid  as  to  yield  the  largest  the  accumulated  wealth  of  the  nation  instead  of  the 

revenue  to  the  Treasury,  and  at  the  same  time,  as  fur  Industry  of  the  people  shall  bear  the  expenses  of  the 

as  consistent  with  that  purpose,  to  discriminate  in  Government.     No  property  except  what  belongs  to 

favor  of  the  productive  interests  of  our  own  people,  the  Govern meni  shoula  be  exempt  from  bearing  its 

4.  That  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  is  sup-  equitable  share  of  the  public  burdens, 

plied  by  taxation  levied  upon  the  whole  people,  and  7.  We  invite  aid  to  secure  such  legislation  as  will 

Its  funds  should  be  administered  with  strict  econo-  effectuidly  check  the  dangerous  power  of  oorporstions 

my  and  carefully  applied  to  none  but  public  uses ;  and  idle  capital  which  is  now  being  used  to  subvert 

and  that  we  are  opposed  to  all  grants  and  subsidies  the  liberties  of  the  people, 

to  individual  or  corporate  enterprises,  as  ui\just  in  8.  The  elective  franchise  is  not  only  a  privilege, 

principle,  corrupting  in  their  tendencies,  and  waate-    -^  -    -•  '^^  *  * ' •^'- ^^-  —^ " — -♦ 

ful  in  their  results. 


JiMoloed,  That  we  denounce  the  conspiracy  which,  a  property  qualification  the  test  of  one*s  ri^l 

through  corruption  and  fraud,  gave  the  electoral  or  limiting  its  action  by  the  "  tax-receipt "  fraud, 

votes  of  South  Carolins,  Louisiana,  and  Florida  to  which  may  be  and  is  used  unjustly  in  favor  of  the 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes  for  President  and  William  A.  party  in  power,  will  be  resisted  by  every  means  in 

Wheeler  for  Vice-President,  against  the  clearly  ex-  our  power. 

pressed  will  of  the  voters  of  those  States;  and  we  9.  The  office  should  seek  the  man,  and  not  the  man 

declare  it  as  our  firm  conviction  that  the  refusal  of  the  office.    Political  purity  can  only  be  maintained 

the  Bepablioan  members  of  the  £leGtoral  Coromis*  by  obtaining  such  prinoipleB  of  action. 


DELAWABE. 


237 


10.  We  demand  protective  tariff  laws  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Ameiioao  inaoatries. 

IL  We  demand  the  abolition  of  all  anperflaooa 
pQbde  offloea  ereated  for  the  favorites  oi  political 
pirtiaanahip  with  enormous  salaries. 

li.  We  adTOoate  such  modification  of  the  laws  of 
this  State,  that  power  will  no  longer  be  given  to  un- 
feeling men  to  step  in  and  strip  an  unfortunate  debtor 
of  every  meana  of  aelf-support,  leaving  his  familj 
destitute  and  unprotected. 

IS.  A  true  republic  can  only  be  realised  and  main- 
taiaed  through  the  education  and  eulightenment  of 
the  people,  and  hence  education  abould  be  f^e  and 
iodaatnaL 

14.  The  National  Greenback  Labor  party  proposes 
to  reacae  the  Oovemment  from  the  grasp  of  selfish 
peed,  to  reinatate  it  upon  the  solid  foundations  of 
jfi^tioe,  to  make  it  expreas  in  its  administration  of 
.aw  tha  beat  and  truest  conceptions  of  which  human- 
itr  b  capable.  Its  mission  is  one  of  good  will  to 
au ;  ita  motto  *'  Progress  and  improvement." 

The  following  nomiiiatioiis  were  made :  For 
Governor,  Kensey  John  Stewart;  for  member 
of  Congress,  John  6.  Jackson. 

The  election  was  held  on  November  6th,  and 
resulted  as  follows: 


voa  oovaaHua. 

foa  ooxoaafls. 

HaU. 

SWWWta 

Mntla. 

JaeksoB. 

Sr«v  Cbttle  Coimtj  . . . . 
KmCoonty 

fi,080 
2,809 
a,49S 

675 

88 

8.187 

4,099 
i,168 
8,414 

771 
18 

8,869 

Totel 

10,780 

8,885 

10,576 

8.048 

M^ortttea 

T,896 

■  •  •  • 

7,684 

•  •  «  ■ 

The  Legifilatnre  consists  of  nine  Senators 
and  twen^-one  Representatives,  and  is  entire- 
ly Democratio.  Its  sessions  are  biennial.  A 
new  session  commenced  ou  January  7,  1879. 
Tbe  Senate  was  organized  by  the  election  of 
Charies  J.  HaiVington  as  Speaker.  The  House 
was  organized  by  the  election  of  Swithin 
Chandler  as  Speaker.  Its  proceedings  form  a 
part  of  the  transactions  of  1879. 

Delaware  is  next  to  the  smallest  State  of  tbe 
rnion.  Ita  area  is  2,120  square  miles.  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  counties.  When  the  Constitu- 
tion of  1792  was  adopted,  and  the  present  appor- 
tionment of  representation  between  the  three 
counties  was  made,  the  population  of  each  of 
them  was  nearly  equal  in  numbers.  That  of 
Xew  Gasde  was  19,686;  of  Kent,  18,920;  and 
of  Sussex,  20,488.  It  is  therefore  preearaed 
that,  at  this  early  period,  it  was  desired  that 
the  ratio  of  representation  should  be  m  general 
aoeord  with  population.  Even  so  late  as  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1881,  the  dis- 
parity betweoi  the  populations  of  the  respec- 
tive counties  was  not  so  important  as  to  occa- 
sion anj  pressing  need  for  a  change  in  the 
tsUbfishea  apportionment  of  1792.  But  with- 
in a  comparatively  recent  period,  tbe  increase 
of  the  population  of  the  city  of  Wilmington 
has  entirelj  overthrown  the  numerical  equality 
vhirb  preTiouslj  existed  between  the  several 
counties,  and  thus  necessitated  a  change  in  that 
apportionment.  By  reference  to  the  Federal 
eenaos  of  1870  it  appears  that  the  population 
Qi  New  Castle  Couoty  was  68,515 ;  of  Kent 


County,  29,804;  and  of  Sussex  County,  81,- 
696 ;  tiius  showing  that  the  population  of  the 
first  was  greater  than  that  of  the  two  others 
combined.  By  the  same  census  it  appears  that 
the  assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  l^ew  Castle 
County  was  as  great,  and  the  asscBsed  value  of 
personal  property  more  than  three  times  as 
great,  as  that  of  the  other  counties  combined, 
and  that  she  paid  more  than  twice  the  amount 
of  State  taxes  paid  by  both  of  them  together 
for  State  purposes.  Also,  her  total  of  annud 
wages  paid  in  farming  operations  and  the  total 
value  of  all  her  farm  productions,  respectively, 
were  quite  equal  to  the  aggregate  totals,  re- 
spectively, paid  or  produced  by  both  Kent  and 
Sussex.  Toe  mechanical  and  manufacturing 
industries,  the  capital  invested,  the  wages  paid, 
and  the  value  of  the  articles  produced,  respec- 
tively, were  at  least  ten  times  more  in  New 
Castie  County  than  in  Kent  and  Sussex  Coun- 
ties combined.  And  yet,  with  this  great  dis- 
proportion of  population  and  taxable  property, 
the  Legislative  representation  of  that  county 
is  equal  only  to  that  of  each  of  the  other  coun- 
ties, while  tiie  city  of  Wilmington,  with  a  pop- 
ulation greater  than  that  of  either  Kent  or 
Sussex  County,  has  never  had  a  representative 
of  her  vast  local  interests  in  both  Houses  of  the 
General  Assembly  at  the  same  time.  The  man- 
ner in  which  a  just  representation  shall  be  given 
to  this  excess  of  population  has  been  a  subject 
of  discussion  for  some  years.  If  it  were  based 
solely  upon  population,  it  would  placd  the 
entire  State  under  the  control  of  New  Castie 
County.  It  has  been  suggested  that  an  in- 
creased representation  should  be  given  in  the 
lower  House  of  the  Assembly,  without  any 
change  in  the  Senate;  also  that  New  Castie 
County  should  be  divided,  and  the  representa- 
tion chosen  in  local  districts.  No  legislative 
action,  however,  has  as  yet  been  taken  on  the 
subject. 

Some  estimates  later  than  the  census  of  1870 
represent  an  advance  in  all  the  counties  of  the 
State.  Kent  County,  which  is  simply  agricul- 
tural, contains  Dover,  Smyrna,  and  Milford, 
three  of  the  finest  towns  in  the  State.  Dover, 
which  is  the  county  seat  and  also  the  State 
capital,  contains  a  population  of  2,200,  about 
one  fourth  of  whom  are  colored  persons.  The 
population  of  the  county  exceeds  80,000,  of 
whom  about  7,000  are  colored  persons.  There 
has  been  some  immigration  to  tbe  county  from 
Canada,  and  many  small  farms  have  been  pur- 
chased by  the  immigrants.  In  the  county  there 
are  2,809  farms,  nearly  half  of  which,  987,  con- 
tain between  100  and  500  acres;  there  are  118 
between  8  and  10,  160  between  10  and  20,  888 
between  20  and  60,  680  between  60  and  100, 
23  between  600  and  1,000,  and  1  of  over  1,000 
acres.  The  value  of  the  farms  is  estimated  at 
$14,600,000;  farming  implements  at  |875,000. 
The  farmers  pay  annually  for  work  upon  their 
crops  nearly  $600,000,  and  those  crops  average 
about  $2,400,000.  In  1870  the  market  gardens 
of  Kent  produced  more  than  those  of  either 


238  DELAWABE. 

Sussex  or  New  Oastle,  and  the  proportion  has  000  baskets.  The  crop  for  1878  was  much  be- 
not  materiallj  changed  since  then.  The  live  low  the  average.  A  careful  report  says  it  is 
stock  of  the  county  is  valued  at  over  a  million  tolerably  safe  to  put  the  total  shipments  for 
dollars.  The  other  agricultural  products  of  the  year  at  700,000  baskets,  which  will  average 
the  county  have  been  somewhat  interfered  with  at  least  ninety  cents  delivered  at  the  vahoas 
by  the  culture  of  peaches,  but  large  amounts  depots.  This  will  sliow  a  return  to  the  grow- 
of  grain  are  grown.  The  production  in  1877  ers  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  about  $680,000, 
was  about  420,000  bushels  of  wheat,  1,000,000  or  over  $575,000  clear  profit  from  the  fruit 
of  com,  and  more  rye  than  in  any  other  county  actually  shipped.  It  was  estimated  that  200, 
of  the  State,  probably  7,000  bushels,  and  175,-  000  baskets  would  be  consumed  at  home, 
000  bushels  or  oats.  worth  quite  $100,000.    Thus  the  peach-grow- 

The  population  of  Sussex  County  is  nearly  ers  who  were  lucky  enough  to  have  fruit  made 
88,000.  The  assessed  value  of  real  and  personal  about  $600,000  clear  from  the  crop.  The  total 
property  in  the  county  is  about  $14,000,000,  yield  in  baskets  could  not  reach  1,000,000, 
which  is  six  times  less  than  in  New  Castle  making  the  crop  for  the  year  a  small  one. 
County.  Of  the  8,519  farms  of  the  county  At  seaford,  on  the  Nanticoke  River,  in  Sos- 
there  is  1  under  8  acres,  97  under  10,  160  sex  County,  180,000  bushels  of  oysters  were 
between  10  and  20,  829  between  20  and  60,  packed  and  shipped  in  the  spring  season  of 
1,271  between  50  and  100,  1,446  between  100  1878.  Six  miles  below  is  the  town  of  Laurel, 
and  500,  18  between  500  and  1,000,  and  2  in  the  center  of  the  berry  country  of  the  pen- 
of  over  1,000  acres.  The  cash  value  of  these  insula.  The  cultivation  of  strawberries,  black- 
farms  is  estimated  at  $8,972,031,  and  the  value  berries,  and  raspberries  is  rapidly  growing,  and 
of  farming  implements  and  machinery  at  $200,-  the  increase  in  their  production  has  been  enor- 
000.  In  1870,  $200,000  were  paid  by  the  farm-  mous.  In  1874  there  were  shipped  from  the 
ers  for  labor,  and  the  (estimated)  value  of  prod-  peninsula  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  by 
nets  that  year  was  $1,844,752 ;  the  fruit  prod-  rail — ^and  most  of  this  fruit  goes  by  r<ul — orer 
ucts  being  $103,092,  and  the  products  of  6,000,000  quarts  of  berries,  which  cleared  on 
market  gardens  $12,922.  The  grain  products  an  average  seven  cents  per  quart;  thus  giving 
last  year  were  (estimated)  :  wheat,  75,000  the  growers,  after  paying  the  expenses  of  pick- 
bushels;  rye,  8,000;  corn,  1,400,000;  oats,  ing  and  freight,  nearly  $500,000  from  this 
56,800 ;  barley^  450,  and  buckwheat,  273.  source  alone.    During  the  past  nine  years  the 

The  peach  mdustry  of  the  peninsula  has  shipments  of  this  small  fruit  have  been  as  fol- 
reached  vast  proportions.  From  careful  esti-  lows:  1870,  282  cars;  1871,  818;  1872,  565; 
mates  it  is  concluded  that  there  are  about  1873,  688;  1874,  714;  1875,  685;  1876,  672; 
5,550,000  peach-trees  of  all  ages  between  the  1877,  590;  1878,  about  615;  total,  6,074  cars. 
Delaware  and  the  Chesapeake,  and  the  Brandy-  A  car-load  will  average  7,000  quarts,  and  the 
wine  and  Cape  Charles.  These  trees  cover  total  of  shipments  for  the  past  dght  years  is 
65,000  acres  of  the  best  and  most  productive  85,000,000  quarts.  The  shipnfent  of  straw- 
land  on  the  peninsula,  sufficient  to  make  500  berries  over  the  Delaware  Kailroad,  for  the 
farms  of  100  acres  each.  This  represents  season  which  closed  on  June  18th,  amounted 
an  aggregate  invested  capital  of  $3,000,000.  to  647  car-loads.  Taking  297  crates,  or  8,000 
From  the  official  report  of  the  railroad  com-  quarts  of  berries,  as  the  average  capacity  of  a 
piany  there  were  shipped  in  1876,  by  rail,  car,  which  will  be  found  to  be  nearly  correct, 
4,636,000  baskets,  and  the  estimated  water  a  total  of  5,096,000  quarts  is  given  for  the  sea- 
shipments  were  1,000,000  baskets,  aggregat-  son,  which  commenced  on  May  6th,  seventeen 
ing  a  total  shipment  of  over  6,000,000  bas-  daysearlierthanthatof  1877,  and  dosed  on  Jane 
kets  of  this  fruit  But  all  the  peaches  are  18th.  Last  year  the  shipments  over  the  road 
not  exported,  and  it  is  estimated  from  careful  were  estimated  at  4,096,000 ;  but  as  the  esti- 
sources  that  at  least  4,000,000  cans  were  turned  mate  oidy  included  ^U  car-loads,  it  was  some- 
out  in  1875 ;  and  it  is  claimed  that,  taking  a  what  under  the  real  figures,,  and  for  the  same 
series  of  years  together,  it  has  been  found  that  reason  the  figures  given  for  1878  are  an  under- 
peaches  are  ^s  certain  and  remunerative  a  crop  estimate,  it  being  impossible  to  take  account 
as  can  be  grown.  The  following  record  of  of  all  the  small  consignments.  The  following 
shipments,  taken  from  the  office  of  the  Dela-  table  will  show  the  number  of  oar-loads  sent 
ware  Railroad,  will  show  the  fluctuations  of  to  the  different  shipping  points,  and  the  num- 
the  peach  crop  during  the  past  eight  years:  her  of  quarts,  calculated  from  the  same  esti- 
1870,  2,707  cars;   1871,  6,004;    1872,  4,091;  mate  of  8,000  quarts  to  a  oar : 

1878,  2,853;  1874,  1,266;  1875,  9,072;  1876,  

2,117;  1877,4,248.    A  car  holds  500  baskets,  cmia. 

giving  for  the  eight  years  81,358  car-loads,  or  i -zr- 

15,679,000  baskets,  an  average  of  1,709.777  PhuSeipSi;::::::;::::;:;:;:: 

baskets  per  annum.     This  does  not  include  Bmuni 

water  shipments,  which  are  usually  in  amount  SfistS?!?"" ! '.".',",","","" 

quite  one  fifth  of  the  crop ;  so  that  the  entire  Buffiao.*.'.' !!'.  1  !!'.*.!'.'. i .'  '.'.'.', . 
crop  for  the  eight  years  would  aggregate  at  .  _ 

least  18,000,000  baskets,  or  an  average  of  2,250,-  


CM*4od». 


«87 


487 

a,49«.000 

188 

1,064^ 

22 

ne,ooo 

21 

188.000 

16 

144,000 

6 

48.000 

^008,000 


DELAWARE.  339 

The  wheat  crop  was  barrested  before  Jane  shortest  of  all  the  routes  proposed,  yet  not 

30th,  snd  the  yield  was  so  muoh  better  than  in  necessarily  the  cheapest.    At  the  session  of 

pKvioQs  years  that  it  was  estimated  to  amount  Congress  for  1677-78    an   appropriation   of 

to  1,000,000  bushels.  $15,000  was  made  for  the  survey  of  the  pen- 

The  education  of  the  colored  children  of  the  insula,  in  order  to  fiud  out  the  most  direct, 
SUto  is  attempted  by  the  colored  people  un«  cheapest,  and  best  route  for  the  canal.  A 
der  the  guidance  of  a  **  State  Association  for  survey  will  be  made  of  all  the  routes  available, 
thd  Edacation  of  Colored  People,'^  formed  in  beginning  at  the  lowest  and  working  to  the 
1S67.  The  number  of  schools  for  the  school  Sassafras  River,  which  is  the  highest.  The 
T««r  1876-77  was  83 ;  for  1877-78,  46.  l^iue  first  is  known  as  the  Choptank  route.  Tlie 
of  these  were  in  localities  where  schools  had  Choptank  enters  the  Chesapeake  Bay  below 
oiTer  been  opened  before.  The  largest  enroll-  Cambridge,  about  fifty  miles  from  Bidtimore, 
me&t  for  any  one  month  during  the  last  school  and  is  made  a  part  of  the  proposed  canal  as 
Tetf  was  2,150,  in  January  last ;  for  the  cor-  far  as  Indian  Creek,  or  some  other  of  the 
rc^nding  month  of  1877  but  1,109  were  en-  creeks  in  the  neighborhood  of  East  New  Mar- 
rolled,  showii^  a  gain  of  1,041  scholars.  The  ket,  thence  directly  across  to  the  northwest 
ifierease  both  in  the  number  of  schools  and  in  fork  of  the  Nanticoke,  and  then  in  a  direct 
the  enrollment  of  scholars  is  decidedly  encour-  line  to  Broadkill  Creek,  about  three  miles 
8gii]g,  and  shows  the  work  to  be  in  a  healthy  above  the  Breakwater.  This  route,  either 
ud  prosperous  condition.  These  schools  are  from  Indian  or  Secretary  Creek,  is  about  forty 
v2tiiie  of  the  cuty  of  'Wilmington ;  14  were  in  miles  across.  The  next  route  is  known  as  the 
NeT  Castle  County,  18  in  Kent^  and  14  in  St.  Michael  route,  and  is  from  seven  to  ten 
Soasex.  In  the  winter  of  1875  the  Legislature  miles  above  the  Choptank.  It  is  proposed  by 
|4ued  an  act  taxing  colored  persons  for  the  this  route  to  strike  the  St.  Michael  River — 
^cpport  of  their  own  schools,  but  the  funds  which  is  about  forty  miles  from  Baltimore— at 
derived  from  this  source  are  but  a  small  pro-  Royal  Oak,  and  thence  go  to  the  Choptank, 
portion  of  the  amount  necessary  to  support  at  a  point  above  Lord^s  Landing,  thence  to 
the  schools ;  consequently  the  Association  has  Caben  Creek,  from  which  the  line  will  be  run 
oflij  been  able  to  allow  the  schools  from  $6  to  directly  across  to  Broadkill  Creek  on  the  Del- 
|10  a  montJi  each  during  the  time  they  have  aware  Bay.  There  is  also  a  route  which  will 
Wen  open.  About  half  of  the  teachers  are  be  surveyed,  from  the  Sassafras  River  across 
females,  and  all  are  colored.  The  total  amount  to  Deep- Water  Point,  making  use  of  the  Black- 
rised  from  this  tax  in  the  State  is  about  bird  Creek,  the  distance  across  being  about 
11900  a  year.  The  cost  of  maintaining  the  thirty  miles,  the  Sassafras  River  being  about 
schools  is  $4,500,  and  the  balance  is  made  up  thirty-five  miles  from  Baltimore.  But  the 
br  th«  individoal  efforts  of  the  colored  people  most  direct  and  the  most  favorably  considered 
b  the  vicinity  of  tiie  different  schools.  route  is  known  as  the  Chester  River  route. 

The  project  of  opening  a  canal  for  ships  From  Baltimore  to  Queenstown  is   twenty- 

icross  the  peninsula  has  been  talked  of  for  a  eight  miles.    It  is  then  proposed  to  run  the 

food  many  years,  and  several  attempts  have  line  direct  to  Broadkill  Creek  or  the  Break- 

beeo  made  to  organize  an  effort  which  would  water,  a  distance  of  fifty-five  miles.    This  is 

r^lt  in  its  construction.     Bfdtimore  would  the  longest  land  route,  but  makes  the  most 

be  500  miles  nearer  the  track  of  ocean  vessels  direct  line  and  therefore  the  shortest  cut  to 

to  Europe,  and  the  advantage  to  her  oonamerce  the  capes  of  the  Delaware,  which  are  the  ob- 

voold  be  very  material.    At  present  aU  the  jective  point. 

Titer  transportation  must  go  down  the  Chesa-  A  State  Temperance  Convention  was  held 
petke  and  up  again  to  the  Delaware  Bay  capes,  at  Smyrna  on  December  26th,  and  organized 
theocetoNew  York  and  Europe.  There  is  a  by  the  appointment  of  George  G.  Lobdell  as 
^^  coasting  trade  between  Baltimore  and  President.  A  series  of  resolutions  were  adopt- 
^tw  York  and  the  North  and  East,  which  ed,  the  most  important  of  which  were  the  fol- 
voold,  by  means  of  a  sufilciently  large  canal  lowing : 
vnm  the  peninsula,  save  nearly  half  t^e  dis- 
tance.   Some  three  years  ago  a  company,  hav-  lUsohed,  That  we  reafBrm  our  abhorrence  of  the 

Q^  a  charter  from  the  States  of  Maryhind  and  ?>'*  °^  intemperance,  and  of  the  crime  of  legalised 

ru.« *•  v«M  vuv  i^»o..«w  w*  ^cujMiuvt  oxMyA  ijqyQ,.  traffic,  and  we  all  assert  our  reliance  on  the 

litiaware,  made  a  survey  for  a  ship  canal.  Almighty  God  for  aid  in  all  future  efforts  to  hanieh 

<mcb  was  located  but  a  short  distance  below  intemperance  from  the  State. 

tlie  canal  which  now  connects  the  two  bays ;  JUtohed,  That  local  option  is  in  harmony  with 

ind  they  are  now  asking  the  €k)yernment  to  *1»®  highest  principlee  of  political  rights,  and  a  most 

endorse  their  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $4,000,-  ?!.tl''nJ^inr^t«?!\?i.7Jn™\'^ 

(iA  ««j  Ai.       -^     *  T>  ix»            X         1         ^  oen  of  our  State  Ijeffisiature  to  grant,  on  tne  peti- 

•w,  and  the  city  of  Baltimore  to  endorse  for  tion  of  the  citizens  of  the  different  counties  or  Luu- 

^jiher  Urge  amount    The  route  which  was  dreds,  the  privilege  of  voting  on  the  (question  of 

t^  surveyed  begins  with  the  Sassafras  River  license  or  no  lioeose ;  and  farther,  that  in  counties 

«i  Georgetown,  and  runs  across  to  a  point  ^^  hundreds  voting  no  license  there  shall  be  none 

ihnv*  VUMKo^TT^vrvV  T  m^^ai^^  ..,•.•.:»»  M^4i^  granted  ;  and  when  license  is  voted,  that  a  law  be 

Sr!J?T .  ^  Hook  Landing,  running  chiefly  |^^^  imposing  suflBcient  punishment  and  guaran- 

wPoagh  Delaware.     »o  estimate  of  the  cost  tees  that  the  common  welfare  of  the  community  may 

w  tbtt  route  has  been  published,  but  it  is  the  be  promoted  by  the  same. 


240 


DENMARK. 


PrevioQS  to  adjournmeDt  the  following  reso- 
lation  was  unanimonsly  adopted : 

Bswhed^  That  this  Convention  gi^%%  no  uncertain 
sound  on  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic ;  and 
while  we  ask  for  a  local  option  law  from  the  Legisla- 
ture of  our  State,  yet  we  look  forward  to  the  time 
when  a  prohibitorj  law^  shall  be  placed  on  our 
statute-book  bj  legislative  enactment,  fuUj  en- 
dorsed by  the  people  of  bhe  State  of  Delaware.  To 
this  end  we  shall  labor,  knowixi^  that  God  is  with 
us,  and  that  we  shall  reap  if  we  faint  not. 

DENMARK,  a  kingdom  in  northern  Europe. 
The  reigning  sovereign  is  Christian  IX.,  fourth 
son  of  the  late  Doke  William  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein-Sonderburg-Glticksbarg,  appointed  to  the 
soooession  of  the  Danish  crown  by  the  treaty 
of  London  of  May  8, 1852,  and  by  the  Danish 
law  of  snccession  of  July  81, 1858.  He  snc- 
oeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  King 
Frederick  VII.,  November  15,  1863.  He  was 
married  May  26,  1842,  to  Louise,  Princess  of 
Hesse-Oassel.  The  heir  apparent  is  Prince  Fred- 
erick, bom  June  8,  1843,  and  married  July  28, 
1869,  to  Louisa,  only  daughter  of  the  late  King 
Oharles  XV.  of  Sweden.  Their  children  are 
three  sons,  born  in  1870,  1872,  and  1876,  and 
a  daughter,  born  in  1875.  The  King  has  a  civil 
list  of  600,000  rigsdalers,  and  the  heir  apparent 
of  60,000  rigsdalers.  The  present  ministry  was 
formed  on  June  11,  1875,  and  at  the  close  of 
1878  was  composed  as  follows:  President  of 
the  Oouncil  and  Minister  of  Finance,  J.  B.  S. 
Estrup;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  E.  V.  R. 
8keel;  Minister  of  Justice  and  Minister  for 
Iceland,  J.  M.  V.  Nellemann ;  Minister  of  Wor- 
ship and  Public  Instruction,  J.  0.  H.  Fischer ; 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  O.  D.  Baron  Rose- 
nOrn-Lehn,  appointed  October  11,  1875 ;  Min- 
ister of  War  and  of  the  Navy,  G-eneral  J.  0.  F. 
Dreyer,  appointed  July  28,  1877. 

The  area  of  Denmark  proper,  inclusive  of 
lakes,  is  14,753  square  miles;  of  European  de- 
pendencies (Faroe  Islands  and  Iceland),  40,268 
square  miles;  of  American  possessions,  Green- 
land, St.  John,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  Oroix^  759,- 
000  square  miles.  The  population  in  1870  and 
1878  (estimated)  was: 


1870  to  8,525,  in  1871  to  8,906,  in  1872  to  6,- 
898,  in  1873  to  7,200,  in  1874  to  8,322,  in  1875 
to  2,088,  and  in  1876  to  1,581.  Nearly  all  the 
emigrants  went  to  the  United  States. 

The  annual  financial  accounts,  called  staU- 
regnskdb^  for  the  years  1875-'76  and  1876-'77 
(the  financial  year  closes  on  March  81st),  were 
as  follows  (in  crowns,  1  crown  =  27  cents) : 


TIAR. 

Eitmiml 

EipMfitWL 

ISTR-Tfl 

61,494,0«8 
47,016,M7 

48,8a244 

Id76-*T7 

49^,483 

TERBITOEUAL  DIVISIOMS. 

IHHABlTAim. 

1870. 

1878. 

Gitjr  of  Copenhagen  and  Fred- 
exicsbei]; 

197,576 
799,046 
788,119 

860,090 
824,000 
866,000 

Islands 

Jutland 

Total  Denmark  proper. . . 

1,784,741 

1,940,000 

Fftroes  (17  inhabited  Islands) 
Iceland 

9,993 
69.768 

9,825 
22,760 
14,0417 

1,004 

11,000 

72.000 

9,800 

(.       87,600 

Oreenland. 

ili^-^iL-N  the  West! 
StJohn        1      1"<^^«*         ( 

Total  dependencies 

127,401 

180,400 

Orand  total  Denmark  proper 
and  dependencies 

1,912,143 

2,070,400 

The  accounts,  according  to  the  Gonstitntion, 
are  examined  hy  five  paid  revisers,  two  of 
whom  are  elected  hy  the  Folkething  and  two 
hy  the  Landsthing.  Their  report  has  to  be 
submitted  for  approval  to  both  Chambers. 

In  the  budget  estimates  for  the  financial  year 
ending  March  31,  1879,  the  revenue  was  esti- 
mated at  47,761,350  crowns,  the  expenditures 
at  41,457,681  crowns,  and  the  probable  sar- 
plus  at  6,808,669  crowns.  The  chief  sources 
of  revenue  and  expenditures  were  as  follows: 


BKVXNUE. 

1.  Domain,  siuplnB  of. 891.$(R 

Forests,  Borplos  of. 77<i,Mt 

8.  Interest  of  reserve  ftmd 4,514,978 

8.  Direct  taxes 8,956.600 

4.  Indirect  taxes 38s9«l,.VtO 

5.  Postal  and  telegraph  department 70,779 

6.  Sarplos  of  lotteiy 82a0<« 

7.  Revenae  fiom  the  Faroes  4T.955 

RoTenne  from  the  Danish  West  Indies 25,004 

8.  Miscellaneous  receipts 1,1915&9 

9.  Beimbursements 1,501,514 

Total 47,761,850 

BZPXNDITVRES. 

ClTilMst..' 1,060,000 

Appanages 422,^'^ 

Rif^sdag 900,0(10 

Conndlof  State 9t«16 

PuWlodebt 7,551,800 

Pensions,  dvU 8,e4i,l«0 

mllitajy 642,990 

Ministry  of  Foreign  AAirs 878.5H 

**      of  Worship  and  Pnbllo  Instmotion 991.519 

"      ofJoatloe e357.6» 

"      ofthelnterior 1.608,^8 

**      ofWar. 8,667.443 

"      oftheNavT 6.293,281 

"      ofFinance 2,9f«.fi'i4 

Administration  of  Iceland 109,567 

Eztraordinary  ezpenditore 8.771,740 

PubUc  works 1,851,5'^ 

Adranoes 915,500 

Total 41,457,681 

The  national  deht  of  Denmark  has  heen  !n 
the  course  of  reduction  since  1866,  and  from 
1874  to  1877  was  as  follows: 


DEBT. 

1874. 

187a. 

187C. 

18T7. 

Internal  debt. 
Foreign  debt.. 

161,807,909 
60,564,476 

160,85R.628 
26,790,200 

160.6NV,045 
22,118^200 

158,959.193 
l7,2S9,2oO 

Total 

211,872,884 

1S7,1  6,828 

181,778,245 

176,248,442 

The  emigration  from  Denmark  amounted  in 


The  total  strength  of  the  Danish  army  at  the 
commencement  of  September,  1877,  was  as  fol- 
lows: 


DENMARE. 


241 


JJtllT  or  BBSUTS. 

lX3fT. 

«— 

Baakaad 

OOmhl 

Baakud 

fll«. 

Ii&atz7 

Caniry 

Artfirr 

774 

123 

146 

60 

86,998 

8,160 

4,756 

684 

846 

«  •  • 

41 

•  •  • 

10,925 
8,068 

Total 

1,106 

84,661 

886 

18,998 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  valne  (id 
orowns)  of  Danish  oommeroe  in  the  year  1876 : 


CODNTRIBB. 


The  8ta£F  of  the  army  was  composed  of  25  com* 
mi^oned  and  21  non-commissioned  officers. 

The  navy  of  Denmark  consisted  at  the  end 
of  1877  of  28  steamers,  of  which  7  were 
innor-^ad  ships,  and  the  rest  nnarmored  ves- 
sels, the  latter  mostly  of  small  size.  The  navy, 
vhich  18  recruited  by  naval  conscription  from 
tiie  coast  population,  was  manned  by  2,830 
men,  and  officered  by  1  admiral,  9  command- 
ers, 22  captains,  and  102  lieutenants. 


Great  BrlUlD... 

Germany 

Sweden 

Korwfty 

Bnaaia 

Holland. 

Belgtnm 

France. 

Iceland 

Greenland 

United  State*. . 
Daniah  Antilles. 

Bradl , 

Faroe  Islands. . 
Other  coiontiies 

Total 


Imports 


69,072,000 
88,067,000 
86,889,000 
6,178,000 
9,618,000 
7,719,000 
8,094,000 
4,856,000 

8,ni,ooo 

714,000 

8,864^000 

964,000 

8,060,000 

686,000 

18,988,000 


888,909,000 


76,068,000 

62.621,000 

86,078,000 

16,169,000 

1,166,000 

1,081,000 

1,078,000 

176,000 

8,009,000 

617,000 

15,000 

199,000 

1,000 

416,000 

1,980,000 


180,667,000 


The  movement  of  shipping  during  the  year 
1876  was  as  follows : 


ftAILllfO  TXWSLS. 

snuicsn. 

TOTAL. 

VBSBLBb 

xTonibCT. 

TflM. 

Mntar. 

Tom. 

NmibMs. 

T«aa. 

<•               fVmrthiff  ▼^^■w^lff 

15.696 
16,498 

16,914 
16,066 

199,008 
778,161 

178,868 

164,688 

7,560 
6^886 

7,811 

6»888 

168,186 
869,888      ' 

171,198 
888,911 

28,166 
88,888 

84,186 

81,697 

867,188 
1,141,878 

846,066 
417,688 

^«™*-  oSSfeSr .........::: 

J.,            1  (ToMthur  Tees^la, 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  condition  of  the  commercial  navy  from  1878  to  1876 : 


•AXUKO  ynesLs. 

8TK41IBOATA. 

TOTAL. 

HUB. 

VrntOm. 

Tom. 

Kmiboi'. 

TowL 

Hon^|Mfsoi. 

JSwBBlbm. 

ToM. 

'*^.  llafih  81 

8.629 
8,728 
8,081 
8,068 

176,657 
18^^19 
811,165 
816,460 

100 
128 
169 
180 

81,608 
87381 
89,476 
48,720 

6,919 

7,988 

11,609 

18,840 

2,788 
2,646 

sjeoo 

8.268 

197.269 

I<4 

'-"\  Dmmbfr. 

812,600 
860,648 

S^flL  Deonobcr. 

860,160 

Besides,  there  were,  in  1876, 10,920  vessels 
of  4  tons  or  less. 

The  aggregate  length  of  railroads  in  opera- 
tkm  on  January  1,  1877,  was  1,86617  kilo- 
mttres  (1  kilometre  =  0*62  English  mile),  of 
vbich  811*25  kilometres  were  state  roads,  and 
5^*92  kOometres  private  roads. 

The  post-oflBoe  in  the  year  1875-^76  carried 
3r>.068,lS8  letters  and  19,818,858  newspapers. 
Tie  total  length  of  the  state  telegraph  lines  at 
tbe  end  of  1876  was  8,040  kilometres,  and  of 
telegraph  wires  8,600  kilometres.  The  nnm- 
'^  of  stations  was  116.  The  telegraph  in 
1^75  carried  886,917  messages,  aud  in  1876, 

In  the  spring  session  of  the  Rigsdag,  the 
Fclketfain^  on  March  15th  approved  the 
•ad^  for  the  year  1878-79,  m  the  shape 
:7cpG9ed  by  the  Right  and  the  Moderate  Left. 
On  March  28d  the  supplementary  budget  was 
tpproved  by  the  Folkething  by  51  against  17 
v'T'ttt.  On  March  25th  the  Landsthing  ap- 
proved the  budget  for  the  year  1878-79.  On 
April  80th  the  session  of  the  Rigsdag  was 

GQKd. 

An  insurrection  broke  out  among  the  ne- 
Vol.  XVIII.— 16    A 


groes  on  the  island  of  *Santa  Oruz  on  October 
Ist,  which  was  subdued  by  the  4th  by  the  gar- 
rison from  8t.  Thomas,  after  considerable  in- 
jury had  been  done  by  the  rioters.  Four  fifths 
of  the  town  of  Frederiksted  was  in  ruins ;  14 
plantations  out  of  80  were  left  standing ;  about 
8,000  of  the  white  population  were  homeless 
and  reduced  to  beggary;  and  this  yearns  har- 
vest of  sugar-cane  was  mostly  lost  The  total 
loss  was  stiUed  by  the  colonial  government  to 
amount  to  $959,181. 

The  Danish  Parliament  was  opened  on  Octo- 
ber 7th.  The  debate  on  the  budget  was  begun 
on  the  16th.  Oount  von  Holstein-Ledreborg, 
the  leader  of  the  Moderate  Left,  declared  that 
his  party  would  adhere  to  the  policy  which  it 
had  nitherto  pursued.  He  added  that,  although, 
in  the  event  of  the  ministry  remaining  in  office, 
the  prospect  would  not  be  very  hopeftil,  his 
party  wished  to  avoid  conflicts.  He  criticised 
several  bills  brought  forward  by  the  Minister 
of  War,  and  proposed  that  the  increase  in  the 
salaries  of  officials  granted  in  consequence  of 
the  rise  in  prices  should  now  be  reduced.  After 
a  discussion  continuing  five  days  the  budget 
was  referred  to  a  committee  of  fifteen,  con- 


242  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

taming  six  members  of  the  Moderate  Left,  four  Migesty's  Government  as  with  all  other  Govem* 

from  the  Right,  four  from  the  Extreme  Left,  ^^9}^'  Jl"^^^^}^?  "^°*^^«  ^^*  povemment  of  the 

andonefro^^^^^^^  InorderS  K'ol^^VV^^^^^^^^^^^ 

help  the  island  of  oanta  Uraz  to  recover  from  \xig  the  obiigatioDB  of  thia  pajment  whioh  have  been 

the  late  insurrection,  the  Government  intro-  presented  to  her  M^jetty^  GoTemment  in  corie- 

daced  a  bill  granting  to  the  island  a  loan  of  »pondenoe,  and  whioh  it  reserves  and  insuts  upon. 

1,200,000  cro jns  free  of  interest  np  to  De-  {h^e  Gov^Vm^^^^^^ 

cember  81,  1880.    The  Left  refused  to  sanction  of  the  greatest  importanoe  to  the  common  and 

this,  as  thoy  claimed  that  the  insurrection  was  friendly  interests  of  the  two  Govemmenu  in  all  fo- 

due  to  the  mismanagement  of  the  colony  by  ture  questions  relating  to  the  North  American  flsL- 

the  colonists,  and  that  the  latter  were  there-  «»?«»i^i*«V^?'  P"*?!?*®,  ?W®fi^*^  Government 

fore  not  entitled  to  aid.    The  lower  House  Ji? ''SJ^.J^^^??'^^  ''^'^^^  *^'*  I^\^'*''*"l^?lv ' 

uMi.  V14WXU1WM.  w   »iw.     xuo  'vnvi   X4.VUIK7  tho  United  States  can  not  accept  the  resoltof  the 

was  consequently  dissolved  by  the  King  on  De-  Halifax  Commission  as  fumishinf^  anv  just  measnre 

cember  10th,  and  on  the  18th  a  royal  rescript  of  a  partioipatLon  by  our  citizens  in  the  inshore  fi»b« 

was  published  ordering  new  elections  to  take  eries  of  the  British  provinces:  it  protests  agunst 

place  on  January  8d.    Manifestoes  were  at  once  hJJjj!?^^^ 

published  by  the  Radical  and  the  Moderate  e8*inS1nLch^(S8"tS?e,°or'^wiS^^ 

parties,  the  former  signed  by  80,  the  latter  by  ence  to  that  effect. 

80  deputies.  The  former  expresses  the  hope  I  have,  etc.,  JOHN  WELSH, 
that  in  the  new  Chamber  the  same  unity  and  Xhe  views  of  the  Govemraent  of  the  Unit- 
vigor  may  prevail  as  in  the  old ;  the  latter  con-  ed  States  on  the  award  of  the  Halifax  Fish- 
fines  itself  to  the  expectation  that  the  Govern-  eri^g  Commission  were  stated  bv  Secretary 
ment  will  act  in  conformity  with  the  represen-  Evarts  in  a  letter  to  Minister  Welsh.  He  aava 
tatives  of  the  people  in  case  the  latter  should  that  if  the  award  in  respect  of  the  fisheries 
decline  the  West  Indian  bill  in  its  new  shape,  had  relation  only  to  the  sum  of  payment  in- 
The  Government,  in  the  mean  while,  by  tele-  volved,  considerable  as  that  is,  this  Govem- 
graph  authorized  the  Governor  of  Santa  Cruz  ment  might  prefer  to  waive  any  discusssion 
to  advance  an  amount  not  exceeding  500,000  which  could  eflfect  the  continuing  and  perma- 
crowns  for  the  restoration  of  the  destroyed  neut  interest  of  two  countries.  The  LFnited 
sugar-works.  States,  in  the  fishery  articles  of  the  treaty  of 

In  its  foreign  relations  the  Danish  Govern-  Washmgton,  did  not  intend  to,  and  do  not, 
ment  observed  the  strictest  neutrality.  At  the  waive  or  curtail  in  the  least  the  construction 
beginning  of  the  year  the  official  papers  em-  of  fishery  and  appurtenant  privileges  accorded 
phatically  denied  the  rumor  that  the  Govern-  in  the  first  article  of  the  convention  of  1818, 
ment  intended  to  conclude  a  secret  alliance  as  claimed  by  them,  and  actually  passed  and 
with  England  and  Russia;  and,  on  the  ap-  enjoyed  by  them,  under  such  claim  at  and  be- 
proach  of  the  Berlin  Congress,  they  protested  fore  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Washing- 
no  less  emphatically  against  an  imputed  inten-  ton.  Neither  the  protocols  of  conferences  of 
tion  to  bring  the  North  Schleswig  question  be-  the  Joint  High  Commissioners,  nor  the  text  of 
fore  the  Congress.  the  treaty  negotiated  by  them,  indicate  any 

DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE   OF  intention  of  submitting  to  the  interpretation 

THE  UNITED  STATES.    The  diplomatic  cor-  of  the  Halifax  Commission  a  degree  of  privi- 

respondence  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  lege  accorded  to  the  United  States  by  the  con- 

1878  presents  few  points  of  special  importance,  yen  tion  of  1818,  and  it  protests  against  any 

The  relations  with  all  countries  were  uniformly  implication  from  the  magnitude  of  award  of 

friendly.    The  payment  to  Great  Britain  of  the  Halifax  Commission,  or  otherwise  from  its 

the  award  of  the  Fisheries  Commission,  $5,-  proceedings  under  the  treaty  of  Washington, 

600,000,  was  made  by  the  United  States  Gov-  that  the  United  States  have  sanctioned  or  ac- 

ernment  on  November  21st.    It  was  accom-  qniesced  in,  or  by  the  payment  of  that  award 

panied  with  a  protest,  by  which  it  appears  would   sanction  or   acquiesce  in,  any  lesser 

that  there  is  still  an  unsettled  difficulty  be-  measures  or  privileges  secured  to  the  United 

tween  this  country  and  the  Dominion  of  Can-  States  under  the  convention  of  1818,  than,  as 

ada.    The  following  is  the  official  letter :  ig  well  known  to  her  Migesty's  Gtovemment, 

LwATioR  OF  THi  UimKp  8tat»,  I  thcy  havc  always  insisted  upon.    In  the  next 

nMfZord.'l  h.Te  h^Ia^^o^'h^XJ.  ^"^  ^^e  United  States  did  not  scbmlt  to  the 

dent  of  the  United  States  to  tender  to  her  Majesty»B  Haufax  Commission,  under  the  tisnery  articles 

QoTemment  the  earn  of  $5,500,000  in  gold  ooio,  this  of  the  treaty  of  Washington,  any  valuation  of 


United  States  to  the  Government  of  her  Britannio  marine,  and  which  therefore  it  might  be  ar- 

Majesty.    I  am  alto  inatruoted  by  the  President  to  gued  would  be  enhanced  by  adding  the  area  of 

jay  that  suoh  payment  ia  made  upon  the  ground  the  inshore  fisheries  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 

tt'ittnroc'5:?^o?<?'f:SriS'.S:  rnft  '«r^  «>«  Mds  for  tjat  enterprise,  f«>m  the 

aeourity  of  the  value  of  arbitration  between  nations  ©arhest  period  open  and  occupied  by  the  bold 

above  all  question  in  its  rehition  with  her  Britannio  and  hardy  seamen  of  thia  country. 


DIPLOMATIO  CORRKSPONDENOE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  243 

Mr.  Evarts  states  at  some  length  the  histori-  thai  reached,  is  hat  little  more  than  one  quarter  of 

es]  attitude  of  the  two  Governments  in  rela-  **>®  award  of  the  concurring  Commission  era,  after 

tion  to  the  fi-heries,  inolndm|  the  offer  by  the  ^^'^rTn^^tdll""  ""^'  ^"^  ""• 
American  members  of  the  Jomt  High  Oommis- 

sion  of  $1,000,000  for  the  obliteration  of  the  Other  proofs  disclose  another  wholly  inde- 

sea  line,  in  perpetuity,  and  continnes:    *^It  pendent  criterion  of  the  yalae  of  the  privi- 

strems  to  this  Government  qnite  certain  then  lege.    These  are  brought  forward  by  Secretary 

that  upon  a  correct  exposition  of  the  submis-  Evarts,  and,  as  he  says,  "  by  this  method  the 

mon  of  the  treaty,  and  the  concurring  action  valuation  of  the  privilege  of  Article  18  (with- 

of  the  two  Governments  in  the  production  and  out  deducting  a  penny  for  the  counter-privi- 

application  of  what  they  deemed  appropriate  leges  of  Articles  19  and  21)  would  be  but  about 

proofe.  what  the  pecuniary  value  of  our  par-  fourteen  per  cent,  of  the  award  of  the  concur- 

tiripation  in  the  inshore  mackerel  fishery  of  ring  Oomiuissioners,  after  they  had  taken  into 

tb«  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  was  fairly  estimable  account  these  privileges.''    He  then  continues : 

at,  consdtated  the  extreme  limit  of  any  possi-  You  will  say,  then,  to  Lord  Salisbory.  that,  with 

Me  peconiarj  award  by  the  Halifax  Commis-  every  anxiety  to  flndf  some  rational  explanation  of 

eion  against  the  United  States.     If  upon  any  ^^^  enormous  disparity  between  the  pecuniary  com- 

rauonal  view  the  criteria  of  this  value  before  Potations  of  the  evidence  and  the  pecuniary  measure 

fa^vu«u  ..«fT  t*«w  vx«v»tM>  VI  uuio  Tatu«7  VVJ.V10  announced  by  the  conoumnff  Commissioners,  this 

ihe  Commission,  the  award  of  the  two  con-  Government  has  been  unable  to  do  so  upon  any  other 

earring    Ck>mmiS8ioner8    of  $5,600,000    as    a  hypothesis  than  that  the  very  matter  defined  in  Ar- 

twdve  years'  purchase  of  the  privilege,  can  be  tiole  18,  and  to  which  the  proofs  on  both  sides  were 

maintained,  it  may  be  fairiy  conceded  that  the  •?pV®^'  "°*^  *^*  ^^X^  ^^^T  measured  by  the  award 

;«»vn»<.<^xv»\rvr   ;«;»^.>i;.i;4^«'  4>rv   ♦i^a    <.»a^    *w-  of  the  concurrmg  Commissioners,  were  not  identical 

imputation  of   mv^dity  to  the   award,   for  ^or  even  similiJ,  and  that  such  award,  upon  this 

transcending  the  submission  of  the  treaty,  will  reason,  transcends  the  submission.  ... 

£ul  of  adequate  demonstration.''  I  now  desire  ^ou  to  present  to  Lord  Salisbury's  at- 

The  Secretary  thus  continues :  tention  the  subiect  of  the  concession  of  a  free  market 

in  tlie  United  States  for  the  products  of  the  provin- 

It  happened  that  before  the  Halifax  Commission  cial  fisheries  as  made  by  Article  21.  The  value  of 
had  oonclnded  its  labors  live  fishing  seasons  of  the  this  privilege  to  the  provinces  was  required  by  the 
treaty  period  had  already  elapsed,  and  the  actual  treaty  to  be  measured  by  the  Halifax  Commission 
experience  €if  the  ei^ovment  oy  the  United  States  and  deducted  from  their  appraisement  of  the  oon- 
isoermeD  of  the  privilege  conceded  replaced  any  cession  of  Article  18  in  favor  of  the  United  States, 
eonjeetoral  estimate  of  its  value  by  reliable  statistics  The  statistics  of  the  importation  under  this  privilege 
of  Its  pecuniary  results.  These  statistics  disclosed  showed  that,  at  the  rate  of  duty  prevalent  before 
that  tlM  whole  mackerel  catch  of  the  United  States  that  concession,  a  revenue  of  about  |200,000  per  ati- 
fer  these  five  seasons  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  num  on  mackerel  alone,  and  of  more  than  $800,000 
both  within  and  without  the  three-mile  line,  was  on  all  kinds  of  fish  (mackerel  included)  and  fish-oil, 
lff?,9i5  bamla. .  The  provindal  estimates  claimed  would  have  accrued  to  the  United  States.  For  the 
that  thr^e  <iuarter8  or  this  catch  waa  within  the  purposeof  argument,  conceding  that  but  one  hslf  of 
threc-fnile  line,  and  so  to  be  credited  to  the  privilege  this  annual  sum  of  $900,000  snould  be  set  down  aa 
ooaceded  by  Artide  18.  The  United  States  estimate  pecuniary  profit  to  the  provincial  interests,  the  sum 
placed  the  proportion  at  less  than  a  quarter.  Upon  of  $1,800,000  would  need  to  be  deducted  on  the  score 
the  provineud  claim  of  three  quarters,  the  product  of  Article  SI  from  the  true  valuation  of  the  privilege 
to  our  fishermen  of  these  five  years  of  inshore  fish-  conceded  by  Article  18.  If  1  have  assigned  correct- 
ing woold  be  186,961  barrela.  It  was  established,  ly  the  hiffhest  possible  measure  of  the  privilege  of 
■pan  provincial  testimony,  that  the  price  which  Article  18  upon  the  evidence  as  being  not  more 
Qaekerel  bore  in  the  provinces,  cured  and  packed  than  $1,600,000,  this  low  valuation  of  the  privilege 
ready  for  exportation,  was  $8.76  per  barrel,  and  this  of  Article  21  more  than  extinguishes  it.  Whatever 
VToId  give  as  the  value,  cured  and  packed,  of  the  disposition  the  concurring  Commissioners  made  of 


ing.  which  most  all  be  deducted  before  the  profit,    States  and  market  gain  to  the  provincial  interest,  or 
vLich  measurea  the  value  of  the  fishery  privilege,  is    considered  it  absolutely  valueless— the  matter  is  one 
d.     Upon  the  evidence,  $1  a  barrel  would  be    of  much  moment.    If  these  concurring  Commission- 


«a  exoeaaive  estimate  of  net  profit,  and  this  would  era  gave  the  sum  of  $6^600,000  as  the  appraisement 

fire  a  profit  to  our  fishermen,  from  the  ei^oyment  of  the  concession  of  Article  18,  after  deducting  some 

ht  th«e  five  seasons  of  the  fishery  privilege  con-  $2,000,000  for  the  countervailing  concession  of  Arti- 

ceded  under  Artide  18.  of  but  $26,000  a  year,  or  for  de  21,  the  argument,  as  it  seems  to  this  Qovemment, 

:iie  whole  treaty  period  of  twelve  years  of  $800,000.  adequate  berore,  becomes  still  more  conclusive  that 

Althoo^h  there  would  seem  to  be  no  reaaon  for  dis-  the  measurement,  thus  enhanced  to  some  $7,600,000, 

;rQstin^  this  oommeroial  and  pecuniary  meaaure  ot  waa  not  applied  and  confined  to  the  very  subject 

Che  priTilege  in  question,  yet  if  H  should  be  pre*  submitted  to  the  appraisement  of  the  Commission 

:eaded  that  the  provincial  value  should  not  be  taken,  by  Article  1 8. 

but  the  value  in  the  market  of  the  United  States,  If  her  M^jestjr's  Government  accepta  the  award 

aad,  f^irther.  that  an  extravagant  rate  of  $10  per  of  these  concurring  Commissioners  as  carrying  tlie 

barrel  ahoald  be  aasomed  aa  that  value,  and,  agun,  necessary  consequence  that  the  concession  of  Article 

^rond  all  bounds  of  even  capridous  estimate,  a  21  is  of  no  value  to  British  or  provincial  interests, 

najeetond  profit  of  60  per  cent,  ahould  be  aasigned  that  element  of  calculation  will  disappear  fh>m  any 

to  the  fishing  adventures,  we  ahould  have  but  $126,-  poasible  exchange  of  equivalents  that  the  exigencies 

(A>  a  year,  or  $1,600,000  for  the  entire  twelve  years  of  any  future  friendly  negotiations  may  need  to  find 

cf  the  treaty,  for  the  groaa  valuation  of  the  conces-  at  their  service.    A  privilege  that  is  valueless  when 

s:oo  to  the  t7nited  States  by  Artide  18.  undimin*  granted  to  and  enjoyed  by  a  benefidary  may  well  be 

i^bed  by  a  peony  for  the  counteiHK>ncessions  of  the  reserved  and  witbneld  without  the  charge  of  its  be- 

Uttited  States  ox  Articles  19  and  21.    Tet  this  sum,  ing  even  ungracious  to  do  so.   If,  on  the  other  hand, 


244  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

her  MiJQsty'B  Government  adheres  to  the  views  of  oante  they  have  been  litigants.    As  litigaott  thej 

the  valae  of  our  market  for  the  product  of  the  pro-  have  expressed  a  view  upon  facts  which  thej  have 

vincial  fisheries,  so  often  and  so  earnestly  pressed  felt  bound  in  that  oapaoitpr  to   maintain.     Their 

upon  the  attention  of  this  Government,  and  asserts  computations  have  totally  differed  in  method  and  in 

that  the  award  of  the  concurring  Commissioners  result  from  those  which  the  American  counsel  sub- 

must  be  held,  upon  neoessaiy  reasoning,  to  have  mea-  tained,  and  which  in  part  Mr.  Evarts  reiterates  in 

Bured  and  deducted  this  ffreat  value  ot  free  market  his  dispatch.    The  interpretation  which  they  have 

from  the  appraisement  oi  the  concession  of  free  fish-  given  to  the  data  laid  before  the  tribunal  has  been 

ing  to  ua,  made  by  them  under  Article  18,  this  Gov-  m  complete  antaeonism  to  this.    They  have  been  of 

ernment  will  expect  the  more  ready  acceptance  by  the  opmion,  andliave  insisted  with  all  force  of  argii- 

her  MfO^Bty's  Government  of  the  proposition  that  ment  their  agents  could  command,  that  th«  five  mil- 

these  concurring  Commissioners,  in  their  award,  lions  was  a  legitimate  compensation  which  under  the 

mistook  the  subject  submitted  by  Article  18  to  their  treaty  was  their  due. 

peouniarv  measurement,  and  exceeded  the  authority  A  migority  of  the  Commissioners  decided  to  re* 

under  which  the  Commission  acted.  duoe  that  claim  nearlv  by  two  thirds  of  the  saving 

In  inviting  a  full  exposition  of  the  views  of  her  formally  engaged,  and  to  submit  the  matter  to  this 

BCigesty's  Government  upon  the   matter,  as  now  arbitration.    They  do  not  think  it  is  open  to  inquire 


brought  into  consideration  between  the  two  Govern-    how  it  is  that  the  Commission  came  to  form  an  opin 


matic  concurrence  of  the  High  Joint  Commissioners,  fore,  the  decbion  of  the  tribunal  to  which  they  have 

and  thus  left  by  them  to  impartial  appraisement,  solemnly  and  voluntarily  submitted.     At  the  dose 

seems  to  this  Government,  it  will  receive  and  ex-  of  his  olspatch  Mr.  Evarts  refers  to  the  considersp 

amine  with  entire  candor  any  opposing  views  in  tion  which  he  ought  not  to  pass  over  without  obBe> 

maintenance  of  the  validity  of  the  award  which  her  vation,  though  he  does  not  place  it  in  the  first  rank 

Migesty's  Government  may  present.  amonff  the  objections  which  he  raisea  against  the 

T^^A  a«iSaKn-»  ;»  1,4-  .»*xi«.  •i^.o.  ♦i»/k  <«i^.A  award.    He  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  award 

I^rd  Salisbury  m  his  reply,  near  the  close  ^f  ^^^  Commission  was  not  unanimous;  that  in  the 

of  the  year,  prooeeds  as  follows :  treaty  of  Washington  no  stipulation  in  this  case  is 


preciation  that  the  minority  .-  . 

arrived  at  the  decision  quoted,  and  it  must  be  ob-  pronouncing  a  decision  unless  its  members  were 
served  that  the  whole  proceedings  were  held  in  strict  unanimous,  is  one  in  which  her  Miyesty's  Govem- 
conformity  with  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Washing-  ment  are  unable  to  concur.  It  is  not  difilcolt  to 
ton.  While  the  award  was  given  by  a  migority  produce  from  text- books,  even  of  very  recent  date. 
of  the  Commissioners  in  t^e  very  terms  contained  the  authority  for  the  doctrine  that  in  international 
in  Article  23  of  the  treaty,  there  is  nothing  upon  the  arbitration  the  migority  of  the  arbitrators  binds  the 
face  of  the  award  which  gives  any  countenance  to  minority  unless  the  contrary  is  expressed.  I  am  not 
the  supposition  that  the  Commissioners  traveled  be-  aware  of  any  of  the  authorities  who,  in  respect  to 
yond  the  limits  assigned  by  the  treaty.  Mr.  Evarts's  the  international  arbitration,  could  be  quoted  in  a  con- 
argument  in  favor  of  this  contention  is  entirely  de-  trary  sense,  and  it  would  not  be  difi^cult  to  show,  bv 
duced  from  what  he  considers  to  be  the  magnitude  reference  to  cases  in  American  as  well  as  in  Enf^liiiQ 
of  the  sum  awarded,  and  he  concludes  thisbranoh  courts,  that  the  same  rule  has  always  been  judicially 
of  his  argument  by  estimating^on  the  various  hy-  appliedincaseof  arbitration  of  a  public  nature.  The 
potheses  the  profit  which  the  united  States  fisher-  lancraage  and  stipulations  of  the  treaty  itself,  so  far 
man  is  likely  to  have  made  from  the  mackerel  which  as  tney  are  explicit  upon  the  subject,  point  to  a  aiml- 
he  has  probably  caught  on  the  other  side.  He  esti-  lar  conclusion.  The  so^gestion  that  the  framers  of 
matea  at  very  high  value  the  profit  which  Briti^ih  the  treaty  meant  by  their  silence  to  prescribe  a  mode 
fishermen  have  derived  from  the  opening  of  the  of  proceeding  which,  before  the  tribnnal  thus  con- 
market  with  the  United  States,  and  concludes  the  stituted,  is  unexampled,  can  only  be  aooepted  on  the 
sum  fixed  by  the  award  is  so  much  larger  than  these  hypothesis  that  they  were  deliberately  preparing  ao 
considerations  would  have  justified,  and  that  the  insoluble  controversy  for  those  by  whom  the  trcsty 
United  States  Government  can  only  explain  its  mag-  was  to  be  executed, 
nitude  on  the  assumption  that  the  Commission  had  Lord  Salisbury  enters  into  a  lenirthy  arga- 

r;lL'"tu«**rr^7x:'m'faTS'';j:i^^^  «»«-»*»  '«'PP<"*  »'  ^^  P<»»«o»,  and  concludes 

witn  conscientious  minuteness  by  the  Commission-  ^  lOllOWS : 

ere,  whose  award  is  under  discussion.    The  deci-  If  a  jury  were  constituted  on  the  principle  th^t 

sions  of  the  majority  were  given  after  a  full  hearing  the  plaintiff  should  choose  one  third  and  the  defend- 

of  all  the  considerations  that  either  side  was  able  to  ant  another  third,  very  few  persons  would  be  found 

advance,  and  that  decision  within  the  limits  of  the  to  expose  themselves  to  the  cost  of  action  at  law. 

matter  submitted  to  them  is  under  the  treaty  with-  Had  it  been  known  five  years  ago  that  an  award 

out  appeal  or  argument.    Mr.  Evarts  attempts  to  would  be  prevented  by  the  dissent  of  one  of  the 

review  their  award  upon  a  oueation  of  fact  and  pe-  members  of  the  arbitration,  constituted  on  the  same 

cuniary  computation  referrea  to  them.    He  contends  principle,  though  I  do  not  venture  to  conjectare 

that  the  sum  awarded  is  excessive,  and  that  therefore  what  the  course  of  the  IJnited  States  Government 

the  award  must  have  been  arrived  at  by  some  ille-  would  have  been,  I  feel  confident  that   England 

gitimate  process,  but  argues  against  the  validity  of  would  have  declined  to  enter  upon  so  unfaithful  a 

the  award  solely  on  the  ground  that  the  conclusion  litigation.    Her  M^esty's  Government  roav  appeal 

arrived  at  by  the  arbitrators  on  every  point  referred  to  the  cogent  proof  that  in  accepting  this  arbitration 

to  them  is  erroneous,  and  is  in  effect  the  same  thing  thev  did  not  contemplate  that  tne  award  was  likely 

as  to  dispute  the  judgment  which  they  have  formed  to  be  prevented  by  the  requirement  of  unanimity, 

upon  the  evidence.  Her  Migeaty's  Government  does  believing  in  the  agreement  with  a  majority  of  the 

not  feel  that  it  is  their  duty  to  put  forward  any  Commiasion  that  they  were  to  be  heavv  losers  by 

opinion  adverse  or  favorable  to  the  decision  which  a  exchani^e  of  concessions  contained  in  Articles  15, 

migority  of  the  Commissioners  have  passed  on  affi-  19,  and  81  of  the  treaty.    They  nevertheless  hsve 

davits  and  depositions  which  they  had  to  consider,  for  five  years  allowed  those  concessions  to  oome  into 

They  can  not  be  judges  of  appeal  in  this  cause,  be-  force,  trusting  to  the  consideration  which  the  Com- 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE.  DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST.         246 

BusaoD  woald  give  to  them.    That  they  have  dooe  Gtonnan  authorities  on  arriving,  by  abstaining  from 

M  ii  soffident  proof  that  they^  did  not  anticipate  a  irritating  political  discussions,  and  by  quietly  obey- 

oo3straction  of  the  treaty  which  would  make  the  ing  such  municipal  laws  and  regulations  as  apply  to 

delivery  of  an  award  almost  impossible.    Valuable  temporary  as  well  as  permanent  residents.    If  this 

proper^  has  actually  passed  into  the  epjoyment  of  course  were  generally  followed,  it  would  not  only 

others,  and  cannot  be  recalled.  The  price  to  be  paid  relieve  the  legation  of  much  unnecessary  investiga- 

fof  it  waa  to  be  detennined  later  by  a  tribunal  agreed  tion,  but  would  also  euable  it  to  decide  more  intel- 

ipon  between  the  parties.    Is  it  conceivable  that  ligently  and  justly  in  regard  to  oases  requiring  official 

thej  shonld  have  deliberately  constituted  a  tribunal  intervention.    It  may  be  charitably  presumed  that  a 

for  this  purpose,  in  which  a  aeoision  could  be  wholly  considerable  amount  of  the  offenses  are  ignorantly 

prevented  bj  the  dissent  of  a  member  nominated  by  committed  through  the  lack  of  that  thorough  politi- 

tbe  party  to  whom  the  property  had  passed  ?  cal  education   which   restrains   most  native-born 

Btfciprocating  oordialw  tne  courteous  and  friendly  American  citizens  visiting  Europe  from  coming  into 

•eutiiuent  toj  which  mr.  Evarts'a  language  is  in-  conflict  with  the  local  authorities. 

spired,  her  liaieaty's  Government  feel  confident  that  .    ^^^ x  -*•        £ if  •  *        o  j 

tbe  United  Stotes  Government  will  not,  upon  refleo-  ^  ^  ^  commuDication  from  Minister    Seward, 

tioa,  see  in  the  considerations  which  have  been  ad-  dated  Peking,  Maroh  22, 1878,  says  he  is  of  opin- 

Tuced  any  auffident  reason  for  treating  as  a  nullity  ion  that  the  United  States  are  not  in  position 

ihedecUion  to  which  a  m^ority  of  the  Commission  to  nndertake  negotiations  for  the  abrogation  of 

'"t^  wi^B-H  E^:  "'""        SALI8BUBY.  ^^^     ^^^^  stipnlations  with  China.    From 

^  a  diplomatic  point  of  view,  they  have  always 

AdifScnlty  also  arose  between  the  American  been  at  a  disadvantage  in  dealing  with  China, 

fiaheripen  and  the  inhabitants  of  Newfound-  They  have  volnntarily  accorded  to  her  people 

lud,  on  wbioli  there  was  some  correspondence  within  their  borders  privileges  of  the  most  f a- 

vith  the  British  Government    (See  Dominion  vored  nations.  China,  however,  has  yielded  only 

OP  Cajtada.)  a  few  privileges  in  return.    As  a  consequence 

Mr.  Bayard  Taylor,  the  late  Minister  to  Ger-  we  are  always  asking  something  of  China,  while 

many,  in  a  dispatch  dated  June  15th,  ccJled  sbe  has  nothing  to  ask  from  us.    If,  however, 

attention  to  the  case  of  Carl  Ganzenmuller,  of  it  has  now  become  an  object  for  her  to  secure 

Binsheim,  Baden,  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  for  her  people  in  this  country  the  privileges  so 

United  States,  who  had  returned  to  Germany  freely  accorded  to   them,  the  situation  has 

ostensibly  to  take  care  of  his  aged  parents,  changed,  and  may  be  taken  advantage  of  in  all 

Ganzenmuller  waa  ordered  to  leave  or  become  future  negotiations.    Americans  in  China  may 

ft  citizen  of  the  grand  duchy,  subject  to  mill-  reside  in  a  few  cities  only,  and  maj^ngage  in 

taryduty.    The  local  authorities  claimed  that  no  enterprises  outside  of  the  ordinary  inter- 

his  exemption  from  duty  on  account  of  Amer-  change  of  commodities  and  their  interchange 

ican  citizenship  was  a  bad  example  to  other  between  defined  points.    Perhaps  the  time  has 

Toang  men,  who  might  be  tempted  to  imitate  come  when  they  may  demand  a  more  perfect 

L  Ganzenmuller  appealed  to  tne  legation,  and  reciprocity.    It  is  very  certain  China  would  not 

Minister  Taylor  ad(&essed  the  anthorities,  who  consent  to  the  extension  of  the  privileges  en- 

dedined  to  annul  the  decree.  joyed  by  foreigners,  and  rather  than  do  this 

Mr.  Taylor,  in  communicating  the  results  to  would  perhaps  agree  to  a  revision  of  the  treaties, 

the  United  States  Government,  says :  A  Chinese  Minister  was  for  the  first  time 

The  direet  inference  from  the  ground  taken  by  the  ^^  *^^^/tT*/^^*^?^^^^                                 7 

Gennsa  Government  is  that  American  citi»enship  is  DISCIPLES   OF  CHRIST.      The    Oeneral 

ia  itself  dangerons,  and  if  the  plea  were  admitted  it  Chrutian  Misiionary  Convention  met  at  Cin- 

BoiHit  bo  made  the  occasion  for  the  arbitrary  expul-  cinnati,  Ohio,  October  28d.    Elder  E.  J.  Hobbs 

SeSUS.^^^t^h:g?o^e1hV.^  V^^^^,   Tie  Executive  Board  reported  th^ 

tib^efore  aUowittobe  even  InferentiaUy  assumed  tbey  had  endeavored  to  obtain  statistics  of 

by  the  Government  that  the  reason  given  for  the  ex-  the  membership  of  the  churches,   with  the 

^Ision  of  Carl  Ganzenmuller  in  its  memorial  is  ao~  amounts  contributed  for  missions,  and  such 

ttpted  as  •atisfectory,  and  hence  I  have  felt  it  my  other  facts  as  would  be  of  mterest  or  available 

Si,Vt!^'n^'^?"U':^Y.Vvtto'^iar4J  'or   information;   but  the   return,  were   eo 

aei^ly  uid  resi^otfiilly  for  a  consideration  of  the  meager  that  it  was  not  considered  expedient 

priaople  involved,  and  a  decision  which  will  enable  to  make  a  detailed  statement  of  the  work  done 

&e  to  express  autnoritatlTely  the  judgment  of  the  by  the  States.    The  total  amount  of  receipts 

&>TermDent  of  the  United  States.    Inasmuch  as  ^.^m  all  sources  to  the  treasury  for  the  year 

^i^Lril??h":TbiS?y^?aSfe:^^^^^^^^  ^ad  been  $2,297.  TJ.e  contributing  States 
tuion  to  give  them  whole  and  fitting  attention,  it  were,  m  the  order  of  the  amount  of  their 
u  partiealarlv  desirable  to  come  to  a  dear  under-  contributions,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Illinois,  Mis- 
Aaading  with  the  German  Government  in  regard  eouri,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Pennsylvania,  Nebraska, 
to  the  principles  upon  which  they  may  be  settled.  ^exas,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Kansas,  New  York, 
Hr.  Taylor  again  writes  as  follows:  Virginia,  and  Wyoming  Territory.  The  re- 
la  view  of  the  prevailing  political  agitation  in  port  noticed  the  progress  that  had  been  made 
G«Tmsoy  and  the  increased  tendency  toward  repres-  in  the  distribution  of  tracts,  mentioned  sev- 
«":▼«  meaaores  on  the  part  of  the  Govemmentj  it  eral  bequests   which  had  been  made  to  the 

^'^S!*.!*?  '/  '^•t™^*^  citizens  contemplating  godety,  only  one  of  which  waa  now  available, 

a  Tisit  to  their  former  homes  were  oflBoially  advised  ^_,    «*«^^jf;i    4.^    ^«^^»4..,«u:«-    ^i.:«k   «,™ 

that  m«iy  possible  annoyances  may  be  avoided  by  «^  referred  to    ODDortumties    which  were 

d£daring  the  probable  term  oftheir  stay  to  the  local  offered  in  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  South 


246        DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST.  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


Carolina,  New  England,  and  seyeral  Sonthem  which  more  than  $7,000  were  subaoribed  dor- 
States,  for  stationing  missionaries  if  sufficient  ing  the  meetings  of  the  Conyention.  A  sub- 
fonds  and  the  men  could  be  secured  for  the  scrip tion  of  $100  a  ^ear  for  ^ye  years  was 

Eurpose.    Sunday-school  conventions  had  been  made  for  the  support  of  a  missionary  in  Tar- 
eld  in  California,  New  York,  Ohio,  Michigan,  key. 
Indiana.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Ken-       The  Treasurer  of  the  Woman^s  Board  of 
tucky,  Desides  smaller  meetings  in  Virginia,  Foreign  Missions  reported  that  her  receipts  - 
West    Virginia,    Texas,    and    Pennsylvania,  for  the  year  had  been  $4,290.     The  Corre- 
Sunday-school  evangelists  were  kept  in  the  sponding  Secretary  reported  that  the  most 
field  by  the  State  organizations  of  Ohio,  Indi-  liberal  support  was  given  to  the  Society  by 
ana,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Iowa.    Resoln-  Illinois,  and  next  in  order  by  Indiana,  Ohio, 
tions  were  adopted  declaring  it  to  be  the  duty  Pennsylvania,  Iowa,  and  Missouri,  while  small- 
of  each  State  Convention  to   maintain  the  er  contributions  were  received  from  Ksnsaa, 
integrity  and  support  of  the  missions  under-  Kentucky,  Virginia,  New  York,  Alabania,  Ten- 
taken  by  the  Convention,  and  requiring  the  nessee,  Michigan,  and  other  States.   A  misaion- 
General  Board  and  Secretary  to  collect  the  ary  was  under  appointment  to  go  to  Jamaica, 
reports  of  the  work  of  the  organized  States       A  general  convention  of  colored  Christians 
every  year,  and  present  a  condensed  statement  was  organized  in  connection  with  the  meetings 
of  the  same  to  the  Convention ;  also  recom-  of  the  missionary  societies,  and  aoziliary  so- 
mending  a  liberal  appropriation  for  the  distri-  cieties  were  formed  within  it  to  oo6perat6  ^rith 
bution  of  tracts.    The  State  Conventions  whioh  the  General  Convention  and   the  Woman''s 
had  not  yet  secured  the  service  of  a  Sunday-  Board.    Ei^ht  ministers  and  several  lay  dele- 
school  evangelist  were  requested  to  appoint  gates  participated  in  this  movement, 
some  person  to  that  office.    The  whole  matter        DOMINION  OF  CANADA.   A  political  con- 
of  the  subject  of  home-mission  work  was  re-  test  of  unusual  excitement  and  importance  was 
ferred  to  a  committee  of  seven  persons,  who  waged  during  the  summer,  preparatory  to  the 
were  instructed  to  report  to  the  next  General  election  of  a  new  House  of  Commons.     The 
Convention.    A  resolution  was  adopted  favor-  commercial  and  general  business  depression  had 
ing  cooperation  with  the  temperance  move-  made  itself  felt  among  all  classes.    The  Liberal 
ment  party  in  power,  with  its  free-trade  views,  was 
The  meetings  of  the  Foreign  Mimonary  So-  held  responsible,  and  relief  was  sought  in  a 
eiety  and  the  Woman^s  Board  qfMimom  were  change  of  government  and  a  tariff  that  ahoald 
held  in  connection  with  the  meeting  of  the  afford  protection  to  home  industries,     fioth 
General   Convention.     The  receipts   of  the  these  results  were  promised  by  the  Conserva* 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  for  the  year  had  tives.    The  result  of  the  election  was  a  large 
been  $8^705.    The  mission  stations  at  South-  Conservative  majority.    The  Mackenzie  minis^ 
ampton,  Southport,  and  Chester,  in  England,  try  resigned,  and  a  new  ministry  was  formed, 
Copenhagen,  Denmark,  and  Paris,  France,,  re-  composed  as  follows:  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald, 
turned  814  communicants,  of  whom  70  were  at  Premier  and  Idlnister  of  the  Interior ;  8.  L.  Til- 
Copenhagen.    The  continued  support  and  ex-  ley.  Minister  of  Finance;  Charles Tupper,  Min- 
tension  as  rapidly  as  possible  of  these  missions  ister  of  Public  Works ;  J.  H.  Pope,  Minister  of 
were  recommended.    A  committee  to  which  Agriculture ;  John  O'Connor,  President  of  the 
was  referred  the  sublect  of  new  missions  re-  Council ;  James  Maodonald,  Minister  of  Jna- 
ported:   first,  that  the  work  should  not  be  tice;  A.  Wilmot,  without  a  portfolio ;  L.  F.  R. 
undertaken  without  assurance  of  success,  but  Masson,  Ifinister  of  Militia ;  H.  L.  Langevin, 
that  it  was  unnecessary  to  wait  until  full  sala-  Postmaster-General ;  J.  C.  Pope,  Minister  of 
ries  are  in  the  treasury  before  employing  new  the  Marine  and  Fisheries;  Mackenzie  Rowell, 
missionaries ;  second,  tiiat  work,  when  inspired  Minister  of  Customs ;  J.  C.  Aikins,  Secretary 
by  earnest  faith,  can  never  £ul  for  lack  of  of  State ;  Alexander  Campbell,  Receiver-Oen- 
funds;  third,  that  the  proper  work  of  the  Dis-  eral;  L.  F.  G.  Baby,  Minister  of  Inland  Hev- 
ciples  of  Christ  should  be  extended  into  other  enue. 

countries  of  Europe,  as  Germany,  Italy,  Spain,       The  term  of  office  of  the  Earl  of  Dofferin 

and  Turkey;  but  the  Executive  Committee  as  Governor-General  expired  during  the  year. 

should  be  left  with  discretion  to  employ  men  His  rule  had  been  exceedingly  popular  i?rith 

in  Asia,  Africa,  or  the  islands  of  the  sea,  *'  if,  the  Canadians,  and  before  leaving  the  oonn- 

in  the  providence  of  Gh>d,  opportunities  shall  try  he  received  many  marks  of  the  general 

appear  for  such  work.*'    The  editors  of  the  esteem.    The  appointment  of  the  Marquis  of 

religious  papers  of   the  denomination  were  Lome,  the  husband  of  the  Princess  Louise,  as 

re<|uested  to  publish  all  facts  of  interest  re-  his  successor,  appealed  to  the  loyalty  of  the 

lating  to  the  foreign  missions,  the  churches  people,  and  was  enthusiastically  received.    The 

were  requested  to  take  up  at  least  one  coUec-  Marquis  and  Princess  reached  Halifax  to^rard 

tion  a  year  for  missions,  and  the  preachers  the  close  of  the  year,  where  they  were  met  hy 

were  requested  to  preach  on  the  topic  on  the  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  who  bad  been   dis- 

day  appointed  for  the  collection.    An  effort  patched  with  his  ship  to  receive  them,  and 

was  started  to  obtain  $20,000  for  the  pur-  where  they  were  welcomed  by  the  people  ^rith 

poses  of  the  Society  during  the  year,  toward  addresses  and  processions.    Similar  demonstra- 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  247 

Imu  awaited  ttaem  at  Uootreal  and  at  Ot-    new  vessels  bailt  and  registered  in  the  Domin- 
**'*•  ion  of  Canada  dnring  the  jears  ended  81st  De- 

Tiw  foUoviDg  is  a  comparative  statement  of    cember,  1875,  1876,  and  1677: 


aa.tst 


riu«  Ednrd  Iiiaod. .. 


ibt  CaHad  KMiioiD  Bader  m  Qota 

brtnc n^ytondl ^ . .., 

AM  Kw  Tiuils  whicb  Igft  QoebM  br  legUtnttDD  In 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  nnmber    the  Dominion  on  the  8Ist  of  December,  1676, 
ind  tonnage  of  veasels  on  the  registry  books  of    lS7fl,  and  1877 : 


UTS. 

ma. 

isrr. 

noTDrcB. 

V... 

,* 

'-» 

*« 

v-u. 

T« 

* 

sor,«H 

MC.IM 

1 

to 

K&fiVi 

1 

4S 

S,H1 

l^KOfiK 

T,IM 

].!(!0^ 

Tfidi 

JWtU  11  LI  1  lOKS* 

«_ 

p»<«. 

PIVS.. 

Uos 

J 

S^ll 

sjSs^;:---: 

•*^ 

-TA 

in  direct 

,  .   .  .     ,    1,  of  the 

CaniolidiUd  BtMntei  of  Nawfanndlind,  rii. :  "  Ko 
psnon  aball  haul  or  take  hairing  bf  or  lo  a  lelne  or 
other  laoh  oootriTaiioe  in  or  DsaT  ao;  part  of  the 
CosM  of  thii  oolon;  or  of  its  dependendaB,  or  in  aoj 
of  the  bays,  harbon,  or  othsr  placet  thereon,  at  any 
atat  batweea  the  SOth  day  of  Ootober  and  the  Uitli 
day  of  April." 

i.  That  the  Amgrican  oaptaitks  vera  lettilig  aod 
putting  out  aeiDei  aod  hauliae  and  taking  hening 
OD  Suodiy,  the  Stb  of  January,  In  direct  Tiolation 
of  BBOtloD  4,  obapMrT,  of  act  pusad  April  IS,  18T6, 


A  difficnltj  occurred 
betveeo  the  AmericAD 
i^ermen  and  the  iu- 
Uliicanta  of  NewfoDDd- 
lud,  which  led  to  some 
diplomAtie  correspoDd- 
nce  between  the  Brit- 
Bh  and  American  Gov- 
cnimeDta.  The  report 
ajdi  to  the  Bntish 
li'vemtaent  by  the 
vent  sect  to  make  an 
imestifcation  assigned 
tha  full  owing  violations 
-i  the  law  by  the  Amer- 
:an  fiabemten  as  the 
iTiitmd  of  rightful  in- 
'•c'ference  with  them 
(«  the  o 


2i8       DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  DUPANLOTJP,  FELIX  A.  P. 


entitled  '■An  act  te  un«nd  th«  UwralitlDg  M  ths        4.  TbU  oontnnr  to  tbs  term*  of  the  trea^  of 

oowrt  flibariM,"  vli. :  "  No  panoDiludl.betwee- *"-     ^-i---—  i- -(.i-i.  »  i wn«-i,i^  th.. 

houri  of  twal'a  o'oloek  on  Satiirday  nlgbt  uid  ti 


ooiiit  flibariM," VliV:  "  No  panoDihftU,  between  the    Wuhington,  lo  wbiob  it  U  axproMly  proTided  thM 

I . — 1 ..i..! a J T_u.-^j(  j^g]^,    they  do  Dot  interfere  with  the  njhte  of  pnTite  prop- 


o'oloak  on  Simdiv  night,  hnul  or  take  on;  herrine,  arty  or  with  British 
oeptin,  or  equid  with  ceti,  aelnei,  hunta,  or  uit  ■□oh  of  tnj  part  of  aud  i 
ooDtrivuiaet'orthepiirpoiaofiucbbHiliagortBkiD^."    auna  pun>oae  (aae 


ir  with  British  flaharman  m  the  peeceible  u 
jf  aud  ooaata  in  their  oocnpaney  for  the 

™„„.,i^^™.^,r^i,.-™«..-v„..™^^B B-       ,-.,-46  (aae  articia  18  of  ths  abovMiamed 

S.  That  they  ware  taking  flah  in  direot  TioUtion  treatyl,  they  were  Bahing  illegally  and  mterfenng 
of  the  oontinaaDoe  of  the  aama  aet,  title  ST,  ohapter  with  tha  riffhtiofBriUah  fiahermen, and  their  peaoe- 
lOS,  aection  1,  of  the  Conaolidatad  Bcatutea  of  Haw-  able  ua«  of  that  part  of  the  ooaat  than  ooenpUd  by 
foundland,  in. :  "  Or  at  an;  time  me  a  laina,  or  them,  and  of  which  they  are  aotually  in  poaieaaion, 
other  oontriTBDoe  for  the  oatehlDg  or  taMogof  hei^  theic  aeinea  and  boata,  their  Imta,  their  gardenc. 
riDga,aieept  by  way  of  ahootiog  and  forthwith  haul-  and  land  granted  by  the  Go vamment  being  aituated 
ing  the  aame."  thereon. 


The  facts  stated  under  tlie  6rst,  Becond,  and  Baj,  to  Eneliah  River,  a  distanoe  of  118  miles: 

third  items  aesm  to  b«  the  groond  npon  which  from  Bat  Portage  to  Selkirk,  17S  miles;  uul 

the  conclnaioD  ondar  the  toDith  is  based.    Sec-  tlie  Pembina  branch,  from  Selkirk  southward 

retarj  Erarts,  on  the  part  of  the  American  to  Emerson,  85  miles. 

Government,  objected  to  the  conolngion,  hold-       DOPANLOUP,  Ftux  AsTOiKi  Phiubkbt, 

ing  the  gronnd  that  American  fishermen  were  one  of  the  most  learned  bishops  of  the  Oatho- 

not  snbject  to  the  refcalations  of  the  local  le-  lie  Oharcb,  bom  in  Savoy,  Janasry  8,  1802, 

gislatare  of  Newfoandlsnd.    The  force  of  this  died  October  11, 1878.    He  came  to  Paris  in 

objection  was  not  admitted  bf  the  Britisb  Gov-  IBIO,  anil  waa  ordained  priest  in  182S.    He 

emment.  and  the  matter  remuns  unsettled.  was  appointed  vicar-general   of  Archbishop 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  althongh  the  Qnfilen  of  Psris  in  1836,  and  was  afterward 

means  for  conBtrncting  the  whole  line  are  not  sent  by  Arcbhishop  AfFre  to  Rome,  where  he 

ready,  is  being  Iwd  down  piecemeal  in  sections  was  created  a  Roman  prelate,  apostolical  pro- 

which  can  be  ntilized  intermediately.  The  Pern-  thonotary,  and  Doctor  of  Theology.    Upon  his 

bina  branch  had  been  constructed  on  Novem-  retnm  to  France  in  1841,  he  was  sppomted  a 

bar  1,  1BT8,  as  far  as  NivervilJe,  22  miles  south  profesBor  Sn  the  Sorbonne,  and  ia  1849  was 

of  Winnipeg.    The  present  Government  is  ez<  nominated  Bishop  of  Orleans.  Mgr.DnponloDp 

peeled  to  complete  tberoad  fromThnnder  Bay  chiefly  diatingnishedhimself  by  theleadingpart 

to  Winnipeg,  by  supplying  the  missing  conneo-  he  took  in  the  educational  ^airs  of  France. 

tion  between  Rat  Portage  and  English  River,  During  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe  he  was  one 

Tbb  will  take  three  or  four  years.    The  line  of  the  heads  of  the  Oatholio  movement  ia  be- 

basnotyet  been  surveyed.    The  road  will  be  half  ofthefreedomof superiorinatruction.    He 

E ashed  west  of  the  Red  River  as  far  as  Sas-  wns  the  chief  representative  of  the  Oatholio 

atchewan  River,  and  then  will  probably  be  interests  in  the  General  Oouncit  of  Public  In- 

eiteniled  slowly  westward  according  to  the  straction,  and  raised  the  ecclesiastical  schools 

rapidity  with  which  the  conntry  is  oocnpied  in  his  own  emscopal  city  to  a  high  degree  of 

by  settlers.    The  portions  now  completed,  or  prosperity.    While  the  most  zcalona  champion 

nearly  so,  are  from  Fort  William,  at  Thunder  of  Oatholio  principles  in  regard  to  ednoation. 


DUPANLOUP,  FtUX  A.  P. 


EARTH,  THE. 


249 


he  Tery  earnestlj  repelled  the  demand  of  Abb6 
Gaame  and  the  '*  Uniyers  "  to  exclude  the  pagan 
classics  altogether  from  Oatholio  schools.  A 
bitter  oontrorersj  sprang  up  on  this  subject, 
in  which  a  number  of  bishops  took  part  on 
both  sides,  and  which  was  finally  endea  hj  the 
interference  of  the  Pope.  In  1850  he  was  made 
a  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  in  1854 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy. He  obtained  considerable  influence  in 
the  Academy,  and  prevented  the  elections  of 
Littr^  Taine,  and  R^nan  on  account  of  their 
anti-Christian  sentiments ;  but  in  1871  Littr6 
vaa  elected  notwithstanding  his  opposition, 
and  Dapanloup  therefore  tendered  his  resigna- 
non.  In  the  conflict  between  the  Liberal  Oath- 
olie  school,  which  was  headed  by  Hontalem- 
bert,  Lacordaire,  and  Falloux,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  the  Ultramontanes,  whose  foremost  leader 
wasL.  Veaillot,  on  the  other,  Dupanloup  open- 
\j  sympathized  with  the  former,  and  ne  was 
tbeiWore  frequently  and  violently  attacked  by 
the  ^^UniTers.''  In  the  Vatican  Council  he 
acted  with  the  oppoation  and  signed  the  pro- 
tect of  Jnne  8,  1870,  against  the  promulgation 
of  the  doctrine  of  papal  infallibility.  After  its 
promulgation  he  was,  however,  among  the  first 
to  submit.  He  always  took  an  active  part  in 
the  pohtical  affairs  of  France.  In  1848  he  was 
instrumental  in  having  the  French  expedition 
strnt  to  Rome,  and  during  the  reim  of  Napo- 
ItoD  HI.  he  zealously  advocated  the  temporal 
power  of  the  Pope.  In  1871  he  was  elected  to 
the  Kational  Assembly,  where  he  acted  with 
the  Right.  In  the  Senate,  of  which  he  became 
a  life-member  in  1875,  he  belonged  to  the  Or- 
iesnista,  and  was  one  of  the  most  active  advo- 
cates of  the  **  Fusion,"  or  the  reconciliation  of 
the  Boorhonists  and  the  Orleanists.  He  was 
probablj  the  ablest  pulpit  orator  in  France,  and 
TM  respected  for  his  talents  and  his  amiability 
b J  men  of  all  parties.  His  literary  productions 
vere  nomerons.  His  most  comprehensive  work 


is  entitled  "  De  r£dacation "  (8  vols.,  Paris, 
1865~'57),  and  treats  of  education  in  general, 
of  authority  in  education,  and  of  the  higher 
intellectual  education.  He  a,]so  wrote  **La 
Sonverainet6  pontificale  selon  le  Droit  Oatho- 
lique  et  le  Droit  Europ^en  ^'  (3d  edition,  1868), 
"Histoire  de  N.  8.  J^sus-Christ"  (1872),  and 
many  other  works. 

DuYCKINCK,  Evert  Augustus,  an  Amer- 
ican author,  died  in  New  York.  August  18, 
1878.  He  was  bom  in  New  York,  November 
28,  1816,  and  was  the  son  of  Evert  Duyckinck, 
for  many  years  a  leading  publisher  of  that  city. 
He  graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1885, 
and  five  years  later,  in  conjunction  with  Cor- 
nelius Mathews,  the  well-known  author  and 
Journalist,  he  established  the  **  Arcturus,^'  a 
monthly  magazine,  which  was  continued  till 
1842.  In  1847  he  began  to  publish  a  weekly 
critical  paper  under  the  title  of  the  '*  Literary 
World.^'  After  twelve  nmnbers  had  been  pub- 
lished, he  withdrew  from  the  editorship,  but 
on  the  appearance  of  the  eighty-eighth  num- 
ber he  again  assumed  the  editorial  management, 
in  coiyimction  with  his  brother,  George  Long 
Duyckinck.  The  periodical  was  conducted  by 
the  two  brothers  until  the  close  of  1858,  when 
it  was  discontinued.  In  1856  they  completed 
the  "CydopsBdia  of  American  Literature," 
which  appeared  in  two  large  volumes ;  and  a 
supplement  was  added  in  1866  by  E.  A.  Duyc- 
kinck. The  latter,  besides  contributinff  exten- 
sively to  periodicals,  published  the  following : 
"  The  Wit  and  Wisdom  of  Sydney  Smith,"  with 
a  memoir  (1856) ;  **  Memorials  of  John  Allan  " 
(1864);  *' Poems  relating  to  the  American 
Revolution,"  with  memoirs  (1865) ;  *'*'  History 
of  the  War  for  the  Union"  (8  vols.,  1861-'65); 
**  National  Portrait  Gallery  of  Eminent  Amer- 
icans "  (2  vols.,  1866) ;  "  Histonr  of  the  World 
from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Present  Time  " 
(1870);  and  ^*  Memorials  of  Francis  L.  Hawks" 
(1871). 


E 


EARTH,  Thx.*  Comparative  StatUtici,'^ 
W«  present  below,  as  in  the  three  preceding 
Tolmnes  of  the  '*  Annual  Oyclopssdia,"  the 
^>lnparative  statistics  of  tlie  area  and  popula- 
ti'jQ  of  the  large  divisions  of  the  globe,  of  the 
anmerical  relation  of  the  sezes  in  different 
^oQntriea,  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  earth,  and 
<if  the  progress  of  railroads  and  telegraphs,  as 
«ach  year  has  added  to  the  completeness  and 
ieruracy'  of  the  statistics. 

I.  Preaent  Ana  and  Population. — ^The  area 
led  popnlatlon  of  the  lAroo  divisions  of  the 
vorkl  were  estimated  by  Behm  and  Wagner 
I  -  Bevdlkemng  der  Erde,"  vol.  v.,  Gotha,  1878) 
as  foQows  in  1878 : 

*  T9r  n  aeeoiiat  of  former  Mtlmfttes  of  the  total  population 
"f  :be  earth.  bafftiuiii«  with  lame  YoMlaa,  aae  *"  Aonual  Cj- 
<xV»aA-'  tar  i&n. 


COUMTBIB. 

SqaanmllM. 

FopoUtta. 

Americs 

lfi,807,000 

8,821,000 

17^S,000 

10,941,000 

8,480,000 

8«,tie,000 

Europe 

818,282,800 

Affiii!r::;;::::;:::::";;;:: 

881,000,000 

Africa 

800,219,600 

4,411,800 

Total.... 

61,807,000 

1,489,0^,800 

The  estimates  made  by  Behm  and  Wagner 
in  the  former  volumes  of  the  **  BevOlkerung 
der  Erde  "  were  as  follows: 

1878 l,8n,000,000  1876 1,424,000,000 

1878 1,891,000,000  1877 1,428,000,000 

1876 1^7,000,000 

II.  The  Largest  Citiee  of  the  F<wW.— The 
following  table  gives  all  the  cities  of  the  earth 
in  numerical  order  which  have  200,000  inhab- 
itants or  more : 


250 


EARTH,  THE. 


HUMERI- 
CAL  OR- 
DER. 

1 

2 
8 
4 
6 
6 
T 
8 
9 

10 
11 
IS 
18 
14 
15 
16 
IT 
18 
19 
M 
SI 
88 
88 
84 

»| 

86 
87 
88 
89 
80 
81 
88 
88 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
88 
40 
41 
48 
48 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
60 
51 
58 
68 
64 
55 
56 
57 
58 
58 
60 
61 
08 
68 
61 
65 
66 
6T 
69 
69 
70 
71 
78 
78 
74 
76 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
88 
88 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 


MAMS  OF  CITT. 


Tw. 


KAMS  OF  OOUMTRT. 


London 

Paris 

Canton 

New  York 

Vienna  (wtthoat  the  military) 

Berlin  (without  Boborba) 

Blangtan 

Siangfoo 

Chanohowfoo 

Tientsin 

PhlladelphU 

Chlngtoofbo 

Calcutta 

Bt  Peteraborg 

Bombay 

Moscow 

Constantinople 

Foocbow. 

Hangobeniba 

Hankow. 

Shaohing 

Toklo. 

Glasgow 

DTerpool 

Manchester  ( 

Balfonl        f 

Bangkok 

Peking. 

Booohow 

Wenohow 

Brook^. . . . . ; 

Nanking 

Bt  Louk  (estimated) 

Naples. 

Ohleago  (estimated) 

Fachui 

Madras 

Brussels 

Bfarmingham 

Madrid 

Tangohow 

Cairo 

Hamburg  (with  suburbs) 

Lyons 

Boston  (Masaaohnsetts) 

MarseiUes. 

Dublin 

Buda-Pestb 

Warsaw 

Amsterdam , 

Kumamatoo 

Amoy 

Leeds 

Lneknow 

Sheffield 

Osaka 

Bhangh^ 

lienkong 

Bio  de  Janeiro 

Baltimore 

Milan 

Dsbon. 

Ban  Fnuadsco  (estimated) .... 

Ta^uenfoo 

Chungkingfoo..- 

Waihien 

Copenhagen 

Meibouxne 

Breslau 

Kioto 

Borne 

Havana 

Mezloo 

Palermo 

Bucharest 

Edinburgh 

(yindnnatt 

Barcelona. 

Turin. 

Alezandiia. 

Lelpsic 

OwaUor. 

Hyderabad. 

Tongping  

Kagosima. 

(Thangtiakoo 

Chowyaag 

Tsinanfoo 

Woochang 

Buenos  Ayres 


1878 
1876 

•  •  •  • 

1875 
1875 
1877 

•  •  •  a 

•  ■  •  • 


1876 

•  »  •  • 

1871 
1869 
1871 
1871 


1878 
1877 
1877 

1877 


1875 

•  «  •  • 

1875 
1876 
1875 

•  •  •  • 

1871 

•  •  ■  • 

lan 

1878 

•  •  •  • 

1878 
1875 
1876 
187ar 
1ST6 
1876 

•  •  •  • 

1877 
1877 


1877 
1871 
1877 
1877 


1878 

1870 
1876 
1878 
1875 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

1878 
1876 
1875 
1878 
1876 


1876 
18T8 
1877 
1870 
1878 
1876 
1878 
1875 


1878 


British  Isles.... 

trance 

China 

United  Btates. . . 
Anstro-Hungary 

Oermaay 

China 

China. 

China. 

China. 

United  Btates... 

China 

IndUtft 

Bnssia 

India. 

Bnssia. 

Turkey 

China 

China 

China 

China 

Japan 

Brittsh  Isles.... 
British  Isles.... 

British  Isles.... 

Biam 

China 

China 

China 

United  Btates... 

China 

United  Stotes... 

Italy 

United  Btates... 

China 

India 

Belgium 

British  lales...:, 

Spain , 

China 

Jgypt 

Germany 

France 

United  States.. 

Franee 

British  Ides.... 
Auatro-Hangaiy 

Bussia* 

Netheriands.... 

Japan 

China. 

British  Isles.... 

India 

British  Islet.... 

Japan. , 

China. 

China 

Braill 

United  States... 

United  States. 

China 

China 

China 

Denmark 

Australia 

Gennany. 

Japan 

ItaV. 

Cuba 

Mezioo 

Italy 

Bonmanla 

British  Isles 

United  States. 

Spain. 

Italy 

Egypt 

Germany 

India 

India 

China 

Japan 

Chiiu 

China 

C%ina 

China 

Argentine  BepubUo. 


KoBMrienoidv 

moimtthBcMm 

l^VdalkB. 

ot  lim  camatrj. 

8,688,484 

1,088,$06 

1,600,000 

l,028.eS8 

i,o2o,no 

1.0ia,<^13 

1.000,000 

1,000,000 

1.000,l»00 

050,000 

817,448 

6/10.000 

794,645 

667,968 

644,406 

601,969 

600.000 

600,000 

600,000 

600,000 

600,000 

606,905 

556.988 

627,038 

869,213 
'     162,978 

600,000 

11 

600,000 

500,000 

18 

600,000 

484,616 

460,000 

460,000 

4«^,801 

410,000 

400.000 

897,608 

880,888 

8n,486 

867,284 

860,000 

849.688 

848,447 

842,800 

841,919 

816,748 

814,666 

809.806 

806,648 

«^ 

800,000 

800,000 

898L167 

884,778 

888,180 

881,11J 

876,640 

875.000 

874,978 

867,864 

260,997 

868,496 

860,009 

860,000 

850,000 

860,000 

860,000 

847,079 

889,060 

888^668 

886,808 

880,000 

880.000 

A 

888.4S8 

88U806 

818,729 

816J89 

81^965 

818.987 

818,064 

809,407 

800,000 

800,000 

88 

800,000 

800,000 

84 

800,000 

85 

800,000 

86 

800,000 

87 

800,000 

1 

800,000 

EABTH,  THE. 


251 


The  following  tables  show  how  many  oities 
with  200,000  inhabitants  and  upward  are  found 
in  each  ooontrj : 


CMm. 87 

CtklMdStetM 9 

Brttkhlikt 9 


Iidtt. 
Itily 

Gfnaaoy. 


Aoftro-Hwigvj. 
Spate. , 

i&s 

BkniL 


6 
6 
6 
4 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
1 


Arg«iitl]i6  BepabUe. 

Meadco 

GuU 

Portng«L 

Belfftam 

KettierUndt 

Denmark 

Tnrkey 

Boomanlft. 

Slam 

AoBtnlU. 


Total 89 


Among  the  hirge  divisions  of  the  globe  these 
cities  are  divided  as  follows : 


Xcrope... 

Ameriea.. 


89  1  Africa 8 

84    AnatraUa. _1 

1*1        Total 89 

The  following  states  of  Europe  and  America, 
etch  of  which  has  an  aggregate  population  of 
more  than  a  million  persons,  have  no  oitv  of 
200,000  inhabitcnts  or  upward :  Sweden,  Nor- 
wftT,  Greece,  Servia,  Switzerland,  Central 
America,  Dominion  of  Oanada,  TJ.  S.  of  Golom- 
bis,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Ohili,  Venezuela. 

ni.  Stati»tio9  of  Sex, — ^The  numerical  rela- 
tions of  the  sexes,  as  a  comparison  with  last 
Tesr's  table  will  show,  are  subject  to  consid- 
erable variation.  According  to  the  latest  ao- 
coonts  the/  were  as  follows : 


COUNTRIES. 

DMftrM. 

OOUMTRZXS. 

KOo- 

Belgium 

8,644 
878 

87,506 
2,409 

80,808 
1,681 

88,798 
1,866 

17,984 
7,804 
6,199 
4,914 
1,079  1 
1,889 
1,467 

19,686 

878 

822 

12 

TTnuraay 

876 

Lnxembiunir 

Great  Britain 

Switaeriand. 

Pern 

1,808 

Argentine  Bepublio 
(1878) 

2,817 
09 

Costa  &ca 

Canada 

Ketherianda 

8,426 
90 

Fraaoe 

Honduras. 

Fnraguay 

79 

Aastro-Hungary. . . . 
Itafar (1876) 

Mezloo.  r. 

698 

BiBzil 

8,898 

84 

108 

SpaiD  (1878) 

Portninil 

British  Guiana..... 
Colombia 

Sweden 

Venezuela 

118 

Ronmania. .,.....,. 

Bolivia 

180 

Turkey 

Ecuador. 

41 

Bnafda.. .... 

America 

Mauritius... 

Norway 

146,686 

Finland. 

Oreeoe. 

106 

Eff  VDt 

1,768 
680 

Europe 

102,964 

A^:.. :;.::.:. 

Tunis  

880 

British  Tndta  (1878). 
Ceirlon 

12,168  1 
146  1 
1,004 
861 
874 
106 

GapeC>>k>ny 

Natal 

60 

8 

OaneaauB. .......  i . 

Afiica. 

Jaya 

2,907 

Asia  Minor. 

Japan 

New  Zealand  C76). 
TMmanla  (1876). . . 

Tahiti :... 

Sandwich  Islands.. 
Australia  (1876)... 

Australia. 

Total 

1,160 

w  vjr>— a  ■••••••■■••••• 

273 

Aff«#  .  r  ...,,...  . 

18,948 

4 

8 

TTnltfid  fitatoa 

127,470 

640 

1,689 

40 

8,040 

Cuba 

4.480 

Chili    

■*""" 

Jamalfsa 

820,880 

1 

PMti^ 

Horway 

Gna  Britain 
htkod. 


and 


Ihiiad.. 


V. 

Aastio>BooMry. 
SHteiuda...... 


Itrir. 
Bctirtam 


Eflfop*. 


1>3iek  West  Indlsa. 
Gncfikad 


r.S.<irColombU.. 
Caidalsape. 

oau...:.: 

tiitsd  states 

f«n 


Dneh  Gulaiia. 

AifutfM  SapuUiOL 


*1 
^1 


i 


«u 


1,070 
1,060 

1,086 

1,067 

1,046 

1,046 

1,086 

1,086 

1,028 

1,026 

1,022 

1,016 

1,007 

989 

989 

986 

946 

087 


1,022 


1.189 
1,184 
1.181 
1,098 
1,061 
1,048 
1,006 
978 

9n 

976 
969 
942 


OOnilTBIIS. 


Bt  Pierre  sad  Mi- 
quelon 


America.  < 


Lagoa. 

Bt  Helena 

Egypt 

C^pe  Colony 

Gambia.  

liauritlus 

B6union 

Mvrotteand  Nossi 


Bamoe. 

Japan 

Britiah  India. 

BiberiSL 

Freneh  colonies  in 

India 

Russian  Centn  Asia 

Caucasus 

CeykML 

Laouaa 

Straits  Settlements 
Hong-Kong. 


AQstrslla,irew  Zee- 
land,  and  Tasma- 
nia  


^1 


1 


The  following  table  shows  the  comparatiye 
increase  of  railroads  in  the  large  divisions  of 
the  globe  from  1875  to  1877  : 


DITISIOir  OF  OLOBI. 


868 


sn 


Europe... 
America.. 


1,161 
1,061 
1,026 
974 
942 
667 
624 


AustraUa. 
AMoa.... 


xiLn. 


isrs. 


148,871 

141,809 

12,970 

8,742 

2,811 


isrr. 


1624)04 

146,686 

18,948 

4,499 

2,907 


The  development  of  the  railroads  of  the  world 
has  been  as  follows  (the  statements  for  the 
years  1880-70  being  according  to  Dr.  G.  StUr- 


006      mer,  *'  Geschiohte  der  Eisenbdinen,"  1872) : 


982 


922 
978 
iK8 
882 

921 
909 
898 
818 
618 
687 
874 


YSAR8. 

Kilo— <tiw. 

TBABB. 

KOnMlMi. 

1880 

889 

8,601 

88,022 

66,148 

106,886 

146,114 

221,980 

1871 

880,876 

1840 

1872 

261,082 

1880 

1878 

270,071 

1856 

1874 

1870 

288,072 

I860 

296,788 

1866    

1876 

809,600 

1870 

1877 

820,880 

944 


812 


17.  Bailroadi  of  the  World.— The  length 
of  the  railroads  in  187T  was  as  follows,  in 
kflometres  (1  kilometre  =  0*62  English  mile), 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  proportion  to 
the  area  of  the  respective  coantnes : 


The  average 

1  increase 

perjearwasas 

follows: 

TEARS. 

KfloMlni. 

TSARS. 

Klk.i.lm. 

188a-''40 

886 
1,767 
4,120 
6,086 
7,746 
7,646 
16,878 

1870-'71 

18,890 

1840-*46 

1871-'72 

10,667 

1846-'60 

1872-'T8 

19,060 

1850-'66 

1878-'74 

18,001 

1866-^60 

1874-76 

1876-'76 

12,ni 

1860-^66 

18,620 

1866-'70 

1876-'77 

11,280 

y.  Foetal  and  Telegraph  Statietiee.— The 
postal  and  telegraph  statistics  of  the  world 
were  as  follows : 


EABrEEH  QDESTION. 


PMTAl.  nAT<«».». 

nuaun  numtiA. 

COUNTRim. 

.«. 

FM- 

L«. 

,-. 

1-^ 

■»> 

.«u^ 

I%wt. 

WIT 

1 

isri 

s 

IBIS 

II 

isTT 

197» 
1§T1 

im 
1 
isis 

a;wi 
im 

MS 
B,«8 
I.tiSS 

"» 

8,MI 

8.jii 

■JiT 

B,6ei 

"ass 
■■saa 

100 
100 
100 

100 

00 

lOO 

m 

s 

18TS 
ISIT 

isra 

i 

IBTS 

im 

11 

1S7B 
1S7B 

i 

I8II 

ieii 

"1 

M 

*• 

lOT 
101 

31 

lis 

1 

:l» 

ao 

g 

so 

lOMM 

•SIS 

18I.0W 
8.012 
T.ft* 

1SS.8SI 

W.M.. 

S2.MS 

"iiis 

SUM 

is^oo 

»JT8 

8.780 
1«8 

"S 

M4 
116 

m 
"ii 

i 

1 

s 

!S0»,W) 

s 

«M,M« 
4Mt.0N 

!,:8e:w. 

lismwo 

T«Sooo 

6,000.0*0 
"i;MiWI«0 

Liajwo 

IIWM 

mai 

ujm 

MS 

"iaoliooo 

H  67.000 

^i: 

^:;;;::;::::::;:::::":::;::::::;;: 

'Biimim 

S,«U«I 

EASTERN  QUESTION.  The  negotiations 
between  Busua  and  Tnrkey  (oee  Tubbh)  for 
armistice  and  pe&ce  oreated  oonsiderable  ex- 
dtement  and  alarm  thronghont  Enrope,  nota- 
bly in  England  and  Austria.  The  delay  which 
took  place  in  the  negotiations  after  they  were 
begun  became  a  source  of  ittiBpicion,  especially 
as  the  Rusrians  continaed  to  adTanoe  their  lines 


in  the  middle  of  Jannary  by  the  British  and 
Austrian  Governments,  both  at  St.  Petersburg 
and  Constantinople,  that  they  would  not  reoog- 
niie  conditions  of  peace  in  contravention  of 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  which  Eu- 
rope did  not  participate.  The  Rnssiana  an- 
swered that  all  points  in  the  treaty  which  were 
of  European  concern  would  he  Bubmitted  to  a 
review  by  the  Powers ;  while  the  Turks  seemed 
to  have  no  longer  any  will  of  their  own,  but 
to  have  thrown  themselves  entirely  into  the 
arms  of  the  Russians. 

In  the  mean  while  a  joint  conference  of  all 
the  Powers  had  come  to  be  regarded  as  highly 
deurable,  particnlarly  in  England  and  Austria ; 
and  it  was  nnderstood  that  Oonnt  Andriasy, 
the  Austrian  Ohanoellor,  had  taken  steps  in 
this  direction.  On  February  3d  a  formal  in- 
vitation to  the  conference  was  sent  by  Const 
Andr^y  to  all  the  signatories  of  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  which  was  immediately  accepted  by  all, 
VieUDa  was  proposed  as  the  place  of  the  con- 


ference, althongh  Rusma  preferred  one  of  tbo 
smaller  capitals,  and  in  the  end  refused  to  ap- 

Syive  Vienna  as  the  seat  of  the  conference. 
o  time  was  fixed  for  the  meeting,  and  the 
qnestion  as  to  whether  and  how  far  the  other 
belligerents — Rouraania,  Bervia,  and  Monteue- 
gro — were  to  be  represented  and  take  part  in 
the  discnsaions,  was  reserved  for  decision  by 
tlie  conference  itself.  As  to  the  place  of  meet- 
ing, it  was  subsequently  decided  to  select  Ba- 
den-Baden, but  finally  this  was  changed  to 

A  question  arose  during  the  negotiatioos 
whether  the  meeting  should  he  a  oonference 
of  the  representative  members  of  the  cablnetg 
of  the  different  Powers,  or  a  congress  of  pleni- 
potentiaries specially  appointed  for  the  purpose. 
While  England  favored  a  conference,  the  plan 
for  a  congress  emanated  from  Russia.    An  ob- 

{ection  was  made  by  France,  which,  although  it 
lad  accepted  the  invitation  to  the  conference, 
feared  that  in  such  a  conference  of  the  Power* 
other  questions  besides  the  Eastern  might  be 
discnsaed,  end  that  all  reoent  territorial  changes 
might  be  sanctioned,  and  agunst  this  possibil- 
ity it  prot«ated.  Serious  complications  threat- 
ened to  occur  in  March  between  Austria  and 
England  on  the  one  hand  and  Russia  on  the 
other,  arising  from  the  demand  made  by  Eng- 
land, and  supported  by  Anstria,  that  Ros«a 
should  submit  the  entire  treaty  of  San  Stefano 
(see  Tdbkbt)  to  the  Congress.    This  demand 


EASTERN  QUESTION.                                             253 

arose  from  the  assnmption  that  special  and  ae-  changes  in  the  Cabinet  made  at  the  same  time 
cret  arrangements  had  been  entered  into  be-  restored  harmonj  in  it.  (See  Gbeat  Britain.) 
gidds  the  principal  treaty.  The  Russian  Gov-  Lord  Salisbury  immediately,  in  a  note  to  the 
emment,  though  restricting  the  discussion  to  Powers,  dated  April  1st  ,defined  the  position  of 
but  few  clauses,  never  refused  to  commanicate  his  Government  After  reviewiug  the  events 
the  entire  treaty ;  but  England  claimed  that  it  that  had  transpired  up  to  that  time,  and  regret- 
would  be  clearly  useless  to  examine  this  com-  ting  the  decision  of  the  Russian  Government 
pset,  part  or  whole,  unless  a  guarantee  be  given  in  refusing  to  submit  the  entire  treaty  for  dis- 
that  all  that  had  been  done  was  submitted,  cussion,  the  note  continues : 
The  di^soBsion  of  this  question  of  submitting  g  ^^^  declaration  auDexed  to  the  flret  protocol  of 
the  entire  treaty  of  oan  Stefano  to  the  Uon-  the  oonferenoe  held  in  London  in  1871,  the  pienipo- 
gress  continued  thoughout  March.  At  the  close  tentiariea  of  the  Qreat  Powers,  including  Busaia, 
of  this  month  all  hope  of  a  European  Congress  f  eoogniaed  that  "  it  ia  an  easenti^  principle  of  the 
tA  mnmrlAr  thft  RaatArn  nnMtmn  HAem^  tn  htk  1*^  of  nationa  that  no  Power  can  hberate  itself  from 
to  oonsioer  t^e  JiMteni  question  seemea  to  oe  ^j^^  engagements  of  a  treaty,  nor  modify  the  stipu- 

st  an  end.     The  Russian  Government  persist-  lationrthereof,  unless  with  the  consent  of  the  oon- 

eatly  refused  to  assent  to  the  British  proposi-  traoting  Powers  by  means  of  an  amicable  arrange- 

tion,  and,  notwithstanding  the  intervention  of  mentT^ 

the  German  Government,  which  tried  to  medi-  }{  U  impossible  for  her  Majesty's  Government, 

wa*  enected   between  these  divergent  views,  the  Powers  of  articles  in  the  new  treaty  which  are 

The  Rnsaion  semi-official  press  accused  Eng-  modifications  of  existing  treaty  engagements,  and  in- 

Uad  of  preventing  a  settlement  of  the  pend-  consistent  with  them. 

ing  difficalties  and  the  restoration  of  complete  ,  The  most  important  consequences  to  which  the 

^^  :..  »u^  ir»«4^.  u»*-  -*«.A«  <i»»«A  -Q^.i:.%  ^^r^^m^  treaty  practically  leads  are  those  which  result  from 

peace  m  the  East;  but  even  some  Berbn  papers  j^,  J^^    ^  ^  4^j            the  nations  of  southeast- 

warned  Rnasia  against  insisting  too  strongly  em  Europe.  By  the  articles  erecting  the  new  Bul- 
oponthe  advantages  of  achieved  success.  The  garia,  a  strong  Slav  state  will  be  created  under  the 
idea  of  holding  a  Oongress  in  which  England  saspioea  and  control  of  Russia,  possessing  important 
would  not  be  represented,  which  was  mooted  harbors  upon  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Ar- 
ia eome  quarters,  might  have  been  feasible  if  deiStiS|\"flue^of  o'!^ 

R  had  not  been  certain  that  France  and  Italy  oial  relations  in  those  seas.   It  will  be  so  constituted 

would  not  participate  in  a  Oongress  in  which  as  to  merge  in  the  dominant  Slav  migority  a  consid- 

Eodand  declined  to  be  represented.  Both  Rus-  «»ble  mass  of  population  which  is  Greek  m  race  and 

sia  and  England  now  resumed  their  preparations  •J'^P*^^ ;.  '«4  ^^i«*^  vie  ws  with  aUrm  the  prospect 

-             ^"r^            *  wo«t«wvi  v«w  |;f««|#»ti>Hti/uo  ^£  absorption  in  a  community  alien  to  it  not  only  in 

f.jr  war  with  renewed  vigor,  and  a  conflict  be-  nationality  but  in  political  tendency  and  in  relifpioua 

between  these  two  Powers  seemed  imminent,  allegiance.    The  provisions  by  which  this  new  aUte 

When  their  relations  had  reached  this  critical  is  to  be  subjected  to  a  ruler  whom  Russia  will  prao- 


sufficiently  indicate  the  political  system 

mained  secret,  it  was  generally  supposed  and  future  it  is  to  form  a  part. 

aolmitted  that  he  had  been  sent  to  Vienna  with  «      , .         -  . ,       i»    *     *  xi.      *•    i  *i  «- 

f^-reaching  powers  to  make  concessious  to  Speaking  of  tiie  effect  of  the  stipulations 

Aistria  and  prevent  her  from  taking  sides  with  Pr^^f^??  for  improved  iMtitutions  for  the 

Eagiand.     The  mission  was  generdly  regard-  Populations  of  Thessaly  and  Epirus,  the  note 

cd  as  a  failure.    Austria,  in  reply  to  Russia's  co^^^^^es : 


rU  under  Russian  influence  a  closer  union  of  nation,  but  also  of  every  country  having  interests  in 

Btjsnia,  Albania,  Servia,  and  Montenegro  with  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Austria,  the  construction  of  a  railroad  to  Sa-  After  criticising  the  remainder  of  the  treaty 

Wca,  the  renunciation  by  Bulgaria  of  a  coast-  of  San  Stefano  in  a  similar  manner,  the  note 

Had  on  the  iEzean  Sea,  that  Turkey  should  concludes: 

Ik  zuaranteed  the  possession  of  its  remaining  ^   ,.       '.      ,.   .^  ,  ^     _^.  ,        ,    .  :,  v 

provinoea.  and  a  direct  regulation  of  these  ma^  p  ^  discussion  limited  to  wtides  selected  by  one 

Yv^iuvfsa,  atii*  a  u&t^v.v  iv(^iuauvu  ui  ioa^wv  Luav  Pq^„  ,„  jjj^  Con^CT^ss  would  be  SH  iUusory  remedy 

tcTs  between  Austna  ana   the    rorte.     (ren-  for  the  dangers  to  English  interests  and  to  the  j>er- 

tfii  Ignatieff  left  Vienna  on  March  81st,  and  manent  peace  of  Europe,  which  would  result  from 

rttchwi  St.  Petersburg  on  April  2d.  the  state  of  thin^  which  the  treaty  proposes  to  es- 

An  important  change  had  taken  place  in  J»^H?^-    The  object  of  her  Majesty's  Government  at 

r— I  «^  IL  ♦!,«  ««^— »  Zr\^l^^     Tw,  /«o.»il^»»ny«<^  ths  Constantinople  Conference  was  to  give  effect  to 

tjigUnd  m  the  mean  while.    In  consequence  ^h^  pou^y  of  reforming  Turkey  under  the  Ottoman 

-:  the  calliQg  out  of  the  reserves  ordered  by  Government,  removing  well-grounded  grievances, 

:h»  British  Government,  Earl  Derby,  who  was  and  thus  preserving  the  empire  until  the  time  when 

•"■pTK»©d  to  any  aggressive  measures,  resigned  it  might  be  able  to  dispense  with  protective  guaran> 

liLpiwition  as  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  ^^\  i*  ^•^  S''''-*'''*lr*^!^S''  ^'T^  ''"1^.?'®  brought 

T^^r^        *,      ^Tiia!^      i  •^•••^^  w      V  «  f^^  about  by  rendenng  the  different  populations  so  far 

ASura  on  March  28th,  and  was  immediately  contented  with  their  position  as  to  inspire  them  with 

niseeeded  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury.    Other  a  spirit  of  patriotism,  and  make  them  ready  to  defend 


254                                              EASTERN  QUESTION, 

the  Ottoman  Empire  as  loyal  aubjeota  of  the  Saltan,  which  was  said  to  have  been  Belf-impoeed,  were 

ThiB  policy  waa  irustrated  by  the  unfortunate  resist-  n^t  known  at  the  time.  An  agreement,  however, 

ance  of  the  Ottoman  Government  itself,  and,  under  j     ^  ^  ^    British  Foreign  Offiee  on 

the  altered  circamstanoes  of  the  present  time,  the  """  oJt-lv.   t.     t     j  o  t  u     *"*^1o"  ^^.,  " 

aame  result  can  not  be  attained  to  the  same  extent  ^^y  80tn,  by  Lord  Balisbury  and  Count  bhu- 

by  the  same  means.    Larjg^e  changes  may,  and  no  valoff,  which  did  not  become  known  until  the 

doubt  will,  be  requisite  m  the  treatiea  by  which  middle  of  Jane.    This  agreement  comprised 

southeastern  Europe  has  hitherto  been  ruled.    But  ^^^  memorandums.    After  a  preamble  express- 

fSJulaCrr °;Cr^^^^^^^^^  ^g  the  desire  of  the  Russian  Ld  English^, 

strange,  are  still  the  objects  which  thu  country  ear-  ernmeuts  to  estaoiish  an  understandmg  that 

nestly  desires  to  secure.  may  obviate  the  settlement  of  the  Eastern 

In  requiring  a  full  consideration  of  the  general  question  by  the  sword,  the  first  memorandum 

interests  which  the  new  arrangements  threaten  to  „ruka  nn  f^*  at  at  a  • 

affect,  her  Majesty's  Government  believe  that  they  ©"^  ^^  ^  *"*^® ' 

are  taking  the  surest  means  of  securing  those  objects.  i.  England  discards  the  longitudinal  division  of 

They  would  willingly  have  entered  a  Congress  in  Bulgaria,  but  the  representative  of  BusaU  reserve* 

which  the  stipulations  m  question  could  have  been  to  himself  to  point  out  the  advantages  of  it  to  the 

examined  as  a  whole,  in  their  relation  to  eristing  Congress,  promising  nevertheless  not  to  insist  upon 

treaties,  to  the  acknowledged  rights  of  Great  Bntam  it  against  the  definitive  opinion  of  England, 

and  of  other  Powers,  and  to  the  beneficent  ends  which  2.  The  arrangement  of  the  boundaries  of  Southern 

the  united  action  of  Europe  has  always  been  directed  Bulgaria  should  be  modified  in  such  a  manner  as  to 


»                o                           ,               V  posed  by  the  Conference  of  Constantinople.    jk>.a« 

deala  would  be  consulted  by  the  assembling  of  a  does  not  concern  the  question  of  the  frontiers  so  much 

Congress  whose  deliberations  were  to  be  restricted  as  it  refers  to  the  exclusion  of  the  littoral  of  the 

by  such  reservations  as  those  which  have  been  laid  ^gean  Sea— that  is  to  aay,  to  the  west  of  Lsgcs. 

down  by  Prince  Gortchakoff  m  his  most  recent  com-  yrom  this  pomt  to  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  the 

munication.  discussion  of  the  frontier  will  remain  free. 

Prince  Gortchakoff,  in  a  reply  to  this  oircu-  »•  Jhe  western  frontiers  of  Bulgaria  should  be 

lar,  repeated  the  statement  that  the  complete  '?^?^®/  '"PS?  }^^  ^^*^  ''i^^^'^'^^^'^^'J^  *""  ^  ?' 

Aox,  Avpi^a^  vA±^  Dbavuuic^uv  viiav  uuv  \wui^jv7b^  qI^^q  f^jjy  that  provmoc  the  non>Bulgarian  popula- 

treaty  or  San  otefano  had  been  communicated  tiona.    The  western  frontiers  of  Bulgaria  ought  not 

to  the  Powers,  and  that  in  Congress  each  Power  to  paas  inprinciple  a  line  traced  from  cloae  to  Kovi- 

would  have  fi-ee  right  of  action  and  withdrawal.  Bazar  to  Koursha  Balkan. 

It  also  pointed  out  that  "  the  Marquis  of  Sails-  *•  The  Bulgaria  repUced  in  the  limits  which  are 

!>».■...  4.^11..  ««  «rk«*  ♦»,«.  -i?»»i{.i«   n.^w».»w.^«4.  mentioned  m  the  points  2  and  8  shall  be  divided  into 

bury  tells  us  what  the  English  Government  two  provinces,  naSiely :  The  one,  to  the  north  of  the 

does  not  wisn,  but  tells  us  nothing  as  to  what  Balkans,  should  be  endowed  with  political  autonomy, 

it  does  wish.    We  think  it  would  be  serviceable  under  the  government  of  a  prince ;  and  the  other,  to 

if  his  Lordship  would  be  good  enough  to  midce  the  south  of  the  Balkans,  should  receive  a  large  mes- 

this  latter  point  known  in  order  to  promote  •uwof  adminUtnitivo  aelf-ffovem^^ 

J     ^  ^jt*        *  XV      •-.     A*      «     T*^  admtnuiraUvt) — ^tor  instance,  like  that  which  exists  in 

an  understandmg  of  the  situation. '    In  an  an-  English  colonies— with  a  Christian  governor  named 

nez  to  his  circular,  Pnnce  Gortchakoti  replied  wiUi  the  acquiescence  of  Europe  for  tve  to  ten 

to  the  several  objections  of  the  treaty  raised  years. 

in  Lord  Salisbury's  dispatch.  5-  The  Emneror  of  Bussia  attaches  a  peculiar  im- 
An/^fiio*.  r^/vinf  y^n  t»i>:/ti«  ♦!>«>  v^A^^fSaff/x^d  portaucc  to  tuc  retrcst  of  the  Turkish  army  from 
Another  point  on  which  the  negotiationa  Southern  Bulgaria.  His  Migesty  does  not  sie  any 
threatened  to  come  to  an  end  was  the  question  security  or  guarantee  for  the  Bulgarian  population 
of  the  withdrawal  of  the  Russian  and  British  in  the  fature  if  the  Ottoman  troops  are  mamuined 
forces  from  the  neighborhood  of  Oonstanti-  there.  Lord  Salisburv  accepts  tne  retreat  of  the 
nople.  (See  Turkey.)  The  negotiations  for  Turkish  troops  from  Southern  Bulgaria,  but  BubbU 
♦!*«»  ,x«»Tv^a^  ««»«  i;i^v  ^n  ^*\^^  ^».»:^  ««  ''^JH  no*  object  to  what  is  enacted  py  the  Congress 
this  purpose  were,  like  aU  others,  earned  on  ^gpeoting  the  mode  and  the  cases  where  the  Turk- 
ey the  uerman  (roverninent ;  and,  although  ish  troops  would  be  allowed  to  enter  the  southern 
I^nce  Bismarck^s  mediation  obtained  the  rec-  province  to  resist  an  insurrection  or  invaaion,  whether 
ognition  of  the  principle  by  both  the  Russian  ^  »  »^ate  of  execution  or  in  a  state  of  menace.  Enjr- 

and  British  Goyernmente,  the  arrangeinent  ot  ^e'CXon7fie"ri"u  Sftt'^^Lno' bi' rt?^ 

the  details  presented  difficulties  which  seemed  to  canton  troops  on  the  frontiers  of  Southern  Bui- 

insuperable.  garia.    The  repreaentative  of  Bussia  reserves  to  him- 

Matters  again  assumed  a  more  hopeful  as-  self  at  the  Congress  complete  libertv  in  the  discus- 

pect  when,  on  May  7th,  Count  Shuvaloff,  the  sion  Sf  <his  last  proposition  of  Lord  Salisbury. 

Russian  Ambassador  in  London,  left  that  iapi-  ^  ?:  The  British  Government  demands  that  the  su- 

^•uoomfMA  ^xAM^,*^^3*^^JM.  .u  .^.i^^wu,  *«iti  kajow  yjayi  penor  officers  (cheft  iupeneun)  of  the  militia  m  Sonth- 

tal  on  a  mission  to  bt.  retersburg,  after  an  em  Bulgaria  should  be  named  by  the  Porte  with  the 

interview  with  £arl  Beaoonsfield,  especially  as  oonaent  of  Europe. 

Oount  Shuvaloff  was  known  to  be  a  strong  T.  Thepromisesoonoeming  Armenia  stipulated  by 

member  of  the  Russian  peace  party.    He  ar-  the  preUminary  treag  of  Ban  Stefano  should  not  be 

•:«.^^  ;«  04.   i>y.«-/v»«k.,«.»  ^t«  \f»»  104-1.    ««^  k^^  made  exclusively  to  BuBsia,  but  to  England  also, 

rived  m  St.  Petersburg  on  May  12th,  and  had  g,  ^he  Qoveriment  of  hir  BritanniS  Majesty  tak- 

long  and  frequent  interviews  with  the  ll<m-  ing,  as  well  aa  the  Imperial  Government,  a  warm 

peror,  and  with  those  who  had  the  direction  interest  in  the  future  orgaidiation  of  the  Greek  prov- 

of  foreign  affairs.     He  returned  to  London  on  ii*<»"  o^  ^^  Balkan  Peninsula,  Article  XV.  of  the 

May  22d,  having  had  interview's  upon  hie  retnm  L^iiS!?^  *"'K,1  !S  .^{f^p^llt?  i^^'^^'^^t 


EASTERN  QUESTION.                                              255 

tka  other  Christian  proviuoes  restiag  tinder  the  do-  of  Europe  in  the  adminiBtratiTe  orgunization  of  the 

minion  of  the  Porte.  two  Bulgarian  provinces. 

9.  In  ao  far  as  the  war  indemnitj  la  concerned,  hia  (6.)  The  English  Government  will  dlsousa  in  Con- 
Bf  ^esty  the  Emperor  has  never  hid  the  intention  of  gnaM  the  duration  and  the  nature  of  the  Bussian 
converting  it  into  territorial  annexations,  and  he  does  oooupation  of  Bulgaria  and  of  the  passage  through 
not  reliise  to  give  aasuranoes  in  this  respect.    It  is  Boumania. 

understood  that  the  war  indemnity  will  not  deprive  (c.)  The  name  to  be  given  to  the  southern  prov- 

1 16  English  Government  of  its  nffhta  aa  creditor,  inoe. 

and  it  will  in  this  respect  remain  m  the  same  state  {dA  Without  touching  on  the  territorial  queatiou, 

that  it  stood  before  the  war.    Without  eonteating  the  British  Government  reserve  to  themselves  to  dis- 

the  final  deoiaion  which  Bussia  will  take  with  respect  cuss  the  queation  of  the  navi^^ion  of  the  Danube, 

Vi  the  amount  of  the  indemnitv,  England  reserves  in  which  matter  England  has  rights  by  treaty, 

t)  herself  to  point  out  to  the  Congress  the  serious  («.)  The  English  Government  reserve  to  themselves 

objections  which  she  sees  to  it.  to  discuss  in  Congress  all  questlons^  relative  to  the 

10.  As  to  the  valler  of  Alashkert  and  the  town  of  Straits.  But  the  Bussian  Ambassador  at  London 
Biyaxid,  that  valley  Deing  the  great  transit  route  for  takes  OQgniaance  of  the  verbal  communication  which 
Peraia,  and  having  an  immense  value  in  the  eyea  of  he  has  made  to  the  Principal  Secretaiy  of  State — 
the  Turks,  hia  Majesty  the  Emperor  consents  to  re-  that  is  to  say,  the  Imperial  Cabinet  stands  by 
store  it  to  them ;  but  he  baa  demanded  and  obtained  the  declaration  of  Lord  Derby  of  the  6th  of  May, 
in  exchange  the  cession  to  Persia  of  the  little  terri-  1877,  and  notably :  **■  The  existing  arrangements 
toryofKootoor,  which  the  Commissioners  of  the  two  made  under  European  sanction  which  regmate  the 
mediatory  oonrts  have  found  just  to  restore  to  the  navigation  of  the  Bosporus  and  the  Dardanelles 
Sb^.  appear  to  them  (the  British  Government)  wise  and 

U.  The  Government  of  her  Britannic  M^esty  salutary,  and  there  would  be,  in  their  judgmeot. 

voald  hare  to  express  its  profound  regret  in  the  serious  objections  to  their  alteration  in  any  material 

event  of  Busaia  inaiating  definitively  upon  the  retro-  particular.''    And  the  Bussian  plenipotentiary  will 

ceMioQ  of  Beasarabia.    As,  however,  it  Is  sufficiently  insist  at  the  Congress  on  the  gtahu  auo, 

established  that  the  other  signatories  to  the  treatv  (/.)  The  Enghsh  Government  wul  address  to  his 

of  Paris  are  not  reader  to  sustain  by  arms  the  delimi-  Majesty  the  Sultan  a  request  to  promise  Europe  to 

tation  of  Boumania  stipulated  in  that  treaty,  England  protect  equally  on  Mount  Athos  the  monks  of  otiier 

doee  not  find  herself  sufficiently  interested  in  this  nationalities. 

qatstion  to  be  authorised  to  incur  alone  the  respon-         rm.:- *  i      •       v  -      i     ^  v 

iibility  of  opposing  herself  to  the  change  proposed,  ^/^^^^  agreement  haviiig  been  amved  at  by 

tnd  thus  she  binds  herselfnot  to  dispute  the  decision  the  two  Powers  on  whom  the  assembling  of 

in  this  sense.    In  consenting  not  to  contest  the  de-  the  Congress  yirtoally  depended,  all  obstacles 

«re  of  the  Emperor  of  Bussia  to  occupy  the  port  of  to  the  Congress  were  removed,  and  in  the  first 

SrSn-^n^t  ^f  rrl^ntrd'o'n^MdXm"^^^^^  ^^^s  of  June  the  German  Gov'emment,  which 

wires  that  grave  dangers,  menacing  the  tranquillity  apparently  had  been  kept  advised  of  all  the 

of  the  populations  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  may  result  in  steps  taken,  addressed  an  Invitation  to  all  the 

ths  fatore  bv  this  extension  of  the  Bussian  fl>ontier.  Powers  to  meet  in  Congress  at  Berlin  on  June 

fh?  aS^^^  nS^^n^SroL'^an  V^l^^^^^^^  l^^'    The  tofms  of  the  invitation,  as  sent  to 

^hLafwChX^ni^^Jui^T^^  theAustro-HungarianGovemmenCwereasfol. 

mmmt  tpeaaU^  upon  England,  can  be  effected  with-  lOWS  : 

out  exposing  Europe  to  the  calamities  of  a  fresh  war.  Pursuing  the  initiative  taken  by  the  Austro-Hun- 

At  the  same  time  the  Government  of  the  Queen  Uke  garian  Cabinet,  the  Imperial  German  Government 

eognisanee  of  the  aasurance  given  by  his  Imperial  baa  the  honor  to  propose  to  the  signatory  Powers  of 

^^••'Z.^i^J?*^®/" '?'A.*^®:i*'^'m°_/^f^®'l'^.**^  the  treaties  of  1856  and  1871  to  assemble  in  Con- 

the  stipulations 
between  Bussia 
addressing  this 


the  articles  of  the  preliminary  treaty  of  San  Stefano    in  accepting  the  invitation,  conaents  to  allow  free 
vhieh  are  not  modified  by  the  ten  preceding  points     discussion  of   '  -  ^       - 


the  contents  of  the  treaty  of  San  Ste 


the  two  Goveniments  mav  find  it  preferable  to  intro-  fix  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  for  the  18th  of  June, 
•i^ce  of  a  common  accord  fresh  modifications  which 

is  would  be  impossible  to  foresee;  but,  if  the  under-  In  accordance  with  this  invitation,  the  rep- 

S^J-T'ft^*^  these  new  modifloations  be  not  resentatives  of  the  various  Powers  assembled 

;S2^^,*l£r*;^^^^^^^  j?  Ber««  on /one  ISth,  excepting  the  special 

to  serve  as  a  mutual  enjfagement  in  Congress  for  the  AQrKisn  plenipotentiaries,  who,  baving  been 

plaiipotentiaries  of  Bussia  and  Great  BnUin.  detained  by  a  storm  in  the  Black  Sea,  did  not 

-^             ,                 J       ^         J  reach  Berlin  in  time.     The  plenipotentiaries 

TbeMcond  memorandum  formed  an  annex  representing  the  various  Powers  were  as  fol- 

to  the  first,  and  was  signed  by  both  plempo-  lows:  Germany— Prince  Bismarck,  Under-Sec- 

t-entianes  on  the  same  date.    It  was  aa  fol-  retary  of  State  Von  Bfllow,  and  Prince  Hohen- 

*^*'*-  lohe - Schillingsf first,    Ambassador   in   Paris; 

BMides  the  stipulations  of  the  preceding  memo-  Great  Britain— Lord  Beaconsfield,  Lord  Salis- 

rndum  the  British  Government  reserve  to  them-  bury.  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 

^v«.  to  point  out  to  the  Congress  the  following  ^nd  Lord  Odo  Russell,  Ambassador  in  Beriir^ 

^4.)  The  English  Government  reserve  to  them-  Russia — Prince  GortchakofiT,  Count  ShuvalofE^ 

sslvee  to  demand  of  the  Congress  the  participation  and  Baron  d^Oabril,  Ambassador  in  Berlin ; 


266                                              EASTERN  QUESTION. 

Austria — Connt  Andr&ssj,  Count  Karolvi,  and  Abt.  8.  The  treaties  of  commerce  and  navi^tion, 

Baron   Haymerle  ;    France— M.   Waddmston,  •«  well  as  all  the  convendona  and  arrangemoLto  con- 

Minister  of  Foreim  Affairs,  and  Count  de  St.  i^?^1?  between  foreign  Powers  and  the  Porte,  and 

Try  ,1 .        Y    7"        5       ."""'^  ^.       vwuuu  w>  wv.  ^i^qY^  m^  SOW  m  force,  are  maintained  in  the  pnn- 

VaUier,  Ambassador  in  Berlin;  Italy— Count  oipality  of  Bulgaria,  and  no  change  can  be  made  in 

Corti,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  Count  them  with  any  foreign  Power  until  she  has  giren  ber 

Launay,   Ambassador   in    Berlin  ;    Turkey —  consent  to  it.    No  duty  for  transit  shall  be  levied  in 

Alexander  Caratheodori  Pasha,  Sadoollah  Bey,  Bulgaria  for  the  merchandbe  passing  through  the 

Ambassador  in  BerHn  and  Mehemet  Ali  Pasl^  ritt-shSf  le^^^^^^^^^^                          ff 

The  Congress  met  in  the  H6telRadziwill,  which  perfect  equality.                            r               » 

hod  been  recently  purchased  by  the  German  Abt.  9.  The  amount  of  the  annual  tribute  to  be 

Government  and  assigned  to  Prince  Bismarck  P*^^  by  the  principality  of  Bulgaria  to  the  Bnzersin 

as  his  official  residence.    The  first  session  of  ^^^J^J^.^^J^^r^S^^J^'' 

the  Congress  wi^  occupied  m«nly  with  the  &Ta^'of  K«Jbt  o??^^^^^ 

organization  of  the  bureau.    Pnnce  Bismarck  Abt.  10.  Bulgaria  is  substituted  for  the  Imperial 

was  unanimously  chosen  President,  and  Herr  Ottoman  Government  in  its  daties  and  obligationB 

Lothar  Bi^cher  and  M.  de  Mouy  were  appointed  toward  the  Bustchuk-Vama  Bailway  Company  from 

Secretaries.    The  following  sessions  were  held  ??  4*y,.^  "/S"°«».o^.  ^Y  Jlf*"*''*  *~*^*  3* 

2^ .          ,       .*      AV"v»T***g  TOWjvuo  w^aw  *iw»*  pnncipality  of  Bulgana  is  in  the  same  way  sub&U- 

at  irregular  intervals,  generally  aUowm^  one  futed  on  her  part  for  the  engagements  which  the 

or  two  days  between  each  session  for  mter-  Sublime  Porte  has  contracted  toward  Austro-Hun- 

views  between  the  different  plenipotentiaries,  fira^y  <m  veil  >>  toward  the  company  for  the  working 

As  the  sessions  were  held  with  dosed  doors,  no  ?£  *^®  raUways  of  Turkey  in  iiijope,  on  account  of 

official  account  of  the  work  done  by  the'Son-  £,rpraSlfu^^n"i1.rr^^  ''^  "^^"^  ^' '"' 
gress  was  pubushed  until  after  its  close.  The  Abt.  11.  The  Ottoman  army  shall  no  longer  re- 
results  of  its  labors  are  embodied  in  the  treaty  main  in  Bulgaria.  All  the  former  fortresses  will  be 
of  Berlin,  in  which  the  different  questions  destroyed,  at  the  expense  of  the  principality,  within 

which  came  before  the  Congress  are  enumer-  Jt®  ?P*^®n^  """^  ^^"^  k'iwT''-'^  *'  S^.    ♦  "^T 

«f«*i  ««  4.1.^  ^•^^«  :.»  — i.:^i.  ♦!««. ^  «**••—«»  The  local  Government  shall  take  immediate  steps  for 

ated  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  consid-  their  destruction,  and  shall  not  erect  new  ones. 

ered.    The  last  session  of  the  Congress  was  Abt.  is.  The  Mussulman  proprietors  who  have 

held  on  July  18th,  just  one  month  after  it  had  removed  from  the  principality  can  retain  their  real 

opened.    The  treaty  of  Berlin  is  as  follows :  property  in  it  bv  farming  it  or  allowing  it  to  be  ad- 
ministered by  third  parties.    A  Turkish-Bulganan 

Abhclb  1.  Bulgaria  is  constituted  an  automatic  Commission  will  be  engaged  for  two  years  with  the 

and  tributary  principality,  under  the  suzerainty  of  reflation  of  all  the  matters  relative  to  the  manner 

his  Mijesty  the  Sultan.    It  shall  have  a  Christian  or  the  transfer,  working,  and  use,  on  account  of  the 

Government  and  a  national  militia.  Sublime  Porte,  of  the  state  properties  and  of  the 

Abt.  8.  Bnlffaria  shall  be  bounded  on  the  south  religious  foundations,  and  the  questions  concerning 

by  the  chain  of  the  Balkans.  private  individuals  who  may  be  interested.    The 

Abt.  8.  The  Prince  of  Bulgaria  shall  be  freely  se-  emigrants  of  the  principality  who  are  traveling  or 

lected  by  the  population,  ana  confirmed  by  the  Dub-  are  living  in  other  parts  of  the  Ottoman  Empire 

lime  Porte,  with  the  assent  of  the  Powers.  shall  be  under  the  authority  and  laws  of  the  TurKs. 

Abt.  4.  An  assembly  of  the  notables  of  Bulgaria,  Abt.  18.  There  is  formed  to  the  south  of  the  Bal- 

convoked  at  Timova.  shall  prepare  before  the  elec-  kans  a  province  which  will  take  the  name  of  Eastern 

tioD  of  the  Prince  the  plan  or  government  of  the  Boumefia,  and  which  shall  remain  under  the  direct 

principality.  military  and  political  authority  of  his  Imnerial  Ms- 

Abt.  6.  The  following  arrangements  shall  form  the  jesty  the  Sultan,  subject  to  conditions  of  aaministra- 
basis  of  the  public  law  of  Bulgaria:  Distinction  of  tive  autonomy.  It  snail  have  a  Christian  Governor- 
religious  belief  or  confession  shSU  not  operate  affidnst  General. 

any  one  as  a  reason  of  exclusion  or  incapacity  in  Abt.  14.  Eastern  Boumelia  is  bounded  on  the  north 

what  concerns  the  eujoyment  of  civil  and  political  and  northwest  by  Bulgaria,  and  on  the  east  by  the 

rights,  admission  to  public  employment,  ftinctions.  Black  Sea. 

or  honor.<i,  or  the  exercise  of  different  professions  or  Abt.  15.  His  M^esty  the  Sultan  shall  have  theri^ht 
industries,  in  whatever  locality  it  may  be.  The  lib-  to  provide  for  the  defense  of  the  inland  and  maritune 
erty  of  the  public  profession  of  all  creeds  shall  be  frontiers  of  the  province  by  raising  fortificationa  en 
assured  to  all  the  returned  population  of  Bulgaria  as  these  ftt>ntiers,  and  b;^  keeping[  tooops  there.  In- 
well  aa  to  strangers,  and  no  trammels  will  be  im-  temal  order  shall  be  maintained  in  Eastern  Boumelia 
posed  on  the  hierarcnio  organization  of  the  different  by  a  native  gendarmerie,  assisted  by  a  local  militia, 
communions  or  their  relations  with  their  spiritual  Abt.  16.  Tne  Governor- General  shall  have  the  right 
chiefs.  to  call  for  Turkish  troops  if  the  internal  or  external 

Abt.  6.  The  provisional  organixation  of  Bulgaria  security  of  the  province  should  be  menaced.  In  thai 

■hall  be  directed,  till  the  oonopletion  of  the  plan  of  event  the  Sublime  Porte  shall  be  bound  to  intimate 

government,  by  an  Imperial  Bussian  Commiasioner.  its  decision  and  state  the  necessities  which  Justify  it 

An  Imperial  Turkish  Commissioner,  as  well  as  the  to  the  representatives  of  the  Powers  at  Constsnti- 

oonsuls  delegated  ad  hoc  by  the  signatory  Powers  nople. 

of  the  present  treaty,  shall  be  appointed  to  assist  Abt.  17.  The  Governor-General  of  Eastern  Bou- 

him,  in  order  to  control  the  action  of  this  provisional  melia  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Sublime  Porte  with 

administration.  the  assent  of  the  rowers,  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Abt.  7.  The  provisor]^  government  can  not  be  pro-  Abt.  18.  Immediately  after  the  signature  of  the 

longed  for  more  than  nine  months  ftrom  the  date  of  present  treaty  a  European  Commission  shall  be 

the  signature  of  the  present  treaty.    When  the  or-  formed  for  the  purpose  of  settling  with  the  Ottoman 

ganio  government  has  been  ftilly  settled,  the  election  Porte  the  organization  of  Eastern  Boumelia. 

of  the  Prince  of  Bulgaria  will  immediately  follow.  Abt.  19.    The   European  Commission  shall  be 

An  soon  as  the  Prince  is  installed  the  new  organiza-  charged,  together  with  the  Sublime  Porte,  with  the 

tion  will  be  put  in  force  in  the  principality,  and  he  administratTon  of  the  finances  of  the  province  till 

will  enter  into  f^U  possession  ofnis  autonomy.  the  completion  of  the  new  organization. 


EASTERN  QUESTION. 


257 


Abt.  90.  The  treaUot,  oonventioiiB,  uid  internfr- 
tbiul  arnungemento,  of  whatever  natare  they  may 
bi,  oonoladed  or  to  be  concluded  between  the  Porte 
and  other  Powers  shall  be  applicable  to  Eastern  Boa- 
melia  as  to  all  the  Ottoman  Empire.  The  Sablime 
Porte  engages  to  cause  to  be  observed  there  the 

general  laws  of  the  empire  as  to  religious  liberty  in 
ror  of  all  creeds. 

Abt.  91.  The  rights  and  obligations  of  the  Sub- 
lime Porte  as  reaards  railways  in  Eastern  Boumelia 
thall  be  inteml^  maintained. 

Abt.  83.  The  Bussian  army  of  occupation  in  Bul- 
garia and  in  Eastern  BoumeUa  shall  be  composed 
of  all  divisions  of  infantry  and  two  of  oavidiy,  and 
•hall  not  ezoeed  60,000  men.  It  shall  be  maintained 
at  tbe  expense  of  tbe  occupied  country.  The  duration 
of  the  ooeapation  of  Eastern  Boumelia  and  Bulgaria 
by  the  Imperial  Bussian  troops  is  fixed  at  nine  months 
from  the  iiAe  of  signature  or  the  present  treatjr.  The 
Basdtan  Government  engages  to  carry  out  within  a 
fuTther  period  of  three  months  the  passage  of  its 
troops  through  Boumania  and  the  complete  evacua- 
tioQ  of  that  principality. 

AxT.  83.  The  SuDlime  Porte  engages  to  scrupulous- 
\j  apoly  in  the  island  of  Crete  the  plan  of  govem- 
meut  ot  1863,  by  introducing  there  the  modinoations 
which  shall  be  a4iud2ed  equitable.  Analogous  regu- 
lations, adapted  to  tne  local  requirements,  shall  be 
£iirly  introanoed  into  other  parts  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope for  which  a  special  organization  has  not  been 
provided  by  the  present  treaty.  The  Sublime  Porte 
ahaU  engage  spe<nal  commLBsioners,  in  which  the 
native  element  shall  be  largely  represented,  to  elabo- 
rate the  details  of  these  new  plans  in  each  province. 
The  plans  of  government  resulting  from  their  labors 
shall  be  submitted  to  the  examination  of  the  Sub- 
lune  Porte,  who,  before  promulgating  the  acts  des- 
tined to  be  put  in  force,  shall  take  the  advice  of  the 
Eoropean  Commission  appointed  for  Eastern  Bou- 
melia. 

Akt.  24.  In  the  case  that  the  agreement  relative 
to  a  rectiiloation  of  the  frontier  provided  by  Proto- 
eol  XIII..  between  the  Sublime  Porte  and  toe  king- 
dom of  Greece,  should  not  be  realized,  the  Powers 
deelare  themselves  ready  to  oifer  their  good  services 
to  the  two  Powers,  Ottoman  and  Greek. 

Abt.  25.  The  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
•hill  be  occupi^  and  administered  by  Austro-Hun- 
fnry.  The  Government  of  Austro-Hunga^  not  de^ 
firing  to  ebar^  itself  with  the  administration  of  the 
Ssmak  of  Novi-Basar,  which  extends  between  Servia 
and  Montenegro  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  be- 
joad  Hitrovitza,  the  Turkish  administration  shall 
«acinae  in  force  in  that  district. 

Axr.  86.  The  independence  of  Montenein'o  is  recog- 
ai»d  by  tbe  Sablime  Porte  and  by  all  of  the  high 
eontraeting  parties  who  had  not  yet  admitted  it. 

Axr.  87.  The  high  contracting  parties  agree  to  the 
eooditions  a«  in  Article  5. 

Aar.  28.  The  new  territory  of  Montenegro  does 
not  inelode  as  much  as  that  given  by  the  treaty  of 
San  Stefano. 

Ajir.  89.  Antivari  and  its  seaboard  are  annexed  to 
MontenecTO. 

Aar.  30.  Mussulmans  or  others  possessing  prop- 
srty  in  the  territorv  annexed  to  Montenegro,  and 
who  woald  rather  take  up  their  residence  beyond  the 
rriacipality,  may  retain  their  lands,  either  by  let- 
tias  tnam  or  allowing  them  to  be  managed  by  third 
parties. 

Aar.  81.  The  principality  of  Montenegro  shall 
eome  to  m  direct  understanding  with  the  Ottoman 
P-kcte  with  regard  to  the  establishment  of  Montene- 
rin  agents  in  Constantinople  and  at  certain  places 
11  the  Ottoman  Empire  where  they  shall  be  decided 
t)  be  neoeasarr.  Montenegrina  traveling  or  residing 
a  Turkey  shall  be  sul^ect  to  its  laws  and  authorities. 

Abt.  88.  The  Montenegrin  troops,  within  a  period 
cf  twenty  days,  or  earlier  if  possible,  from  the  date 
ef  sign^Uire  of  the  present  instrument,  will  have  to 

Vol.  XVIII.— 17    A 


evacuate  the  territo^  now  held  by  them  beyond  the 
new  limits  of  the  pnncipality. 

Am.  88.  Montene^o  will  have  to  bear  her  share 
of  the  Turkish  public  debt  proportionate  to  the  new 
territory  accorded  her  by  .the  trea^  of  peace,  and  the 
representatives  of  the  Powers  at  Gonstantinoj^le  will 
determine  tbe  amount  thereof,  in  concert  with  the 
Sublime  Porte,  on  an  equitable  basis. 

Abt.  84.  The  high  contracting  parties  recognize 
the  independence  of  tbe  priucipalit^  of  Servia,  at- 
taching to  it  the  conditions  set  forth  in  the  following 
article. 

Abt.  85.  In  Servia  the  distinction  of  religious  be- 
liefs and  confessions  to  be  as  in  Article  6. 

Abt.  86.  The  new  boundary  of  Servia  includes 
Vranya. 

Abt.  87.  TUl  the  conclusion  of  the  new  arrange- 
ments nothing  shall  be  chaxiged  in  Servia  in  the 
present  state  of  the  commercial  relations  of  the  prin- 
dpalitv  with  foreign  countries.  No  transit  dutv 
shall  be  levied  on  merchandise  passing  througn 
Servia. 

Abt.  88.  The  principality  of  Servia  is  substituted 
for  its  share  in  the  engagements  which  the  Sublime 
Porte  has  contracted,  both  toward  Austro-Hungary 
and  toward  the  Bailway  Company  of  European  Tur- 
key, as  regards  the  completion  and  connection  as 
well  as  the  working  of  the  railways  to  be  construct- 
ed on  the  territory  newly  acquired  by  the  princi- 
pality. 

Abt.  89.  The  Mussulmans  who  possess  property 
in  the  territories  annexed  to  Servia,  and  who  may 
wish  to  flx  their  residence  outside  tne  principality, 
shall  be  at  liberty  to  retain  their  immovable  property 
by  leasing  it  or  intrusting  it  to  the  administration  of 
third  partiea. 

Abt.  40.  Till  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  between 
Turkey  and  Servia,  the  Servian  subiects  traveling 
or  residing  in  the  Turkish  Empire  shall  be  treated 
in  accord^ce  with  the  general  principles  of  interna- 
tional law. 

Abt.  41.  The  Servian  troops  shall  be  aHowed 
fifteen  days  from  the  signature  of  the  present  treaty 
to  evacuate  the  territory  not  comprised  in  the  new 
limits  of  the  principality. 

Abt.  48.  The  tribute  of  Servia  shall  be  capital- 
ized, and  the  representatives  of  the  Powers  at  Con- 
stantinople shall  flx  the  rate  of  this  capitalization 
with  the  agreement  of  the  Sublime  Porte.  Servia 
shall  pay  a  part  of  the  Ottoman  public  debt  as  a  re- 
turn for  the  new  territoriee  whion  have  been  given 
her  by  the  present  treaty. 

Abt.  48.  The  high  contracting  parties  recofl[niie 
the  independence  of  Bonmania  in  binding  her  to  the 
conditions  explained  in  the  following  article. 

Abt.  44.  In  Boumania,  the  distinction  of  relif^ous 
belieft  to  be  as  in  Artiele  6. 

Abt.  46.  The  prindpidity  of  Bonmania  gives  back 
to  his  Migesty  the  Emperor  of  Bussia  that  portion  of 
the  territory  of  Bessarabia  taken  from  Buasia  under 
the  treaty  of  Paris  of  1866. 

Abt.  46.  The  islands  forming  the  delta  of  the 
Danube,  as  well  as  the  island  of  Serpents,  and  the 
Sai^ak  of  Tultcha,  comprising  the  Cazas  districts  of 
Eilia  Suiinaj  Mahmoudie,  Isatcha,  Tultcha,  Matehin. 
Babadah,  mrsovo,  Eusten^je,  Medjidie.  are  unitea 
with  Boumania.  The  principality  receives,  in  ad- 
dition, the  territory  situate  to  the  south  of  the  Bo- 
brudja,  as  far  as  a  line  having  its  starting-point  to 
the  east  of  Silistria,  and  Joining  tbe  Black  Sea  to  the 
south  of  Mangolia. 

Abt.  47.  The  question  of  the  division  of  the  wa- 
ters and  fisheries  shall  be  submitted  to  the  arbitra- 
tion of  the  European  Commission  of  the  Danube. 

Abt.  48.  No  transit  daty  shall  be  levied  in  Bon- 
mania for  goods  passing  throutrh  the  principality. 

Abt.  49.  Conventions  ma^  be  made  bv  Koumania 
for  the  regulation  of  the  privileges  ana  powers  of 
consuls  in  matters  of  protection  m  the  pnncipality. 
The  acquired  rights  snail  remain  in  force  so  fiur  as 


258                                              EASTERN  QUESTION. 

tho7  shall  not  have  been  modified  by  a  oommon  without  delay  those  ameliorations  and  refonnswluoli 

agreement  between  the  principality  and  the  inter-  local  needs  require  in  the  provinces  inhabited  by  the 

ested  parties.  Armenians,  and  guarantees  their  security  against 

Abt.  50.  Until  the  oonolusion  of  a  treaty  repfulat-  the  Circassians  and  the  Kurds.    It  undertakes  to 

ing  the  privileges  and  powers  of  consuls  between  make  known,  from  time  to  time,  the  measures  taken 

Turkey  and  Boumania,  tne  Roumanian  subjects  trav-  with  this  object  to  the  fowers,  who  wiU  watch  over 

eling  or  residing  in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the  their  application. 

Ottoman  subjects  traveling  or  residing  in  Koumania,  Abt.  62.  The  Sublime  Porte  having  expressed  its 
shall  ei\joy  the  rights  granted  to  the  subjects  of  the  willingness  to  maintain  the  principle  of  religions  lib- 
other  European  rowers.  ^^j  Ai^d  to  give  it  the  widest  sphere,  the  contracting 

Abt.  61.  In  all  that  relates  to  the  working  of  the  parties  take  cognizance  of  this  spontaneous  declara- 

publio  works  and  matters  of  a  like  nature,  Boumania  tion.    In  every  part  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  diiSer- 

will  be  substituted  with  respect  to  the  rights  and  enoe  of  religion  should  not  be  held  as  a  motive  of 

obligations  of  the  Sublime  Porto  in  regard  to  the  ezdusion  or  unfitness  in  anvthing  that  relates  to 

ceded  territory.  the  use  of  civil  and  political  rightu,  admission  to 

Abt.  52.  In  order  to  strengthen  the  ^parantees  public  oilioes,  duties,  and  honors,  and  the  ezarciae 

necessary  to  insure  the  liberty  of  navigation  of  the  of  all  professions  and  industries  in  whatever  locality 

Danube,  which  is  recognized  to  be  of  £uropean  in-  it  may  be.    All  should  be  admitted,  without  distino- 

terest,  the  high  contracting  Powers  decide  that  all  tion  of  religion,  to  give  evidence  before  the  tribn- 

tbe  fortresses  and  fortifications  which  are  to  be  found  nals,  the  exercise  and  external  practice  of  all  reli- 

in  the  course  of  the  river  fW>m  tlie  Iron  Gates  to  its  gions  should  be  entirely  free,  and  no  impediment 

mouths  shall  be  razed,  and  that  tbev  shall  not  be  re-  should  be  offered  either  to  the  liierarchical  organiza- 

constructed.    No  ship  of  war  shall  be  permitted  to  tion  of  the  different  communions  or  to  their  spiritual 

navigate  the  Danube  downward  from  the  Iron  Gates,  chiefs ;  ecclesiastics^  pilgrims,  and  monks  of  all  na* 

except  light  vessels  in  the  service  of  the  river  police  tionalities  traveling  in  European  and  Asiatic  Turkey 

and  of  the  custom-house  officers.    The  guardships  shall  enjoy  the  same  rights,  advantages,  and  privi- 

of  the  Powers  at  the  mouths  of  the  Danube  shall,  leges.    The  right  of  official  protection  is  accorded  to 

however,  be  permitted  to  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  the  diplomatic  and  consular  agents  of  the  Powers  in 

Galatz.  Turkey,  no  less  with  regard  to  the  persons  above 

Art.  68.  The  European  Commission  of  the  Dan-  mentioned,  with  their  religious  and  charitable  estab- 

ube,  at  which  Boumania  and  Servia  are  represented,  lishments,  than  to  others  in  the  Holy  Places  and 

is  maintained  in  its  functions,  and  will  exercise  them  elsewhere.    The  rights  conceded  to  France  are  ex- 

henceforth  as  far  as  Galatz  with  complete  indepen-  pressly  reserved,  it  being  well  understood  that  the 

denoe  of  the  territorial  authority.    All  the  treaties,  datu*  ^uo  with  respect  to  the  Holy  Places  shall  not 

arrangements,  acts,  and  decisions  relative   to  its  be  seriously  affected  in  an^  way.    The  monks  of 

rights,  privileges,  prerogatives,  and  obligations  are  Mount  Athos,  whatever  their  nationality,  shall  be 

confirmed.  maintained  in  possession  of  their  possessiona  and 

Abt.  54.  One  year  before  the  expiration   of  the  i>reviou6  advantages,  and  shall  enjoy  without  excep- 

term  assigned  for  the  duration  of  the  European  Com-  tion  Aill  equality  of  rights  and  prerogatives, 

mission,  the  Powera  shall  agree  on  the  prolongation  Abt.  68.  The  treaty  of  Paris  of  March  80,  1856, 

of  their  authority,  or  as  to  the  modifications  which  ss  well  as  the  treaty  of  London  of  March  18, 1871, 

they  shall  consider  necessary  to  be  introduced.  are  maintained  in  all  those  dispositions  which  are 

Abt.  55.  The  regulations  of  the  navigation  of  the  not  abrogated  or  modified  by  the  preceding  stipula* 

river  police,  and  of  the  surveillance  between  the  Iron  tions. 

Gates  and  Galatz,  shall  be  framed  by  the  European  Abt.  64.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratified,  and 

Commission,  assisted  by  delegates  from  the  riparian  the  ratifications  exchanged,  within  a  period  of  three 

states,  and  made  in  harmony  with  those  which  have  weeks,  or  sooner  ifposfible.  In  witness  whereof  the 

been,  or  shall  be,  decreed  for  the  course  of  the  river  plenipotentaries  affix  their  signaturea. 

Abt.  56.^  The  European  Commission  of  the  Dan-  J°8t  before  the  close  of  the  Congress,  the 

ube  shall  come  to  an  arrangement  with  the  proper  British  Government  published  the  text  of  a 

part  as  for  maintaining  the  lighthouse  on  the  isle  of  treaty  of  defensive  alliance  which  it  had  con- 

y^'^'S;  rri,            *.#*!.         X,    ^     *v  eluded  on  June  4th  with  the  Porte.    This  treaty 

Abt.  67.  The  execution  of  the  works  for  the  re-  fftii/v«yQ . 

moval  of  the  obstacles  which  the  Iron   Gates  and  ^"*  "*  louows . 

the  Cataracts  cause  to  the  navigation  is  intrusted  to  Abtxolb  I.  If  Batoum,  Ardahan,  Kara,  or  any  of 

Austro-Hungary.    The  states  on  the  banks  of  this  them  shall  be  retained  by  Bussia,  and  if  any  attempt 

side  of  the  river  shall  afford  every  facility  which  shall  be  made  at  any  future  time  by  Bussia  to  take 

may  be  necessarv.  possession  of  any  further  territories  of  his  Imperial 

Abt.  58.  The  Porte  cedes  to  the  Bussian  Empire  Migesty  the  Sultan  in  Asia,  as  fixed  by  the  definitive 

in  Asia  the  territories  of  Ardahan,  Kan.  and  Batoum,  treaty  of  peace,  England  engages  to  ioin  his  Imperial 

and  with  the  last-named  port  also  tne  territories  Migesty  the  Sultan  in  defending  tLem  by  force  of 

comprised  between  the  former  Busso-Turkish  fVon-  arms. 

tier  and  the  following  boundary,  namely :  a  line  from  In  return,  his  Imperial  Majesty  the  Sultan  prom- 

Makrialos  on  the  Black  Sea  to  Gadapia,  thence  fol-  iaes  to  England  to  introduce  necessary  reforms,  to 

lowing  the  stream  to  Artvin:  from  Artvin,  through  be  agreed  upon  later  between  the  two  Powers,  into 

Khorda,  whence,  making  a  slight  curve,  it  runs  on  the  government,  and  for  the  protection  of  the  Chris- 

the  west  side  of  Olti,  passing  thence  to  Nartman,  tian  and  other  subjects  of  the  Porte  in  these  territo- 

Bardus,  Ardost,  and  south  of  Kagisman,  to  the  for-  ries ;  and  in  order  to  enable  England  to  make  neoes- 

mer  Bussian  frontier.  sary  provision  for  executing  her  engagement,  bis  Im- 

Abt.  59.  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Bussia  de-  perial  Miuesty  the  Sultan  Airthcr  consents  to  aaai^ 

dares  it  to  be  his  intention  to  make  Batoum  a  free  the  islana  of  Cyprus  to  be  occupied  and  adminis- 

and  essentially  commercial  port.  terod  by  England. 

Abt.  60.  The  valley  of  Alashgerd  and  the  town  of  Abt.  II.  The  present  convention  shall  be  ratified, 

Bayazid,  ceded  to  Bussia  by  Article  19  of  the  treaty  and  the  ratifications  thereof  shall  be  exchanged,  with* 

of  San  Stefano,  are  given  back  to  Turkey.   The  Sul>-  in  the  space  of  one  month,  or  sooner  if  possible, 

lime  Porte  cedes  to  Penia  the  town  and  district  of  In  witness  whereof  the  respectiveplenipotentiarias 

Kootoor ;  and  it  is  provided  that  the   boundaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  affixed  thereto  the 

shall  be  fixed  by  an  Anglo-Bussian  Commission.  seal  of  their  arms. 

Abt.  61.  The  Sublime  Porte  engages  to  realize  Doneat  Constantinople,  the  fourth  day  of  June,  in 


ECUADOR. 


259 


the  jear  one  tboniand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight. 

An  annex  to  this  convention  was  signed  on 
the  same  daj,  and  contained  the  following  pro- 
visions : 

Annex,— It  ie  nnderatood  hetween  the  two  high 
eontnetlng  partiee  that  England  agrees  to  the  fol- 
lowing conditions  reiatins  to  her  occupation  and  ad- 
ministration of  the  island  of  Cyprus : 

I.  That  a  Mussulman  religious  tribunal  (Mehk^- 
m^i  Sh^ri)  shidl  continue  to  exist  in  the  island,  which 
will  take  exclusive  cognizance  of  religious  matterSf 
and  of  no  others,  oonoerning  the  Mussulman  popula- 
tion of  the  island. 

II.  Thst  a  Mussulman  resident  in  the  island  shall 
be  named  by  the  Board  of  Pious  Foundstions  in 
Turkey  (Evkaf)  to  superintend,  in  coi^unotion  with 
a  delegate  to  be  appointed  by  the  Bntish  authori- 
ties, the  administration  of  the  property,  IHrnds.  and 
lanas  belonging  to  mos<^ue8,  cemeteries,  Mussulman 
schools,  and  other  reUgioua  establishments  existiog 
in  Cyprus. 

III.  That  England  will  pay  to  the  Porte  whatever 
is  the  present  excess  of  revenue  over  expenditure  in 
the  island ;  this  excess  to  be  calculated  upon  and  de- 
termined by  the  average  of  the  last  five  years,  stated 
to  be  22,986  purses,  to  oe  duly  verified  hereafter,  and 
to  the  exoluaion  of  the  produce  of  state  and  crown 
lands  let  or  sold  during  that  period. 

IV.  That  the  Sublime  Porte  mar  freely  sell  and 
lease  lands  and  other  property  in  Ovprus  belonging 
to  the  Ottoman  orown  and  state  (Arazii  Miriye  vl 
Emlaki  Houmayoun),  the  produce  of  which  does  not 
form  part  of  the  revenue  of  the  island  referred  to  in 
Article  UI. 

y.  That  the  En(|[lish  Government,  through  their 
eompetent  authorities,  may  purchase  compiilsorily, 
at  a  rair  price,  land  required  for  public  improvements, 
or  for  other  public  purposes,  and  land  which  is  not 
cultivated. 

VI.  That  if  Bnssia  restores  to  Turkey  Ears  and 
the  other  conquests  made  by  her  in  Armenia  during 
the  Isst  war,  tne  island  of  Cyprus  will  be  evacuated 
bv  England,  and  the  convention  of  the  4th  of  Juno, 
1878,  will  be  at  an  end. 

EOUADOR  (RvptBuojL  del  Eouadob),  an 
independent  state  of  South  America,  lying  be- 
tween 1"*  6'  north  and  5®  80'  south  latitude, 
and  69*"  62'  and  80°  85'  west  longitude.  Its 
boundaries  are :  on  the  north,  the  United 
States  of  Colombia  and  Brazil;  on  the  east, 
Braril ;  on  the  south,  Peru ;  on  the  west,  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  territory  of  the  republic, 
with  an  estimated  area  of  249,000  square  miles, 
is  divided  into  thirteen  provinces,  which,  with 
their  capitals  and  the  population  of  eleven  of 
them,  are  as  follows : 


PROVINCSS. 

Aznsy 

Chimboreao 

£smenldis 

GaUpagos  (laknds) 

Guayas 

ImbabonL. 

Leon 

Lqja 

LoaBlos 

Maoabi 

Oriaote 

Plehlaeba 


FopalatioD. 


100,000 

128.910 

10,000 

9S,«60 

101,2S2 

100,000 

«0,0ft5 

67,862 

120,289 
70,148 


Ma,088 


entail 


Gnenea. 

Rlobamba. 

Esmeraldas. 

Albemarle. 

GoayaqniL 

Ibaxra. 

Latacnnn. 

Lola. 

BaMb<70. 

Portorl^o. 

Arrhldona. 

Quito. 

Ambato. 


To  the  foregoing  figures,  from  an  official 
report  presented  by  order  of  the  Government 
to  the  Convention,  and  which  would  show  an 
increase  of  79,896,  as  compared  with  the  official 
return  published  in  1875,*  should  be  added  some 
200,000  uncivilized  Indians.  The  total  popula- 
tion of  Ecuador  would  thus  be  1,146,088.  In 
the  report  just  referred  to,  the  population  of 
Quito,  the  capital  of  the  republic,  was  set  down 
at  80,000,  and  that  of  Guayaquil,  the  chief  sea- 
port, at  26,000. 

The  President  of  Ecuador  is  General  de,Vein- 
temiUa,  inaugurated  in  December,  1876.  The 
Ministers  of  the  Interior  and  of  Finance  and 
other  members  of  the  Cabinet  resigned  their 
portfolios,  in  order  to  take  their  seats  in  the 
Constitutional  Convention  which  met  in  Am- 
bato soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  year 
1878,  and  continued  in  session  until  May  8 1st. 

The  armed  force,  according  to  the  meager 
information  to  be  obtained  on  the  subject, 
would  appear  to  be  increased  from  the  former 
strength  of  1,200  to  5,000. 

The  national  revenue,  about  one  half  of 
which  is  derived  from  custom-house  receipts, 
amounted  in  1876  to  2,817,000  pesos,t  and  the 
expenditure  to  8,860,000  pesos,  constituting  a 
deficit  of  1,048,000,  or  little  less  than  one  half 
the  revenue.  Official  statistics  of  the  finances 
of  the  country,  published  in  the  last  quarter  of 
1878,  showed  the  revenue  for  the  year,  from 
September  1, 1876,  to  August  81, 1877,  to  have 
been  2,228,000  pesos;  but  of  the  expenditure 
two  items  only  were  mentioned:  115,590  pesos 
for  the  '*  Government's  own  expenses,"  states 
a  British  writer,  and  1,218,000  for  the  "Min- 
istry of  War,  the  army,  etc."  The  President's 
salary  is  24,000  pesos  per  annum.  The  custom- 
house duties  to  the  end  of  1877  somewhat  ex- 
ceeded those  of  the  preceding  year,  nptwith- 
standing  a  decrease  of  129,000  pesos  in  the 
value  of  the  exports.  The  improvement  here 
referred  to  in  the  yield  of  the  customs  depart- 
ment is  attributable  in  part  to  increased  rates 
of  duty  on  some  of  the  more  important  staples 
of  export,  and  in  part  to  exceptionally  large 
imports  from  Great  Britain.  The  fiscal  year 
1877-78  was  dso  marked  by  the  laying  of  an 
additional  specific  export  duty  on  some  of  the 
commodities  shipped  from  the  country,  as  re- 
ferred to  in  the  subjoined  extract  from  a  gen- 
erally well-Lnformed  Colombian  publication, 
bearing  date  of  May,  1878 : 

A  decree  has  been  issued  by  the  President  provid- 
ing for  the  improvement  and  cleaning  of  tbe  streets 
of  Guayaqml  and  for  the  canalization  of  the  Esteros. 
The  work  is  to  be  done  by  contract.  To  provide  a 
fand  for  the  payment  of  the  cost,  etc.,  a  special  im* 
post  has  been  levied  as  follows :  On  each  46  kilo- 
grammes of  India-rubber,  ooifee.  quina,  sarsaparilla 
bark,  and  hides,  exported  from  toe  country,  20  cents 
shall  be  paid,  10  oents  for  each  46  kilogrammes  of 
orchilla,  and  26  oents  for  each  hundred  bamboo  canes. 
These  latter  are  shipped  in  considerable  (quantities 
to  Peru.    It  is  calculated  that  this  extraordinary  tax 

•  See  "American  GjeloiMBdis''  for  1S76,  p.  241. 
t  The  KeuadorUn  pe9a  la  eqnlTsleot  to  about  11  oeats  of 
United  States  money. 


260  EODABOB. 

will  p»>dnoe  aboat  80,000  patoi  par  umnm.  It  will  in  a  hopeless  conditaon  of  anarohy  sad  opprea- 
be  Men  from  this  that  the  peopU  of  Ga»iquii  ure  gio„  accordinft  to  a  Colombian  newapaper  cor- 
p«rtio«l.rly,  fcvoted    a.  ths  product.  °J  y^^^^J^    reBpondeat,  whose  rare  communicatioDB  baTs 

points,   naoiendu*,  etc,  are  made  to  pay  ror  local     ,     '  ^     .i    i_         .i       _i     .-j-_  ■     j 

[tDprovemmtB  in  tliat  city.  Guayaquil  itielf  haa  no  ior  manj  months  been  the  <mlr  tidings  raceiiwl 
agTicaltuTs,itia  aimply  apart;  and  ans  mual  admire  ont^detherepnblicof  the  events  posaing  within 
tlie  oorraet  and  just  viowa  of  an  Exeontivs  who  taiea  its  borders.  A  Constitutional  Conventioo,  con- 
interior  industne.,  which  have  their  own  looai  bur-  ^^ted  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  at  Ambato, 
me^r^'^.bo^di^elyXr?"  pay  fori".  o-Tiitopr'o™-  '^P"?'  "^  *''.«'  province  of  Tm^"*"*.  contto- 
menta.  ued  lU  segsionB  until  May  3lBt.     The  ostensi- 

ble object  of  this  assembly  was  to  "adopt  a 
At  the  commencement  of  1877  the  national  constitntion  which  should  meet  the  more  lib- 
debt  *  was  reported  to  amonnt  to  a  total  of  eral  views  of  tlie  people,  and  serve  their  neres- 
21,Q11,S00 pesos,  composed  as  follows:  British  sities  better  that  that  tinder  which  Borrero 
loan  contracted  in  1856  (£1,824,000),  11,764,-  accepted  power,  and  still  more  so  than  the 
600  pesos ;  home  debt,  10,150,000  pesos.  eelebrated  iron-clad  constitntion  of  Garcia  Mo- 

The  most  recent  commercial  retnrns  pnb-  reno."  To  bb;  the  least  it  was  an  act  of  ccD- 
lished  are  those  given  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclo-  cUiation  which  General  VeintemiUa  probably 
piedia"  for  1877.  Owing  to  heavy  and  eon-  regarded  as  necessary  in  order  to  justify  the 
tinnoua  raius^  the  cacao  crop  was  Ua  under  violent  measnras  by  which  be  hod  wrested  the 
the  average  m  1878.  The  qnantit;  of  this  reins  of  government  from  the  hands  of  bis 
Gtmimodity  received  at  GnayaquU  daring  the    former  chief.    He  also  probably  bore  in  mind 

that  Borrero's  nnpopo- 
larity  bad  been  irre- 
vocably sealed  by  the 
omisuon  on  his  part 
to  call  a  ConstitntioDal 
Assembly.  A  year 
elapsed,  however,  be- 
tween Veintemilla's  ac- 
cession to  power  and 
the  meeting  of  the 
Convention,  "  during 
whicb  time,  no  doubt," 
snggests  the  writer  al- 
ready mentioned,  "b« 
was  consolidating  hit 
power  and  making  bia 
preparationa  to  pauk 
the  Assembly  to  Boitbia 
views.  That  be  suc- 
ceeded in  doing  so  is 
evident.  The  legisla- 
tive labor  perfonned  in 
that  body  has  been  rtn- 
coropiii,  TiiwiD  rBo>  ulm.  ji(,as|y  kept  from  the 

public,  wifli  the  excep- 
flrst  nine  months  was  but  75,881  quintals  (of  tion  of  one  or  two  meaanres  which  are  known 
100  lbs.  each),  white  in  the  first  eight  months  to  have  been  adopted.  Notable  among  these 
of  1877  the  quantity  received  was  182,300  is  the  hill  denying  religions  liberty  in  the  coun- 
quintals.  Tagua  or  vegetable  ivory  was  ex-  try,  evidently  emanatJOK  from  Yeintemilla,  and 
ported  on  an  nnnsnally  extensive  scale,  which  stamping  biro  as  mnch  irasofa  liberal  than  he 
cirenmatance,  together  with  the  enhanced  prices  pretends  to  be.  Bat  the  crowning  farce  of  tbe 
received  for  cacao  ($2S  to  $35  per  qnintal  in  eeesjon  was  reserved  for  its  last  day,  when  a 
October,  1878),  served  to  ooinpenaato  iu  a  minister  rose  in  his  place,  and,  repeating  a 
measure  for  the  fall  in  the  production  of  the  series  of  tales,  many  of  which  are  of  doubtful 
latter  article.  foundation,  moved  that  the  country  be  ounsid- 

The  shipping  movements  at  the  port  of  ered  in  a  state  of  war,  and  that  General  Vein- 
Onayaquil  for  the  year  1876  were  as  follows:  temilla  be  declared  dictator  for  an  unlmittd 
Entered,  166  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  146,-  period.  Tbe  resolution  also  included  the  extri- 
761  tons;  cleared,  166  vessela,  with  an  aggre-  ordinary  proposition  that  all  the  work  of  the 
gate  of  146,SS8  tons.  Assembly  he  considered  null  and  void  for  the 

No  information  concerning  railways  was  present,  and  that  that  body  shotdd  adjoam. 
published  during  the  year.  The  reasons  alleged  for  such  eztraordinsiy  sc- 

Potitical  affairs  in  Ecuador  would  seem  to  be  tion  may  be  briefly  stated :  Tepei,*  a  former 
■  tj^~^ — 7T7, ; — ;i"""u     ,,  V.  .„     J       revolutionary  leader,  was  said  to  he  on  the 

•  IirtnMtliiKaoWlBoonMnilnir  He  niMoniJdiibtof  Ecuador •- 1 ■ — 

wenglvwlii  the  "4aoaal  ^fckipadla  "  tOr  ISO.  *8h  "  Animal  C7clap«dla''n>rlSTT.p-  US. 


ECUADOR.  EDISON,  THOMAS  A.           261 

frontier;  an  Invasion  of  emi^ants  was  feared  EDISON,  Thomas  Alt  a,  an  American  in- 

from  Pern  (?) ;  a  revolntion  existed  in  Gaaya-  ventor,  bom  at  MiJan,  Erie  County,  Ohio,  in 

qail;  finally,  the  burning  of  the  barracks  in  1847.    His  father,  who  is  still  living  at  the  age 

Ambato.    This  last  seems  to  have  been  the  of  seventy-four,  is  of  Dutch  descent,  and  has 

only  credible  part  of  the  story ;  but  the  Gov-  been  at  different  times  a  tailor,  a  nurseryman, 

emment  charged  on  the  revolutionists,  who  and  a  dealer  in  grain,  in  lumber,  and  in  farm 

existed  only  in  imagination,  the  odium  of  the  lands.    His  mother,  who  died  in  1862,  was 

conflagration.    These  reports  were  considered  'bom  in  Massachusetts  of  Scotch  parentage, 

nifficient  to  induce  the  timid  legislators  to  con-  She  was  well  educated,  and  bad  been  a  teacher 

fer  ab8<^ate  powers  npon  the  Executive,  and  to  in  Canada.    When  young  Edison  was  seven 

retire  in  an  nndignified  way  to  their  homes.    It  years  old  his  parents  removed  to  Port  Huron, 

is  just  such  farces  as  these,  such  flagrant  vio-  Mich.    He  received  not  more  than  two  months 

Ulion  of  pledges,  such  palpable  disregard  of  of  regular  schooling,  but  was  taught  in  the  ele> 

constitutional  rights,  and  the  vaulting  ambition  mentary  branches  by  his  mother.    He  had  a' 

which  stops  not  at  evil  for  the  accomplishment  passion  for  reading,  and  before  he  was  twelve 

of  its  ends,  which  make  revolution  an  easy  thing  years  old  had  read  Gibbon^s  **  Rome,"  Hume^s 

in  these  countries."  '*  England,"  and  the  "  Penny  Cydopflsdia."  He 

But,  if  the  welfare  of  the  state  was  not  the  also  read  some  books  on  chemistry  in  early 

Bobject  chiefly  discussed  at  the  Convention,  life,  and  so  strong  was  his  thirst  for  knowledge 

private  interests  in  high  places  would  appear  that  at  one  time  he  resolved  to  read  every  book 

not  to  have  been  forgotten,  if  we  may  judge  in  the  public  library  of  Detroit    In  execution 

from  the  following  results  transcribed  from  a  of  this  purpose  he  read  Newton's  '*  Prindpia," 

liy-sheet  published  on  May  16tb,  at  Ambato :  Ure's  scientific  dictionaries,  Burton's  "  Anat- 

TheConrtitntional  Convention  donated  10  General  ^"^7"^   Mekncholy,"  and    other  important 

Urbini,  VeintemillA'a  lieutemmt,  the  sum  of  60,000  works,    lie  early  became  a  newsboy  on  the 

p«eot  u  a  reoompentte  for  hie  servioes.   To  Urbina'e  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  opposite  Detroit    This 

nephew,  Mr.  Viteri,  was  allowed  the  snm  of  16,011  position  gave  him  the  opportunity  of  read- 

^'^lif  ^''V^V  °\^5  'l^*  treasurir  many  years  f^g  ^any  miscellaneous  books.     He  became 

iffo,  bot  of  which  nobody  hai»  any  partieularknowl-  ^®  ^  i^t^m^^^A  :«  ^\.^^i«^,^   »^a  ^«4.  «^  « 

3rfi.   Viteri  pieaentedl^  petition  to  the  Aaeembly  much  interested  m  chemistry,  and  put  up  a 

io  the  morning,  Urbina  reoommended  its  paaeage,  laboratory  in  one  of  the  cars ;  but  his  entnu- 

•od  the  obedient  body  at  onoe  made  it  a  law.    To  a  elastic    efforts    in    this    direction  were  soon 

relatiTe  of  Veintemilla,  100  square  leagnea  of  terri-  brought  to  an  end  by  an  unfortunate  explo- 

^7/!:in'li°ttn/^  'S^V^a^^^^^.^n''^.  Bi«^  wl^ich  came  near  setting  tiie  train  on  fire, 

miUaB  oanea,  wbueto  tbat  reaonotaole  oaptain  tne  ji^*vijj.u          j^^a-l         au 

▼er/  liberal  ealaiy  of  24,000  pesos  per  annum  is  paid  •'^^  which  led  the  conductor  to  throw  the  ap- 

from  a  treaauxy  already  exhaustea,  and  with  losses  paratus  and  chemicals  of  the  young  enthusiast 

ofrsTenae  threatened  through  the  failore  of  crops,eto.  out  of  the  car.  Not  content  with  selling  papers, 

Some  suppose  the  land  gift  will  be  chosen  in  sectiona  Edison  next  bought  some  old  type  and  began 

others  thmk  that  the  province  of  Napo,  from  which  ^^^^  Trunk  Herald."  WhUe  acting  as  news- 
the  Ismst  amount  of  bark,  etc.,  is  obtainable,  will  boy  he  got  acquainted  with  the  telegraph  op- 
be  flxed  upon.  Should  this  province  be  ultimately  erators  along  the  line,  and  became  ambitious 
•elected,  an  industry  wluoh  now  gives  employment  to  be  an  operator  himself.  The  station  master 
l^l?rJS3rrf  e^port,^u/^^^^  at  Momit  Siemens  Station  offered  to  give  him 
individual^  To  that  unhappy  republic  may  be  ap-  the  necessary  mstruction,  and  for  five  months 
plied  the  saying  of  the  prophet,  "  Thej  have  taken  the  young  newsboy  returned  to  this  point  after 
avay  myooat,  and  for  mv  garments  have  they  cast  bis  day's  work  to  receive  nightly  instruction  in 
lots."  -Widely  different  Is  the  treatment  they  have  telegraphy.  At  the  end  of  this  tune  he  was 
10  reserve  for  those  who  venture  to  express  the  opm-  "^  {?«  *;  /  ^  .^.  »;"«»'""«  "«  "  « 
ion  that  thmgs  are  not  just  as  tiicy  should  be.  qualified  to  accept  a  position  m  the  telegraph 

office  at  Fort  Huron,  where  he  remained  for 
Liberty  of  speech  and  liberty  of  the  press  six  months,  and  then  became  night  operator  at 
are  apparently  dead  letters  in  Ecuador ;  hosts  Stratford,  Canada.  He  next  went  to  Adrian, 
of  spies  are  scattered  throughout  the  country  Mich.,  where,  besides  discharging  his  duties  as 
to  prevent  the  first,  and  arrest  and  imprison-  operator,  he  spent  much  time  in  repairing  in- 
ment  of  editors  by  the  direct  orders  of  the  £x-  struments  and  other  mechanical  employments, 
eeotive  are  the  efficient  means  adopted  to  curb  for  which  he  had  made  a  small  workshop  and 
the  second.  "The  press  continues  mute  in  furnished  it  with  tools.  He  soon  went  to  In- 
Gaayaquil,"  writes  the  correspondent  already  dianapolis,  where  he  invented  an  automatic  r^ 
alloded  to,  in  December  last,  *'  since  by  the  peater,  by  which  a  message  might  be  trans- 
mandate  of  Dictator  Veintemilla,  Ezequiel  Go-  ferred  from  one  wire  to  another  without  the 
mez^s  printing-office  was  closed,  and  himself  aid  of  an  operator.  Going  in  turn  to  Gincin- 
castintoadnngeon.'^  Four  newspapers,  **  El  In-  nati,  Memphis,  Louisville,  and  New  Orleans, 
dependente,^'  "ElGuayas,"  "La  Democracia,"  he  returned  to  Cincinnati  in  1867,  where,  at 
and  ^'  Las  Noches  de  los  Trabajadores,*'  had  the  age  of  twenty,  he  became  absorbed  in  pro- 
ceased  to  be  published.  This  is  one  of  the  jects  of  invention.  He  had  now  become  one 
many  direful  results  of  the  terrorism  exercised  of  the  most  expert  operators  in  the  service, 
by  SiBfi(»  Veintemilla.  and  was  soon  put  into  the  leading  position  in 


262  EDISON,  THOMAS  A. 

the  Boston  office.  Here  he  fitted  up  a  small  definitely,  so  as  to  make  the  electric  light  prao- 
shop  and  continued  his  experiments.  In  1870  ticable  for  smaU  areas.  He  has  also  invented 
he  went  to  Rochester,  N.  T.,  to  test  between  an  harmonic  engine,  with  which  he  proposes  to 
that  oitj  and  Boston  the  practicability  of  his  use  compressed  air  as  a  motor  for  propelling 
invention  of  the  duplex  telegraph ;  but  the  ex-  sewing-machines  and  other  light  machinery, 
periment  did  not  prove  successful.  He  next  It  is  said  to  be  in  advance  of  other  electric  en- 
entered  the  service  of  the  Gold  Indicator  Oom-  gines,  and  that  through  its  agency  electricity 
pany  in  New  York,  of  which  he  was  soon  may  yet  be  utilized  as  a  motive  power.  Among 
made  superintendent.  Here  he  introduced  his  other  important  inventions  are  the  electric 
improved  apparatus,  and  invented  the  gold  pen  for  multiplying  copies  of  letters  or  draw- 

Srinter  and  other  devices.    About  this  time  mgs,  and  the  quadruplex  system  of  telegraphy, 

e  established  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  a  factory  for  by  means  of  which  four  communications  may 

{tie  purpose  of  making  the  machines  and  appa-  be  sent  in  opposite  directions  over  one  wire  at 

ratus  which  he  had  invented.     About  three  the  same  time.    This  is  extensively  used  by  the 

hundred  men  were  employed  in  this  establish-  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  and  other 

ment,  but  the  demands  made  on  his  time  by  lines. 

the  business  left  him  so  little  opportunity  for  In  a  work  on  "  The  Speaking  Telephone, 

pursuing  his  experiments  and  making  inven-  Electric  Light,  and  other  recent  Electrical  In- 

tions  that  he  abandoned  the  enterprise,  and  in  ventions,'' Just  published  by  D.  Appleton  &  Co., 

1876  established  a  shop  for  experimenting  at  the  author,  Mr.  George  B.  Prescott,  gives  the 

Menlo  Park,  a  smaU  station  on  the  Pennsyl-  following  interesting  analysis  of  Mr.  Edison^s 

vania  Railroad,  about  twenty-four  miles  from  genius: 

New  York.  This  shop  is  a  two-sto^  white  The  grett  number  and  variety  of  subjects  to  which 
frame  buildmg,  100  by  26  feet,  situated  on  the  Mr.  EdSon  has  given  hU  attention  is  ecarcclv  less 
crown  of  a  knoll.  It  is  well  equipped  with  surpriaing  than  the  marked  auccess  with  which  bis  la- 
machinery,  apparatus,  etc.,  and  has  telegraphic  ^^™  have  been  crowned.  Electricity  alone,  although 
oommnmcation  with  the  wires  of  the  Am-  SS^aX^nK'S^  h^irv^^'Jo^r 
ciaiea  rress.  gjj  path  haa  been  through  extended  portions  of 
Although  Mr.  Edison  is  still  a  very  young  physics  and  chemistry,  and  is  clearly  marked  by 
man,  his  inventions  are  exceedingly  numerous,  characteristic  inventions  in  these  vast  domains.  Not 
He  has  taken  out  upward  of  150  patents,  but  fe"  remarkable,  too,  is  the  originality  of  his  ideas. 
#aw-  />#  <RrK{/»Ti  y^rs^AWT^m  a-a  ^4?  »Aai  ^«i„«  TK«>  Mauy  of  his  inventions,  to  be  sure,  are  but  improve- 
few  of  which^  however  are  of  real  value.    The  „^„4          ^^^  methoia  of  previiua  investigatom, 

most  wonderiul,  as  well  as  the  most  famous,  of  but  many  others  have  been  produced  while  pursaing 

his  inven^ons  are  the  carbon  telephone  and  a  line  quite  outside  of  that  followed  by  these  earlier 

the  phonograph,  which  were  described  in  the  pioneers,  and  in  aome  instancesj  also,  without  any 

"  Annual  Cyclopadia  "  for  1877.    Among  his  ^T'^^ll?*'  whatever  that  the  subjecta  tad  been  con- 

^*u^m  ;«.^^«i««*.  ♦^i^.*Ur.«««  ««,!  ^^ -*j^  i^ aidered  by  them.   As  illustrations  of  this  faculty  for 

other  miportant  telephonic  and  acoustic  mven-  original  research,  we  have  only  to  mention  his  chcm- 

tions  are  the  microphone,  the  micro-tasimeter,  icalaystem  of  telegraphy,  the  electro-motograph,  the 

the  aerophone,  the  megaphone,  and  the  pho-  svstem  of  double  transmission  in  the  same  direction, 

nometer.    By  the  micro-tasimeter,  or  measurer  f "«  quadruplex  telegraph,  and  the  carbon  telephone, 

of  infinitesiaial  preseoree^all  variations  of  rfW^',::7/»jr?K^^^^ 

temperature  may  be  detected,  and  the  relative  transmiasion  in  the  same  direction  in  1866,  snd  at 

expansion  of  substances  due  to  a  rise  of  tern-  that  time  had  the  idea  of  ouadruplez  telegraphy  in 

perature  may  be  ascertained.     It  was  success-  mind.     Kramer  shortly  &uen»'aid  imnroved  upon 

fhlly  used  during  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  ^^}^  method,  and  subseouently  the  idea*  was  aleo 

in  July  1878,  to  de«on.trate  L  existence  of  S:[*Vj;Xte.iryflte'dlliS^;f^^^^^^^^^^ 

heat  in  the  corona.    The  aSrophone,  which  has  a  similar  line  of  investigations,  and  in  the  end  only 

not  yet  been  perfected,  is  a  contrivance  for  succeeded  in  working  imperfectly  upon  lines  of  very 

amplifying  sound.    Its  purpose  is  to  increase  "l^ort  length.    Mr.  Edison,  however,  instead  of  cm- 

the  loudness  of  words  spoken  without  impair-  ploying  relays  or  their  equivalent  for  accomplishing 

i^^  4.Vv^  A:^4.i^^*. ^^  ^*  It^     _j.'     1  i.'           rpi-  this  object,  as  his  predecessors  had  done,  connned 

ing  the  distinctness  of  the  articulation.  The  himselfsolely  to  two,  one  for  receiving  each  transmis- 
megapbone  is  as  remarkable  for  its  simphcity  sion.  He  also  avoided,  without  emi>loyinp  previous- 
as  for  what  may  be  accomplished  by  it.  With  13^  used  methods^  but  u^ing  one  quite  original  with 
no  other  apparatus  than  a  few  paper  funnels,  himself,  the  mutilation  of  signals  which  a  change  in 
a  conversation  may  be  carried  on  through  a  the  polarity  ofthebattery  current  produced:  and  by 
J.  .  -  .  -^  J  ,  v»  J.  A  "v"h"  "  tjjg  addition  of  a  simple  device,  never  thought  of  by 
distance  of  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  miles,  previous  experimenters,  and  wliich  was  made  direct- 
Mr.  Edison  is  now  experimenting  with  a  view  ly  operative  by  the  line  current,  and  independently 
of  producing  an  apparatus  on  this  principle  for  of  tne  relays  themselves,  succeeded  in  completely 
the  benefit  of  the  deaf.    The  phonometer  is  an  solving  the  question  of  multiple  telegraphy  for  all 

instrument  for  measuring  the'mech«.ical  force  ^lXp?r.lut  frrM^;«"ci^°u'ir"«mn.; 

Of  sound-waves  produced  by  the  human  voice,  original  and  beneficial  results  attended  his  kbors  in 

Mr..  Edison  has  obtained  a  patent  for  an  elec-  the  field  of  chemical  telegraphy.    With  this  system, 

trie  light,  and  is  still  making  experiments  which  after  careftilly  studying  the  problems  involved,  he 

are  expected  to  lead  to  important  results.     It  •?ccee<J«d  in  vastly  improving  the  speed  of  trtnsmis. 

i,«^  kJL^   -«.i^^-*^i   4.1.  *  1,     1.       A*              J  sion  for  Circuits  of  any  length  whatever, 

has  been  reported  that  he  has  discovered  a  His  originality  is  also  shown  to  good  advantage 

means  for  subdividing  the  electno  current  in-  in  the  invention  of  the  carbon  telephone.    During 


EGYPT. 


263 


tbe  time  that  Qr^y  was  oooapted  with  the  problem 
of  tnnimittiDg  ftitiouUte  speech  b7  means  of  ▼aria- 
tioDS  in  the  current  strengtn  produced  bv  a  movable 
electrode  in  a  liquid  conductor,  and  Bell  sought  to 
realize  bis  idea  of  reproducing  speech  at  a  distance 
bj  the  magneto  principle,  Edison  directed  his  atten- 
tion to  the  attainment  of  the  same  object  in  quite 
another  wa7,  and  soon  succeeded  in  flimishing  the 
true  solution  of  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome,  and 
of  securing  the  best  practical  results,  by  following 
oat  a  principle  previously  discovered  by  himself, 
and  in  which  the  current  variation  was  produced  by 
the  variable  resistance  of  solid  conductors  when 
sabjeeted  to  pressure.  The  result  of  this  novel 
departure  is  seen  in  the  carbon  telephone,  justly 
eonaidered  the  best  transmitting  instrument  yet  in- 
troduced. 

Without  doubt  Mr.  Edison  is  more  than  usually 
endowed  with  what'  the  world  terms  g[eniu8.  His 
intellectual  powers  are  of  no  ordinary  kmd,  and  the 
potentiality  of  his  brain  is  verv  much  above  the 
arerage;  but  it  should  be  dearly  understood  that 
hij  gnat  suooess  is  the  residt,  not  so  much  of  the 
divine  ^ift  of  [^nius  alone,  as  of  his  ceaseless  activ- 
ity and  indomitable  perseverance  under  all  oiroum- 
Btanees ;  these  are  unquestionably  the  most  remark- 
able characteristics  of  his  nature  and  the  real  elements 
of  his  Buccesa.  The  author  can  state  from  personsl 
knowledge  what  is  now  becoming  more  generally 
known  regarding  Mr.  Edison's  eztraordinair  pro- 
pensities for  work.  No  person  with  whom  ne  has 
ever  met  has  exhibited  anything  like  it ;  and  very 
few,  if  favored  with  like  power  of  endurance,  would 
be  willing  to  applv  themselves  so  assiduously  in  anv 
given  direction.  During  the  earlier  experiments  with 
the  quadmplex  system  of  telegraphy,  which  took 
plaoe  under  his  own  supervision,  and  which  required 
a  vast  amount  of  time  and  application  for  its  perfec- 
tion, it  was  a  very  common  thing  to  find  Mr.  Edison 
working  through  the  entire  niglit,  his  only  rest  being 
such  as  a  briefinterval  of  sleep  just  before  day  might 
afford,  taken  in  the  experimental  rooms.  Night  after 
night  be  has  worked  in  thia  manner^  and  been  found 
b  the  morning  with  nothing  but  his  coat  for  a  pil- 
low, and  the  table  or  desk  for  nls  couch,  making  thus 
a  lame  apology  to  nature  for  the  most  reckless  dis- 
regwd  ox  her  requirements. 

EGYPT,  a  country  of  northeastern  Africa, 
Dominally  a  pashalic  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  but 
virtually  an  independent  state  since  1811.  The 
ruler  of  Egypt,  who  has  the  title  of  Khedive, 
l**  Ismail  Pasha,  born  at  Oiuro,  December  81, 
1830,  second  son  of  Ibrahim,  the  son  of  Mehe- 
met  Ali ;  he  succeeded  to  the  Government  at 
the  death  of  his  nncle,  Said  Pasha,  January 
1^,  1863.  The  eldest  son  of  the  Khedive,  Mo- 
hammed Tewfick,  bom  in  1852,  is  President  of 
the  Privy  Council ;  his  eldest  son,  Prince  Ab- 
bas Bey,  was  bom  July  14,  18T4. 

By  the  annexation  of  Darfoor  and  other  ter- 
ritories, Egypt  has  been  largely  increased  in 
extent.  At  the  beginning  of  187T  the  area  and 
fMOpolation  of  the  large^  divisions  of  which 
E^t  is  now  composed  were  as  follows : 


YKAR. 

Bblha. 

Dwtht. 

ExaMioflilrtbft. 

1872 

18T8 

1»7,4B8 
184,741 
177,782 
182,620 
18«,687 
178^ 

128,166 
188,720 
144,924 
119.912 
182,008 
188,608 

69,286 

61,022 

1874 

1875 

82,808 
62,908 

187« 

54,699 

1877 

84.861 

The  following  table  shows  the  imports  and 
exports  from  1874  to  1877,  in  Egyptian  pias- 
ters (20  piasters  =  $1) : 


YKAR. 

Import!. 

Ssporti. 

1874 

607,064,155 
561«946,698 
425,819,102 
449,844,185 

1.842.847.226 

1875 

1,888,888,408 
li)56.128i.68S 

1876 

1877 

1,275,028,211 

The  following  table  shows  the  imports  from 
and  the  exports  to  the  different  foreign  coun- 
tries, in  Egyptian  piasters : 


OOUMTRIia 

Inportk 

Oreat  Britain. 

258,100,000 
80,800,000 
47,900,000 

9,200,000 

13,700,000 

900,000 

1,900,000 
10,100,000 
17,800,000 

8,900,000 

905,600,000 
156L400.000 

F^anee 

Anstro-HnunttT 

49,600,000 

<[»M»— W-»^  IIII^H     f 

Turkey 

40,400,000 

Italy.: 

78,000,000 

Rxifffta.. ............ 

80,100,000 

Oreeoe 

4,900,000 

Ameriea. 

8,600,000 
6,5O0^o66 

India,  Chiaa,  and  J^mui.  . 
Other  ooontries 

Total 

449,800,000 

1,275,000,000 

The  movement  of  shipping  in  1877  was  as 
follows : 


▲RBIVID  IN 


Alexandria. . . . 

Port  Bald 

Buei 

Other  ports. . . 

Total 


1,221 


i 


889 

618 

600 

1,296 

287 

825 

95 

89 

12,678 


1,518 
868 
106 

1,888 


8,820 


TOTAL. 


I 


2,420 
2.159 

1,168 
1,467 


7,214 


i 


1,157,817 

2,121,645 

1,048,666 

214,702 


4,542,619 


82 
86 

M 

40 

iiT 


inauTOBiES. 

Sqwi*  bOm. 

PopOttilOB. 

1-'  ^^^TCC  IMO^Tb  *.■•«••■■■■■ 

212.606-7 

888,792-52 

822,992-10 

6^602,627 

iKSia?r?7.:::;.\:....: 

1,000,000 

t.  EffTntian  Soodan 

10,800,000 

TotaL 

868,891-82 

17,402,627 

The  movement  of  population  from  1872  to 
1877  was  as  follows: 


Egypt  in  1878  passed  through  a  considerable 
financial  crisis.  The  question  at  stake  was  the 
maintenance  or  diminution  of  the  interest  on 
the  public  debt.  All  the  receipts  had  largely 
fallen  off,  and  the  Government  therefore  pro- 
posed to  reduce  the  interest  on  the  debt.  It 
was  thought  by  many  that  the  public  officials 
had  acted  dishonestly,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
Febraary  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Debt 
summoned  the  Minister  of  Finance  before  the 
new  tribunals  in  order  that  he  might  be  forced 
to  produce  his  books  and  disclose  the  true  re- 
ceipts. ^  They  maintained  that  they  were  em- 
powered to  take  this  step  under  the  financial 
decree  of  May  2, 1876,  which  was  incorporated 
with  the  Goschen  decree  of  November  18, 
1876.  A  meeting  of  the  merchants  of  Alexan- 
dria held  on  February  2d  appointed  a  commit- 
tee of  twenty-seven  to  communicate  with  for- 
eign Governments  and  bondholders,  and  to  pro* 


264  EGYPT. 

tect  all  the  interests  involved;  and  in  a  very  pation  of  taxes,  and  consequently  the  Earopean 

plain-spoken  protest  they  criticised  the  Gov-  comptrollers  have  protested  against  it,  and  the 

emment  very  severely.    The  suit  of  tiie  Com-  Oommissioners  of  r ahlic  Deht  declined  to  conn- 

missioners  was  in  the  heginning  of  March  de-  tenance  it.    They  accepted  the  money  as  paid 

cided  in  their  favor  hy  the  court  of  the  first  hy  the  Minister  of  Finance,  hut  they  totally 

instance.    On  March  dOth  the  Khedive  sane-  refosed  to  acknowledge  the  validity  of  the  se- 

tioned  the  appointment  of  a  commission  of  in-  cority.    In  order  to  overcome  these  difficulties, 

quiry  into  the  finances  of  the  country.    Its  the  plan  was  suhmitted  to  the  British  Parlia- 

history  in  hrief  is  as  follows :  In  the  fall  of  ment  tben  in  session,  and  its  approval  was  se- 

1877  claims  on  Egypt  were  advanced  outside  cured. 

the  funded  debt  amounting  to  about  £4,000,-  On  August  20th  Mr.  Bivers  Wilson  presented 

000 ;  at  the  same  time  the  Egyptian  Govern-  to  the  Khedive  the  report  of  the  Oonmiission 

ment  maintained  that  the  resources  of  the  of  Inquiry.   The  first  part  of  the  report  opened 

country  could  not  meet  the  demands  of  the  with  an  explanation  of  the  system  of  accounts 

public  creditors  unless  the  interest  of  the  na-  adopted  by  the  Egyptian  Government.    The 

tional  debt  were  reduced.  The  European  finan-  next  chapter  is  directed  to  an  explanation  of 

cial  officers  then  all  went  to  London  to  consult  the  system  of  taxation.    On  this  subject  the 

Messrs.  Goschen  and  Joubert.    It  was  finaUy  Conmiiasion  reported : 

decided  that  Egypt  must  submit  to  a  thorough  ^^  ^^^  |^  ^^126  of  what  law  a  certain  tax  it  lev- 

mvestigation  of  her  expenditures  and  receipts  led  ia  the  very  last  thought  of  the  taz-eatherer.  The 

before  the  proposal  of  a  reduced  interest  could  Sheik  executes  the  order  of  the  Moudir,  the  Mondir 

be  entertained.    In  January,  1 878,  the  Khedive,  <>f  *he  Inspector-General,  and  the  Inspector- General 

into  the  receipts,  but  refused  to  submit  the  oven  if  verbal,  and  it  never  enters  the  mind  of  the 

expenditures  to  any  exammataon  whatever,  tax-payer  either  to  conteat  its  existence  or  to  protest 


ever   issued   by  Ismail   Pasha,   was    as   fol-  will  pay  everv  tax  which  is  imposed,  whether  leeal 

lows :  or  illegal,  witnout  inquiry.    The  Europeans,  on  ue 

Commission  of  In^ui,^,  oonsidering  that  it  la  the  P**^®^  ^  abandon  them. 

duty  of  that  Commission  to  prepare  Hud  submit  for        t  *««;««  ^i>^  »,i>(a^4.  ^r  »»»».«i  ^^^^*i^^  ♦Va 

our  sanction  regulations  to  s^ra  the  regular  work-  ^  Irving  the  subject  of  general  taxation,  the 

ing  of  the  public  services,  and  to  give  a  just  satis-  Commission  discuss  three  of  the  most  radical 

factioD  to  the  interests  of  the  country,  and  to  the  evils  of  the  country — ^the  eorvee^  the  military 

public  creditors— have  decreed  and  decree—  conscription,  and  the  water  laws.     The  report 

AwnoLi  1.  The  widest  nowers  (Ua pouw>inle$pUu  acknowledges  the  necessity  of  forced  labor  in 

Uendm)  are  j?iven  to  the  Commission  we  establish.  „i  "  V\?  vv    J:*m«V^  5  •     *m»  ^m  mwi  u* 

Art.  a.  The  investigatiooa  of  the  Commission  of  "^^^^  ^^  pubbo  utihty,  and  in  cases  of  sudden 

Inquirywillembraceall  the  elements  of  the  financial  emergency,  such  as  an  overflow  of  the  Nile; 

situation,  always  respecting  the  legitimate  rights  of  but  it  insists  that  this  also  should  be  subject 

the  Government.  ^   i«  .  ,     -       ^  to  as  complete  a  revision  as  other  nipre  direct 

Art.  8.  The  mimsters  and  omcials  of  our  Govern-  ■•■««.^o       a-  .^»«..^«  «»:i:4.«-»  ^^««^.i3l:^.»   ^.i^^- 

ment  wiU  be  bound  to  furnish  directly  to  the  Com-  *^^^-     ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  conscnpTion,  they 

mission,  at  its  request  and  without  delay,  all  infof^  condemn  emphatically  the  system  by  which 

mation  required  from  them.  the  Government  agents  name  according  to 

Abp.  4.  Are  named  members  of  the  superior  Com>  their  pleasure  the  men  destined  for  service ; 

^n^'l"*  v?«i"i?'il^7^i**®''fe-^-  Foniinand  de  Lea-  the  abuses  of  such  a  system  are  too  manifest, 

aeps;  Vice-President,  Mr.  Bivera  Wilson;  Vice-  «a,v/»/»i«ii«^  «ri»««  u  ««  \.AAr.A  ♦!««♦  ^\.^  ^i-^^  ^ 

President,  his  Excellency  Riaz  Pasha :  M.  BiraveUi,  ©speoialjy  when  it  is  added  that  the  time  of 

Mr.  Baring,  M.  de  BligniAres,  M.  de  Kremer.  service  is  unlimited,  that  exemption  costs  £80 

Art.  6.  A  credit  necessary  for  the  expenses  of  the  for  a  new  recruit,  and  that  this  amonnt,  instead 

Commission  will  be  opened  on  the  budget  of  1878,  of  decreasing  in  consideration  of  service,  ac- 

wufpreslnt  U)  ui'^  *^*  "^**^  ^^^"^  *^lS^tt  °'  ^^^^  increases,  the  soldier  being  debited,  so 
C^Ro,  March  80  1878.                                    '  ^  speak,  with  the  expenses  which  the  Gov- 
ernment has  been  put  to  on  his  behalf  for 
A  new  diflSculty  arose  when  the  May  con-  military  education.    The  first  portion  of  the 
pons  of  the  public  debt  came  due.    Two  days  report  closes  with  a  somewhat  severe  criticism 
before  pay-day  £500,000  were  still  wanting,  on  the  method  in  which  the  Goschen-Jonbert 
and  the  provinces  could  pay  no  more.    In  this  reforms  have  been  carried  out  by  the  Comptrol- 
extremity  a  group  of  bankers  advanced  the  lers-General.    The  second  portion  of  the  re- 
money,  and  the  coupons  were  paid.    The  se-  port,  termed  HUiation  hud^taire^  commences 
curity  for  repayment  was,  first,  the  whole  of  by  a  separate  statement  drawn  up  by  Messrs. 
the  taxes  of  the  provinces  whence  would  come  Baring  and  £[remer,  who  were  formed  into  a 
the  next  grain  crop ;  oAd,  secondly,  the  personal  sub-committee  for  the  purpose  of  estimating 
pledges  of  several  of  the  royal  princes.    The  the  non-consolidated  liabilities.    The  summary 
Goschen  decree,  however,  forbids  such  antici-  of  the  floating  debt  is  given  as  follows : 


EGYPT. 


265 


inamw £798,T(M 

DoetoDaiiM... 1,«06^ 

Doe  to  nU«k>ii»  ft>imdAtloii« 8SS,786 

Dm  to  9or«niiii«nt  admlnistntom. 108,000 

DoetoCUnodotOrpheliiu 191,&80 

Amttfofkwnroarnameh^' 870,000 

AecoQ&t  eurmt  with  bankon. 646,000 

Anvanoftiibota 889,856 

Poitof  AknadrU 689,875 

Other  poblleworiu. 898,000 

CbaeefeaMBtorRaineontraets 882,600 

SQBdri(»-«D  ^>ecMled. 8,840,668 

PutiftDy  Boenrad  debts— nneoTerdd 887,000 

iBtaRit  to  Deoombor  81,1878 49,000 

EcraninftoeoiiaU 9,000 

Totri £8.188,000 

From  this,  however,  must  be  dedact- 
ed— 

ABMOBt  doo  to  OoToraiiMnt  idmlnlA- 
tntiaoa.  this  bting  a  olmple  qnMtion 
cftniunrof  ooooiiiita. £106,000 

Eflomnmieo  to  b«  mado  by  MlUng  goods 
ooc  7«t  doBwred  to  War  Deportment, 
bat  te- which  fmhie  bad  been  anowed     100,000 

Ban  paid  tqr  the  Minister  of  War  sab- 
MqiieBt  to  doolag  books 889,000 

437,000 

Total  amoant  of  floatiaff  debt £7,761,000 

1b  this  amount  is  Ineladed  a  sum  oorered  bra  dls- 
poaablB  aaaet,  owing  to  Meosn.  Greanfleld 610,000 

£7,811,000 

The  following  amounts  may  also  be 
deducted: 

iBterest  of  roaynaineh  loan  to  be  add- 
fldtoeapttal £870,000 

Ab  araoont  passed  ss  *'exo6dsnts  snr 
lesTafseraents  dos  Impftts,"*  on  which 
Sttle  inftrmatlon  ooold  be  obtained, 
and  wfaldb,  If  repayable,  does  not  re- 
qnira  speml  ariBngement 97,000 

467,000 

ABM>aBt  of  ikMtlng  debt  to  be  settled. £6,744,000 

The  following  do  not  require  imme- 
diate settlement : 

Rcfidoos  fMmdations £888,000 

Gaisie  des  OrpheUns 140,000 

468,000 

£6,876,000 

Accepting  this  estimate  of  the  floating  debt, 
the  report  now  turns  to  a  consideration  of 
the  necessary  expenditure  of  the  state.  The 
amounts  allowed  for  this  service  by  the  Go- 
schen-Jonbert  arrangement  were  as  follows: 
For  1877,  £4,259,860 ;  for  1878,  £4,408,960 ; 
for  1879,  £4,500,000.  During  the  course  of 
the  present  inquiry  the  Viceroy  voluntarily 
offered  to  accept  a  reduction  of  this  amount  to 
J&},200,000,  but  this  offer  was  probably  based 
on  the  old  system  of  accounts,  in  which  each 
administration  deducted  its  own  charges  from 
its  gross  revenue  and  returned  only  the  net 
amounts  to  the  budget.  This  system  having 
been  altered,  the  Commission  estimates  the 
total  cost  of  administration,  exclusive  of  in- 
terest, at  £4,474,559  for  1878,  and  £4,629,559 
tnr  1879.  Adding  to  these,  the  cost  of  interest 
and  sinking  fund  for  the  two  years — say  £6,- 
931,106  in  1878  and  £5,800,704  in  1879— we 

*  la  1974  thA  Vioemy  teTited  the  nstfres  to  sabseribe  to 
•  Boa-RiiBhanahle  loan  {rouvnameh)  of  £0^000,000,  the  sab- 
KHSera  to  i«e<4re  a  perpietoal  annnltj  at  9  oer  eent  on  tbelr 
c«tntaL  The  amoont  subscribed  was  £8,4801,000.  One  con- 
Na  was  paid,  snd  that  onlj  to  soma  sabaoriben. 


have  the  gross  expenditure  of  the  two  years 
as— 1878,  £10,406,666;  1879,  £10,880,268. 
Finally,  we  come  to  the  yearly  receipts,  esti- 
mated at  £7,819,000  for  1878  and  £9,949,000 
for  1879,  the  difference  in  the  two  years  being 
caused  partly  by  the  failure  in  the  crops  owing 
to  last  year's  low  Nile,  and  partly  by  the  pay- 
ment in  1878  of  £684,000  properly  chargeable 
to  the  former  year,  1877.  The  deficit  for  the 
two  years  thus  amoants  to  £2,586,665  for  1878, 
and  £881,268  for  1879 ;  and  adding  to  this  the 
accepted  amount  of  floating  debt,  £6,276,000, 
we  arrive  at  a  total  deficit  of  £9,248,928. 
These  figures  are,  however,  as  stated  by  the 
report,  subject  to  a  deduction  of  over  three 
millions  sterling,  as  follows: 

BeooritT  sgalttst  parClallT  goaranteed  debts,  the 
rate  for  the  unified  debt  oelng  oaleulated  at  66 

per  cent  on  the  nominal £887,000 

Amounts  nominally  due  to  the  Dalras,  but  since 

surrendwed 1,861,000 

(£166,000  of  this  is  included  among  sundry 
debta.) 
Amounts  fbr  the  amortiMment  of  unified  debts, 
which  will  thus  be  diminished  by  end  of  1878..       900,000 

£8,098,000 

A  deduction  of  this  amount  reduces  the  total 
sum  for  which  there' is  immediate  need  to  little 
over  six  millions. 

In  conclusion,  the  report  proposed  a  number 
of  specific  financial  and  administrative  reforms, 
all  of  which  tended  to  limit  the  authority  of 
the  Khedive,  the  chief  of  which  were :  **  That 
no  taxes  shall  be  imposed  or  gathered  without 
a  law  authorizing  them  being  promulgated; 
that  future  legislation  may  extend  the  taxation 
to  foreigners ;  that  there  shall  be  an  eflicient 
control  over  the  tax-collectors ;  that  there  shall 
be  a  reserve  fund  to  provide  against  the  con- 
tingency of  a  bad  rising  of  the  Nile ;  that  there 
shall  be  a  special  jurisdiction  for  complaints  on 
the  subject  of  the  collection  and  assessment  of 
taxes  for  the  special  protection  of  the  natives; 
that  existing  vexatious  taxes  shall  be  abolished 
except  for  works  of  public  utility;  that  the 
obligation  to  military  service  shall  be  placed 
under  restrictions ;  and  that  all  the  immovable 
property  of  the  different  Dairas  shall  be  inde- 
pendently managed  by  a  special  administration 
for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors  both  of  the 
state  and  the  Dairas.^*  Furthermore,  it  plainly 
called  upon  the  Khedive  to  surrender  all  his 
property,  estimated  by  him,  exclusive  of  the 
sugar  estates  already  surrendered  to  the  Daira 
debt,  at  about  £450,000  per  annum.  He  was 
to  receive  in  exchange  for  this  surrender  to 
the  state  an  acceptance  of  all  his  liabilities 
by  the  public  Treasury,  and  a  civil  list  for  him- 
self and  his  family.  To  this  proposal  the  Khe- 
dive agreed,  and  in  an  interview  with  Mr.  Riv- 
ers Wilson,  on  August  23d,  made  the  follow- 
ing speech : 

I  have  read  tho  report  of  the  Commission  of  In- 
quiry over  wbioh  you  presided.  It  is  fall  of  details, 
EDd,  if  time  has  not  permitted  you  to  exhaust  some 
questions,  I  do  not  the  less  cordially  thank  you  and 
TOUT  colleagues,  whose  absence  I  regret,  as  I  should 
na?e  desired  to  thank  them  also  in  person.  With  ref- 


erenoe to theooncluBioiiiBtwhIolironhiTflirrivsd,  French  GOTemtnent,  wliioh  apprehended  that 

I «o<»p( ihem.   Ui6onlyii8tur<ilthatl8houW<Jo«o;  the  changeB  would  be  attended  with  an  in- 

J^at^.  "llVemaluB  only'^fo*  me  to'  carry  out  lh".B  "'^^  of  British  preponderance  at  the  eipense 

oonolutionB.    Rest  BEtured  I  am  resolved  to  do  ao  o'  f  rench  influence.     Deemmg  Mr.  Wilaon  to 

•eriously.     Mj  couotry  is  do  lontjer  African ;  vs  be  a  man  of  considerable  political  iniportanc«, 

now  form  pan  of  Europe.    It  ii  proper,  tharefore,  to  ita  soBoeptibilitaea  were  touched  by  BeeiUK  him 

abandon  our  old  way.  and  to  adopt  a  ne»  eyitem  „i^^  j^  g^  prominent  a  position,  whUe  to 

more  In  ac<:oraaQce  with  oqr  Hoaial  prozr^HH,     i  bt-  fc    _  »i   i...  j  *i_  ..■!■•» 

liuvB  that  in  a  not  far  distant  future  you  will  see  eon-  "anoe  was  allotted  the  comparatiTely  inferior 

aideralile  chanBBs,  and  they  will  be  brought  about  department  of  Publio  Works,  which  had  been 

more  easily  than  might  be  expected.    It  ia  really  originally  ^TCR  to  a  man  of  no  political  infln- 

only  a  simple  question  of  juatice,  of  "spect  for  (ha  ence.     Upon  the  representation  of  the  French 

w:r■ds^.d'for•m;  "w"  p^  I  SS  deter'^ined't"  Jl'^'^'^'^^S^  \"7p!^f"''w'''v  "'".  ""^K"  1^ 
prove  my  inteniiomt  by  my  deed. ;  and,  to  show  how  the  Department  of  Public  Works,  under  which 
thoroughly  in  earaest  I  am,  I  have  intrueted  Nubar  it  was  enlarged  Bt>  aa  tO  Inoltlde  all  the  rail- 
Pasha  witli  the  formation  ofa  ministry.  This  inno-  ways  and  porta  except  that  of  Aleiandria,  and 
Tstion  may  aeem  of  amall  importance,  but  you  wUl  was  placed  under  the  directioa  of  M.  de  Bli- 
wm'^ris^^.^sleriarinrpetd^n^rilli'^^rn,;  Pii*'^  It  was  further  arranged  that  the  new 
alirht  matter;  for  tbis  innovation  ia  tha  atartinB-  POBaeBaions  of  the  Daira  sboDld  be  adminiBtered 
point  of  a  radical  change  of  system,  and  forma,  m  by  &n  Kngliahman^  a  Frenchman,  and  an  ^^^gjp- 
inyopinioQ  the  best  assurance  thalloangiveofthe  tisn,  under  the  control  of  the  new  Csbiaet, 
sinoeriiy  of  my  mtention  to  larry  out  your  otdoIu-  „i,ile  the  ancient  eatateg  of  the  Daira  remained 
;;r«eyoubac'Lagfin,  b ut  I  JJhlh  (hatToaSh^ld  f^^"^,^  *?  ^^e  Dep^ent  of  FinaDOe.  The 
take  awav  with  you  the  conviction  that,  if  you  have  Khedive  alao  BCCeded  to  a  proposal  advaoc^a 
bad  ■  dificult  and  troublesome  task,  your  exertion* 
will  not  be  fruitless,  because  vou  know  that  all 
things  take  root  and  ripen  quickly  ia  tbia  ao^at 
aoil  of  Effypt. 

In  Booordance  with  his  declaration,  the  Khe- 
dive intrusted  Nabar  Paaha  with  the  formation 
of  a  new  ministry.  This  ministry  was  com- 
posed aa  foUows :  Nnbar  Paaba,  President  of 
the  Oonncil,  Minister  for  Foreign  Affaire  and 
of  Justice;  Riaz  Pasha,  Interior;  Ratif  Pasha, 
War;  Ali  Mnbarek  Pa»ha,  Pnblio  Instmction, 
Agricnttare,  and  Publio  Works;  the  Ministry 
of  Finance  remaining  vacant  for  a  short  tim^ 

the  Khedive  intending  to  submit,  as  he  re-  . 

marked,  to  the  sanction  of  the  Commission  aionoii  or  thi  sbut  ftbaud. 

"  a  peraonage  who  I  know  enjoys  yonr  esteem 

and  the  public  confidence."  Mr.  Rivers  Wil-  by  the  French  Government,  to  the  effect  that 
eon  was  subseqaently,  abont  the  middle  of  if  his  Highness  should  dismisa  either  of  the 
September,  appointed  to  this  post.  At  the  two  foreign  niinisters  without  the  previous  con- 
same  time  that  this  appointment  was  officially  sent  of  the  Government  interested,  the  state 
announced,  it  was  stjited  that  the  session  of  of  things  existing  before  the  present  arranKC- 
lands  by  the  Khedive  for  the  benefit  of  the  ment  should  be  eatahJished  de  piano.  The 
Btate  had  been  duly  effected  by  tbe  Comtnia-  Italian  Government  now  came  forward  witli 
Bion.  The  receivers-general  at  Cairo  were  claims  to  be  consulted  in  Egyptian  affairs,  and 
aumranned  to  appear  before  Nubar  Pasha  and  made  representations  to  the  Khedive  and  to 
Biaz  Paslift,  where  these  Egyptian  ministers  the  English  and  French  Govornraents  that  its 
explained  tbe  recent  events  to  tbem,  and  in-  interests  and  wishes  also  ought  to  he  taken 
etructed  them,  in  the  presence  of  the  European  into  consideration  in  tbe  changes  which  were 
officers,  that  henceforth  all  orders  not  ema-  being  made  in  the  administration  of  the  conn- 
nating  from  the  Ministry  must  not  be  obeyed,  try.  The  Khedive  in  reply  admitted  that  the 
The  new  administration  concluded  a  loan  of  claims  of  Italy  would  be  just  if  it  were  a  qnes- 
£2SO,000  with  the  Imperial  Ottoman  Bank,  for  tiou  of  estabUshing  an  international  adtmnis- 
three  months,  at  the  rat«  of  7  per  cent,  per  tration;  hnt  added  that,  although  some  for- 
annum,  renewable  for  a  farther  period  of  three  eigners  might  enter  the  Egyptian  Cabinet,  they 
months.  Since  no  previous  financial  operation  wonldnotpo8se?8  any  foreign  official  character. 
bad  ever  been  effected  by  the  Egyptian  Gov-  Tha  British  and  French  Governments  bIso  re- 
ernment  on  such  favorable  terms,  a  good  im-  plied  that  the  dispatch  of  an  English  or  French 
pression  was  produced  by  this  proof  of  oonfl-  subject  to  Egypt  to  take  part  in  the  adminis- 
dence  in  the  credit  of  the  administration.  tration  was  merely  an  act  of  international 

The  arrangement  respecting  the  flnancial  courtesy,  and  must  not  be  regarded  as  a  pro- 
administration  and  the  appointment  of  Mr.  ceedingof  political  significance.  Ashorttiue 
Rivers  Wilson  to  the  position  of  Minister  ot  afterward  the  Italian  and  Greek  diplomatic 
Finance  was  not  wholly  satiafactory  to  the  agents  at  Alexandria  made  protests  agunst  the 


paTmeot  of  the  next  coapon  of  the  unified 
debt,  90  long  aa  th«  cI^hib  upon  the  Govem- 
ment,  reci^nized  by  the  judicial  decisions  of 
the  inCemational  tribanalB,  remained  unpaid. 

Oq  the  25th  of  October  the  princes  and 
princoieg  of  the  Khedive's  family  completed, 
SMording  to  the  formalities  of  the  MassalinBii 
U<r,  the  Oct  of  ceding  their  propert;  to  the 
ftate.  The  Khedive  issned  a  decree,  counter- 
sgned  b;  the  President  of  the  Conncil  of  Min- 
isters, formally  oonflrming  the  leHaEon,  and 
traDsTemng  the  property  to  the  state  in  per- 
petuity. The  MiiiiHter  of  Finance  was  anthor- 
ized  to  contract  a  five  per  oent.  loan,  not  ex- 
eeeding  £8,300,000,  gnaraateed  by  the  ceded 
property,  the  deficiency,  in  case  this  secnrity 
should  prove  inaofScient,  to  be  covered  by  an 
•ppropriatioa  from  the  general  Egyptian  rev- 
CQDe.  Hr.  [livers  Wilson  and  M.  de  Bligniires 
entered  npon  their  dnties  as  KTmister  of  Fi- 
Dance  ana  Kinister  of  Pablio  Works,  and  the 
Cabinet  vas  completed,  on  the  last  day  of  No- 
Tifmber.  Previous  to  reaching  Egypt  to  as- 
iame  his  office,  Mr,  Wilson  had  visited  Paris 
•od  concluded  an  ajrangement  with  the  Credit 
Foacier  and  the  French  Byndioate  nnder  which 
the  large  amoont  of  Egyptian  securities  held 
by  those  ttro  bodies  waa  not  to  be  placed  on 
the  market  nntil  after  the  lapse  of  a  period  of 
aulGcient  duration  to  secure  a  breathing-time 


'PT.  267 

for  the  revival  of  Egyptian  credit  and  the  work- 
ingof  the  new  adniinistratioD. 

The  Conncil  of  Foreign  Bondholders  on  the 
last  of  November  poUished  a  statement  of 
the  Egyptian  revenues  received  in  the  first 
nine  months  of  the  year,  aa  compared  with  the 
corresponding  period  of  IBTT,  Ooni  which  it 
appeared  that  the  total  receipts  to  the  end  of 
September,  1678,  were  £4,611,395,  agunst  £5,- 
996.735  in  the  first  nine  months  of  1877. 

The  Egyptian  Council  of  Ministers,  actiDg 
in  concert  with  the  Oai«se  of  the  Public  Debt, 
have  decided  npon  the  amalgamation  of  the 
functions  of  the  English  and  fVench  comptrol- 
lers-general. One  comptroUer-geDeral  will  be 
appointed  by  the  Minister  of  Finance,  but  in 
order  still  further  to  strengthen  the  guarantees 
given  to  the  Egyptian  bondholders  by  the  Khe- 
dive's decrees  of  May  T  and  November  18, 
1676,  respecting  the  provinces  specially  set 
apart  for  the  service  of  the  debt,  a  delegate  of 
the  Caisse  of  the  Pnblio  Debt  will  act  as  appro- 
priation auditor,  in  order  to  see  that  each  item 
of  personal  taxation  is  passed  in  accordance 
with  the  respective  budget  items. 

A  question  has  been  started  as  to  the  com- 
petency of  the  Egyptian  railways  to  contribute 
what  is  eipeoted  of  them  toward  the  service 
of  the  preferred  debt.  They  fell  short  in  1877, 
having  contributed  only  £670,000  when  they 


tboaldhavecontriboted  £780,000.  A  detailed 
rtport  issued  in  June,  by  the  President  of  the 
Council  of  the  Egyptian  Kulway  Commission, 
iha<K»  that  the  falling  off  was  due  to  eicep- 
tioual  drcnmstanoes,  and  to  seriooa  defects  in 
ihe  system  of  administration.  From  its  figures 
ih«  inference  was  drawn  that,  the  year  1877 
lunng  been  a  year  of  great  commercial  de- 
pmsion,  its  railway  income  must  be  treated 
u  a  minimam  ;  and  that  in  an  ordinary  year 
Mid  with  a  fair  start  the  net  income  of  the  rail- 
vtTs  ought  to  exceed  £750,000  a  year.  Im- 
provements had  been  or  were  to  be  introdnced 
la  tbe  management,  including  greater  regular- 
ity in  the  train  service,  the  preparation  for  re- 


pairs on  the  spot  instead  of  having  everything 
hroaght  from  Europe,  the  enbstitntion  of  one 
or  two  types  only  in  the  engines  and  rolliug 
stock  for  the  great  variety  now  in  nse,  from 
which  improved  financial  resnlta  were  antici- 

In  the  befrinning  of  June  8herif  Pasha,  the 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  of  Justice,  re- 
signed bis  position.  The  cause  of  his  resigna- 
tion was  a  summons  by  the  Commission  of  In- 
quiry to  give  evidence  as  to  the  administration 
of  local  Joatioe.  Sherif  refused  to  appear,  and 
the  Commission  appealed  to  the  Viceroy. 
Sherif  anticipated  the  Viceroy's  decision  by 
resignation,  which  strengthened  the  Conunia- 


268                       EGYPT.  ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 

sion,  as  Sherif  was  always  opposed  to  the  in-  bition  at  Paris  ooUections  illostrating  the  arts 

stitntion  of  an  inqpiry.    Riaz  Pai^a,  the  native  and  indnstries  of  the  country,  from  the  earli- 

President  of  the  Commission,  sacceeded  Sherif  est  times  to  the  present  day.    They  included 

in  both  offices.  selections  from  the  Boalak  Museum  chosen  for 

The  Egyptian  Parliament,  which  up  to  the  their  fitness  for  illustrating  style  and  the  de- 
present  year  had  been  litUe  more  than  a  myth,  velopment  of  workmanship  rather  than  on  se- 
as its  proceedings  were  never  published,  met  count  of  their  intrinsic  or  purely  historical 
this  year  in  April  with  great  pomp,  and  the  value,  and  representing  the  national  art  down 
viceregal  speech  at  the  opening  of  the  session  to  the  time  of  the  Ptolemies;  contributions 
was  published  for  the  first  time  in  the  official  by  the  Government  and  private  persons  relat- 
paper.    The  speech  was  as  follows :  ing  to  later  periods,  the  Greek,  Arabian,  and 

I  am  happy  to  boo  you  near  me  this  new  Parlia-  ™»ddle  ages,  and  modem;   and  specimens  of 

mentary  year.    The  drought,  resulting  from  the  in-  arms,  musical  mstmments,  and  other  objects 

sufflcienoy  of  the  rise  of  the  Nile— an  unezamnled  of  industry,  illustrating  the  modes  of  life  and 

inBafflciency— has  created  much  damage  aud  foss.  customs  of  the  various  tribes  recently  brought 

InmoBtofourBoutheraprovinoeB  nothing  has  been  ^^^^  ^^  ^^i^  ^f  ^^  Khedive.     Maps  were 

sown ;  a  few  of  the  inhabitants  have  planted  a  little  *    v^    •«     xi * *.  ^r  -.v^  ^^^^*.^  a^j:^^ 

near  the  river,  but  thiB  amount  is  a  mere  nothing.  ^^^  showmg  the  extent  of  the  country  dunng 

As  drought  is  an  exceptional  thing,  and  as  it  iB  nucas-  the  times  of  the  French  expedition,  of  Me- 

sary  to  tii^e  steps  to  limit  its  evil  result  in  case  it  hemet  Ali,  and  of  Said  Pasha,  and  plans  of 

recur.  Parliament  must  examine  the  question  and  the  city  of  Cairo  in    1800,  1846,  and   1878. 

find  Bome  sound  solution.    Government  thanks  you  rj^^   Egyptian  staff  has  recently  devoted  much 

for  the  aid  in  money  given  to  the  war ;  and  although  *^e/i»w*iM»  oi«u.  ««»»  *«wumj  ^^^y,*^ 

a  part  is  still  unooUected,  the  contribution  you  voted  <»r®  to  the  construction  of  laijje-ecale  inaps 

last  year,  together  with  the  collection  made  at  Tun-  illustrating  the  explorations  of  late  travelers, 

tab,  deserves  our  thanks.    The  war  is  now  over,  which  have  been  embodied  in  a  large  map  of 

pur  teoops  win  soon  be  here,  and  we  shjai  aU  reioioe  Egypt  and   its   dependencies.     It  gives  the 

in  the  presence  of  our  children  who  have  fulflUed  „ J^A^,^  i>/v««^«««  fa  ^^^oi/^^wi  K--  n^i^n^i  ri^i. 

their  duty  to  our  suzerain.    As  decided  hurt  year,  an  «>athera  boundary  as  assigned  by  Colonel  Gor- 

account  will  be  rendered  by  the  Army  and  Navy  be-  don,  shows  the  recently  annexed  provmce  of 

partments  of  the  money  they  received  for  war  pur^  Darfoor,  the  province  of  Eordofan,  the  coun- 

poses.    While  theOovemment  must  remember  what  try  of  Harar,  the  Victoria  Lake  as  mapped  by 

IS  due  to  the  nation,  which  must  take  care  that  the  QfAnlAv    anH  fha   AITiArt  T^aIta  hv  lifARnn  •  in. 

taxes  are  withm  the  'limits  of  what  is  possible,  and  ^ZZ^h^X^^^^            ^®  .^Wo!?l^  nf 

must  see  that  the  expcDses  are  carefully  watched,  so  oorporates  the  results  of  the  explorations  of 

muBtitakolooktotnepayment  of  itscreditora,  and  Bchwemfnrth,  and  marks  some  of  the  more 

avoid  the  accusation  that  it  does  not  recognise  their  important  routes.    The  map  is  on  a  scale  of  1 

rights.    Thus  will  each  one  be  respected  according  to  1,000,000,  and  covers  a  space  of  about  13 

to  his  due.     A  Special  Commission  has  been  ap-  i.-  -i  ai  f^^t 

pointed  to  examine  into  all  these  questions,  and  by  ^nri*'        j  j,*          ifj,t,    itm    •    ai.     i  a      A.n 

putting  into  execution  its  decisions  we  shaU  see  our  The  mundations  of  the  Nile  m  the  later  fall 

state  restored,  the  taxes  levied  according  to  the  oa-  were  unusually  full,  and  caused  considerable 

paoity  of  the  countnr,  our  Government  working  well,  damage  in  Lower  Egypt, 

and  the  interest  of  the  creditors  paid  when  It  falls  ElSCTRIC  LIGHT.     The  subject  of  elec- 

trie  lighting  has  during  the  past  year  acquired 

The  general  meeting  of  the  shareholders  of  new  and  unusual  interest,  and  many  ingenious 

the  Suez  Canal  Company  was  held  on  June  appliances,  designed  either  to  overcome  exist- 

11th.    The  president,  M.  de  Lesseps,  read  his  ing  difficulties  in  the  way  of  practical  results, 

report  on  the  situation  of  the  company.    The  or  to  improve  the  methods  already  employed, 

total  expenses  during  1877  amounted  to  29,-  have  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  pub- 

238,721  francs,  distributed  as  follows :  interest  lie. 

of  bonds,  founder^s  portions,  and  so-called  Lighting  by  electricity  is  accomplished  in 
ehargss  soeiales^  11,665,568  f. ;  administrative  several  different  ways;  all  the  methods,  how- 
expenses,  1,138,009  f. ;  charges  of  the  do-  ever,  depend  on  the  principle  of  the  resistance 
main^  477,026  f. ;  transit  and  navigation  ex-  encountered  by  an  electric  current  in  passing 
penses,  1,619,896  f. ;  the  keeping  in  repair  of  through  its  circuit.  When  such  a  current  in  a 
the  canal  and  its  accessories,  2,283,388  f. ;  in-  metal  wire  or  other  conductor  meets  with  re- 
terest  of  the  consolidated  coupons,  1,700,000  f. ;  sistance  to  its  passage,  the  electricity  is  directly 
interest  of  the  share  capital,  9,967,250  f.  The  converted  into  heat.  It  is  in  fact  a  case  of  the 
revenue  amounted  to  33,976,648  f.,  distributed  transformation  of  one  species  of  energy  into 
as  follows :  produce  of  the  temporary  placing  another.  If  a  thin  wire  is  placed  in  the  cir- 
of  available  sums,  246,429  f. ;  produce  of  the  cuit  the  temperature  of  the  wire  rises  and  the 
domains,  686,273  f. ;  receipts  of  transit  and  amount  of  heat  thus  generated  is  exactly  pro- 
navigation,  32,952,609  f.  The  surplus  is  4,786,-  portional  to  the  electric  resistance  of  the  wire. 
926  f.,  and  deducting  from  it  the  statutory  re-  This  resistance  depends  among  other  things  on 
serve  of  236,846  f.,  there  remained  a  net  profit  the  nature  of  the  metal ;  those  metals  which 
of  4,600,080  f.  The  partition  of  this  net  profit  are  good  conductors,  such  as  silver,  ofFering 
according  to  the  statute  gives  3,195,066  f.  or  much  less  resistance  than  those  which  are 
71  per  cent,  to  the  shareholders,  that  is,  a  divi-  bad  conductors,  such  as  platinum.  If  a  chain 
dend  of  9,987  f.  per  share.  formed  of  alternate  links  of  silver  and  plati- 

The  Egyptian  Government  sent  to  the  £xhi-  num  have  an  electric  current  of  suitable  inten- 


ELEOTRIO  UGHT.  269 

litr  sent  through  it,  the  platinum  links  will  gas.    Hence  it  was  concluded  that  the  light 

^ow  yividlj,  while  the  links  of  silver  will  re-  did  not  proceed  from  ordinary  combustion. 

main  dark  and  comparatively  cool.    From  its  In  this  as  in  the  former  case  the  light  and  heat 

bir  electric  conductivity,  or,  what  amounts  to  are  the  result  of  the  resistance  met  with  by 

the  wme  thing,  from  its  high  resistance,  plati-  the  electric  current  in  its  passage  through  the 

nam  is  peculiarly  fitted  for  exhibiting  incan-  circuit,  the  difference  being  that  here  the  re- 

descence.  sistance  is  due  to  a  gap  in  the  circuit  which 

Another  condition  influencing  the  amount  the  current  is  forced  to  bridge.  The  interval 
of  resistance  is  the  size  or  thickness  of  the  between  the  charcoal  points  offers  a  great  ob- 
condnctor.  Reduce  the  thickness,  and  the  re^  staole  to  the  passage  of  the  current,  and  it  is 
sUtanoe  is  immediately  increased,  with  a  cor-  to  the  gathering  up  of  the  force  necessary  to 
responding  increase  in  the  production  of  heat,  burst  across  this  interval  that  the  intense  heat 
the  latter  being  alao  closely  connected  with  and  light  are  due.  The  smallest  space  of  air 
the  strength  of  the  current.  Hence  a  pow-  is  usually  sufficient  to  stop  the  current,  but 
erfol  current  sent  through  a  small  platinum  when  the  carbon  points  are  first  brought  to- 
wire  immediately  renders  it  incandescent,  and  gether  and  then  separated  it  is  seen  that  glow- 
manj  attempts  have  been  made  to  utilize  ing  particles  of  carbon  are  constantly  spring- 
thjs  metal  for  the  production  of  the  electric  ing  across  the  gap  from  pole  to  pole.  Although 
light  Thus  far,  however,  these  have  been  this  takes  place  in  both  directions,  the  prevul- 
attended  with  little  success,  for  the  reason  that  ing  course  is  from  the  positive  to  the  negative 
if  the  current  driven  through  the  thin  wire  electrode.  In  fact,  the  positive  carbon  becomes 
or  strip  of  platinum  is  sufficiently  powerful  much  more  highly  heated  and  wears  away 
the  h^  rises  to  such  an  intensity  that  the  much  more  rapidly  than  does  the  negative  car- 
metal  is  fused,  melting  down  like  a  mass  of  bon.  These  solid  particles  of  incandescent 
Tix  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  When  this  carbon  are  believed  to  form  a  sort  of  conduct- 
Qccnrs  the  electric  circuit  is  of  course  imme-  ing  chain  between  the  poles,  by  the  aid  of 
diately  broken,  and  the  current  consequently  which  the  current  passes.  It  will  therefore  be 
interrupted.  To  avoid  such  a  result  some  con-  seen  that  this  mode  of  illumination  is,  after  all, 
dncting  substance  capable  of  becoming  incan-  like  the  other,  largely  due  to  incandescence, 
decent,  but  that  would  not  fuse  at  the  high-  In  order  to  produce  this  form  of  electric 
est  beat,  was  required.  Carbon  answers  these  light  the  carbon  poles  are  first  brought  to- 
couditions,  and  has  accordingly  been  used  in  gether  and  then  separated  to  a  little  distance, 
one  form  or  another  for  the  production  of  the  the  space  across  which  the  light  can  leapde- 
electricligbt  ever  since  the  famous  experiments  pending  on  the  power  of  the  current.  With 
of  Davy,  made  nearly  seventy  years  ago.  In  the  battery  before  alluded  to  Davy  was  able  to 
this  mode  of  producing  the  electric  light  the  -obtain  a  current  that  in  the  open  air  would 
eontinuity  of  t^e  circuit  remains  unbroken,  leap  a  space  of  four  inches  between  the  car- 
the  light  being  obtained  by  connecting  the  bon  points,  and  this  was  lengthened  to  seven 
condacting  wires  with  some  substance  like  inches  in  a  vacuum.  The  luminous  portion  of 
platinum  or  carbon,  so  shaped  as  to  offer  in-  the  circuit  which  forms  a  bridge  between  the 
creased  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  cur-  two  solid  poles  is  usually  a  little  oent,  and  hence 
reot}  and  by  which  it  is  thrown  into  a  state  of  receives  the  name  of  the  voltaic  are.  The  color 
beandescence.  and  shape  of  this  luminous  arc  depend  on  the 

But  the  various  means  of  obtaining  light  nature  of  the  poles,  but  the  light  comes  chiefiy 
hj  the  incandescence  of  a  resisting  medium  from  the  glowing  carbon  points,  while  a  pale* 
~be  that  medium  a  metal  of  low  conducting  blue  flame  fills  the  intermediate  space, 
pover  like  pladnnm,  or  a  thin  rod  of  carbon —  As  we  have  seen,  the  form  of  carbon  used  by 
ve  materially  different  from  those  employed  Davy  in  his  original  experiments  was  wood- 
in  producing  what  is  specially  known  as  the  charcoal,  but  this  wasted  away  so  rapidly  that 
(lectric  light.  This  light  was  first  obtained  by  it  was  of  no  practical  use  outside  the  laborato- 
^  Humphry  Davy,  in  1813,  while  experi-  ry  and  the  lecture-room.  In  fact,  the  electric 
nenting  with  the  great  battery  of  the  Royal  light  amounted  to  little  more  than  a  brilliant 
lutttution  in  London.  This  battery  consisted  experiment  until  thirty  years  later,  when  Fou- 
<>f  2,000  zino  and  copper  couples,  exposing  an  oault  proposed  to  substitute  for  charcoal  the 
i2?regate  surface  of  128,000  square  indies,  variety  of  carbon  which  is  deposited  in  the  iu- 
^▼7  found  that  when  the  current  from  this  terior  of  gas-retorts  and  is  known  as  gas-car- 
pile  was  passed  between  two  pointed  pieces  of  bon.  This  is  produced  by  the  decomposition 
▼ood-cbarcoal  attached  to  conducting  wires,  a  of  dense  gaseous  hydrocarbons,  at  the  high 
^t  next  in  bi^ianoy  to  sunlight  was  pro-  temperature  at  which  the  distillation  of  coal 
duced.  He  also  found  that  this  intense  light  is  carried  on.  The  gas-carbon  has  a  laminated 
▼as  accompanied  by  intense  heat.  Many  sub-  structure,  is  very  hard  and  solid,  and  when 
itances  which  had  previously  been  regarded  as  sawed  into  rods  or  pencils  is  used  with  advan- 
ififoBible  were  melted  and  even  volatilized  when  tage  in  producing  the  electric  light,  since  it  is 
placed  in  tihe  luminous  focus.  Like  effects  vastly  more  durable  than  the  softer  forms  of 
vera  produced  in  a  vessel  exhausted  of  air  or  carbon,  such  as  wood-charcoal.  But  gas-carbon 
in  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen  or  carbonic-acid  also  has  its  disadvantages,  being  rarely  pure  or 


270  ELEOTRIO  LIGHT. 

of  nniform  texture— conditions  that  prodace  a  ventions,  some  of  them  simple  and  others  ex> 

flactnating  and  unsteady  light  and  the  forma-  ceedinglj  complex,  have  been  offered  for  the 

tion  of  sparks ;  the  pencils  are  also  liable  to  purpose  and  used  with  varying  degrees  of  sue- 

split,  and  portions  become  detached  under  the  cess.  The  later  devices  show  a  marked  tendency 

action  of  the  high  heat  to  which  they  are  sub-  toward  greater  simplicity  of  structure  and  a 

jected.  corresponding  increase  in  efficiency.     The  ap- 

To  obtain  perfectly  homogeneous  carbons  va-  paratus  for  carrying  the  carbons,  combined  with 
rious  artificial  processes  have  been  suggested,  the  mechanism  required  for  their  continued  ad- 
among  which  two,  both  of  them  French  inven-  jnstment,  is  ci^ed  the  electric  lamp.    It  is  usu- 
tions,  have  yielded  very  fair  results.    In  one  of  ally  so  arranged  that  the  carbons  are  held  in  a 
these  processes  devised  by  M.  Oarr6,  a  oomposi-  vertical  position,  and  by  means  of  the  regulators 
tion  consisting  of  powdered  coke,  calcined  lamp-  the  light  is  kept  at  a  nearly  uniform  level.    One 
black,  and  a  sirup  made  of  twelve  parts  gum  of  the  earliest  forms  of  such  a  lamp  is  shown  in 
and  thirty  of  cane-sugar,  is  employed.     This  Fig.  1.   It  was  invented  by  M.  Foucault,  and  af- 
mixture  is  thoroughly  ground  together,  water  fords  a  fair  idea  of  the  complexity  of  the  mech- 
added  to  form  a  paste  of  the  desired  consist-  anism  employed  in  the  electric  lamp  to  regulate 
ency,  and  the  mass  then  pressed  through  a  die-  the  movements  of  the  carbons.  In  this  apparatus 
plate  by  which  the  proper  form  is  given  to  the  there  are  two  systems  of  automatic  wheel- work, 
carbons.    These  are  afterward  packed  in  cm-  one  for  bringing  the  carbon  points  together  when 
cibles  and  subjected  to  a  high  temperature  for  it  is  wished  to  start  the  light,  and  the  other  for 
several  hours,  then  removed  and  soaked  in  a  separating  and  maintaining  them  in  the  proper 
boiling  sirup  to  fill  up  the  pores,  and  after  relation  for  the  continuation  of  the  light, 
draining  subjected  to  another  baking.    These       L'  is  a  barrel  driven  by  a  spring  inclosed 
operations  are  repeated  with  various  modifioa-  within  it,  and  driving  several    intermediate 
tions  until  the  carbons  have  acquired  the  neoes-  wheels,  which  transmit  its  motion  to  fiy  o.   L  is 
sary  hardness  and  solidity.    In  use  they  are  the  second  barrel,  driven  by  a  stronger  spring, 
said  to  be  much  superior  to  the  ordinary  re-  and  driving  in  like  manner  the  fly  cf.   The  racks 
tort  carbons ;    but  they  have   their  defects  which  carry  the  carbons  work  with  toothed 
nevertheless,  the  most  serious  of  which  are  wheels  attached  to  the  barrel  L',  the  wheel  for 
a  rapid  wasting  away,  and  considerable  ir-  the  positive  carbon  having  double  the  diame- 
regularity  of  luminous  effect     The  carbons  ter  of  the  other,  the  same  as  in  the  Duboscq 
that  so  far  have  given  most  satisfaction  are  lamp.   The  current  enters  at  the  binding  screw 
made  after  a  process  invented*  by  M.  Gau-  G,  on  the  base  of  the  apparatus,  traverses  the 
doin.    The  first  step  in  this  process  has  for  its  coil  of  the  electro-magnet  £,  and  passes  through 
object  the  production  of  a  pure  form  of  carbon  the  wheel- work  to  the  rack  D,  which  carries 
which  the  inventor  obtains  by  the  decomposi-  the  positive  carbon.    From  the  positive  carbon 
tion  in  closed  vessels  of  the  dried  pitches,  fats,  it  passes  through  the  voltaic  arc  to  the  negative 
tars,  resins,  bitumens,  essences,  oils,  and  other  carbon,  and  thence,  through  the  support  H,  to 
organic  matter.    The  carbon  thus  derived  is  the  binding  screw  connect^  with  the  negative 
pulverized  as  finely  as  possible,  and  then  ag-  pole  of  the  battery.    When  the  armature  F 
glomerated  either  iQone  or  with  a  certain  quan-  descends  toward  the  magnet,  the  other  arm  of 
tity  of  lampblack  by  means  of  the  carbides  of  the  lever  F  P  is  raised,  and  this  movement  \» 
hydrogen  obtained  as  secondary  products.   The  resisted  by  the  spiral  spring  R,  which,  however, 
material  is  then  molded  under  heavy  pres-  is  not  attached  to  the  lever  in  question,  bat  to 
sure  into  the  form  required  for  use.    These  the  end  of  another  lever,  pressing  on  its  upper 
carbons  are  consumed  more  rapidly  than  the  side  and  movable  about  the  point  X.   The  low- 
retort  carbons,  but  less  so  than  those  produced  er  side  of  tiiis  lever  is  curved,  so  that  its  point 
by  the  Garr6  process,  and  in  all  other  impor-  of  contact  with  the  first  lever  changes,  giving 
tant  respects,  such  as  the  power,  brilliancy,  the  spring  greater  or  less  leverage,  according 
and  steadiness  of  the  light,  absence  of  sparks,  to  the  strength  of  the  current    In  virtue  of 
tenacity  and  even  consumption  of  the  pencils,  this  arrangement,  the  armature,  instead  of  be- 
they  leave  little  to  be  desired.  ing  placed  in  one  Or  the  other  of  two  positions, 

As  the  carbons,  whatever  their  make  or  how-  as  in  the  ordinary  forms  of  apparatus,  has  iti« 

ever  well  they  are  protected,  slowly  waste  away  position  accurately  regulated,  accor^jig  to  the 

when  the  light  is  in  operation,  it  becomes  ne-  strength  of  the  current.    The  anchor  T  t  is 

cessary  to  move  them  together  at  a  rate  pro-  rigidly  connected  with  the  lever  F  P,  and  fol- 

portioned  to  the  rapidity  with  which  they  are  lows  its  oscillations.    If  the  current  becomes 

consumed.    If  the  light  is  to  be  continuous,  the  too  weak,  tiie  head  t  moves  to  the  rights  stops 

distance  between  the  carbon  points  must  be  the  fiy  af  and  releases  o,  which  accordingly  re- 

kept  constant ;  and,  as  the  positive  carbon  is  volves,  and  the  carbons  are  moved  forward.  If 

destroyed  much  faster  than  the  negative  car-  the  current  becomes  too  strong,  o  is  stopped,  o' 

bon,  provision  must  be  made  for  a  correspond-  is  released,  and  the  carbons  are  drawn  back, 

ing  increase  in  its  velocity.    To  maintain  this  When  the  anchor  T  £  is  exactly  vertical,  both 

adjustment  of  the  carbon  points  has  always  flies  are  arrested,  and  the  carbons  remain  sta- 

been  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  in  the  way  of  tionary.    The  curvature  of  the  lever  on  which 

electric  illumination,  and  a  large  number  of  in-  the  spring  acts  being  very  slight,  the  osdUa- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 


271 


tioiuof  the  armatare  and  anchor  are  amftll,  end  means  of  a  rack  and  pinionattoched  to  thebot- 

Tert  ^igbt  changes  in  tbe  strength  of  the  oar-  torn  of  its  holder  and  driven  b7  a  spriog  which 

rent  and  brillianc;  of  the  light  are  immediately  is  nnder  the  control  oF  an  electro-magnet,  in  the 

corrected-  base  of  tbe  lamp.    According  to  tbe  force  ot 

The  Serrin  lamp  (Fig.  2)  is  a  favorite  thongh  the  carrent  passing  into  it  from  the  main  car- 

(omplicated  device,  that  has  been  need  in  both  reot,  this  electro-magnet  attracts  or  releases 

France  and  England  where  only  a  eiogle  light  an  armature,  and  the  effect  of  this  oscillating 

isreqaved;  and  lately  some  ingenions  improve-  movement  is  to  canse  tbe  lower  carbon-holder 

menis  have  been  added  to  it  by  M.  Lontiu.    In  to  rise  or  fall,  with  the  irregularities  in  the 

it  the  carbons  are  held  vertically  one  over  the  strength  of  the  main  current,  which  is  itself 

other.    The  npper  carbon  is  made  to  travel  by  producing  the  voltaic  arc.    Tbe  separation  of 


the  carbon  points  to  salt  any  required  length 
d(  irc  is  effected  by  raidng  or  depressing  the 
uppw  carbon- holder,  bymennBof  a  sorew  placed 
II  the  top  of  its  upright,  where  the  honzontal 
tna  u  hinged. 

A  novel  form  of  lamp  of  more  recent  inven- 
Don,  indposseBsing  certain  decided  advantages, 
ui  been  devised  by  a  Russian  engineer  named 
Hyieff,  and  is  now  in  nso  in  tbe  offioe  of  the 

"ndoD  Timee."  In  tKis  apoaratns  (Fig.  3) 
**A  carbon  is  as  it  were  split  lengthwise,  and 
w  h»lves  placed  relatively  to  each  other  in 
"t  Una  of  a  V,  approaching  each  other  only 
•Jlhe  pout  of  ilinmination.  In  proportion  as 
u>e  carbons  are  consumed,  they  are  canaed  by 
u  iD^ooB  arrangement  of  corda  and  pnl- 
"Jt  to  approach  each  other ;  and  thus  the 


voltaic  arc  is  always  prodnced  through  a  con- 
stant distance. 

With  rods  measuring  twenty  inches  in  lenpth, 
and  about  six  millimetres  in  diameter,  a  hght 
may  be  nnintermptedly  maintained  for  nine  or 
ten  hours.  In  this  apparatus  tbe  current  does 
not  pass  through  the  entire  length  of  the  car- 
bon pencils,  but  enters  by  means  of  curved 
metallio  arras  at  points  within  two  inches  ot 
the  luminous  focus;  hence  the  resistance  of- 
fered to  the  current  is  kept  constant,  whatever 
may  be  the  length  of  the  carbons.  This  se- 
cures a  uniformity  of  illumination  that  can  not 
be  obtained  in  lamps  where  the  current  haa  to 
pass  throngh  the  entire  length  of  the  carbon 
pencil,  for  as  this  shortens  the  resistance  de- 
creases ;  hence  the  intensity  of  the  cnrreDt,  and 


s?a 


ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 


therefore  of  the  light,  rises  in  proportion  as  the 
carbons  are  oonsnmed.  In  the  ingeoions  lamps 
of  M.  Lontin  the  resistance  is  also  oonstaDt,  ir- 
re^MtJve  of  the  length  of  the  carbon  rods. 

In  another  of  M.  RapieS's  lamps  the  two 
pfurs  of  oarboa  rods  are  plaoed  Dot  one  above 
the  other,  hot  side  by  side.  The  arc  is  pro- 
dnoed  at  the  jnootion  of  the  foar  points,  and 
the  effect  is  oonaiderabl;  increased  by  the  pres- 
ence of  a  ojlinder  of  lime,  which  is  plaoed 
above  the  light,  and  oontribates  by  its  iacan-' 
descence  to  increase  the  intensity  of  the  light. 

In  the  Tsrions  forms  of  electric  lamp  thas  far 
described,  and  in  many  others  which  there  is 
not  space  here  to  mention,  the  carbon  penciis 
are  separated  to  a  certain  distance,  and  across 
this  the  voltaic  arc  is  prodaoed.  A  form  of 
lamp  has,  however,  been  lately  invented  by 
Mr.  Richard  Werdermann  in  which  tbe  ligbt  is 
produced  while  the  carbons  are  in  direct  con- 
tact. The  lamp  (Fig.  4)  is  therefore  reduced 
to  extreme  simpUcity  of  oonstmotion. 


three  millimetres  tn  diameter.  It  Is  held  bj 
means  of  a  spring  collar  in  a  metillio  tabe  in 
which  it  slides  vertioBlly  np  and  down,  k 
cord  connects  the  clasp  D  at  tbe  bottom  of  the 
rod,  and  the  balance  W,  by  which  the  rod  is 
held  in  contact  with  the  disk.  On  the  passage 
of  the  current  a  very  small  electric  arc  ii  pro- 
dnced,  bnt  it  is  remarkable  for  steadiness  and 
for  purity  of  color.  Ronnd  the  npper  part  of 
the  disk  is  a  metallic  band  A,  to  which  tbe 
oircnit  wire  is  attached,  and  the  cmrent  is  thus 
passed  on  to  the  next  lamp.  With  this  htmp 
the  electric  light  may  be  obtained  from  an 
electro-motor  of  very  low  power.  With  a 
small  Gramme  machine  driven  by  a  two-horse- 
power en^e,  and  yielding  an  eleotro-motive 
force  eqaivalenC  to  only  abont  fonr  Daniell's 
cells,  ten  of  these  electric  lamps  were  placed 
in  circoit  at  once.  The  light,  even  with  large 
lamps  of  three  hundred  candle-power,  is  ot  so 
soft  a  cbBTBoter  that  it  appears  nnneoessary  to 
protect  it  with  globes  of  opal  glaaa. 

A  lamp,  not  altogether  unlike  Werdennann'i 
in  principle,  has  been  constracted  byU.  Bej- 
Dier.     In  this  arrangement  a  carbon  pencil 

{reases  directly  against  the  edge  of  a  circu- 
ir  disk  of  carbon  which  revolvefl  in  a  ver- 
tical plane.  The  pencil  forms  the  positiveelec- 
trode,  and  tbe  current  enters  not  far  from  the 
pointed  eitremity  in  contact  with  the  disk. 
As  the  carbon  bnrns  away  it  is  urged  forward 
by  a  simple  mechanism,  and  thus  contact  is 
never  broken.  The  residnnm,  or  ash,  left  by 
tbe  combustion  of  the  positive  carbon  is  con- 
tinnoDsIy  removed  by  the  rotation  of  the  neg> 
ative  disk.  It  is  stated  that  this  lamp  gives  a 
clear  light  with  only  a  small  electro-motive 
force,  and  that  several  lamps  may  be  operated 
by  the  same  current. 

A  novel  form  of  electric  lamp  has  been  pat- 
ented by  Mr.  W,  Wallace,  of  Ansonia,  Connecti- 
cut, which  realizes  still  greater  simplicity  in  its 
Fitht.  constnictjon.    Its  pecoliarity  (Fig.  S)Uea  main- 

In  the  ordinary  arrangement  in  which  the 
two  pencils  are  of  equal  sectional  area,  the  end 
of  the  positive  carbon  is  worn  into  a  crater- 
like shape,  and  from  this  pole  tbe  greater  part 
of  the  light  is  emitted ;  on  the  other  hand,  the 
negative  carbon  ia  formed  into  a  cone,  and 
becomes  but  siighlJy  luminous.  Werdermann 
found  that,  by  increasing  tbe  sectional  area  of 
the  negative  electrode,  its  consumption  is  di- 
minished, and  if  it  be  sufficiently  large  it  suffers 
no  appreciable  loss  during  tbe  passage  of  the 
current.  He  therefore  uses  in  his  lamp  two 
carbons  which  are  extremely  unlike  each  oth- 
er both  in  size  and  shape.  Tbe  negative  car- 
bon 0,  supported  by  the  bracket  B,  is  a  disk,  Pm.  b. 
flat  on  one  side  and  curved  on  the  other,  its 

shape  being  not  unlike  that  of  a  bun.  The  di-  ly  in  the  shape  of  the  carbons,  which,  instead  ot 
ameter  of  this  disk  is  abont  two  inches  and  its  being  either  pencils  or  circular  disks  as  in  oth- 
thickness  one  inch.  The  curved  surface  of  the  er  Uunps,  take  the  form  of  reotongnlor  slabs  A 
disk  is  directed  downward,  and  against  this  and  B,  each  about  nine  inches  in  length  and 
surface  the  positive  carbon  e  is  pressed.  This  three  inches  in  breadth.  The  thickness  varies 
carbon  is  in  the  form  of  a  thin  pointod  pencil    in  the  two  electrodes,  tbe  positive  carbon  B 


ELEOTRIC  LIGHT. 


273 


«bidi  i*  pUeed  sbove  being  about  half  an  inob 
io  thickiteea,  while  the  negative  oarboa  A, 
iJawd  below,  ia  only  about  a  quarter  of  hd 
iDcb  thick.  These  two  slabs  of  carbon  are  in 
contact  only  along  one  edge.  As  aoon  as  tLe 
ekctrie  onrrent  passes  through  them,  it  brings 
iDCn  plaj-  an  electro-magnet,  which  lifts  tlie 
positiTe  earboii  abont  one  eighth  of  an  inch 
its;  from  the  negative  carbon  below,  which 
id  filed.  AcroBBthe  gap  thns  made  the  voltaic 
trc  is  establiahed,  the  light  being  prodnced  at 
the  point  of  least  resistance  between  the  car- 
boQS.  At  the  Inminons  focas  the  space  betweea 
the  plstea  gradoallj  widens  in  consequence  of 
lh«  combustion  of  the  carbons,  thereby  in- 
cnuiDg  the  resiatance  at  that  spot.  A  time  is 
MOD  mched  when  the  cnrrent  is  unable  to 
ottrcome  this  reeietance,  and  it  then  estalilish- 
M  itself  at  an  aiy^*^"'  point  which  offers  less 
nsiUance.  In  this  way  the  light  slowly  trav- 
els from  end  to  end  along  the  eagee  of  the  car- 
Imiu;  bat  when  it  reaches  the  extremity  it 
roakes  a  turn  and  slowly  marches  from  .point 
to  point  in  the  oppodte  direction.  The  dis- 
luce  between  the  two  edges  is  kept  constant 
by  appropriate  mechanism,  and  tlie  light  is  thos 
msJDtaiued  of  uniform  iotensity.  It  is  stated 
thai  with  this  arrangement  the  light  can  be 
kept  going  for  one  hundred  honni  without  re- 
qniriDg  a  change  of  carbons. 

Another  form  of  lamp,  invented  by  H.  Jab- 
locbkolf,  a  Russian  officer,  in  1B76,  and  now 
eitennvely  nsed  in  Paris  and  London,  dis- 
pensesentirely  with  a  regulator;  indeed,  its  ex- 
treme  wmplicity  of  constmction,  and  tbe  man- 
ner in  which  it  burns,  have  gained  for  it  tbe 
Bsme  of  the  electric  candle.  Fig.  6  shows  a 
ringle  one  of  these  candles,  whicn  oonsists  of 
1*0  pencils  of  carbon,  each  socketed  in  a  brasa 
tube,  one  of  which  tubes  is  connected  with  the 
postive  and  tbe  other  with  the  negative  pole  of 
the  dectrio  machine.  Between  ue  tn-o  oytin- 
drical  rods  of  carbon  is  interposed  a  layer  of 
iiKoUtiDg  materiBl  which  keeps  them  electri- 
cillj  separate  while  mechanically  united.  At 
fint  the  inventor  used  for  this  purpose  a  com- 
position  containing  kaolin  or  China  clsj,  but 
■bii  was  afterward  displaced  by  common  plas- 
ter of  Paris,  and  lately  Mr.  Wilde  has  shown 
that  tbe  inanlating  material  may  be  wholly 
dispensed  with,  as  ne  obtains  the  light  by  sim- 
pli  mounting  tbe  two  rods  side  by  side,  the 
ttrbona  being  merely  coated  with  hydrate  of 
Ume.  A  amill  bridge  of  carbon  at  the  upper 
uitrmity  of  the  r^s  serves  temporarily  to 
eoDoect  them  with  each  other  and  ofiers  a 
puuge  for  the  electric  current  from  pole  to 
pole;  and  when  onoe  this  passage  baa  been  es- 
tsliliihed  tbe  arc  is  afterward  self-maintained. 

If  the  two  carbons  were  consumed  at  an 
»qnil  rate,  tbe  distAOoe  between  them  would 
be  kept  uniform,  that  ia,  they  would  bnm  down 
f  enly  together.  Bat,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
^^ve  carbon  ia  consumed  twice  as  rapidly 
u  the  negative  carbon.  It  is  therefore  neces- 
ury  to  resort  to  some  device  that  will  keep 
ToL.  znu. — 18    A 


their  extremities  constantly  opposite  each  other. 
This  was  first  sought  to  he  accompliahed  by 
making  the  rapidly  burning  carbon  propor- 
tionally thick.  If  the  sectional  area  of  the 
positive  carbon  were  twice  that  of  tbe  nega- 


Fia.  R.^JiBLOCBKOTT'a  Slictr  c  CuntLi  (ictail  wlxt\ 
— C  C.  urbon  j>a1i]tB  orn#-cuk«;  1 1 1 1,  InsTllatlliS 
■nbstuics ;  T  T,  tabsi  boIdlDg  lb<  esrbOD  poluti :  A, 
iockel  Dr»b«Cai  taDldlngUieriitsm  Maetbiti  V  F, 
coppac  wlraB  coavejilDg  iba  electric  eonenL 

tive,  it  might  be  snppoeed  that  the  ends  of  tlie 
two  rods  would  be  Vept  constantly  at  the  same 
level.  This  was  triad,  hot  proved  far  ft-om 
satisfactory,  though  it  greatly  improved  the 
light.    The  difficdty  was  lubeequently  over- 


874  ELECTBIO  LIGHT. 

come  br  sending  the  electric  current  alternately  hj  Hie  opal  globes  whicb  are  reqaired  to  kR- 
throngn  the  two  carbon  rods,  so  that  tbe  pole  en  and  diffuse  tbe  light  Eacu  Jabloclikoff 
which  at  one  moment  is  positive  becomes  the  oandle  representing  one  horse-power  is  said  lo 
nest  moment  negative.  The  carbons  are  thus  have  the  photometric  value  of  TOO  standard 
kept  ot  uniform  length,  their  upper  eitremi-  CHndles,  but  the  globe  reduces  its  effective 
ties  are  alwajs  oppo^te  each  other,  and  the  lighting  power  to  something  like  SOO  candles. 
light  becomes  remarkablj  steady.  Inventions  designed  for  the  prodactioo  of 
The  candles  are  inclosed  in  a  globe  of  opaline  the  electric  light  by  incandescence  are  less  nu- 
gtoss,  which  SQbdaes  the  dazzling  briUianoyof  merons  than  those  belon^ng  to  the  daA  just 
the  electric  aro,  and  converts  it  into  a  pure,  soft  described,  hat  this  mode  of  lighting  has  never- 
light,  though  St  the  expense  of  about  one  half  theless  received  much  attention,  and  may  ;et 
the  Uiuminating  power  of  the  naked  candle,  become  a  rival  of  the  electric  arc.  As  ve 
Each  globe  contains  tour  candles,  only  one  of  have  seen,  the  light  is  obtained  by  interposing 
which  is  lighted  at  a  time.  As  each  candle  in  the  circuit  some  sabstonce  that  offers  in- 
biiruB  about  an  hour  and  a  half,  the  four  an-  created  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current. 
Bwer  for  an  entire  evening.  As  soon  as  one  Among  the  materials  used  for  this  purpose 
candle  is  burned  down,  the  current  is  switched  are  pl^inam,  iridium,  kaolin,  and  carbon,  each 
by  an  automatic  commutator  to  the  next,  and 

Each  caudle  in  the  lantern  is  mounted  in  a 
brass  tube  securely  held  upright  in  a  pair  of 

4'aws,  and  is  connected  n'ith  the  electric  motor 
ly  meaus  of  a  cable  of  seven  tinned  copper 
wires  which  run  down  the  hollow  shall  of  the 
lamp-post  and  are  then  carried  underground 
[n  earthenware  drainage-pipea.    Fig.  7  shows 


the  globe  with  its  fonr  candles,  the  switch, 
and  the  Gramme  dynamo-electrio  machines 
from  which  tbe  electric  current  Is  obtained. 

With  reference  to  the  motive  power  con- 
sumed in  prodncing  the  Jablochkon  light,  it  is 
stated  that  each  separate  light  requires  for  its 
production  one  horse-power  of  an  engine.    In 

Paris  sixteen  candles  are  served  by  a  single  Fia.8. 

Gramme  machine,  which  thus  absorbs  a  mo- 
tive force  of  aboat  sixteen  horse-power.    For    having  its  peculiar  advantages,  though  car- 
thigexpenditnreof  power  a  very  brilliant  light    boa  bos  thus  far  been  found  most  generallv 
is  obtained;  but  much  of  its  intensity  is  lost    suitable.    The  earliest  form  ot  lamp  designed 


ELEOTBIO  LIGHT.  275 

for  tbb  mode  of  lighting  was  invented  hj  Ur.  with  pare  nitrogen,  tmd  the  crambliug  of  the 
E.A.Eing,  of  London,iii  1S4fi.  Jn  it  aaarroir  carbon  due  to  Budden  beating  when  the  lamp 
■trip  of  platinum -leaf  was  held  verticailj  be-  is  lighted  ie  provided  against  bj  the  use  of  a 
t««eD  soitable  conductors  and  rendered  lami-  switch  bo  contrived  that  it  is  impoMible  to 
DODs  b;  a  properly  regulated  cnrrent ;  the  tnrn  the  current  on  or  off  abruptly, 
■hole  arrangement  being  protected  bj  a  glass  So  much  for  the  lamps ;  now  for  the  machines 
riobe  which  screened  the  incandescent  metal  which  supplj  the  power  to  run  them.  Little 
from  currents  of  air.  Fonr  yean  later  Petrie  progress  toward  the  extemilon  of  electric  light- 
iDv«Dt«d  a  lamp  in  which  iridium  in  the  form  ing  could  be  made  as  long  as  the  voltaic  batterj 
of  imall  rods  was  ased  in  the  place  of  plati-  was  the  only  source  of  electricity,  the  coat  of 
ddid:  and  it  is  nimored  that  Mr.  Edison  gets  generating  it  by  this  means  being  very  great. 
ht:t  light  by  the  incandescence  of  an  alloy  of  But  after  Faraday's  discovery  of  magnet«-e1ec- 
plitinam  and  iridinm.  tricity  in  1631,  machines  were  constructed  for 

In  1673  M.  Lodygnine,  a  Russian  physicist,     the  production  of  electricity  by  the  rotation  of 
tfiia  called  attention  to  the  subject  b;  the  in-    an  induction  coil  in  front  of  the  poles  of  a 
v^ntion  of  a  lamp  in  which  the  Ught  was  pro-    magnet.     Here  the  mechanical  force  espemled 
dnced  by  the  incandescence  of  carbon.    The    in  the  rotation  of  the  coil  or  armatare,  as  it  is 
rod  of  carbon  through  which  the  cnrrent  pass-    called,  is  transformed  into  electricity,  while  in 
Ci  is  cut  thin  in  one  portion  of  its  length,  and,    the  battery  it  is  chemical  force  that  gives  rise 
u  the  electric  resistance  is  therefore  greater    to  the  electric  energy.     Machines  in  which 
here  than  elsewhere,  it  is  this  part  alone  that    permanent  magnets  are  thus  used  are  gener- 
b««omes  incandescent.    In  order  to  avoid  the    ally  known  as  magneto-electric  machines,  and 
Tuteofoiidation,  the  rod  is  inclosed  in  a  her-    among   those   first  employed    the  devices  of 
ffleticiUy  sealed  glass  chamber  from  which  the    Fixii,Clarke,andSastonwerelongcoQBpicnons. 
tir  has  been  exhausted ;  but  even  in  a  vacunm    But  perhaps  the  beat  known  apparatus  of  this 
the  carbon  ia  slowly  destroyed,  and  the  pencil     class,  and  the  one  still  used  to  some  extent  for 
in  Lodygnine's  lamp  was  soon  burned  out.    To    lighthouse  purposes  abroad,  is  the  "Alliance 
ofercome  this  difficulty,  a  lamp  similar  in  prin-    Machine,"  invented  by  Nollet  and  Van  Mal- 
ti[ile  bat  of  mora  ingenious  construction  was    deren,  of  Brnesels.    This  machine  (Fig.  B)  has 
pitented  in  1875,  by  H.  Eohn,  of  fit.  Peters-    eignt   rows  of  compoand   horseshoe  magnets 
borg,  in  which  several  carbon  rods  are  placed    fixed  eymmctrically  round  a  cast-iron  frame, 
sidi:  by  side  in  such  a  relation  that  as  soon  as    They  are  so  arranged  that  opposite  poles  al- 
iiDe  is  used  ap  another  is  automaticnlly  brought    ways  succeed  each  other,  both  in  each  row  nud 
into  the  circnit.    In  this  way  the  light  may  be    in  each  circular  set.    There  are  seven  of  these 
tnciatained    without    in- 
temiptjon     for     several 
hours;  and  this  lamp  has   j 
been  used   for  the   illn- 
mination  of  warehouses 
tod  other  large  buildings 
with  very  good  results. 

The  Sawyer-Han  lamp,  . 
Thicb  has  attracted  con-  i 
tiderable  attention  in  this  j 
(oaQtry,  also  emplojsoar- 
\'ia  for  the  prodiiction  of  j 
lU  light.  Jhe  apparatus  \ 
ii  shown  in  Fig.  8. 

The  light -giving  ar- 
ruifFement  is  separated 
frxm  the  lower  part  of  the 
lampby  three  diaphragms 
■hich  cut  off  downward  i 
b#at  radiation.  The  cop- 
p«r  Kandarda  below  are 
so  shaped  aa  to  present    | 

a  i;reat  radiating  surface,  P^  0^ 

w)iereby  the  oondoction 
of  beat  downward  to  the 

mecLnnism  at  the  base  is  wholly  prevented,  circular  sets,  with  six  intervening  spaces.  Six 
The  electric  current  enters  from  below,  fol-  bronse  wheels,  mounted  on  one  central  axle, 
lo'i  the  metallic  eondnctnr  to  the  burner,  and  revolve  in  these  intervals,  the  axis  being  driven 
ih(tice  downward  on  the  ether  side  to  the  re-  by  steam-power  transmitted  by  a  pulley  and 
turn  circnit.  The  light- prod acing  portion  is  helt  The  speed  of  rotation  is  nsnalt;  about 
completely  inanlated,  ana  also  sealed  at  the  E50  revolutions  of  the  axis  per  minute.  Each 
biw  gac-tight.     The  ^aas  vessel  is  charged    of  the  six  bronze  wheels  carries  at  its  cir- 


876  ELEOTRIO  LIGHT. 

cnrnferenoe    sixteen    coib,    coiregpondiDg  to  the»e  mschineB.    Wbeo  an  eleotro-magnet  hm 

the  DDmber  of  poles  in  each  oircotar  iet.    The  onoe  been  mtgaetized  it  permanent];  retains  i 

core  of  each  coil  ia  a  cleft  tabe  of  soft  iron,  amall  amoant  of  magnetism,  and  it  was  discov- 

this  fonn  having  been  found  pec  nliarlj  favor-  ered  BlmOBtBimnltaneoneljbjSieinens,  Vbeat- 
able  to  rapid  demagnetization.    Each  core  has  stone,  and  Varlef,  that  if  a  ooil  be  c«nBed  to 
its  magnetism  reversed  sixteen  times  in  each  rotateiafront  of  an  electro-magnet  the  residiul 
revolution,  b;  the  influence  of  the  sixteen  sac-  magnetism  will  induce  acnirentin  the  revolving 
oessive  pairs  of  poles  between  which  it  passes ;  armature.    The  carrent  thns  prodaoed  is  then 
and  the  same  number  of  oarrents,  in  alternate-  used  to  increase  the  magnetism  of  the  electro- 
Ij  opposite  directions,  are  generated  in   the  magnet  b;  being  sent  througb  the  wire  that 
ooils.    The  coils  oan  be  connected  in  different  surrounds  it.     The  strengthened  magnet  iu- 
vruja,  according  as  great  electro-motive  force  stantlj  reacts  npon  the  coil  which  feeds  it, 
or  small  resistance  is  required.    The  positive  prodncing  a  current  of  greater  strength.    This 
ends  are  connected  with  the  axis  of  tiie  ma-  current  again  passes  roned  the  magnet,  which 
chine,  which  thns  serves  as  the  positive  elec-  immediately  brings  its  increased  power  to  bear 
trode ;  and  a  concentric  cylinder,  well  insulated  upon  the  coil.    And  thns  there  is  a  continued 
from  It,  iBem{>1o;ed  as  the  negative  electrode,  action  and  reaction  between  the  magnet  and 
This  machine  is  large  and  cumbrous,  being  five  the  armature  until  ultimately  very  powerful 
feet  three  inches  long,  fonr  feet  four  inches  currents  are  obtained.     The  machines  con- 
wide,  and  five  feet  high  ;  it  weighs  about  two  structed  on  this  principle  of  mutual  reenforoe- 
tons.    Its  illuminating  power,  when  driven  at  meut  are  called  dynamo-electric  machineB. 
a  speed  of  from  850  to  400  revolntions  per  Numeroas  machines  of  this  type  have  since 
minute  by  a  steam-engine,  with  an  expenditure  been  invented  both  in  this  country  and  abroad, 
of  somewhat  over  three  indicated  horse-power,  and  in  some  of  their  various  forms  they  are  now 
is  about  that  of  2^600  standard  sperm  candles  generally  employed  to  provide  the  electricity 
per  hour.  required  for  the  electric  lighL    The  Qramme 
In  18ST  Dr.  Werner  Siemens,  of  Berlin,  de-  machiae,  a  French  inventjon,  and  the  Brush 
vised  a  form  of  armature  that  was  a  great  im-  machine,  invented  in  this  country,   may  be 
proveraeot  od  anything  previously  used,  end  taken  as  fair  examples  of  the  class,  though  for 
that  has  been  introduced  into  effectiveness  they  rank  considerably  above  the 
»everal  diSereat  machines.    In-  average.    The  descriptions  appended  ore  taken 
stead  of  employing  ooils  wound  from  "  Appletona'  Cjcloptedia  of  Applied  Me- 
transversely  round  cores  of  iron,  chanlcs,"  where  those  interested  will  find  die 
Siemens,  after  ^viag  a  bar  of  whole  subject  very  fully  and  clearly  treated: 
iron   the   proper  shape,   wound  Whsu  .  Wm.gnBt  isintroducedinto  sooil  of  iu- 
hiBWire  longitudmally  round  it  BulatBdwire.atemporarjcurrBiitofelaolricitj  isici 
and    obtained    thereby    greatly  up  in  the  win,  lasting;  only  over  the  psriod  during 
augmented  effects  between  suit-  wiuoh  the  bsr  is  being  introdnoed.    On  withdrawing 
ably  placed  magnetic  poles.  This  L''u=>S' ''l'"''''"',?"^"'.^ '^""."^  V"  ""''"' 

.    (  '^   M           ^          ■       1.            '  wnicn  flows  in  onnoeice  aireotion  to  the  lormer  car- 

Style   Of  armature   IS  Shown  m  ,^„(.    if ih«  m^et,  instead  of  b«lng  inserted  iid 

'5^.  ''""  7''''drswn,  bs  oarrisd  entiroly  through  the  ooil, 

With   such    an  armatnre  Mr.  iiobvioualjinitspuitgeoomeaoppotitaaeDooeuiou 

Wilde,  of  Manchester,  construct-  ?f  »pi™l»?rturmiofwiM.    A»itdo*i  ao.it  produce! 

ed  a  machine  in  1808  bj  which  i"?h°e^^rirr.Xnn°L^?i  ,?^miTa'?^°r!f-7         ,' 

I.                  1.1      .        L..  .  ^u  tne  sune  aLreotion  uctil  the  middle  point  or  neu- 

he  was  able  to  obtain  currents  triil»ii»ofthem«n«t  iareaohod.    Aaer that  « cur- 

of   greatly   increased    intensity,  rent  in  reverse  direotion  is  osu>ed.    Henoe,  during 

Starting  from  a  small  machine,  he  tliBpuu^eoftheniigDet  there  is  produced,  fint  t 

employed  its  current  to  excite  an  ^'"°*'  ""*  f"°  »  reversed  current, 
electro-magnet  of  peculiar  shape, 

between  whose  poles  rotated  a  ^^'Mf'l          '~V^ 

Siemens    armature ;    from    this  ™   I  *       j.i ■     j 

ourrenta   were   obtained  vastly 

stronger  than  those  generated 

by  the  smaller  machine.    These  „  .         ,   ,       ,                               ,       , 

were  conducted  round  a  second  ,„"' 'i'l':;'^h«t''h»  ^-^'^''^/rC'T  "'"""*  *"'' 

,     .                    ..     f           ..    '        ,  lo  end  eo  tuu  the  two  polea  of  tne  SAiDe  Dame  are 

electro-raagnet  of  great  size,  be-  in  ooutsot,  and  the  eoll  passed  over  both,  th«  ph«- 

tween  the  poles  of  which  rotated  Domenon  last  noted  will  take  plaoe  in  the  ooil  for 

another    Siemens    armature    of  each  msKQet  separately.     If  in  rig.  11  the  coil  bo 

corresponding    dimensiouB,   and  made  to  move  over  theao  bars,  we  shaJl  find  that  in 

_  -              _i.i.  I__...^  A * I  .LI  the  first  quarter  of  the  atroke,  as  we  may  terra  it, 

Pio.10.          With  currents  drawn  from  tbU  fvom  A  to  U,  wo  ah.ll  have  a  Vo.itiva  on™t;  in 

effects  were  obtained,  as  regards  the  lecond  quarter,  ttom  M  to  B,  a  neealive  cutn^nt ; 

both  heat  and  light,  tar  surpassing  anything  agaiu^  ane^tive  oarreat  from  B  toM^;  and,  flDsJly, 

pf^vionsly  known.  •  positive  current  from  H'  to  A  ,     It  muat  alia  be 

By  the  substitution  ot  electro-magnets  for  or-  "J'df  m  that  the  sam.  re.ulta  will  be  caused  if,  in- 

dh.^yorso-caUedpermanentma^ts,another  ^1^' I'-riSCX^r.V'j ri^liX^lt 

great  advance  was  made  m  the  construction  of  and  caused  to  paii  through  the  ooih    In  orderTnow- 


Pis.  1 


ELECTKIO  LIGHT. 


277 


iT«r,  to  iTidd  tbe  meehuilcsl  oompliMtiatia  iocidint  revolved  witbiatlie  winirhiah  vuheld  it  reit.  It 
loippiratui  for  iccompliahiDB  ttiu,  U.  Oraoime  lie-  in  od  this  troanlKtian  of  polu-itj  tbet  the  Oramoie 
liiwl  the  appntiu  outlined  in  Fig.  18.  This  is  ■  mschina  dopundB  for  its  octiDC ;  and,  to  go  back  to 
pinLiDcnt  liorM>ho«  mi^fnet,  betwAen  thg  poles  of  our  8tBnin)(-poiDt,  its  differenoeftDm  other  machines 
■lucli,N  S,Upl*oedaria|t  of  soft  iron,  krouud  which  maybe  guaimedupiDthefBcttliKt,  wbileintbs  Utter 
'*■-  -napiet  maj  be  regarded  as  alleraatelj  entering 


M 


le  the  nrngcet  is 


]  all  in 


rougbthaeoil.  Id  order  to  oolteelthe 
ele<»ricitr  produced,  the  insulaliDg  material  ia  re- 
moved from  the  wire  in  b  narrow  band  round  Ihe 


It  ia  oompoaed  of  ft  group  of  loft-  ii 


ii  vosiid  a  eoU  of  inaalated  win.  Tbi«  ring  ia  not 
1  i^naanent  magaet,  but  when  placed  in  the  poaition 
■Ldwii  become*  ao  bj  indaction  from  the  permanBOt 
luigDtt.  The  two  polea  8'  N'  vill  then  be  estalo 
Liuid  in  the  ring.    If  the  ring  be  oaoaed  corevolre, 


^'7  J" 


>nth  pole.    Tbe  oouiequeDoe  ia,  that  oTerwhiahthaenvelopinirwiTeBisputoi: 

nay  ba  regarded  aa  oonatantlj  tnveling  inaalated  coila.     The  radiua  plecaa  B  ar_ 

Ihmugh  the  Iron  ring  at  the  aima  rate  aa  that  at  tnm  each  other  by  ribboni  of  silk  or  India-rubber. 

_L!.L  ■ , —    i._^  = =.,  j!_ui„...  — A  Ti..  ..,j  „r  .1..  w!_  I — uinating  ona  coil  -"•■  •'■- 


..   ._.__.       in  opposite  dirvetion;  and    The  end  of  the  Wire  t( . .  ..„   ... 

tbe  (ffect  on  the  wire  coiled  on  the  ring  ia  then  pre-    beginoing  of  tbe  wire  of  the  next  succeeding  coil 
atelj  tbe  aama  m  Iboagh  the  maffnet  in  Fig.  IS     era  each  atteohed  (o  one  radius  pieoe  b;  loops  and 


jMchea  in  the  war  sbown.  The  taile  of  the  radina 
•"t  ire  all  grouped  together  round  the  osDlral  axis, 
•■><l  tifj  are  nibbed  against  hj  sqitable  ooUeeton 
■birb  take  up  the  eleotrimtf. 

TIm  tuodard  maobiDensM  for  illuminating  vorlc- 
thopa  and  factories  is  teprasented  in  Fin.  16  and 
1*.  ind  consists  of  two  rertioal  framea  ofcast  iron, 
"liMd  by  four  bars  of  soft  Iron,  B  B  B  B  which 
•^t  u  oorea  fw  tbe  eleetro-inagnela  C  C  C  C.  The 
uu  is  of  steel,  and  reTolrss  omlong  beaiing*,  wbiob 


«BD  be  efleetivel;  lubricated— a  point  of  importatioe, 
as  the  apoad  is  high,  ranging  from  TOO  to  I,BM  revo- 
lutions per  minute.  The  central  ring,  Instead  of  be- 
ing covered  with  a  single  wire  attached  b^  equal 
portlotui  to  a  common  oolleator,  ia  covered  with  two 
wires,  wound  on  aide  b;  side  and  united  with  two 
eolleotors.  The  poles  of  the  electro-magnets  H  11 
are  much  developed,  eoibracing  seven  eighths  of 
the  circnmferenee  of  the  ring.  Four  wipers  (ia/ai>) 
J  J  pick  np  the  electricity.    Tbe  electro-ma^ets 


ELECTRIC  UGHT, 


an)  plwed  in  the  go 
for  Che  power  or  il 
nugaetisio  wbioh  re 


id  tha  muihiTis  dspends 
I  pen  the  *mal1  rexiduBl 
itlj  in  them. 


This  machine  prodacea  a  carrent  in  onl; 
one  directiuD,  like  the  voltaic  batter;.  Sub- 
saqnentl;  M.  Gramme  m>  modi6ed  it  as  to 
prodnce  alteniatiiig  ontrenta,  and  this  is  the 
form  novf  used  to  aapplj  the  electridty  for 
the  Jatilochkoff  light. 

The  Bnuh  maohioe  (Fig.  IT)  preBentn  two  roarlied 
difforeseee  from  other  michlnes,  the  flret  of  which 
eoaiiita  in  the  peculiu  method  idoptad  for  wind- 
iog  the  armutare.    The  latter  is  composed  uf  s  ring 


or  endleia  band  of  Iron,  but,  inatesd  of  bsiiDE  ■ 
uniform  croas-tectioo,  like  that  of  the  Gramme  ma- 
ohinei,  la  provided  with  grooTes  or  depresjioiii 
wliote  direction '  is  at  right  angles  to  its  magnistio 
BXia  or  length.  Tbeu  grooves,  which  majr  M  of 
snj  Buitable  number,  scoordlng  to  the  uses  for 
which  the  machine  ii  dsalgaed,  are  wound  full  of 
insulated  copper  wire.  The  adTanUge  of  winding 
the  wire  in  eroovei  or  depresslona  in  the  armature 
ii  twofold :  First,  the  projecting  portions  of  tba  »r- 
matare  between  the  aeocions  of  wir«  oiaj  be  made 
to  raf  aire  ver;  oloaa  to  the  polea  of  the  magoala 
from  which  the  msgnelic  force  it  derived.  By  thia 
means  the  induoCive  force  of  the  magnets  ia  utiliied 
to  a  much  irrester  eiteot  tiian  is  nosaible  in  tl^e  case 
aa  ordinanl;  used,  wbioh  are 


entirely  ooverad  with  wire,  and  can  not  therefore  be 
brought  very  near  the  magnets.  Beoond.  owing  to 
the  exposure  of  a  very  considerable  poriion  of  the 
armature  to  the  stmoapbere,  Ilie  heat,  which  ia  al- 
waya  developed  by  the  rapidly  aucoeeding  magneti- 
sations nnd  demagneliialioni  of  amfsluraB  in  motion, 
is  rapidly  diasipated  by  radiation  and  onnveotion. 

the  esosae  of  the  heat  is  very  slow,  so  that  they 
must  run  at  a  comparatively  low  rate  of  apcod,  with 
correaponding  effect,  in  order  to  prevent  injurious 
heating.  The  second  difference  liei  in  the  manner 
of  connecting  the  armature  coila  Co  the  commutator,* 
thia  being  auch  that  only  the  particular  coils  whieh 


inj  the 


>C  tend  to  wesken*the  ejfeata  of  tlie  ma- 
chine by  affording  a  path  to  divert  the  current  gen- 
erated in  the  active  aeotiona  from  ita  proper  ahann el. 

Whether  a  dynamo- electric  machine  can  sns- 
tftln  one  light  or  many  depends  npOQ  the  obar- 
acter  of  the  cnrrent  which  it  fnmishea,  and  thia 
in  turn  ia  determined  by  the  manner  of  its  con- 
Btrnrtioo.  If  theourrent  ia  required  to  leap  over 
say  five  intervals,  and  thaa  prodnce  five  lights 
in  succession,  it  must  possess  a  sufficient  electro- 
motive force.  This  is  imparted  to  it  by  multi- 
plying the  thin  wires  forming  the  convolutions 


ig  Ihm  to  flow  In  od 


at  for  pratbpring  np  I 


of  the  rotating  armatnre.     Eaoh  additional 

convolution,  like  each  additional  cell  in  a  vol- 
taic battery,  adds  its  electro-motive  force  to 
tbat  of  all  the  othera,  and,  thongh  it  also  adds 
its  resistance,  thereby  diminishing  the  quantity 
of  current  contributed  by  each  convolation,  the 
cnrrent  as  a  whole  becomes  endowed  with  the 
power  of  leaping  across  the  sacceaaive  spaces 
necessary  for  the  production  of  aseriesof  tigbtd 
in  its  coarse.  The  current  is  as  it  were  rendered 
at  once  thinner  and  more  piercing  by  the  simul- 
taneous addition  of  internal  resistance  and  elec- 
tro-motive power.  The  maohinee,  on  the  other 
hand,  which  prodnce  only  a  single  light,  bave 
a  small  internal  resistance  aasociated  with  a 
smalt  electro-motive  force;  in  such  machines 
the  wire  in  the  rotating  armature  is  compara- 
tively short  and  thick,  copper  ribbon  Instead  of 
wire  being  commonly  employed.  Such  ma- 
chines deliver  a  large  quantity  of  electricity  of 
low  tension.  Hence,  though  competent  when 
their  power  is  converged  upon  a  single  interval 
to  produce  one  splendid  light,  their  currents 
are  unable  to  force  a  passage  when  the  num- 
ber of  intervals  is  Increased ;  thus  by  augment- 
ing the  convolutions  of  the  machines  we  lose 
quantity  and  gain  electro-motive  force,  while 
by  lessening  the  nnmber  of  the  convolutiona 
we  lose  electro-motiTe  force  and  gain  quantity. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHT.  ENGINEERING.  279 

(f  the  object  is  to  obtain  a  single  light  of  great  the  electric  light  lies  in  its  excessive  brilliancy. 
brilliancy,  machines  of  low  resistance  and  Targe  Yet  that  is  really  the  case.    To  temper  its  in- 
qoantity  most  be  employed.    If  on  the  other  tensity  it  is  common  to  nse  shades  of  ground 
hand  it  is  desired  to  obtain  in  the  same  circuit  glass ;  but  the  production  of  an  intense  light 
sereral  lights  of  moderate  intensity,  machines  to  be  afterward  deadened  is  obviously  a  waste- 
of  high  internal  resistance  and  of  correspond-  ful  process.    It  is  not  until  the  strong  light  can 
inglr  high  electro-motive  power  must  be  used,  be  economically  divided  into  sever^  lights  of 
Another  mode  of  producing  the  electric  light  moderate  intensity  that  it  stands  a  chance  of 
:« that  devised  by  Messrs.  Thompson  and  Hous-  becoming  the  domestic  light  of  the  fhture. 
ton.  in  which  a  succession  of  sparks  is  made  Many  inventors  are  now  at  work  on  this  prob- 
to  jield  a  continuous  light.    A  pair  of  carbon  lem,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  those  most  com- 
pencils  is  mounted  vertically,  but,  while  the  petent  to  Judge  that  success  is  not  far  distant, 
positive  carbon  is  fixed^  the  negative  carbon        If  an  electric  light  of  moderate  power  can 
i^  capable  of  vibration.    At  first  the  two  pen-  be  cheaply  obtained,  its  advantages  over  gas,  as 
cik  are  in  close  contact,  and  the  current  passes,  at  present  burned,  are  beyond  question.    The 
ofooone,  through  them;  but  the  movable  rod  electric  light,  for  instance,  does  not  vitiate  the 
br  its  motion  breaks  contact,  and  a  spark  im-  surrounding  atmosphere  as  ordinary  combns- 
mediately  appears.  Before  the  impression  made  tion  does.    The  carbon  points  bum  away,  it  is 
bj  thia  spark  upon  the  retina  has  faded  away,  true,  and  thus  consume  oxygen  and  produce 
the  oscillating  carbon  springs  back,  whereby  carbonic-acid  sas ;  but  the  action  is  insignifi- 
contact  is  momentarily  renewed,  and  as  mo-  cant  compared  with  that  which  takes  place 
mentarily  broken ;  another  spark  then  appears,  during  the  production  of  the  same  amount  of 
and,  as  these  sparks  succeed  each  other  with  light  from  candles,  oil,  or  gas.    Moreover,  the 
gnsat  rapidity,  they  give  rise  to  a  continuous  electric  light  can  be  produced  in  a  closed  vessel 
sensation  of  light    An  electric  light  may  thus  from  which  air  is  excluded ;  and  thus  the  sur- 
be  obtained  with  a  motor  much  too  feeble  to  rounding  atmosphere  may  be  kept  perfectly 
produce  the  light  in  its  ordinary  form.  free  from  contamination.    Again,  this  light  is 
Still  another  method,  which,  however,  prom-  recommended  by  its  exceptional  purity.    In  a 
i^  to  be  of  little  economic  importance,  is  that  gas-flame  the  yellow  rays  predominate,  and 
in  which  the  electric  discharge  is  sent  through  hence  it  becomes  impossible  by  gaslight  to  dis- 
1  gas  or  vapor  in  a  rarefied  condition,  when  tinguish,  say,  a  bluish-green  from  a  greenish* 
lominous  effects  of  great  beauty  are  produced,  blue.   But  by  the  electric  light  colors  are  much 
The  phenomena  are  best  seen  in  Geissler  tubes —  more  accurately  discriminated. 
fo  named  after  an  artist  of  Bonn  who  originally        With  the  space  allotted  to  this  article,  it  has 
devised  them.    These  are  hermetically  sealed  been  impossible  to  give  either  detailed  accounts 
gla.4s  tubes  inclosing  various  gases  in  a  highly  of  all  the  various  forms  of  apparatus  that  have 
attennated  state,  through  which  the  sparks  been  devised  for  producing  the  electric  light, 
trom  an  induction  coil  can  be  passed  by  means  or  minute  descriptions  of  the  results  that  have 
of  platinum  electrodes  fused  into  the  glass.   On  been  obtained.    Those  wishing  to  go  more 
the  passage  of  tJie  current  a  soft  and  delicately  fully  into  the  subject  are  referred  to  "  Apple- 
tinted  fight  streams  through  the  tube  from  pole  tons*  Cyclopedia  of  Applied  Mechanics,"  to  Mr. 
to  pole.    Although  the  electric  light  in  these  George  B.  Prescott^s  recent  work  on  ^^Tbe 
tnbes  is  too  feeble  to  be  employed  for  ordi-  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric  Light,  and  other 
nary  purposes  of  illumination,  it  has  certain  recent  Electrical  Inventions,"  and  to  M.  Fon- 
special  applications  that  give  it  some  practical  taine^s  treatise  on  ^^  Electric  Lighting." 
nine.    Thus  it  has  been  used,  to  a  limited  ex-        ENGINEERING.    Several  large  works  of 
^t  by  medical  men  in  examining  ^e  con-  engineering  are  now  approaching  completion 
^icioD  of  any  cavity  of  the  body  into  which  it  or  have  been  begun  in  the  United  States,  which 
13  possible  to  introduce  a  properly  shaped  tube,  country  offers  the  best  field  at  present  for  prog- 
Itj  DM  has  also  been  suggested  in  coal  mines  ress  in  this  art.    The  opportunities  have  been 
vhere  fiery  seams  are  being  worked ;  and  for  well  utilized  by  the  engineers  of  America,  who, 
this  purpose  an  ingenious  Iwnp  has  been  con-  while  as  a  class  they  do  not  yield  in  knowledge 
strncted  by  MM.  Dumas  and  Benoit.    It  has  and  theoretical  schooling  to  their  European 
al«o  been  proposed  to  use  Geissler  tubes  in  ear^friret^  are  much  freer  than  they  from  tram- 
^powder  factories,  and  as  a  means  of  sub-  meling  professional  traditions,  and  oonsequent- 
nunne  illumination.  ly  bolder  in  their  conceptions  and  more  ingen- 
The  economy  and  suitability  of  the  electric  ions  in  overcoming  practical  difficulties.    Their 
hht  for  iUuminating  large  buildings  and  open  eminence  has  recently  been  acknowledged  with 
*(*areft  may  be  considered  as  already  amply  candor  by  several  of  the  ifirst  English  engineers 
demonstrated,  and  many  of  the  recently  de-  at  their  annual  gathering,  some  of  whom  sided 
^M  systems,  some  of  which  we  have  briefly  with  the  Americans  in  the  mooted  question  of 
described,  promise  to  accomplish,  more  or  less  pin  or  rivet  connections  in  iron  truss  bridges 
woceasfolly,  that  great  object  which  has  so  of  long  span.    The  narrow  gauge  on  railways, 
^-ften  proved  a  stumbling-block  to  the  inventor  which  the  United  States  flrst  adopted,  is  being 
--the  divisibility  of  the  light.    It  seems  para-  rapidly  introduced  abroad,  where  the  condi- 
dozical  to  say  that  the  great  disadvantage  of  tions  of  the  land  or  of  population  make  it 


280  ENGINEERING. 

preferable ;  the  French  Government  has  cho-  Dover  Streets ;  the  distance  from  the  anchor- 
sen  the  narrow  gauge  for  branch  lines ;  and  age  to  the  pier  is  940  feet;  the  dear  span  over 
even  in  Scotland  such  a  road  has  jast  been  the  river  is  1,595  feet ;  the  distance  from  the 
oailt.  Most  important  among  recent  engineer-  opposite  pier  to  the  Brooklyn  anchorage,  at 
ing  achievements  are  the  building  of  the  East  James  Street,  is  likewise  940  feet;  and  the 
Kiver  Bridge  between  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  length  of  the  Brooklyn  approach  is  836  feet,  or 
and  the  boring  of  the  great  adit  to  drain  the  a  little  more  than  hsJf  that  of  the  New  York 
mines  of  the  Oomstock  lode  in  Nevada,  car-  approach.  The  roadway  of  the  bridge,  85  feet 
ried  out  by  the  energetic  Sutro,  who  had  great  broad,  is  to  be  occupied  by  two  railways,  two 
moral  as  well  as  physical  difficulties  to  over-  wagon-ways,  and  a  footpath.  The  carriage- 
come.  The  same  may  be  affirmed  of  the  rapid-  ways  are  to  be  on  each  side  of  the  roadway, 
transit  overhead  railways  in  New  York,  which  the  railways  within  them,  and  the  footway  in 
were  opened  in  the  past  year.  Whether  a  the  center  of  the  bridge.  For  a  distance  of 
better  plan  of  rapid  transit  might  have  been  600  feet  on  the  New  York  side,  and  for  a  cer- 
devised,  or  whether  the  elevated  roads  might  tain  distance  on  the  Brooklyn  side,  the  road- 
have  been  constructed  in  a  better  manner,  is  way  of  the  approach  is  100  feet  in  width,  the 
now  a  dead  issue,  with  whatever  vigor  and  sin-  extra  width  being  taken  np  by  two  additional 
cerity  it  has  been  contested  in  past  years ;  and  footpaths  which  come  to  an  end  where  the 
the  public  seem  to  be  making  up  their  mind  roadway  is  narrowed  to  86  feet, 
with  growing  satisfaction  to  this  method  of  The  roadway  of  the  approach  is  supported 
rapid  transit  with  all  its  disadvantages,  since  by  a  series  of  semicircular  arches,  which  rest 
it  has  become  an  accomplished  fact.  In  Europe  upon  piers  of  granite  and  brick.  In  the  piers 
the  chief  work  now  going  on  is  the  piercing  of  open  cells  are  left,  for  the  sake  of  economizing 
Mount  St  Gothard  by  the  longest  railroad  tun-  the  material.  The  buildings  will  be  demol- 
nel  in  the  world,  which  will  be  accomplished  ished  for  a  space  110  feet  broad  to  make  room 
within  two  years  if  the  energy  and  resources  for  the  entrance.  The  roadway  rises  in  a  gradi- 
of  M.  Favre  do  not  find  the  physical  difficulties  ent  of  3^  feet  in  each  100  feet  from  the  entrance 
insuperable.  near  the  City  Hall  to  the  summit  of  the  anchor- 
The  suspension  bridge  over  the  East  River,  age.  The  roadway  in  the  three  suspended  spans 
to  connect  Brooklyn  and  New  York  cities,  will  be  as  nearly  as  possible  perfectly  level, 
is  now  approaching  completion  after  nine  years  The  north  side  of  the  New  York  approach  will 
of  intermittent  labor.  This  great  bridge  is  the  run  close  to  the  acfjaoent  buildings,  but  on  Uie 
chief  work  of  the  late  John  A.  Roebling,  and  is  south  side  a  street  will  be  made  of  varyin;^ 
being  completed  under  the  direction  of  his  son,  width,  extending  its  whole  length.  The  ex- 
W.  A.  Roebling.  It  is  a  suspension  bridge  of  terior  of  the  arched  masonry  forming  the  ap- 
the  usual  form  with  wire  cables,  similar  to  those  proach  will  be  of  dressed  granite  in  two  colors, 
constructed  by  the  same  engineer  at  Niagara  Within  the  arches  two  floors  will  be  constructed 
and  Cincinnati.  The  length  of  the  bridge  be-  on  cross-beams,  the  highest  being  80  to  37  feet 
tween  the  anchorages  is  3,476  feet.  The  piers  above  the  ground.  The  rooms  thus  formed 
are  two,  situated  at  the  edge  of  the  river  on  will  be  rented  for  warehousing  and  the  like, 
each  side.  The  superstructure  of  the  bridge  is  At  the  edges  of  the  roadway  the  approach  will 
to  be  an  iron  framework,  86  feet  in  width,  anp-  be  ornamented  by  a  pierced  stone  parapet.  At 
ported  by  the  four  main  cables,  which  have  a  the  crossings  of  streets  the  arched  structure  is 
diameter  of  16  inches  each  ana  a  strength  of  interrupted  and  the  roadway  carried  over  on 
160,000  lbs.  per  square  inch  of  their  section,  bridges  of  different  construction.  The  bridge 
theirtotal  strength  being  5, 000  tons.  The  bridge  crossing  Franklin  Square  is  to  be  an  iron  truss 
wiU  be  supported  also  by  straight  stays  running  skew  bridge  with  spans  of  170  and  210  feet 
from  the  top  of  the  piers  and  attached  to  the  Cliff  Street  will  be  crossed  by  a  stone  and  brick 
bottom  of  the  bridge,  which  are  said  to  be  structure  of  61  feet  6  inches ;  Y andewater 
strong  enough  to  prevent  the  bridge  from  fall-  Street  by  a  similar  bridge  of  40  feet  span.  The 
ing,  without  the  main  cables.  The  height  of  other  bridges  will  be  simple  box-girders.  The 
the  bottom  of  the  bridge  at  its  lowest  portion  bridges  will  be  constructed  in  an  ornamental 
above  the  river  is  135  feet  at  high  water,  style.  The  roadway  will  be  ornamented  further 
The  height  of  the  towers  is  268  feet  above  high-  by  large  and  handsome  gas-lamps.  The  two 
water  mark.  The  deflection  of  the  cables  is  railways  will  not  be  crossed  by  locomotives, 
128  feet.  The  total  length  of  the  bridge,  but  the  trains  will  be  moved  by  endless  wire 
from  the  entrance  on  the  New  York  side  ropes  worked  by  large  steam-engines  at  the  ter- 
at  Chatham  Street,  opposite  City  Hall  Park,  mini.  Special  clutching  devices  have  been  de- 
to  the  Brooklyn  entrance  at  the  square  be-  signed  for  attaching  the  cars  to  the  ropes.  In 
tween  Fulton,  Prospect,  Washington,  and  Sand  the  wagon-roads  iron  and  steel  trams  about  14 
Streets,  is  about  6,000  feet.  The  entrance  to  inches  wide  are  to  be  laid,  which  will  afibrtl  a 
the  New  York  approach,  the  center  of  which  track  for  street-cars  or  any  kind  of  carriages, 
falls  at  the  north  line  of  the  building  occupied  and  will  accommodate  wheels  of  any  length  of 
as  the  office  of  the  **  Daily  News  '*  paper,  is  axle. 

distant  1,562^  feet  from  the  New  York  anchor-  The  four  main  cables,  16  inches  in  diameter, 

age,  in  the  block  between  Cherry,  Water,  and  are  composed  of  parallel  steel  wires  bound  to- 


EKaiNEERma. 


282  ENGINEERING. 

gether.  The  four  cables  enter  the  anchor-  Each  of  the  anchorages  contains  about  85,000 
walls,  situated  1,387  feet  from  the  pier  on  the  cubic  yards  of  masonry.  * 
New  York  side,  and  887  from  the  pier  on  the  The  caisson  sunk  for  the  foundation  of  the 
Brooklyn  side,  at  the  height  of  nearly  80  feet  New  York  pier  iu  1872  was  the  largest  ever 
above  high  water.  Passing  into  the  anchorages  made.  It  had  a  rectangular  base,  172  feet  long 
to  the  distance  of  20  feet,  they  connect  with  the  and  102  in  width.  At  the  bottom  was  an  air- 
anchor- chains,  which  are  composed  often  links,  chamber  9i  feet  high.  The  roof  was  22  feet 
each  12  or  more  feet  in  length,  180  feet  in  to-  thick,  and  the  sides  were  carried  up  to  a  height 
tal  length,  which  describe  a  quarter  of  the  arc  of  82  feet  from  the  bottom.  The  upper  part 
of  a  circle,  thus  converting  a  part  of  the  ten-  served  as  a  coffer-dam.  The  caisson  was  made 
Bion  into  vertical  pressure.  The  strain  of  the  of  timber  and  lined  with  boiler-iron.  The 
cables  on  the  anchorages  is  about  5,600  tons,  weight  of  the  timber  and  iron  part  was  13,271 
while  the  structures  are  calculated  for  ten  times  tons,  in  which  had  been  laid  80,000  tons  of 
that  tension.  The  cables  only  sustain  a  part  masonry.  There  were  two  double  air-locks 
of  the  load  of  the  bridge.  They  are  not  placed  running  into  the  air-chamber  and  two  air-shafts 
parallel,  but,  in  order  to  hold  the  bridge  stiff  extending  through  well-holes  in  the  masonry, 
against  side  pressure  from  the  wind,  the  out-  and  in  these  an  elevator  and  staircase.  The 
side  cables  are  carried  over  the  towers  at  points  temperature  was  kept  even  by  steam-pipinfr. 
wider  apart  than  the  width  of  the  flooring,  and  Below  the  bottom  eage  of  the  caisson  extend- 
con verge  as  they  approach  the  middle  of  the  ed  two  water-shafts,  in  which  worked  power- 
span  ;  while  the  inside  cables  pass  over  the  f ul  dredges  to  grapple  the  large  stones  and 
piers  near  together,  and  diverge  till  they  meet  coarser  materials  under  the  caisson  and  conrej 
the  center.  The  steel  wire  conaposing  the  them  into  cars.  The  earth  and  sand  were  blown 
cables  weighs  one  pound  per  11  feet.  Each  out  by  compressed  air  on  the  plan  of  General 
strand  of  the  19  composing  the  cable  is  made  up  William  Sooy  Smith.  There  were  over  40 
of  261  wires.  The  cables  are  about  8,500  feet  pipes  for  this  purpose.  This  caisson  was  sunk 
in  length  each.  The  ropes  are  compressed  into  to  a  depth  of  78  feet  below  mean  high  tide, 
perfect  cylindrical  form,  the  strands  losing  The  pressure  of  84  pounds  above  the  normal 
their  roundness  by  the  compression,  and  form-  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  was  kept  up  by  aid 
ing  segments  of  the  cylinder  in  two  layers  of  thirteen  large  steam  compressors.  The  cais- 
around  the  central  strand,  the  effect  being  to  son  on  the  Brooklyn  side,  sunk  the  previous 
bring  all  the  wires  into  one  compact  cylindri-  year,  was  168  feet  long  by  102  wide, 
cal  mass.  The  new  bridge  which  is  being  built  over 
The  towers,  as  stated,  are  268  feet  in  height  the  Missouri  River  at  Glasgow  for  the  Chicago 
above  high- water  mark.  That  on  the  Brooklyn  and  Alton  Railroad,  according  to  the  designs 
side  is  situated  immediately  north  of  Fulton  of  General  Sooy  Smith,  is  made  of  steel,  bemg 
Ferry-house ;  the  New  York  tower  is  at  Pier  the  first  example  of  a  truss  bridge  composed 
29,  near  the  foot  of  Roosevelt  Street.  Each  of  solely  of  that  metal  in  America.  It  is  a  single- 
the  piers  rests  upon  a  caisson  sunk  down  to  track  bridge  of  five  spans  of  815  feet  each, 
the  solid  rook,  which  is  82  to  92  feet  below  the  formed  by  Pratt  trusses  with  pin  connections, 
surface  of  the  water  on  the  New  York  side.  In  the  sinking  of  the  timber  caissons  for  tlie 
and  45  feet  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  foundations  of  the  piers  the  pneumatic  process 
The  towers  are  each  184  feet  in  length  by  56  was  employed.  The  excavated  sand  and  diit 
in  width  at  the  water-line.  These  dimensions  were  discharged  by  steam  ejectors, 
are  made  gradually  smaller  up  to  the  upper  The  longest  span  crossed  by  a  swing-bridge 
cornice  by  sloped  offsets ;  at  the  cornice  they  is  that  over  the  channel  which  connects  the 
are  120  feet  by  40  feet.  The  roadway  rests  on  graving  docks  with  the  harbor  at  Marseilles, 
the  piers  at  the  height  of  180  feet  above  the  a  model  of  which  was  exhibited  at  the  world's 
water-line,  and  their  height  above  the  floor  is  fair  in  Paris.  The  bridge  is  formed  by  three 
180  feet,  not  counting  the  ornamental  capping  main  girders,  which  support  a  platform  203 
and  balustrades.  The  roadway  passes  under  two  feet  in  length  and  41  feet  in  breadth,  on  which 
archways  in  the  piers,  each  82  feet  wide  and  are  a  railway,  a  carriage-way,  and  a  footpath, 
120  feet  high.  The  piers  are  built  entirely  of  the  last  being  carried  outside  one  of  the  outer 
granite,  and  have  hollow  chambers ;  each  con-  girders  on  cantilevers.  Over  the  pivot  is  a 
tains  about  900,000  cubic  feet  of  stone,  weigh-  cross-girder,  under  which  is  an  hydraulic  press 
ing  over  70,000  tons ;  the  foundations  under  the  which  lifts  the  bridge  oft'  its  bearings  and  sup- 
water  are  extended  to  about  17,000  square  ports  it  while  it  swings.  At  the  connterbal- 
f eet,  making  the  load  a  little  more  than  four  ance  end  of  the  bridge  each  ^rder  is  furnished 
tons  per  square  foot.  The  dead  weight  of  the  with  a  wheel,  which  moves  on  an  iron  rail, 
bridge  is  to  be  about  8,600  tons,  and  the  esti-  The  total  weight  of  the  bridge  is  760  tons, 
nnated  moving  load  is  1,400  tons.  The  founda-  The  bridge  can  be  turned  by  one  man  in  three 
tions  for  the  piers  were  excavated  by  means  of  minutes.  The  hydraulic  machinery  which 
caissons,  to  aid  in  lowering  which  an  air-cham-  actuates  it  consists  of  the  central  press,  which 
ber  was  constructed  at  the  bottom  of  each,  raises  the  bridge  and  forms  the  pivot  of  ro- 
and  dredging  operations  were  conducted  below  tation,  of  cylinders  for  working  supporting 
the  sinking  mass  by  men  within  the  chambers,  wedges,  and  of  two  machines  which  turn  the 


ENGINEERING.  283 

bridge  by  the  aid  of  chains.   Water  is  supplied  drew^s  crosses.    To  resist  the  force  of  the 

to  the  central  press  by  an  accnmnlator,  at  a  wind,  the  base  was  made  48  feet  broad,  the 

tension  of  270  atmospheres.  two  sides  of  the  arch  approaching  each  other 

The  Severn  bridge  is  expected  to  be  open  in  at  the  summit,  where  their  distance  apart  is 

the  spring  of  1879.    The  cylinders  for  the  last  'only  12'8  feet,  the  width  of  the  roadway ;  the 

pi^T  have  been  put  in  place.    The  weight  of  plane  of  the  two  arches  is  therefore  consider* 

iron  used  in  this  bridge  is  about  7,000  tons,  ably  out  of  the  vertical.    They  are  connected 

The  total  length  of  the  bridge  is  1,887  yards,  transversely  by  horizontal  traverses  and  frames 

iDcInding  the    masonry,  viaduct,  and  swing-  joining  the  crosses  and  posts  of  the  arches,  and 

spazL    The  width  of  the  river  at  the  place  by  timbers  joining  the  arches  themselves.  The 

vhere  it  is  crossed  by  the  bridge  is  1,186  roadway  is  supported  on  each  side  of  the  river 

jards.  by  a  metallic  pillar  resting  on  the  spandrel  of 

There  have  been  frequent  ominous  predio-  the  arch,  and  by  other  similar  pillars  in  the 
tioDs  of  the  rapid  decay  and  impending  fall  of  valley.  The  roadway  is  attached  to  the  arches 
the  famous  Britannia  tubular  bridge,  con-  in  such  manner  that  they  can  move  without 
Btrocted  by  Stephenson  across  Menai  Straits,  disturbing  it.  The  pillars  are  entirely  of 
An  engineering  critic  has  answered  them  by  laminated  iron,  cast  iron  having  been  consid- 
an  estimate  that  the  bridge  will  hold,  with  ered  insecure.  As  it  was  impossible  to  erect 
firoper  care,  without  any  extensive  repairs,  scaffolding  in  the  river,  the  difficult  work  of 
for  at  least  150  years,  while  the  parts  which  utilizing  the  structure  on  either  bank  to  sup- 
are  so  wasted  by  corrosion  as  to  imperil  the  port  the  massive  arches  while  erecting  them 
stmctore  can  be  successively  removed  and  was  attempted.  The  horizontal  girders,  which 
Dew  plates  riveted  on ;  and  the  whole  bridge  support  the  roadway  over  its  whole  length, 
can  be  gradually  renewed  in  this  manner  with-  were  run  out  some  distance  beyond  the  iron 
oat  altering  its  form  or  efficiency.  The  iron-  piers  on  either  bank,  and  the  portions  of  the 
work  of  the  top  and  bottom  cells,  which  would  arch,  as  they  were  successively  built  out  from 
he  the  most  difficult  to  repair,  is  the  portion  each  shore,  were  held  up  by  a  system  of  wire 
of  the  structure  which  is  leatit  liable  to  cor-  cables  made  fSast  to  different  parts  of  the  frame- 
rosion,  and  a  recent  examination  of  these  work  of  the  girders  and  iron  pillars,  which 
parts  shows  them  to  be  in  a  perfectly  sound  were  themselves  anchored  in  position  by  iron 
and  unimpaired  condition.  Experiments  have  ropes  which  were  fastened  in  the  ledge  of 
proved  that  iron  which  is  subject  to  repeated  natural  rock  where  the  bridge  terminates  on 
vihrations  corrodes  more  slowly  than  iron  the  Oporto  side,  and  in  a  mass  of  masonry  con- 
which  is  qniesoent.  structed  for  the  purpose  on  the  other  bank. 

A  flat  arch  of  75  feet  span  and  7  feet  6  The  different  bays  of  the  arch  were  thus  sus- 
inches  rise  In  the  center,  forming  a  bridge  re-  tained,  the  wire  ropes  being  successively  at- 
eently  built  over  a  railroad  cutting  in  London,  taohed  to  the  outer  ones  as  they  were  com- 
ii  entirely  composed  of  concrete.  The  con-  pleted.  The  iron  parts  were  brought  in  barges 
Crete  in  the  arch  is  8  feet  6  inches  thick  in  the  and  hoisted  into  position  by  cranes  and  shear- 
center,  and  increases  in  thickness  toward  the  legs.  The  work  was  commenced  in  January, 
haonches;  these  abut  on  skew-backs  composed  1876,  and  was  completed  in  20  months.  The 
likewise  of  concrete.  The  material  is  composed  engineers  were  Eiffel  &  Co.,  of  Paris.  When 
of  6  parts  of  gravel  and  1  of  Portland  cement,  tested  with  a  train  of  85  tons  weight,  running 
It  was  carefnlly  laid  on  in  mass  over  a  close  at  the  rate  of  19  miles  an  hour,  the  deflection 
frame  of  boarding  set  upon  the  centering  and  was  0*6  inch  in  the  center,  and  0*4  inch  at  the 
inclosed  at  the  sides.  haunches ;  a  stationary  load  of  18  cwt.  per 

A  viaduct  over  the  Douro  River  in  Portugal,  lineal  foot  caused  a  deflection  of  0*894  inch, 

recently  constructed,  is  1,129  feet  in  length  the  estimated  deflection  having   been  0.355 

between  the  faces  of  the  abutments,  supported  inch. 

br  iron  trestles,  and  over  the  river  is  sustained  The  raising  of  the  great  Egyptian  obelisk, 

by  a  central  arch  of  512  feet  span.    An  arch  called  Cleopatra^s  Needle,  and  setting  it  upright 

of  this  size  was  adopted  on  account  of  the  upon  its  pedestal,  was  a  work  requiring  novel 

depth  of  the  river  and  the  thickness  of  the  engineering  expedients  and  apparatus.     The 

claj  beds  at  its  bottom.    On  account  of  the  obelisk  was  hauled  on  its  peculiar  raft  along- 

^Dasoal  dimensions  of  the  arch,  it  was  un-  side  the  Adelphi  Steps  of  the  Thames  Embank  - 

a^vigable  to  employ  rigid  tympanums,  which  ment  in  London,  and  hauled  upon  a  timber 

^t^j  increased  the  complexity  of  the  calcu-  cradle ;  it  was  then  lifted  and  at  the  same  time 

Utiona.    The  arch  was  therefore  given  suffi-  moved  forward  by  hydraulic  jacks,  and  then  a 

cient  rigidity  to  resist  strains  by  making  it  82  little  to  the  side,  until  its  center  rested  upon 

fe«t  thick  at  the  key,  while  the  extrados  and  the  center  of  the  pedestal.    The  iron  cylinder 

iatrados  of  the  arch  were  made  to  converge  at  in  which  it  had  made  its  long  sea-voyage  was 

the  abutments  in  order  that  the  ends  might  then  knocked  off  and  replaced  by  an  iron 

f^  on  two  supports.    The  form  of  the  arch  jacket,  which  incased  the  central  part  of  the 

^ai  therefore  that  of  a  crescent,  within  which,  obelisk  for  20  feet  of  its  length.    The  jacket 

bracing  the  extrados  and  intrados,  are  vertical  was  furnished  with  protruding  arms  resem- 

^  transverse  pieces  in  the  form  of  St.  An-  bling  the  trunnions  of  a  cannon,  which  rested 


384  ENGINEEBINO. 

Dpon  two  iron  girders.  A  timber  Bcaffoldine  ttmn  half  a  minate.  The  engiuea  weigh  u 
was  erected  with  foor  aprights,  each  composed  mDoh  as  IS  tons,  and  are  capable  of  a  speti 
of  siz  beams  of  heavy  timber,  placed  tJiree  and  of  40  miles  or  more  an  hour.  The  strueture 
three,  with  a  space  between  tham  to  receive  differs  somewhat  in  different  portions  of  the 
the  ends  of  the  girders.  The  great  mass  was  route.  In  West  Broadway  the  girders  are  of 
lifted  by  hydraulic  jacks  placed  nnder  the  gird-  open  lattice-work,  the  longitudinal  girder  Tell- 
ers, nntil  the  height  was  as  great  as  the  dis-  ing  on  the  transverse  one  inside  of  the  pillars, 
tance  between  the  trunnions  and  the  larger  In  West  Third  Street  the  transverse  girders 
eod  of  the  obelisk.  Each  lift  was  seoared  by  are  of  plate,  and  the  loogitadinal  trusses  are 
heavy  timber  packing.  When  the  proper  about  4  feet  inside  the  colamns.  In  South 
height  was  attuned  l£e  fastenings  were  out  Fifth  Avenae  the  crosa-girders  span  the  wlmle 
away  so  that  the  stone  could  be  swung  upon  street,  the  posts  being  set  in  the  curb.  The 
its  trunnions,  on  which  it  was  nicely  btuanced,  oroes-girders  are  40  feet  wide  and  8  feet  6 
and  when  it  waa  brought  to  a  perpendicular  it  inches  deep,  and  consist  of  plates.  In  Siith 
was  lowered  into  its  seat  Avenoe  the  longitudinal  trusses  are  id  a  line 

The  new  overhead  railroads  in  the  city  of  with  the  pilLara,  and  the  cross'^rders  are 
New  York  are  being  built  by  two  companies,  latticed  only  in  the  center.  The  poets  are 
which  have  chosen  two  materially  different  some  distance  outside  of  the  curbstoDea.  The 
plans  of  ooDstmction.  The  Metropolitan  Ele-  distance  apart  of  the  colnmna  is  about  13  fei't 
vated  Kulway  (named  at  first,  from  the  pro-  on  the  average  in  Sixth  Avenne.  The  fonnda- 
Jector  of  the  system.  Dr.  Ratbs  H.  Gilbert,  the  tions  were  made  by  eioavatlng  a  hole  about  6 
Gilbert  Elevated  Railway)  waa  incorporated  feet  deep  and  9  feet  aquare,  and  filling  its  bol- 
by  an  act  of  the  Legislature  passed  Jnne  IT,  torn  with  hydraalio  cement  4  inches  thick,  od 
1672.    Work  was  commenced  on  the  road  in    which  ware  Idd  two  fiat  bloeatonea  6  or  more 

inohes  thick  and  6  eqniTe 
feet  in  area;  in  tbese 
stones  four  tiolea  were 
drilled  and  anchor-bolts 
passed  tbrOQgb,  and  then 
brick  masonry  was  huili 
on  their  top  as  high  m 
the  level  of  the  atreet,  4 
feet  aquare  at  the  top 
and  all  laid  in  hydraulic 
mortar.  The  cast-iron 
bed-plate,  8  feet  9  inches 
square  at  the  bottom  and 
16  inobea  high,  weighing 
1,200  pounds,  was  k- 
oured  to  the  fonndations 
by  bolts  S  inches  in  diam- 
eter. To  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  iron  bed-plate, 
21  inches  square,  the  bot- 
tom of  the  wronght-iron 
column  was  bolted  by  S 
bolts,  each  H  ioeb  in  di- 
ameter, and  all  covered  in 
with  brick  and  oement. 
The  columns  were  com- 
posed of  two  13 -inch 
•EonoK  OP  nTBomuTui  ooio  uc  wmt  HBOuiviT.  wronght-iron    channel- 

bars  and  two  12-incb 
March,  18T3 ;  bnt  operations  were  embarrassed  channel-plates  riveted  to  them.  To  the  foot  of 
by  frequent  injunctions  issued  by  the  oonrta,  the  columns  were  fastened  four  angle-iron  bars. 
until  in  October,  18TT,  the  final  decisions  were  The  longitudinal  girders  are  pin -connected 
given  in  favor  of  the  road  and  all  legal  re-  trasses,  6  feet  2  inches  deep,  and  6}  feet  from 
straints  removed.  In  this  road  the  tracks  are  center  to  center  of  the  pins  vertically.  The  top 
supported  over  the  middle  of  the  streets  by  chord  is  made  by  two  channel-bara,  8  inches 
two  rows  of  columns  connected  at  the  top  by  deep,  united  by  a  12-inch  plate.  The  pins  are 
lattice-girders,  on  which  the  saperstracture  8  inches  in  diameter,  bolted  at  each  end.  The 
rests.  The  stations,  about  half  a  mile  apart,  yellow-pine  cross-ties,  6  by  7  inches,  8^  feet 
and  usDally  placed  at  the  interaections  of  the  long,  and  24  inches  apart  between  centers, 
streets,  are  built  of  corrugated  iron.  The  plat-  rest  on  track-stringers  of  rolled  beams,  8  by  4 
forms  are  long  enough  to  unload  four  or  five  inches.  The  rails  weigh  C9  lbs.  per  yard.  On 
cars  at  a  time,  as  the  stoppages  ore  not  longer    each  aide  of  them  are  guard-rails  to  prevent 


£NGIN££RING.  285 

fulamitj  in   case  of  derailment.     Diagonal  and  Pearl  Streets,  op  the  Bowery  and  Third 

braces  in  each  panel  give  stability  to  the  Avenue  to  Fifty-ninth  Street.    Branches  are 

f<tractare.  to  go  off  to  the  ferries,  the  terminas  of  the 

The  plan  of  the  Metropolitan  Elevated  Kail-  East  River  Bridge,  ana  the  Grand  Central 

road  embraces  an  entire  circuit  of  the  island,  Depot.    On  the  west  side  the  old  road  is  to 

'22mile8inlength.  going  from  Bowling  Green  be  extended  from  Sixty-first  to  Eighty-first 

through  Beaver,  !rearl.  New  Bowery,  and  Di-  Street.    The  plans  include  the  construction  in 

TJsion  Streets  to  Allen  Street,  along  this  and  all  of  about  tnree  miles  of  single  and  six  miles 

First  Avenue  to  Tweoty-third  Street,  across  of  double  track.     The  New  York  Elevated 

to  Seooud  Avenue,  and  up  that  to  Harlem  Railway  differs  materially  from  the  Metro- 

Ki?6r ;  then  along  River  Street  to  Eighth  politan  in  being  sustained  by  a  single  row  of 

AreDQe,  down  that  to  One  Hundred  and  Tenth  posts,  which  support  the  whole  weight,  the 

Street,  across  to  Ninth  Avenue,  down  that  to  roadway  passing  immediately    above   them; 

Fiftr-third  Street,  and  across  to  Sixth  Avenue,  while  the  Metropolitan  roadway  is  supported 

and  then  down  by  the  now  completed  track  on  transverse  girders  by  a  double  row  of  posts. 

to  Morris  Street,  and  through  private  property  Through  part  of  its  course,  where  the  streets 

to  Bowling  Green.    An  extension  along  Sixth  are  narrow,  the  same  plan  is  adopted  by  the 

Arenae  to  Fifty-ninth  Street  is  also  in  the  west  side  road.    A  similar  construction  is  fol- 

plan,  and  a  connecting  line  through  Chambers  lowed  in  Third  Avenue,  where,  as  the  houses 

Street  from  West  Broadway  to  Chatham  Street  are  nearly  all  occupied  as  dwellings,  it  was 

aod  along  that  to  Division  Street.  found  advisable  to  remove  the  track  as  nearly 

The  course  of  the  completed  portion  of  the  as  possible  to  the  middle  of  the  street,  instead 
road  is  from  Morris  Street,  opposite  Trinity  of  following  the  curb  as  they  must  along  the 
Church,  along  New  Church  Street  to  Church  Bowery,  owing  to  that  thoroughfare's  nnmer- 
Street,  then  along  Murray  Street,  College  Place,  ous  street-car  tracks  and  constant  traffic.  In 
and  Chambers  Street  to  West  Broadway,  along  Third  Avenue  the  posts  are  placed  on  each 
this  and  across  Oanal  Street  into  South  Fifth  side  of  the  horse  railroad  and  connected  by 
Avenne ;  taming  at  West  Third  Street  and  light  elliptic-arch  girders  on  which  the  road- 
again  at  Sixth  Avenue,  it  follows  the  latter  way  rests,  which  is  about  17  feet  above  the 
thoroughfare  np  to  the  terminus  at  Fifty-ninth  street  The  columns  are  15  inches  square  at 
Street  and  Central  Park.  The  course  is  about  the  bottom,  instead  of  15  by  18  inches  as  when 
fonr  and  a  half  miles  in  length.  The  engines  they  are  placed  in  the  curb.  The  average 
i»ed  have  a  weight  when  loaded  of  14*955  tons,  length  of  the  spans  is  48  feet  4  inches.  The 
the  weight  on  the  driving-wheels  being  12*035  roadway  is  supported  on  open  lattice-girdertt, 
tons.  The  length  of  the  wheel  base  is  15  feet  88  inches  deep,  so  proportioned  that  the  strain 
6  inches;  length  of  fire-box,  8  feet  6  inches,  of  tension  ana  compression  is  nowhere  greater 
vidth2feet3inche8;  diameter  of  bogie  wheels,  than  8,000  lbs.  per  square  inch,  the  shearing 
28 inches,  of  axles  4^  inches;  diameter  of  the  strain  not  greater  than  6,000  lbs.  per  square 
cjlinders,  10  ^ches,  length  of  stroke  16  inch-  inch,  and  the  maximum  deflection  of  the  span 
H\  capacity  of  the  tank,  820  gallons;  num-  not  more  than  one  fifteen-hundredth  of  its 
ber  of  tubM,  125,  each  6  feet  10  inches  long,  length.  The  columns  are  formed  of  two  15- 
The  first  trip  took  place  on  the  80th  of  April,  inch  rolled  channel-beams  joined  by  lateral 
1978.  The  trial  trip  was  made  with  an  engine  braces^  which  are  bars  ^  inches  by  five  eighths 
^d  foor  cars  containing  200  passengers.  The  of  an  inch  riveted  to  the  flanges  of  the  beams. 
«peed  made  over  a  part  of  the  course  was  25  Where  the  track  rests  upon  a  single  row  of 
mlla  an  hour.  The  Fifty-ninth  Street  ter-  posts,  the  beams  are  curved  outward  above, 
minos  was  reached  in  17  minutes.  The  course,  wide  enough  to  support  the  longitudinal  gird- 
it  was  expected,  would  ordinarily  be  run  in  12  ers ;  but  when  the  track  passes  over  cross- 
minntes  by  through  trains,  and  in  22  minutes  girders  the  two  channel-beams  are  straight. 
br  way  trains.  An  experimental  trip  was  The  bottoms  of  the  beams  are  set  into  sockets 
made  in  11^  minutes  without  any  stoppage,  in  cast-iron  bed-plates  weighing  about  2,200 
The  trains  timed  generally  took  25  to  28  mm-  lbs.  each,  which  are  secured  by  four  2-inch 
vtes  for  the  trip.  There  are  fifteen  stations,  anchor-bolts  to  a  foundation  of  stone  masonry; 
vith  an  average  distance  apart  of  three  tenths  the  bed-plates  are  8  feet  4  inches  square  at  the 
<^  a  mile,  and  four  curves  of  90  degrees.  The  base.  The  chords  of  the  girders  are  formed 
P^^nger  cars  are  87  feet  10  inches  long  and  8  of  angle-bars  riveted  together.  The  track  is  4 
teet  9  inches  wide,  and  have  sittings  for  48  feet  8}  inches  wide.  The  rails  are  of  Besse- 
l^aasensers  each.  They  are  brightly  and  taste-  mer  steel,  weighing  50  lbs.  per  yard  ;  they  are 
follr  decorated ;  the  seats  are  arranged  with  laid  on  cross-ties  of  yellow  pine,  7  feet  long 
th«lr  backs  to  the  walls  of  the  car,  except  in  and  6  by  5  inches  in  the  section,  placed  10 
the  middle,  where  there  are  a  few  transverse  inches  apart.  On  each  side  of  each  rail  are 
*4t8.  placed  longitudinal  guard-timbers.    The  pas- 

The  east  side  extension  of  the  New  York  senger  cars  weigh  about  46,000  lbs. ;  they  are 

derated  Railway  commences  at  the  Battery,  41  feet  6  inches  long  with  the  platforms,  and 

^  the  terminus  of  the  old  Ninth  Avenue  route,  85  feet  6  inches  long  in  the  bodies,  with  a 

foiog  from  Whitehdl  Street  through  Front  width  of  7  feet,  and  a  seating  capacity  for  48 


ENGINEEKING. 


fisBBengere.    The  single  poBte  afford  abnnilant 
Bteral  stability,  sa  t)ie;r  &ro  subjected  to  bt)t 


;c  r; 


ver^  little  lateral  strain.  But  considerable 
dimcaltj  was  fonad  in  giving  tbem  sufficient 
stability  to  meet  the  lon^tudinal  strain  oc- 

casionod  b;  the  moinentum  of  the  train  when 
the  brakes  are  applied,  there  being 
left  between  the  ends  of  the  girdera 
for  tlie  eipODsioD  and  contraction  caused  hj 
ohangea  of  temperatare,  which  prevented  tlie 
longitudinal  strain  from  being  transmitted  to 
more  than  two  or  three  columns.  The  diSi- 
cnltf  waa  met  b;  bolting  the  lonf^tndinaJ 
guard-timbers  through  the  cross-ties  to  the  top 
chord  of  the  girders,  and  thus  making  the  road 
longitudinally  rigid  by  distributing  the  slraia 
over  the  whole  row  of  posts.  One  of  the  prob- 
lems connected  with  building  the  road  arose 
from  the  difficulty,  in  carrying  it  around  the 
corners  in  small  streets,  of  making  the  necessary 
curve  of  90  degrees.  To  make  the  curve  at  a 
corner  where  the  breadth  of  one  street  was  SD 
and  that  of  the  other  40  feet,  a  long  (^rder 
was  carried  across  diagoually  from  corner  to 
corner,  and  a  cross-girder  carried  to  meet  this 
perpendicularly  from  the  inside  corner.     As 


the  corner  is  approached  the  tracks  are  carried 
out  on  each  street  almost  to  the  edge  ot  tLe 
framework,  ao  as  to  get  a  wide  sweep  at  the 
comer. 

A  deMgn  for  a  cheap  and  readily  constructed 
pioneer  or  military  railway  for  temporary  pur- 
experimented  upon  in  England  late- 
s  planned  by  J.  L.  Haddan.  It  was 
built  entirely  of  timber  on  posts,  and  had  a 
central  rail  7  feet  from  the  ground,  upon 
which  the  engine  and  carriages  were  balanced 
like  panniera,  and  two  guide-rails,  one  on  each 
side,  npon  which  the  wheels  worked,  whicli 
were  horizontal,  gripping  the  side-rails.  Such 
a  Btmcture  waa  hastily  put  np  at  Whitehall 
by  a  few  soldiers  upon  very  uneven  ground, 
the  posts  driven  into  the  ground,  the  cross- 
timbers  fixed  and  bolted,  and  wedges  driven 
in  to  make  np  for  any  slack  in  the  trusses,  ail 
in  a  short  time  and  with  ease. 

The  new  Eddyatone  lighthouse  will  require, 
it  is  expected,  £ve  years  in  building.  The  ute 
clio&en  hy  the  eu^neer,  Douglas,  is  the  south 
reef,  which  will  moke  the  work  of  building  the 
lower  part  o(  the  structure  much  more  difflcolt 
than  in  the  case  of  the  old  tower,  as  it  lies  in 


ENGINEERING.  287 

some  places  as  macb  as  4  feet  below  the  low-  with  slag  and  large  blocks  of  concrete  formed 
water  mark  of  the  spring  tide,  and  is  nowhere  on  shore  and  floated  oat  on  pontoons.  On  this 
uncovered  before  half  tide ;  it  is  also  a  position  foundation  the  head  is  to  be  built  of  concrete, 
macb  exposed  to  storms.  The  new  tower  will  and  will  support  a  lighthouse.  A  similar 
be  much  larger  tlian  Smeaton^s,  but  of  the  breakwater  will  be  carried  out  from  the  oppo- 
same  general  form.  The  base,  however,  will  site  shore.  It  will  extend  in  an  easterly  direc- 
be  made  perfectly  cylindrical,  44  feet  in  diam-  tion  about  one  mile,  and  will  terminate  like 
eter  and  22  feet  high.  The  lighthouse  proper,  the  other  in  a  circuhur  head  and  lighthouse, 
resting  on  this  substructure,  will  be  85^  feet  The  dock  at  Bristol,  in  the  mouth  of  the 
in  diiuneter  at  the  bottom,  leaving  a  ledge  Avon,  completed  in  1877,  after  nine  years  of 
aroond  it  nearly  5  feet  wide,  which  will  be  labor,  is  1,400  feet  in  length  and  600  feet  in 
used  as  a  landing  platform.  To  the  height  of  width,  affording  a  water  area  of  about  16  acres 
134  feet  above  the  rock  the  tower  will  taper  and  a  length  of  quay  of  8,200  feet.  The  en- 
till  its  diameter  is  18^  feet,  and  above  that  it  trance  to  the  lock  from  the  river  Avon  is  850 
riil  carve  outward  again,  until  it  is  28  feet  in  yards  long  and  70  yards  in  average  width,  with 
diameter  at  the  top,  8  feet  higher,  or  142  feet  a  depth  at  spring  tides  of  40  feet.  The  large 
above  the  rooky  base.  It  will  be  bnilt  of  gran-  quantity  of  mud  washed  up  by  the  tides  neces- 
ite,  dovetailed  and  cemented  together,  like  the  sitated  the  throwing  up  of  a  protective  em- 
old  tower.  The  old  lighthouse  is  84  feet  in  bankment  during  the  construction.  The  wall 
diameter  at  the  base  and  15  feet  at  the  top,  of  the  dock  is  40  feet  high,  and  the  foundations 
the  gallery  being  61  feet  above  hieh  water,  below  the  dock  floor  2^  to  19  feet  in  thickness, 
and  the  light  68  feet.  The  new  light  will  be  The  footings  are  of  lime  concrete,  the  rest  of 
00  feet  higher  than  the  old  one.  The  estimated  the  wall  of  rubble  masonry  faced  with  dressed 
cost  is  £70,000.  The  amount  of  granite  used  stone.  Over  1,750,000  cubic  yards  of  material 
will  be  69,600  cubic  feet.  The  weight  of  the  was  excavated  from  the  basin  and  entrance, 
i^tnictare  will  be  6,200  tons,  or  nearly  8^  tons  at  a  cost  of  Is.  6d,  per  cubic  yard, 
of  insLstant  load  to  every  square  foot  of  foun-  The  Huelva  pier  recently  constructed,  which 
datioQ.  "Die  walls  of  the  hollow  portion  of  the  forms  the  terminus  of  the  Rio  Tinto  Railway, 
»haft  will  be  8^  feet  thick  at  the  bottom,  and  where  the  ore  mined  in  the  Rio  Tinto  cuprifer- 
i\  feet  at  the  top.  ous  iron  pyrites  mines  is  transshipped,  was 
The  breakwater  built  at  the  month  of  the  built  on  a  rising  grade  to  enable  the  cars  to 
river  Tees,  in  England,  for  the  conservation  of  be  pushed  up  by  locomotives  to  a  height  where 
the  river,  extends  from  the  point  at  the  south-  the  ore  could  be  dumped  into  the  holds  of  the 
em  side  of  the  estuary  for  2^  miles  in  a  north-  vessels.  The  length  of  the  pier  and  approach 
westerly  direction,  in  a  line  which  is  almost  is  2,444  feet,  of  which  1,900  feet  is  on  cast-iron 
straight  The  work  was  commenced  about  fif-  screw-piles,  driven  in  groups  15  feet  apart,  each 
teen  years  ago.  About  three  fifths  of  the  length  of  the  80  groups  containing  8  piles  and  col- 
was  fluoces^illy  built  with  furnace  slag,  which  nmns ;  the  rest  is  made  up  of  29  spans  of  50 
was  simply  tioped,  forming  a  great  embank-  feet  each.  Independent  of  the  piles  was  a 
ment  Beyond  that  distance  the  sandy  tongue  shipping-deck  wharf  of  creosoted  wood,  Memel 
which  afforded  a  foundation  for  the  embank-  fenders,  and  piles. 

ment  came  to  an  end,  and  the  slag,  which  was  The  new  harbor  at  Madras,  which  is  being 
moonded  up  in  the  outer  waters,  was  broken  constructed  according  to  designs  by  W.  Parkes, 
into  small  fragments  and  washed  up  by  the  will  be  the  first  practicable  haven  for  large 
action  of  the  winter  storms  each  year.  The  craft  on  the  whole  eastern  coast  of  India.  The 
plan  was  accordingly  adopted  three  years  ago,  harbor  will  be  formed  by  a  couple  of  break- 
on  the  advice  of  John  Fowler,  of  Stockton-on-  waters  carried  out  to  sea  and  then  bending  in 
Te«3,  of  constructing  an  outside  wall  of  con-  toward  each  other,  leaving  an  entrance  between 
Crete  backed  up  by  a  heavy  bank  of  slag.  The  their  heads  150  feet  in  width.  The  area  in- 
coDcrete  wall  is  19  feet  broad  at  its  base  and  closed  by  them  is  about  140  acres ;  the  depth 
10  feet  at  the  top.  A  staging  built  over  it  sus-  of  water  is  generally  4  to  7  fathoms.  The 
taios  a  tramway  of  the  endless- wire  system,  on  piers  are  to  be  made  of  blocks  of  concrete, 
which  the  concrete  is  brought  out  in  tubs,  weighing  27  tons  each,  placed  on  their  founda- 
wbile  the  piles  which  support  the  railway  are  tion  of  rubble  by  the  aid  of  a  Titan  crane. 
Warded  in  by  stout  planks  and  the  interstices  The  work  was  commenced  in  the  summer  of 
calked  with  oakum,  so  as  to  make  a  series  of  1875.  In  the  first  year  the  southwest  monsoon 
water-tight  compartments,  which  are  filled  in  washed  up  the  marl  surf-bank.  The  shifting 
^th  the  concrete.  At  the  bottom  Roman  of  the  sand  up  and  down  the  coast,  caused  by 
cement  is  employed,  owing  to  the  impossibility  the  monsoons,  was  thought  to  be  a  fatal  ob- 
of  excluding  the  water  long  enough  for  Port-  stacle  to  a  harbor,  but  it  has  been  found  that 
^d  cement,  of  which  the  main  bulk  of  the  tliis  difficulty  was  exaggerated.  An  unexpect- 
wall  is  composed,  to  set.  The  breakwater  will  ed  movement  of  sand  buried  the  works  on  the 
We(Mnpleted,  it  is  expected,  in  the  spring  of  north  pier  in  the  spring  of  1877.  By  the  mid- 
1^.  Ita  head  is  to  be  made  circular  m  form,  die  of  1878  the  pier  had  been  carried  out  to 
^th  a  diameter  of  100  yards.  The  foundation  the  distance  of  700  feet,  and  there  was  no  sign 
of  this  part  will  be  laid  by  sinking  barges  filled  of  further  obstacles  from  the  action  of  the 


288  ENGINEERING. 

traveling  sands.  The  south  pier  had  been  this  great  mining  enterprise,  Adolpfa  Heinricb 
completed  bj  the  end  of  March  for  425  feet,  Joseph  Sutro,  was  bom  at  Aiz-ia-Cbapelley 
and  8  fathoms  depth  of  water  reached.  The  Pmssia,  in  1880,  and  received  a  soperior  in* 
concrete,  used  in  neavy  molded  blocks  in  the  dustrial  edacation,  his  father  having  beeo  a 
walls,  is  composed  partly  of  crashed  shingle  manufacturer,  and  he  himself  having  been  in- 
and  bowlders,  and  partly  of  crushed  granite,  trusted  with  the  starting  of  a  woolen  mill  at 
mixed  in  due  proportions  with  sand  and  ce-  the  age  of  nineteen.  In  1850  he  emigrated  to 
ment,  and  hardened  in  boxes  into  blocks  of  14  California  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pnrsnits, 
by  6  by  4i^  feet  for  the  lower  courses,  weigh-  also  interesting  himself  in  gold-mining.  After 
ing  each  22^  tons,  and  27-ton  blocks  for  the  visiting  the  Oomstock  lode,  as  stat^  above, 
three  upper  courses.  The  molds  are  two  thirds  he  gave  his  attention  to  the  treatment  of  its 
filled  with  lumps  of  stone  before  the  mixture  ores,  and  established  a  mill  to  carry  out  a  pro- 
is  poured  in.  cess  studied  out  by  him  and  a  German  metal- 
The  great  Sutro  Tunnel  made  its  first  con-  lurgist  named  Rahmdohr,  which  employment 
nection  with  the  series  of  mines  which  it  is  to  he  followed  until  he  actively  engaged  in  pro- 
benefit  within  the  past  year.  The  idea  of  a  moting  the  scheme  of  the  tunnel, 
tunnel  was  first  conceived  of  by  Sutro  in  1860,  The  work  on  the  tunnel  was  first  corn- 
on  his  first  visit  to  the  Comstock  lode.  Con-  menced  on  the  19th  of  October,  1869 ;  but 
vinced  by  an  examination  of  the  developments  before  the  Ist  of  January,  1870,  not  over  460 
that  the  Comstock  was  a  true  fissure-vein,  he  feet  had  been  tunneled.  In  the  following 
advised  the  opening  of  a  deep  adit  from  the  year  1,290  feet  was  made.  In  1871  the  works 
foot-hiUs  on  the  Carson  River  to  the  ore-body ;  were  visited  by  a  Congressional  oommlssioD, 
but  his  project  was  then  considered  chimeri-  composed  of  Generals  H.  G.  Wright  and  J.  6. 
cal.  Afterward  engaging  in  a  milling  and  Foster  and  Professor  W.  Newcomb ;  they  re- 
amalgamating  establishment  at  Dayton,  his  ported  that  the  tunnel  was  feasible,  and  could 
mind  was  diverted  from  the  tunnel  project,  be  completed  in  three  or  four  years,  at  a  cost 
until  by  the  destruction  of  his  works  by  fire  of  $4,500,000 ;  that  the  Comstock  was  a  trae 
he  was  left  without  occupation  and  dmost  fissure-vein,  extending  down  indefinitely ;  and 
without  means.  From  this  time  he  gave  up  that  there  was  an  unlimited  quantity  of  low- 
his  mind  to  the  realization  of  his  great  scheme,  grade  ore  in  the  lode  which  coald  not  be 
On  the  4th  of  February,  1865,  the  Legislature  worked  on  account  of  the  expense.  In  the 
of  Nevada  passed  an  act  giving  him  a  fran-  fall  of  1871,  better  financial  arrangements 
chise  of  the  same  order  as  those  given  for  the  having  been  made,  a  larger  force  of  men  was 
building  of  a  toll-road,  leaving  the  amount  of  employed,  and  machinery  was  procured.  Four 
toll  to  be  settled  upon  between  Sutro  and  the  vertical  shafts  were  located,  the  first  of  which, 
mining  companies.  After  long  negotiations  4,915  feet  from  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel,  and 
nearly  all  the  companies  agreed  on  a  uniform  622  feet  deep,  was  commenced  in  January, 
toll  of  $2  per  ton  of  pa3ring  ore,  to  be  paid  1872,  and  sunk  to  the  level  of  the  tunnel  bj 
after  the  tunnel  had  reached  and  benefited  July  in  the  following  year.  Water  was  troa- 
each  several  mine.  This  act  was  ratified  by  blesome  in  this  shaft,  and  much  pumping  was 
the  Sutro  Tunnel  Act  passed  by  the  United  necessary,  two  of  Allison  &  Bannan's  double- 
States  Congress  on  the  25tii  of  Jaly,  1866,  acting  cataract  pumps  being  employed,  which 
which  gave  him  the  right  of  way  over  the  were  very  eflFective,  raisinff  the  water  800  feet 
public  domain,  the  right  to  purchase  land  at  from  station  to  station,  and  discharging  8,000,- 
the  mouth  of  the  tunnel,  the  ownership  of  all  000  gallons  per  month.  The  second  shaft, 
new  mines  which  should  be  discovered  for  a  commenced  at  the  same  time  with  the  other, 
distance  of  2,000  feet  on  each  side  of  the  tun-  is  located  9,065  feet  from  the  tunnePs  mouth, 
nel,  and  a  lien  on  the  lands  of  the  mining  and  has  a  depth  of  1,041  feet ;  pumping  was 
companies  for  the  payment  of  the  toll  agreed  necessary  after  the  depth  of  600  feet  was  at- 
upon.  After  securing  such  vested  rights,  Mr.  tained.  The  level  of  the  tunnel  was  reached 
Sutro  proceeded  to  New  York,  where  his  pro-  in  April,  1874.  From  the  bottom  of  the  first 
ject  was  favorably  entertained  by  capitalists ;  of  these  shafts  a  bore  was  made  east  and  west 
and  he  also  visited  Europe  to  enlist  European  until  it  met  the  tunnel-header.  A  bore  was 
capital  in  the  design,  but  with  less  success,  commenced  from  the  bottom  of  the  second 
Capitalists  on  the  Pacific  coast  showed  them-  shaft,  but  it  had  not  been  pushed  over  170 
selves  resolutely  opposed  to  the  scheme,  and  feet  in  each  direction  before  a  large  and  un- 
it is  to  the  machinations  of  a  combination  of  expected  volume  of  water  was  tapped  in  the 
them,  instigated  by  the  Bank  of  California,  west  drift,  which  poured  in  so  suddenly  that 
that  Sutro  attribates  many  of  the  difficulties  the  miners  fied  for  their  lives.  In  a  few  weeks 
which  he  encountered  in  forming  his  company,  the  water  had  filled  the  shaft  to  its  very  top. 
and  particularly  the  numerous  bills  which  The  other  two  shafts,  one  situated  18,545  feet 
were  presented  before  Congress  whose  covert  and  the  other  17,695  feet  from  the  mouth,  had 
import  would  deprive  him  of  the  rights  al-  likewise  to  be  abandoned,  when  the  first  had 
ready  granted  by  Congress,  to  combat  which  been  sunk  to  the  depth  of  456  feet  and  the 
required  his  frequent  presence  in  Washington,  other  of  674  feet,  on  account  of  the  unman- 
The  originator  and  energetic  prosecutor  of  ageable  inflow  of  water.    Another  shafts  for 


SNGINESBINQ.  289 

tironly,  2,250  feet  from  the  entrance  and  211  trated  to  the  Savage  mine,  forming  the  first 
feet  in  depth,  was  hegan  in  May,  1872,  and  connection  with  the  Comstock  lode,  on  Jnly 
finished  in  a  few  weeks.  In  the  beginning  of  8th.  The  janction  with  the  Savage  mine  was 
1871  the  bore  had  been  completed  for  1,750  at  the  1,650-foot  level,  at  a  point  distant  20,- 
feet ;  in  that  year  915  feet  additional  was  018  feet  from  the  month  of  the  tunnel.  A 
penetrated,  making  2,665  feet  in  all ;  in  1872,  strong  current  of  air  immediately  started  up 
815  feet  was  made,  giving  a  total  length  at  the  shaft  of  the  mine,  and  a  draught  entered 
the  end  of  the  year  of  8,480.  In  1878  there  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel.  The  air  in  the  head- 
wtt  1,919  feet  bored,  including  the  bore  which  er  and  in  the  lower  drifts  of  the  mine,  which 
irsft  made  in  each  direction  from  the  bottom  was  extremely  noxious,  was  purified  in  a  few 
of  the  first  shaft,  which  amounted  to  655  days  by  the  circulation,  and  the  heat  at  the 
feat ;  the  total  length  at  the  end  of  this  year  2,000-foot  level  of  the  Savage  mine  was  re- 
was  6,899  feet.  In  the  course  of  1874  six  duced  from  120''  to  90°  Fahr. 
Bnrieigh  drills  were  put  in  action,  the  boring  The  drainage  of  the  Sutro  Tunnel  will  be 
before  having  been  entirely  by  hand.  These  effected  by  a  covered  drain  extended  through 
were  provided  with  compressed  air  by  a  pow-  its  whole  length  and  issuing  at  the  mouth, 
erfol  steam  compressor  of  the  make  of  the  It  is  necessary  to  cover  the  drain  to  protect 
Soei^  John  Oockrill  in  Belgium,  which  was  life  from  the  hot  vapors  of  the  waters,  which 
placed  at  Shaft  No.  1.  The  progress  made  in  in  some  of  the  mines  stand  at  a  temperature 
1874  with  these  aids  was  2,680  feet,  an  aver-  of  150°  to  160°  Fahr.  The  drain  is  to  be 
age  of  22H  ^^^  P^i*  month,  carrying  the  built  in  sections  simultaneously,  and  made  of 
header  8,079  feet  from  the  entrance.  In  1875  a  strong  and  lasting  character. 
the  bore  penetrated  8,728  feet  farther,  or  A  branch  is  being  built  extending  from  a 
11,807  feet  from  the  mouth  ;  the  average  point  19,716  feet  from  the  mouth  to  the  Julia 
progress  per  month  was  810f  feet.  When  mine.  The  length  of  this  bore  is  1,400  feet 
daring  this  year  the  great  body  of  water.  It  is  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  main  tun- 
whieh  filled  the  second  shaft  and  the  drifts  at  nel — 8  feet  in  height  by  10  in  width.  This 
itfl  bottom,  was  encountered,  the  delicate  and  branch  was  commenced  September  1,  1878, 
dangerona  task  was  undertaken  of  tapping  it  and  is  expected  to  be  completed  by  February 
with  a  drill-hole  and  allowing  the  water  to  Ist.  It  will  then  be  extended  southward  beyond 
discharge  itself  tJirough  the  tunnel.  The  col-  the  Julia  to  Gold  Hill  and  Gold  Oafion,  while 
Qmn  of  water  in  the  shaft  was  over  a  thou-  near  the  Belcher  mine  another  branch  will 
iind  feet  high ;  and  when  a  hole  was  made  fork  off  toward  American  Flat. 
100  feet  through  the  rock  with  a  diamond  A  stiU  more  important  extension  of  the  tun- 
drill,  it  burst  forth  with  terrific  force,  but  nel  will  be  its  continuation  into  Mount  David- 
was  dosed  np  again  with  fragments  of  rook  .son.  The  point  at  which  it  enters  the  moun- 
aad  timber  which  were  forced  into  it.  Bored  tain,  under  Virginia  City,  is  nearly  2,000  feet 
a  second  time,  the  water  forced  the  drill  like  below  the  streets  of  the  town.  At  a  distance 
a  shot  into  the  tunnel.  In  a  week's  time  the  of  8,000  feet  farther  into  the  mountain  the  per- 
rast  volume  of  water  had  discharged  itself,  pendicular  distance  from  the  summit  to  the 
Another  compressor,  built  by  the  Humboldt  level  of  the  tunnel  will  be  8,600  feet.  It  is 
Covapany  of  Ajslk,  on  the  Rhine,  was  put  into  thought  that  rich  veins  of  gold  may  be  en- 
operataon  at  Shaft  No.  2.  In  tiie  year  1876  countered  in  the  syenite  of  which  the  moun^ 
the  progress  made  was  8,670  feet,  or  8054  tain  is  composed. 

feet  per  month ;  the  total  length  of  the  tunnel  The  average  temperature  of  the  air  at  the 

at  its  t^ose  was  15,477  feet.  In  1877  the  prog-  header  during  the  progress  of  the  main  tunnel 

ress  was  8,180  feet,  or  260f  per  month,  the  was,  in  the  year  1875, 82}-°,  of  the  water  81^° ; 

loigth  oi  the  tunnel  being  extended  to  18,607  in  1876  the  average  temperature  in  the  air  was 

feet.   Leas  headway  was  made  this  latter  year  85°,  in  the  water  86° ;  in  1877  the  thermomo- 

Qo  aooonnt  of  the  troublesome  and  dtmgeroas  ter  averaged  92°  in  the  air,  98°  in  the  water; 

natnre  of  the  rock  encountered,  a  soft,  slippery  in  1878,  in  the  air  95°,  and  in  the  water  105°. 

dav,  whioh  often  swelled  after  exposure  to  In   1878,  up  to  September  1st,  the  average 

the  air  to  aach  an  extent  as  to  displace  the  rail-  flow  of  water  per  day  was  about  1,285,000  gaJ- 

roed  track  and  sometimes  to  break  the  tim-  Ions. 

bering.  Here  the  tunnel  was  timbered  up  to  A  report  made  to  the  shareholders  of  the 
the  face  of  the  drift,  and  often  lagging  driven  St.  Gothard  Railway  in  June,  1878,  states  that 
in  ahead  of  the  drift  Only  light  charges  of  the  length  of  bore  pierced  on  the  north  side 
gnnpowder,  and  sometimes  none  at  all,  could  of  the  mountain  was  8,816  metres,  of  which 
be  Qsed,  for  fear  of  displacing  the  timbers.  In  1,018  metres  was  completed.  On  the  south 
1878  the  average  progress  was  still  smaller,  side  1,817  metres  had  been  pierced.  The  prog- 
being,  np  to  September,  only  285i>  feet.  The  ress  has  been  considerably  slower  than  was 
■ame  soft,  treacherous  rock  continued,  and  the  expected,  on  account  of  the  hardness  of  the 
heat  and  bad  air  became  more  and  more  op-  rock.  The  directors  hope  that  the  bore  will 
pressive  as  the  bore  advanced.  The  total  be  completed  by  the  close  of  the  year  1881. 
length  of  the  tunnel  up  to  the  Ist  of  Septem-  The  estimated  cost  of  the  line  of  801,000 
ber,  1878,  was  20,489  feet.  The  tunnel  pene-  francs  per  kilometre,  it  is  hoped,  may  be  re- 
Voi..  xviiL — 19    A 


290  ENGINEERING. 

dnced  to  622,000  francs.    Three  or  four  thon-  in  length,  while  the  Mont  Oenis  Tunnel  is  40,- 

sand  men  are  kept  busy  most  of  the  time  on  084  feet  or  7'6  miles,  the  Hoosao  Tunnel  25,- 

the  works,  and  seventy  of  the  Ferrooz  pierc-  040  feet  or  4*74  miles,  and  the  Satro  20,870 

ing-machines  are   constantly  at  work.     The  feet  or  8*84  miles  in  length.     The  strata  of 

eight  years^  limit  of  time  within  which  the  rook  pierced   have  been  for  the  most  part 

work  must  be  completed  will  be  np  on  Octo-  gneiss  and  mica  slate,  with  considerable  grt- 

ber  1, 1880,  beyond  which  term  the  contractor  nitic  gneiss  and  quartz  also.    The  gradient  u 

is  bound  to  pay  $1,000  per  day  for  six  months,  rising  from  the  northern  entrance,  6*82  feet  in 

$2,000  per  day  for  the  next  six  months,  and  at  1,000  or  80*7  feet  per  mile,  for  the  distance  of 

the  end  of  the  year,  if  it  is  not  yet  finished,  to  24,450  feet,  where  the  height  ia  8,785  feet 

lose  every  claim  as  well  as  his  bond  of  $1,600,-  above  the  sea;  the  line  is  there  level  for  590 

000.    The  contractor,  M.  Favre,  has  therefore  feet,  and  then  descends  1  foot  in  1,000  feet, 

sufficient  motive  to  carry  it  through  within  which  grade  was  afterward  altered  to  2*5  in 

the  prescribed  time,  and  sufficient  energy  to  1,000  or  18*2  feet  per  mile.     The  tunnel  is 

do  it  if  it  is  possible.    He  is  further  encour-  made  for  a  double  roadway,  and  is  to  be 

aged  by  a  bonus  of  $1,000  to  be  paid  for  each  arched  from  one  end  to  the  other, 

day  prior  to  October  1,  1880,  after  the  tunnel  The  plan  of  tunneling  adopted  by  M.  Favre 

is  complete.    The  length  of  the  main  tunnel  is  was  that  usual  in  France  and  Belgium  of  laj- 

48,554  feet  or  0*19  miles.    The  difficulties  of  ing  the  advance  drift  in  the  top  of  the  cutting 

the  work  have  been  vastly  greater  than  was  instead  of  at  the  bottom,  as  is  the  common 

expected,  owing  chiefly  to  the  hardness  of  the  practice  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy, 

rock.     The  miscalculations  of  the  engineers  The  advance  drift  is  8*9  feet  square.    This  was 

caused  a  discrepancy  of  about  $20,000,000  be-  followed  by  two  cuts,  the  side  and  the  sole 

tween  the  original  estimate  and   the  actual  cuts.    The  first,  in  two  segments,  one  on  each 

cost,  which  will  be  about  $55,000,000.    The  side  of  the  axis,  followed  about  600  feet  in  the 

deficit  was  so   great  that  there  was  doubt  rear  of  the  advance  drift,  which  gave  space  to 

whether  it  could  be  raised,  until  the  German,  the  whole  width  of  the  arch,  and  then  by  a 

Bwiss,  and  Italian  Governments  restored  con-  cut  on  the  east  wall  12  to  15  feet  below  the 

fidence    by  granting   considerable    subsidies,  floor  of  the  header,  which  was  worked  in  two 

The  power  by  which  the  drills  are  worked  is  sections,  one  above  and  one  below ;  it  was  9*8 

compressed  air  alone,  which  is  compressed  out-  feet  in  width.    The  arches  were  built  as  eoon 

side  and  stored  up  in  large  reservoirs.    The  as  the  side-cuts  were  completed,  when  the  na- 

excavated  rock  is  drawn  out  of  the  tunnel  by  ture  of  the  rock  seemed  to  require  it,  the  arch 

locomotives  worked  also  by  compressed  air,  aa  being  supported  by  timbers  on  one  side  and 

the  use  of  steam  would  be  impossible.    The  by  the  ramp  on  the  other  until  the  ramp  was 

workmen  suffer  greatly  from  the  foul  air,  which  excavated  and  the  sustaining  walla  built  in. 

is  augmented  by  the  explosion  of  dynamite  in  The  header  is  worked  with  machine-drills,  the 

the  blasts,  which  is  incessant.    The  exhaust  car  carrying  six,  with  eighteen  more  at  hand. 

air  from  the  drills  alleviates  their  situation  by  The  number  of  holes  bored  per  lineal  metre 

driving  the  foul  gases  toward  the  mouth  of  the  has  been  tVom  18  to  20 ;  the  holes  are  1  to  1*3 

tunnel.    The  laborers  employed  are  of  Italian  metre  deep,  or  8*28  to  8*94  feet,  and  1*5  inch 

nationality,  and  for  the  moderate  wages  of  60  in  diameter.    In  the  granitic  gneiss  28  boles 

cents  to  $1.25  a  day  they  display  great  Indus-  in  a  metre  were  recmired,  and  in  mica  slate 

try  and  endurance  in  their  dangerous  and  ex-  only  14  holes.    The  McEean,  the  Winchester, 

hausting  task.    Of  the  three  lines  which  were  and  the  Burleigh  drilk  have  been  naed.    Aft«r 

projected  for  the  St.  Gothard  Tunnel,  the  pres-  the  holes  are  drilled  and  the  car  removed  90 

ent  one  was  chosen  on  account  of  its  being  the  or  120  feet  away,  the  holes  are  filled  with  7 

lowest  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  thus  afford-  to  12  cartridges  each,  the  cartridge  weighing 

ing  less  danger  of  snow  blockades.    The  high-  8*1  ounces  and  containing  giant  powder.    For 

est  point  in  the  open  line  is  8,690  feet  above  1  cubic  yard  of  granitic  gneiss  8*82  pounds  of 

the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  highest  point  in  giant  powder  was  used,  but  for  a  yard  of  mica 

the  tunnel  8,785  feet.    The  origined  estimate  slate  4*6  pounds.    Blasting  by  electricity  was 

of  the  time  required  for  its  completion  was  tried,  but  not  found  preferable.     The  upper 

fifteen  or  sixteen  years ;  but  Louis  Favre,  who  holes  are  blasted  first,  and  the  under  ones  last. 

was  the  lowest  bidder  at  $196.40  per  foot  of  Little  or  no  tamping  has  been  used.    In  the 

tunnel  complete,  agreed  to  deliver  the  works  side-cuts  hand-drilling  was  employed  at  first, 

in  eight  years,  expecting  to  make  more  profit  but  afterward  machines;  the  cars  here  are  for 

from  the  premium  offered  for  advanced  com-  four  drills  only.     The  side-out  averages  77 

pletion  than  from  the  work  itself.   The  tunnel  square  feet.    The  upper  section  of  the  sole  cut 

enters  the  mountain  on  the  north,  near  the  is  about  54  square  feet,  and  the  lower  one  65 

village  of  Goeschenen  in  the  canton  of  Uri.  square  feet.    In  these  a  strong  car  carrying 

The  elevation  at  this  entrance  is  8,687  feet,  six  drills  is  used.    The  rest  of  the  tunnel,  con- 

The  southern  entrance  is  near  the  village  of  sisting  of  the  arch  section  of  40*9  to  45*21 

Airolo  in  the   canton  of  Tessin;  its  height  square  feet,  the  abutment  section  of  58*13 

above  sea  level  is  8,756  feet.    The  tunnel  will  square  feet,  and  the  ramp  of  207*74,  is  exca- 

be  the  longest  in  the  world,  being  9*19  miles  yated  by  hand. 


EKGINEERIKG.  291 

Tho  adit  for  draining  ihe  Oerro  de  Pasoo  feasibility  of  connecting  the  Hodaon  and  East 

lilrer  mines  in  Peru,  which  has  been  in  con-  Rivers  bj  a  ship-canal  gives  as  the  estimated 

strnetion  since  October,  1877,  is  over  400  feet  cost  of  a  navigable  channel,  15  feet  in  depth, 

beloir  the  surface,  and  will  have  a  length  of  $2,777,571 ;  the  cost  of  such  a  channel  12  feet 

2,600  metres,  about  one  half  of  its  course  be-  in  depth  would  be  $2,270,825.    Congress  has 

ingf  it  is  supposed,  through  ore-bearing  rock,  voted  an  appropriation  of  $800,000  for  the 

The  tannel  is  constructed  under  a  contract  commencement  of  the  long-talked-of  work,  and 

made  hj  the  Peruvian  Government  with  the  it  is  expected  that  the  labor  will  be  begun  as 

Ute  Henrj  ICeiggs,  hy  which  the  latter  should  soon  as  the  Government  has  secured  the  right 

receive  all  the  rights  of  the  Grovernment  in  the  of  way  from  the  property-owners  along  the 

mines,  and  the  private  owners  should  at  their  Harlem  River. 

option  relinquish  their  claims  against  a  royalty  By  the  opening  of  the  new  canal  between 

of  20  per  cent,  of  the  ore  extracted,  or  pay  a  Aarberg  and  the  lake  of  Bienne,  in .  Switzer- 

reot  for  the  use  of  the  tunnel  of  80  per  cent,  land,  about  74,000  acres  of  marshy  land,  which 

of  the  products    Most  of  them  have  assigned  promises  a  productive  soil,  have  been  drained, 

over  their  chums  to  the  builders  of  the  tunnel,  while  the  banks  of  Lakes  Morat,  Neufch4tel, 

The  ore-body  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  great-  and  Bienne  are  secured  against  inundation. 

e^  if  not  the  greatest,  in  the  world,  and  the  This  canal  has  been  ten  years  in  construction, 

ore  to  yield,  by  the  patio  process  which  is  in  The  Ohinese  Grand  Oanal,  which  has  been 

Qie,  from  $80  to  $40  per  ton.    The  expense  of  the  main  artery  of  internal  trafiSc  in  the  empire 

mining  it  is  estimated  at  not  more  than  $2  per  for  ages,  costs  so  much  each  year  to  keep  in 

too.   The  Trans- Andean  Railway,  which  leads  repair,  and  is  subject  to  so  many  stoppages  of 

to  the  mining  region,  is  the  high^  railway  in  navigation,  that  there  is  serious  talk  of  aban- 

tbe  world,  C^rro  de  Pasoo  being  14,200  feet  doning  it  entirely.    If  that  course  is  decided 

above  sea  level,  and  its  other  terminus.  Sacra  upon,  there  will  be  a  necessity  of  constructing 

Fiunilia,  18,700  feet    This  mineral  road,  com-  railroads  to  supply  its  place.    It  is  600  miles 

pieted  by  Meiggs  in  1878,  conveys  the  ore  seven  long,  and  is  navigated  by  10,000  craft  engaged 

miles  to  a  water-power  which  is  sufficient  to  in  the  carrying  of  grain. 

ran  1,000  head  of  stamps.     Stamping-mills  An  important  drainage  work  has  been  con- 

and  hydraulic   machinery  of  great  capacity  structed  by  Sir  John  Hawkshaw  &  Son,  in  the 

hsre  recently  been  erected  by  William  H.  Gil-  shape  of  a  sluice  to  drain  the  portion  of  the 

ley,  who  succeeds  Mr.  Meiggs  in  the  manage-  English  fen  country  called  the  Middle  LeveL  a 

ment.    All  the  parts  of  the  railway  and  its  tract  of  140,000  acres.    An  old  sluice,  made  by 

equipments  had  to  be  transported  on  mule-  Mr.  Walker,  gave  way  in  1862,  and  was  replaced 

back  from  the  coast,  200  miles  distant,  the  by  a  series  of  iron  siphons,  made  to  act  dj  the 

rails  being  divided  into  lengths  of   six  feet,  aid  of  an  air-pump  worked  by  a  steam-engine. 

Three  iron  bridges,  two  of  them  of  80  feet  The  capacity  of  these  siphons  has  been  found 

span,  were  transported  by  the  same  convey-  insufficient  of  late  years,  for  which  reason  the 

anoe.  new  sluice  has  been  constructed  according  to 

The  work  on  the  Hudson  River  Tunnel  was  an  act  of  Parliament    It  has  three  openings 

interrupted  after  the  sinking  of  the  circular  of  17  feet  each,  and  is  capable  of  discharging 

veil  25  feet  in  diameter  and  80  feet  deep,  with  280,000,000  cubic  feet  in  a  tide,  or  more  than 

a  briok  lining  three  feet  thick.    Work  was  double  the  amount  of  drainage  which  will  be 

again  resumed  in  the  autumn  of  1878.    From  required  at  any  time.    Each  opening  is  closed 

thia  well  the  boring  proceeded;  it  was  facili-  by  two  pairs  of  gates,  so  that  a  second  pair  can 

fated  by  an  air-lock,  which  compressed  »r  be  used  in  case  one  should  fail.    The  cost  of 

into  a  chamber  large  enough  for  three  men  to  the  whole  works,  including  the  six  pairs  of 

vork  in,  having  in  one  comer  a  funnel  into  gates  and  their  machinery,  262,600  cubic  yards 

vhich  the  excavated  material  is  thrown,  and  of  excavation,  10,000  cubic  yards  of  concrete, 

from  which  it  is  conveyed  to  the  outside  through  7,268  of  brickwork,  and  17,000  of  ashlar,  was 

along  pine  which  runs  over  the  mouth  of  the  a  little  less  than  £60,000. 

abaft  and  empties  into  a  scow ;  the  force  of  A  work  of  sanitary  engineering  of  high  char- 

tbe  compressed  ur  expels  the  earth  and  stones  acter  has  recently  been  accomplished  at  Tor- 

il^gh  this  pipe.    The  tunnel,  as  fast  as  it  is  quay.    The  sewer  outlets,  which  were  some 

boiltf  is  lined  with  a  wall  of  bricks  three  feet  little  distance  out  at  sea,  as  is  usually  the  case 

tbici[,  the  outer  layer  of  which  is  of  chemically  in  marine  cities,  were  liable  to  be  stopped  by 

{Prepared   bricks  which  withstand  moisture,  the  action  of  the  tide  at  certain  periods,  and 

^e  grade  of  the  tunnels  is  3  in  100  as  it  de-  the  mass  of  sewage  in  the  lower  portions  of  the 

*(^Q<kfrom  the  Jersey  City  side  to  the  distance  sewer  to  be  driven  back  slightly,  thus  driving 

of  two  thirds  of  the  width  of  the  river ;  it  then  out  the  sewer-gas  at  the  onenings  of  drains  in 

^  in  a  gradient  of  2  in  100  to  its  exit  in  the  town,  producing  scarlatina  and  typhoid 

^tthington  Square.    The  engineer,   Oolonel  fever.    To  prevent  such  evils,  as  well  as  to  pre- 

^lUiam  E.  Paine,  estimates  the  entire  cost  at  serve  the  waters  of  the  Torbay  River  from  any 

1^0,000,000,  and  says  that  two  years^  work  will  mixture  of  sewage,  a  series  of  tunnels  has 

c^plete  it  been  made  through  the  surrounding  hills ;  all 

Oeoeral  John  Ne  wton^s  official  report  on  the  the  drains  are  united  into  one  discharging  main, 


292  EUROPE. 

wbioh  is  carried  two  miles  from  the  town,  and  ministry  found  it  neoeasary  to  assume  a  warlike 
empties  into  the  channel  at  snch  a  height  above  attitude,  and  on  that  account  several  of  its  mem> 
the  sea  level  that  the  tide  does  not  interfere  hers  resigned,  the  Parliament  and  the  coiintr; 
with  the  constant  discharge  of  the  sewage,  and  emphatically  sustdned  this  st«p.  The  same  was 
where  it  is  carried  away  by  the  currents  of  the  the  case  with  regard  to  the  special  treaty  con- 
channel,  eluded  with  TurJcey  which  transferred  to  £ng- 

EUROPE.  The  Eastern  war  was  virtually  land  the  island  of  Oypms,  and  secured  to  it  a 
over  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  and,  as  the  dominating  influence  m  the  fature  administni- 
hope  of  Turkey  for  a  direct  interference  of  any  tion  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  The  interest  in 
other  great  Power  in  its  fkvor  was  not  fulfilled,  the  Oriental  question  had  scarcely  begun  to 
it  had  on  March  8d  to  agree  to  the  humiliating  subside,  when  affairs  in  Oentral  Asia  enefrossed 
treaty  of  San  Stef ano.  In  ow,  however,  England  the  attention  of  the  nation.  The  refusal  of  the 
stepped  in  and  demanded  that  this  treaty,  which  Ameer  of  Afghanistan  to  receive  an  English 
modified  several  articles  of  the  treaty  of  Paris,  be  embassy  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  on  the  part 
submitted  to  a  Congress  of  the  Powers  of  Eu-  of  England.  The  progress  of  the  war  was  fa- 
rope  for  revision.  After  long  negotiations  be-  vorable  to  the  English  beyond  all  expectation, 
tween  England  and  Russia,  the  English  demand  (See  Great  Bbitain  and  Afohanistait.) 
was  complied  with,  and  a  Congress  of  plenipo-  In  Germany  a  great  excitement  was  produced 
tentiailes  of  the  great  Powers  of  Europe  met  by  two  successive  attempts  upon  the  life  of  the 
at  Berlin  in  June,  and  under  the  presidency  Emperor.  As  the  authors  of  both  these  at- 
of  Prince  Bismarck  revised  and  considerably  tempts  were  known  to  be  imbued  with  social- 
changed  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty  of  San  istio  theories,  the  Government  proposed  to  the 
Stefano.    (See  Eastern  Question.)  Reichsrath  a  very  stringent  law  against  social- 

The  treaty  of  Berlin  has  produced  several  ism.  When  the  Reichsrath  showed  itself  less 
important  changes  in  the  map  of  Europe.  Two  pliant  than  was  expected,  it  was  dissolved  and 
states  which  were  hitherto  tributaries  of  Tur-  a  new  election  ordered.  Prince  Bismarck  made 
key,  Roumania  and  Servia,  have  become  en-  extraordinary  efforts  to  secure  a  Conservative 
tirely  independent,  and  both  have  received  an  majority,  but  failed  to  do  so,  though  the  Con- 
increase  of  territory.  An  increase  of  territory  servative  party  gained  a  number  of  new  seats, 
has  also  been  accorded  to  Russia  and  Monte-  Active  negotiations  were  carried  on  between 
negro.  A  new  principality,  Bulgaria,  has  been  the  Prussian  Government  and  Rome  for  the 
created,  which  will  occupy  the  position  in  purpose  of  putting  an  end  to  the  conflict  be- 
which  Roumania  and  Servia  were  until  the  tween  Churcn  and  State,  bat  no  agreement  had 
establishment  of  their  entire  independence ;  it  been  reached  at  the  dose  of  the  year.  (See 
will  virtually  be  an  independent  state,  but  will  Germany.) 

for  the  present  pay  an  annual  tribute  to  the  The  Government  of  Austria  pursued  in  re- 
Porte.  Another  Turkish  province,  Eastern  gard  to  the  Eastern  question  a  policy  which 
Roumelia,  has  received  several  attributes  of  brought  it  into  constant  conflicts  with  the  rep- 
provincial  autonomy,  which  for  the  present  resentative  assemblies  of  the  two  divisions  of 
leave  to  it  the  character  of  a  province  of  Tur-  the  empire.  An  extraordinary  credit  demand- 
key,  while  at  the  same  time  they  hold  oat  the  ed  by  Count  Andr&ssy  was  granted  by  the 
hope  of  steady  progress  toward  entire  inde-  delegations  only  on  the  express  assurance  of 

Sendence.    The  two  important  provinces  of  the  Minister  that  the  Government  had  no  idea 

»osnia  and  Herzegovina  are  placed  under  the  of  occapying  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.     In 

administration  of  the  Austrian  Government,  spite  of  this  assurance,  the  Government  com- 

and  a  considerable  tract  of  land  in  the  south,  plied  with  the  request  of  the  Berlin  Congress 

the  boundaries  of  which  are  yet  to  be  fixed,  is  to  occupy  those  provinces.    The  occupation 

to  be  ceded  to  Greece.    (See  Eastern  Qubs-  met  with  a  greater  resistance  than  had  been 

TTON.)  anticipated,  and  therefore  involved  the  Aus- 

While  the  Eastern  war  has  given  to  Russia  trian  Government  in  unexpected  expenses  and 

a  small  increase  of  territory  and  a  largely  in-  in  new  parliamentary  troubles.    Although  the 

creased  influence  in  Eastern  affairs,  it  proved,  Ausglekh  between  the  two  divisions  of  the 

on  the  other  hand,  injurious  to  its  materiid  empire  was  flnally  accepted,  distrust  in  the  vi- 

Srosperity.     The  revolutionary  party  of  the  talitv  of  Austro-Hungary  seemed  to  spread  to 

fihilists  acted  with  almost  unparalleled  bold-  an  alarming  extent.    (See  Atjstro-Hvnoariav 

ness,  and  the  support  with  which  ihey  met  in  Monaroht  and  Httnoart.) 

many  provinces  of  the  empire  was  one  of  many  In  France  the  Republican  party  made  steady 

symptoms  which  indicate  a  growing  dissatis-  progress,  and  the  election  of  senatorial  electors 

faction  of  the  people  with  the  political  institu-  m  October  rendered  it  certain  that  in  January, 

tions  of  the  country.    TSee  Russia.)  1879,  the  Senate  would  have  a  decided  Repub- 

The  attention  of  England  in  1878  was  chiefly  lican  majority  as  well  as  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 

absorbed  by  the  Eastern  question  and  the  war  uties.    The  third  Universal  Exposition,  which 

against  Afghanistan.    The  anti-Russian  policy  was  opened  in  Paris  on  May  1st,  proved  a  suc- 

of  the  Conservative  Ministry  was  vigorously  cess  beyond  expectation.    (See  I^nok.) 

supported  by  the  majority  of  the  Parliament  In  Italy  no  change  was  produced  in  the  re- 

and  the  people ;  and  when  the  majority  of  the  lation  between  Church  and  State  by  the  deaths 


EUROPE. 


EVANGELICAL  AS800IATI0K  293 


of  Pope  Pias  IX.  and  King  Victor  Emannel. 
Tb«  relations  between  Leo  XIII.  and  King 
Humbert  did  not  materially  differ  from  those 
eiistiug  between  their  predecessors.  The  rev- 
olationary  party  of  itaiia  irredenta^  which 
clamors  for  the  forcible  annexation  of  Trieste 
and  Boathem  Tyrol  to  Italy,  made  some  dem- 
osstratioos  against  Austria,  which  the  Italian 
Government  immediately  and  emphatically  dis- 
approved. An  attempt  was  made  against  the 
life  of  the  King,  but  it  failed.    (See  Itaxy.) 

Tbe  life  of  the  King  of  Spain  was  likewise 
attacked  by  a  woold-be  regicide,  bat,  like  the 
Emperor  of  Germany  and  the  King  of  Italy,  he 
e^aped  anhurt.    (See  Spain.) 

In  conseqnenoe  of  the  changes  made  in 
the  map  of  Eorope  by  tlie  treaty  of  Berlin,  the 
table  of  the  European  states  at  the  dose  of  the 
Tear  1878  presents  marked  differences  in  point 
of  popalation  and  area  from  the  table  in  1877. 
The  following  table  arranges  the  states  of  Eu- 
rope in  order  of  their  population.  Oomparing 
it  vitb  that  of  last  year  (^^  Annual  Oydopfledia  " 
for  1877,  p.  281),  it  will  be  seen  that  this  year 
one  state  more  is  given  than  last  year,  Bulgaria. 
In  consequence  of  this  additional  territory  and 
popalation  received  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin, 
Koonumia  has  now  advanced  in  the  list  beyond 
Belginm,  Servia  beyond  Greece,  and  Monte- 
negro beyond  Luxemburg.  Turkey  is  hardly 
entitled  to  the  place  which  is  stiU  assigned  to 
ber,  for  she  has  no  control  of  Bosnia  and  Her- 
lagonna,  and  very  little  of  Eastern  Roumelia; 
but  for  the  present  it  would  be  premature  to 
regard  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  as  parts  of 
Aastria,  and  Eastern  Roumelia  as  an  indepen- 
dent state. 

C0U9TBIO.  FtaMlaaoa. 

1.  Ronia. 72,018^1 

1  6«nBU  Bmplre 48,7S7,S60 

8.  Aasttv-HaagMy 87;38M90 

i-Fnnee. 8«,90&,T88 

1.  Qrcat  BritaiB  and  Ifeluid 84,160.000 

ilUhr S7J0B,475 

7.  todta 1«,08«,6U 

&1Mef 7,112.000 

t.  BonDMBte M7«,000 

IOl  Belgtaiii 0,88S,185 

IL  Sweden. 4,484JM9 

U.Pteta«y 4,067,688 

a  N«thcrluidt. 8,984,798 

14.  Bwltanlaad 2,778,085 

15  rtiliad. 1,»41,8» 

14  DauMvk 1,940,000 

17.  BiOfMto 1,809,000 

IS^Horwrnr. 1,808,900 

It.Swte 1,780,000 

MlGtmot 1,407,894 

tt  MoQteiMcro 288,000 

H  Lazeabarg «. 900i,153 

AAadom 18,000 

U.  LfeehteBsteia 8,684 

KlBm  Hvteo 7.818 

«LE«aeo 7,048 

TotoL 811,768,718 

hi  this  table,  the  European  dependencies  of 
Great  Britain,  Portugal,  and  Denmark  have 
Bo(  been  taken  into  aooonnt.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

Qntt  Britain  (Milta,  GUMlter,  HeUgolMid).  174^88 

^>rt^{y  (AaoTM) 261,748 

Nwimt  (Faw  lilMid*,  Icehmd) 88,000 

Total 619,108 


Adding  these  figures  to  the  above  sum,  the 
total  population  of  the  European  states,  inclu- 
sive of  their  European  dependencies,  is  found 
to  be  812,282,821. 

The  total  area  of  Europe  is  estimated  at 
8,821,080  square  miles.  Leaving  out  of  ac- 
count the  area  of  the  European  dependen- 
cies, as  well  as  that  of  the  German  coast- waters 
of  the  Baltic  and  North  Seas,  the  lake  of 
Constance,  and  the  sea  of  Azov,  the  European 
states  occupy  the  following  relative  position  in 
point  of  area : 

1.  BiiMi& 1,988,784 

2.  Aostio-Hiinguy 940,884 

8.  Oermaa  Empire 208,488 

4.  Franoo 904,090 

ft.  Spdo 198,229 

6.  Sweden 170,979 

7.  Flnknd 144,428 

8.  Norway. 122,808 

9.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 181,608 

10.  Italy 114,415 

11.  Turkey 10^919 

18.  Boamania 49,268 

13.  PortugaL 84,606 

14.  BoUrarU 84,6S9 

16.  Greece 19398 

16  Berria 18,787 

17.  Switaertuid 1^981 

18.  Denmark 14,764 

19.  Netherlanda 18,781 

80.  Belgium 11,878 

81.  MontenegrOb 8,648 

81  Lozembaig. 999 

28.  Andorra 191 

24  Lfechtenatein 68 

SK.  Ban  Maxlno 24 

86.  Monaoo. 6 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the 
Evangelical  Association  as  they  were  puhlished 
in  September,  1878 : 


CONTEKKMCn. 


Eaat  Pennqrlvania 

Central  Pennaylyania 

Erie 

New  York 

Plttaburg 

Atlantlo 

Ohio , 

Canada. 

IlUnota 

WlBoonilB. 

Michigan 

Kansas. 

Iowa 

Dea  Motnea. 

liinnesota 

Indiana. 

Sooth  Indiana 

Germany 

Padflc 

TotaL 


mMmt 

Lecd 

90 

71 

n 

61 

86 

11 

88 

15 

09 

49 

17 

14 

08 

61 

84 

14 

84 

n 

64 

27 

48 

83 

84 

16 

51 

16 

29 

26 

42 

19 

88 

89 

81 

8 

48 

18 

6 

1 

846 

568 

14,998 
11,880 
2,624 
4,188 
7,685 
1,940 
7,484 
4,621 
10,178 
9,920 
^0» 
9,888 
8,960 
8>60 
8,801 
6,248 
1,819 
7,248 
487 

107,788 


Number  of  baptisms  during  the  year,  7,148 
children  and  1,860  adults ;  number  of  churches, 
l,422i;  probable  value  of  tbe  same,  $8,226,008; 
number  of  parsonages,  401 ;  probable  value  of 
the  same,  $410,900 ;  number  of  Sunday  schools, 
1,846,  with  20,122  officers  and  teachers  and 
112,508  scholars,  595  catechetical  classes,  and 
7,865  catechumens ;  amount  of  Conference  con- 
tributions, $4,864.66 ;  of  contributions  for  mis- 
sions, $79,104.42 ;  of  contributions  to  the  Sun- 
day-school and  Tract  Union,  $1,914.59. 


i 


294  EVANGELICAL  UNION,  SCOTLAND.  EXPOSITION,  PARIS. 

The  thirty-ninth  annnal  meeting  of  the  Mu-  niated  after  the  Congregational  model,  while 

Honary  Society  was  held  at  Baffalo,  N.  Y.,  Oc-  in  others  affairs  are  managed  by  a  *^  session  "  of 

tober  4th.    The  Treasurer  reported  that  the  elders,  as  in  the  Presbyterian  churches,  which, 

receipts  to  the  principal  treasury  had  been :  however,  must  refer  all  important  matters  to 

for  home  and  European  missions,  $80,858.14 ;  the  final  decision  of  the  Church.     All  th« 

for  the  heathen  mission,  $3,288.98 ;   which,  churches  are  independent  in  themselyes,  ac- 

with  the  addition  of  the  funds  furnished  to  the  knowledging  no  external  interference  with  their 

Conference  treasuries  and  the  bequests  to  the  affairs.    The  annual  meetings  of  the  Union  for 

standing  fund,  made  the  total  amount  received  1878  were  held  at  Glasgow,  beginning  Septem- 

for  the  missions  of  the  church  about  $82,000.  ber  80th.    The  Rev.  Dr.  Bathgate,  the  retiring 

The  expenditures  had  been  $74,102.18,  of  which  chairman,  was  succeeded  by  tlie  Rev.  Professor 

$19,894.81  were  paid  from  the  principal  trea-  Hunter,  of  Leith,  the  chairman  for  the  ensuing 

sury  for  home  and  European  missions,  and  year.    The  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Goth- 

$4,804.98  for  the  heathen  mission.    The  re-  rie,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Union,  which 

ceipts  were  $18,748  more,  and  the  expenditures  had  occurred  during  the  year,  was  referred  to 

$9,640  less,  than  those  of  the  previous  year,  in  an  appropriate  manner.    The  various  insti- 

The  sum  of  $8,158  had  been  received  for  church  tutions  connected  with  the  Union  were  shown 

buildings  in  Germany  and  Switzerland.    A  pe-  to  be  in  a  flourishing  condition.    The  Theo- 

tition  was  presented  to  the  Board  of  Missions  logical  Hall,  of  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Morison 

asking  them  to  make  provisions  for  the  organi-  was  President,  had  an  attendance  of  twenty- 

zation  of  a  Woman^s  Foreign  Missionary  Soci-  eight  students ;   and  the  Home  Mission,  with 

ety,  but  the  Board  declined  to  give  the  measure  an  income  of  £564,  aided  or  supported  sixteen 

its  sanction.  churches  or  stations. 

At  the  annual  meetuig  of  the  Board  o/Ptib-  EXPOSITION,  PARIS.    The  Universal  In- 

lication,  reports  were  presented  showing  that  ternational  Exposition  of  1878  was  announced 

the  resources  of  the  Publishing  House  amount-  by  a  decree  issued  by  Marshal-President  Mac* 

ed  to  $894,480,  and  its  liabilities  to  $12,188 ;  Mahon  on  the  4th  of  April,  1876,  inviting  all 

and  that  its  business  had  been  conducted  with  nations  to  participate  in  an  exhibition  of  indus- 

an  actual  profit  during  the  year  of  about  $26,-  trial  and  agricultural  products,  to  be  opened 

475.    The  aggregate  circulation  of  the  sixteen  on  the  1st  of  May,  1878,  and  to  eloEe  on  the 

periodicals,   Sunday-school  papers,  etc.,  was  81st  of  the  following  October.    Many  disturb- 

189,640  copies,  showing  a  total  gain  during  the  ing  and  discoura^g  conditions  and  events,  as 

year  of  17,787  subscribers.  the  late  war  in  the  East,  the  universal  depres- 

EV  ANGELICAL  UNION  OF  SCOTLAND,  sion  in  trade  and  industries,  the  international 
The  Evangelical  Union  of  Scotland  was  formed  differences  which  threatened  a  new  war  in  £a- 
in  1848  by  the  Rev.  Drs.  James  Morison,  John  rope,  and  the  intrigues  and  opposition  of  the 
Guthrie,  and  a  few  other  ministers  who  had  Bonapartist  and  Legitimist  factions,  combined 
been  previously  connected  with  the  UnitedPres-  to  obstruct  the  enterprise,  and  augured  ill  fur 
byterian  Church.  The  founders  were  speedi-  its  success ;  but  the  enersy  of  M.  Krantz,  the 
ly  joined  by  a  number  of  Independent  ministers  commissioner-general,  and  his  coadjutors,  and 
and  churches.  No  formal  basis  of  membership  the  liberal  appropriations  voted  by  the  Cham- 
was  agreed  upon  until  1868.  The  objects  of  the  bers,  were  requited  by  the  final  triumphaot 
Union  are  ^*  mutual  countenance,  counsel,  and  success  of  the  exhibition, 
cooperation  in  supporting  and  spreading  "  the  As  the  first  of  the  series  of  world^s  fairs,  the 
gospel.  It  comprises  Independent  churches  and  London  exhibition  of  1 85 1,  originated  by  PHd ce 
all  brethren  who  choose  to  be  associated  for  Albert,  was  intended  to  proclaim  to  the  world 
the  attainment  of  its  objects,  who  enjoy  and  the  success  of  the  free-trade  system  in  England; 
give  evidence  of  the  possession  of  the  Cnristian  and  as  the  one  Inst  preceding,  the  Centennial 
faith,  and  who  concur  in  the  following  distinc-  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia,  was  a  celebration  of 
tive  basis  of  the  Union :  "  The  three  great  uni-  liberty  and  progress  in  republican  America: 
versalities  of  the  love  of  God  the  Father,  in  so  the  exhibition  of  1878  was  prepared  by  ex- 
the  gift  and  sacrifice  of  Jesus  Christ  to  all  men  traordinary  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  French 
everywhere,  without  distinction  or  respect  of  Government  and  people,  in  order  to  demon- 
persons  ;  of  God  the  Son,  in  the  gift  and  sac-  strate  to  foreign  nations  the  definite  success  of 
rifice  of  himself  as  a  true  propitiation  for  the  the  Republic,  and  incidentally  to  recommend 
sins  of  the  world ;  and  of  God  the  Holy  Spirit,  the  French  system  of  industrial  protection, 
in  his  present  and  continuous  work  in  applying  The  international  exhibitions  have  successively 
to  the  souls  of  all  men  the  provisions  of  Divine  increased  in  size  and  splendor,  until  all  were 
grace."  The  ministers  preach  doctrines  differ-  surpassed  by  the  late  one  of  Paris ;  but  their 
ing  from  the  Calvinistic  views  of  the  Presby-  advantages  as  commercial  fairs  are  less  highly 
terian  churches,  and  more  like  those  of  the  appreciated  than  formerly,  since  the  merchants 
Wesleyans,  on  the  subjects  of  predestination,  of  the  great  commercial  nations  no  longer  ex- 
the  Umited  atonement,  and  the  special  work  hibit  their  goods  as  generally  as  they  did  for 
of  the  Holy  Ghost.  The  government  of  the  mercantile  purposes.  Many  well-known  Eng- 
churches  is  a  modified  Independency,  but  is  not  lish  and  Continental  houses  declined  to  con- 
uniform  ;  the  minority  of  the  churches  are  reg-  tribute  to  this  exhibition ;  but  the  room  left  by 


EXPOSITION,  PABIS.  295 

tiiem  was  more  than  filled  by  yonnger  houses  and  products  for  eomparison  with  those  of  the 

seeking  to  posh  their  trade,  and  by  the  intro-  Western  world,  while  every  remote  land  and 

daeers  of  novelties,  by  the  yoong  and  ontlying  colony  which  has  or  hopes  for  commercial  re- 

lutions  who  are  striving  for  a  larger  share  in  lations  with  Europe  now  endeavors  to  exhibit 

the  world's  commerce  and  a  market  for  their  some  of  its  peculiar  products.    The  comparison 

prodacta,  many  of  which  are  strange  and  new.  of  national  styles  of  architecture  instituted  at 

More  prominent  features  in  the  exhibition  of  Philadelphia  has  been  given  still  greater  prom- 

1S7S,  and  those  which  immediately  preceded  it,  inence  in  the  French  Exposition ;  and  the  great 

are  the  displays  of  fine  arts,  literature,  mechan-  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the  Centennial, 

led  improvements,  and  national  institutions,  the  extensive  exhibition  of  machinery  and  im- 

govemmental,  educational,  etc.,  into  which  all  plements,  has  not  been  suffered  to  relapse,  but 

ihe  chief  nations  enter  with  a  generous  emula-  was  made  by  the  contributions  of  American, 

tion,  and  which  muBt  serve  in  no  insignificant  English,  Belgian,  and  other  exhibitors,  and  the 

measure  to  preserve  an  entente  cordiale  between  complete  exhibition  of  French  machinery,  per- 

the  peoples,  if  not  between  the  governments.  haps  the  most  important  and  interesting  de- 

Theincreasingmagnitudeofthe  successive  in-  partment  in  the  exposition.    The  French  Ex- 

ternatioDal  exhibitions  is  indicated  by  thenum-  position  therefore  embraced  all  the  round  of 

bers  of  exhibitors  at  each.    There  were  some-  numan  art,  industry,  and  science,  as  developed 

thing  over  18,000  exhibitors  in  the  original  and  practiced  in  all  the  four  quarters  of  the 

exhibition  at  London  in  1851 ;  at  Paris  in  1855  globe,  and  was  not  less  scientific  and  methodi- 

there  were  over  20,000.    The  London  exhibi-  cal  in  its  arrangement  than  comprehensive  in 

tioD  of  1863  showea  a  large  increase  of  exbib-  its  scope.    It  seems  likely,  from  all  the  circum- 

itora.    (See  ExmnrnoN,  BBrrisH  Industrial,  stances  attending  this  exhibition,  that,  although 

in  "*  Annual    Oyclop»dia"    for    1862.)    The  it  will  probably  be  succeeded  by  many  others 

French  exhibition  of  1867  (see  *^  Annual  Oj-  of  like  character,  none  of  them  will  excel  it  in 

dopflsdia  ^'  for  1867,  nnder  Fbbxoh  Exhibi-  universality  or  completeness,  nor  perhaps  in 

nojT)  attracted  as  many  as  42,000  exhibitors,  extent. 

TheViennaexhibitionof  1878(seein  the  "An-  The  German  Government  refused  to  take 
naal  Cyclopaddia"  for  that  year  a  brief  ac-  part  in  the  International  Exposition,  as  Prince 
coont  under  Austbo-Huitoabian'  Monaboht)  Bismarck  feared  that  the  display  of  the  prod- 
attracted  many  exhibitors  from  the  far  East,  nets  of  Alsace  among  the  German  exhibits 
Tbe  exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876  (see  would  arouse  bitter  and  discordant  emotions. 
ExHinrnosr,  Obhtbhnial,  in  "  Annual  Oyclo-  At  a  late  moment,  however,  the  Government 
pedia"  for  1876)  was  in  magnitude  and  com-  gave  permission  to  German  artists  to  send  their 
pleteness  aftirther  advance.  The  French  exhi-  works  to  the  exhibition,  with  the  exclusion  of 
bition  of  1878  was  a  still  grander  success ;  the  all  martial  subjects.  This  was  in  response  to  a 
QQmher  of  exhibitors  mounted  up  to  double  the  courteous  invitation.  Before  the  answer  came 
namber  in  the  great  exhibition  of  1867.  Al-  the  space  had  been  disposed  of;  but  room  was 
thoQgh  the  hopes  of  the  promoters  of  the  ex-  made,  by  contracting  the  space  devoted  to 
liibitionof  1851,  that  it  would  inaugurate  the  French  art  and  diminishing  the  neighboring 
reign  of  peace  among  civilized  nations,  have  Belgian  gallery,  to  receive  the  large  contribu- 
been  sadly  deceived — ^for  these  internationsd  tion  of  German  paintings.  These  were  not  en- 
fairs  have  been  held  in  the  intervals  of  gigantic  tered  for  the  prizes,  as  the  German  artists  had 
wars  between  some  of  the  most  prominent  of  not  prepared  for  the  competition. 
the  national  participants — ^yet  the  history  of  The  Superior  Commission  for  International 
their  progress  proves  that  they  do  answer  some  Exhibitions  issued  proposals  to  the  French  ar- 
Tery  oseful  and  elevating  purposes,  and  have  be-  chitects  for  a  competition  of  designs :  ninety- 
come  a  settled  cosmopolitan  festival,  for  whose  four  were  received,  to  none  of  which  were 
celebration  the  capitals  of  the  world  eagerly  vie  awarded  the  prizes ;  but  from  a  dozen  of  them 
vith  each  other.  The  inhabitants  of  the  cities  were  selected  the  characters  and  details  adopt- 
in  vhich  the  different  exhibitions  take  place  ed  in  the  buildings  and  arrangements  for  tiie 
endeavor,  with  varying  success,  to  recover  their  exhibition.  Of  the  many  sites  proposed,  the 
<HiUa7  in  preparing  for  the  exhibitions,  and  Champ  de  Mars,  where  the  exposition  of  1867 
<iraw  a  profit  from  the  influx  of  visitors ;  and  was  held,  was  again  chosen ;  but  instead  of 
the  eihibitors  in  like  manner  generally  look  to  removing  the  annexes  to  Billancourt,  it  was 
the  aales  of  the  exhibits  and  the  extension  of  decided  to  place  them  on  the  heights  of  the 
their  trade  to  redeem  the  expenses  of  shipment  Trocad^ro  airectiy  across  the  river.  By  a  vote 
snd  exhibition.  Tet  the  prevailing  animus  is  of  tbe  Chambers  a  credit  of  36,818,000  francs 
anything  but  pnrely  mercantile,  nor  do  the  was  extended  by  the  Treasury  for  the  expenses 
international  exhibitions  as  commercial  fairs  of  the  exhibition.  A  supplementary  grant  of 
Hv^alor  supplant  in  any  degree  those  which  are  9,482,000  francs  was  made  in  the  following 
held  at  Leipsto,  Frankfort,  Novgoro<1,  Bagdad,  year,  1877,  while,  by  a  convention  between  the 
ud  other  commercial  centers,  nor  affect  mate-  Government  and  the  city  of  Paris,  the  hall  of 
riailj  the  business  customs  of  the  commercial  ceremonies  on  the  Trocad^ro  was  to  be  made 
commnnity.  Since  the  Austrian  exhibition  the  a  permanent  and  monumental  edifice. 
Oriental  nations  have  oontribated  their  arts  The  administrative  corps  of  the  Exposition 


296  EXPOSITION,  PARIS. 

was  under  the  charge  of  M.  J.  B.  Erantz,  Sen-  opened  by  President  MacMahon,  after  an  ad* 

ator,  Gommissioner-General,  who  had  directed  dress  by  the  Minister  of  Commerce,  on  the  1st 

the  construction  of  the  indnstrial  palace  in  the  of  May,  1878.    Besides  the  foreign  embassies 

exhibition  of  1867 ;  M.  Allain-Launay  was  the  and  the  officials  of  the  French  Government^ 

inspector  of  finances;  M.  Ladreit  de  Lachar-  there  were  present  at  the  opening  ceremc* 

ridre  had  charge  of  the  admissions ;  M.  Dhen  nies  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Crown  Prince  of 

edited  the  catalogues.     The  director  of  the  Denmark,  the  Duke  of  Aosta,  ez-Queen  Is^' 

French  section  was  M.  Dietz-Monnin ;  of  the  bella,  and  seyeral  other  foreign  magnates.   The 

foreign  section,  M.  Berger,  who  had  been  dep-  exercises  were  accompanied  with  a  great  deal 

nty  in  the  same  department  in  1867;  of  the  of  civic  and  military  pomp.    In  spite  of  the 

agricultural  section,  M.  Tisserand.    The  Mar-  rainy  weather,  the  houses  of  the  city  were 

quis  de  Chennevidres  directed  the  fine-art  de-  dedced  with  flags  and  streamers,  and  the  streets 

partment.    M.  de  Longp6rier  managed  the  his-  were  thronged  with  gayly  attired  citizens,  who 

torical  art  exhibition.    The  chief  of  the  medical  evinced  a  cheerful  enthusiasm  in  this  festival  of 

service  was  M.  de  Laoharridre.  their  republic.   M.  Teisserenc  de  Bort,  the  Min- 

The  director  of  the  American  section  was  ister  of  Commerce,  in  his  introductory  speech, 

Governor  Richard  C.  MoCormick,  who  remained  spoke  of  the  palace  as  a  symbol  of  the  aspira- 

iu  America  until  he  had  received  and  arranged  tions  of  his  country  for  union,  concord,  civili- 

all  the  exhibits ;  his  assistant,  Mr.  Pettit,  who  zation,  and  progress.    He  said  that  the  idea  of 

is  an  experienced  engineer  and  architect,  had  the  exhibition  was  conceived  on  the  morrow 

charge  of  the  American  space  and  buildings  in  of  the  day  on  which  the  Constitution  of  the 

Paris  in  the  mean  while^  assisted  by  George  Republic  was  adopted,  and  that,  in  inviting  the 

Pate.    The  American  directors  of  sections  were  world  to  such  a  competition,  the  Government 

^ye :  of  installation,  Rnfus  M.  Smith ;  of  ma-  of  the  Republic  *'  indicated  its  tendencies  and 

chines,  Thomas  R.  Pickering ;  of  fine  arts,  D.  the  goal  to  which  it  wished  thenceforth  to  de- 

Maitland  Armstrong;  of  education,  John  D.  vote  its  efforts  and  activity.    It  testified  its 

Philbrick ;  of  agriculture,  William  McMurtrie.  faith  in  the  stability  and  fertility  of  the  insti- 

Mr.  McCormick  had  two  secretaries,  Messrs.  tutions  which  the  country  bad  adopted.    Itpro- 

F.  W.  Clancy  and  H.  W.  Girard,  and  two  at-  claimed  its  confidence  in  the  sympathies  of  for- 

tach^  from  the  military  and  naval  service.    A  eign  governments.^'    In  closing  the  address  to 

squad  of  thirty  men  from  the  United  States  the  President,  he  reverted  thus  to  the  saine 

marine  corps,  under  the  command  of  a  couple  ideas :  **  You  will  see  that  France,  reassured 

of  officers,  did  duty  as  guard  in  the  American  as  to  her  future,  under  the  eagis  of  a  political 

section.  rigime  which  is  dear  to  her,  has  taken  a  fresh 

PreparatwM, — In  the  allotment  of  space  one  start  in  energy  and  activity.  You  will  see  that 
half  was  reserved  for  France,  England  taking  she  works  with  more  ardor  than  ever  to  mul- 
about  one  Quarter  of  the  remaining  half,  and  tiply  those  creations  which  do  honor  to  her 
Austria,  Belgium,  Italy,  and  Russia  bespeaking  artisans,  which  embellish  and  render  easier  the 
the  next  largest  portions.  England  was  ^e  life  of  peoples,  raise  the  moral  level  of  society, 
most  forward  of  the  foreign  countries  in  ship-  and  enhance  for  the  happiness  and  glory  of 
ping  the  articles  of  her  exhibits.  The  bides  mankind  the  benefits  of  civilization*^' 
and  boxes  from  all  countries  were  landed  at  Buildingt  and  Oroundt, — The  palace  of  the 
the  seaports  more  rapidly  than  the  railway  Champ  de  Mars,  with  its  adjuncts,  covered 
companies  could  forward  them.  The  rough  nearly  the  whole  width  of  the  field,  about  700 
weather  in  the  spring  also  delayed  the  goc^s  yards,  and  600  or  700  yards  of  its  length,  the 
which  were  shipped  by  sea.  The  French  de-  remaining  800  or  400  yards  being  left  for  the 
partments  were  promptly  and  systematically  annexes,  official  buildings,  etc  The  main  build- 
prepared  from  the  beginning ;  and  those  for-  ing  was  rectangular  in  form,  instead  of  oval  as 
eign  exhibitors  who  were  dilatory  at  first  has-  in  1867.  The  space  included  in  the  Exposi- 
tened  their  efforts  before  the  day  of  opening,  tion  grounds  in  Uie  Champ  de  Mars  was  about 
so  that  on  the  1st  of  May  the  exhibition  show^  1 10  acres.  The  main  building  covered  270,900 
few  evidences  of  delay  or  incompleteness.  The  square  yards  (about  70  acres)  of  this,  which  was 
space  originally  calculated  upon  was  increased  nearly  all  roofed  over,  while  aboutlO  acres  more 
in  the  actual  building  as  much  as  50  per  cent,  were  taken  up  with  the  annexes.  (At  Phila- 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  unexpected  delphia  idl  the  buildings,  including  Memorial 
number  of  applicants.  There  remained  a  great  Hall,  did  not  cover  quite  50  acres.)  The  gar- 
deal  to  be  done  on  the  buildings  within  a  couple  den  was  in  front  of  the  main  buildiing  running 
of  weeks  of  the  opening  day,  and  there  were  to  the  river,  and,  including  the  park  of  the  Tro- 
many  who  doubted  if  the  Exposition  could  be  oad^ro,  which  met  it  on  the  opposite  side,  was 
inaugurated  on  the  day  fixed.  Although  all  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
was  not  finished  nor  the  sections  filled  then  broad ;  this  space,  which  was  interspersed  with 
nor  for  several  weeks  after,  still  the  imperfec-  highly  ornamental  buildings  and  pavilions  for 
tions  were  not  so  glaring  as  to  injure  the  effect  various  purposes,  was  kept  in  the  highest  state 
of  the  opening,  or  greatly  disappoint  tlie  early  of  cultivation.  The  main  building  was  archi- 
visitors.  tecturally  much  superior  to  the  building  of 

The  Opening. — ^The  Exposition  was  formally  1867,  and,  except  the  Crystal  Pakce  in  Lon- 


EXPOSITION,  PAKIS.  297 

don,  the  most  imposing  and  agreeable  atractare  an  audience  of  8,000  to  10,000,  concerts  were 
of  the  kind,  in  iron  and  glass,  yet  made.  The  given  during  the  exhibition,  and  here  the  dis- 
farthest  dome  of  the  main  building  was  1,400  tribution  of  prizes  and  all  the  other  ceremonies 
metres,  or  i  mile,  from  the  central  gallerj  took  place.  The  hall  is  lighted  by  large  win- 
of  the  Trocad^ro.  In  both  of  the  palaces  aud  dows  filled  with  tracery.  Between  the  win- 
io  the  gardens  the  effects  of  distance  and  of  dows  are  square  towers,  looking  like  battle- 
height  were  very  successfully  preserved.  ments.  On  each  side  of  the  dome  are  the  square 
The  palace  of  the  Trocad4ro  was  built  of  solid  towers  or  minarets  over  800  feet  high,  capped 
stone,  and  is  intended  to  remain  a  permanent  with  machicolated  battlements,  and  covered 
moD amenta  It  is  a  grand  amphitheatre,  snr-  with  canopies ;  these  towers  are  ascended  by 
mounted  by  a  dome,  whose  summit  is  adorned  means  of  elevators.  At  the  sides  of  the  thea- 
Tith  a  gigantic  winged  statue  representing  the  tre  are  square  halls  which  give  access  to  the 
geoins  of  fame.  The  dome  is  flanked  by  two  picture  galleries,  above  and  behind  the  semi- 
toweriog  minarets,  springing  from  huge  tow-  circular  colonnade.  The  architecture  of  the  Tro- 
en,  nearly  as  high  as  the  amphitheatre ;  beyond  cad6ro  palace  has  been  much  criticised.  The 
these  are  lower  wings,  with  dome-shaped  roofis  design  was  by  MM.  Davioud  and  Bordais.  The 
vhich  conneot  with  the  long  range  of  galleries  style  is  called  an  adaptation  of  the  Oriental,  but 
which  extend  around  the  whole  mil  in  the  form  contains  characteristics  of  the  Italian,  Moor- 
of  a  horseshoe.  Within  these  galleries,  openiuK  ish,  Florentine,  and  Transition  styles.  The  ar- 
Qf>on  the  park  of  the  Trocad^ro,  is  a  cloistered  chitectnral  design  is  very  bold  and  original, 
gallery  or  colonnade.  The  Trocad6ro  is  a  steep  successful  in  its  eiuemble^  but  dubious  in  its 
hill,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  city,  which  details,  and,  as  a  contribution  of  a  new  style  of 
was  ascended  by  a  broad  stairway.  The  foun-  architecture,  scarcely  worthy  of  repetition, 
dations  of  the  palace  are  about  100  feet  above  The  whole  space  of  the  buildings  and  grounds 
the  river.  The  roadway  of  the  bridge  of  Jena,  was  divided,  by  a  line  running  through  the  cen- 
connecting  the  Trooad6ro  with  the  Ohamp  de  ter  of  both  palaces  and  across  the  gardens  in 
Mars,  was  not  broad  enough  for  the  purposes  the  line  of  the  Pont  de  Jena  from  northwest  to 
of  the  exhibition  ;  so  a  new  flooring,  project-  southeast,  into  two  halves,  one  of  which,  that 
lug  12  or  13  feet  on  each  side,  was  carried  over  toward  Paris,  or  on  the  northeast,  was  occu- 
oo  iron  joists  raised  high  enough  to  meet  the  pied  by  the  exhibits  of  France  and  her  colo- 
made  ground  on  either  bank.  The  old  floor  nies,  and  the  opposite  half  by  those  of  foreign 
sdrred  as  a  bed  for  the  water-mains  required  nations.  This  arrangement  was  only  broken 
for  the  fountains  and  buildings  on  the  Champ  along  ^e  center  of  the  main  building,  where 
deMsrs.  The  old  steps  have  been  removed,  the  fine-art  galleries  of  the  different  nations 
and  the  site  of  the  Trocad6ro  has  been  turned  were  ranged  in  succession  for  the  entire  length 
into  a  garden,  with  drives,  footpaths,  lawns,  of  half  a  mile,  except  the  space  in  the  central 
shmbberies,  and  fountains.  The  palace  of  the  point  of  the  palace  where  stood  the  pavilion 
Trocad6ro  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  vast  semi-  of  the  city  of  Paris.  The  art  galleries  were  80 
circolar  gallery.  At  the  back  is  a  solid  walL  feet  wide,  with  small  wings  projecting  farther ; 
In  front  a  oolonnade  of  pillars,  connected  by  a  they  were  without  ornamentation  or  architec- 
Ualostrade,  supports  the  roof  of  Spanish  tilings,  tural  pretensions,  except  in  the  two  covered 
Behind  and  rising  above  this  ambulatory  are  porticoes,  called  2o^^i«,  which  faced  the  pa viUon 
pietare  galleries,  which  contained  the  retro-  of  the  city  of  Paris.  In  one  of  these  was  a 
ftpeetive  or  historical  collection  of  art.  The  huge  landscape,  86  feet  in  height,  on  painted 
waQand  balnstersof  the  long  colonnade  are  of  tiles,  from  the  Deck  factory,  which  was  de* 
&  red  color.  This  colonnade  rests  on  substruc-  signed  by  the  architect  Jssger  ;  in  niches. 
tor«a,  and  looks  down  on  the  park ;  at  the  ex-  which  like  the  arched  doorways  interrupted 
trinities  are  square  towers  or  pavilions.  The  the  picture,  were  life-sized  allegorical  figures, 
outer  portions  of  this  gallery,  projecting  far  also  in  fuence,  by  the  same  artist.  The  cor- 
herond  the  declivity  of  the  hill,  are  supported  responding  loggia  at  the  end  of  the  other  row 
bf  high  walls  of  strong  masonry.  The  semi-  of  galleries  contained  the  much-admired  Forts 
areolar  oolonnade  is  about  1,200  feet  in  diam-  det  beaux-arUy  designed  by  Paul  S^dille,  and 
<^r.  A.  portico,  supporting  colossal  statues  executed  in  ceramic  material  by  Loebnitz,  of 
refiresenting  the  different  races  of  mankind,  Paris ;  this  was  a  doorway  of  dusky  red  terra 
nteads  into  the  semicircle  from  the  center  of  cotta,  covered  with  relie&,  some  of  which  were 
th«  are.  It  covers  a  grotto,  from  which  a  large  gilded,  and  inclosing  a  band  of  enameled  tiling, 
iKKaoi  of  water  issued  and  fell  over  a  high  2  feet  4  inches  broad,  running  up  the  sides  and 
arch  in  a  broad  cascade.  The  water  was  then  across  the  top  of  the  doorway;  these  square 
cirried  throogh  a  suooessive  series  of  broad  ba-  tiles  were  adorned  with  flowers  in  different  col- 
ons one  above  another,  with  bronze  fountains  ors,  raised  in  low  relief  on  a  deep  yellow  ground. 
^  their  sides.  The  palace,  standing  at  the  mid-  The  same  loggia  contained  other  works  in  ce- 
^le  point  in  the  great  gallery,  is  semicircular  ramie  ware,  pictorial  and  imitative,  by  different 
la  form  and  contains  a  great  amphitheatre  makers. 

etlled  the  Salle  des  F^tes,  with  galleries  around  On  each  side  of  the  picture  galleries  was  a 

tt,  constructed  on  the  most  perfect  acoustic  prin-  broad  graveled  pathway,  with  a  few  patches 

apleai   In  this  hall,  which  has  a  capacity  for  of  sod  and  shrubbery  in  the  nooks  and  corners, 


298  EXPOSITION,  PARIS. 

and  a  plentiful  snpplj  of  chairs  and  benches  cad6ro,  the  onl j  places  where  a  meal  conld  bo 

(seats  for  the  weary  were  abundantly  provided  made  were  in  four  buffets  in  the  comers  of 

in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  exhibition),  the  path  the  palace,  and  in  a  couple  of  restanrantfi  in 

on  the  French  side  bearing  the  name  of  the  the  park  oatside. 

Rae  de  France,  and  that  on  the  foreign  side  of  Ths  Captive  Balloon, — A  captive  balloon  of 
the  Rue  des  Nations.  The  Rue  des  Nations  was  enormoos  size  ascended  with  passengers  two 
faced,  opposite  the  galleries,  by  a  row  of  houses  or  three  times  a  day  to  the  height  of  600 
or  architectural  facades,  intended  to  represent  metres  (nearly  2,000  feet).  The  balloon  was 
the  national  architecture  of  each  country.  The  118  feet  in  diameter  and  180  feet  high;  its 
five  cottage- like  houses  in  front  of  the  English  envelope,  composed  of  eight  layers  of  silk  and 
section  and  the  Belgian  frontage  were  the  most  caoutchouc  alternating,  had  43,057  feet  of  sur- 
successful  in  producing  an  appropriate  archi-  face  and  weighed  8,800  lbs. ;  the  outside  was 
teotural  effect.  The  French  side  of  the  main  varnished  and  painted  over  with  white  zinc; 
building  was  fronted,  on  the  Rue  de  France,  by  the  cord  netting  weighed  6,600  lbs. ;  the  cubic 
a  plain  face  of  iron  and  glass.  The  broad  sec-  contents  were  847,598  cubic  feet.  The  car 
tion  devotod  to  the  products  of  the  British  Em-  was  of  annular  shape,  20  feet  in  diameter, 
pire  and  provinces  was  traversed  by  transepts ;  with  an  aperture  in  the  center  13  feet  in  di- 
the  grand  transept  was  a  magnificent  covered  ameter.  The  cost  of  the  balloon  was  half  a 
passage,  800  feet  long  and  80  feet  wide,  termi-  million  francs ;  the  gas  used  in  the  inflation, 
nating  in  large  towers  covered  by  domes  111  which  operation  took  a  week's  time,  was  fay- 
feet  wide ;  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  this  tran-  drogen,  produced  by  the  chemical  reaction  of 
sept  were  proifusely  decorated  with  moldings,  100,000  kilos  of  iron,  200,000  kilos  of  acid,  and 
gildmg,  and  carvings.  500,000  litres  of  water ;  the  cost  of  the  gas 

In  the  park  of  the  Trocad^ro^were  several  was  62^000  francs ;  it  passed  throagh  a  series 
buildings,  some  of  good  size.  A  large  Algerian  of  purifiers  into  a  large  reservoir,  and  was 
house,  all  white,  with  a  tower  and  an  inside  then  conducted  into  the  balloon.  The  cable, 
court,  contained  a  fine  exhibit  of  the  SBsthetic  weighing  4,400  lbs.,  and  tested  for  a  resistance 
products  of  Algiers.  The  building  was  copied  of  200,000  lbs.,  passed  from  the  great  wind- 
after  the  famous  mosques  of  Sidi-bou-Medine  lass,  worked  by  two  80-horse-power  engines, 
and  Tlemcen.  Around  this  pavilion  were  Arab  through  a  tunnel  underground  to  th«  balloon, 
tents  and  Oriental  caf(§s.  The  gas-escape  valve  was   an  improvement 

The  Japanese  had  a  dwelling  in  which  the  over  the  usual  wooden  flaps,  which  are  sealed 
household  life  and  national  manners  were  pre-  at  their  edges  by  a  mixture  of  flaxseed  and 
sented  for  review ;  around  the  house  was  a  tallow ;  it  was  a  larse  metallic  disk,  which 
garden  in  which  their  native  cereals  were  grow-  had  a  projection  in  its  upper  surface  to  fit 
ing,  and  a  hennery  with  Japanese  breeds  of  into  a  rubber  collar,  against  which  it  was 
fowls.  pressed  by  spiral  springs ;  the  upper  valve  was 
^  There  were  large  fresh-  and  salt-water  aqua-  protected  by  a  tent  of  wood  covered  with  can- 
ria,  with  tanks  in  which  the  methods  of  fish-  vas ;  the  lower  valve,  similarly  constructed, 
culture  were  illustrated,  one  on  each  side  of  the  was  held  by  very  delicate  springs,  and  opened 
river.  The  fresh-water  aquarium,  on  the  Tro-  automatically  for  the  escape  of  the  excess  of 
cad^ro,  was  contained  in  a  series  of  old  quarries,  gas  caused  by  expansion,  under  the  slightest 
By  the  side  of  the  fish-ponds  ran  the  tunnels  pressure.  Both  valves  were  held  in  a  collar 
or  vaults  from  which  the  fish  were  viewed  of  very  strong  stuff ;  in  the  lower  collar  were 
through  the  glass  waUs  of  the  tanks,  the  light  also  a  manometer  and  a  glass  bulPs-eye  let- 
coming  through  the  water.  ting  into  the  balloon.    The  cable,  which  was 

A  pavilion  was  built  by  the  French  conser-  thicker  near  the  balloon  than  below,  was  at- 

vators  of  forests  out  of  the  different  woods  of  tached  to  the  car  by  means  of  a  spring-balance 

native  growth.    Inside  were  displayed  the  tools  in  the  open  center  of  the  car. 
of  woodmen,  a  collection  of  maps  and  plans  of        The  Fapades, — The  foreign  sections  tenni- 

forest  reserves  and  plantations,  specimens  of  nated  in  the  center  of  the  building  in  a  street 

botany  and  natural  history,  illustrating  the  du-  composed  of  facades  representing  the  archi- 

ties  and  studies  of  the  foresters,  and  models  of  tecture  of  each  country.    An  American  honse- 

machinery  and  works  used  in  regulating  the  front  was  composed  of  sheets  of  ano  stamped 

course  of  streams  and  rivers  so  as  to  prevent  to  represent  stucco.    The  English  section  was 

inundations.  faced  with  a  wood  and  plaster  front,  furnished 

^  One  agreeable  feature  of  the  Paris  exhibi-  by  Messrs.  Gubitt,  of  London,  and  designed  in 

tion  of  1867  was  not  revived,  as  it  would  con-  the  Elizabethan  style  by  G.  Redgrave ;  one  in 

flict  with  the  interests  of  Parisian  innkeepers  imitation  brick  and  stone  in  the    style   of 

and  restaurateurs.     At   that  exhibition  the  Burghley  Hall,  within  which  was  the  Prince 

grounds  were  surrounded  with  eating-houses,  of  Wales^s  pavilion,  furnished  with  panelings, 

many  of  the  exhibiting  countries  being  repre-  tapestries,  plate,  and  furniture,  the  exhibits  of 

sented  by  a  tavern  or  caf6,  in  which  the  na-  several  London  merchants ;  a  third  in  Queen 

tional  dishes  were  served  up  in  the  national  Anne  brickwork,  designed  by  Norman  Shaw, 

manner.    This  plan  was  repeated  at  Vienna,  exhibiting  LasceUe^s  imitation  brick,  which,  in 

and  imperfectly  at  Philadelphia.    In  the  Tro-  the  forms  of  cornices,  fluted  pilasters,  etc.,  is 


EXPOSITION,  PARIS.  299 

screwed  on  a  backing  of  wood,  and  is  said  to  a  oopj  of  an  old  building,  the  town  ball  at  the 

be  more  durable  than  brick.    A  fourth  Eng-  Uague. 

Hsh  front  was  a  specimen  of  village  architec-  ulaui^ieation  of  EzhibiU, — ^The  nine  groups 
tore  c4>mmon  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  into  which  the  exhibits  were  divided  were  as 
centories,  a  complete  house  built  in  wood  and  follows :  I.  Works  of  artL  among  which  no- 
plaster,  and  containing  characteristic  rooms  thing  was  admitted  whicn  was  produced  be- 
and  stau*caae8.  Another,  offered  by  the  Doul-  fore  1867,  divided  into  five  classes,  viz. :  1, 
tons,  of  Lambeth,  was  a  front  of  terra  cotta,  oil  paintings ;  2,  miniatures,  pastels,  drawings, 
both  glazed  and  painted  and  unglazed,  in  the  paintings  on  enamel  and  porcelain,  desinis 
French  and  Italian  styles  of  the  fourteenth  for  vrindows,  and  frescoes;  8,  sculpture,  die- 
centory,  with  large  pointed  windows,  florid  sinking,  engraved  stones,  cameos,  niello  work, 
ornamentations,  and  only  small  spaces  of  brick  and  chased  and  hammered  work ;  4,  architec- 
wall  visible.  Norway  and  Sweden  faced  their  tnral  plans  and  models ;  5,  engravings  and 
sections  with  fronts  of  pine,  of  national  char-  lithographs.  II.  Education  and  instruction, 
acter,  with  handsome  carvings  and  lattice-  divided  into  eleven  classes,  viz. :  1,  primary 
work.  The  Russian  front  showed  a  kind  of  instruction ;  2,  intermediate ;  8,  superior ;  4, 
log-palace,  strictly  national,  picturesquely  ga-  books  and  printing ;  6,  stationery,  bookbind- 
bled  and  ornamented  with  frets;  it  was  a  ing,  and  painting  and  drawing  materials;  6, 
copy  of  the  house  in  which  Peter  the  Great  drawing  and  modeling;  7,  photography;  8, 
was  bom.  The  large  Chinese  and  Japanese  musical  instruments;  9,  medicine,  hygiene, 
aecdons  were  fronted  with  specimens  of  their  and  public  relief;  10,  mathematical  and  philo- 
carioos  architecture  and  ingenious  joinery,  sophical  instruments ;  11,  maps  and  geograph- 
The  Japanese  front  was  plain,  with  a  map  of  ical  apparatus.  III.  Furniture  and  accessories, 
Japan  and  a  plan  of  Tokio  displayed  on  the  embracing  furniture  and  upholstery,  glassware, 
walls  on  each  side  of  a  porch,  which  was  en-  cutlery,  bronzes,  clocks,  heating  and  lighting 
liTened  by  little  fountains  representing  in  apparatus,  basket-work  and  paper-hangings, 
ftience  aquatic  plants,  from  whose  leaves  and  I V.  Textile  fabrics  and  accessories,  including 
blossoms  water  was  trickling.  The  Ohinese  the  following  classes:  1,  cotton  thread  and 
front  was  a  square  house  covered  with  a  diaper  fabrics ;  2,  fiax  and  hemp  thread  and  fabrics ; 
pattern  in  black  and  white, 'with  a  bright  red  8,  worsted  yarn  and  fabrics ;  4,  silk,  raw  and 
door,  and  a  curious  carved  black  wooden  manufactured ;  5,  shawls ;  6,  lace,  embroidery, 
crown  on  the  roof  with  upturned  comers,  and  trimmings;  7,  hosiery;  8,  clothing;  9. 
The  Italian  front  was  a  trifling,  tawdry  speci-  jewelry  and  precious  stones ;  10,  hunting  and 
men.  A  stone  front  with  balconies  fronted  shooting  equipments  and  portable  weapons; 
the  Persian,  Siamese,  Tunisian,  and  Morocco  11,  traveling  necessaries;  12,  toys.  V.  Min- 
exhibitions.  The  duchy  of  Luxemburg  had  ing  industries,  and  raw  and  manufactured 
I  stone  front  of  the  Transition  period.  San  natural  products,  including  minerals,  wood, 
Ifarino's  section  was  fronted  with  a  showy  game,  non-edible  agricultural  products,  ohemi- 
Btrnctore.  Switzerland  put  up  a  plaster  front  cal  processes,  leather,  and  skins.  YI.  Ap- 
withoat  character,  with  windows  in  which  paratus  used  in  the  mechanical  arts,  corapris- 
painted  glass  was  displayed.  The  Austro-  mg  all  the  machinery,  and  being  subdivided 
Hangarian  facade  was  a  long  arcade  with  pa-  into  19  classes,  with  140  minor  gronps.  YIl. 
Tilions  at  the  ends,  the  style  being  Italian  Alimentary  products,  including  £e  classes:  1, 
Henaiasanoe.  Portugal's  architectural  contri-  cereals,  farinaceous  products,  and  manufac- 
bntion  was  one  of  the  most  interesting,  being  tures ;  2,  bread  and  pastry ;  8,  fatty  foods, 
a  facsimile  in  plaster  of  portions  of  a  convent  milk,  and  eggs ;  4,  meat  and  fish ;  5,  vegetables 
at Belem,  and  details  of  other  buildings  around  and  fruit;  6,  condiments,  stimulants,  and  con- 
li^bon,  in  the  late  Gothic  of  the  fifteenth  fectionery;  7,  fermented  beverages.  VIIL 
<^eiitnry;  the  elaborately  ornamented  gateway  Agricultnre  and  pisciculture,  subdivided  into 
of  the  convent  formed  the  facade  on  the  the  classes :  1,  farm  buildings  and  apparatus ; 
^eet,  while  the  cloisters  were  carried  around  2,  horses,  asses,  mules;  8,  oxen  and  buffedoes; 
the  entire  space  of  the  Portuguese  exhibit.  4,  sheep  and  goats;  5,  pigs  and  rabbits;  6, 
The  Belgians  had  erected  on  their  160  feet  of  poultry ;  7;  dogs ;  8,  useful  and  noxious  in- 
Outage  a  solid  edifice  of  brick  and  stone,  sects ;  9,  fish,  shell-fish,  and  aquaria.  IX.  Hor- 
which  cost  over  a  hundred  thousand  dollars,  ticulture,  including  the  classes :  1,  conserva- 
tniwas  a  handsome  example  of  their  modern  tories,  fountains,  and  gardening  tools ;  2,  fiow- 
Henussance  fityle;  the  walls  were  of  brick,  era  and  ornamental  plants;  8,  vegetables;  4, 
and  in  the  trimmings  the  producers  of  other  fruits  and  fruit-trees ;  5,  forest-tree  seeds  and 
bailding  materials  offered  their  exhibits  of  saplings ;  6,  greenhouse  plants, 
^tone  and  marble,  wrought  iron,  bronze,  etc.  The  sum  set  apart  for  awards  was  1,500,000 
The  SQceess  with  which  the  numerous  materi-  francs.  The  number  of  grand  prizes,  originally 
»j*  of  various  colors  were  harmoniously  com-  set  at  100,  was  afterward  increased  to  160 ; 
bined,  and  the  excellence  of  the  design,  did  of  gold  medals  from  1,000  to  2,600 ;  and  silver 
nneh  credit  to  the  architect,  M.  Janlet.  The  medals,  40  per  cent.  The  money  value  of  a 
l^tch  front  was  not  so  ambitious,  but  its  ar-  gold  medal  was  consequently  diminished  from 
ebitecture  was  of  similar  character,  although  750  francs  to  800  francs. 


800  EXPOSITION,  PARIS. 

American  Mant^factureB,  —  Tbe  American  the  setting  of  Drecions  stones  comparable  with 
exhibit,  owing  to  the  delay  of  Oongress  in  the  best  French  work, 
voting  on  an  appropriation,  was  not  as  krge  The  American  watch  mannfactnre  was  rep- 
as  it  would  have  been  had  more  time  been  al-  resented  only  by  the  Waltham  Company ;  bat 
lowed  for  preparations.  The  same  canse  pre-  their  display  was  sufficiently  full  ana  represen* 
vented  the  prodaction  of  articles  specially  man-  tative.  The  sensation  created  in  Switzerland 
nfactnred  for  the  exhibition,  which  was  per-  by  the  warnings  of  the  expert  Edouard  Favre- 
haps  not  a  detriment  to  the  display,  it  being  on  Ferret,  after  the  Oentennial  Exhibition,  is  still 
that  account  a  truer  exponent  of  the  prodncta  remembered.  His  fears  were  well  founded, 
of  the  country.  Several  of  the  American  mer-  The  importation  of  Swiss  watches  into  the  Uni- 
chants  and  manufacturers  who  exhibited,  such  ted  States  sank  from  870,000  in  1872  to  70,000 
as  Tiffany  &  Co.,  Brewster  &  Co.,  the  Waltham  in  1876 ;  while  the  nuinafacture  of  American 
Watch  Company,  and  others,  received  very  flat-  watches  has  grown  from  15,000  in  1860  to  over 
tering  recognitions.  Many  of  the  most  prom-  a  quarter  of  a  million  annually,  and  a  consid- 
inent  and  useful  of  the  peculiar  products  of  the  erable  export  has  sprung  up  to  England,  Hoi- 
United  States  were  not  exhibited  at  all.  The  land,  Brazil,  and  other  countries.  The  Ameri- 
American  exhibitors  were,  however,  very  for-  can  watches  excel  the  hand-made  article  not 
tunate  in  the  assignment  of  prizes,  and  received  alone  in  cheapness,  but  in  the  perfect  unifor- 
more  than  their  proportion  of  all  grades.  For  mity  of  their  parts,  allowing  of  the  replacement 
agricultural  implements  all  the  first  medals,  all  of  any  part  wnen  iigured,in  the  fineness  of  tlie 
the  second,  ana  a  majority  of  the  third  were  jeweling,  in  the  simplicity  of  their  mechan* 
awarded  to  American  competitors.  In  ma-  Ism,  and  also  in  the  employment  of  different 
chinery,  weighing  instruments,  parlor  organs,  metals  in  the  same  parts,  in  which  the  coeffi- 
beer,  and  instruments  of  precision,  first  prizes  cient  of  contraction  and  expansion  is  equalized, 
were  given  to  the  United  States.  In  den-  and  to  which  the  remarkable  precision  admired 
tal  instruments  and  artifidal  teeth  the  Amer-  by  Europeans  is  greatly  due.  A  number  of 
icans  carried  off  all  the  prizes.  The  highest  new  inventions  and  improvementa  in  watch- 
honors  were  awarded  to  Americans  also  in  gold-  works  were  exhibited, 
work,  street  cars,  printing  presses,  sewing  ma-  British  Mantrfactures, — ^The  Aimiture  and 
chines,  and  canned  goods ;  and  in  the  class  of  house  decorations  in  the  English  section  were 
literature  they  received  three  of  the  five  high-  a  prominent  and  important  part  of  their  dis- 
est  awards.  play.    The  reform  in  British  taste  within  ten 

The  most  interesting  portion  of  the  Tiffany  years  has  been  remarkable  in  the  matter  of  in- 
exhibit  was  their  reproduction  of  the  Cesnola  terior  fittings.  The  shapeless  weight  and  big- 
collection  of  gold  ornaments  discovered  in  the  ness  which  once  characterized  their  fumitore 
excavations  on  the  island  of  Cyprus,  and  pre-  have  given  place  to  fashions  of  neatness  and 
served  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  in  New  adaptability,  which  are  at  once  practical  and 
York.  The  reproductions  were  so  perfect  as  artistic,  and  which  were  introduced  and  her- 
to  be  almost  indistinguishable  from  the  origi-  aided  by  artists.  In  the  pavilion  of  the  Prince 
nals.  They  were  so  well  appreciated  that  a  of  Wales  the  choicest  of  the  British  exhibits  in 
goodly  number  of  the  pieces  were  purchased  this  line  were  collected :  everything  in  these 
for  a  Paris  museum,  and  duplicates  were  or-  rooms  was  British,  all  the  work  by  Britinh 
dered  for  the  museums  in  Berlin  and  Vienna,  craftsmen  and  all  the  designs  by  Briti^  artLsts; 
A  whole  wing  of  Tiffany^s  court  was  taken  up  even  the  tapestry  on  the  walls,  an  imitation  of 
with  the  silver  service  made,  at  a  cost  of  over  old  arras,  representing  scenes  from  the  "  Her- 
$126,000,  for  Mackay,  tbe  mining  capitalist  of  ry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  into  which  8,000  difier- 
California,  in  which  elegance  is  sacrificed  to  ent  shades  of  wool  were  woven,  was  the  prod- 
massiveness  and  elaboration.  The  table  ser-  net  of  a  factory  in  Windsor,  establi^ed  under 
vices,  in  repotuie,  laminated,  and  hammered  the  Queen's  patronage  a  dozen  years  ago.  The 
work  after  tne  Japanese  manner,  were  not  only  artistic  taste  and  richness  of  the  fittings  of  this 
graceful  in  form  and  ornamentation,  but  the  little  building,  which  cost  some  hundred  tboa- 
technical  execution  was  even  superior  to  the  sand  dollars  to  erect,  were  much  admired  by 
Oriental  modeUi,  and  the  management  of  copper  foreign  visitors,  and  were  a  convincing  proof 
niello  and  gold  inlays  was  admirable.  Some  of  of  the  great  progress  lately  made  in  decorative 
the  inlays  represented  natural  fiowers  in  col-  art  in  England. 

ored  metal  and  the  natural  grain  of  wood  pro-  Noteworthy  among  the  exhibits  of  house  dec- 
dnced  by  working  threads  of  gold  and  bronze  oration  was  a  small  room  fitted  up  by  Misses 
into  the  surface  of  the  silver.  One  vase  spe-  Bhoda  and  Agnes  Barrett,  of  London,  in  which 
dally  made  for  the  Exposition  combined  all  the  the  colors  were  balancea  and  combined  with 
new  processes  in  one  design :  the  colored  dec-  rare  art  and  delicacy:  the  furniture  and  wood- 
oration  of  silver,  produced  by  bronze  inlays  work  were  of  unpolished  rosewood;  the  up- 
and  by  colored  enamels  worked  into  the  ham-  holstery  in  a  yellow-green  pattern  on  a  buff 
mered  ground :  the  laminated  grained  surface,  ground ;  the  floor  was  partly  covered  by  a  yel- 
product  by  the  combination  of  three  metals ;  low  Persian  rug ;  the  curtuns  were  buff  em- 
and  the  decoration  of  steel  with  silver  work,  broidered  with  yellow  and  primrose  tints,  and 
The  jewelry  was  pretty  and  novel  often,  and  in  the  wall-hangings  of  blue-gri^  stamped  velvet ; 


EXPOSITION,  PARIS.  801 

thefhrnitare  wu  fight,  simple,  and  all  constraot-  nnggets  and  ingots ;  some  goldsmiths'  and  sil- 

ed  in  right  Hoes.  £iother  remarkable  specimen  versmiths'   work  which   was  wrought  with 

of  boose-fitting  was  the  room  deoorated  bj  the  much  skill  and  taste;  staffed  birds  and  rugs 

artist  Whistkr,  which  he  described  as  a  bar-  of  very  fine  texture  woTcn  from  the  hair  of 

mony  in  yellow  and  gold,  in  which  those  colors  the  Angora  goat ;  and  a  collection  of  native 

alone  were  employed,  but  in  everj  tinge  and  weapons  and  hunting  implements.    Victoria^ 

shade.  Queensland,  New  South  Wales,  and  the  other 

In  the  English  section  the  row  of  frontage  South  Sea  colonies  had  also  good  displays  of 

hoases  allowed  several  exhibitors  of  house  fur-  wool,  skins,  fruit,  etc.    A  carriage-builder  ex- 

nitnre  the  opportunitj  to  display  their  artistic  hibited  vehicles  of  unusual  form,  very  high 

wares  Idd  out  as  if  for  use.    In  the  Prince  of  upon  the  wheels,  which  were  quite  strong  and 

Wales^s  pavilion  were  hangings  of  appliqid  em-  light. 

broidery  furnished  by  the  Ladies'  Needlework  Canada  erected  a  trophy  in  the  form  of  a 
Society,  electroplate  from  the  Elkingtons,  glass-  tower,  100  feet  high  and  80  feet  square  at  the 
▼are  offered  by  Messrs.  Powell  and  porcelain  base,  constructed  of  her  native  woods,  and 
by  the  Mintona;  the  three  rooms  were  fitted  containing  a  selection  of  the  products  of  her 
with  furniture  by  Messrs.  Gillow.  Shoolbred  mines  and  forests  and  samples  of  manufactured 
k  Co.  exhibited  the  style  of  paneled  f umi-  wares ;  the  exhibits  were  viewed  from  pro- 
tare  called  Early  English.  One  of  the  houses  jecting  balconies,  which  were  ascended  by  a 
contained  fhmitare  by  Jackson  &  Graham,  an  staircase  in  the  interior ;  the  structure  was 
ebony  and  ivory  cabinet,  and  other  rich  articles,  surmounted  by  a  peaked  roof  made  from  na- 
VessTs.  Trollope  had  a  room  paneled  in  red  tive  roofing  materials,  slate,  shingles,  and  bark. 
cedar  in  the  Louis  XY I.  style ;  Messrs.  How-  This  tower  was  placed  in  the  grand  transept 
ard  a  famished  room  with  a  teak  parquet.  A  of  the  British  section.  A  longitudinal  and  a 
handsome  example  of  Early  English  in  carved  transverse  section  of  a  pine-tree,  800  feet  high 
rosewood  was  from  Messrs.  Ogden.  Norman  and  8  feet  in  diameter,  were  shown  in  the 
Shaw  showed  a  new  kind  of  stained- wood  fur-  Canadian  department ;  the  age  of  the  tree  was 
nitnre.  Holland  h  Go.  had  some  polished  sat-  calculated  to  be  666  years, 
iowood  furniture  painted  with  bol^ders,  medal*  The  English  display  of  machinery  was  large, 
ions,  and  cameos.  These  rooms  had  carpets,  There  were  locomotives  from  the  Messrs. 
fireplaces,  and  some  even  windows.  The  glass  Sharp  and  the  Brighton  Company ;  rails, 
and  porcelain  exhibits  were  prominent  features  sleepers,  switches,  brakes,  and  signds;  parts 
in  the  Eoglish  seotion.  Powdl  and  the  Stour-  of  railway  engines ;  mining  machinery  for 
bridge  and  Wordsley  factories  showed  blown  boring,  punming,  etc. ;  wood-working  ma- 
ani  molded  slasa  and  engraved  vessels;  Ward-  chines  from  Rochdale,  for  sawing,  fret-sawing, 
man,  stained  glass;  and  Powell,  Lavers,  and  piercing,  mortising,  and  mitering;  mules,  jen- 
Barraad,  painted  windows.  In  the  porcelain  nies,  carding  machines,  winding  machines,  a 
and  stoneware  exhibits  the  Mintons  were  prom-  new  ring-throstle  machine,  etc.;  light  and 
inent,  with  great  majolica  vases  designed  by  compact  fire-engines,  by  Messrs.  Merry  weather; 
Coleman,  Solon,  and  others.  Messrs.  JDouIton  and  machines  for  making  machinery  and  tools, 
exhibited  their  novel  reproductions  of  old  col-  and  many  other  purposes.  Some  of  the  ma- 
ored^(fs/%>9ulr0,  and  proposed  their  colored  chinery  was  in  action,  the  steam-power  being 
stoneware  as  the  much-needed  ornamental  ma-  furnished  by  Messrs.  Galloway, 
terial,  for  architecture  and  out-door  furniture,  JapaneM  Eatkiibit, — ^The  Japanese  exhibited 
which  will  defy  the  moist  London  climate,  their  artistic  products  in  great  variety.  There 
Messrs.  Binns  exhibited  handsome  Worcester  were  bronzes  cast,  chiseled,  damaskeened,  and 
vases  by  the  late  Tli.  Bott,  in  hleu  deroi  en-  in  all  tones  of  color ;  the  enamels  were  fine, 
imeled  over  the  glazing.  The  principal  Brit-  and  the  porcelain  of  the  finest  some  of  the 
iah  jewelers  and  silversmiths,  except  the  Elk-  specimens  being  of  huge  size.  The  woodwork, 
iogtons,  failed  to  exhibit.  Dressing-cases  and  wonderfully  carved,  inlaid,  and  polished,  was 
toilet  services  were  abundantly  exhibited ;  bog-  not  wanting.  Stuffs  were  shown  in  variety. 
Oik  and  cairngorm-pebble  trinkets  were  dis-  Among  the  curiosities  were  a  silver  tea-service 
plajed.  Not  much  was  seen  in  leathern  trunks  inlaid  with  semi-transparent  enamel,  and  an 
ud  saddlery,  nor  in  artists'  materials,  paper,  or  anatomical  model  of  full  size,  very  correct  and 
toys.  Blackleg  Sons  exhibited  some  book-  ingenious;  also  a  lacquered  screen  representing 
hindittg.  Watches  and  clocks  were  very  im-  leaves  compose^l  of  mother-of-pearl,  porcelain, 
perfectly  represented.  The  show  of  English  gold,  and  silver  on  a  black  ground,  which  cost 
textiles  was  the  fullest  and  most  important  de-  |13,000.  The  porcelain  of  Koranska  was  well 
I>srtment  in  the  section.  The  woolens,  cottons,  represented,  and  that  of  Satsuma  and  other 
runs,  threads,  twists,  laces,  and  curtains,  from  places.  Enameling  in  silver  is  a  new  art  in 
Nottingham  and  Buckinghamshire,  were  heaped  Japan.  The  articles  exhibited  gave  evidence 
and  nursed  together  in  enormous  quantities.  that  this  artistic  race  have  improved  by  their 

The  exhibits  of  the  Australian  colonies  were  studies  of  European  art,  without  sacrificing  in 

l^ge  and  fine.    That  of  South  Australia  com-  any  degree  their  own  national  style ;  and  that 

pnsed  excellent  specimens  of  wheat,  wool,  notwithstanding  the  large  demand  for  Japan- 

and  copper ;  good  wine  and  olive  oil ;  gold  in  ese  work  for  export,  and  the  temptations  to 


802  EXPOSITION,  PARIS. 

their  oommercial  spirit,  which  did  saccnmb  for  qnantities  of  laoqner  wares;   exoeUent  sped- 

a  time  and  stimulated  the  hastj  production  of  mens  of  ivory  carvings;  'elaborate  and  gro- 

inferior  goods,  jet  the  national  sentiment  has  tesqne  carved  Aimiture  of  mixed  woods ;  mats, 

at  length  triumphed  over  the  tendency  to  de-  carpets,  and  stuffs.    Many  of  their  products, 

generation.   The  objects  exhibited  showed  the  which  were  exhibited  by  the  merchants  of  the 

same  solid  and  elaborate  workmanship  and  treaty  ports,  showed  the  influence  of  foreign 

ripeness  of  design  which  mark  the  productions  taste,  and  were  evidently  manufactured  for  a 

of  the  last  century,  while  the  forms  and  deoo-  foreign  market. 

rations  indicate  considerable  lesthetic  progress  Norway  sent  a  full  variety  of  fnrs  and  skins, 

since  that  period.    The  Government  exhibited  and  filigree  silver.    In  the  mechanical  gallerj 

the  natural  products  of  their  country,  and  pic-  was  exhibited  every  kind  of  tool  or  machine 

tures  representing  the  flowers  and  useful  pluits  enoployed  in  the  timber  industry, 

cultivated  in  Japan.  The  Danish  exhibit  was  similar,  oontiuning 

Other  Foreign  ExhiMU, — In  the  Italian  sec-  also  several  sorts  of  porcelains.    Sweden  sent 

tion  the  carved  and  inlaid  woodwork  of  Giusti,  porcelain,  faience,  and  grii  de  Flandre, 

Frullini,  Brambilla,  PoUi,  etc.,  was  the  most  Conspicuous  among  the  Spanish  products 

conspicuous  feature ;  the  most  pleasing  were  the  were  the  exquisite  fans  by  Bach,  the  costumed 

Etruscan  jewelry  of  Sig.  Oastellani,  and  the  ex-  figures  of  Gallician  peasants,  and  the  brilliant 

quisite  glasswork  of  Murano.     The  faiences  fabrics  of  many  textures  and  patterns, 

nrom  Ginori  and  Doccia  were  very  fine.    Mosa-  The  Italians,  Spaniards,  Japanese,  and  Por- 

ics  were  missing.    In  the  machinery  depart-  tuguese  contributed  a  great  variety  of  prepared 

ment  some  naval  models  and  machinery  and  foods,  wines,  liquors,  condiments,  etc.     The 

cavalry  accouterments  were  exhibited.  American  exhibit  of  grains,  sugar,  food  prep- 

The  Russian  exhibit  was  very  meager.   There  arations,  and  beverages  was  large  and  varied, 

were  a  few  specimens  of  malachite  and  lapis-  The  Portuguese  had  a  perplexing  variety  of 

lazuli  furniture,  some  fine  work  in  pietra  dura^  their  wines,  many  of  which  are  not  known  in 

and  some  very  good  cutlery.  commerce. 

The  Swiss,  besides  a  large  display  of  watch-  French  BxhibiU. — The  French  side  of  the 
es,  and  a  variety  of  their  carved  wood  orna-  exhibition  was,  as  might  be  expected,  a  com- 
ments, had  some  artistically  pauited  pottery.  plete  and  orderly  exposition  of  all  the  ap- 

Belgium  sent  a  very  large,  and  varied  ex-  pliances,  appurtenances,  and  methods  of  French 

hibit,  embracing  tapestries  similar  to  those  life,  industry,  institutions,  and  government, 

once  made  at  Beauvais,  woolens  and  other  tex-  The  prescribed  arrangement  of  the  exhibition 

tiles,  elegant  Valenciennes,  Brussels,  and  other  was  much  more  perfectly  carried  out  in  the 

laces,  large  assortments  of  faience  and  of  brass  French  section,  and  the  proportions  of  the  ei- 

ntensils,  and  vessels  with  figures  hammered  in.  hibits  more  correctly  balanced,  than  in  any  of 

Among  their  house  furniture  was  some  hand-  the  foreign  collections.  From  the  center,  where 

somely  carved  in  oak  with  an  ElizabeUian  de-  the  fine  arts  crowned  the  display,  one  passed 

sign.  successively  to  literature,  models  and  pkne^ 

Austria  and  Hungary,  in  separate  sections,  maps,  scientific  instruments,  and  all  the  meiou 

had  a  large  display  of  enamels,  jewelry,  bent-  of  instruction,  to  jeweb  and  ornaments,  clothes, 

wood  furniturel,  textile  fabrics,  and  porcelain  household  furniture,  carriages;  thence  to  in- 

and  stone  ware,  some  of  it  very  handsomely  dustrial  machinery,  the  implements  of  has- 

ornamented.  bandry,  mining,  and  forestry,  and  the  coane 

Tunis  had  a  good  selection  of  rugs  and  car-  products  of  the  fields,  woods,  and  mines, 

pets.  The  bronzes  sustained   the  supremacy  of 

The  Portuguese  section,  surrounded  by  a  French  artists  in  this  metnL  A  clock  by  Bar- 
colonnade  reproduced  fi*ora  Belem,  Battaiha,  b6dienne,  who  is  first  in  his  branch,  was  one 
and  other  old  Portuguese  buildings,  contained  of  the  wonders  of  the  exhibition ;  it  was  con- 
woolens  and  gay  dry  goods ;  straw  and  wick-  structed  of  gilt  bronze,  with  the  dial  and  other 
er  seats  and  chairs;  the  curious  Lisbon  stone-  parts  enameled,  and  rested  on  a  pedestal  of 
ware;  publications  of  the  national  press;  a  marble  and  bronze,  supported  by  columns  of 
careful  selection  of  educational  statistics ;  and  red  porphyry;  it  stood  about  10  feet  high.  A 
a  large  collection  of  models  of  the  country  court  was  filled  with  plate  and  ornamental  sil- 
people  dressed  in  costume.  ver  work.    Some  of  tne  services  were  adorned 

In  the  Dutch  section  was  an  interesting  with  frosted  leaf-work  and  raised  figures,  and 

model  of  one  of  the  dams  of  the  Maas,  con-  partly  gilded.    Christofle,  the  silversmith,  ex- 

structed  of  layers  of  alternate  wattles  and  nibited  also  electroplate  reproductions,  inclod- 

stone ;    also  many  careful  maps,   plans,  and  ing  a  Roman  plate  found  at  Hildesheim.    In 

modelH,  as  at  Philadelphia.    I'heir  chief  ex-  the  glassware  exhibit  there  was  a  vast  variety 

hibits  were  woolen  gooas  of  bright  colors,  oar-  of  forms  and  omamentbut  the  quality  ww  not 

pets  imitated  from  the  Orientals,  and  excellent  better  than  that  of  tlie  English  exhibit,  and  was 

food  preparations.    They  showed  in  the  me-  interior  to  the  blown  glass  of  Venice.    F^ence 

ohanical  department  some  good  machines  and  and  porcelain  were  in  great  abundance ;  the 

some  of  their  field  artillery.  revivals  of  old  styles  at  Glen,  Nevers,  and  other 

The  Chinese  collection  was  large,  embracing  places  are  very  meritorious ;  there  were  several 


EXPOSITION,  PARIS.  803 

lan^  pieces,  not  eqoAl  to  the  Japanese  in  the  the  kinds  of  coal,  the  materials  of  fnel  and  li^t- 
•Teoaess  of  the  firing  and  haking ;  one  end  of  ing,  and  the  details  of  gas  manufactnre.  The 
the  art  gaUery  was  ffMed  with  a  front  of  painted  iron  works  at  Creasot  had  in  their  ezhihit  a 
fsience,  a  vast  landscape  in  natural  colors,  from  huge  forge-hammer.  The  annex  containing  the 
the  factory  of  Deck.  The  Sdvres  exhibition  machinery  not  in  action  was  a  vast  bnilding 
diowed  the  finest  products  of  the  art,  vases  filled  with  every  variety  of  French  machinery. 
hUuds  m  enameled  in  pdte  tur  pdU^  Oeladon-  Tbe  machinery  gallery  proper  contained  ran- 
jrraj  vases,  and  handsome  Oriental  designs,  uing  steam  machinery.  A  gallery  was  filled 
Timepieces  were  shown  in  one  court  in  the  with  the  numberless  food  preparations  and 
greatest  variety,  from  church-tower  clocks  to  delicacies  of  France ;  an  annex  contained  those 
the  tiniest  watches;  an  astronomical  clock  of  the  colonies;  another  annex  was  for  the  ex- 
marked  the  movement  of  the  earth,  and  the  hibition  of  French  wines,  and  another  for  min- 
changas  of  the  seasons.  The  Jewelry  exhibit  eral  waters.  The  carriages  and  harness  were 
WM  exceedingly  large  and  fine ;  there  were  less  sumptuous  than  the  styles  formerly  used 
msny  imitations  of  Oastellani^s  revived  Etrus-  in  France.  Lighthouse  lenses  and  lanterns  were 
caavork;  diamond  fiower- work  from  Massin ;  exhibited  in  the  machinery  hall.  An  annex 
fine  gems  from  Rouvenat,  Dumoret,  and  Le-  contained  an  ambulance  train  with  surgery, 
moine ;  sapphires,  emeralds  polished  without  medical  stores*,  kitchen,  larder,  spring-beds,  and 
facets,  diamonda,  and  fine  black  pearls;  a  all  the  newest  improvements.  In  one  place 
charch  monstrance  by  Demachy  in  gold,  en-  various  mechanical  trades  were  practically  illus- 
•mel,  and  precious  stones.  There  was  also  a  trated,  among  them  that  of  diamond-cutting, 
great  variety  of  cheap  Jewelry,  real  and  gilt  or  Boats  and  rigging,  including  a  new  life-boat 
paste,  and  in  on  buter  gallery  the  matenals  of  with  wheeled  carriage  and  launching-bed,  and 
goldnniurs  work.  Fourdinois,  6roh6,  and  models  of  the  French  ships  of  war,  were  placed 
other  famiture  and  cabinet  makers  exhibited  in  a  shed  along  the  quay, 
the  finest  work  in  buhl,  marquetry,  carved  The  Indian  Collection, — This  subdivision  of 
pioeling,  metal  mountings  cast  and  chiseled,  the  British  section  included  the  treasures  pre- 
lolaying,  and  upholstery.  Olothing  was  exhib-  sented  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  or  collected  by 
ited  in  a  succession  of  courts,  leading  up  from  him  during  his  Indian  journey,  and  formed  the 
tbe  raw  skina,  silk,  wool,  and  cotton,  to  the  most  attractive  and  interesting  portion  of  the 
fiolshod  textiles,  leather,  etc.;  and  then  to  artistic  part  of  the  exhibition.  It  was  contained 
made-up  garnaents  for  both  sexes,  of  the  finest  in  the  Prince  of  Wales^s  pavilion.  These  ob- 
make  and  fashion.  The  chief  centers  of  textile  jects  were  arranged  by  Purdon  Clarke,  and 
maoofacture  exhibited  in  separate  courts,  as  catalogued,  with  elaborate  annotations,  by  Dr. 
the  Lyons  silk-weavers  did  at  Philadelphia.  George  Birdwood.  In  the  exhibition  of  car- 
Tojs  and  dolls  were  shown  in  great  variety,  pets  and  stuffs,  several  London  importers  and 
The  government  exhibit  of  Gobelin  and  Bean-  the  Maharaiah  of  Oashmere  took  part.  £m- 
^  tapestries  showed  the  finest  productions  broidery  and  curtains  were  shown  off  in  divans 
of  this  art.  The  displays  of  musical  instru-  and  oriel  windows.  There  were  rich  pile  car- 
meota,  scientific  and  surgical  instruments,  and  pets  from  Oashmere,  Afghanistan,  the  Puni'aub, 
artists'  and  photographers*  appliances,  were  Iteloochistan,  and  from  Sinde,  Agra,  Mirza- 
large.  The  Ministry  of  Instruction  exhibited  pore,  and  various  other  districts  in  British  In- 
all  the  means  and  methods  of  education,  pri-  dia ;  velvet  carpets  from  Benares  and  Moorshe- 
marj,  secondary,  and  superior.  dabad ;  and  the  rarely  seen  silk  pile  carpets  of 

In  the  gallery  of  the  Grand  Opera  was  a  col-  Tanjore  and  Salem.  A  cast  of  the  Indian  statue 
lection  of  theatrical  properties  and  scenery,  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  by  Boehm,  occupied  the 
vhich  illustrated  the  nistory  of  the  scenic  art  center  of  the  space.  A  model  of  a  Hindoo 
from  the  times  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome  palace  was  shown  in  a  case ;  and  in  others,  the 
Wn  to  tbe  present  day.  The  progress  of  gold,  silver,  and  gilt  plate  presented  to  the 
stage  mechanics  was  strikingly  presented  by  Prince  by  the  rulers  through  whose  towns  he 
specimens  of  the  methods  used  in  scene-shifting  passed ;  these  were  mostly  vases  and  tea  ser- 
in the  old  theatres  of  Orange  and  the  HAtel  vices,  the  most  elegant  being  the  chased  vases 
^  Boargogne,  and  of  the  elaborate  mechanism  from  Oashmere,  with  delicate  shawl-pattern 
employ^  to-day  in  the  Grand  Opera  at  Paris,  tracery,  some  of  them  gold,  some  silver,  some 

The  exhibition  of  fairriculture  and  horticul-  gilt.  A  massive  gold  tea  service  was  from  Ma- 
ture was  not  less  systematic.  The  agricultural  dras,  whence  came  also  a  fine  dessert  service, 
machines  were  inferior  to  the  American,  and  There  was  silver  hammered  work,  from  Outch 
aanj  of  the  English.  The  stable,  dairy,  and  and  Lncknow,  and  fine  repotuee  work  in  silver 
poultry  fittings  and  arrangements  were  better,  from  Burmah.  There  were  massive  decorated 
All  tlte  varieties  of  cereals  and  tubers  were  bands  worn  on  the  legs,  nose-rings,  ear-rings, 
eihibited.  In  another  place  all  the  details  chains,  and  other  native  jewelry.  The  delicate 
of  garden-culture,  hot-beds,  greenhouses,'  for-  filigree  and  soldered  work,  some  of  which  from 
cing-hoasea,  the  training  of  trees  on  espaliers,  Ceylon  and  Hindostan  was  exhibited  by  Signer 
•ad  flower-culture,  were  completely  exhibited.  Castellani,  rivals  the  ancient  Etruscan  work- 
Tbere  were  collections  of  the  marbles  and  bu ild-  manship.  The  Prin ce^s  precious  stones,  though 
u>g  atones  of  the  country,  of  the  mineral  ores,  many  of  them  very  large,  were  often  inferior 


304  EXPOSITION,  PAEIS. 

in  qnalitj,  and  generally  in  brilliancy,  not  being  painting  by  £ngdne  Delacroix ;  soenea  from  the 
cat  with  facets ;  but  they  were  Bet  with  mach  life  of  8t.  Lonis  by  Cabanel ;  the  large  canvas 
profasion  and  great  taste  in  arms  and  gold-  exhibited  at  Philadelphia,  by  Georges  Becker, 
smith's  work,  and  made  a  fine  appearance.  A  of  *^  Rizpah  Guarding  the  Sons  of  8anl " ;  the 
sword-belt  was  fastened  with  a  fine  oblong  "  Entry  of  Mahomet  II.  into  Constantinople," 
diamond.  A  golden  hair-comb,  adorned  with  by  Constant ;  several  small  Oriental  scenes  bj 
brilliants,  pearls,  and  Jeypore  enamel,  has  a  G6r6me ;  five  of  Meissonier's  laborious  pieoee ; 
gorgeous  effect.  Curious  brass-work,  vessels,  a  choir  of  monks  by  Gnstave  Dor6. 
and  figures  came  from  Madura,  Tai^ore,  and  In  the  French  sculpture  gallery  the  chief 
other  places.  There  were  brass  objects  with  works  were  G6r6me*s  ^^  Gladiators  *' ;  Schoene- 
tin  designs  soldered  on  from  Moradabad,  and  werk's  ^*  Tamer  of  Wild  Beasts,"  and  his  dead 
some  of  the  same  kind  inlaid  with  black  lac.  female  after  a  poem  of  Andr6  Ohenier,  and 
Very  rich  gold  damaskeening  or  Kooit  work  nude  female  figure  and  bather;  Lafranc'sln- 
was  seen  on  shields,  helmets,  breastplates,  and  tant  John  the  Baptist,  and  his  Achilles ;  Mo- 
gun-barrels  ;  the  ancient  specimens  were  the  reau^s  Susannah ;  Moulin's  Mercury ;  and  Da- 
best  in  design.  Another  kind  of  damaskeening,  bois's  groups  for  the  tomb  of  General  Lamori- 
called  bidri^  is  done  on  vases,  with  silver  ham-  oidre,  representing  military  courage,  charitj, 
mered  into  an  alloy  of  copper,  lead,  and  tin,  meditation,  and  faith,  executed  with  the  vigor, 
and  turned  black  by  chemicals.  There  were  simplicity,  and  freedom  which  distinguish  the 
fine  specimens  of  ehampleoS  enamel,  including  works  of  that  artist.  There  were  also  a  statae 
a  dish  which  is  the  largest  specimen  of  Jeypore  of  Eve,  a  Narcissus,  and  some  portrait  busts  by 
enameling  in  existence.  A  beautiful  ememld-  the  same  sculptor.  There  were  in  the  French 
green  enamel  is  made  at  Petabghur  in  Bengal ;  gallery  888  numbers  in  the  class  of  sculpture, 
it  is  very  thick  and  transparent,  and  into  the  including  some  860  larger  and  serious  works, 
surface,  before  it  has  hardened,  little  gold  fig-  Besides  these  competing  pieces — which  were 
ures  of  animals  and  birds  are  inserted.  The  selected  as  the  best  productions  in  the  art  for 
arms  presented  to  the  Prince  were  very  nu-  the  last  ten  years,  from  at  least  twenty  times 
merous  and  exceedingly  interesting.  The  chain  as  many  works  exhibited  in  that  period— there 
armor  was  as  soft  and  pliable  as  cloth,  although  were  a  large  number  of  sculptures  used  in  the 
every  minute  link  was  separately  riveted.  The  decoration  of  the  buildings  and  the  grounds, 
plate  armor,  swords,  maces,  battle-axes,  knives.  The  most  conspicuous  of  these  were  the  colos- 
were  of  every  period ;  there  was  a  gun  with  sal  ^ded  statue  of  Fame  on  the  Trocad^ro 
its  stock  inlaid  with  carved  ivory,  and  one  palace,  the  colossal  allegorical  figures  aronnd 
covered  with  gilding.  A  silver  chair,  a  gilt  the  central  gallery,  and  the  colossal  gilded 
howdah,  and  an  ebony  and  ivory  palanquin  statues  of  animals  which  adorn  the  cascade- 
were  among  the  gifts.  There  was  sandal-wood  an  elephant  by  Fr^miet,  a  rhinoceros  by  Jac- 
inlaid  witli  ebony,  ivory,  and  tin,  from  Bom-  quemart,  a  horse  by  Ruillard,  and  a  bull  by 
bay ;  black-wood  carved  in  low  relief,  from  Cain.  The  bust  of  Bartboldi's  Statue  of  lib. 
Bombay,  Snrat,  Ahmedabad,  and  Canara;  wal-  erty,  which  is  intended  for  New  York  harbor, 
nut  with  brass- wire  inlays,  from  Mynpuri;  was  set  up  in  the  garden  before  the  main 
white  marble  with  pietra  dura  inlays,  from  building.  Merdfi's  "  Gloria  Victia,"  in  broMe, 
Agra;  jade  beautifalJy  carved,  from  Cashmere,  was  much  extolled  by  the  French,  whose  pa- 
There  were  the  exquisite  miniature  paintings  triotism  it  flattered ;  Mme.  Bertauz's  ^*  Ysb  \  io- 
of  Delhi.  An  ivory  bedstead,  turned  and  toribus  '*  was  a  similar  subject,  better  carried 
carved,  came  from  Travancore.    Among  the  out. 

stuffs  were  rich  hineob  gold  brocades,  from  In  the  Italian  gallery  were  good  genre  pieces 

Benares  and  Ahmedabad.    The  demoralizing  by  Joris,  Rotta,  Jacovacci,  and  Juliani,  some 

effect  of  European  trade  was  apparent  in  the  of  them  recalling  Fortnny ;  also  a  fine  piece 

staring  patterns  introduced  into  the  Cashmere  of  sculpture  by  Big.  Monteverde,  representing 

shawls,  by  the  instructions  of  French  traders,  Jenner  vaccinating  a  child, 

and  in  the  vivid  aniline  colors  used  in  some  of  Remarkable  naintings  in  the  Austrian  ex- 

the  carpets.  hibition  were  ^^  Milton  Dictating  to  his  Dangh- 

7%e  Art  Galleriee. — The  contemporary  fine-  ters,"  by  MUnkaczy,  and  the  "  Entry  of  Charles 

art  exhibits  of  France  and  the  different  na-  V.  into  Antwerp,"  by  Makart.    Cederstrom, 

tions  were  placed  in  a  row  of  galleries  along  the  Swedish  painter,  had  a  good  painting  of 

the  center  of  the  great  building ;  these  were  soldiers  carrying  the  body  of  Charles  XII.   In 

well  lighted  with  top-lights.  Among  the  French  the  Dutch  gallery  were  a  well-painted  gronp 

paintings,  the  most  remarked  were  two  by  by  Van  Haanen,  and  sea-pieces  by  Mesdag  and 

Uon  Glaize,  representing  the  conspirators  vow-  Israels. 

ing  the  death  of  CflBsar,  and  the  bringing  away  The  German  contingent  was  larger  than  had 

of  his  corpse  from  the  Forum ;  the  well-known  been  expected,  and  a  special  court  had  been 

'*  Execution  "  by  Regnault ;  his  equestrian  por-  arr^ged  for  it.    There  were  two  remockable 

trait  of   Prim ;    portraits,  including   one  of  religious  compositions  by  F.  Gebhart,  a  **  Cru- 

Thiers  by  Bonnet,  others  by  Goupil,  Cabanel,  cifixion"  and  a  "Last  Supper";  a  "PeasaD* 

Perrault;  the  "Funeral  of  Moreau,"  by  Lau-  Funeral,"  by  Enans;  a  "Funeral  Procession," 

rens;  the  "Source,'' by  Ingres;  a  nude-figure  by  Rie^tahl;  "Soldiers  of  the  Seventeenth 


EXPOSITION,  PARIS.  306 

GeDtary,"  by  W.  Dietz ;  landscapes  bj  Ader,  weights,  stone  and   metal  instruments,  and 

D&cker.  and  Bochmann ;  a  ^*  Bank  Failure,"  paint-boxes  still  stained  with  the  ancient  col- 

by  6«okelmann ;  and  portraits  by  Graef  and  ors ;  medisDval  metal-work  and  glass  lamps  in- 

othera.  crusted  with  blue  enameled  OuSo  characters ; 

In  the  English  gallery  Alma-Tadema  ex-  fine  work  in  gold,  silver.  Jewels,  wood,  glass, 

hibited  an  **  Audience  of  Agrippa,'*  *^  Roman  and  porcelain;  examples  of  the  curious  lattice- 

Connoissears  examining  a  Vase,"  and  **  The  work  once  seen  in  the  houses  of  Cairo ;  copies 

Tired  Dancer."    There  were  six  examples  of  of  wall  paintings  representing  hunting  scenes. 

Sir  £dvio  Landseer,  three  fine  Oriental  scenes  fishing,  and  other  occupations ;  also  a  quantity 

bj  the  late  John  Lewis,  and  some  good  ex-  of  modem  art- work,  jewelry,  carpets,  stuffs, 

unples  by  Oeorge  Mason  and  Frederick  Walker,  etc. 

deceased.  Millais  had  several  of  his  best  works.  The  French  half  of  the  Trocad6ro  galleries 

inclading  the  *^  Yeoman  of  the  Guard"  and  contained  an  historical  collection  of  remarkable 

the**  Gambler's  Wife."  Leighton  sent  **  Ellas  in  magnitude  and  interest,  contributed  from  pri- 

thd  Wilderness "  and  the  *^  Athlete."    Frith  vate  and  public  collections  in  all  parts  of  the 

wii  represented  by  some  of  his  best  known  country.     In  the  Gaulish  and  Gallo-Roman 

prodactioDs^    G.  F.  Watts  sent  good  portraits  department  were  two  models  of  Gallic  tombs; 

and  ideal  jpaio tings.     Poynter  exhibited  his  a  large  number  of  flint  and  stone  implements; 

''Israel  in  Egypt "  and  **  The  Oatapult."    Prin-  pieces  of  ancient  cloth ;  silver  votive  offerings, 

Kp,  Orchar&n,  and  many  other  English  ar-  and  curious  gold  and  silver  jewelry ;  and  some 

tists  vere  well  represented.  bronzes  of  the  second  and  third  centuries  of 

The  American  art  collection  comprised  about  remarkable  artistic  merit,  from  different  mu- 
130  paintings,  84  of  which  were  selected  in  seums.  The  Greek  and  Roman  antiquities  in- 
New  York,  and  the  remainder  from  the  studios  eluded  a  large  number  of  very  fine  vases,  many 
of  American  artists  living  abroad.  Among  bronze  figures  and  ornaments,  fragments  of 
the  more  noticeable  works  were  the  following :  furniture,  of  a  chariot,  etc.,  gems,  coins,  sculp- 
*' Paradise  VaUey  at  Newport,"  by  La  Farge;  ture,  etc.,  all  carefully  classified  and  arranged, 
a  marine  view  at  night,  entitled  **  Solitude,"  There  were  many  examples  of  Frankish,  Saxon, 
bj  Dana;  ** Sunday  Morning  in  Virginia,"  by  and  Rhenish-Byzantine  art-work:  arms,  but- 
Wiaalow  Homer;  '^The  Passing  Circus,"  by  tons,  keys,  Rhenish- Byzantine  enamels  and 
Brown;  the  figure  of  a  laughing  grisette,  by  bookbindings;  carved  ivory  and  silver  reli- 
Hamilton.  auaries  and  pyxes;   illuminated  MSS.  of  all 

Retratpecthe  Art  Collection, — Through  the  aates.    The  medisBval  and  modern  departments 

galleries  of  the  Trocad^ro  was  distributed  a  were  not  less  rich,  formed  of  the  pick  of  all 

Tast  loan  collection  of  art  objects  and  an-  the  private  collections  of  France.    There  were 

tiquities  of  every  historical  period.    The  ar-  the  finest  specimens  of  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 

tielea  collected  in  France  occupied  the  galleries  century  Limoges  enamels ;  in  porcelain  there 

OD  one  aide  of  the  palace,  those  contributed  were  four  examples  of  Henry  II.  ware,  and 

bj  foreign  owners  the  other.     England  and  rare  specimens  of  Palissy's,  Giorgio  de  Gub- 

Amerioa  were  unrepresented  in  this  exhibition,  bio^s,  and  other  coveted  wares.    The  collection 

from  Belgium  there  were  ancient  carved  wood-  of  tapestries  was  one  of  the  most  complete  and 

vork  and  much  of  the  elaborate  metal-work  of  interesting,  including  a  number  of  toe  finest 

the  middle  ages,  several  badges  of  mediaoval  specimens  of  early  arras  in  the  world.    The 

gpilds,  and  some  fine  old  tapestry.    The  Swe-  armor,  ecclesiastical  and  household  ornaments 

dish  section  contained  some  fiint  implements  and  furniture,  and  jewelry  illustrated  every 

ud  early  antionitiea,  and  a  most  interesting  style  of  workmanship  known  in  Europe.  There 

Kriea  of  models  representing  popular  family  were  full  series  of  old  clocks  and  watches,  and 

lif«.  the  interiors  of  cottages  with  all  their  fur-  of  the  mathematical  and  scientific  instruments 

Bitore,  etc,  enlivened  with  human  figures  in  of  the  middle  ages.    An  interesting  special 

vax,  all  in  the  natural  size  and  forming  ex-  collection,  contributed  by  Prince  Ozartoryski, 

ceedingly  vivid  and  life-like  tableaux.     The  contiuned  relics  of  many  of  the  Kings  of  Po- 

Dnteh  exhibited  similar  costumed  figures  in  land.    Another  special  collection,  scarcely  less 

the  main  building.    Spain  sent  a  remarkably  interesting,  was  tnat  of  M.  Strauss,  of  Hebrew 

^^  and  attractive  contribution,  including  the  MSS.  and  articles  employed  in  the  Jewish  wor- 

fiaita  of  armor  worn  by  Don  Jonu  of  Austria  ship.    The  period  covered  by  the  French  col- 

Qd  Charles  V. ;  engraved,  damaskeened,  and  lections  reaches  down  to  the  time  of  the  First 

embossed  armor  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  the  Empire.  In  a  separate  gallery  were  the  French 

^met  of  Boabdil,  damaskeened  with  gold ;  contributions  of  Oriental  articles,  embracing 

^  laddies  and  fine  embossed  helmets;  and  Arab,Per8ian,  and  Indian  arms  of  ^at  beauty, 

^  old  Flemish  tapestries  from  the  royd  pal-  hanging  lamps  of  curious  workmanship,  and 

*<^  Japan  contributed  a  fine  collection  of  old  carpets  of  great  age,  fine  and  curious  m  pat- 

P<)rcelaiD,  bronzes,  enamel,  lacquer,  and  ivory  terns  and  colors.    A  larger  and  completer  col- 

'^'f^rings;  the  gold  lacquer-work  was  of  the  lection  of  ornamental  art- work,  nor  one  more 

^^  description,  and  the  other  coUections  systematically  arranged  and  judiciously  select- 

contained  only  rare  and  superior  specimens,  ed,  was  probably  never  seen. 

The  Igjptian  collection  contained  antique  glass  Special  Ckuaa, — ^The  display  of  literature 

Vol.  xviii.— 20    A 


806  KXPOSinOl^,  PARK. 

was  complete  in  the  French  diviBion,  bat  very  gans  of  Mason  A  Hamlin  and  ^tej  &  Oo.  ex- 
imperfect  in  the  foreign.  American  publishers  celled  the  French  instraments  in  these  particn- 
were  represented  bj  a  collection  of  misoella-  lars,  though  not  so  ambitions  in  the  namber  of 
neons  books  from  21  publishing  houses  under  registers.  Of  string  and  wind  instmroenU  two 
the  charge  of  M.  Terquem ;  the  catalogue  was  classes  were  shown,  those  artistically  elabora- 
a  fine  example  of  typography  from  the  River-  ted  for  musicians,  and  those  produced^  some^ 
side  press,  containing  explanatory  articles  on  times  bv  machinery,  for  the  trade.  Of  the 
the  American  book-trade  by  R.  R.  Bowker.  latter  class  the  factory  of  Gautrot,  employing 
In  the  English  section  the  prominent  and  al-  600  workmen,  turns  out  47,000  violins  and 
most  the  only  displays  were,  as  at  Philadelphia,  24,000  wind  instruments  a  year ;  another  great 
those  of  the  illustrated  weeklies.  In  the  French  Paris  firm,  Thibouville-Lamy,  employs  the 
section  the  superb  and  lovely  editions  of  French  whole  town  of  Mirecourt  in  making  stringed  in- 
dassios  printed  by  Lemerre  and  Jonast  were  stmments,  an  occupation  which  the  inhabitants 
the  chief  ornament ;  it  included  no  less  than  have  followed  from  time  immemorial,  and  haa 
six  simultaneous  editions  of  ^^Manon  Lescaut."  also  a  factory  in  La  Couture  for  wooden  wind 
In  musical  instruments  this  exhibition  was  instraments,  and  one  at  La  Crenelle  for  violin- 
signalized  by  no  important  improvements,  like  strings  and  brass  instruments.  In  fiutes  the 
the  cross-string  system  on  the  piano  exhibited  Austrian  makers  adhere  to  the  old  form  in 
by  Stein  way  at  the  world^s  fair  of  1867,  which  their  otherwise  excellent  instraments,  while  in 
created  a  revolution  in  piano  construction  all  France,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  the  system  of 
over  the  world.  The  principal  English  piano-  Boehm  of  Munich,  in  the  bore  and  arrange- 
makers,  Broadwood  and  Collard,  and  Steinway  ment  of  the  keys,  has  been  introduced, 
and  Ohiokering  in  America,  were  not  repre-  In  dyeing  ana  colors  the  most  noticeable 
sented  at  this  exposition ;  nor,  of  conrse,  were  features  were  Joly*s  process  for  carbonizing 
the  German  instrument-makers;  so  tbe  field  vegetable  impurities  in  woolen  cloth;  alk 
was  left  pretty  much  to  French  manufaotarers.  bleached  and  dyed  by  the  Girard  process ;  a 
In  France  the  Steinway  system  has  not  yet  large  series  of  shaded  woolen  yarns  in  the 
been  adopted ;  only  a  few  of  their  exhibited  in-  Spanish  section ;  woolen  yams  from  Aostra- 
struments,  among  them  one  of  PleyePs,  were  lia,  nearly  equal  to  Berlin  wool ;  the  Swiss  ex- 
constructed  on  that  model.  Pleyel  and  Eraid  hibit  of  chemical  colors,  including  the  ordinary 
are  the  leadmg  French  manufiacturers,  the  aniline  dyes,  diphenylamin,  meUiyl-blae,  and 
former  producing  purer-toned  instruments,  of  resorcin  in  crystals,  exhibited  by  J.  R.  Geigy; 
simpler  and  more  durable  mechanism,  and  the  and  the  blue  shades  of  eosin,  from  Monnet  & 
latter  a  greater  volume  in  his  tones.  Henri  Co.,  with  their  apparatus  for  the  production 
Herz,  formerly  a  composer  in  Vienna,  exhibited  of  methyl-chloride ;  also  tiie  alizarine  prodoct« 
his  melo-pianos,  invented  by  Caldera-Brossa,  by  a  Baiale  firm,  and  many  splendid  crystalfi 
on  which  a  tremolo  can  be  produced  either  on  from  several  other  exhibitors.  The  absence  of 
the  bass  or  treble  notes.  The  most  important  German  exhibitors  left  this  class  very  defective, 
improvement  was  exhibited  by  Ehrbar  of  V ien-  The  extensive  court  manufactory  of  candles 
na,  in  his  system  for  prolonging  any  desired  of  Brussels  exhibited  the  product  of  a  tree  in 
note  or  chord  on  the  piauo ;  it  is  accomplished  Central  Africa,  a  fatty  substance  <»lled  sheea 
by  a  pedal  arrangement  connecting  with  a  butter,  which  this  last  year  they  have  employed, 
mechanism  which  will  hold  the  damper  free  with  tallows,  palm  oils,  and  other  fats,  in  the 
from  the  string  as  long  as  the  player  desires,  manufacture  of  their  candles.  This  important 
The  same  exhibitor  had  the  best  pianos  in  the  factory  employs  superheated  steam  to  effect 
exhibition,  and  grand  concert  pianos  of  remark-  the  distillation  in  cast-iron  retorts.  The  mate- 
ably  rich  and  penetrating  tones.  The  Swiss  rials  are  decomposed  by  sulphnric  acid.  The 
exhibitors  showed  excellent  instruments.  An-  sheea  butter  is  obtained  from  the  nots  of  a  tree, 
other  useful  improvement  was  the  transposer  of  a  hard  red  wood,  growing  about  80  feet  high, 
of  August  Wolf,  head  of  the  house  of  Pleyel,  which  is  called  me^pampa  by  the  natives.  The 
with  which  the  key  in  which  a  piece  is  played  meats  of  the  almonds  which  grow  in  great  clus- 
oan  be  changed  by  a  mechanical  acynstment.  ters  on  this  tree  have  a  pleasant  taste,  and  the 
The  double  finger-board,  the  upper  one  hav-  white  fat  which  is  obtained  by  crashing  and 
ing  the  notes  reversed,  with  the  treble  on  the  boiling  them,  after  drying,  has  a  delicate  resin- 
left,  invented  by  Mangeot  of  Paris,  is  an  im-  ous  aroma,  and  is  an  excellent  snbstitute  for 
provement  which  admits  of  extraordinary  ef-  butter ;  it  possesses  also  some  valuable  medi- 
fects,  such  as  could  formerly  be  brought  out  on  dnal  properties,  and  will  remain  two  years 
two  pianos,  and  by  two  players,  but  requires  a  without  turning  randd.  A  fine,  firm  soap, 
brilliant  pianist  to  handle  it.  In  the  organ  Ca-  which  makes  no  lather,  can  be  produced  from 
vaill^-CoI  excelled;  the  organs  of  Riegel  of  Aus-  it,  as  well  as  a  valuable  stearic  acid,  which  will 
tria,  built  on  Walker^s  system,  with  an  improve-  absorb  more  latent  heat  than  any  other  acid  fat : 
ment  for  taking  out  the  stop-valves  without  it  is  difficult,  however,  to  obtain  the  stearine 
removing  the  pipes,  were  excellent  instru-  colorless,  on  account  of  the  resin  contained  in 
ments.  In  harmoniums  the  American  makers  the  fat.  When  employed  in  lights  this  stearine, 
bore  away  the  palm  by  their  handsome  mechan-  because  it  shrinks  at  a  low  temperatore,  mast 
ism  and  rich  organ-like  tones ;  the  cabinet  or-  be  mixed  with  paraffin  or  a  similar  sabstance. 


EXPOSITION,  PABIS.  807 

Th$  Eleeirk  Light. — ^The  Exposition  offered  people,  sent  a  wooden  copy  of  tbeir  great  steam 
a  ^rorable  opportunity  to  M.  Gramme  and  M.  hammer,  weighing  60  tons,  with  an  anvil  in  11 
Jabloohkoff  to  bring  into  public  notice  tbeir  pieces  of  720  tons  weight ;  the  height  of  the 
systems  of  artificial  illumination  by  electricity,  stroke  is  5  metres ;  the  strength  of  Uie  blow  is 
which  was  sealonsly  utilized.  Jabloohkoff-  calculated  to  be  equal  to  a  shock  of  412,500 
Gramme  lamps,  which  were  almost  too  daz-  kilos,  while  that  of  Krupp's  50-ton  hammer  is 
zlimr  for  sight,  although  the  light  was  tem-  only  150,000  kilos;  the  cost  of  this  great  ham- 
pered by  globes  of  ground  glass,  were  placed  mer,  standing  54  feet  above  the  floor,  with  the 
high  above  the  heads  of  passengers  in  several  building  in  which  it  is  worked,  was  about  half 
of  the  streets  and  places  of  Paris,  and  furnished  a  million  dollars.  Among  the  exhibits  of  this 
a  light  almost  as  clear  as  that  of  day,  in  which  establishment,  including  shafting,  sheets,  gird- 
all  objects  from  the  street  below  up  to  the  tops  ers,  a  puddling  machine,  fine  marine  and  loco- 
of  the  tallest  houses  were  illuminated,  and  motive  engines,  armor-plates,  etc.,  was  a  fao- 
ererjthiog  was  seen  in  its  natural  colors.  The  simile  of  a  steel  ingot  weighing  118  tons.  The 
American  methods  of  electrical  illumination  Terre-Koire  works  exhibited  a  series  of  steel 
of  Weston,  Wallace,  and  Brush,  were  not  on  castings  made  with  different  admixtures  of  sili- 
ezhibition ;  neither  were  the  English  devi-  con  and  manganese,  according  to  their  famous 
cm  shown.  The  Gramme  machine,  weighing  process.  They  are  now  able  to  produce,  by 
about  400  lbs.,  and  occupying  about  4  cubic  the  employment  of  silicide  of  manganese  and 
feet  of  space,  requiring  2^  horse-power  to  iron,  a  malleable  steel  without  blow-holes, 
drive  it,  has  an  illuminating  power  of  5.700  which,  after  annealing,  possesses  all  the  prop- 
candles.  A  new  form  of  the  Gramme  macnine  erdes  of  forged  steel ;  their  metal  is  somewhat 
was  shown,  leas  durable  in  construction,  which,  denser  than  rolled  steel.  They  produce  cast- 
while  weighing  but  441  lbs.,  and  costing  only  steel  projectiles  of  remarkable  penetrative  pow- 
$300,  has  a  power  of  illumination  equal  to  er,  and  are  experimenting  on  cannon  in  a  sin- 
S0,000  candles.  While  many  narts  t>f  the  city  gle  piece  which  will  have  over  three  times  the 
were  illuminated  with  the  Jabloohkoff  electric  power  of  resistance  of  the  present  steel  guns 
candle,  in  the  Ohamp  de  Mars  was  a  pavilion  with  a  cast-iron  body.  Witn  regard  either  to 
specially  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of  this  strength  or  cheapness  the  Terre-Noire  prooess 
light.  In  the  first  form  of  tiie  Jabloohkoff  ap-  marks  a  great  advance  in  metallurgical  science, 
paratns,  when  the  carbons  were  of  equal  size,  Other  noticeable  improvements  in  steel  manu- 
the  one  connected  with  the  positive  pole  of  &cture  are  the  Siemens-Martin-Pemot  and  the 
the  eleetrio  machine  was  consumed  twice  as  Ponsard  furnaces,  which  were  exhibited  by 
rapidly  as  the  other.  This  was  remedied  at  their  makers.  At  St  Ohamond  a  Pemot  ro- 
first  by  increasing  the  size  of  the  positive  oar-  tary  furnace  of  as  great  as  20  tons  capacity  has 
bon;  but  in  the  apparatus  exhibited  it  is  cor-  recently  been  put  up,  and  a  Martin  furnace  of 
rected  by  employing  a  rapidly  alternating  cur-  15  tons  capacity  at  Terre-Noire,  large  furnaces 
rent,  instead  ofao<mtinuous  one,  which  method  being  found  more  economical.  The  Pemot 
pi^seases  the  advantage  of  keeping  the  carbon  furnaces  at  St.  Ohamond,  with  Siemens^s  gaso- 
points  symmetrically  tapered,  producing  a  light  gene,  produced  during  three  months  an  aver- 
of  perfect  steadiness  and  equality.  age  of  20  tons  of  ingots  per  day,  the  furnaces 
Metallurgy. — ^The  iron  and  steel  exhibition  t&ing  7  tons  to  a  charge  and  converting  it  in 
was  far  from  being  representative,  as  England  about  7  hours.  The  Ponsard  furnace  is  regen- 
aod  America,  the  leading  countries  in  these  erative,  and  has  the  crucibles  arranged  in  two 
branches,  made  very  partial  exhibits,  while  rows  aJong  its  sides;  it  is  said  to  be  simpler 
Germany,  which  comes  next,  was  absent,  and  and  less  expensive  than  the  Siemens  furnace, 
Belgium  was  represented,  though  ably,  by  but  which  it  resembles.  There  were  some  remark- 
a  single  firm.  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden  able  ores  exhibited  in  the  main  building,  those 
had^  on  the  other  hand,  sent  disproportion-  of  the  Champagne  company  containing  48  to 
atelj  large  and  ambitious  exhibits.  The  col-  48  per  cent,  of  metal.  Mne  chromium  pig 
i«ctton  of  iron  and  steel  products  exhibited  by  metal  and  steel  were  shown  by  Holzer  &  Oo. 
France  was  as  full  and  varied  as  any  ever  from  the  Loire  department,  their  best  steel  be- 
broaght  together,  and  showed  that,  although  ing  made  from  spathic  ore  found  at  Ria  in  the 
the  ]o9s  of  Alsace  and  Lorraine  deprived  her  Pyrenees.  There  were  specimens  of  manufac- 
of  a  dozen  of  her  largest  iron  works,  she  is  tured  iron,  T-bars,  cables,  wire,  rounds,  and 
making  vigorous  efforts  to  keep  abreast  of  the  squares,  from  different  furnaces,  which  equaled 
world  in  these  vital  industries.  The  mining  the  best  English  products.  The  Oompagnie 
prodocts  have,  however,  fallen  off  in  France  de  PHorme  of  St  Ohamond  showed  a  new  pro- 
vince 1863,  from  three  and  a  quarter  to  about  cess  of  tempering  malleable  iron  in  sulphuric 
two  million  metrical  tons ;  but  this  is  owing  acid,  which  is  said  to  increase  its  power  of 
to  the  progress  made  in  the  production  of  tension  30  per  cent.  The  models  and  draw- 
Beaaemer  steel,  which  requires  foreign  ores,  ings  of  the  works  in  the  difficult  and  irregular 
The  Schneider  of  Greusot,  Terre-Noire,  Bessd-  ore  and  coal  beds  of  France  gave  evidence  that 
Rea,  and  St  Ohamond  companies  exhibited  in  that  country  excels  all  the  rest  of  the  world  in 
•eparate  pavilions.  The  great  Oreusot  compa-  mining  arrangements  and  facilities. 
Dj,  which  gives  employment  to  12,000  work-  In  &e  English  exhibit  there  were  specimens 


808  EXPOSITION,  PABI8. 

of  Whitworth's  Bfceel  oast  nnder  hydraulic  pres-  Works  at  Rttsbnrg,  were  among  the  moit  im- 

Bore,  inolading  an  air-yessel  for  torpedoes  ca-  portent  Improvementa  shoim  in  the  ezpositioD. 

pable  of  resisting  a  pressure  of  1,500  lbs.  per  The  castings  from  Lehigh  iron  were  verj  good; 

square  inch ;  a  forged  shaft  for  a  screw  propel-  the  bolts  and  nuts,  made  hj  the  oold-poncb- 

ler,  the  weight  less  than  two  thirds  that  of  a  ing  process,  and  files,  shown  by  PhiladelpLU 

wroaght-iron  shaft ;  with  shells  and  gons,  one  houses,  were  ?ery  interesting  exhibits.    The 

of  them  exhibiting  the  new  polygonal  rifling,  cutlery  exhibit  was  larger  than  in  any  other 

The  exhibits  of  Bessemer  and  Siemens  steel  line,  and  was  effective  in  attracting  attention 

were  not  comprehensive  nor  commensurate  to  the  improved  qualities  of  American  cut- 

with  the  extent  of  these  manufactures,  which  lery. 

amount  in  England  to  about  750,000  tons  of  Machinery.  —  MM.  Sulzer,  of  Wintertbur, 

Bessemer  and  150,000  of  Siemens  steel  per  Switzerland,  exhibited  a  compound  engine  with 

annum.  a  novel  and  ingenious  valve-gear :  the  valves 

The  Russian  exhibit  gave  evidence  of  the  are  of  the  double-beat  type;  a  single  eccen- 
energetic  efforts  which  have  been  made  to  de-  trie  works  the  steam  and  exhaust  valves,  at 
velop  the  mineral  resources  of  the  empire,  each  end  of  the  cylinder.  The  boiler  also  waa 
The  ores  on  exhibition  were  very  numerous,  of  a  new  form,  fitted  with  a  Ten  Brink  grate, 
man^  of  them  excellent,  and  some  containing  Experiments  with  MM.  6nlzer*s  engines  show 
as  high  as  76  per  cent,  of  pure  metal  The  a  consumption  of  coal  of  2  to  2^  lbs.  per  horse- 
coal  exhibit,  on  the  other  hand,  betrayed  their  power  per  hour.  The  same  firm  has  a  revers- 
poverty  in  this  indispensable  mineral.  Most  mg  gear  for  winding  engines,  of  ingenious  com- 
of  the  Russian  iron  is  charcoal  iron,  and  on  plexity.  A  small  engine  of  the  annular  com- 
that  account  of  superior  quality.  The  great  pound  type,  with  opposite  cranks,  designed  by 
Demidoff  works  use  only  charcoal  fhel.  They  brotherhood,  and  constructed  by  Flaud  &  A. 
exhibited  a  disk  of  Martin  steel  three  fourths  Gohendet  of  Paris,  had  the  valve  chest  bolted 
of  an  inch  thick  and  over  7  feet  in  diameter ;  on  to  the  cylinder  cover,  a  throttle- valve 
rails  and  plates  bent  and  turned  cold ;  and  fine  worked  by  a  Brotherhood  governor,  and  a 
samples  of  Bessemer  steel  and  merchant  iron,  main  valve  like  the  Corliss  model ;  two  cylin- 
The  products  from  the  other  districts  were  re-  ders  were  single-acting,  and  the  steam  is  dis- 
markable  for  their  purity  and  fineness ;  the  tributed  by  one  vidve  only.  The  spring  rings 
forged  steel,  Damascus  steel,  and  other  classes  for  the  inner  side  of  the  low-preesure  piston 
were  unsurpassable ;  one  wire  rod  weighing  6  were  placed  in  a  recess  in  the  cylinder,  instead 
kilogrammes  was  70  kilometres  in  length.  The  of,  as  usual,  within  the  piston,  which  bad  a 
Russian  sheet  iron,  weU  known  for  its  remark-  deep  trunk  against  which  the  rings  worked ; 
able  excellence,  was  well  displayed.  this  arrangement  facilitates  the  packing  of  tlie 

Four  of  the  largest  iron  works  in  Spain  ex-  piston.    Messrs.  Hopkinson,  of  England,  exhib- 

hibited  rod,  sheet,  rail,  plate,  and  T  iron,  and  ited  interesting  new  steam  and  check  valves ; 

puddled  steel  of  excellent  quality.    The  factory  it  is  proposed  to  insert  in  the  steam  pipe  a 

of  Don  Ybarra  at  Barracaido  sent  remarkable  check  valve  like  that  used  in  a  feed-pipe,  in 

samples  of  sponge  iron,  made  by  the  Chenot  order  to  prevent  the  accidents  which  often  oc- 

process.    The  collection  of  Spanish  ores  was  cur  from  opening  the  steam  valve  by  mistake ; 

comprehensive,  including  the  varieties  of  Bil-  the  valve  is  placed  below  its  seat,  and  is  held 

boa  ore  which  are  coming  into  use  in  England,  lightly  against  it  by  a  float  submeiged  in  a 

France,  and  Belgium  in  the  manufacture  of  vessel  of  mercury  below.    The  same  exhibitors 

Bessemer  steel ;  these  are  hydrous  red,  brown,  had  mercurial  sidfety- valves  of  remarkable  sen- 

and  yellow  hematite.  sitiveness :  a  common  dead- weight  safety-valve 

The  Swedish  exhibit  was  as  fine  as  that  of  is  controlled  by  tiie  assistance  of  a  vessel  of 

any  other  foreign  country,  and  was  illustrated  mercury,  placed  inside  the  boiler,  which  is 

in  a  special  oi^ogue,  and  in  a  work  on  the  diminished  in  weight  by  any  excess  of  pressure, 

iron  industrv  of  Sweden  specially  prepared  by  which  forces  the  mercury  into  a  connecting 

Professor  Richard  Akerman.     The  26  exhibit-  reservoir;  this  gives  preponderance  to  a  coun- 

ors  presented  every  quality  of  the  best  grades  terpoise,  which,  by  sinking,  assists  the  safety- 

of  iron  and  steel.  valve  to  rise  by  a  lever,  until  the  reduction  of 

The  Belgian  display  was  not  less  interesting,  the  pressure  allows  the  mercury  to  flow  back, 

since  this  little  nation  is  now  beating  all  her  By  proportioning  the  quantity  of  mercnry  which 

rivals  in  the  quality  and  cheapness  of  her  iron  thus  passes,  the  proportion  of  the  discharge  of 

products ;  in  sheet  iron,  wrought  iron,  steel  steam  to  the  excess  of  pressure  can  be  set  at 

castings,  and  machinery  there  was  nothing  in  any  desired  mark. 

the  whole  exhibition  better  than  the  Belgian  The  furnace-feeding  apparatus  of  Holroyd 

samples.  Smith,  of  Halifax,  England,  conducts  the  fuel 

The  American  exhibit  was  very  inadequate,  to  the  grates  from  below  by  means  of  taper 
and  it  was  probably  deemed  unnecessary  to  screws,  the  movement  of  the  fuel  being  grad- 
make  much  effort  toward  a  national  display  ually  forward  and  upward.  By  this  arrange- 
after  the  very  complete  exhfbition  at  Philadel-  ment  it  is  expected  to  obtain  a  complete  oom- 
phia.  The  samples  of  iron  made  by  the  Dupuy  bustion  of  the  hydrocarbons  and  to  prevent 
prooees,  from  Republic  ore,  in  the  Union  fron  the  formation  of  smoke.    The  grates  are  agi- 


EXPOSmOK,  PASI8.  809 

tated  longitadinally,  and  the  air  is  admitted  mospheres  was  reduced  to  8|  atmospheres  at 

from  below.  the  end  of  the  trip.    Theoretically,  water  per* 

Hoerde  of  Vienna,  Ganz  of  Bnda-Pesth,  and  feoUy  indoded  is  capable  of  absorbing  heat 
other  Aofltro-Hongarian  millwrights  exhibited  enough  to  convert  one  ninth  of  its  weight  into 
rAiioDsformsof  the  Austrian  type  of  flour-mill,  steam;  and  steam  thus  produced  and  stored 
in  which  iron  rollers  are  substituted  for  mill-  in  the  cylinders  of  an  engine  possesses  a  trao- 
itonea,  and  which  promise  to  supplant  the  old-  tive  power  of  1,800  kilogrammetres  per  litre 
er  processes  of  grinding.  The  exhibited  Aus-  of  water.  The  Francq  engine  runs  noiselessly ; 
tiisQ  milling  apparatus  comprised  machines  of  its  machinery  is  out  of  sight ;  the  gearing  is 
maaj  forms  and  for  various  purposes,  and  sev-  perfectly  under  the  control  of  the  engineer, 
eral  recent  improvements.  A  centrifugal  dress-  The  steam  is  quite  dry,  and  the  little  that  es- 
log  machine,  invented  by  Martin,  can  be  used  in  capes  does  so  without  noise.  The  steam  is 
the  place  of  the  usual  flour  cylinders,  wheth-  allowed  to  expand  hefore  entering  the  cy lin- 
er for  high,  half  high,  or  low  grinding,  and  dera,  more  or  less,  according  as  Uie  train  is 
io  one  quarter  the  room  turns  out  more  work  running  level  or  ascending  a  grade,  or  starting, 
thsn  they.  A  cutting  and  cracking  machine,  A  tramway  engine,  exhibited  by  the  St. 
for  preliminary  grinding  or  preparing  malt  Leonard  Society  of  Li^ge,  constructed  on  the 
or  feed,  consisted  of  a  metal  ring  with  ribbed  Vaessen  system,  allowed  neither  smoke  nor 
leg^menta,  which  revolved  against  a  fixed  ribbed  steam  to  escape.  The  steam  was  divided  into 
cheek-piece,  adyustable  to  suit  the  hardness  three  streams,  one  of  which  is  employed  to  in- 
of  the  grain.  A  grain-weighing  machine,  crease  the  draught,  another  is  carried  into  the 
which  has  been  adapted  by  the  Italum  Gh>vern-  smoke-box  and  let  out  through  perforationa 
meat,  cuts  off  the  grain  instantly,  as  soon  as  in  a  circular  pipe,  in  order  to  beat  down  sparks, 
the  balance  is  struck.  The  rolling-mills  had  and  another  is  condensed  in  a  coil  placed  in 
ribbed  rollers,  the  nze  of  the  ribs  differing  in  tiie  water-tank.  The  engine  is  li  feet  long 
lome  of  them  along  the  length,  enabling  the  and  rests  on  four  coupled  wheels  and  two  in- 
roQers  to  separate  the  different  qualities  of  dependent  wheels  with  a  movable  axis.  The 
floor;  some  cylinders  shown  had  been  in  use  machinery  is  all  out  of  sight 
several  years  without  showing  signs  of  detri-  A  combined  traction  and  steam  fire-engine, 
tioo ;  some  of  the  machines  had  three  and  constructed  by  M.  A.  Schmid,  made  its  appear- 
looie  four  cylinders.  The  finishing  was  some-  ance  at  the  exhibition  late  in  the  summer^  hav- 
times  accomplished  by  smooth  rofiers,  and  in  ing  traveled  the  whole  distance  from  Z&nch  to 
lome  cases  by  a  combination  of  rollers  and  Paris,  about  450  miles,  over  the  ordinary  roads, 
traysL  A  new  ailjustment  on  vertical  rolling-  some  sections  of  the  route  having  a  grade  of  1 
mills,  invented  by  Meohart,  consists  of  an  an-  in  7;  it  made  this  journey  in  8  days,  drawing 
nolsr  bearing-ring  of  steel,  which  by  moving  a  after  it  a  tender  containing  coal  for  40  miles' 
hand  lever  can  he  made  to  vary  the  pressure  run  and  water  for  15  miles;  the  weight  of 
on  the  cylinders,  while  their  friction  remains  the  en^ne  was  6  tons,  that  of  the  tender  5 
the  same ;  this  ring  revolves  with  the  spindles  tons.  The  engine  runs  on  three  wheels,  tho 
of  the  cylinders,  and,  on  account  of  the  rapid  single  wheel  in  front,  80  inches  in  diameter, 
ipeed  at  which  the  cylinders  are  run,  it  seems  being  steered  by  a  cross-head  and  lever  bars 
t  considerable  improvement  over  the  lever  and  from  the  foot-plate ;  the  driving-wheels,  of  40 
•prisg  arrangement  by  which  they  have  been  inches  in  diameter,  on  which  nearly  the  whole 
regulated  hitherto.  weight  is  thrown,  are  worked  by  a  toothed 

An  improvement  on  the  Lamm  system  of  j^ear  and  endless  chain;  the  cylinders  have  7 

fireless  locomotives,  by  M.  L.  Francq,  was  ex-  inches  diameter  and  a  10-inch  stroke,  the  or- 

hibited  and  practically  tried  on  the  road  be-  dinary  pressure  of  steam  150  lbs.  to  the  square 

tween  Rueil  and  Marly-le-Roy,  near  Paris,  inch.    The  highest  rate  of  speed  made  on  the 

This  system,  invented  by  Lamm  of  New  Or-  way  was  15  miles  an  hour.    The  engine  can 

leans,  consists  in  storing  up  the  power  in  su-  be  used  as  a  steam  fire-engine,  capable  of  cast- 

perheated  water  under  pressure.    The  Francq  ing  a  stream  of  800  to  400  gallons  per  minute, 

engine  was  in  successful  operation  over  the  under  a  pressure  of  100  lbs.  per  square  inch ; 

roQte  of  12  miles,  part  of  it  having  very  steep  or  it  can  he  employed  as  a  portable  steam-en- 

gndes,  during  the  exhibition.    The  reservoir  gine  for  agricultural  or  other  purposes.    Of 

of  the  engine,  containing  2,000  litres  of  water,  the  peculiar  safety-valve  with  which  it  was 

▼as  connected  with  jstcHun  pipes  and  charged  furnished,  several  other  specimens  of  which 

vntil  the  pressure  rose  to  above  15  atmos-  were  exhibited  by  M.  Schmid,  some  are  with  a 

pberes.    The  consumption  of  coal  was  10  lbs.  balance  weight  and  lever,  and  some  with  a 

Kr  mile  run ;  the  weight  of  engine  and  train,  spring ;  in  the  latter  the  valve  is  a  smooth- 

ided,  about  18^  tons.    In  a  trial  trip  the  faced  disk  without  guides,  which  is  kept  in 

J<Mniey  of  4f  miles  was  made  in  24  minutes  place  by  a  pin  fitting  into  a  cavity  in  the  top 

one  way  and  22  minutes  the  other,  including  of  the  disk ;  the  advantage  claimed  for  these 

•^eral  stoppages  to  take  up  passengers ;  there  valves  is  the  reduction  to  a  minimum  of  the 

vat  also  a  stop  of  16  minutes  at  the  terminus,  coefficient  of  friction.    M.  Schmid  exhibited 

during  which  the  pressure  in  the  boiler  did  not  also  hydraulic  pumps,  which  can  also  be  driven 

appreciably  diminish ;  the  pressure  of  16  at-  by  steam,  and  can  be  used  for  a  motor  as  well; 


810  EXPOSITION,  PARia. 

the  inlet  and  oatlet  pipes  are  larger  in  diame-  then,  by  opening  the  commnnioation  between 

ter  than  the  piston,  and  allow  a  passage  of  the  air  -  reserroir  and  the  riveting  cylinder, 

water  which  by  its  constant  pressure  makes  the  riveter  hammers  ont  the  head  of  the  rivet 

the  action  of  the  engine  equable  and  without  The  machine  is  suspended  from  above  and 

shock ;   the  distribution  of  the  water  before  easily  moved  about.    In  the  English  machin- 

and  behind  the  piston  is  effected  by  means  of  ery  hall  was  an  interesting  exhibit  of  Twed- 

the  oscillation  of  the  cylinders.  dell^s  hydraulic  riveters  of  different  forms  and 

The  French  locomotive  engines  exhibited  other  hydraulic  machinery,  including  punching 
were  distinguished  by  their  great  powers  of  and  shearing  and  bending  machines,  hydraulio 
traction.  MM.  ClaperMe,  of  Paris,  showed  cranes,  capstans,  etc.  The  methods  of  suspend- 
a  freight  engine,  eight-coupled,  with  a  wheel  ing  the  portable  hydraulic  riveters  were  van- 
base  of  18  feet  S  inches,  and  total  length  of  ous.  The  machines  themselves  consisted  uni- 
boiler,  smoke-box,  and  fire-box  of  81  feet  8  formly  of  two  arms  or  levers  having  at  their 
inches,  with  a  total  weight  of  48*8  tons,  a  total  ends  two  cupped  dies,  with  which  the  beads  of 
heating  surface  of  2,212  square  feet,  and  a  grate-  the  rivets  are  made.  The  smallest  machine  on 
surface  of  18  square  feet ;  the  cylinders  were  exhibition,  weighing  400  lbs.,  was  capable  of 
20*47  inches  in  diameter,  the  length  of  stroke  closing  rivets  seven  eighths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
26*6  inches,  the  wheels  4  feet  8  inches  in  di-  eter.  Plans  of  riveters  have  lately  been  per- 
ameter;  the  action  was  the  fixed  box-link  mo-  fected,  with  which  all  the  rivets  in  a  locomo- 
tion worked  by  a  screw  and  hand-wheel ;  two  tive  boiler  can  be  put  in.  By  the  aid  of  com- 
pumps  were  worked  by  eccentrics  fixed  on  the  plicated  suspension  gearing  the  machines  can 
driving-axle ;  the  boiler  is  tubular ;  the  fire-box  easily  be  moved  about  to  any  position  or  held 
is  the  Ten  Brink  model  modified,  having  a  wa-  in  any  inclination.  There  are  also  girder-riv- 
ter-chamber  in  the  place  where  the  tire- brick  eters  for  bridge  and  other  riveting ;  one  on 
arch  usually  is.  This  engine  is  capable  of  haul-  exhibition,  weighing  17  cwt.,  was  capable  of 
ing  180  tons  up  an  incline  of  1  in  88  at  a  speed  closing  rivets  j^  to  f  inch  in  diameter.  The 
of  19  miles  per  hour,  or  755  tons  up  a  gradient  riveters  are  able  to  do  2,000  to  4,000  rivets  per 
of  1  in  500  at  the  same  rate  of  speed.    Its  trao-  day  of  ten  hours. 

tive  force  is  200  lbs.  for  each  pound  of  average  0.  B.  Rogers  &  Co.,  of  Norwich,  were  almost 
cylinder  pressure ;  or  with  an  average  boiler  the  only  American  exhibitors  of  wood-work- 
pressure  of  90  lbs.  throughout  the  stroke,  equal  ing  machinery.  They  displayed  a  band-saw 
to  120  lbs.  of  initial  pressure,  its  tractive  force  with  rubber  surfaces  and  splasher  guard,  a  back 
would  be  equal  to  one  sixth  of  its  own  weight,  guide  for  the  saw,  and  wheels  of  86  inches  di- 

F.  Curtis,  of  Brattleboro,  Vermont,  exhib-  ameter ;  the  top  wheel  is  adjustable^and  the 

ited  his  ingenious  and  complicated,  though  com-  table  may  be  set  for  beveled  work.    They  had 

pact  apparatus  for  making  small  screws.   The  also  a  fret-saw  with  a  novel  arrangement  of 

machine  makes  the  whole  screw  from  the  wire  springs;  also  a  patent  rod,  pin,  and  dowel  ma- 

automatically,  cutting  150  to  180  per  hour,  with  cnine,  in  which  the  work  is  done  by  a  hollow 

the  attendance  of  one  man  to  fec^  the  wire ;  a  arbor  with  head  and  cutter.    In  the  Swedish 

slight  difference  in  the  length  and  diameter  of  section  a  new  large  planing  machine,  which  ac- 

the  screws  may  be  obtained  by  adjusting  the  eomplished  at  the  same  time  the  operations  of 

machine.    The  wire  is  fed  in  from  the  side,  grooving  and  tonguing,  as  well  as  planing,  at 

The  first  operation  is  to  turn  it  down  to  the  a  rate  of  40  to  100  feet  per  minute,  was  shown, 

right  thickness ;  the  next  is  the  cutting  of  the  In  one  of  these  machines  the  timber  used  in 

thread ;  then  the  wire  is  cut  and  the  head  the  structures  of  the  section  was  all  worked, 

formed ;  it  is  then  carried  against  a  revolving  The  arrangement  of  the  cutters  was  very  pecn- 

outter,  which  shapes  the  head ;  then  passes  be-  liar :  the  feed-rollers  were  adjusted  to  tlie  size 

fore  a  circular  saw,  which  cuts  the  slot;  final-  of  the  planks  by  a  screw;  the  pressure-roUers 

ly  a  screw-driver  unscrews  it  from  the  stock,  were  placed  on  eight  spiral  springs,  which  dis- 

which  returns  for  a  new  screw,  while  the  burr  tributed  the  pressure  evenly  over  the  boards 

is  rubbed  off  fVom  the  completed  screw,  it  is  as  they  passed  over  the  planing  irons.    Anoth- 

polished,  and  falls  of  itself  into  a  sorting-pan.  er  Swedish  planing  machine  had  a  revolving 

Stow^s  flexible  shaft  was  displayed,  working  block  with  two  irons  running  between  bear- 
in  many  different  positions;  the  same  contriv-  ings,  and  a  three-bladed  stationary  plane  for 
ance  as  used  for  dental  purposes  was  shown  in  cutters,  and  brass  side  cutters  which  could  be 
both  the  Atnerican  and  Austrian  exhibits.  chang^  to  produce  diffeiipt  moldings.   There 

A  portable  riveting  machine,  worked  by  com-  were  in  the  Swedish  section  many  other  admi- 
pressed  air  with  a  tension  of  1  to  1^  atmos-  rable  machines  for  panel  moldings,  tenoning, 
phere,  and  capable  of  giving  800  to  400  blows  boring  and  mortising,  and  other  operations, 
per  minute,  was  exhibited  by  John  Allen,  of  From  Hungary  a24-bladed  vertical  saw  was  ex- 
New  York.  It  consists  of  two  articulated  levers  hibited.  In  the  Swiss  section  was  a  remarkable 
which  are  united  at  one  end  by  a  short  cylin-  implement,  or  combination  of  implements,  for 
der ;  when  compressed  air  is  introduced  into  general  carpentry  purposes,  in  which  stuff 
this  cylinder,  the  riveting  cylinder  at  the  end  could  be  worked  down,  mortised,  sawn,  and 
of  one  of  the  levers  and  a  die  at  the  end  of  molded  in  different  styles.  There  was  in  this 
the  other  are  clasped  over  the  rivet  like  a  vise ;  section  also  a  novel  tenoning  machine,  adapted 


EXPOSITION,  PABIS.  311 

speciftQy  to  oatting  teeth  in  oog-wlieels,  oon-  attached  to  a  non-rotating  cog-disk  fitted  on  a 
sistiLgof  an  adjustable  table  fixed  on  a  hollow  gimbal-Joint,  into  which  works  a  cog-whecd 
standard,  with  damps  for  holding  the  work,  fastened  on  the  axle  of  the  driving-wheel ;  the 
and  feed  motion ;  the  work  is  done  by  a  fixed  cog-disk  has  two  extra  teeth,  which  causes  it 
horizontal  circnlar  saw-blade  and  a  vertical  to  be  driven  continually  from  side  to  side  by 
saw-blade  capable  of  being  raised  or  lowered  or  the  cog-wheels  communicating  the  same  mo- 
canted  in  either  direction  according  to  the  shape  tion  to  the  arm  and  knife-bar.  The  different 
of  the  teeth  to  be  cat.  varieties  of  American  harvesters,  with  the  sheaf* 

A  t^pe-eetting  machine  shown  in  the  French  binding  devices  of  MoOormick,  Moore,  and  oth- 
machinery  hall,  and  invented  by  M.  Delcam*  ers,  were  exhibited.  These  tools  won  admira- 
bre,  had  a  keybofurd  connecting  with  a  reser-  tion  not  only  from  experts  on  account  of  their 
voir  of  type,  from  which  the  type  dropped  ingenuity,  but  also  from  the  general  public  on 
down  upon  pressing  the  keys,  and  were  carried  account  of  the  lightness  and  elegance  of  their 
OTer  a  grooved  pulley  into  the  type-bar,  and  forms,  the  magnificence  of  the  material  and 
paihed  down  into  place,  until  the  line  was  workmanship  of  the  exhibited  specimens,  and 
filled.  A  scientific  journal  in  Paris  is  printed  the  fact  that  they  were  kept  in  motion  by 
bj  the  aid  of  this  machine.  Besides  the  famil-  steam,  allowing  the  action  of  the  works  to  be 
iar  American  type-writing  machine,  there  was  observed.  Acontrivance  for  relieving  the  strain 
one  in  the  Danish  department,  invented  by  Rev.  on  the  horse^s  neck,  when  the  reaper  or  mow- 
Mailing  Hansen,  constructed  in  two  forms,  one  er  is  folded  up,  was  exhibited  by  Walter  A. 
for  writing  tel^aphic  dispatches  on  long  slips,  Moore;  it  is  accomplished  by  shifting  the  axle 
and  one  for  printing  letters,  with  a  return  and  forward.  Harrows  and  rollers  were  not  ex- 
diagonal  motion  for  conunenoing  new  lines  and  hibited  in  the  American  section,  their  bulk  be- 
a  diagonal  scale  to  indicate  the  exact  position  ing  an  obstacle  to  their  exportation.  Of  the 
of  the  letter  last  printed.  These  machines  are  eight  self-binding  reapers  exhibited,  six  were 
rerj  compact,  standing  6  inches  high  with  6  American  and  two  English,  six  of  tnem  using 
inches  diameter,  and  weighing  but  6  lbs. ;  the  wire  and  two  twine.  In  locale's  new  English 
namber  of  letters  and  marks  is  54,  with  54  cor-  reaper  twine  is  used,  which  is  tied  in  a  reef- 
responding  keys,  the  letter-carriers  all  radi-  knot  and  cut,  and  the  sheaf  dropped  vertically 
ating  toward  the  center,  while  a  band  of  varia-  upon  the  ground ;  the  grain  is  carried  ears  first 
bid  tension  takes  the  place  of  the  usual  pad.  np  an  indine  to  a  second  platform,  where  a 

A  spring  motor,  applicable  to  sewing  ma-  transverse  rake  gathers  it  into  a  bundle  and 

chines  and  other  light  work,  was  shown  by  a  holds  it  against  a  bevel,  while  being  tied.    The 

Viennese  firm ;   the  machine  has  two  spiral  other  cord-tying  reaper,  the  Johnston,  ties  the 

springs,  each  12  metres  long,  which  are  wound  string  in  a  square  knot,  made  by  forming  a  loop 

Qp  by  the  agency  of  a  cogged  gear  and  a  worm-  of  the  double  string,  runningthe  ends  through  it, 

screw,  in  about  three  minutes,  and  will  run  a  and  pulling  it  tight.    In  the  American  self-bind- 

qoarter  of  an  honr,  making  500  stitches  a  min-  ers  exhibited— Johnston^s,  Walter  A.  Wood's, 

Qte.   Two  similar  oontrivances  were  exhibited  Osborn's,  McOormick's,  Aultman's,  and  William 

in  the  French  department.  Anson  Wood's — ^the  arrangements  for  cutting 

The  steam  velocipede  of  M.  Perraux  is  a  tri-  the  grain  and  carrying  it  to  the  binding  appara- 

cjcle  impelled  by  a  diminutive  steam-engine,  tus  were  very  similar;  the  arrangements  for 

which  travels  at  double  the  usual  gait  of  a  gripping  and  twisting  the  wire  and  for  cutting  it 

horse,  and  is  perfectly  controUable.    The  fuel  when  tied  were  various.    In  Walter  A.  Wo(>d's 

)i9ed,  spirits  of  wine,  makes  it  expensive,  cost-  machine  the  sheaf  is  held  compressed  between 

ing  half  a  dollar  per  honr.  two  arms,  while  the  knot  is  twisted  without 

In  pavilions  on  the  Trocad6ro  side  were  ex-  straining  the  wire ;  the  methods  for  securing 

hibited  French  building  materials,   cements,  the  proper  tension  of  the  wire  differed  consid- 

models  of  bridges  and  fortifications,  etc.    A  erabiy  from  each  other.    In  Europe  the  preju- 

promising  plan  for  filtering  surface  water  for  dice  against  wire-binding  is  very  strong.    The 

drinking  purposes  in  country  houses  and  vil-  saving  of  labor  achieved  by  automatic  sheaf- 

lages  consists  of  a  double  well,  the  outer  shaft  binding  is  fully  equal  to  that  made  by  mechan- 

haring  a  bottom  of  gravel,  through  which  the  icnl  cutting.    All  the  reapers  exhibited  in  the 

water  la  filtered  into  the  inner  well.    Leaden  English,  the  Canadian,  ana  the  French  sections 

pipes  coated  with  asphalt  were  shown,  which  followed  the  American  models ;  the  English 

ve  capable  of  standing  a  pressure  of  6  and  15  have  apparently  abandoned  the  type  invented 

atmospheres,  intended  for  gas  and  water  re-  by  Bell.    A  reaper  built  by  Oase,  of  Wisconsin, 

spectively.  for  the  California  market,  revives  the  feature 

^yricuUural  Implements, — In  the  exhibition  of  the  old  English  machines  of  pushing  the 

of  agricultural  machinery  the  most  important  machine  in  front  of  the  horses ;  this  harvester 

(ahhoogh  by  no  means  the  largest)  exhibit  was  is  intended  for  fields  where  the  grain  is  cut 

the  American,  and  notably  so  in  the  line  of  dead  ripe  and  threshed  out  in  the  field ;  it  cuts 

QK>wen  and  reapers.    Whiteley^s  new  champi-  a  swath  of  15  feet  breadth.    Another  tool  in 

oa  mowing-machine  was  particularly  remarked  which  the  Americans  have  combined  lightness 

among  the  novelties;  in  this  the  power  is  com-  with  effectiveness  and  durability  is  the  horse 

nomoated  to  the  kidfe  bar  by  an  arm  which  is  rake.    Nye's  self-discharging  rake,  which  was 


812  EXPOSITIOl^,  PARHk 

on  ezhibitioD,  weighs  only  half  as  maoh  as  the  In  the  competitive  trials  of  plows,  the  Eng^ 

English  Ransome  rake,  its  weight  being  onljr  steam-plows  of  Fowler  and  Howard,  the  for- 

275  lbs.  mer  worked  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  the  lat- 

The  hay-presses  exhibited  were  of  the  most  ter  with  a  wire-rope  and  windlass  tender,  ez- 
yarions  forms  and  mechanism.  An  excellent  hibited  by  M.  Debains,  of  St.  Eeney,  asd  a 
hand-press,  called  tlie  Tichenor  power-press,  Howard  patent  anchor.  There  were  French 
was  shown  by  the  Hercules  Lever  Jack  Oom-  subsoil  plows  tested,  requiring  six  horses,  and 
pany,  of  Kewark,N.  J.  A  machine  worked  by  one  drawn  by  seven  yoke  of  oxen;  but  the 
a  portable  engine,  invented  by  P.  £.  Dederick,  work  done  by  these  was  not  equivalent  to  the 
of  Albany,  and  made  by  Clayton  &  Shuttle-  power  required.  The  Brabant  plow  was  the 
worth,  was  constructed  mostly  of  wood;  the  formgenerally  employed  for  exhibition,  though 
hay  is  pressed  down  from  the  hopper  by  a  modified  in  numberless  particulars.  The  Deere 
toothed  board,  attached  to  a  beam,  which  rises  sulky  plows  mentioned  above,  and  a  F^-ench 
automatically  as  the  press  goes  forward ;  the  double-share  plow,  drawn  by  three  pairs  of 
baling  goes  on  continuously,  the  bales  leaving  horses,  were  tried  in  competition,  the  Ameri- 
the  press  in  succession,  each  being  separated  can  tool  standing  the  test  slightly  better  than 
from  its  successor  by  a  board  which  falls,  con-  the  French.  Decrees  Gilpin  sulky  plows  and  a 
taining  horizontal  grooves  for  the  passage  of  plow  for  clayey  soils  also  attracted  attention, 
the  binding  wires.  The  capacity  of  this  ma-  The  only  other  American  plow  tested  was  one 
chine,  with  four  men,  is  seven  or  eight  bales  a  of  Gale's,  in  which  all  the  parts  were  adjust- 
day.  In  the  French  department  was  a  press  able,  to  correspond  to  the  class  of  work  re- 
in which  the  hay  was  separated  in  rations  for  quired,  the  depth  of  the  furrow,  the  direction, 
cavalry.  Another  Frencn  maker  had  a  press  the  team,  and  height  of  the  plowman ;  the 
for  horse  or  steam  power,  invented  by  Thomas  beam  was  composed  of  three  three-quarter- 
Filter,  with  a  double  hopper,  into  which  the  inch  rods. 

hay  was  thrown  by  rakes;  the  press  is  a  disk  The  Randolph  ditcher  or  drain-cutter,  which 
attached  to  a  spindle ;  the  hay  is  fed  into  the  was  tried  in  dry  and  stiff  soil,  did  not  do  its 
press  by  rollers  which  give  it  a  spiral  position  duty,  though  it  has  been  very  successful  in 
m  the  bale ;  when  the  bale  is  formeo,  wires  America :  it  consists  of  two  disk  cutters,  run- 
are  passed  around  it,  and  pressure  again  put  ning  six  inches  deep  and  cutting  six  inches 
on,  imtil  an  eye  can  be  passed  over  the  hooked  apart,  and  returning  in  the  same  trench,  with 
ends  of  the  wires;  the  weight  of  the  pressed  shares  between  the  disks  which  carry  the  earth 
hay  is  about  equal  to  that  of  pine  wood,  and  around  and  throw  it  out  backward  on  each 
the  consistence  is  firm  and  even ;  about  fifteen  side  of  the  trench.  The  Italian  plows  exhibi^ 
tons  of  hay  can  be  packed  per  day  with  the  ed  seemed  to  differ  little  in  shape  from  those 
services  of  two  men ;  the  cylindrical  bales  are  used  by  the  ancient  Romans, 
easily  moved  about,  but  occasion  a  loss  of  The  "Farmer's  Friend"  grain  drill,  from 
space  in  packing.  Dayton,  Ohio,  was  conspicuous,  by  the  side  of 

There  was  a  most  interesting  collection  of  the  elaborate  machines  for  the  same  purpose 

plows,  embracing  those  in  use  in  all  countries,  in  the  British  section,  for  its  simplicity  and 

east  and  west,  and  in  all  ages.    Among  the  lightness. 

improved  types  of  the  plow,  the  Ajnerican  In  the  English  section  steam  and  horse  plows, 
models,  without  guiding- wheels,  are  unques-  and  plows  for  numerous  special  purposes,  were 
tionably  the  best  in  the  proportions  of  parts  exhibited  in  variety.  Messrs.  Fowler  exhibited 
and  in  the  lines  of  the  share.  The  English  a  new  three-furrow  balance  plow  for  sugar 
and  French  plows  are  furnished  with  wheels;  plantations.  A  broadcast  drill  was  shown 
both  those  countries  exhibited  plows  for  a  which  allowed  of  the  quantity  sown  to  be  va- 
great  number  of  special  purposes.  The  Amer-  ried  at  any  time  by  simply  sliding  tlie  side  cupsw 
loan  form  has  been  introduced  in  Russia  and  A  steam  reaping  machine  made  to  cut  a  twelve- 
other  countries,  and  is  copied  in  some  English  foot  swath  is  the  first  application  of  steam  to 
factories,  but  only  to  supply  those  demands,  this  operation.  Reapers  with  improvement  in 
Four  American  makers  only  were  represented,  the  controllable  ri^e  were  exhibited;  a  new 
Deere,  of  Moline,  111.,  had  sod  plows  with  a  string-binding  reaper  was  shown  by  M.  T. 
rolling  coulter,  and  stubble  plows  with  none ;  Keale.  A  loading  machine  for  hay  or  grain 
also  sulky  and  gang  plows.  Farqubar,  of  loads  a  ton  in  ^ye  minutes  with  the  aid  of  one 
York,  Pa.,  exhibited  the  usual  American  type  man.  An  improvement  on  the  cutting  appa- 
of  plows  for  general  purposes.  Gale,  of  Al-  ratus  of  reaping  machines  was  exhibited  by 
bion,  Mich.,  exhibited  a  new  form  of  frame,  Burgess  and  Key,  which  allows  of  tiie  jaws 
in  which  the  handles  were  nearly  horizontal,  through  which  the  knives  pass  being  sharpened 
being  bolted  on  the  top  of  the  beam ;  a  joint-  as  easily  and  perfectly  as  the  knives  themselves ; 
er  or  advance  share  for  turning  over  stubble,  the  iaws,  riveted  together  in  groups  of  four, 
or  a  sod-cutter,  can  be  used  on  this  tool.  Speer,  are  laid  over  the  protruding  fingers  which 
of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  showed  a  small  iron-frame*  separate  the  blades  or  stalks,  and  are  kept 
plow,  a  potato-plow,  and  a  plow  with  a  share  in  place  by  the  knives,  which  secures  a  very 
facing  both  ways,  and  a  pivoted  beam,  allow-  close  contact  between  the  knives  and  the 
Ing  it  to  be  turned  around  in  either  direction,  jaws.    Both  knives  and  jaws  can  be  easily  re- 


EXPOSITION,  PABIS.  818 

Dored  tnd  repkoed  by  others,  when  damaged  French  exhibitors,  145  English,  89  Belgian,  and 

or  blonted.  a  dozen  each  from  Holland  and  Italy,  with  a 

New  threshing  machines  had  arrangements  few  Swiss  and  Danish,  and  one  from  PortogaL 

for  braifliogand  chopping  the  straw,  where  it  is  The  French  and  foreign  exhibitors  did  not 

intended  for  fodder,  adapted  for  the  hard  straw  compete  with  each  other ;  bat  two  sets  of  prizes 

of  hot  coontries.    A  steam-engine  was  exhibit-  were  given,  England  beai-ing  off  nearly  all  in 

ed  which  is  adapted  for  all  the  varions  work  the  foreign  exhibition.  All  the  leading  breeds  of 

on  a  farm,  as  threshing,  plowing,  grinding,  British  stock  were  represented  from  the  farms 

baoiiiis,  etc.    Machines  were  shown  in  which  of  nearly  all  the  larsest  breeders  in  England. 

all  kinds  of  yegetable  refuse  could  be  used  as  The  Oontinental  breeds  of  cattle  were  well  rep- 

fael.    A  tea-leaf-roUing  machine,  which  rolls  resented ;  the  Dutch  oxen  and  northern  breeds 

600  ponods  of  tea  per  hour,  and  Allen  Ran-  were  there ;  about  60  fine  specimens  of  Swiss 

sonie  8  new  steam  tree-f eUer,  were  among  the  cattle ;  fine  Norman  stock,  good  milch  and  beef 

interesting  novelties.    A  marked  feature  in  the  cattle;  and  the  handsome,  silky-coated  Charo- 

Eogliah  exhibit  was  its  international  character ;  laise  breed ;  the  Flemish,  a  large  animal ;  and 

very  many  of  the  devices  were  not  at  all  suit-  the  Gascon,  Breton,  and  other  French  varieties, 

able  for  British  agriculture,  but  were  intended  The  French  exhibition  of  merinos  was  the 

for  aD  the  quarters  of  the  earth ;  not  only  were  great  feature  in  the  sheep  show :  this  breed 

there  inventions  designed  for  the  agricultural  has  changed  in  size  and  fieece  within  the  last 

processes  of  Uie  Hindoos  and  distant  colonists,  few  years,  on  account  of  the  reduced  demand 

bat  the  wants  and  preferences  of  the  Euro-  for  wool  and  higher  price  of  mutton.    The 

peans  had  been  studied  and  met  as  well    The  French  Southdowns  were  fine  but  inferior  to 

chain-harrows  of  Howard  do  their  work  more  the  English.     In  the  poultry  exhibition  the 

elfeetiTely  than  the  stiff  or  even  the  jointed  French  excelled  the  English  and  other  exhib- 

harroira  usually  employed.  itors  in  both  the  style  and  quality  of  their 

The  French  exhibited  a  large  number  of  por-  fowls, 
table  engines,  threshing  macnines,  and  other  A  dog  show,  held  in  June,  contained  sped- 
eteam  and  other  machinery,  and  ^ith  little  in  mens  of  the  finest-bred  dogs  in  the  world,  con- 
their  construction  which  was  new.  Screening  tributed  by  600  French  and  English  sportsmen 
machines  of  low  price,  with  perforated  plates,  and  lovers  of  the  animal.  The  English  fanci- 
vhich  separate  the  round  seeds,  instead  of  the  ers  carried  off  about  one  third  of  the  prizes. 
Qsaal  wire  sieves,  which  work  much  faster,  were  There  were  few  exhibits  from  other  countries, 
ihown  by  several  makers.  The  prices  of  the  A  competitive  horse  show,  which  came  off 
portable  engines  and  other  machinery  were  in  the  early  part  of  September,  was  more  in- 
lower  than  those  given  on  the  competing  En-  ternational  in  its  character  than  the  other  ex- 
giish  implements,  while  the  French  workman-  hibitions  of  animals;  yet  the  English  were  with 
ship  was  admirable.  A  threshing  machineu  the  French  the  chief  competitors  for  the  prizes, 
ooQstmeted  by  lOL  Albaret,  of  Liancourt,  had  as  in  the  other  shows.  England  sent  thor- 
t  straw  elevator  attached,  and  feeding  arrange-  ough-breds,  carriage  and  saddle  horses,  ponies 
nenta  by  which  the  straw  was  preserved  unin-  and  draught  animals,  to  the  number  of  65« 
jared;  also  a  guard  which  prevented  the  legs  Belgium  had  88  entries,  most  of  them  draught 
of  the  workman  from  being  caught  in  the  ma-  horses,  26  of  the  latter  taking  prizes,  llie 
dunerj;  this  machine  turned  out  65  to  70  Hungarian  government  stud  and  the  Pesth  soci- 
boshels  of  grain  an  hour  in  a  very  clean  condi-  ety  for  breeding  exhibited  61  horses,  selected 
tioB.  Among  the  curious  and  useful  contriv-  rather  with  regard  to  their  utility  than  for 
ttees  in  the  French  section  were  the  apparatus  the  finer  points,  in  which  Hungarian  stock  is 
for  miUdag  cows  mechanically,  without  direct  notably  not  lacking.  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  ex* 
contact  with  the  udders,  and  a  potato-peeler  hibited  17  animals,  including  a  superb  Arab 
which  had  an  arrangement  of  circular  knives ;  war-horse,  named  Rustchuk.  There  were  small- 
^  the  steam  incubators  and  apparatus  for  fat-  er  collections  from  Holland,  Denmark,  and 
tuning  poultry,  which  have  long  been  in  use  Italy.  The  number  of  horses  exhibited  was 
ia  French  farmyards.  In  the  kiosk  devoted  to  over  1,000 ;  21  of  those  belonging  in  France 
tobacco  industry  was  a  machine  for  making  and  Hungary,  and  several  of  the  Russian  exhib- 
eigarettes,  which,  by  means  of  a  cogged  gear-  it,  were  of  pure  Arabian  blood. 
ink,  oats  the  papers  from  a  large  coil,  fills  them  Cone&rt$, — During  the  entire  exhibition  oon- 
with  tobacco,  rolls  and  gums  them,  and  throws  certs  were  given  in  the  great  hall  of  the  Troca- 
the  finished  cigarettes  out  into  a  box,  all  with  d^ro,  and  in  the  smaller  one  adjoining,  called 
fmazing  rspidlty.  A  singular  machine  for  pack-  the  Salle  des  Oonf^rences.  These  concerts 
ug  tobacco  receives  the  measured-out  quantity  were  of  a  national  character,  and  prizes  were 
of  tobacco  and  wraps  and  seals  it  almost  in-  offered  for  an  international  competition  be- 
itaataneonaly  and  with  remarkable  neatness ;  if  tween  bands  of  chorus-singers  and  orchestras 
the  package  is  not  of  exact  weight,  it  will  not  from  the  different  countries.  In  the  official  con- 
work,  but  returns  the  package  unfinished.  certs  works  older  than  1880  were  not  allowed^ 

EthihUiofu  of  AnimaU. — ^A  live-stock  exhi-  while  to  those  of  living  composers  was  given 

bition  was  opened  on  the  Esplanade  des  Inva-  the  preference.     From  French  composers  10 

tti^  on  the  9th  of  June.    There  were  856  great  orchestral  pieces,  and  16  of  chamber 


814 


EXPOSITION,  PAEIS. 


FAZY,  JEAN  J. 


mnsio,  ezclnsivelj  Instnunental  compofiitions,  Thrift  OongresB  was  organized  by  the  SoeieU 
were  produced  in  the  French  series  of  con-  dei  Inttitutians  de  Prevoyance^  and  presided 
certs.  The  Italian  instrumental  concerts  were  over  by  Hippoljte  Passj ;  reports  were  re- 
performed  by  the  famous  orchestra  of  the  Scala  ceived  of  the  savings  banks  and  other  provi- 
in  Milan,  giving  selections  from  PonchieUi,  dent  institutions  in  all  countries.  The  £thno- 
Oatalini,  and  other  modem  composers.  Amer-  graphic  Congress  was  presided  over  by  L6on 
ica  was  represented  by  Gilmore's  military  band,  de  Kosny.  A  congress  for  the  extension  and 
which  presented  marches,  overtures,  and  Amer-  improvements  in  the  means  of  transportataon, 
ican  airs,  interspersed  with  solo  performances  with  M.  Feray,  the  protectionist  senator,  in  the 
on  the  saxophone  by  Lefebvre  and  on  the  fiute  chair,  discussed  improvements  in  the  means 
by  Braoht,  and  with  national  songs  rendered  of  international  communication.  A  Socialist 
by  Miss  Lillian  Norton ;  the  music  was  highly  workingmen^s  convention  was  announced,  but 
appreciated  by  the  audiences.  permission  to  meet  was  withheld  by  the  Crov- 
An  international  competition  in  chorus-sing-  ernment  An  International  Monetary  Congress 
ing  also  took  place  in  the  theatre  of  the  Tro-  convened  August  11th,  in  which  all  countries  of 
oad^ro  in  a  series  of  concerts ;  tlie  English  Europe  and  the  United  States  were  represent- 
choir  of  singers  directed  by  Henry  Leslie  gained  ed ;  in  discussing  the  double  standard  the  presi- 
the  first  prize.  dent,  M.  L6on  Say,  declared  that  that  ^nd  not 
Congre$ae9, — ^The  opportunity  offered  by  the  a  gold  standard  was  the  goal  of  France,  and 
Exposition  was  used  by  many  international  that  she  was  waiting  for  the  moment  when  she 
societies  and  schools  of  thinkers  for  the  hold-  could  resume  the  free  mintage  of  silver ;  Mr. 
ing  of  conventions.  Among  these  gatherings  Gk)schen,  that  if  other  countries  were  pressing 
were  an  international  arbitration  congress,  a  toward  a  single  gold  standard,  England  would 
woman^s  rights  convention,  a  thrift  congress,  feel  obliged  to  change  the  currency  of  India 
a  demographic  or  statistical  meeting,  a  con-  to  gold.  A  Commercial  Congress  decided  in 
vention  of  civil  engineers,  one  of  psychological  favor  of  an  international  commercial  code,  and 
physicians,  meetings  of  Alpine  climbers,  of  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  one  and  report 
friends  of  discharged  prisoners,  of  hygienists,  at  the  meeti]^  in  Belgium  in  1880.  An  Inter- 
of  merchants  and  manufacturers,  of  land-sur-  national  Congress  on  Weights  and  Measures 
Teyors,  of  homodopathists,  of  Catholic  bibliog-  recommended  the  universal  adoption  of  the 
raphers,  of  friends  of  the  blind,  a  geographi-  metric  system,  and  a  ten-franc  gold  piece  as  a 
oal  congress,  a  literary  congress,  one  on  the  money  unit 

representation  of  minorities.  Another  congress  treated  the  subject  of  men- 
An  international  chess  tournament  resulted  tal  patliology,  under  the  chairmanship  of  Dr. 
in  a  tie  for  the  first  prize  between  Zukertort  Baillarger.  The  French  Temperance  Society 
of  Berlin  and  London  and  Winaver  of  Russia  organized  a  congress  for  the  discussion  of  jiub- 
for  the  first  prize,  and  another  tie  between  jects  connected  with  alcoholism.  The  meeting 
Bird  of  London  and  Mackenzie  of  New  York  of  the  Universal  Israelite  Alliance  was  presided 
for  the  second.  over  by  the  aged  senator  Cr6mieux.  A  work- 
Several  of  these  meetings  were  of  important  ingmen^s  meeting  in  favor  of  international  ar- 
charaoter,  and  elicited  in  their  transactions  the  bitration  received  significant  and  characteristic 
best  results  of  progressive  thought  in  many  letters  from  Victor  Hugo  and  Louis  Blanc, 
directions.  The  Intemationcd  Commission  of  A  Patent  Congress  decided  that  the  protection 
Statistics  settled  upon  schemes  for  taking  in-  of  industrial  property  should  not  be  tne  subject 
temational  statistics  and  apportioned  subjects  of  treaties,  but  of  special  conventions,  like 
of  investigation  among  its  members.  The  Lit-  copyright,  and  that  inventions  should  be  pub- 
erary  Congress  recommended  the  formation  of  lisned  in  a  journal  in  each  country,  and  those 
a  society  of  authors  in  each  country,  with  a  shown  at  international  exhibitionB  provision- 
central  international  society  in  Paris.     The  idly  protected. 


F 


FAZY,  JxAir  James,  a  Swiss  statesman,  bom 
May  12, 1796,  died  November  5, 1878.  He  was 
descended  from  a  fiimily  of  French  Protestant 
emigrants,  and  received  his  education,  first  in 
a  Moravian  institution  in  Neuwied,  Germany, 
and  subsequently  in  Paris,  in  which  latter  city 
he  became  a  contributor  to  and  editor  of  sev- 
eral Liberal  and  Protestant  joum<ds.  In  1882 
he  returned  to  Geneva,  where  he  had  previ- 
ously for  a  time  edited  the  "Journal  de  Ge- 
n^e.*'  He  soon  became  one  of  the  most 
prominent   party -leaders,    and   subsequently 


his  influence  was  at  times  so  great  that  he  was 
said  to  be  the  only  statesman  in  the  history  of 
Geneva  who  could  be  compared  in  this  respect 
to  Calvin.  Having  been  elected  after  the  rev- 
olution of  1841  to  the  Grand  Council,  he  be- 
came the  champion  of  an  unlimited  universal 
suffrage.  When  the  vacillation  of  the  Grand 
Council  in  the  question  of  the  Sonderbund 
brought  on,  in  October,  1846,  a  new  revolu- 
tion, Fazy  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  provi- 
sional government,  and  with  the  aid  of  the 
so-call^  radical  party  introduced  a  new  oon- 


FEVER,  YELLOW. 


315 


idtatiott  in  which  the  democratic  principle 
wu  Uioronghly  carried  oat.  He  made  himself 
veiy  popolar  in  Oeneva  by  manj  municipal 
reforms,  and  by  the  embellishment  and  en- 
largement of  the  city,  which  since  that  time 
has  made  great  progress.  In  the  federal  as- 
semblies of  Switzerland,  in  which  he  repre- 
sented Geneva  for  many  years,  he  also  obtained 
great  inflaenoe.  In  1858  he  snconmbed  to  a 
coalition  of  several  opposing  parties;  bnt  in 
1855  he  was  restored  to  power,  his  sncoess  be- 
ing chiefly  doe  to  a  coalition  with  the  Oatholio 
party.  In  1862  he  was  again  deprived  of  a 
controlling  inflnence  in  state  affairs  by  his  op- 
ponenta,  who  were  greatly  embittered  against 
him  and  had  assamed  the  name  of  Indepen- 
dents. He  was  not  afterward  able  to  regain 
his  lo<  influence,  although  he  was  generally 
npported  at  the  elections  by  the  entire  Catho- 
lic ?ote,  Fazy  was  the  author  of  "  Precis  de 
rHifltoire  de  la  R^publique  de  OendveJusqn'A 
nos  Jours'*  (two  volumes,  1838-'40),  and 
'^Coarsde  Legislation  constitutionnelle^'  (l^H); 
sod  he  edit^  and  contributed  to  numerous 
reviews.      

FEVER,  YELLOW.  During  the  summer  of 
1978  an  epidemic  of  almost  unprecedented  ma- 
limtj  vimted  a  portion  of  the  Southern  States. 
Differing  in  nuiny  points  from  the  disease  as 
manifested  in  previous  years,  this  malady  is 
still  classified  bj  the  majority  of  physicians  as 
yellow  fever.  Dr.  Faget,  of  the  Paris  Faculty, 
describes  yellow  fever  as  ''a  continued  fever  of 
a  sin^e  paroxysm,  rapidly  attaining  its  high- 
est point,  to  decline  immediately  and  then  slow- 
ly returning  to  the  normal  standard,  having 
had  no  stationary  stage. .  .  .  The  pulse  is  100, 
Ktmetimea  110  to  120,  the  first  day,  begins  to 
fall  the  second,  oontinnes  to  decrease  regularly 
the  third,  and  gives  from  that  time  70  or  80, 
sometimes  mnch  less.  .  .  .  The  regular  and 
rapid  decrease  of  pulse  is  such  in  yellow  fever, 
from  a  record  of  a  hundred  observations,  that 
vecoold  recognize  it  as  the  true  characteristic 
of  that  fever.  This  decline  of  the  pnlse  is  not 
a  simple  abatement  of  the  fever,  since  it  oc- 
cnrs  at  the  height  of  febrile  excitement,  and 
eien,  in  the  great  mi^jority  of  cases,  during  the 
increase  of  temperature.  By  thus  carefully 
watching  the  temperature  witii  the  thermome- 
ter and  counting  the  pnlse  with  a  seconds- 
inarkinj^  watch,  we  can  give  a  correct  diagno- 
iis  in  the  very  first  hours  of  the  disease."  The 
patient  is  generally  seized  with  a  chill,  espe- 
cially if  attacked  at  night,  followed  by  intense 
pain  in  thebaic,  limbs,  and  head,  supraorbital ; 
^▼es  red  and  injected ;  face  has  a  congested  ap- 
pearance, increasing  with  the  disease,  and  due 
to  the  congestion  of  the  capillaries,  so  well 
nurked  that  pressure  with  the  finger  will  leave 
a  vhite  spot.  Vomiting  does  not  set  in  until 
the  aecond  or  tMrd  day. 

pr.  J.  0.  Nott  remarked:  "However  sns- 
pieions  the  case  of  bilious  fever  may  be,  and 
however  violent  in  grade,  if  there  be  bilious 
Tomiting  after  the  mt  forty-eight  hours  ire 


may  safely  say  that  it  is  bilious  fever ;  if  there 
be  yellow  skin  and  black  vomit,  hemorrhage, 
etc.,  it  is  yellow  fever." 

This  year  the  yellow  fever  in  New  Orleans 
was  largely  complicated  with  paludal  fevers, 
which  made  it  difficult  of  diagnosis.  Accord- 
ing to  the  definitions  of  the  distinguished  Dr. 
Faget,  yellow  fever  has  but  one  paroxysm;  in 
paludal  fevers  there  are  two  or  more.  In  yel- 
low fever  the  period  of  defervescence  until  the 
pulse  becomes  normal  varies  from  thirty  to 
forty-eight  hours ;  in  paludal  fevers  it  averages 
ninety-six  hours.  In  yellow  fever  the  sphygmio 
line  descends  while  the  temperature  maintains 
itself  or  rises;  in  paludal  fever  there  is  peifect 
concord  between  the  pulse  line  and  the  tem- 
perature. The  divergence  of  the  sphygmic  and 
thermal  lines  is  then  a  distinctive  mark  of  yel- 
low fever.  When  visceral  congestion  super- 
venes, the  pulse  rises  and  temperature  falls 
with  extreme  rapidity.  In  fatal  cases  the  tem- 
perature sinks  below  the  normal,  while  the 
pulse  is  too  rapid  to  be  counted.  There  is  then 
no  terminal  fever,  and  true  yellow  fever  con- 
sists of  a  single  non-remittent  paroxysm.  The 
more  violent  the  attack,  the  greater  the  diver- 
gence between  pulse  and  temperature.  When 
complicated  wiui  malarial  fever,  the  action  of 
the  pulse  is  irregular.  The  variations  between 
the  types  of  the  disease  in  Memphis  and  New 
Orleans  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : 


NIW  ORLCAlfS. 

MUCFHXa 

DATB. 

PalM  llM. 

TLiiud  M— . 

PnlMlia*. 

TlianiMl  Um. 

lit  day... 

Its 

1A4*8 

114 

1098 

M    **  ... 

109 

104-8 

118 

108-6 

Sd    "  ... 

90 

108-9 

lOT 

1081 

4th  »*  ... 

84 

108*8 

98 

109 

fith  «  ... 

T« 

101-8 

88 

109 

6th  -  ... 

n 

100*6 

74 

101-8 

Tth  "  ... 

6T 

100-S 

60 

09-8 

8th  *•  ... 

1004 

68 

99-9 

»th  "  ... 

100-8 

04 

98 

10th  •»   ... 

100-1 

86 

98-9 

11th  "  ... 

■  •  •  • 

8T 

98-2 

l«th  -   ... 

•  •  •  • 

n 

98-4 

18th  "   ... 

•  •  ■  • 

•  • 

98-T 

In  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  epidemic  great 
differences  of  opinion  exist  among  scientific 
observers.  It  is  admitted  that  the  disease  ex- 
ists perennially  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  a 
disease  of  warm  climates,  but  its  limits  can  not 
be  determined.  At  its  firat  introduction  on  the 
continent  of  Nortii  America,  it  ravaffed  Bos- 
ton in  1780.  It  subsequently  appeared  in  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  and  reappears  at  inter- 
vals, the  last  epidemic  in  New  York  being  in 
1822,  and  Philadelphia  having  been  visited  stiU 
later. 

The  malignant  form  of  this  epidemic  and  its 
wide  extent  may  have  been  due  to  the  peculiari- 
ties of  the  seasons.  A  remarkably  mild  winter 
was  followed  by  an  intensely  hot  summer.  The 
elimatio  lines  were  virtually  carried  a  thousand 
miles  north  of  their  ordinary  position.  An  un- 
acclimated  people  as  far  north  as  the  Ohio  were 
exposed  to  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the 
Gulf  States,  while  the  Gulf  States  were  tropi- 


816                                                FEVER,  YELLOW. 

oal.  In  the  West  Lidies  the  ravages  of  the  fe-  There  are,  however,  exceptions  to  these  rdes, 
ver  were  confined  to  a  small  bodjof  foreigners,  as  to  every  rule,  and  as  there  is  to  the  role 
hot  here  the  disease  had  full  sway,  with  equal  governing  smallpox,  for  instance.  I  have  ob- 
climatic  advantages,  over  an  entirely  unpre-  served  honestly  at  least,  if  not  closely,  and  the 
pared  population.  A  similar  high  temperature  result  of  my  observations  has  led  me  to  beliere 
preceded  and  accompanied  the  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  non-contagious.'' 
1798,  1798,  1819,  1839,  1847,  and  1858.  In  The  same  eminent  authority  continnes: 
1793  there  were  4,041  deaths  in  Philadelphia.  ^*  Noting  more  definite  can  be  said  than  that 
In  1798  there  were  3,500  fatal  cases  in  Phila-  it  is  a  disease  incident  to  warm  climates,  and 
delphia,  2,080  in  New  York,  and  over  200  in  induced  by  a  peculiar  poison  totally  intangible 
Boston.  and  disconnected  from  any  known  causes  of 
At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  faculty  in  New  disease.  There  is  no  combination  of  filth,  no 
Orleans  it  was  unanimously  decided  that  yel-  combination  of  circumstances  calculated  to  de- 
low  fever  was  a  specific  disease,  originally  im-  teriorate  health  and  excite  typhoid  or  typhus 
ported  to  this  continent,  but  capable  of  hiber-  fever,  that  has  anything  to  do  with  the  genera- 
nating.  The  eminent  Dr.  Warren  Stone,  in  a  tion  of  yeUow  fever.  .  .  .  Indeed,  the  disease 
lecture  at  Bellevue  College,  New  York,  says  has  always  been  more  violent  in  the  country, 
that,  in  regard  to  the  aetiology  or  causes  of  when  it  once  prevails  there,  than  in  cities." 
yellow  fever,  it  is  questionable  whether  it  is  of  In  confirmation  of  this  opinion,  it  is  welf  known 
local  origin  or  imported.  ^*It  certainly  has  that  during  the  present  year  the  cities  and 
not  been  imported  in  ships.  The  epidemic  in-  towns  above  New  Orleans  had  ample  warning, 
fluence  is  wafted  through  the  atmosphere  in  and  that,  stimulated  by  terror,  they  resorted 
waves  or  cycles.  It  always  makes  gradual  and  to  every  sanitary  precaution.  In  New  Orleans 
regular  approaches,  so  that  in  New  Orleans  we  the  miasma  from  the  canals  and  especially  the 
know  when  it  is  coming  by  its  prevalence  in  the  draining  of  the  rice-chaff  pond  too  late  in 
islands  of  the  Gulf  and  places  south  of  us.  In  the  season  are  popularly  believed  to  hare  in- 
the  year  1851  it.  began  in  Brazil,  and,  after  creased  the  malignity  of  the  epidemic  Es- 
passing  over  the  northern  part  of  Soutii  Amer-  pecially  is  the  mortality  among  children,  which 
ica  and  the  West  India  Iriands,  it  reached  New  rose  to  such  unparalleled  proportions,  attribat- 
Orleans  in  1853.  In  1855  it  had  traveled  as  ed  to  the  insidious  poison  thus  let  loose.  The 
far  as  Memphis,  and  was  severe  in  many  of  the  epidemic  of  1868  was  likewise  attributed  to 
interior  towns.  Its  history  in  New  Orleans  the  cleansing  of  the  canals  and  the  exposure  of 
the  present  year  (1867)  is  remarkable.  It  first  the  extracted  filth  to  sun  and  air.  While  yel- 
appeared  in  a  mild  form  and  in  several  places  low  fever  may  not  be  generated  by  these  causes, 
at  once  in  the  month  of  June.  Although  the  there  is  good  reason  to  suppose  that  it  may  be 
weather  was  favorable  to  its  spread,  it  md  not  moderated  by  a  proper  attention  to  sanitary 
increase  in  intensity,  and  only  about  nine  cases  regulations.  True,  yellow  fever,  once  epidemic, 
occurred  per  week.  These  cases  evldentiy  ori-  does  not  confine  itself  to  localities  where  filth 
g^nated  in  the  city.  But  later  in  the  season  a  predominated,  but  spreads  the  virus  through 
fresh  wave  approached  from  the  direction  of  comparatively  clean  neighborhoods.  It  is  an 
Mexico,  appearing  in  a  violent  form  inlndianola,  unquestioned  fact  that  the  streets  of  New  Or- 
Galveston,  and  New  Iberia,  and  lastly  in  New  leans  were  in  an  unusually  bad  condition.  The 
Orleans,  where  it  appeared  in  severe  form  and  first  cases  of  fever  were  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
in  increasing  ratio,  although  the  weather  was  of  rice-chaff  pond  and  other  low  places  on  the 
the  kind  considered  unfavorable  to  its  propa-  levee.  The  fever  has  broken  out  for  successive 
gatiou.  This  was  the  general  history  of  the  years  in  this  same  neighborhood, 
disease.  It  fixed  upon  a  place,  ran  its  course.  The  advocates  of  the  germ  theory  trace  the 
increasing  in  a  definite  ratio,  declining  in  the  fever  of  this  year  to  the  steamer  Emily  B.  Son- 
same  way,  and  finally  disappearing,  but  for  the  der.  This  vessel  arrived  in  New  Orleans  from 
time  being  affecting  all  who  were  subject  to  Havana  on  the  23d  of  May.  She  was  de- 
attack  and  exposed  to  its  infiuence.  Debility  tained  at  quarantine  only  ten  hours.  The 
and  other  reasons  render  some  persons  more  Borussia  arrived  at  quarantine  on  the  21  st, 
susceptible  than  others  to  the  peculiar  poison,  having  five  cases  of  yellow  fever  on  board, 
but  tliis  is  the  case  with  all  diseases.  The  They  were  removed  to  the  Quarantine  hospital, 
question  of  its  contagiousness  is  of  great  im-  and  after  disinfection  and  nfteen  days^  deten- 
portance,  and  ought  to  be  settled  bo&  for  the  tion,  she  was  allowed  to  proceed.  On  the  25th 
interest  of  sufferers  from  the  disease  and  as  a  the  purser  of  the  Sender  died.  Suspicion  be- 
g^idance  in  the  matter  of  quarantine.  I  am  ing  strong  that  this  was  yellow  fever,  the 
perfectly  convinced,  beyond  all  doubt  or  hesi-  house  was  thoroughly  disinfected.  Some  time 
tation,  that  personally  it  is  not  contagious ;  elapsed,  when  a  glazier,  residing  in  a  straight 
/  know  that  it  m  not.  If  the  disease  were  con-  line  bade  of  the  house  where  the  purser  of  the 
tagious  once,  it  would  always  be  so,  for  At  is  Souder  had  died,  was  brought  to  the  Touro 
the  same  disease  in  all  places.  It  is  a  specific  Infirmary  with  yellow-fever  symptoms,  but  be 
disease,  and  the  same  person  has  it  but  once,  recovered.  In  the  mean  time  the  assistant  en- 
Acclimation  is  perpetual,  but  it  is  very  hard  gineer  of  the  Souder  was  taken  ill  at  the  cor- 
to  convince  the  human  understanding  of  that  ner  of  Front  and  Girod  Streets,  and  died  at  the 


FEVER,  YELLOW.                                                817 

HMd-Dien  on  Maj  SOth.    On  July  12tb  a  009-  rio  of  anj  sort  had  long  been  forbidden ;  even 

picioos  caBe  ocoorred  at  No.  167  Constanoe  the  cbnroh  bells  were  no  longer  nmg.    The 

Street.    On  the  18th  another  was  reported  at  stillness  of  death  reigned  unbroken,  except  for 

Ka  118  Constance  Street,  and  a  tbira  at  No.  the  hnrrjing  hither  and  thither  of  nurses  and 

116,  ind  the  focns  of  infection  for  this  neigh-  physicians,  or  the  passing  of  funerals.    De- 

borhood  was  established.    Almost  simultane-  prived  of  the  exemption  of  former  years,  many 

oQsl/  the  fever  appeared  at  tiie  comer  of  negroes  were  fever-stricken.  Destitution  added 

Front  and  Oirod  Streets,  and   it  broke  out  its  horrors.    Business  was  at  a  standstill.    Saw- 

acrofii  the  graveyard  from  where  the  purser  dust  and  barricades  at  every  turn  reminded  the 

of  the  Souder  died.    From  these  three  foci  of  passer-by  not  to  disturb  the  struggle  between 

infection  the  disease  spread  over  the  entire  life  and  death.    There  was  no  other  topic  than 

cit^.    Other  infected  vessels  arrived.     The  the  dead  or  the  dying.  The  ill  demanded  all  the 

engineer  of  the  steam-tng  Oharley  Wood  had  time  and  care  of  the  living.    No  mourners  fol- 

the  fever.    From  him  it  spread  to  his  family,  lowed  the  hearses.    The  breath  was  scarcely 

residing  in  Constance  Street.    This  is  the  ori*  out  of  the  body  before  it  was  consigned  to  the 

gin  of  this  epidemic  according  to  those  who  tomb.    The  faculty  confessed  themselves  baf- 

Bccept  the  theory  of  importation.    The  vims  fled.  Themortalityamongchildren  under  twelve 

vas  taken  to  Grand  Gulf  by  the  steamer  For-  years  of  age  was  unprc^cedented.    Grown  fa- 

ter,  whence  it  spread  to  Port  Gibson.    So  miliar  with  the  disease,  the  nomenclature  of 

soon  as  the  fever  was  declared  epidemic,  there  science  could  not  veil  its  symptoms  from  them, 

was  a  general  exodus  from  New  Orleans,  and  No  sooner  were  they  attacked  than  they  suf- 

the  infection  was  carried  to  the  inland  towns,  fered  all  the  terrors  of  death,  which  too  often 

In  Canton,  Miss.,  the  fever  broke  out  after  the  came  speedily.     Such  was  the  epidemic  of 

arrival  of  a  family  who  had  had  the  disease  in  1878. 

New  Orleans.  In  Grenada  it  is  currently  be-  On  the  16th  of  August  the  Howard  Associa- 
lieved  that  the  fomites  were  brought  there  in  tion  called  upon  the  community  for  means  to 
a  package  of  clothing  sent  from  New  Orleans,  give  relief  to  applicants.  The  response  was 
The  fever  here  was  peculiarly  fatal.  A  large  instantaneous,  not  alone  within  the  city,  to 
•ewer  had  been  opened  and  the  decaying  mat-  which  it  was  addressed,  but  f^om  North,  South, 
t«r  exposed  to  the  air.  The  first  eight  cases  East,  West,  from  every  city  and  village  of  the 
originated  in  the  Tioinity  of  this  sewer,  and  all  country,  and  even  from  the  shores  of  Europe, 
di^.  A  still  worse  type  of  the  disease  pre-  aid  unstinted  and  unfailing  flowed  in,  with  a 
Tailed  at  Dry  Grove.  It  is  difficult  to  account  munificence  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  char- 
for  its  intn^nction  here.  Dry  Grove  being  a  ity.  The  full  aggregate  can  never  be  known, 
mall  settlement  remote  from  railroads.  Some  Much  was  sent  to  orivate  individuals  for  dis- 
of  the  cases  were  genuine  yellow  fever,  others  bursement.  Many  cnurches  supplied  their  oler- 
were  potrid  fuver.  There  were  over  260  cases,  gy  with  means  to  care  for  the  sick  of  their  own 
i&d  60  died.  The  first  case  occurred  in  the  household  of  faith.  Many  societies  amply  pro- 
neighborhood  of  a  jpond  which  had  been  re-  vided  for  those  of  their  own  nationality.  The 
cent!/  drained.  In  Yioksburg  the  greater  part  Howard  Association,  which  is  wholly  unsectari- 
of  the  population  fled.  At  one  time  there  an  and  relieves  all  applicants  with  out  regard  to 
were  not  3,500  soul&left  in  Memphis,  yet  there  color  or  nativity,  became  the  chief  channel  of 
were  1,300  fever-smitten.  It  is  estimated  that  aid.  Its  126  members  and  physicians  devoted 
15,000  left  during  the  first  alarm.  The  fever  their  entire  attention  to  the  suffering.  From 
Ittd  been  declared  epidemic  at  Port  Eads  and  the  17th  of  August  to  the  26th  of  October  they 
Grenada  before  the  middle  of  August.  cared  for  fully  24,000  cases  in  the  city  of  New 
In  New  Orleans  the  Howard  Association,  a  Orleans.  Where  there  were  many  in  the  same 
tnne-bonored  body  of  good  Samaritans,  organ-  house,  members  failed  to  report  after  the  first 
iied.  The  Board  of  Health  abandoned  car-  case.  Of  those  regularly  reported  the  nativi- 
bolic  add  and  other  disinfectants,  except  lime,  ties  are  as  follows :  United  States,  6,218 ;  Eng- 
The  new  cases  were  counted  by  hundreds.  A  land,  862 ;  France,  966 ;  Germany,  1,521 ;  Ire- 
veek  Uter  the  Howards  had  more  than  a  land,  2,079;  Italy,  629;  Scotland,  118;  Spain, 
tbonsand  destitute  cases  under  their  care.  As  100;  Poland,  28;  Greece,  21;  Denmark,  19; 
nuny  children  were  under  treatment.  There  Canada,  16;  Austria,  16;  Switzerland,  16; 
vere  103  coses  reported  in  one  square.  A  Mexico,  14;  Sweden,  10;  West  Indies,  10; 
Portnguese  family  of  seven  persons  were  bnrie<l  Belgium,  7 ;  Portugal,  6 ;  Ohina,  6  ;  Brazil,  6 ; 
nmoltaneously.  On  the  20th  of  August  the  Africa,  8 ;  Russia,  2 ;  Norway,  2 ;  at  sea,  1 ; 
^ard  of  Health  declared  the  epidemic  beyond  Iceland,  1 ;  Honduras,  1 ;  Andorra,  1 ;  Senegal, 
haman  control.  It  had  spread  from  Oarrollton  1;  natives,  8,146;  unknown,  1,082.  Total, 
to  the  Barracks,  a  distance  of  twelve  miles.  21,244,  of  whom  16,112  were  whites  and  6,182 
l^lijmdans  were  taxed  beyond  endurance.  The  blacks.  Less  accurate  reports  have  been  re- 
pe^ence  reached  its  heiglit  on  the  11th  of  ceived  from  the  towns  and  villages  in  the  coun- 
^pterober.  Before  that  period  the  supply  of  try.  yet  from  these  partial  returns  they  can 
bMTNs  was  insaflicient.  The  sextons  offices  count  up  11,760  beneficiaries.  Besides  tlie 
f «re  kept  open  nntil  11  o'clock  at  night  for  sick,  the  wants  of  their  families  were  attended 
intermenta.    Gloom  overspread  the  city.    Mu-  to.    Over  60,000  such  sufierers  were  provided 


818 


FEVSR,  TELLOW. 


for  ont  of  the  boantj  intruBted  to  this  associa- 
tion bj  the  following  commonities : 

KewTork $8I,68T  01 

FhUadelphla 99,8«  40 

BoiUm M^TOiSO 

Chicago S8,0S4  00 

NewOrieuis 9S^  80 

SanFnuidMO 90,670  00 

Bt  Louto T,4«8  40 

BrooklfD 8.810  00 

FMTideaco 8,025  00 

Springfield,  MAsaachoMtti. 8,060  00 

Memphis 8,n«  94 

Portland,  Oregon 8,000  00 

PttUburg,  PennaylTanlA. S,M5  00 

Milwaukee,  WlBoonaln i,148  40 

IndlAnapoHft,  Indiana , 8,400  00 

Washington,  District  of  Colambla 8,101  60 

Hartford,  Connecttcat 1,681  00 

Gfndnnad 1,618  00 

Sarannah,  C^eoigla 1^00 

BoflUo,  New  York. 1,600  00 

Albany,  New  York 1,500  00 

Colnmbns.  Oeorgia. 1,868  10 

LoalSTiUa,  Kentacky 1,876  00 

Mobile,  Alabama 1,146  80 

GaWeston,  Texas 1,090  00 

Blchmond,  Virginia 1,085  00 

ChartestoD,  South  Carolina. 606  48 

Baltimore,  Maryland...  460  00 

Other  parts  of  our  country 117,807  68 

Liverpool  and  London. 87.875  00 

Paris  and  France. 4,780  06 

Harana 1,000  18 

18,665  09 

Total $888,449  98 

This  list  inclndes  amounts  received  by  the 
Howards  from  every  soaroe,  as  well  as  sums 
sent  them  for  Vicksburg,  Grenada,  and  other 
points.  Their  total  expenditures  np  to  De- 
cember 16th  reached  $880,185.88,  including 
$20,000  turned  over  to  the  Peabody  Subsistence 
Association,  who  undertook  the  care  of  the 
convalescent,  at  the  time  when  attention  to 
the  sick  fully  taxed  the  Howards.  Besides  the 
foregoing  contributions  in  money,  donations 
of  clothing,  wines,  and  provisions  were  received 
by  the  Howard,  the  Toung  Men's  Christian, 
the  Peabody  Subsistence,  and  other  charitable 
associations  throughout  the  afflicted  region. 
These  readied  a  magnitude  hitherto  unheard 
of.  They  came  spontaneously,  and  their  rec- 
ord is  on  high,  and  there  alone. 

All  the  steamers,  raih*oads,  and  express  com- 
panies brought  these  contributions  without 
charge,  and  offered  free  transportation  to  doc- 
tors, nurses,  and  supplies  intended  for  the  sick 
at  any  point  where  the  fever  prevailed.  The 
quarantine  at  Mobile  and  Galveston  paralyzed 
the  other  railroads.  The  only  line  that  re- 
mained open  and  continued  to  run  its  trains 
throughout  the  entire  period  of  the  epidemic 
was  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 
This  was  done  at  an  actual  loss,  with  a  view  to 
relieve  as  far  as  possible  the  fever-stricken 
communities  along  its  line.  Local  quarantine 
began  August  1st  and  continued  to  October 
25th.  This  road  was  a  heavy  loser  by  the 
epidemic,  and  an  extract  from  its  published 
statement,  showing  its  estimated  loss  from  the 
interruption  of  traffic,  may  give  some  idea  of 
the  widespread  desolation  and  the  still  wider 
charity  of  which  it  became  the  chief  chan- 
nel: 


Deerease  In  aamlngt  from  kog.  Ittto  Hot.  Ut..  fSllJMIO  M 

Number  of  pounds  of  freight  carried  free 8^019,916 

Number  of  paaaengers  oanied  free 1^ 

Honey  vahie  of  ft«e  transportatloa. 808^819  81 

NumSer  of  officers  and  emplojees  died  of  feT«r.  19 

Number  of  same  alek  and  reeoTered Itt 

Parsons  thrown  out  of  enaploym«&t  by  intemip- 
tion  of  traffic:  August,  282;  September,  624;  Octo- 
ber, 788.  A  venttre  number  of  omcen  and  employees, 
2,500. 

If  the  amount  of  contributions  can  not  be 
estimated,  still  less  can  the  self-devotion  and 
heroism  exhibited  receive  their  proper  meed. 
Though  there  may  have  been  isolated  cases  of 
abject  panic  and  desertion,  in  general  the  ca- 
lamity was  met  with  courage.  Physicians  and 
nurses  from  aU  parts  of  the  county  tendered 
their  services.  Many  of  them  fell  victims  to 
the  plague.  When  there  was  so  much  self- 
sacrifice  that  it  is  impossible  to  place  all  the 
names  on  the  roll  of  honor,  it  seems  invidious 
to  particularize;  yet  no  record  of  this  epidem- 
ic can  omit  to  mention  Lieutenant  Benner, 
U.  S.  A.,  who  volunteered  to  command  a  sop- 

Sly  ship  sent  to  the  relief  of  Vicksburg,  and 
led  at  his  post  of  duty. 
A  severe  quarantine  was  established  in  most 
of  the  neighboring  towns.  Mobile  was  visited 
by  the  fever  in  spite  of  rigorous  non-inter- 
course. There  were  about  160  cases  and  58 
deaths,  when  a  fall  of  temperature  checked 
the  disease.  Galveston  quarantined  and  es- 
caped, as  did  Shreveport  and  Natchez.  Along 
the  river  and  railroad  lines  the  pestilence  showed 
extreme  capriciousness.  Some  of  the  towns, 
though  strictly  quarantined,  and  in  the  highest 
sanitary  state,  were  devastated ;  while  others, 
without  any  apparent  reason,  were  spared. 
The  vagaries  of  this  epidemic  have  left  the 
question  of  quarantine  in  serious  dispute,  as 
well  as  the  kindred  point  of  disinfectants.  There 
are  doctors  who  maintain  that  disiDfection  by 
carbolic  acid,  promptly  and  scientifically  used, 
in  1876  circumscribed  the  limits  of  the  fever 
and  prevented  a  great  epidemic  This  year  it 
was  at  first  lavishly  nsea,  and  then  abandoned 
as  worse  than  useless.  Sulphurous  acid  was 
also  tried,  but  no  advantage  accrued  from  its 
use.  One  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  New 
Orleans  faculty  suggests  cold  as  the  great  natu- 
ral disinfectant.  Freezing  air  might  be  intro- 
duced into  ships  to  such  a  degree  as  to  effectu- 
ally destroy  the  yellow-fever  virus.  Never 
was  there  greater  diversity  of  views.  The 
President  of  the  Board  of  Health  openly  said 
that  the  faculty  knew  no  remedy,  and  earnest- 
ly recommended  experiment.  He  tried  the 
cold-water  system,  out  with  slight  success. 
The  homcBopathic  doctors  claim  to  have  lost  a 
smaller  ratio  of  patients.  The  aUopathics  re- 
tort that  they  do  not  report  as  yellow  fever 
many  fatal  cases  which  ought  to  be  thus  cUs- 
sifled.  This  difference  of  opinion  in  respect  to 
what  is  yellow  fever  makes  it  diflScult  to  arrive 
at  any  exact  statement  of  cases.  Some  of  the 
Creole  doctors  hold  that  genuine  yellow  ter&r 
is  never  recurrent,  and  are  convinced  that  no 
child  born  in  New  Orleans  is  susceptible  to  this 


FEVER,  TELLOW. 


819 


fever.  Though  they  suffer  and  die  witih  the 
prevailmg  malady,  the  death  is  credited  to 
some  other  difieaee.    Hence  the  following  table 

S'res  only  an  approximation  to  facts.  The 
ily  record  of  new  cases  and  deaths  in  New 
Orleans  to  September  26th  is  given  in  the  sab- 
joined  statement : 


DATB. 


N«v 


Jsk  91  (prior  to). 

JBljtt 

Jalftt 

JttlT9i 

JaljrU 

J11I7S6 

JuiyJT 

Ja|7». 

JaJy». 

JiItM 

JBI7SI 
Asfut 
lafwt 
locust 
Aqput 
Avgnst 
Aofuit 
Aqfut 

AOflUi 

Asfut 

AncQftlO. 

Aofttftll. 

AofoitlS. 

Aoj^tlS. 

AorottM. 

AdrsitU. 

Aj^oitlS. 

AOftttt  IT. 

AofOitlS. 

Aoipafti  19, 

AocnttW. 

Aofutll. 

AofOftSi. 

AofMCSi. 

AofnstM. 

AorutSS. 

AofWtM. 

An^nutST. 

AofUftSS. 

Aavut». 

AofostSO. 

AlKTUtSl. 

Scptcmbar 
e«ptainb«r 
Septnnbtr 
K«pc«mber 


Septaoiber 
8^c«mber 


1 

S 

S 

4 

5 

6 

T 

8 

fiepteobcr  9..... 
September  10. ... , 
SiplealMrn.... 

8«pUmb«rli 

SepCemberU 

B^pCMDberU 

fleptnobcr  15. . .  • . 

8«pCemb«rM 

BcptenbcrU 

SiHoDberlS.... 

BtptamberlS 

C«{itMnber  20. . . . 
6iptcmb«rtl.... 

6«picaib«riS 

BtpiMBberdS 

U 

35 

» 


2 
S 

18 

18 

6 

SI 

U 

81 

84 

88 

88 

SO 

88 

85 

87 

84 

44 

85 

88 

81 

48 

184 

98 

106 

T8 

115 

189 

186 

107 

88 

188 

198 

168 

196 

194 

890 

140 

169 

884 

860 

909 

887 

919 

901 

889 

889 

996 

144 

980 

958 

919 

928 

809 

119 

lOS 

928 

959 

195 

165 

105 

195 

197 

189 

100 

180 


Total 
le 


Total 
to  data. 


•  p  •  • 

7 

•  •  ■  • 

1 

19 

9 

91 

1 

88 

9 

86 

5 

54 

8 

69 

7 

80 

6 

104 

1 

185 

6 

150 

7 

.   195 

7 

988 

T 

958 

11 

981 

19 

816 

6 

858 

•    7 

887 

11 

481 

19 

466 

8 

4S8 

14 

519 

19 

569 

91 

696 

90 

794 

17 

903 

99 

975 

97 

1,090 

47 

1,819 

49 

1^ 

41 

1,469 

40 

1,550 

58 

1,678 

40 

1366 

49 

9,099 

88 

8,154 

44 

9.843 

49 

9,568 

57 

8,708 

49 

9,877 

59 

8,111 

48 

Bjm 

88 

8,530 

88 

8,907 

6i 

4,119 

79 

4,890 

86 

4,609 

61 

4,841 

n 

5,067 

61 

5,911 

87 

5,441 

80 

6,644 

90 

5,909 

57 

6,187 

58 

6,446 

09 

6,805 

58 

6,708 

78 

6,996 

69 

7.178 

68 

7378 

65 

7,589 

60 

7,648 

69 

7,888 

40 

7,965 

44 

8,970 

58 

8.911 

86 

8341 

44 

7 

8 

10 

11 

18 

18 

91 

98 

88 

84 

89 

46 

68 

60 

71 

88 

88 

95 

106 

118 

196 

140 

169 

178 

198 

910 

989 

966 

818 

855 

896 

486 

494 

584 

576 

609 

638 

709 

759 

808 

667 

915 

1,008 

1,091 

1,174 

1,946 

1,889 

1,898 

1,470 

13M 
1,633 
1,718 
l,Br)8 
1.865 
l,9.'8 
1,9S9 
9.()41 
9,114 
2,176 
9,244 
2,299 
2,863 
2.480 
2,470 
2,514 
2,.%79 
2.6<>8 
9,649 


24 ;  18th,  86 ;  19th,  25 ;  20th,  29 ;  2lBt,  44 ; 
22d,  42 ;  28d,  19 ;  24tb,  16 ;  25th,  18.  Total 
deaths  to  date,  8,828.  The  number  in  Jaly 
was  89 ;  August,  876 ;  September,  1,980 ;  Oc- 
tober (to  the  25th),  898. 

In  the  following  table  is  given  the  number  of 
deaths  from  yellow  fever  during  the  year  1878 : 


ArkADMa,aeatterliig....  18 

Baton  Sooffe,  Ls 196 

Bartletta,  Tenn 9 

BayofStLoumClaB...  74 

Bitod,MiM 87 

Boltoii,MiM 88 

BoriiM,  MlM 7 

BowUng  Oreen,  Ky 98 

Bro  wnsvUle,  Tenn 189 

CUro,ni 85 

Canton,  MUi 171 

ChAtUnoooL  Tenn 151 


(JDAtunoqcB, 
Chleago,  lU.. 


ClnoinnAti,0 16 

CoIMervllle,  Tenn 44 

Decatar,AlA 47 

ueUu,  IjA.  .*.....••.., .  80 

Delta,  La 88 

DonaidtonylUe,  La 85 

Di7  0rove,La 88 

Florence,A]a 44 

OallipoBa,   O.,   and  tI- 

dnlty 89! 

Oermantown,  Tenn 96, 

Goodrich  Landing,  Mlaa.  42 1 
Orand  Junction,  Tenn.. . 


LoniaTlUe.Ky 84 

Ma8on,Tenn 95 

Martin,  Tenn 40 

Memphia,  Tenn 4,900 

Meridian,  Miss 71 

Miaaiasippi,  scattering. . .  917 

Mlaaiaeippl  City 19 

Mobile,  Ala 58 

Moigan  City,  La 96 

Moscow,  Tenn 84 

Naahyllle,  Tenn 11 

New  Orleana,  La 8|977 

NewYoriL 80 

Ocean  Springs,  Miss. ...  81 
Osyka     ana     vidnlty, 

Paria,  Tenn  .'.*.'.* . .  .V.'. . . !  98 

Paaa  Christian,  Mia 90 

Pattenonville,  La 47 

Plttoburg,Pa 1 

Plaqnemlne,  La 190 

F^EadB,La 10 

Port  HndaoD,  La 9 

Port  Gibson,  Miss 995 

Book  Sprinffs,  Miss S8 

StLonkMo 81 


78 

GreenviUe,  Miss 887  j  Somerrllle,  Tenn 47 

Grenad^Mlsa 897 ;  Tangipahoa, La 48 

Gretna, La..  68  Tennessee,  scattering...  46 

Hernando,  Mias 09jTerry,MUs 90 

Hickman,  Ky 158 1  Thibodeaoz,  La 88 

Holly  Springs,  Miss 814 :  Tnscalooea,  Ala. 


a 


Uopefldd,  Ark 19  Toscombla,  Ala S 

Jaokson,Mlsa 78  Yicksborg,  Miss.,  and.. 

Key  West,  Fla 87      ▼iclnlty 1,188 

Kentnoky,  scattering. . . 

LabadieVuie,  La 

Tenn 


Lagrange, 

Lake,  Miss 

Lonialana,  scattering. . 


87 
6 

80 

81 

85 

217 


Water  VaUey,  Miss 64 

Winona,  Mias 8 

WilIlston,Ky 18 


The  daily  deaths  after  that  date  were  as  fol- 
lows: September  27th,  51;  28th,  55;  29th, 
^i ;  80th,  35 ;  October  1st,  54 ;  2d,  56 ;  8d, 
51 ;  4th,  54 ;  5th,  52  ;  6th,  59 ;  7th,  41 ;  8th, 
49;  9th,  42;  10th,  48;  11th,  49;  12th,  40; 
lBtb,50;  14th,  29;  15th,  80;  16th,  26;  I7th, 


Total  18,911 

The  population  of  New  Orleans  in  1858  had 
reached  154,182.  The  nnacclimated  popula- 
tion was  estimated  as  being  over  50.000. 
There  was  a  large  exodus  from  the  city,  leav- 
ing not  over  125,000  residents.  The  lost  pre- 
ceding epidemic  was  in  1847.  The  total  mor- 
tality of  1858  was  15,688,  of  which  7,848  died 
of  yellow  fever.  The  deaths  of  children  under 
five  years  of  age  were  8,250.  The  total  num- 
ber of  cases  in  the  Charity  Hospital  in  1858 
was  8,812,  with  1,800  deaths.  The  Howard 
Association  had  charge  of  9,858  cases ;  deaths, 
2,252.  At  the  four  Board  of  Health  and 
Howard  Infirmaries  there  were  2,618  cases  and 
1,032  deaths.  The  cases  in  private  practice 
numbered  9,541 ;  deaths,  1,691.  Total  cases 
recorded  in  the  report  of  the  Commission, 
29,020;  total  deaths,  8,101,  or  27*91  per  cent., 
being  at  the  rate  of  100  deaths  to  858  cases. 

Medical  experts  have,  however,  stated  that 
they  did  not  notice  any  particular  difference 
between  the  fever  of  1878  and  that  of  previous 
years,  and  in  their  opinion  it  was  not  as  malig- 
nant as  the  fever  of  1858  or  1858.  In  the  last 
named  year  negroes  were  affected  by  the  fever, 
although  the  African  race  enjoys  a  marked  im- 
munity from  it. 

The  official  figures  of  six  epidemics  in  New 
Orleans  are  given  for  comparison  in  the  fol- 
lowing table : 


820 


FEVER,  YELLOW. 


YIASS. 


1858 
1SS8 

1878 
1667 
1847 
18W 


M.7. 

JmM. 

Joly. 

A«g. 

BiVi. 

Od. 

N«T. 

Dm. 

S 

81 

1^21 

M'tt 

982 

147 

28 

4 

S 

182 

1,14U 

2,204 

1,187 

S24 

6 

•  •  ■  « 

89 

876 

1,980 

898^ 

•  A  «  • 

•  •  •  • 

8 

11 

2A5 

1,687 

1,072 

108 

26 

•  ■  •  • 

74 

966 

1,100 

198 

12 

10 

5 

882 

l,2b6 

874 

97 

19 

7 

7,848 
4,649 
8,T4S 
8,107 

2,670 


The  table  on  page  821  shows  the  rise  and  fall 
of  the  epidemics  of  1868, 1867,  and  1878.  The 
thirtieth  day  of  the  feyer  in  1858  was  the  81  st 
of  Jolj ;  in  1867,  the  thirtieth  day  was  the  8l8t 
of  Aagust ;  while  in  1878  the  thirtieth  day  was 
the  16th  of  Augost.  It  wiU  be  seen  that  the 
epidemic  of  1853  culminated  on  the  fifty-third 
day  of  its  prevalence,  which  was  the  22d  day 
of  August ;  on  that  day  there  were  254  ileaths 
of  yellow  fever.  In  1867  the  epidemic  culmi- 
nated on  the  fifty-fifth  day  of  its  prevalence, 
which  was  the  24th  of  October ;  on  that  day 
there  were  82  deaths.  The  epidemic  of  1878 
culminated  on  the  fifty-seventh  day  of  its  prev- 
alence, which  was  the  11th  of  September ;  on 
that  day  there  were  90  deaths. 

One  of  the  most  important  discoveries  du- 
ring this  season  is  due  to  the  investigations  of 
Professor  Joseph  Jones,  with  the  microscope, 
on  the  blood  of  yellow-fever  patients.  It  oif- 
fers  essentially  from  that  of  malarial-fever 
patients.  In  yellow  fever  he  found  that  the 
blood  corpuscles  rapidly  assume  a  cuneated 
form,  with  minute  transudations  upon  the  sur- 
faces. In  some  cases  it  contains  small  particles 
having  a  vibratory  motion. 

I  have  also  observed  bacteria  and  a  singular  del- 
icate fungus  in  the  blood  of  yellow-fever  patients. 
Blood  has  been  allowed  to  staud,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  the  fungus  has  been  watched.  If  fresh 
blood  from  }rellow-fever  patients  be  injected  into  an 
animal,  it  will  produce  fever,  but  no  animal  has  as 
yet  died  from  it.  If,  however,  the  blood  be  allowed 
to  stand  for  a  short  time,  aay  several  hours,  it  u  ill 
undergo  cbemioal  change  or  putrefaction,  and  will 
then  prove  rapidly  fatal  to  anima1»,  ev^n  when  in- 
lected  in  minute  quantities  under  the  skin.  Fresh 
olaok  vomit,  introduced  subcutaneously,  acts  as  a 
looal  irritant,  and  also  produces  fever.  If  black 
vomit  be  introduced  from  the  stomach  of  a  dend 
man,  or  if  tiiat  from  a  living  person  be  allowed  to 
undergo  putrefactive  change,  it  destroys  in  a  few 
hours  the  life  of  an  animal  to  which  it  may  be  ad- 
ministered under  the  skin.  The  black  vomit  in 
manv  oases,  a  short  time  after  ejection,  becomes 
filled  with  low  forms  of  vegetable  and  aiiimnl  life, 
such  as  the  spores  or  tlialli  of  torulie,  the  organized 
bodies  in  yeast,  and  bacteria.  I  have  noticed  a;* 
characteristic  of  the  secretions  and  excretions  in 
yellow  fever  an  ezoeedinfrly  delicate  funii^us,  wtiich 
IS  evidently  a  species  of  the  plant  wiiich  produces 
fermentation  in  beer  and  yeast.  We  may  take  two 
views  of  the  agency  of  the8e  organisms  in  the  spread 
of  yellow  fever,  and  also  two  views  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  disease. 

1.  As  to  the  nature  of  the  disease :  Yellow  fever 
may  be  regarded  as  a  disease  depending  solely  upon 
chanses  of  lieat,  moisture,  and  other  climntic  con- 
ditions, acting  upon  the  nuroan  constitution  in  a 
oeKain  state :  or  to  the  absence  of  ozone  or  elec- 
tricity from  tne  atmosphere.  But  if  this  theory  were 
true,  the  disease  would  appear  in  all  qunrters  of  tlie 
city  simultaneously,  and  not  ramify,  as  it  doef>,fi-om 
a  focus  and  along  linos  of  travel.  A  modilicatioTi  of 
this  theory  might  be  this :  that  heat  and  moisture 


and  surrounding  climatic  conditions,  affecting  the 
constitution  when  in  a  certain  state,  oausethe  aevel- 
opmeut  of  a  certain  poison  in  the  system  thus  aetcd 
uoon  and  in  this  peculiar  state,  which  is  capable, 
alter  being  developed,  of  propagating  itself,  such 
propagation  being  due  to  two  causes :  first,  the  di- 
rect emission  of  some  poison  from  the  person  in- 
fected, either  from  the  bresth  or  the  seeretioni; 
second,  such  poisons  may  be  conveyed  by  minnts 
forms  of  plant  or  animal  life,  the  plant  or  sDimsl 
finding  a  nest  for  its  growth. in  secretions,  ss  black 
vomit  and  the  excrement  from  the  intestines,  and 
when  excreted  conveying  the  poison  by  being  wafted 
about  by  currents  of  air. 

2.  Tellow  fever  may  be  due  to  special  germs  in- 
digenous to  a  limited  portion  of  the  world.  It  mij 
be  supposed  that  this  germ  exists  independent  of  tb« 
human  organism,  and  may  be  trMUsported  in  shipi, 
etc. ;  that  it  thrives  in  its  native  locality,  and  while 
it  propagates  outside  of  that  locality  it  will  not  exist 
for  any  length  of  time,  frost  killing  it.  With  this 
theory  may  be  coupled  the  hypotnesis  thst  theee 
germs  have  potency  only  when  in  contact  with  dis- 
eased matter I  have  subjected  the  air  of 

localities  and  rooms  which  appeared  to  be  iofeeted 
with  the  yellow-fever  poisou  to  niicroscopioiil  end 
chemical  examination,  and  I  have  discovered  s  vut 
number  of  minute  organic  living  particles,  which 
might  pntperly  be  termed  sporules.  having  a  diam- 
eter varying  from  one  ten-thousandtli  to  one  twenty- 
thousandth  of  an  inch;  and  also  numerous  living 
animalcula,  together  with  minute  particles  of  fatty 
bodies,  scales  from  the  human  body,  and  fibers  from 
the  heading  and  clothing.  I  have  observed  similu 
particles  in  the  blood  of  yellow-fever  petients,  end 
nave  found  bacteria  in  the  air  and  in  the  blood.  The 
blood  was  examined  immeiliately  after  extraction, 
under  the  microscope.  I  have  endeavored  to  aBoe^ 
ttiin  whether  these  particles,  or  the  matters  obtained 
fVom  the  air  where  yellow  fever  was  prevailing, 
would  have  any  effect  upon  living  animals.  Nn- 
nierous  experiments  were  made.  Theae  substances, 
injected  subcutaneously  into  animals,  produced  ir- 
ritant effects,  but  not  death,  aofar  as  the  experiments 
have  been  carried. 

Enough  has  been  qnoted  to  show  the  value 
of  this  discovery,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
prove  the  extreme  diversity  of  opinion  among 
medical  men  on  the  most  important  points. 

At  the  Public  Health  Association,  which 
met  in  Richmond,  the  Yellow  Fever  Commis- 
sion  reported : 

1.  We  have  not  in  a  single  instance  fonnd  a  ease  of 
yellow  fever  which  we  could  justifiably  consider  ss  of 
de  NOVO  origin,  or  indigenous  to  tlie  locality. 

2.  In  respect  to  mont  of  the  towns  which  we  vis- 
ited, and  wiiich  were  points  of  epidemic  prevalence, 
the  testimony  showing  importation  was  direct  and 
convincing  in  its  character. 

8.  The  transmission  of  yellow  fever  between 
points  separated  by  any  considerable  distances  ap- 
peared to  be  wholly  due  to  human  intercourse.  In 
some  instances  the  poison  was  carried  nn  the  doth- 
imr  or  about  the  persons  of  people  going  fVom  in- 
fected districts.  In  aome  instances  it  was  conveyed 
in  such  fomites  as  cotton-bafginp,  or  goods  of  some 
description,  or  bedding  and  Dlankets. 

*  laoomplete. 


FEVER,  YELLOW. 


321 


(by*..:    <10 
Hit  day 


m 


m 


S4th 


8Jt]| 


Mth 


>7th 


tsli  - 


«9th 


lOth 


IIH    •* 


4M 


I8d 


4llk 


4:th 


48tK 


47tii 


4^ 


4Mi 


ftjih   ** 


3ltt 


3xd 


40 


18«T.  18M.)i 


1.^1*  lestii  d»7 


u 


Tlflt 


JWT  .  i,0»0  ,  T4th    ** 


676 


«,»di75th 
16d 


2,4<T  ;  76th 

_20*_|' 

2,«71     77th 
178 

8,S48    78th 

191    I 


8,(MI4 

Sd4 


8,888 

188 


8,480 
198 


61 


94th 


53U 


3ltb 


67th 


Seth 


Mt    • 


«th 


4bt   - 


1JI» 
90 


57 


8,618 
806 


8,818 
187 


4,005 
174 


4,179 
198 


4,574 
819 


79th 


80th 


8l8t 


88d 


88d 


84th 


85th 


4,988 
845 

5,S88 
854 


83th 


5,487 

5,781 
199 


5,980 
199 


1,008  , 6,119 
57  I     164 


1,S65  1 1,686 
58         67 


1,988  ,  l,7ue 
90         61 


1,998 

fie 


1,764 
64 


8,041 
78 


1,888 


«4  - 

Nth  •* 

Cth  " 

fite  ** 


i,I14 
62 


I- 


1,891 
54 


6,288 
150 


91it 


98d 


94th 


95th 


u 


^^^  I  96th    » 

148  ■ 


6,584 

198 


6,718 
185 


63S7 
110 


6,947 
108 


1 8,176     1,945    7,000 


69  1      66 


8.844  i  8,001 
55         75 


2,899 


8,0T6 
00 


Ml 


2,868  18,185 
"         60 


8,480  18.195 


110 


7,160 
06 


7,806 
95 


7,801 
78 


7.4B8 


u 


97th 
98th  **' 
99th  " 
100th" 
lOlat  *^ 
lOSd  " 
lOOd  " 
104th" 


1878.  180r.  lOftS. 


40    58 

70 

8,470  8,858 
44    50 

7,498 

58 

8,514  a,80H 
59  1   64 

7,546 
52 

8,578    8,867 
86  I      56 


7,008 
47 


8,608    8,428 


44 


49 


7,645 
61 


8,658    8,478 


51 


46 


8,708  ,8,518 
56  I      88 


7,706 
48 


7,754 
40 


8,758 
59 


8,550 
88 


7,794 
88 


8,810  1 8,588 
85  !      89 


7,822 
85 


8,845 
64 


8,899 
56 


8,628 
88 


8,600 
81 


7,857 
88 


7,890 
88 


8,955  8,681 
51  I      84 


8,006 
54 


8,715 
85 


8,060 
51 


8,115 
60 


8,750 
85 


7,928 
86 


7,948 
80 


7,978 
88 


8,171 
41 


8,786 

8,816" 
13 


8,001 
85 


8,818 
49 


8,«4I6 
17 


8,889 
18 


8,861 
49 


8,808 

48 


8,847 
19 


8,058 
80 

8,078 
16 


8,866 
17 


8,089 
18 


8,851 
49 


8,888 
18 


8,400 
40 


8,440 
60 


8,490 
89 


10 


9,905 
16 


8,519 
80 


8,640 
86 


8,981 
11_ 

8,988 
9 


8,101 
16 


8,1  nt 


8,575 
84 


8,609 
86 


2,941 
8 


2,944 


8,958 
8 


8,<R5    8,956 
85  8 


8,660  , 8,958 
89 


8,823 
21 


8,849 
22^ 

8,871 
88 


8,894 


'nntSldftjm. 

1 5o  fkutber  ofllekl  notlee  wm  taken  of  the  fbyer  In 

Vol.  XTiii. — 21    A 


1858. 


i.  The  ireifrlit  of  testimony  U  veiy  pronounced 
•gaiost  the  further  use  of  disinfectants.  Physicians 
in  infected  towns,  aknost  without  exception,  state 
that  they  are  useless  agents  to  arrest  the  spread  of 
yellow  fever,  while  some  of  them  affirm  that  their 
vapors  are  seriously  pr^udioial  to  the  sick. 

5.  Personal  ]>rophylazis  by  means  of  dmirs.  or 
other  therapeutic  means,  has  proved  a  constant  lail- 
ure.  A  respectable  number  of  physiciuns  think  the 
use  of  small  doses  of  quinine  oi  some  avail  in  pre- 
yention. 

6.  Quarantines,  established  with  such  a  degree  of 
surveillance  and  rigor  that  absolute  non-intercourse 
is  the  result,  have  effectually  and  without  exception 
protected  those  quarantines  flrom  attacks  of  yellow 
lever. 

^  The  sanitary  engineer  explained  to  the  Asoo- 
eiation  the  peooliar  topography  of  New  Or- 
leans. The  city  requires  protection  by  levees 
against  the  lake  and  the  river.  Daring  Feb- 
ruary, March,  April,  and  May,  it  lies  below  the 
level  of  the  Mississippi.  About  one  tenth  of 
its  streets  is  paved.  There  is  no  underjm)nnd 
drainai^e.  The  drainage  is  wholly  insufficient. 
Water  lies  two  feet  below  the  soil,  which  is 
thoroughly  contaminated  by  uncemented  and 
unfloored  vaults.  Garbage  is  damped  into  low 
places.  Cbtem  water  is  drunk.  The  supply 
of  water  is  wholly  insufficient.  It  is  in  gen- 
eral in  bad  sanitary  condition.  Whatever  the 
views  of  this  Commission — ^and  each  of  them 
in  turn  is  denied  by  men  of  equal  reputation — 
one  thing  is  certain:  the  only  factor  in  yellow 
fever  which  is  fully  proved,  and  also  in  human 
power  to  remove,  is  filth.  If  the  Commission^ 
m  estimating  the  causes  of  epidemics,  fail  to 
regard  sanitary  conditions,  their  labors  are 
futile!  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  epidemics 
run  their  course  in  a  period  varying  from  90  to 
120  days ;  that  after  hibernating  they  frequent- 
ly resume  their  march  at  the  exact  line  where 
the  disease  ceased,  and  with  the  sacceedinff 
season  they  go  on  relentlessly  conquering  and 
to  conquer.  The  roost  energetic  sanitary  re- 
forms are  a  primary  duty.  The  prevention  of 
a  return  of  this  scourge  may  depend  as  mudk 
upon  sanitary  regulations  as  upon  the  establish* 
ment  of  a  rigorous  yet  evadable  national  quar* 
an  tine. 

Mrs.  Thompson,  a  lady  of  New  York  City, 
was  the  first  pubUdy  to  suggest  a  commission 
to  investigate  the  character  of  the  disease  in 
New  Orleans.  She  accompanied  her  sugges- 
tion with  an  offer  of  five  hundred  dollars  to- 
ward defraying  its  expenses.  Other  sums  were 
afterward  given.  From  the  investigations  of 
the  Commission  thus  originated  came  the  above- 
mentioned  report  to  the  Public  Health  Asso- 
ciation at  Richmond.  Subsequently  Congress 
authorized  a  board  of  experts,  who  submitted 
their  report  at  the  end  of  January,  1 879.  They 
hold  that  yellow  fever  is  a  specific  disease,  and 
is  produced  by  the  introduction  into  the  human 
organism  of  a  specific  poison.  This  poison  has 
never  been  chemically  or  microscopically  de- 
monstrated, yet  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  it  is 
material  and  particulate,  and  endowed  with 
the  ordinary  properties  and  subject  to  the  or- 
dinary laws  of  material  substances.    It  is  not 


322 


FEVER,  YELLOW. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


a  malarial  disease— that  is,  it  is  not  the  off- 
spring of  that  marsh  miasm  which  produces 
paladal  or  periodic  fever,  and  the  Board  knows 
of  no  facts  which  warrant  the  conclusion  that 
malarial  influences  contribute  toward  the  dis- 
semination and  mortality  of  yellow  fever  in 
any  other  way  or  to  any  greater  extent  than 
they  contribute  toward  the  dissemination  and 
mortality  of  any  other  epidemic  disease.  In 
all  the  countries  outside  of  the  West  Indies 
which  have  been  visited  by  it,  yellow  fever  is 
an  exotic  disease,  and  in  all  of  them  its  intro- 
duction can  be  traced  either  directly  or  indi- 
rectly to  the  West  Indies.  In  some  of  them  it 
seems  to  have  established  itself  permanently, 
and  to  have  become  endemic,  as,  for  example, 
in  the  Brazils.  In  most  of  them  it  has  failed 
of  naturalization,  and  successive  epidemics  can 
be  traced  to  successive  importations.  Yellow 
fever  has  invaded  the  present  territorial  limits 
of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  existing  records,  in  88  different  years. 
For  77  out  of  these  88  years  we  have  evidences 
more  or  less  complete  of  importation,  and  in 
71  out  of  these  77  the  evidence  points  to  the 
West  Indies  as  the  source  of  the  infection. 
Four  times,  namely,  in  1839,  1844,  1847,  and 
1867,  the  infection  has  been  traced  to  Mexico, 
but  in  1867  it  was  also  traced  to  the  West  In- 
dies. They  also  recommended  further  investi- 
gations and  presented  the  outlines  of  a  system 
of  quarantine  for  protection  against  the  intro- 
duction and  spread  of  epidemic  infectious  dis- 
eases. 

In  accordance  with  this  recommendation 
the  Yellow  Fever  Committee  of  the  United 
States  Senate  on  February  7, 1879,  submitted 
their  report.  They  say  that  from  the  testi- 
mony of  eminent  medical  men  and  the  con- 
clusions arrived  at,  after  full  and  careful  inves- 
tigation by  the  board  of  scientific  experts,  they 
strongly  incline  to  the  opinion  that  neither 
yellow  fever  nor  cholera  is  indigenous  to  any 
part  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  great 
majority,  if  not  all^  of  the  epidemics  of  these 
diseases,  with  which  this  country  has  suffered, 
have  resulted  from  importation.  The  Com- 
mittee believes  that  the  best  and  only  certain 
means  of  preventing  the  introduction  of  these 
diseases  is  absolute  non-intercourse  with  ports 
where  they  exist  in  epidemic  form  during  the 
time  they  so  exist,  and  that  the  next  best 
means  is  a  well-regulated  national  quarantine, 
strict  in  its  requirements  as  to  the  observance 
of  all  proper  sanitary  measures  at  the  port  of 
departure  by  all  vessels  sailing  from  infected 
ports,  and  equally  strict  in  requirement  and 
enforcement  of  all  necessary  inspections  of 
such  vessels,  their  cargoes,  passengers,  and 
crews,  and  the  thorough  disinfection  of  the 
same  when  necessary  at  the  quarantine  station 
before  l>eing  allowed  to  enter  any  port  of  the 
United  States. 

The  subject  of  qnarantine  was  discussed  in 
several  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  Southern 
States. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
Financial  affairs  in  the  United  States  have  been 
steadily  though  slowly  improving  during  tho 
year.  The  reduction  of  indebtedness  has  cod- 
tinned  in  all  quarters,  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment and  many  of  the  States  and  municipal 
corporations  have  resorted  to  refunding  mea- 
sures at  a  lower  rate  of  interest,  with  very  gen- 
eral success. 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  made  in  December,  1877,  there  wad 
presented  a  statement  of  the  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures of  the  Government  for  the  first 
quarter  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1878, 
and  an  estimate  of  the  same  for  the  remaining 
three  quarters,  as  follows : 


RECEIFTS. 

For  the  qnvlir 

•ndlng  Sqiimbv 

so,  1677. 

Forth*  NOMlBbf 
Ihflw  qowtan  ol  tto 

Actaal. 

»k..M. 

From  eoBtoms 

$86,988,581  56 

88398,882  56 

218,791  19 

a.448,980  84 

88«,ie2  18 

S9^840  8S 

441,604  85 

(ARA8B6 

180,488  67 
427,777  10 
69^088  67 

$984516,466  44 

From  Internal  revenue   ... 

From  sales  of  public  lands. 

From  tax  on  cirenlation  and 
deposits  of  national  banks 

From  repayments  of  Inter- 
est  by   FSdflc  Sailway 
Ck>mpanies. 

69,606.617  48 
781,208  bl 

8,500.068  16 
868,887  S3 

From  cast(»ns  fees,  fines, 
penalties,  etc 

704^600  63 

From    fees— consabr,  let- 

From  proceeds  of  sales  of 
Oovermnent  property . . . 

From  premium  on  sales  of 
coin 

1,806;»5  65 
884,411  61 
360,567  86 

From  profits  on  ooinage,etc. 
Fh>m  misoellaneons  sources 

1,272,222  90 
8,704,977  88 

Total  receipts 

$71,587,569  82 

$198,968,480  13 

The  expenditures  for  the  same  period,  actual 
and  estimated,  were : 


EZPENDITUBES. 


For  civil  and  miscellaneous 
expenses,  including  pub- 
lic building  Ugbtnousea, 
and  collect^g  the  roTenue. 

For  Indians 

For  pensions 

For  military  establisbment, 
including  fbrtiflcadons, 
and  rlTcr  and  harbor  im- 
prorements.  and  arsenals. 

For  nayal  establishment,  in- 
cluding vessels  and  ma- 
chinery, and  improre- 
ments  at  nary  Tiros 

For  interest  on  the  pubUo 
debt 


For  Um  qmrtCT  (  For  llw 
endliif  Saplambtr  thm 
ac,  1877. 


$15,821,876  05 
1,658,578  96 
7,416,788  69 


8,072,087  48 

8,89^545  51 
40,466.589  96 


qaartan«f  iko 


Total  ordinary  ezpen-, 

ditures ■  $70,780,905  55 


$86,198,628  95 

8,191,4:27  04 

81,088,816  41 


85,987,062  68 

12,604,454  49 
52,604,068  76 


$161,6e9,7$8  IT 


From  the  actual  receipts  for  the  first  quarter 
of  the  fiscal  year  and  the  estimates  of  the  re* 
maining  three  quarters  based  upon  existing 
laws,  it  was  expected  that  the  total  revenues 
for  the  fiscal  year  would  yield  the  sum  of 
$265,500,000,  and  that  the  expenditures  would 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


323 


ftmonnt  to  $281,430,648.72,  which  would  leave 
8  Borplas  revenue  of  $84,069,366.28.  But  the 
ordinary  revenues  from  all  sources  for  the  fis- 
cal jear  ending  June  30, 1878,  were  as  follows : 

From  CDStomi $180,170,680  20 

From  Internal  reTeime 110,081.624  74 

From  adiM  of  pabUc  lands 1,079,748  87 

From  Ux  oo  ciicalatlon  and  deposits  of  na- 

tkuialbsaka 6,668,062  96 

From  repayment  of  interest  by  Padflc  Bail- 
way  Companiea 1,866,964  86 

From  customs  fees,  fines,  penalties,  etc  ....  1,046,864  86 
From  fees    conaoiar,  letters    patent,    and 

itnds 8,066,616  18 

From  proceeds  of  soles  of  GoTernment  prop- 
erty   849,469  88 

From  premium  on  sales  of  coin 817,103  80 

From  profits  on  coinage,  etc 1,690,768  88 

From  miaoeUaneoos  sooroes 8^1,109  07 

Total  ordlnaxy  receipte $267,768,878  70 

The  ordinary  expenditures  for  the  same  pe- 
riod were : 

FordTlI  expenses $16,561,888  16 

For  foreign  mterooozse 1,889,216  78 

VorlodJaoa 4,629.280  28 

Forpemdons 87,187,019  08 

For  the  mitttary  establishment,  including 
rirer  and  harbor  improTsments,  and  arse- 

rate 82,164,147  86 

For  the  naval  establishment,  Inchidlng  res- 
sels,  macfalnerv,  and  improvements  at  na- 

▼yyards. 17,865,801  87 

For  misoenaxieoaa  enendituies,  including 
pabHe  boildinga,  llghthoajes,  and  collect- 
fog  the  rerenaa 85i,897,168  68 

ForinteraatootbepnbUodebt. 108,600,874  6& 

Total  ordinary  expenditnrea $886,964,886  80 

Leaying  a  rarplos  revenue  of $20,799,661  90 

Which  was  applied  as  follows : 

To  the  redemption  of  United  States  notes, 

*tc $18,119,886  88 

To  the  redMnptioD  of  fractional  currentnr. . . .  8,8501868  67 
To  the  redemption  of  6  per  cent,  bonds  for 

the  sinking  hind 78,950  00 

To  iaereaaa  of  eaah  balance  in  the  Treaaozy..  8,760,408  00 

Tolal $20,799,561  90 

The  amount  due  the  sinking  fund  for  the 
Tear  was  $35,429,001.80,  leaving  a  deficiency 
on  this  account  of  $14,629,449.90.  Compared 
irith  the  previous  fiscal  year,  the  receipts  for 
1878  have  decreased  $11,984,796.09,  m  the 
following  items:  In  customs  revenues,  $785,- 
812.87;  in  internal  revenue,  $8,048,788.09;  in 
semi-annual  tax  on  banks,  $215,498 ;  in  sales 
of  Government  property,  $84,485.08 ;  in  profits 
on  coinage,  $1,682,476.75 ;  and  in  miscellane- 
oos  itema,  $1,267,740.80.  There  was  an  in- 
crease of  $748,088.17,  as  follows :  In  proceeds 
of  sales  of  public  lands,  $108,489.69 ;  in  premi- 
Qin  on  sales  of  coin,  $67,621.52 ;  in  miscellane- 
ous itema,  $577,076.96— making  a  net  decrease 
in  the  receipts  from  all  sources  for  the  year  of 
$11,236,707.92.  The  decrease  of  revenue  is 
principally  due  to  the  falling  off  in  the  receipts 
from  internal  revenue,  which  was  probably 
caoaed  by  the  agitation  in  Oongress,  for  a  long 
time,  of  the  reduction  of  the  tax  on  spirits  ana 
tobaeco.  The  expenditures  show  an  increase 
of  $7,781,729.08,  as  follows:  In  the  Navy  De- 
ptrtmeot,  $2,405,366.01,  and  in  the  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  $5,876,868.07,  the  latter  of 


which  was  due  to  the  large  balance  of  $7,426,- 
619.81  unpaid  interest  at  the  commencement 
of  the  year,  and  to  the  change  from  semi-an- 
nual to  quarterly  payments  of  interest  on  6  per 
cent,  bonds  converted  into  4  per  cents,  which 
would  not  otherwise  have  been  made  until  af- 
ter the  close  of  the  year.  There  was  a  decrease 
of  $9,477,411.21,  as  follows:  In  the  War  De- 
partment, $4,928,588.05 ;  in  the  Interior  De- 
partment, $1,474,460.18;  and  in  the  civil  and 
miscellaneous,  $3,074,968.03 — making  a  net 
decrease  in  the  expenditures  for  the  year  of 
$1,695,682.13. 

The  receipts  and  expenditures  for  the  first 
quarter  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80, 1879, 
and  the  estimates  for  the  remaining  three  quar- 
ters were  as  follows : 


RECZIFTS. 

Forth*  qnartar 

•odlBg  SapCember 

80,  1818. 

For  Iho  icimiDlBg 
tiiioo  qomrun  of  tho 

Aetoal. 

ErtlnnUd. 

rrom  etistoms. 

$88,868,268  10 

28,572.144  46 

260,765  68 

8,868,019  08 

897,T8T  10 

244,888  96 

608,890  76 

41,127  61 

6,441  28 

71,968  81 

1,060,027  87 

$94,181,781  90 

From  internal  rerenne .... 

From  sales  of  public  lands. 

From  tax  on  ctrcaktion  and 
deposits  of  national  bsnks 

From  repayments  of  inter- 
est by  Pscifio  Bailway 
Companies 

86,427,866  M 
769,884  87 

8,881,480  97 
952,268  90 

From  customs  fees,  fines, 
penalties,  etc. 

706,166  07 

From   fees— consular,   let- 
ters patent,  end  lands. . . 

From  proceeds  of  sales  of 
OoTemment  property. . . 

From  premium  on  sales  of 
coin 

1,491409  24 

806,878  49 

44,566  77 

From  profits  on  ooinage^etc. 
From  miscellaneous  sources 

1,728,081  69 
1,289,978  68 

Total  receipts 

178,899,728  48 

$191,100,276  67 

The  expenditures  for  the  same  period,  actual 
and  estimated,  will  he : 


KXFENDITURXS. 


Fortho  qnartir  |  For  tho  mnaialiic 
•Bding  Soplombor  thno  quartan  of  Um 
80,1878. 


For  civil  and  miscellaneous 
ezpensea,  inehidlnfr  pub- 
lic buUdinfirs,  Urhthouses, 
and  coQeonng  toe  reyenne 

For  Indians 

For  pensions 

For  military  estabUsbment, 
Indudinff  fortifications, 
riy er  and  harbor  improve- 
ments,  and  arsenals 

For  naval  establishment,  in 
eluding  vessels  and  ma- 
chinery, and  improve- 
ments at  navy  yards. . . . 

For  interest  on  the  public 
debt. 

Total  ordinaiy  expen- 
ditures  


$15,044,519  62      $89,956,480  88 
1,750.517  25  8,049,482  75 

7,802,465  68         81,497,584  87 


10,258,900  87 


88,741,099  18 


4,520,748  84        10,479,857  16 
88,967,427  06        68,082,578  94 


$78,844,578  27 


$166,756,486  78 


Total  reoeipts,  aetusl  and  estimated $864,600,000 

Total  expenditures,  actual  snd  estimsted 840,100,000 

Leaving  a  balance  of $84,400,000 

applicable  to  the  sinking  fhnd,  which  la  estimated  for  the 
year  at  $86,954,607.87. 


324 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  condition  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1877- T8 
is  shown  in  the  following  table : 

STATEMENT  OF  THE  OUTSTANDING  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

JUNE  80,  1878. 


TITLE. 


Laagth  of 
loan. 


Old  debt. 

TreMorr  notes  prior  to 
iwe. 


landSy'rs.. 

Treasarj  notes  of  1846. .  1  fear. 

MezicftB  indemnity 5  yean. 

Tieaaory  notes  of  1847. .  1  and  2  y'rs.. 


Whan  rad< 


bl«. 


RaUof 
latamt. 


1  and  2  years  from  1  mill  to  6 

percenL 
1  mill  and 


Price  at 
which  I 
•old.    , 


Amount 
sothoriMd. 


AiMWBt  lanwd. 


Loan  of  1847. 


Boanty-Iand  scrip 

Tezan'lndemnity  stock . . 

Troasory  notes  of  18M.. 
Loan  of  1896 


Loan  of  1860 

Loan  of  Febraary,  1861  > 
(1881s) f 


20  years. 

Indefinite... . 

14  years 

lyear 

15  years.. ... 


date 

One  year  from  date. . 

April  and  July,  1849. 
After  60  days*  notice. 


January  1, 1868. 


6  2-6  per 

cent 

6  per  cent 

5  2-5  and  6 
percent 

6  per  cent 


Fftr. 


10  years 

10or90y*rs.. 


Twasory  notes  of  1861 1  J/J" 

Oregon  war  debt 

Loan  of  July  and  Au- ) 

gnst,  1861  (1881s)....  f 

Old  demand-notes 

BeTen-thirtieBof  1861 .... 

Five-twenties  of  1862 

Legal-tender  notes. 

Temporary  loan -j 

Certiflcatee  of  Indebt-  ( 

edness f 

Fractional  enrreucy 


Joly  1,1849 '6  per  cent 

January  1, 1866 5  per  cent 

tOiMJ^'O^ »^J» 

6  per  cent 


FAT. 

Par. 

Par. 

.0126  ^^ 
to  .02 

p.    c. 
pr^m. 

Par. 


$10,000,000  00 

860,0C0  00 
28,000,000  00 


$7,687,800 

808,678 
26.182,100 


00 

92 
00 


Jannavy  1, 1874. 


January  1, 1871... ...  6  per  cent 

January  1, 1881 6  per  cent 

2years  after  date..  I  n  _^  „_# 
6(f  days  after  date,  f  »  P«r  cent 

20  years. . . .  July  1, 1881 6  per  cent 

20  years....  July  1,1881 ;6  per  cent 

On  demand None 

St  VMM         I  i  August  19  and  Oo-  7  8-10  per 
*^®*" 1     tober  1,1864..,.!    cent-^T. 


Loan  of  1868. 


One-year  notes  of  1868. . . 
Two-year  notes  of  1868. . 
Coin-eertifioates 


Oompound-infst  notes.. 
Ten-forties  of  1864 


Not  lees  than 
80  days... 

1  year 


17  years.. 
1  year 


6 or 20 years. i May  1, 1867 6  percent 

On  demand None 

(^  After  10  days*  no-  4,  6,  and  6 

percent 


f    tioe 
1  year  after  date, 
On  presentation. 

July  1,1881 


1  year  after  date.....  6per  cent 

2  years 2  years  afterdate 6  per  cent 

On  demand None 

j  June  10,  1867,  and  6  per  cent. 

comp^nd 


8  years 

10or40y'rs. 


6  per  cent 
None 


Par. 

Par. 
AVge 
6  peret-^   pr'm 
^  of  4.18 


1 


Par. 

Par. 

.0206 

to 

.0708 

jpr'm. 

par  to 

.0145 

pr'm. 

Par. 

Pftr. 

Par. 

Pftr. 

Par. 

Par. 

Par. 
Pftr. 

Par. 


28,000,000  00|       88,207,000  00 


Indefinite 

10,000,000  00 

80,000,000  00 


80,000,000  00 


288.076 
6,000,000 

20,000,000 


00 
00 


00 
20,000,000  00 


Anxnnl 
oatrtBBdiBf. 


21,000,000  00, 


25,000,000  oo; 

j  22,468,100  oo'  ( 

1 12,896.850  00  f 

2,800,000  OOj 

260,000,000  00,  I 

60,000,000  OOj 

140,094,760  00 

615,000,000  00 
460,000,000  00 

160,000,000  00 


7,022,000 
18,416,000 

86,884,450 

1,090,860 

60,000,000 

189.821.860 

60,000,000 

140,094,760 

614.771,600 
449,888,908 


00 
00 

OOj 

00 

oo'  I 


00 
00 

00 

00 
10 


No  limit 

60,000,0C000 

,000,000  00 


1     May  16, 1868. . . . 
March  1,  1874 


6  per  et 
6  per  cent 


I 


FiT^enties  of  June,  {  5  or  20  y*nt .  November  1. 1869. . . 

•"^^^ '  (  July  16/1868 j|    c«nt.... 

Navy  pension  ftxnd 1  Indefinite....! 8  per  cent 

Five-twenties  of  1866... .  5  or  20y*r8. .  |November  1, 1870. . .  16  per  cent 
Consols  of  1886 5or20y*rs..  July  1,  1870 '6  per  cent 


Consols  of  1867 
Consols  of  1868 
Three  per  cent  certiflc's. 


Fire  per  cent  Itmded 
loan  of  1881 


Four  and  one  half  per 
cent,  ftindod  loan  of 
1891 


6  or  20  y*rs..  July  1, 1872 16  per  cent 

6  or  20  y'rs..  I  July  1,  1878 '6  per  cent. 


Indellnite. 


10  years.... 


} 


15  years.. 


Four  per  cent  ftmded.  »Qft„^^     o-«*-».k*- 1    ioat 
loan  of  1907 f  80  years..  September  1,  1907.. 


On  demand. 


May  1,1881, 


Speroent 
6  per  cent 


Certificates  of  deposit. . . 
BUver  certificates 


September  1, 1881 ...  4i  per  c*nt 

4  per  o*nt 


Indefinite... .  On  demand . 
Indefinite...  On  demand. 


None. 
None. 


Par. 
Par. 
Par. 

Par. 

Par  to 

7  p.  c. 

pr'm. 

Par. 

Pkr. 

Par. 
Par. 
Pkr. 
Par. 
Par. 
Par. 


i76,C 


Par. 


400.000,000  00 
400.000.000  00 
Indefinite.... 

400,000,000  00 

200,000,000  00 

400,000,000  00 

880,000,000  00 

Indefinite .... 
208,827.250  06 
882,998,960  W 
879.618,000  00 
42,589,850  00 
85,166,000  00 


500,000,000  00 


Pftr. 

Par. 

Par. 
Par. 


Indefinite. . . . 
Indefinite 


800,000,000  00 


661,768,241 
49,102,660 

76,000,000 

44,020.000 

166,480,000 

67,888,400 

266,595,440 

196,117,800 

126,661,800 

890,000,000 

14,000,000 
208.827,260 
888,99S.950 
879,618,000 
42.589,850 
86,165,000 
486,048,000 


66 
27 

00 

00 

00 
00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


» 


18,967,^0 

17,494,150 

600,000 

185,000,000 


00 
00 
00 
00 


$67,C«5  00 
82,526  85 

f, 000  00 

1,104  91 
950  GO 

1,250  00 

8,8iiQ  no 

iUVW  00 
1,SOOOO 

26S.OOO00 

10,00000 

18,415,000  00 

8,00000 

946.000  00 

189,821,850  00 

62397  50 

16,800  00 

480,800  00 
846,661,016  00 

8,060  0') 

6,000  03 
16,547,768  77 

76,000,000  00 

51.586  00 

8s:.9r«  00 

44^67,000  00 

274,980  00 

194,068,800  00 

98,800  00 

167,150  00 

14,000,000  00 

846.200  00 

110,8S6l8iiO  CO 

810,616,800  Vd 

87,465.^00  CO 

6,0U0  00 

606,440,860  00 


65.000.000 

1,000,000,00000]]     J«;^;JJJ 

No  limit 64,780,000 

No  limit 


...,  .840,000,000  00 
00^  ) 

JS'  [     98,850,000  00 


00 


48,766.000  00 
1,462,600  00 


$2,266,200,892  SS 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  326 

The  prooess  of  refandiDg  the  debt  has  been  amount  of  United  States  notes  outstanding.     At 

continued  during  the  year,  and  the  amount  of  tl»**  'i""®  j^  "^^  antioipated  that  under  the  provi^ 

.             .    . J®      ij''     . '_  4.^  xr^.,^«*K«-  ooA  sions  of  the  resumption  act  the  Yolume  of  united 

4  per  cent,  bonds  sold  prior  to  November  23d  g^^^^  ^^^^^  would  be  reduced  to  $800,000,000  by 

ras  1100,270,900,  of  which  $94,770,900  were  the  Ist  day  of  January,  1879,  or  soon  thereafter,  and 

sold  under  the  refunding  act  of  July  14,  1870.  that  a  reserve  in  coin  of  $l)iO,000,000  would  then  be 

Six  per  cent,  bonds  known  as  five-twentiea  to  sufficient.   Congress,  however,  in  view  of  the  strong 

an  equal  amount  have  been  or  will  be  redeemed  ?;^%^-XT-^^^^^^^ 

S9  calls  mature.     The  large  absorption  of  Uni-  rJ^irement  of  aby  United  States  notes  after  that 

ted  States  aecurities  in  the  American  market,  date,  leaving  the  amount  in  circulation  $346,681,016. 

by  reason  of  their  return  from  Europe,  to-  On  the  principle  of  safety  npon  which  the  Depart 

gether  with  the  sale  of  the  4J  per  cent,  bonds  me«^t  ^^  "wting,  that  40  per  cent,  of  coin  was  the 

?x,  .^.«»,»4.:^»  «..,.«.y>^^«  *^^aJ[  ♦/>  ^^i^n^A  ♦!»«  smallest  reserve  upon  which  resumption  could  pru- 

for  resumption  purposes,  tended  to  retard  the  ^^^^^  ^  commenced,  it  became  necessarv  to  in- 

saleof  the  4  per  cents.     It  is  estimated  that  oreasethe  coin  reserve  to  $188,000,000.   At  the  close 

not  more  than  $200,000,000  of  United  States  of  the  year  1877  this  coin  reserve,  in  excess  of  coin 

bonds  are  now  held  in  Europe.    Experience  liabilities,  amounted  to  $68,016,050.97,  of  which 

hM  fthftvn  thttt  thtk  nUn  t\f  fXixntr  hnnHn  f^  aTI  $16,000,000  were  obtained  by  the  Sale  of  4i  per  cent. 

1^  -iT^        \:21  ^!fJl?  K^«Tu^  i^-.!S^  ^^  $25,000,000  by  the  sale  bf  4  per  cent,  bonds,  the 

sabscnbers  on  terms  fixed  by  public  advertise  ^egi^y^  being  surplus  revenue.    Subsequently,  on 

ment  secures  a  more  satisfactory  distribution  the  nth  day  of  AprU,  1878,  the  Secretary  entered 

for  them,  though  their  sales  may  be  less.     It  into  a  contract  witn  certain  bankers  in  New  York 

has  been  the  desire  to  popularize  the  public  and  London—the  parties  to  the  previous  contract  of 

l^  ^  bring  them  within  ea.y  «ach  of  rtle^'JlfrcJf  tSte'iSIT-t.'SoSn^^ 

every  citizen  who  desires  to  invest  ms  savings,  sumption  purposes.    The  bonds  were  sold  at  a  pre- 

whether  small  or  great,  in  these    securities,  mium  of  U  per  cent,  and  accrued  interest,  less  a 

The  popular  loan  of  1877,  open  to  all  alike  by  commission  of  one  half  of  1  per  cent.    The  contract 

pablio  advertisement,  absorbed  $76,000,000  of  ^  ^••'^  fulflUed,  and  the  net  proceeds-$60,500.. 

A  ^m  »^^*.  u^^A^  «,wi  A^^<^^  ♦kl  ^L^^^4.  «>A».  000 — ^have  been  paid  into  the  Treasury  m  gold  com. 

4  per  cent  bonds,  and  dunng  the  present  year  ^he  $5,500,000  iin  paid  on  the  Halifax  award  have 

these  bonds  have  been  sold  m  the  same  man-  been  replaced  by  the  sale  of  that  amount  of  4  per 

ner.    It  is  believed  that  withont  a  change  of  cent,  bonds  sold  for  resumption  purposes,  making 

existing  law  the  sale  of  these  bonds  will  large-  the  agtrregate  amount  of  bonds  sold  for  these "pur- 

ly  increase,  but  it  would  appear  advisable  so  to  P?Tl'^^'^V^  SJ??Sa!?*^2?^^  V^At^  ^!. 

^^ifJTv^  1-.-,  ♦!*«♦  <.»,.iii.  «,»..  •«—  y^  ;»  ®«nt.  bonds,  and  $80,500,000  4  per  cent,  bonds.    To 

modify  the  law  that  smaller  sums  may  be  m-  ^^i^  ^^  ^^^^  ^j^^  the  surplus  revenue  from  time 

rested  from  time  to  time  through  popular  sub-  to  time.    The  amount  of  coin  held  in  the  Treasury 

•criptiona,  and  that  through  the  post-offioea,  on  the  28d  day  of  November  last,  in  excess  of  coin 

0.-  other  agents  of  the  Government,  the  freest  auffloient  to  pay  aU  accrued  eoin  liabilities,  waa 

opportunity  may  .be  given  in  11  P«t.  of  the  {iKv'<;i'.rptroSl:S^Ji!'  ?t  ^ZyilfS; 

country  for  such  investments.     The  mode  sng-  SiminiBhed  somewhat  on  the  1st  of  January,  1879, 

(rested  is,  that  the  Treasury  Department  be  an-  by  reason  of  the  large  amount  of  interest  aocruinff 

thorized  to  issue  certificates  of  deposit  of  the  on  that  day  in  excess  of  the  coin  revenue  received 

United  States  of  the  denomination  of  $10,  mjanwhUe.                                   j  .     .       ^  .v 

Km.^«»»  «n»^*i»a«>  o4^  *\^^  «.*A  «>#  Q.AK  wx^*  «!««.  ^^  anticipation  of  resumption,  and  m  view  of  the 

be»mg  interest  at  the  rato  of  8-66  per  cent  f^^  ^.j,^^  ^Je  redemption  o^  United  States  notes  is 

per  annum,  ana  convertible  at  any  time  witnm  mandatory  only  at  the  office  of  the  Assistant  Trea- 

006  year  after  their  issue  into  the  4  per  cent  surer  in  the  city  of  New  York,  it  was  deemed  tmpor- 

boads  authorized  by  the  refunding  act,  and  to  tant  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  associated  banks 

be  issued  only  in  exchange  for  United  States  J^*^"^  ^^y.^*^  J^f  '«»f  ^  <«>"«f  ^^'^  of  drafts  on  thoM 

iii>fA-  -->«>*  4.-^  ♦K-.  T«^««.r-.  K«.  ™;i  ^«  ^4.k»«^  banks  and  m  the  payment  of  Treasury  drafts  held 

notes  sent  to  the  Treasury  by  mail  or  other-  ^y  them.    A  satisfactoiy  arrangement  has  been 

wise.    Snob  a  provision  of  law,  supported  by  made  by  which  all  drafts  on  the  bsnks  held  by  the 

mitable  re^alations,  would  enable  any  person  Treasu^  are  to  be  paid  at  the  Clearing-house,  and 

resdilv,   without  cost  or  risk,  to  convert  his  all  drafts  on  the  Treasury  held  by  them  are  to  be 

Lmted   States,  and   the  money   so   received  the  1st  of  January,  United  States  notes  are  to  be  re- 

coold  be  applied  to  the  redemption  of  6  per  ceived  by  them  as  coin.   This  will  greatly  lessen  the 

cent,  bonds.  risk  ana  labor  of  collections  both  to  the  Treasury 

In  anticipation  of  the  resumption  of  specie  J^^  *^«  ^^'"v  ^V^^  "^P  *"  *^T  Pj;«P»'"*'^^'»5 

M«».^..*<i  ^    T>««».«  1    iQTo  Tka  «4^^,.*:rl»  ^^  for  resumption  has  been  accompanied  with  increased 

piymentsoa  January  1,  1879,  the  attention  of  business  and  confidence.   The  accumulation  of  coin, 

the  uovemroent  has  been  directed  to  carry  instead  of  increasing  its  price,  as  was  feared  by 

OQt  those  measures  designed  in  the  act  to  fa-  many,  has  steadily  reducea  its  premium  in  the  mar- 

filitate  it    These  were  the  substitution  of  coin  k«t    The  depressing  and  ruinous  losses  that  fol- 

for  f«.tion.l  carrenoy  by  the  coin^  of  free  Kr.5S!S;.JoiflSt^,Sri;ruitv^?y'^ 

jold,  and  by  free  banking.    The  action  of  the  t^^en  in  the  execution  or  enforcement  of  this  act  has 

Treasury  Department  in  the  way  of  prepanng  tended  to  lighten  these  losses  and  to  reduce  the  pre- 

iod  fortifying  itself  is  thus  described  by  the  mium  on  coin,  so  that  now  it  is  merely  nominal, 

g^cr^tl^fy .  The  present  condition  of  our  trade,  industry,  and 

^  *  commerce,  our  ample  reserves,  and  tne  genertd  oon- 

At  the  date  of  my  annual  report  to  Congress  in  fldence  Inspired  in  our  financial  condition,  seem  to 

Dee«mber,  1877,  it  was  deemed  necessary  as  a  prep-  justify  the  opinion  that  we  are  prepared  to  commence 

tf^ioB  for  resumption  to  accumulate  in  the  Tro*-  and  maintain  resumption  from  and  after  the  1st  day 

sory  a  eoin  reserve  of  at  least  40  per  cent  of  the  of  Januaiy,  a.  o.  1879.    The  means  and  manner  of 


326  FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

doin^  this  are  left  iargelj  to  the  cisoretion  of  the  advantage  and  convenience  to  the  producers.   Be- 

Secretary,  but,  from  the  nature  of  the  duty  imposed,  posits  of  coin  in  the  Treasuij  will,  no  doubt,  oon- 

he  must  restore  coin  and  bullion,  when  withdrawn  tinue  to  be  made  after  the  1st  of  January,  as  bereto- 

in  the  process  of  redemption,  either  by  the  sale  of  fore.    Both  gold  and  silver  coin,  from  its  weight  and 

bonds  or  the  use  of  the  surplus  revenue,  or  of  the  bu&,  will  naturally  seek  such  a  safe  deposit,  while 

notes  redeemed  from  time  to  time.    The  power  to  notes  redeemable  m  coin,  from  their  superior  con> 

sell  any  of  the  bonds  described  in  the  refunding  act  venience.  will  be  circulated  iustead.    After  resump- 

continues  after  as  well  as  before  resumption.  Though  tion  the  distinction  between  coin  and  United  States 

it  may  not  be  often  used,  it  is  essential  to  enable  notes  should  be,  as  far  as  practicable,  abandoned  in 

this  department  to  meet  emergencies.    By  its  exer-  the  current  affairs  of  the  Government;  and  therefore 

cise  it  18  aQtici|>ated  that  the  Treasury  at  any  time  no  coin  oertifloates  should  be  issued  except  where 

can  readily  obtain  coin  'to  reSnforce  the  reserve  al-  expressly  required  by  the  provisions  of  law,  as  in  the 

ready  accumulated.    United  States  notes  must,  how-  case  of  silver  certificates.   The  gold  certificates  hith- 

ever,  be  the  chief  means  under  existing  law  with  erto  issued,  by  virtue  of  the  discretion  conferred 

which  the  Department  must  restore  coin  and  bullion  upon  the  Secretary,  will  not  be  issued  after  the  Ibt 

when  withdrawn  in  process  of  redemption.     The  of  January  next, 
notes,  when  redeemea.  must  necessarily  accumulate 

in  the  Treasury  until  their  superior  use  and  oonveni-  The  conference  of  European  powers  invited 

tnoo  for  circulation  enable  the  Department  to  ex-  by  the  Federal  Government,  for  the  purpose  of 

change  them  at  par  for  com  or  bullion.    The  act  of  nti^^  ««  iT^*^w^^*i^^^\  .^firT^v^  ,^\a  ^^a  ^w^^^. 

May  81, 1878,  already  referred  to,  provides  that  when  ^^K  ^  mteraationid  ratio  of  gold  and  silver 

United  SUtes  notes  are  redeemed  or  received  in  the  c<^^^  ^^  *  failure,    lliifl  has  lelt  eaen  country 
Treasurv  under  any 
and  shall  belong  to  tl 

be  retired,  canceled  or  aescroyea,  dui  snaii  oe  re-  j^  qj^j  remains  to  equalize 

issued  and  paid  outagam  and  kept  in  circulation.  ^^+„ii      -d"  xl^  ^A  ^m  r»/>w»«^..a«  ^#    At^«'1  o 

The  power  to  reissueCJnitod  States  notes  was  con-  "Ll^r^V   ^^  ^^^  ^i  of  Congress  of  Aprd  2, 

ferred  by  section  8579,  Revised  Statutes,  and  was  ^792,  the  ratio  was  fixed  at  1  of  gold  to  15  of 

not  limited  by  the  resumption  act.    As  this,  how-  silver.    By  the  act  of  June  28,  1834,  the  ratio 

ever,  was  queHtioned,  Congress  wisely  removed  the  yfsa  changed  to  1  of  gold  to  16  of  silver.    For 

doubt.  ^  Notes  redeemed  are  like  other  notes  re-  m^^^e  than  a  century  the  market  value  of  the 

ceived  into  the  Treasury.    Payments  of  them  can  ~*^  *'"**7  "  ^^^w"'/  •"'?"*<» -"^v**"**^  vi  «*« 

be  made  only  in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  *^o  metals  had  varied  between  these  two  ra- 

by  law,  or  for  the  purchase  of  bullion,  or  for  the  re-  tios,  mainly  resting  at  that  fixed  by  the  Latin 

funding  of  the  public  debt.  nations,  of  1  to  15^.    But  within  a  few  years 

^  The  current  receipts  from  the  revenue  are  suffi-  a  great  change  has  occurred  in  the  relative  value 

2SX"S?:.SitrnTo'^JSfi;rbr'i:tlX'i^  ofthetwomeUls     ItwonldeeemtolH,  «?*. 

conferred  by  the  refunding  act  to  redeem  6  per  cent.  ^^^^  ^  recognize  this  controllmg  fact — one  that 

bonds  as  thev  become  redeemable,  by  the  proceeds  no  nation  alone  can  change^-by  a  careful  read- 

of  the  sale  of  bonds  bearing  a  lower  rate  of  interest,  justment  of  the  legal  ratio  for  coinage  of  1  to 

The  United  States  notes  redeemed  under  the  re-  16,  so  as  to  conform  to  the  relative  market  val- 

'^T^SfS^tU^^^Z':^^^  nes  of  the  two  metals     The  ratios  heretofon, 

which  to  maintain  resumption,  but  should  only  be  "^ced  were  always  made  With  that  view,  and, 

paid  out  when  they  can  be  used  to  replace  an  equal  when  made,  did  conform  as  near  as  might  be. 

amount  of  coin  withdrawn  from  the  resumption  Now  that  the  production  and  use  of  the  two 

fund.    They  may,  it  ia  true,  be  used  for  current  metals  have  greatiy  changed  in  relative  valne, 

purposes  like  other  money,  but  when  so  used  their  .*"''**"'  ii«to  ^iw»vi/  v.i€»**g«*x  ****«*«« t^  .  ~i^ 

place  is  fiUed  by  money  received  from  taxes  or  other  *  corresponding  change  must  be  made  m  the 

sources  of  revenue.  In  daily  business,  no  distinction  coinage  ratio.    There  is  no  peculiar  force  or 

need  be  made  between  moneys  from  whatever  source  sanction  in  the  present  ratio  that  should  cauflO 

received,  but  thev  may  properly  be  applied  to  any  of  a  hesitation  to  adopt  another,  when,  in  the  mar- 

l^i,?S;?'.^:j'±[dt^^:in4t.VtLT^^^^^^  ket«  of  the  world,  it  U  proved,  that  jmch  raUo 

debt,  will  be  ordinarily  paid  and  willingly  received  *»  ^^^  ^^^  ^'^^  *ru®  0°®-     ^*^®  addition  of  one 

in  United  Stotea  notes,  but,  when  demanded,  such  tenth  or  one  eighth  to  the  thickness  of  the  silver 

payments  will  be  made  in  coin :  and  United  States  dollar  would  scarcely  be  perceived  as  an  incon- 

Untf '  Tll^'^'^t  J!l!!J  ?^  ""^f  ^  !?  ^l!®  ^""a^V''!,  ^^  n°l'  venience  by  the  holder,  but  would  inspire  con- 

orTdo^ndrrCaAunT'^^  fidence  and^dd  greatly  to  its  circuUtlon.    As 

being  perfected  to  purchase  bullion  in  this  way  in  all  pnces  are  now  based  on  United  States  notes  at 

the  mining  regions  of  the  United  States.  par  with  gold,  no  disturbance  of  values  would 

Bv  the  act  approved  June  8,  1878,  the  Secretary  result  from  the  change.    The  Secretary  recora- 

^l^}'^/l^^''^^^'^^''^^''>^^^^  mends  tiiat  a  limit  be  fixed  to  the  aggregate 

intendent  of  a  mint  or  assayor  of  any  assay  office  an  ^'""*'  »^*»''  "",,**'  "^  "fj    ,  "^  •'"''  «fe6*^6« 

Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  to  receive  ^^^^ ^^  ^^^^^  dollars,  and  that  when  the  amount 
gold  coin  or  bullion  on  deposit.    By  the  legislative  outstanding  shall  exceed  $50,000,000  the  coin- 
appropriation  bill,  approved  Jul^  19, 1878,  the  Sec-  age  be  discontinued, 
retary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to  issue  coin  The  monetary  transactions  of  the  Govem- 

1^Tt!:t'r:x''\^Z'":^r^Ji;'ZZ?,^\ifv:^te'l  -enthayebeenconduoled.ithontlc«thro«gh 

States.    These  provisions,  intended  to  secure  to  the  *^"®  othces  of  the  Treasurer,  10  Assistant  Irea- 

producers  of  bullion  more  speedy  payment,  will  Burers,  1  depository,  and  119  national-bank  de- 

necessarily  bring  into  the  mints  and  Treasury  the  positories,  exclusive  of  those  designated  to  re- 

£jRf^t«'!^.«$'inf7''''i°''*  T^^^^              intheUni-  ceive  only  loan  subscriptions.    Of  the  entire 

ted  states  and  will  tend  greatly  to  the  easy  and  steady  ,^«^;^*„  jV  i.v,^  r'r.^^^^f^^^*  ;i«^»»  ♦!,«  ^^«.. 

supply  of  bullion  for  coTnajre:    United  States  notes,  receipts  of  the  Government  during  the  year, 

when  at  par  with  coin,  will  be  readily  received  for  there  was  deposited  in  national-bank  deposito- 

bullion  instead  of  coin  certificates,  and  with  great  ries  the  amount  of  $99,781,053.48.     Deposits 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  327 

receired  by  the  bank  depositories  are  seonred  In  addition  to  the  ooinage,  fine  and  nnparted 

bj  a  pledge  of  United  States  bonds  held  by  the  bars  were  prepared  for  depositors  in  the  amount 

Treasurer,  and  are  paid  out  from  time  to  time,  of  $12,601,926.23  in  gold,  and  $11,864,885.87 

as  the  oonvenience  of  the  public  service  may  in  silver. 

reqau^  or  transferred  by  the  bank,  without  The  present  production  of  bullion  from  the 

expezue  to  the  Government,  to  an  independent  mines  of  the  United  Sitates  appears  to  approzi- 

Treaanry  office.    By  an  act  approved  March  8,  mate  $100,000,000  in  value.    All  the  gold  bul- 

1857,  public  disbursing  officers  were  required  lion  produced  in  the  country  contains  more  or 

to  place  all  public  funds  intrusted  to  them  for  less  silver,  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  silver 

disbanement  on  deposit  with  a  public  depos*  bullion  from  the  mines  contains  a  percentage 

itary,  and  to  draw  for  the  same  only  in  favor  of  gold,  making  it  difficult  to  determine  with 

of  the  persons  to  whom  payment  was  to  be  accuracy  the  proportion  of  each.    It  is  safe, 

made,  excepting  that  they  might  check  in  their  however,  to  state  that  the  production  of  the 

ovn  names  when  the  payments  did  not  exceed  two  metals,  calculated  at  their  coining  rates, 

$20.   The  enforcement  of  this  provision  ao-  is  nearly  equal.    The  amount  of  gold  coin  and 

cordini;  to  its  letter  was  found  impracticable,  bullion  in  the  country  September  80th  is  esti- 

and  the  attention  of  Oongress  was  called  to  it  mated  by  the  Director  at  $269,868,890,  and  of 

in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Secretary  for  1867  silver  coin  and  bullion  at  $99,090,667,  a  total 

and  1858,  with  a  recommendation  for  its  modi-  of  $858,448,947. 

ficatioD.    No  action  in  the  matter  appears  to  The  gold  values  of  the  exports  of  merchan- 

have  been  taken  by  Congress  until  &e  act  of  dise  from  the  United  States,  and  imports  of 

Jane  14,  1866,  reproduced  as  section  8620,  merchandise  into  the  United  States,  during  the 

Revised  Statutes,  was  passed.    This  appeared  last  fiscal  year,  as  appears  from  returns  made 

to  supersede  the  act  of  1857,  in  removing  the  to  and  compiled  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics, 

restrictions  as  to  the  method  in  which  the  are  as  follows : 

money  was  to  be  drawn;  but  by  an  act  ap-    Exports  of  dom^tio  merehandtae |680.70»,««8 

proved  February  27,  1877,  section  8620  has    Exports  of  foreign  merduuidiM 1446«,4M 

been  amended  by  requiring  the  checks  to  be  Tot.1  .xport.  of  merch«dtoe l^iji^ 

drawn  only  in  favor  of  the  personsto  whom    imports  of  nMrchAadise 4BT,o61,589 

payments  are  to  be  made.                                 •  _         ,     ^         .      -^  *       v   ;•.      mi,K^tr,Ai^M 

The  nmnber  of  national  banks  in  existence  E«^  of  export,  oyer  imports  of  mer«h«idia«.  |i67,sii^ 

on  October  Ist  was  2,068.    The  amount  of  Compared  with  the  previous  year,  the  im- 

their  circulating  notes  outstanding,  including  portations  are  less  by  $1^,271,694,  and  the  ex- 

those  in  liquidation,  was  $828,147,710;  the  portations  greater  by  $92,890,646.    The  annual 

capital  invested  was  $466,147,486 ;  the  surplus  average  of  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports 

food  and  profits  were  $167,888,998 ;  the  loans  of  merchandise  for  the  ten  years  ended  June 

and  discounts  were  $880,621,642.    The  Secre-  80,  1878,  was  $104,706,922,  but  during  the  last 

tarj  regards  this  system  as  the  most  important  three  years  there  has  been  an  excess  of  exports 

basiness  agency  in  the  country.    Its  advantages  over  imports  as  follows :  In  1876,  $79,648,481 ; 

over  any  other  system  heretofore  existing,  he  in  1877,  $161,162,094;  and  in  1878,  $267,814,- 

presents  fully.    He  alludes  to  the  question  of  284.    The  total  amount  of  exports  and  imports 

tbeir  permanency,  now  somewhat  discussed,  of  specie  and  bullion  during  the  last  fiscal  year 

and  suggests  that  as  each  is  organized  under  has  been  as  follows : 

the  law  for  twenty  years,  and  none  of  them    Bxport.  of  specie  «»d  bniHon $«8,T«,i« 

eipire  until  June,  1888,  it  is  good  policy  to    imports  of  specie  sod  boUion S0,88i^i4 

continue  the  experiment  until  that  date.    The  „         >.     __       .     __^                  ^«  ^^«  «>«^ 

amount  of  taxes  paid  by  the  banks  is :  United  ^"^  of  exports  over  imporu $8.»i8.8ii 

States,  $6,902,673 ;  State,  $8,829,804 ;  total.  The  importation  of  specie  and  bullion  was 

$15  J31,877.  less  than  for  the  preceding  year  by  $10,968,100, 

The  annual  report  of  the  Director  of  the  and  the  exportation  less  by  $22,422,112.    The 

Mint  exhibits  in  detail  the  operations  of  the  excess  of  such  exports  over  imports  has  de- 

iivtrH  mints  and  assay  offices,  and  also  pre-  creased  from  $71,281,426  in  1876  to  $8,918,811 

^Qta  interesting  information  relative  to  the  in  1878,  as  above  stated, 

production  of  gold  and  sdlver  in  the  United  The  excess  of  exports  over  imports  of  mer- 

^tat«8,  the  estimated  amount  of  gold  and  silver  ohandise  during  the  first  four  months  of  the 

coin  and  bullion  in  the  country,  tlie  deprecia-  current   fisc^  year   ending   June  80,   1879, 

tion  of  silver,  the  position  of  the  American  amounted  to  $81,416,477,  and  during  the  cor- 

trade  dollar  in  the  Oriental  trade,  and  other  respondinsr  months  of  the  last  fiscal  year  to 

s:ibject9  connected  directly  or  indirectly  with  only  $84,296,076.    During  the  first  four  months 

the  coinage :  of  the  last  fiscal  year  there  was  an  excess  of  ex- 

T!tt  TihM  of  tbe  gold  ooiiisge  exeented  daring  po^ts  over  imports  of  coin  and  bullion  amount- 

th»  htt  flae^  yesr  wss ♦68,798,980  00  {ng  to  $8,480,787,  whereas,  during  the  first  four 

w2idiS3ri5;;-d;ito:::;:;;::::::;;:^       "'KS!  months  of  the  current  fiscal  year  ending  as 

orfrwtsoDairftrereoin. 8^9,81  A  60  above,  there  has  been  an  excess  of  imports 

Aad  of  minor  eoin BO,e»i  00  ^y^  exports  of  coin  and  bullion  amounting  to 

A  totel  eoiBsce  of |di,i30,499  60  $8,866,882,  making  a  change  in  this  respect  of 


328 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


$6,786,669.  The  total  gold  value  of  exports 
of  domestic  merchandise  from  the  UDited  States 
has  increased  from  $269,889,900  in  1868  to 
$680,709,268  in  1878— an  increase  of  153  per 
cent. 

With  one  or  two  unimportant  exceptions, 
the  United  States  stands  alone  among  the  com- 
mercial nations  of  the  globe  with  reroect  to 
th0  excess  of  exports  over  imports.  The  in- 
crease in  the  exports  consisted  mainly  of  bread- 
stafis,  provisions,  agricnltnral  implements,  iron 
and  manufactures  of  iron,  copper  and  manu- 
factures of  copper,  manufactures  of  cotton, 
leather  and  manufactures  of  leather,  and  pe- 
troleum. The  exportation  of  the  manufactured 
articles  referred  to  increased  from  $14,287,486 
in  1868  to  $87,250,882  in  1878.  (See  Com- 
MBBOB.)  Many  highly  wrought  products  of 
American  manufacture  previously  exported  in 
very  small  quantities,  or  not  at  all,  now  find 
profitable  markets  in  foreign  countries;  and 
certain  of  these  commodities  are  now  being 
exported  to  countries  from  which  a  few  years 
ago  they  were  largely  imported  into  the  United 
States.  Many  branches  of  industry  are  now 
feeling  the  quickening  influences  of  a  foreign 
demand,  and  the  possibility  of  successfully  com- 
peting in  the  markets  of  the  world  with  some 
of  the  older  commercial  and  manufacturing 
rivals  is  a  source  of  the  highest  encouragement 
and  of  confidence  in  the  future.  Of  the  exports 
of  domestic  merchandise  during  the  year,  the 


products  of  agriculture  comprised  77  per  cent, 
and  exceeded  the  entire  value  of  the  imports 
of  all  classes  of  merchandise  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  exports  of  these  products  have  risen 
from  $868,852,972  in  1872  to  $586,039,951  in 
1878,  and  the  capacity  for  their  further  increase 
would  seem  to  be  limited  only  by  the  demand 
therefor. 

In  connection  with  the  increase  of  the  ex- 
ports is  the  decrease  of  imports  of  merchan- 
dise from  $642,186,210  for  1878,  when  they 
reached  their  maximum,  to  $487,051,582  for 
1878— a  decrease  of  $205,084,678.  This  de- 
crease of  imports  consisted  chiefiy  of  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  flax,  and  silk,  of  wool  and 
manufactures  of  wool,  and  of  iron  and  steel 
and  manufactures  thereof.  Of  the  latter,  the 
importation  of  railroad  bars  of  iron  and  steel 
decreased  from  595,321  tons  in  1872  to  12  tons 
in  1878 ;  but  their  product  in  the  United  States 
increased  from  2,958,141  tons  during  the  fire 
years  from  1867  to  1871  to  4,056,840  tons  du- 
ring the  five  years  from  1878  to  1877;  and 
from  this  product  has  been  supplied  the  demand 
for  such  bars  necessary  for  the  ext^ision  and 
renewal  of  railroads,  of  which  there  are  in 
operation  79,000  miles.    (See  Commxbcb.) 

The  receipts  from  the  several  sources  of  tax- 
ation under  the  internal  revenue  laws  for  the 
fiscal  years  ended,  respectively,  June  80, 1877, 
and  June  80,  1878,  are  shown  in  the  following 
tabular  statement : 


SOURCESw 


Bplrlto. 

Tolwooo 

Fermanted  liqp<n« 

Banks  aod  t>anken 

PenaltiM,  etc 

Adhesiye  stamps 

Back  taxes  under  repealed  laws. 


Total. 


isrr. 


|57,4«9,429  72 

41,106,546  92 

9,480.789  IT 

8,829,729  88 

419,999  41 

fi,4fi0,429  15 

288,260  56 


|n8,99^184  25 


1878. 


$50,420,816  80 

40,091,754  67 

9,987,051  78 

8,482,081  85 

846,007  56 

8,880,405  18 

429,658  71 


$111,097,725  49 


$7,048,618  91 

1,014,792  25 

4d«,262  61* 

887,687  48 

78.991  66 

70,024  05 

191,888  16* 


$8,546,119  58 


The  number  of  collectors  is  128.  tons  from  that  of  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 

The  total  tonnage  of  vessels  of  the  United    80,  1877.    The  following  table  exhibits  tie 
States  is  4,212,764  tons,  a  decrease  of  29,886    tonnage  for  the  last  two  years : 


CLASSESL 

187f. 

18T8. 

VmmU. 

ToBi.          1       VmmIi. 

Twi. 

Beelstered,  ensaired  in  fi>rel£rn  trade 

2,983 
22,898 

1,611,198 
8,681,407 

8,087 
22,227 

1,629,047 

Enrolled  and  licensed,  engaged  in  domestic  coouneroe 

2,58^,717 

Total 

2^886 

4,242,600      1       25.264 

4.212.764 

The  decrease  in  the  total  tonnage  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table : 


INCREASE. 


Veseelsbnilt 

Wrecked  aod  rebuilt 

Balance  (absolute  decrease) 


Total. 


Na 

ToiA 

1,258 
122 

285,504 

185 

29,886 

1,881 

266,525 

DECREASE. 


Bold  to  lb(reignera 

Lost  at  sea 

Abandoned 

Loss  by  readmeasorement  and  Teasels  not  dooomented 

Total 


Tma, 


48.607 

165,517 

56,195 

176 

265,»5 


The  tonnage  of  vessels  built  is  about  83  per  the  excess  of  the  losses  of  tonnage  by  wrecks, 
cent,  in  excess  of  that  of  last  year.  By  refer-  sales  to  foreigners,  and  other  causes,  over  the 
ence  to  the  foregoing  table,  it  will  be  seen  that 


•  Total  increase,  $647,660.77. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


329 


gains  by  building,  amonnts  to  29,886  tons.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  inorease  of  tonnage  in  Te»- 
eels  built  is  about  30  per  cent,  over  that  of  last 
Tear.  But  the  number  of  vessels  built  includes 
on]?  such  as  have  been  documented,  and  does 
not  embrace  vessels  built  and  sold  to  foreigners 
without  registration.  The  vessels  built  during 
the  year  ending  June  80,  1878,  are: 


CLAS6IS. 


SiilTeiMli. , 

>tcam?eM«ls 

EnroUed  «ual  bosts 
Barj{«8 


iee,oe6-6i 

61,6Ci000 
1,908'AO 


The  total  number  of  entries  of  vessels  at 
ports  of  the  United  States  from  foreign  coun- 
tries during  the  year  ending  June  80, 1878,  was 
80,796,  of  which  10,694  were  of  American  ves- 
sels ;  the  total  number  of  clearances  ^foreign) 
during  the  same  time,  81,864,  of  whicn  10,872 
were  of  American  vessels.  Of  the  total  ton- 
nage thus  entered,  about  26  per  cent,  was 
American  and  75  per  cent,  foreign ;  of  the  to- 
tal number  of  clearances  (foreign),  about  26  per 
cent,  was  American  and  74  per  cent,  foreign. 

The  comparative  prices  of  a  series  of  articles 
in  New  York,  on  January  1st,  for  eleven  years 
were  as  follows : 


ARTICLES. 


WbMt  fkMir,  Bute,  per  bbl. 


18SS. 


$9 


Vheet  door.  Western,  per  tM...  9 
Vbeet  No.  1  Bprinic  per  bOBh...  8 
Qm,  Weiteni  mixed,  per  buh. .    1 

Con.  Soothem,  per  bneb 1 

Cotton,  middling  aplinda,  per  lb. 
C^icttie.  middling  Orieens,  per  lb. 

IraiL,  Seotdi  pig,  per  ton 

Iron.  Americea  pig;  per  ton. ,S8 

Petroleam,  emde.  per  gal. .... 

Petrofeam,  reflned,  per  gaL 

Fork,  meea,  per  bbl 

Pork,  prime,  per  bbl , 

B«ef,  prime  meee,  per  te. 

Ufd.  Wcetfni,perlb 

Battar.  nrioM  Stete.  per  lb. . . . , 

^n^sr,  Cabe,  rmw,  per  lb. 

9«2v,  reltoed,  bards,  per  lb. . 
Woo],  Ohio  fleeoe,  per  U) 


M 


91 
18 
8S 


96 

46 
41 
40 
16 

00 
00 

M 
00 
00 
00 

IH 

•  «  • 

48 


18S9. 

isro. 

$6  80 

$6  86 

660 

486 

1  70 

1  80 

1  10 

1  10 

106 

1  02 

26 

261 

261 

26f 

40  60 

88  00 

40  00 

86  00 

18 

15* 

811 

80* 

28  00 

29  75 

22  00 

24  60 

28  00 

27  00 

IT* 

17* 

48 

42 

11* 

\n 

67 

61 

isn. 


$0 
6 
1 


84 
81 


19 
17 

27 


26 


isrs. 


16 


26 

42 

80 

80 

IB* 

16* 

00  |84 

00  86 

18 

28* 

76 
00 
00 

12* 
40 

11* 
14* 
48 


14 
12 
21 


40 

40 

60 

78 

77 

20 

20* 

00 

00 

18* 

24 

60 

26 

00 

2* 
82 
11 
12* 
70 


1878. 


$6  26 


6 

1 


86 
67 
60 
76 
20* 
21 
48  00 
60  00 

11* 
27* 
18  25 
11  25 
21  00 

n 

86 

1^ 
70 


1874. 


$6  00 

600 

1  16 

84 

ic* 

It* 

42  00 
86  00 

16  60 
18  00 
22  00 

4« 

66 


187a. 


$4  60 


4 
1 


50 
26 
97 
90 
14* 
14* 
88  00 
24  00 

12 

20  60 
19  00 

21  00 
18* 
86 

8 

lOf 
66 


1878. 


I4  86 


4 
1 


86 
80 
71 
68 
18* 

18A 
82  00 

28  00 

7* 

18 
20  76 
19  60 
28  00 

12* 

81 
8 

10* 

49 


1877. 


$6  60 

660 

1  47 
69 
60 
12* 

12H 
27  60 

20  60 

15 

88 
17  60 
16  60 
20  00 

11* 
80 

H 

111 

48 


1878.:  gi,t. 


$6 
6 
1 


26 

18 


12 
11 
21 


25 

86 

89 

6S 

60 

11* 

11* 
00 

60 

7| 

18 
62* 
00 
00 

S* 
28 

H 

45 


$8  60 

8  60 

1  09* 

46 

47 

H 
22  00 

17  00 


7  06 

10  00 

19  60 

5* 

28 

H 
7* 

86 


As  is  invariably  the  fact  in  periods  of  oom- 
mercial  depression  and  mistmst,  all  first-class 
mTes^tmeiit  secnrities  have  been  in  onnsaal  de- 
uand.  Hence  the  success  which  attended  the 
coaTenion  of  the  bonds  of  the  United  States 
Goremment  into  4^  and  4  per  cents.  The  ex- 
citement over  the  paper-cnrrency  and  silver 
questions  had  little  effect  to  weaken  the  credit 
of  the  American  Government  in  Europe ;  the 
return  of  Government  sectirities  from  Europe, 
which  came  back  to  the  amount  of  over  (100,- 
000,000  in  1876,  did  not  exceed  $70,000,000 
in  1877;  and  before  the  middle  of  1878  the 
movement  bad  almost  ceased.  The  New  York 
money  market  in  1877,  after  the  stringency 
which  commonly  occurs  in  the  first  days  of  a 
new  year,  relaxed  immediately  and  remained 
tasy  until  Angust  Loans  on  call  were  made 
bv  the  beginning  of  February  at  8  to  4  per  cent., 
ukI  commercial  paper  sold  at  4^  to  6^  per  cent. 
The  rates  went  down  gradually  untU  in  June 
and  July  they  touched  the  minimum  of  1  per 
cent  for  call  loans  and  8^  per  cent,  for  first- 
cUas  paper.  The  movement  of  the  large  grain 
crop  caused  prices  to  harden  in  the  latter  part 
of  sommer,  without  any  great  tension  until  the 
nnal  ehangea  in  loans  in  the  second  half  of 
I)«cember  made  the  market  quite  tight,  when 
J  per  cent  and  ^  per  day  was  exacted.  As 
in  the  couple  of  years  preceding,  there  was  lit- 
tle inclination  to  invest  in  manufacturing,  or 
railroad  enterprises.  The  handling  of  the  larse 
nT)f>9  in  August  and  September  caused  the  omy 
mnisQal  demand  for  money. 


There  was  a  tendency  to  low  prices  in  the 
stock  market  in  the  spring  of  1877,  which  was 
magnified  by  the  manipulations  of  a  powerful 
bear  combination.  But  the  news  of  the  out- 
break of  the  war  in  Europe  which  came  in 
April  occasioned  a  sharp  rebound  in  railroad 
and  other  speculative  stocks,  except  those  of 
the  coal  roads.  The  attitude  of  expectancy 
was  preserved  in  money  centers  until  the  set- 
tlement of  the  Presidential  question  in  March, 
1877.  The  European  war  and  the  abundant 
crops  had  an  invigorating  effect;  while  the 
railroad  strikes  worked  depressingly  as  long  as 
they  lasted.  The  agitation  of  the  silver  ques- 
tion in  Congress  in  October  caused  much  ap- 
prehension toward  the  end  of  the  year. 

In  1878  the  money  market  was  expected  for 
various  reasons  to  prove  unusually  sensitive. 
The  year  passed  without  revealing  a  critical 
situation.  The  money  market  relaxed  in  the 
second  week  of  January,  and  the  bank  reserves 
increased.  Subsequently  there  were  signs  of  a 
monetary  stringency,  and  the  rates  kept  up  to  4 
to  6  per  cent,  on  call  loans  and  6  or  6  per  cent, 
on  business  paper  until  May.  In'  the  summer 
they  went  down  to  1  to  2^  per  cent,  on  call 
loans,  and  prime  commercial  paper  was  dis- 
counted at  8  per  cent,  and  even  less,  and  re- 
mained exceptionally  low  through  the  autumn, 
except  when  forced  up  in  October  by  stock 
operators.  The  market  was  exceedingly  easy 
in  November  at  2  to  2^  per  cent,  on  Govern- 
ment collaterals  and  8^  to  4  per  cent  for  com- 
mercial notes.    The  investment  market  was 


330  FLORIDA. 

exceedingly  languid  thronghoat  the  year,  ex-  assessment,  a  great  deal  of  property  is  assMsed 

cept  in   Government  secarities.    (See   Com-  at  a  greatly  less  valaation  than  the  **  nsaal  sell- 

MBBOB.)  ing  price "  the  annaal  crop  would  sell  for  io 

FLORIDA.    In  this  State,  daring  the  year,  the  market,  and  in  some  instances  at  less  than 

the  harvests  were  ahundant,  the  taxation  was  half  the  value  of  the  crop,  and  scarcely  one 

decreased,   educational  advantages  were  im-  tenth  of  what  the  owner  would  demand  for  the 

proved,   and  peace  prevailed.      The  floating  property  were  he  to  offer  it  for  sale.    Different 

indebtedness  of  the  State  on  January  1,  1877,  States  have  adopted  diflferent  methods  to  rem- 

was   $249,788.41,   of  which  $184,215.60  has  edy  the  evil.    Some  have  adopted  the  plan  of 

been  paid,  leaving  the  balance  of  that  indebt-  having  appraisers  accompany  the  assessors,  and 

edness  $65,572.81.    The  current  expenses  of  require  them  to  visit  and  examine  in  person 

the  State  for  1877  were  $212,580.81,  and  for  every  piece  of  real  estate,  make  diligent  in- 

1878,  $188,970.86.     The  bonded  debt  of  the  quiries  about  all  personal  property,  and  to 

State  is  $1,284,700,  of  which  there  is  in  the  make  an  appraisement  of  all  such  real  and  per- 

hands  of  private  parties  $716,100.    This  debt  sonal  property  to  the  best  of  their  judgment, 

has  been  decreased  $21,000  within  the  past  Other  States  have  adopted  otber  measures,  bnt 

two  years.    The  details  of  the  debt  are  as  fol-  all  tending  to  the  same  end,  namely,  to  ascer- 

lows :  tain  the  true  value  of  all  property.    The  State 

7  per  cent,  bonda  of  1871 1^60,000  ^^  Kentucky  has  adopted  the  plan  of  providing 

6  per  cent,  bonds  of  1S78 925,000  the  tax  assessors  with  suitable  blanks,  under 

l?l?«Sta",M8«.''!!:::::M;d.Hi        '^  pop*"  headings,  who  famish  one  of  these 

Interest  to  January  1,  IS79 4,200       8,200  blanks  to  each  tax-payer,  requiring  him  to 

^^^j                                      gi2SA7oo  make  out  a  complete  schedule  of  all  his  prop- 
Deduct  bond*  in' sinking'fiindi. '.*.'.".'.*. '.".'.      148,900  «rty,  real,  personal,  and  mixed.    Upon  tliese 

blanks  are  printed  certain  questions  to  be  asked 

$1,140,800  |jy  ^jjg  assessor  and  answered  by  the  tax-payer. 

The  Governor  states  that,  finding  a  reduc-  An  oath  is  appended  to  this  blank,  and,  when 

tion  of  taxes  could  be  made  in  1877,  and  there  the  proper  answers  to  the  questions  have  been 

still  be  sufficient  funds  in  the  Treasury  to  meet  given  and  entered  upon  these  blanks  in  their 

aU  expenditures  without  injury  or  detriment,  proper  columns,  the  tax-payer  is  required  to 

he  directed  the  Comptroller  to  order  the  col-  subscribe  thereto,  after  having  it  read  to  bim 

lectors  of  revenue  of  the  different  counties  by  the  assessor.    These  lists  are  then  filed  with 

throughout  tbe  State  to  suspend  the  collection  certain  county  officers,  subject  to  examination 

of  a  portion  of  the  taxes  for  that  year,  to  wit :  and  inspection  bv  the  grand  juries,  or  any  citi- 

one  mill  on  the  dollar  for  the  tax  to  pay  appro-  zen,  thus  furnishing  ready  proof  if  any  taz- 

priations  for  1877,  generally  known  as  the  payer  should   perjure  himself.      From  these 

State  tax  proper;  one  mill  on  the  dollar  of  the  lists  the  assessor  makes  up  his  tax-books.  This 

tax  levied  to  pay  the  interest  on  and  for  the  mode  of  assessment  increased  the  assessed  value 

ultimate  redemption  of  the  State  bonds  of  1878,  of  the  taxable  property  of  Kentucky  more  than 

called  the  general  sinking  fund  tax ;  and  the  20  per  cent,  the  first  year  after  its  adoption. 

tax  to  pay  the  interest  upon  and  form  a  sinking  The  value  of  taxable  property  in  Florida,  as 

fund,  for  the  redemption  of  the  bonds  of  1871,  returned  by  the  assessors  for  1878,  was  about 

known  as  the  special  sinking  fund  tax,  was  $29,250,000.    This  valuation  is  the  basis  for 

made  uniform  throughout  the  State  by  being  taxation,  which  is  considered  as  far  from  the 

placed  at  one  mill  on  the  dollar,  making  a  re-  true  valuation. 

duction  of  the  State  tax  for  1877  of  about  two  The  present  condition  of  the  pnblic  schools 
and  a  half  mills  on  the  dollar.  This  resulted  is  quite  favorable,  and  much  improvement  has 
in  a  saving  to  the  people  of  $77,245.  In  the  recently  been  ms^e.  In  consideration  of  the 
year  1878,  seeing  that  another  and  further  re-  partially  developed  condition  of  the  system  in 
duction  of  the  State  taxes  could  be  made,  he  the  State,  and  that  it  appears  to  be  the  fir^t 
directed  the  Comptroller  to  order  the  collectors  duty  to  establish  and  put  in  operation  good  and 
of  revenue  to  suspend  the  collection  of  two  efficient  common  schools,  a  change  is  contem- 
mills  on  the  dollar  of  the  State  tax  proper,  and  plated  in  the  law,  to  limit  the  public-school 
one  mill  of  the  general  sinking  fund  tax ;  and  instruction  to  the  common-school  branches.  It 
the  special  sinking  fund  tax  was  again  made  is  also  expected  that  such  a  change  will  conn- 
uniform  at  the  rate  of  one  mill  on  the  dollar,  teract  the  tendency  of  the  system  to  draw  an 
making  a  reduction  of  about  three  and  a  half  undue  portion  of  the  funds  to  the  towns  and 
mills  upon  the  dollar  of  taxes  tor  1878.  This  more  densely  populated  localities,  to  the  ex- 
saved  to  the  tax-payers  the  sum  of  $108,149.  elusion  of  the  remote  and  sparsely  settled  sec- 
The  amounts  saved  to  the  people  of  the  State  tions  of  the  State.  It  seems  the  uigust  dis- 
of  Florida  by  the  suspension  of  the  above-men-  crimination  complained  of  has  been  made  br 
tioned  portions  of  the  taxes  for  1877  and  1878  the  authorities  in  order  to  foster  high  schooit^ 
aggregate  about  $180,894.  in  the  towns.     The  increase  in  the  county 

The  complaint  of  a  want  of  uniformity  in  reportsof  the  scholastic  population  of  the  State 

taxation  seems  to  prevail  in  Florida  as  well  as  during  the  last  two   years  has  been  aboat 

in  other  States.    Under  the  present  system  of  14,000.     The  receipts  of  the  State  from  the 


FLORIDA.  331 

Peabodj  fand  in  1878  were  $8,900.  As  a  verted  into  an  asylam  for  the  insane.  The  in- 
whole,  the  schools  in  Florida  have  increased  stitntion  was  made  ready  for  the  reception  of 
several  hundreds,  a  larger  numher  of  children  lunatics  ahout  April  1,  1877.  Since  that  date 
hftTe  beeo  enrolled,  a  longer  school  term  given,  the  number  received  has  steadily  increased, 
uid  better  teachers  employed  than  ever  before,  until  it  has  reached  86,  of  whom  84  are  white 
The  penitentiary  system  of  the  State  is  in  males,  24  white  females,  15  colored  males,  and 
Bome  respects  a  novel  one.  By  an  act  of  the  18  colored  females.  The  whole  number  re- 
LegiflUtare  of  March  8,  1877,  the  State  Ad-  ceived  in  1877  and  1878  was  90,  of  whom  12 
jaUkDt-General  was  authorized  to  hire  out  the  died  and  19  were  discharged,  leaving  in  the 
conricts  then  in  the  penitentiary,  and  such  asylum  66.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are 
others  as  should  be  sentenced  to  that  institu-  now  in  the  hands  of  private  parties  receiving 
tioQ  daring  the  time  the  contract  misht  be  in  support  from  the  State  49,  making  a  total  of 
force.  Agreeably  to  that  law,  he  advertised  104  of  this  unfortunate  class  depending  upon 
for  proposals  to  lease  the  convicts  for  a  term  the  State  for  support  This  shows  an  increase 
of  tvo  years.  Three  bids  were  received,  and  ^f  over  100  per  cent,  in  the  past  two  years. 
the  one  most  favorable  to  the  State  was  ac-  In  the  case  of  indigent  lunatics,  the  practice  of 
cepted.  By  the  terms  of  this  bid,  the  con-  the  State  has  been  to  pay  the  friends  $160  per 
tnctora,  after  giving  bonds  for  the  faithful  annum,  and  they  retamed  the  patient  under 
performance  of  their  contracts,  were  to  have  their  care.  But  this  has  proved  expensive,  and 
all  the  prisoners  then  in  the  State  prison,  or  unfavorable  to  the  recovery  of  the  lunatic. 
oat  at  work  nnder  contract,  and  all  others  that  The  sales  of  State  lands  have  increased  dur- 
siioold  be  sentenced  to  the  State  prison  during  ing  the  last  two  years  by  several  thousands  of 
the  term  of  their  lease,  upon  the  condition  that  dollars  over  the  two  preceding  years,  notwith- 
the  State  would  pay  to  the  contractors  $8,000  standing  the  general  depression  of  business^ 
the  first  year  and  $2,000  the  second  year,  the  thus  showing  tiuat  immigration  has  been  gradu- 
State  paying  all  expenses  of  transportation  of  ally  on  the  mcrease,  though  not  in  very  large 
prisoners  from  the  respective  jaUs  to  the  con-  numbers  at  any  one  period, 
ricts'  camp.  The  contractors  having  given  the  In  order  to  obtain  reliable  statistical  infor- 
neceaaary  bond,  the  convicts  then  in  hand  were  mation  of  the  productions  of  the  State,  blank 
tamed  over  to  them,  and  subsequently  all  con-  books  with  all  productions  arranged  under 
Ticted  in  the  Circuit  Courts  and  sentenced  to  proper  headings  have  been  sent  to  the  assessors 
the  State  prison  have  been  delivered  to  them  of  taxes  of  each  county,  with  instructions  to 
as  speedily  as  possible.  The  cost  to  the  State  collect  all  the  information  possible  and  to  re- 
of  the  convicts  for  1877  was  as  follows :  tmm  to  the  Govemor^s  office.    It  is  proposed 

fer  exMBiM  of  pctnitentiiuy  befbra  th«  oonTiets  ^^  make  these  inquiries  a  part  of  the  permanent 

vvn  jaM«d  to  oootiBctort. $1,84163  duty  of  assessors  in  future. 

AmoQBt  paid  to  oontnctor  u  per  affreement 8,000  00  a  fifofft  l^niirfl  nf  Health  ia  nrnnrMAd  aa  thA 

^3WMt  paid  for  tnnsporUtlon  aod  aborift'  feea  -^  °'*r  JJOarU  01  neaiW  IS  propOS^  as  IDC 

udfoardaL 8,169  10  means  of  preventing  the  occurreuce  of  ycUow 

Tn*^ «-♦•», lOTT                                   ^Q^^  fever  in  the  manner  in  which  Femandina  was 

Totdccrtibrisn $8,000  es  afflicted  in  1877. 

Far  the  year  1878  the  cost  of  the  State  The  attention  of  the  public  has  been  turned 

f»ri*jn  has  been  as  follows:  to  Florida  as  presenting  peculiar  attractions 

For  lacQnt  paid  oootrmetor  aa  per  af^TMinent $2,000  00  for  immigrants,  especially  dtizeus  of  Northern 

>«  tnuporutioo  of  conticta.  aherift'  fees,  ex-  States.    It  may  be  briefly  said  that  as  a  State 

P-se,  erf  punta.  and  inddentai  expenae. ■   i»i<»  it  {^  nominaUy  divided  into  West,  Middle,  East 

Total  ooatflbr  1878. $6,00108  and  South  Florida.    West  Florida  is  embraced 

At  the  expiration  of  this  contract  a  new  one  S-t^'^®??  *^®  Perdido  and  Apalachicola  Rivers. 

was  proposed.     A  bid  was  received  and  ac-  The  climate  m  summer  is  very  pleasant;  in 

ctfpt«d,  by  which  the  State  will  be  relieved  of  "^^^^^  *^f  ®  ^^^  occasional  frosts,  yet  the 

tn  future  expenses  connected  with  the  prison.  <>''«°»®  and  a  few  others  of  the  fcropioal  fruits 

Tbe  bid  was  as  foDows :  After  giving  good  and  are  fnccessf ally  raised.    There  is  but  littie  laud 

'Efficient  bond  for  the  faithful  peri^ormance  of  1°  *^®  extreme  western  counties  that  is  suited 

tw  contract,  the  contractor  to  receive  all  con-  ^^'  agriculture.     The  rest  is  covered  with  a 

virt,  now  on  hand  at  his  camp,  and  to  take  all  ««?  qi^ality  of  yel  ow  nine,  and  large  quantities 

^•tbers  that  may  be  convicted  during  the  term  «>^^'  ^%  mwiufactured  into  lumber  at  Pensa- 

"f  hU  lease  at  the  county  jails  of  the  respective  ^^}*  *°/  ^^^%  ^ointa  along  the  Gulf  coast.  Mid 

counties,  and  to  pay  all  expense  of  guards  and  f^^ed  to  aU  parts  of  the  world.    This  has 

transportation,  and  to  pay  the  Stati  $100  per  ^«^  »  source  of  large  income  to  the  State. 

"mom.    The  annual  eipense  of  these  prison-  The  coantaes  bordermg  the  Chipola  and  Apa- 

w  to  the  State  during  the  last  four  years  has  lachicola  Rivers  are  very  fertile,  and  as  pro- 

been  as  follows '  dnctive  as  any  lands  in  the  State,  and  are  higb, 

,  ,  dry,  and  healthy.    There  are  many  fine  orange- 

J-IS;;::::::::  ^S S| JSlin::::-.:::::^^ S  p<"r .r.  *«»*  *^1  «boTe-named streams,  and 

the  fruit  IS  generally  very  fine  and  large.    Mid- 

Bj  an  act  of  the  Legislature  of  1876  the  die  Florida  lies  between  the  Apalachicola  and 

ctate-pri^n  buildings  were  ordered  to  be  con-  Suwanee  Rivers.    The  climate  is  the  same  as 


in  West  Florida.    There  are  nine  oonnldea  in  ron,  and  trapes  are  raised  between  JactMs- 

Uiddle  Florida,  and  vorj  fine  farming  lands  in  rille  and  MeilonTilla.    All  along  the  Atlaotit 

every  connt?.    Tba  prodactions  of  the  Middle  ooaat,  from  6t.  Anguedne  soath  ae  far  as  b«- 

and  the  West  are  aboat  the  same,  and  oonsist  of  tied,  proves  to  be  a  fine  f  mit-grnwing  ranDlrj, 

oottun,  corn,  oats,  r7e,  wheat,  rice,  millet,  goo-  and  mach  has  been  done  to  develop  tLit  eh- 

ber,  peanuts,  chafer,  cow-peaa,  sagar-cane,  to-  tion  of  the  State.     In  Soath  Florida,  Tampi 

bacco,  potatoes,  and  casada,  all  of  which,  by  and  Uanita  are  flonrishing  little  towns,  tod 

proper  culture,  do  well.     Vegetables  of  every  there  are  many  fine  orange-groves  loMningtp 

variety  are  raised  throughout  tlie  State.    On  in  the  neighborhood  of  each.    There  are  une 

the  Oolf  coast,  from  the  Ocklockonee  River,  fine  lands  all  along  this  coast,  well  adapted 

going  weat  to  the  Perdido,  there  is  a  hl^  to  cane  and  long  ootton.     Farther  sontti  ii 

sandy  beach,  in  many  places  from  20  to  60  feet  Ibe  Oalooeahatohee  Biver,  which  empties  into 

above  the  level  of  the  Gulf,  and  at  almost  any  Oharlotte  Harbor,  and  where  frnit  can  be  grosn 

point  along  said  coast  is  to  be  found  as  pnre  with  bat  little  tronble,  though  the  country  Is 

fresh  water  as  can  be  had  in  the  mountains  low.    The  coast  all  the  way  from  Oedar  K«j) 

of  Virg^ia.     East  and  South  Florida  lie  be^  to  Charlotte  Harbor  is  very  attractive.    Tli^ 

tween  the  Snwanee  River  and  the  Atlantic  dark  foliage  of  the  mangrove  and  broad  Inf 

Many  of  the  counties  contain  large  bodies  of  of   the  sea-grape,  with  the  tall  and  graceful 

good  rich  lands  suited  for  agricoltaral  par-  oabbage-tree,  all  combine  to  present  lo  riev 

poses  as  well  as  for  fruit-growing.     Along  the  a  soene  well  worth  looking  at 
St.  John's  River  the  lands  oregenerally  poor  and         In  salubrity  of  climate  Florida  is  called  the 

require  fertilizing.    On  Lake  Horns,  Lake  Jes-  "Italy  of  America."    This  is  owing  chiefly  1u 

up,  Lake  Eoatioe,  and  Lake  (iriifin,  are  lands  i\a  peninsular  position ;  for,  with  the  Atlulic 

that  will  produce  fi'om  20  to  80  bushels  of  com  on  the  one  side  and  the  Gulf  on  the  other, 

per  acre,  and  where  most  of  the  tropical  fmits  there  is  no  spot  within  the  entire  boundsriM 

can  be  grown.     The  above-named  lakes  are  but  what  is  fanned  by  the  Golf  or  sea  breeiM. 

tributaries  of  the  Ocklawaha  River,   which  In  Middle  Florida  they  come  from  the  south; 

flows  into  the  St.  John's,  and  navigable  for  at  St.  Augustine,  and  all  along  that  seetiqu  of 

small  steamers.    Frost  is  seldom  seen  at  Mel-  the  State,  they  come  from  the  east;  wbil« 

lonville,  and  qnantitie*  ot  oranges,  lemon,  cit-  along  the  Gulf  coast  they  oome  from  the  weet, 


penetrating  thirty  and  forty  miles,  and  even  higher  thon  90°  in  Florida.     At  Pnnta  Rasu. 

tiirther,  into  the  interior.    Coming  as  these  which  is  in  261°  north  latitnde,  the  highest 

breezes  do  from  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gnlf  re-  point  of  the  thermometer  for  twelve  months 

spectively,  and  laden  as  they  mnst  be  with  ending  June  80,  1877,  was  Bl-fl°.    During  th« 

moistare,  the  entire  temperature  of  the  State  months   of  June,   July,  and  August   of  thit 

is  neceasorily  affected.    Accordingly,   during  year  it  reached  90°  but  sii  times.    The  monthly 

the  summer  months,  while  the  temperature  at  mean  for  July  was  80-6°,  for  August  61'6°,  for 

St.  Louis.  Philadelphia,  and  other  large  cities  September  611°.  Therangefor  July  was  24'S°, 

roaches  to  100°  and  102°,  it  is  very  seldom  showing  an  approach  to  an  equable  tempers- 


FLORIDA.  333 

tare.  Daring  the  same  month  at  Portland,  the  determination  of  thULegislatare  that  it  is  nece»- 
^aine,  the  range  was  46°,  and  the  maximum  "'^  ^^  ®»^®  •  revision  of  the  entire  Constitution 
temperatare  was  97^  Other  points  in  this  <>f  the  State  of  Florida ;  that  this  determination  be 
wuipc,iavutv  *.fw  «7i  .  Y^"^*  f"  .  *".  "r""  entered  upon  the  respective  journals  of  the  two 
State,  when  oomparea  with  localities  m  higher  Houses  of  this  Legislature,  with  the  yeas  and  nays, 
latitadea,  would  exhibit  a  like  result.  It  is  and  that  the  same  is  referred  to  the  Legislature  next 
asserted  that  in  Florida  there  has  never  been  a  hereafter  to  be  chosen,  and  shall  be  puolished  in  at 
ease  of  sunstroke,  or  of  that  terrible  malady,  }f  »?*  ^"«  newsnapers  of  this  State  for  three  months 
90  pecQliar  to  the  hot  months,  hydrophobia!  ^*^^"  *^^  ^^"^  ^^'  ^^*^°*"«  *^*^  ^^**  Legiskture. 
The  same  cause  that  operates  to  mitigate  the  Some  diversity  of  opinion  prevailed  on  the 
heat  of  the  summer  also  contributes  to  lessen  subject  of  calling  a  State  Constitutional  Con- 
the  severity  of  the  cold  in  winter,  and  prevents  vention.  Some  of  the  objects  desired  were  to 
freqaent  and  sadden  changes  of  temperature,  simplify  the  government  by  making  it  less  nn- 
Panta  Bassa,  though  sitna^  but  a  few  miles  wieldy  and  less  expensive ;  the  abolition  of 
farther  south  than  Indianola,  Texas,  has  a  much  some  of  the  Cabinet  offices,  and  the  assignment 
milder  climate  than  the  latter.  At  the  former,  of  their  duties  to  others ;  the  reduction  of  sal- 
daring  the  month  of  December,  1876,  the  range  aries  of  State  officials  and  judges  to  an  equal- 
of  the  thermometer  was  42^,  mean  temperature  itj;  to  limit  the  tenure  of  office;  and  the 
dO"* ;  while  at  the  latter  the  range  was  62°.  election  of  State  officers  by  the  people.  Many 
mean  temperature  49*7**.  At  Jacksonville,  still  who  opposed  the  Convention  were  m  favor  of 
fkrther  north  than  Indianola,  the  range  was  amendments  by  the  Legislature  to  the  existing 
47^,  mean  temperature  49*^,  daring  the  same  Constitution,  under  the  apprehension  that  a 
time.  It  wUl  thus  be  seen  that  the  tempera*  new  Constitution  might  be  more  radical  than 
tore  there,  even  in  winter,  is  higher  and  more  was  desirable. 

eqaable  than  in  other  localities  of  the  same  The  Democratic  candidate  for  Congress  in 

latitude.  the  First  District  was  Robert  H.  M.  Davidson  ; 

In  the  western  part  of  the  State,  Pensaoola  in  the  Second  District,  Noble  A.  Hull. 
13  the  center  of  trade  for  the  whole  area  of  ter*  The  Republican  party  in  the  State  at  present 
ritory  embraced  by  Santa  Rosa  Sound,  Choc-  has  only  a  small  white  element.    In  several  of 
tawhatchee  Bay  and  River,  and  the  Escambia,  the  county  conventions  for  the  nomination  of 
Biaek  Water,  and  Perdldo  Rivers;  a  territory  delegates  to  Congressional  Conventions,  only 
reaching  on  the  north  and  west  far  into  the  one  or  two  white  members  were  present.  The 
State  of  Alabama,  and  extending  east  as  far  as  Republican  candidates  for  Congress  were  Si- 
Walton  County.     For  the  season  of  1877-'78  mon  B.  Conover  in  the  First  District,  and  Ho- 
there  entered  and  cleared  from  the  port  of  ratio  Bisbee,  Jr.,  in  the  Second  District. 
Peosacola  490  vessels,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  A  registration  law  was  adopted  at  the  pre- 
361,037.  These  vessels  carried  to  Great  Britain,  vious  session  of  the  Legislature,  the  main  fea- 
the  Continent  of  Europe,  Algeria,  Cape  Col-  tures  of  which  were  as  follows : 
pny,  the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  Amer-  i.  The  Commissioners  are  required  to  divide  theh- 
ica,  the  Bntish  Provinces,  and  coastwise  to  counties  into  election  districts. 
Nev  York,  Baltimore,  and  other  United  -States  2.  To  examine  the  registration  list,  and  erase  and 
porta.  4,513,985  cubic  feet  of  hewn  tirtiber  and  publish,  or  post  when  no  paper  is  published  in  the 

^648  cubic  feet  of  B,wn  timber,  making  an  l^^i^^'^^^rf  ll^'^^SZTtoZ  d^ 

asjregate  of  8  510,833  cubic  feet ;  of  lumber  ifled  by  nason  of  conviction  for  crime  or  other 

(lr»sed  and  undressed,  73,366,000  feet ;  cotton,  cause. 

11543  bales  (against  1,307  in  1876-77,  being  8.  On  the  first  Monday  of  October  the  clerk  of  the 

tn  increase  in  one  year  of  10,235  bales);  staves,  C»™«^J  Court  is  required  to  appoint  a  deputy  for 

pierei,  8,524:  ban-els  of  rosin,  3,887;  cedar  SS^  ^^5f '°.?l  ^'5?l''?l7J'''  ^*i?l^\^^?  registration 

!..'•   *   I   «  rt*,     i         t  iX^  l'     ♦ ,  •  »  vw«i,  officer  for  the  district  for  which  he  is  appointed. 

cttoic  feet,  3,941 ;  flour,  1,400  barrels ;  cotton-  The  clerk  is  to  designate  the  place  in  each  district 

^M,  1,026  sacks  ;    cik    timber,   cubic  feet,  where  the  registering  officer  is  to  be  found,  and  also 

19.6^;    Mexican    cedar,   183  pieces;    1,235  to  give  notice  that  the  books  will  be  closea  ton  days 

sticks  of  fustic.    The  invoice  value  of  these  J®^^^®  *^®  election.     Persons  whose  names  have 

u'ff-M«»  — «.^«*-  :-  ««*  !.>««.  ♦!.««   *Q  KAA  Ann  becH  cnised,  or  who  havc  uot  boforc  rejfistered,  Will 

'i^erent  exports  IS  not  leas  than  $3,500,000,  ^^^.^nd  and  register  in  their  respective  districts  with 

aaa  to  this  most  be  added  the  ordinary  Ois-  these  deputies,  who  are  required  to  return  their 

^Jirvements   and  expenditures  of  the  vessels  books  to  the  clerk  of  the  county^  who  transfers  the 

vhile  in  port.  names  therein  to  the  general  registration  book  as  a 

The  time  for  the  State  election  was  Novem-  permanent  record.                                      .     »   .^ 

k«.  x»k     V             •-'«»w  vAjvi  V**  TT«o  x^v/T«tx.  ^   All  voters  are  required  to  register  and  vote  m 

««r  5th.    Two  members  of  Congress  were  to  their  respective  districts,  and  can  vote  nowhere  else, 

o^ehosen,  half  the  State  Senate,  and  the  mem-  Their  names  must  be  on  the  registration  list  of  the 

^  of  the  General  Assembly.     The  following  district  in  which  they  reside  and  in  which  they  offer 

coDcnrrent  resolution  of  the  previous  Legisla-  *®  ^^^• 

^are  was  published  at  the  same  time  with  the  The  vote  in  the  First  District  was  as  follows : 

n>ticeofelection,that  the  views  of  the  people  Davidson,  11,582 ;   Oonover,  8,301 ;   minority 

ttirtt  be  expressed  in  their  choice  of  mem-  for  Davidson,  3,231.  In  the  Second  District  two 

°^^'  counties  were  laid  aside  and  not  included  in 

„  T%i  iW<  of  ike  State  of  Florida,  rtpretenUd  in  the  result.     The  vote  then  stood :  Hull,  9,639 ; 

Md^  «tf  AtitaMft  do  ntolve  o»foUQv»% :  Tliat  it  is  Bisbee,  9,626 ;  majority  for  Hull,  13.    The  fol- 


334 


FLORIDA. 


lowing  is  the  vote  of  the  Second  District  in  de- 
tail, as  certified  hy  the  Board  of  State  Can- 
vassers : 


OOUMTIES. 

1876. 

1878. 

BUbM. 

FId1«7. 

BbbM. 

HnlL 

AlAchOA 

.1,9T2 

148 

199 

66 

TIT 

120 

8 

2,881 

829 

1,621 

1,648 

T94 

194 

679 

881 

456 

172 

1,266 
288 
TOT 
111 
901 
286 
6 

1,468 
614 

1,083 
963 
6T0 
926 
617 
603 
629 
474 

1,746 
168 
228 

t  •  • 

808 

112 

14 

2,214 

418 

a  •   • 

1,190 
769 
218 
622 
846 
658 
248 

1,178 
266 
697 

Baker 

Bradford. 

Brevard. 

Columbia 

Clay 

•  •  • 

90S 

807 

4T 

1,180 

609 

Dade 

Daval 

Hamilton 

Madiaon 

Marion. 

1,008 
623 
828 
616 
688 
640 
86T 

Naasaa 

Orange 

Putnam 

Bt  John*B 

8uwanee 

Vi^Jmila.. 

TotoL 

11,470 

11,463 

9,628 

9,640 

Hairs  mi^oi^^i  13. 


"The  Floridian"  of  December  10th  has  the 
following: 

Tbe  vote  aB  it  appears  on  file  for  member  of  Con- 

Sress  in  the  Second  District— counting  for  Colonel 
isbee  every  return  bearing  his  name — is  as  followa : 


COTTNTIES. 


Alachna 

Baker 

Bradford..., 

Brerard 

Columbia. . , 

nay 

Dade , 

Daval , 

Hamilton... 
Madison.... 

Marion 

Naiaaa , 

Orange 

Fntnam 

8t.  John*B.. 
Biiwanee. . . , 
Volosla 


Total. 


nairs  majority,  60. 


10,8ST 


The  two  counties  laid  aside  were  Brevard 
and  Madison.  This  was  done  by  the  Board  of 
State  Canvassers,  which  consists  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  State,  the  Attorney-General,  and  the 
Comptroller.  The  State  Board  has  no  author- 
ity to  throw  out  the  returns  from  any  county 
which  are  regular  and  formal  on  their  face ; 
but,  under  the  peculiar  wording  of  the  State 
statute,  and  the  construction  given  to  it  by 
the  Supreme  Court  in  the  case  of  Drew,  the 
returns  from  these  counties  were  laid  aside  and 
not  included  in  the  number  cast  for  member  of 
Congress.  There  are  only  three  States  whose 
laws  confer  such  power,  viz.,  Texas,  Louisiana, 
and  Florida.  The  returns  were  said  to  be  false, 
in  that  from  one  county  they  contained /Jw^r 
votes  than  were  actually  cast,  and  from  the 
other  morBj  so  that  neither  gave  the  true  vote, 
and  both  were  consequently  rejected.  The  cer- 
tificate of  tbe  Board  of  State  Canvassers  is  as 
follows : 


drti/ieaU  of  the  Board  of  8taU  Qmeasterg  af  IhanAa, 
as  to  the  returns  <if  eUeticm^  held  in  the  eouniUt  ^ 
Madison  and  Bretard  on  the  JUth  day  <^  A'ovmkr, 
A.  D.  1878. 

The  Supreme  Court,  in  the  case  of  Drew  c«.  the 
State  Canvaasinff  Board,  in  construing  the  section 
of  the  statute  aefininff  tbe  powers  and  duties  nt' 
this  Board,   says:   ** The  words  *true  vote'  iodi- 
cate  the  votes  actually  cast,  as  distinguished  from 
the  legal  vote."  The  Court  again  says  that  the  clear 
effect  of  the  clause,  **  If  any  such  returns  shall  be 
shown  or  shall  appear  to  be  so  irregular,  false,  or 
fraudulent,  that  tne  Board  shall  be  unable  to  deUr- 
mine  the  true  vot«  for  any  such  officer  or  member, 
they  Bhall  so  certify^  and  shall  not  include  such  re- 
turn in  their  determination  and  daclaration :  and  tbe 
Secretary  of  State  shall  preserve  and  file  in  his  cflice 
all  such  returns,  together  with  such  other  documents 
and  papers  as  may  nave  been  received  by  him  or  by 
said  Board  of  Canvassers,'*  is,  *'  that  a  return  of  tbe 
character  named  shall  not  be  included  in  the  deter- 
mination and  declaration  of  the  Board,  and  that  U 
has  power  to  detennine  the  bona  fide  character  of  tie 
returns  dehors  their  face.''    The  ezpressioo  ^^-hua 
fide  character "  here  used  evidently  refers  to  the 
words  *'  irregular,  false,  or  fraudulent"  used  in  tbe 
statute.    It  a^ain  says,  in  discussing  the  article  of 
the  Constitution  under  which  this  section  is  autbo^ 
ized :  **  This  is  clearly  an  express  authority  for  pro- 
viding that  returns  of  elections  must  be  received, 
considered,  and  passed  upon  by  such  officers  and 
persons  as  might  be  designated  by  the  Leffislatnn;; 
and  the  necessary  conclusion  ia  that  suon  oflicen 
may  be  authorizea  by  the  Legislature  to  inauire  into 
the  truth  or  falsity  of  the  returns  sent  to  tnem,  and 
if,  upon  such  inquiry,  tHey  be  satisfied  that  the  re- 
turn does  not  show  the  vote  actually  cast  at  the  elec- 
tion^ but  states  a  falsehood  as  to  that  fact,  they  may 
lay  it  aside  and  refuse  to  count  the  return  as  ia  pro- 
vided in  the  act  of  1872."    The  power  to  lay  a  re- 
turn aside  and  not  include  it  in  tne  determination 
under  such  circumstances,  involves  the  duty  to  io 
lay  it  aside  under  the  same  circumstances.   It  ia  not 
denied  that  the  return  from  Madison  County  doei 
not  include  any  of  the  votes  actually  cast  at  precinct 
No.  4  in  this  county ;  and  it  is  the  conclusion  of  tbe 
Board  that  this  return  does  not,  therefore,  show  tbe 
entire  or  true  vote  actually  cast  at  the  election  in  this 
county.    Although  it  ia  true  that  the  County  Can- 
vassers did  canvass  all  the  precinct  returns  which 
had  been  received  at  the  Clerk's  or  County  Judge's 
office  up  to  the  time  of  making  the  canvass,  and  al- 
though there  ia  no  irregularity  in  the  action  of  tbe 
County  Board,  yet  this  return  does  not  state,  in  tbe 
opinion  of  this  Board,  the  truth  as  to  the  actual  vota 
cast,  but  comes  under  the  condemnation  of  the  de- 
cision of  the  Supreme  Court.   This  Board,  therefore, 
determined  it  to  be  its  duty  not  to  include  this  re- 
turn in  its  determination  and  declaration,  and  cer- 
tifies that  such  return  is  so  false  that  the  Board  ia 
unable  to  determine  from  such  return  tbe  true  veto 
for  any  officer  or  member  cast  in  said  county. 

As  to  the  county  of  Brevard,  it  is  the  determination 
of  the  Board,  f^om  the  papers  on  file,  that  the  return 
from  thia  county  is  false,  m  so  far  as  it  relates  to  tbe 
vote  for  member  of  Congress,  in  that  it  represents  a 
larger  number  of  votes  than  were  actually  cast  in 
said  county  for  member  of  Congress.  Altnou^h  it 
is  the  determination  of  the  Board  that  the  si^a- 
tures  to  this  return  are  genuine,  and  that  the  re- 
turn is  in  due  form,  this  Board  determines  it  to  he 
its  duty  not  to  include  this  return  in  its  determina- 
tion and  declaration,  and  certifies  that  it  is  sofalce 
that  the  Board  is  unable  to  determine  from  it  the 
true  vote  cast  in  said  county  for  member  of  Con- 
gress. 
December  28, 187A,  at  Tallahassee. 

W.  D.  BLOXHAM,  Secretary  of  State. 
GEORGE  P.  RANEY,  Attomev-General, 
C.  DREW,  Comptroller, 

Board  State  Canvassers. 


FLORIDA.  335 

On  this  certificate  of  the  Board  of  State  taining  the  whole  numhcr  of  votes  given  for  each 

Canirassera,  the  Governor  issued  the  certificate  P«"o«^  ^9^  each  office,  and  therein  declping  the  re- 

-    ,    ^   ^                 v^      *  n -,„  * *i  ^  "ult  as  shown  by  the  returns."    The  judgment  of 

of  electaon  as  member  of  Congress  from  the  ^y,^  ^^„^  ^^y  be  invoked  to  lay  aside  a  cSuntv  re- 

becond  District  to  Mr.  Hull.  turn  and  omit  to  include  it  in  the  statement  and  de- 

Tbe  statement  relative  to  the  return  from  termination  of  the  result  of  the  election,  when  it 

precinct  No.  4  in  Madison  County  is  as  follows :  »hail  ippear  to  them  that  the  return  is  so  "  irregular, 

.  .  false,  or  fraudulent "  that  it  does  not  show  the  true 

The  ballot-boz  oontaimng  the  votes  and  returns  vote,  but  does  represent  votes  not  cast  according  to 

from  precinct  No.  4  was  stolen  on  the  evening  of  the  the  precinct  returns  made  to  them ;  or,  in  other 

election,  and  no  returns  were  received  from  that  pre-  words,  that  the  return  in  the  hands  of  the  State 

cinct.    It  seema  that  the  box  was  looked  and  put  in  Board  is  not  made  up  in  good  faith  from  such  precinct 

«.  «i,^        .  .   .  .       .,q ...  .  _. .  ^  attempted 

character  that 
_.  represents 'falsehood  instead  of  the  truth  as  to  the 

ioto  the  store  and  was  absent  not  more  than  five  precinct  returns  of  votes  actually  cast,  and  is,  for  such 

mlnates,  but  when  he  returned  the  box  was  gone.  reasons,  not  a  lawful  return  of  an  election. 

In  consequence  of  the  decison  of  the  Board  J^Vi'^rvr-^^STei  fn  tf/.^  i"/dii.u?h: 

of  Canvassers,  an  application  was  made  by  Mr.  y^^^  actually  cast,  as  distinct  from  the  legal  vote." 

Hiibee  for    a   mandamus  seeking   to  contr(»l  The  Court  was  considering  whether  the  power  of  the 

the  Board  of  State  Canvassers  in  the  matter  Boardto  dissect  returns  and  reject  such  votes  as  may 

of  their  canvass  of  votes  cast  at  an  election  have  been  Ulegallyoast  was  included  in  the  language 

/^,  if^^.,^^^4-^^1^^  r»#  ♦^.^  fi^^r^r^A  n;o*«'«4.  ;«  of  the  statute,  and  it  was  decided  that  they  had  no 

for  Representative  of  the  Second  Distnct  in  ^^^j,  p^^„  ^^^^^  tl,^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^{^  ^^^^ 

I  ongress.    The  alternative  wnt  alleged  that,  m  given  was  confined  to  a  determioation  as  to  the  char- 

the  canvass  of  votes  cast  in  the  county  of  Mad-  acter  of  the  return,  whether  it  was  regular,  genuine, 

ison,  one  of  the  counties  composing  the  Con-  ^^^^  M^^  *  ^"'^  ^'  '**^*®  compilation  of  precinct  re- 

irressional  District  for  Representative  in  Con-  i!;i?^«.AK!f  SS«f^7?>.f^*r^^ 

.,      Ox  X     r>       J         'xx  J        1  /•  '1  J  X  acter  of  the  office  of  the  canvassers  as  created  and 

press,  the  State  Board  omitted  and  failed  to  ^eflned  by  law,  for  the  protection  of  the  Board  and 

coant  the  votes  returned  by  the  Board  of  Coun-  the  people  from  the  effect  of  unlawful  attempts  to 

tr  Canvassers  for  that  county.    It  admitted  the  palm  off  upon  them  forged  and  **  doctored"  papers 

fiet  sJso  that  said  return  of  the  County  Board  ©^  wholesale  falsehoods.    To  maintain  under  our 

did  not  embrace  the  votes  actually  cast  at  dis-  «***H*«  ^^^  »  <^"°*y  f  °^"«  ^*f«?  ""^""VZ^y  "'''* 

**  ""«  oixiwA«v^  uuo  TwuOT  oj^wuouj  yaauau  ^»o-  ^^^  ^^  ^  propcT  retuTu  to  bc  oountcd,  would  be  deaiv 

tnct  No.  4  in  said  county,  the  relator  alleging  jy  erroneous. 

upon  information  and  belief  that  at  said  district  U  this  the  character  of  the  return  from  Madison  t 

186  votes  were  cast  for  him,  and   129  votes  Does  the  return  made  by  the  county  canvassers  of 

were  cast  for  Noble  A.  Hull,  who  was,  with  ^Y^  c.<>«nty  bear  any  of  the  characteristics  that 

i»;«,-^i#  «  ^^^A\A^4^^  *^m  ««M  .xl^«u;y^«      'PK^  *A  place  it  among  returns  that  the  State  Board  may 

himself,  a  candidate  for  said  position.    The  re-  J,olude?    Does  it  include  any  votes  but  those  ac- 

iiior  averred   also  that  the  return  from  tne  tually  oast  according  to  the  precinct  returns !    Is  it 

cofmty  of  Madison  embraced  all  the  votes  cast  false  as  to  those  returns? 

for  said  ofiice  in  the  county  as  shown  by  the  It  is  not  pretended  that  the  county  canvassers  of 

returns  on  file  in  the  offices  of  the  County  S«?.iH.T5nnrtL7'f1IS*tll^n^  Jfj^f hv V«m 

rt          jmi-        ji.Lx            i.        r        XL  flpint  of  the  law,  nor  that  the  return  made  by  tbera 

Jo-J?9  and  Clerk,  and  that  no  return  from  the  i,*"..  irregalaT,  felae,  or  frandnlent,"  within  the  mean- 

toorth  District  was  before  them.    Thedemnr-  ingoftheautute. 

r«r  of  the  Board  admitted  these  facts.    The  ^he  Court  then  proceeds  to  consider  in  de- 

qMrtionrnvolved  therefore,  was  whether  under  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^on  of  the  county  canvassers,  and 

f«  law  the  Board  of  State  Oanjassers  should  ^^^  „  j^e  county  canviwsers  of  Madison 

Mttot  a  coonty  return  tehich,  *t  u  fdmUUd,  c^^^^   j^^^^^  j^^y    ^^j  honestly  complied  with 

iy,  Mt«mbrae»theaebMl  vote  ea,t  at  the  eUe-  j^   j^^     They  (invassed  and  certitfed  all  the 

<!»»  m  the  county  by  816  vo  es,  an  entire  pre-  ^^^  returned  to  the  Judge  and  Clerk  in  due 

cinct  m  a  connty ;  it  being  hkewise  admitted  ,„^  „f  j^^_„    ^he  Court  farther  says : 

that  It  does  embrace  all  the  votes  of  precincts  ,^              j  .   ^v               ....t.x.*»i.       v    u 

or  dutricu  which  were  returned  to  tte  Clerk  ,e\Tg^^lf  r^'I^.rntl'J  Mn'S.* 

Md  tountj  Jadge.    The  majority  oi  tne  Bu-  ^nd  it  should  happen  that  the  returns  of  one  poll 

preme  Court  concurred  in  an  opinion  delivered  only  should  reacn  the  connty  canvassers,  and  this 

^•7  Chief-Justice  Randall  against  the  Board,  return  only  canvassed  and  returned  to  the  State 

J'astice  Westcott  dissented,  and  deUvered  an  Board,  it  would  be  absurd  to  treat  this  single  poll  as 

.,1*^--.  ^^\^i^^      Tu^  n^«!.*  — «.« .  the  true  vote  of  the  county.    This  state  of  things 

Hferse  opinion.     The  Court  says :  l^elnff  made  to  appear,  the  State  Board  might  well 

^e  do  not  find  anywhere  in  the  opinion  orjudg-  consider  that  there  had  been  improper  conduct  on 

^Qt  of  this  Court,  in  the  case  of  Drew,  relator,  the  part  of  the  precinct  inspectors  or  messengers,  as 

ii^imst  the  State  Canvassers  (16  Fla.,  17),  or  in  anv  thov  would  know  that  the  entire  vote  of  the  county 

'^'^'lerease  decided  by  this  Court,any  expression  which  haa  not  been  delivered  to  the  County  Board.    We 

▼ill  varrant  the  exclusion  by  the  State  Board  of  a  will  not  hero  instruct  them  as  to  their  duty  in  such 

>>tani  which  is  regular,  genuine,  and  bonajSde^  mere-  an  extreme  case.    Wo  submit,  however,  that  because 

'7  b«aase  the  Board  are  informed  and  satisfied  that  one  or  more  precincts  ma^  be  disfranchised  tem- 

^'>*-*i  cast  at  a  precinct  (of  which  no  return  was  made  porarily  by  rascalitv  or  accident,  it  does  not  follow 

'}  th«  County  JBoard)  were  not  included  in  the  re-  that  the  residue  of  the  voters  of  the  county  should 

mrn  osade  by  county  canvassers  to  the  State  Board,  be  legally  treated  in  the  same  manner,    whether 

Tae  power  of  this  Board  **  is  limited "  (as  is  ex-  the  returns  not  made  would  produce  a  diffierent  re- 

prettlj  stated  in  the  opinion  of  the  Court  in  that  suit  of  the  election,  could  soaroeljr  be  determined 

f}^\  "  by  the  express  words  of  the  statute  which  by  a  canvassing  board,  and  parties  interested  would 

fives  theiD  being,  to  the  signing  of  a  oertifioate  oon-  doubtless  seek  a  remedy. 


336  FLOBIDA. 

Suppose  tbat  at  tbe  dose  of  the  election  at  any  or  hj  said  Board  of  CanTataers.    The  said  Board 

polling^plaoe  it  should  be  aaoertamed  that  there  shall  make  and  sign  a  certificate  containing  in  vordi 

were  one  or  more  ballots  found  in  the  box  than  there  and  hg^es  written  at  full  length  the  whole  numkr 

were  names  on  the  poll  lists,  and  the  inspectors^  of  Totes  given  for  each  office,  the  number  of  votei 

under  the  law,  draw  out  and  destroy  a  number  ot  given  for  each  person  for  each  office  and  for  member 

ballots  equal  to  the  excess,  so  thai  tne  list  and  the  of  the  Legislature,  and  therein  declare  tbe  residt." 

ballots  agree  in  number,  and  a  return  is  made  of  It  needs  no  argument  to   show  tbat,  under  the 

the  result  excluding  the  votes  so  drawn  out  and  de-  atatute,  the  basis  of  the  determination  and  declan- 

stroyed ;  yet  it  may  be  proved  that  these  ballots  tion  by  the  Board  as  to  who  ahall  have  been  elected 

were  *'  actually  cast."    On  this  showing,  would  the  to  any  office  must  be  the  returns,  and  that  their  ic- 

returns  give  tne  vote  *^  actually  cast'M    I  think  it  tion  must  correspond  to  what   is  shown  bj  tl:e 

would,  though  it  did  not  show  the  entire  vote  cast,  retuma.    When,  nowever,  such   returns  sbali  be 

The  votes  returned  were  votes  actually  cast,  and  the  shown  or  shall  appear  to  De  so  irregulsr,  false,  or 

return  does  not  state  a  falsehood,  is  not  irregular  fraudulent  that  the  Board  shall  be  unable  to  deter- 

nor  a  fraud,  because  it  is  a  lawAil  return.    Yet  this  mine  the  true  vote  for  any  such  officer  or  member, 

return  is  precisely  as  false  as  the  return  from  Madi-  they  shall  so  certify,  and  ahall  not  include  such  re- 

son  County,  and,  with  the  same  propriety,  should  be  turn  in  their  determination.     If  this  clause  bo  t 

reacted.    Neither  should  be  rcijected,  because  both  grant  of  power  in  conformity  to  organic  law,  then  in 

are  true  and  according  to  law.  the  event  it  is  shown  or  appears  that  a  county  retum 

Under  the  law  and  the  rules  heretofore  announced  is  irrcffular  or  false  or  fraudulent,  within  the  meu> 

by  this  Oourt  upon  the  subject,  the  State  Board  can  ing  of  this  section,  there  certainly  can  be  no  doubt 

only  investigate  the  good  faith  and  regularity  of  the  that  the  State  Board  must  not  count  such  retun. 

action  of  the  County  Board  and  their  certificate,  A^in,  as  the  statute  provides  that  ^*  the  Secretair 

when  these  are  challenged,  for  their  own  protection  of  State  shall  preserve  and  file  in  his  office  all  Bucn 

and  that  of  the  public,  and  the  due  exerciae  of  this  rdumt^  togdlur  teith  wch  other  docwntfiU  andpmm 

power  ia  the  only  protection  against  imposition.  m  fnay  have  been  received  ly  him  or  by  eaid  Boari  cf 

Tbe  omission  of  the  inspectors  of  a  prednot  or  OnfifHUMrs,"  it  is  equally  clear  that  the  papers  tod 

polling-place  to  make  a  retum  to  the  County  Board  documents  which  may  be  eonsidered  by  the  Board 

may  occasion  inconvenience  to  parties  interested  in  in  making  their  determination  are  not  the  rdvm 

tbe  vote  in  a  contest  before  a  tribunal  competent  to  alons  (which  under  the  law  are  required  to  be  tent 

hear  and  decide  the  right  to  an  office,  but  it  is  as-  by  the  county  canvassers  to  the  Governor  and  S*er(- 

Buredly  not  tbe  basis  of  the  imputation  of  fraud  or  tarv  of  State),  but,  in  addition  to  the  return*,  are 

faUebood  against  the  county  returns  or  the  County  i^ch  Merpapert  a»  mav  have  been  received  bffth*  &ft- 

Board.  rttary  of  Sate  and  the  Board,    Unless  it  csn  be 

Under  the  ciroumstances,  and  in  view  of  the  de*  maintained  tbat  returns  are  not  only  returns,  but 

oision  of  this  Court- in  the  case  of  Drew,  relstor,  returns  and  papers  and  documents  o^A^r^Rft^vrRf, 

against  the  Slate  Board,  the  election  return  from  and  I  presume  no  sane  man  would  endeavor  to  ei> 

Madison  County  does  not  come  "  under  the  condem-  tablish  such  a  proposition,  then,  under  thu  statute, 

nation"  of  that  decision.  the  Board,  in  determining  this  ftlse,  irregulsr,  or 

fraudulent  character  of  returns,  may  look  bejond 

Jastioe  Wescott,  in  his  dissenting  opinion,  the  face  of  such  returns,  and  examine  and  receire 

guyg .  papers  and  documenta  other  than  returns.    Again, 

under  the  law,  the  county  returns  are  sent  alone  to 

The  first  question  which  arisea  here  in  connection  the  Governor  and  Secreta^  of  State.    They  sre  not 

with  the  general  question  as  atated  is.  Did  the  State  sent  directly  to  the  Boardy  and  yet  the  Bosrd  ire 

Board  have  the  right  to  ascertain  this  fact  as  to  the  authorized  to  receive  papers  themselves,  for  tbe  \re 

actual  vote  eaat  at  the  eiUction,  outside  of  what  ap-  directs  what  disposition  is  to  be  made  of  such  pspm 

peered  on  the  face  of  this  retum !    The  alternative  when  received. 

writ  to  which  this  demurrer  is  interposed  allegea  as        Again,  Uie  law^  defining  the  dutiea  of  the  countj 

facts  tbat  the  retum  from  Madison  County  omits  canvassers,  provides  that  the  canvass  thev  sre  to 

this  precinct,  is  regular  upon  its  face,  and  is  the  bona  make  *•*•  shall  be  made  eolely  and  entirdy  irom  tbe 

^de  act  of  the  Count}[  Board.    If  the  State  Board  is  returns  of  the  precinct  inspectors  in  each  election 

limited  in  its  inquiries  to  the  face  of  such  retum,  district,  filed  by  them  with  the  County  Judge  sod 

then  the  fact  of  omission  of  this  precinct  not  thus  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  respectively,  and  in  90 

appearing  in  this  case,  and  the  Board  having^  no  ease  ahall  the  Board  of  County  Canvassers  change  or 

power  to  go  beyond  its  face  to  make  such  inquiry,  vary  in  any  mamwr  the  number  of  votes  east  for  the 

the  necessary  legal  result  would  be  that  the  act  of  candidates  respectively  at  any  of  the  poUing-plscefl 

the  Board  was   unauthorized   by  law ;   that  they  or  precincts  in  the  county,  ss  shown  by  the  returns 

should  have  counted  the  retum  as  it  appeared,  and  of  the  inspectors  of  such  poUing-plsces  or  precincts, 

tbe  result  would  be  that  the  peremrptory  writ  should  They  shall  compile  the  result  of  the  election  ss  shown 

be  granted.    Such  woa  tbe  view  ot  relator^s  counsel  by  said  inspectors'  returns,  and  shall  then  mske  snd 

in  the  case  of  Drew  v».  Board  of  State  Canvassers  sign  duplicate  certificates,  containing,  in  words  and 

(16  Fla.,  22,  84,  85),  if  I  understand  the  pleadings  figures  written  at  ftiU  length,  tbe  whole  number  of 

and  briefs  therein.    In  my  judgment,  this  c^uestion  votes  given  for  each  office,  the  names  of  thepersons 

was  til  ere  directly  presented  for  consideration,  and  for  whom  such  votes  were  given  for  such  ofliee,  snd 

was  determined.  ...  the  number  of  votea  given  to  each  person  for  sueh 

The  statute  controlling  the  State  Canvassing  o^ce."  The  law  then  provides  thai  one  of  such  cer- 
Bosrd,  after  providinir  for  its  organization,  directs  tiflcates  shall  be  sent  to  the  Governor  and  one  to  tbe 
that  it  shall  *' proceed  to  canvass  tbe  returns  of  said  Secretarv  of  State.  This  Court,  in  the  State  v*.  the 
election,  and  determine  and  declare  who  shall  have  Board  of  Canvassers  of  Alachua  Count  v  (17  Fls.),  de- 
been  elected  to  any  such  office,  or  as  such  member,  termined  but  a  few  weeks  since  that  under  this  statute 
as  shown  by  such  returns.  If  anv  such  returns  the  duties  of  the  County  Board  were  aolely  minis- 
shall  be  shown  or  shall  appear  to  be  so  irregular,  terial,  and  tbat,  in  making  up  their  canvass,  ther 
false,  or  fraudulent  that  the  Board  shall  be  unaole  to  were  to  compute  the  inspectors'  retnms  and  notbicg 
determine  the  true  vote  for  any  such  officer  or  mem*  else.  In  view  of  the  very  exact,  precise,  and  re- 
ber,  they  shall  so  certify,  and  shall  not  include  such  strictive  language  of  this  ststute,  and  iJie  of  inion  of 
return  In  their  determination  and  declaration ;  and  this  Court  interpreting  it  in  the  ease  referred  to,  it  is 
the  Secretary  of  State  shall  preserve  and  file  in  his  clear  that  tbe  law  prohibits  the  County  Board  from 
office  all  such  returns,  together  with  such  other  docu-  placing  upon  the  face  ofUe  rUum  to  the  Govrrnor 
ments  and  papers  as  may  have  been  received  by  him  and  Secretary  of  State  anything  except  what  ia  shovn 


FLOBIDA.  387 

"ioI«]7«ideDtinl7*'ftt>m  the  retunu  of  the  pr»-  the  stetnte  is  elearly  wrong.    It  li  useless,  in  this 

and  inspeetors  in  eaeh  election  district,  and  *'  in  no  connection,  for  those  who  advocate  this  rule  to  cite 

eiM"  iniU  they  change  or  vanr  **  in  an/  manner*'  decisions  of  other  State  courts,  to  the  effect  that  un- 

the  aambar  of  votes  oast,  as  shown  b^  the  returns  der  their  itatvUt  a  State  Board  is  restricted  in  its 

oftluin«peetors  of  such  precinct.    If  it  is  a  return  inquiries  to  the  genuineness  of  the  return  before 

from  a  preeinotf  made  bv  the  inspectors  of  such  them.    The  statutes  they  are  construing  are  essen- 

preouiot,  then,  no  matter  now  false  or  fhiudulent  it  tially  different  from  ours.    They  authorise  no  in- 

Dftf  be  ts  to  the  vote  cast,  and  independent  of  the  qulry  as  to  the  falsity  or  truth  of  a  return  when  it 

quettioa  vhetber  it  contained  more  or  less  than  the  spoaks  as  to  the  votes  cast.    Our  statute  does  au- 

totM  cut,  it  must  be  canvassed  and  oounted  by  the  tooriae  this  specific  inouiry,  and  to  adopt  the  deci- 

Coaotjr  Board.    Not  only  is  this  true,  but  in  addi-  sions  referrea  to  would  be  a  usurpation  of  legisla- 

tioD  to  ill  this  there  may  be  a  consideration  for  the  tive  functions  by  a  judicial  tribunal,  for  the  act 

sot,  ud  yet  tba  return  must  be  oounted.    This  is  would  be  simply  the  repeal  of  a  statute  under  forms 

tbe  effect  of  the  decision  of  this  Court  in  the  case  of  of  judicial  proceedings. 

tieSutea  nl.  H.  Bisbee,  Jr.,  et.  the  Board  of  Coun-  This  view,  that  the  State  Board  oould  determine 
tr  CeariMers  of  Alachua  County,  lately  decided  by  the  falsitv  to  a  return  bjr  inquiry  ali/utidt  its  face,  is 
tniiCoart  This  beingso,then,ii  the  County  Board  austainea  by  what  is  said  in  the  caae  of  Drew  m. 
itrieti7  perfonna  ito  duty,  and  reatriots  itself  to  phi-  Sute  Canvassing  Bosrd  (16  Fla.,  45).  This  Court 
Wig  npoQ  the  fhoe  of  a  return  that  only  which  the  there  said :  **  Tbe  clear  effect  of  thia  clause  "  (mean* 
lev  uthorises  it  to  place  there,  a  return  made  to  the  ing  the  clause  regulating  the  canvaas  of  retnma  by 
Seeratsry  of  State  can  never,  and  should  never,  show  the  State  Board)  "  is  that  a  return  of  the  character 
npoD  ite  fkee  either  falsehood  or  fraud ;  for  to  place  named  *'  (meaning  thereby  the  irregular,  false,  or 
•oTthiDf  of  that  character  upon  its  face  would  not  fraudulent  character  mentioned  in  the  statute) 
pQl/  be  sn  irregttlaritv,  but  a  dear,  plain  violation  "  shall  not  be  included  in  the  determination  and 
of  the  Uv,  which  defines  their  duties  in  this  very  declaration  of  the  Board,  and  that  it  has  power  to 
pameolar ;  and  the  act  of  the  Le/ialature,  whicn  determine  the  hona  lUU  character  of  the  returns  cle- 
auke«  it  the  du^  of  the  State  Board  to  have  for  the  Aorv  their  fhoe.**  Tbe  Court  in  that  case  also  said, 
buii  of  its  eertinoate  returns  not  shown  or  not  ap*  when  interpreting  section  6  of  Article  XIV.  of  tbe 
pMrioi;  to  be  false  or  fraudulent,  becomes  nothing.  Constitution,  that  **  the  necessary  conclusion  is  that 
I  Dure  tneeprdtna  niM^  in  all  casea  where  another  said  officers  may  be  authorised  by  the  Legislature  to 
biird  of  eaavsssera  have  complied  with  the  law  de*  inquire  into  the  truth  or  fidsity  of  the  returns  sent 
fining  their  duties ;  this,  too,  notwithstanding  the  to  them ;  and  if  upon  such  inquiry  they  be  satisfied 
nuime,  when  cooaidered  with  reference  to  the  vote  that  the  return  does  not  show  the  vote  ad%aUy  cad 
MtuUy  osst  at  the  election,  may  be  shown  otherwise  at  the  tUetiattt  but  that  it  states  a  falsehood  at  to 
thin  bj  their  &oe  to  be  bothaftlsehood  and  a  fraud,  that  fact,  they  may  la^  it  aside  and  refuse  to  count 
Batides,  say  writing  made  upon  the  £Me  of  a  return  the  return,  as  is  provided  in  the  act  of  1872." 
bjthe  County  Board^  outaide  and  in  violation  ot  This  question  as  to  inquiry  beyond  the  face  of  the 
tkair  power  and  duty  under  the  law,  ia  entitied  to  no  returns  waa  involved  in  the  determination  of  the  de- 
n^re  ooosideration  than  such  an  act  done  by  an  in-  murrer  of  the  relator  to  the  answer  of  the  respoD" 
diTidail.  Being  beyond  oflicial  authority,  it  can  not  dents  in  that  cai^e.  This  answer  alleged  as  to  the 
b9  (rested  tA  an  ofllouii  action.  The  adoption  of  this  return  ftom  one  of  the  counties  thst  it  did  not  *•*  in- 
▼i«v  brings  us  necessarily  to  the  conclusion  that  the  dude  the  vote  cast  in  said  county  as  it  appeared  on 
I^lsture  authorizes  the  State  Board  to  act  alone  the  face  of  the  return,  upon  the  ground  that  it  ap' 
^p^  retoms  not  shown  to  be  false,  and,  at  the  same  poartd  in  widtnct  that  there  was  such  ine^larity 
ti'ne.  limits  them  in  their  investigation  of  the  fact  and  flraud  in  the  conduct  of  the  election  m  said 
of  falsehood  to  an  official  paper,  which,  if  legal  and  conntv  in  repeiring  votes  of  persons  not  registered, 
ia  proper  form,  can  never  establish  the  fact  of  fiilse-  and  there  being  no  registration  list  furnished  in- 
bid.  The  signification  of  the  words  **  shown  or  specters  and  no  desiffuation  of  voting-places,  and  no 
(biU  appesr,"  in  thia  aection,  is  to  be  determined,  notice  of  election,  that  said  Board  could  not  ascei^ 
»u  every  other  caae  of  like  investigation,  by  the  tain  the  true  vote"  (16  Fla.,  81).  Allegations  aa 
BtfQre  o(  the  thing  which  is  to  be  shown  or  to  ap-  to  the  reception  of  evidence  offered  by  both  sides, 
P«>r.  That  whioh  is  to  be  shown  here  is  the  irregu-  and  inquiry  beyond  the  fsce  of  the  return,  are  also 
'vitf ,  the  falsehood^  or  fraudulent  oharaoter  of  a  re-  found  in  other  portions  of  the  answer  to  which  this 
^  purporting  wax  its  fhoe  to  contain  the  votea  demurrer  waa  interposed  (16  Fla.,  S7).  The  alter- 
Qist  ftt  t  general  election  held  in  a  county ;  and  aa  native  writ  of  the  relator  himself  stated  that  the 
i  »antv  return  mar  be  legal  and  formal  and  regular  Board  had  received  **  «b  parte  affidavits  to  impeach 
:o  its  ohsraoter,  and  yet  false  as  to  the  votes  cast  or  the  returns."  that  they  had  "  exceeded  their  pow- 
r>»iQfteoanty  (the  matter  of  inquiry),  the  nature  ers,"  and  that  *'they  should  have  confined  their 
of  :He  thtn^  to  be  shown  or  to  appear  neceaaarily  ex-  canvaaa  of  said  returns  to  what  waa  shown  or  ap- 
efidcs  end  preventa  such  interpretation  or  construe-  peered  on  the  face  of  said  returns  "  (16  Fls.,  88). 
•  91  of  the  statute  as  limits  tne  inquiry  to  what  ia  A  demurrer  to  such  an  answer,  preceded  by  such  an 
■lovii  or  sppeara  by  the  return.  The  reasonable,  alternative  writ  and  sustained  b^  oriefh  of  counsel  dis- 
•<«fiur,  the  smiple  interpretation  of  the  language  of  cuasing  this  very  point,  certaraly  presented  it  for 
thii  stitate  is  entirely  in  conflict  with  this  view.  It  the  consideration  of  the  Court ;  and  an  announce- 
ttifdndamental  and  elementary  rule  of  construction,  ment  by  the  Court  that  it  did  not  think  the  plead- 
pr^Tiiliii^  in  all  courts  in  England  and  America,  that  ings  involved  the  point  oould  have  been  well  met  by 
*!km  this  is  the  case  the  duty  of  a  court  is  to  declare  an  intelligent  bar  with  a  smile,  indicative  of  an  emo- 
^9  plun  intent,  the  dear  meaning  of  the  statute,  tion  much  less  complimentary  in  its  character  than 
n^«H  it  is  tbown  that  the  literal  and  simple  con-  an  expression  of  surprise. 

*f«itioa  of  the  language  employed  is  desrly  not  Mv  conclusion,  therefore,  aa  to  this  point,  is  that 

vilbiB  the  intention  of  the  Legislature,  and  that  the  State  Board  was  not  obliged  to  accept  the  face  of 

riHliiag  else  waa.                                       *  the  return,  and  that  the  matter  of  its  falsity  could  be 

H^re, M  I  have  demonstrated,  the  view  that  the  ascertained  dehort  its  face;  that  such  is  the  plain 

^^  B^rd  is  restricted  to  the  county  return  in  de-  meaning  of  the  statute  as  wdl  as  of  the  decision  in 

i-raioing  its  falaehood  ia  directly  opposed  to  the  tbe  case  reported  in  16  Fla. 

I'tteotioB  of  the  Legislature,  because  the  fact  of  Having  thus  shown  that  the  State  Board  has  the 

f*laeboood  can  not  legidly  and  properly  appear  authority  to  look  beyond  the  face  of  the  return  to 

tStrcfrmii  in  any  case,  and  the  Legislature  contem-  ascertain  whether  it  states  the  truth,  and  the  altei^ 

r'*^  thtt  it  might  be  shown  or  appear,  if  it  ex-  native  writ  in  this  case  setting  up  and  admitting  the 

iv.ed.  To  ay  mind,  therefore,  thia  construction  of  fact  as  known  and  ascertained  by  the  Board  that 

Vol  XVIII. — ^28    A 


n 


838                    FLORroA.  FRANCE. 

th«entin  ToteofoneprftoinctiD  the  ooQDty  (816in  FRANCE,  a  repnblto  of  Europe.    Preil- 

number)  was  not  opontod,  the  only  remaining  quei*.  ^ent  at  the  doM  of  1878,  Marshal  Marie  Iduie 

tionariwn^nTOnthiideinurrw  which  It  iHea*eiitial  p^trice  Maurice  de  MacMahon,  Duke  of  Mi- 

to  oonttider  la,  Was  thia  a/almraum  withm  the  mean-  ^  ""  ^^^  ^    4^  i  \rlZ  «/  Voiro      fx-t    1  *i 

ing  of  theatitnte?    If  it  waa,  then  the  Bute  Board  genta,  elected  May  24,  1878.     Clnd  of  the 

properly  laid  it  aaide  and  did  not  ooaot  it.    Ifitwaa  Cabinet,   Colonel  Robert;    beoretarj  of  tbe 

not  a  talae  return  (there  being  no  queation  aa  to  reg-  PreBident,  Yisconnt  d'Haroonrt    Tbe  French  1 

nlarity  or  fraud),  then  they  ahould  have  oouoted  it.  Cabinet  was  at  tbe  cloBe  of  187B  composed 

The  Justice  then  examinf s  tbe  decision  of  as  follows :  Keeper  of  tbe  Seal,  Minister  of 

tbe  Court  in  tbe  case  of  the  State  ex  rel  Drew,  Justice,  and  President  of  tbe  Council,  Jules 

and  says:  Dufaure,  Senator;   Minister  of  the  Interior, 

In  view  of  all  thia,  it  certainly  can  not  be  doubted  £.  de  Marcdre,  Deputy ;   Minister  of  Foreign 

that  thia  Court  determined,  in  the  case  of  the  State  Affairs,  W.  H.  Waddington,  Senator;  Minister 

exrd.  Drew,  that  the  laUe  or  true  character  of  a  re-  ^f  the  Navy  and  tbe  Colonics,  Vice-Admiral 

turn  waa  to  be  determined  with  reference  to  **<*«  ■p^«.i.r.««    f^lw^^*^w.,    iri^tof^*   Jlf  Viwt^'n.^^  t 

9oi4  aOuallv  €adJ*    I  do  not  mean  by  thia  that  any  Potbuan,  Senator;    Minister  of  Fman^  L 

part  of  the  anawer  of  the  reapondento,  or  the  altei^  Say,  Senator ;  Minister  of  War,  General  Borel ; 

native  writ  iaaued,  act  up  in  terma  a  failure  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  WorBhip,  and 

Board  to  count  any  return  because  It  waa  false  as  to  Fine  Arts,  Bardour,  Deputy;  Minister  of  Pub- 

the  actual  vote  caat    No  part  of  the  answer  which  ^    ^    j^     g  4    Freycinet,  Senator;  Minister 

waa  responaive  to  relator'a  caae— and  to  that  reapon-  ^^   .  ««:««i*««a  ^^a  1#  r<^».^.»^   T^;«ao*^tsi, 

denU  were  conllned-aet  up  any  auch  fact.    What  I  ^^  Agriculture  and  of  Commerce,  Teuserenc 

mean  ia  that  the  pleading«s  the  pointa  presented  in  de  Bort,  Senator. 

argument,  indeed  everything  in  the  case,  required  The  President  of  this  Republic  is  elected,  bj 

at  our  handa  a  decision  fixing  the  meaning  of  the  u  majority  of  votes,  by  tbe  Senate  and  Cham- 

r  woM^?ftl^.^rll'L"S,SSl^<^t?tV{h:  berof  I)ep«Ue«,«iutedin  CoDgre« or NtionJ 

worda  "  true  vote,"  and  ia  to  be  interpreted  in  ref-  Assembly.                    ^     -^     , ,        ^r    -.r  v 

erence  thereto,  then  it  necessarily  follows,  if  the  On  January  80,  1679,  President  MacMahon 
words  "true  vote"  mean  "the  vote  actually  caatj" 
that  the  falae  or  true  character  of  a  re 
determined  with  reference  to  the  vote 

Therefore,  thinking  that  tbe  Court,  in  com-  M.  6r6vy  President  of  tbe  Republic    (See 

manding  tbe  Stat«  Board  to  count  tbe  returns  Ok£vy.) 

f^ora  Madison  County,  directed  them  to  state  Tbe  legislative  body  consists  of  a  Senate  and 

a  falsehood  within  tbe  meaning  of  tbe  statute,  a  CbamlKir  of  Deputies.     The  Senate  coosiBts 

be  can  not  assent  to  snob  actioiL  of  75  life-members,  elected  by  tbe  late  National 

An  application  was  also  made  to  tbe  Supreme  Assembly  (see  *^  Annuid  Cyclopaedia*^  for  1875 

Court  soon  afler  tbe  election  for  a  mandamus  for  a  completo  list  and  tbe  biographies  of  the 

to  tbe  canvassers  of  Alachua  County  wbo  bad  life-senators),  and  226  elected  for  tiiree,  six,  and 

omitted  to  count  tbe  returns  of  certain  pre-  nine  years  respectively,  by  a  direct  vote  of  tbe 

cincts  on  tbe  ground  of  irregularities.    In  this  people.  Tbe  President  of  tbe  Senate  in  1878  was 

case  their  opinions  were  overruled,  and  tbe  the  Duke  d^Audiffret-Pasquier.    Tbe  Chamber 

mandamus  was  granted.  of  Deputies  consists  of  582  members.    The 

In  tbe  case  of  Brevard  County,  charges  of  President  of  tbe  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1878 

fraud  were  made  against  tbe  Clerk,  J.  M.  Lee,  was  Francois  Paul  Jules  Gr^vy. 

tbe  Sberifi^  A.  J.  Wright,  and  tbe  Justice  of  the  Tbe  area  of  France,  according  to  the  latest 

Peace,  W.  B.  Johns,  wbo  constitoted  the  Can-  official  calculations,  was  204,092  square  miles. 

Tassing  Board  of  that  county.    An  indictment  Tbe  population,  according  to  tbe  census  of 

was  found  against  them  by  the  grand  jury  of  1872,  was  36,102,921. 

tbe  United  States  Court  on  December  20tb,  and  The  table  on  page  839  exhibits  tbe  area  of 

tbey,  being  unable  to  furnish  $8,000  bail  each,  each  department,  its  population  according  to 

were  committed  to  await  trial.    It  was  thought  the  census  of  1876,  and  tbe    movement  of 

tbat,  unless  tbey  committed  gross  perjury  in  population  during  the  year  1875. 

the  affidavit  laid  before  the  State  Board,  no-  The  census  of  1876  gives  sdso  tbe  following 

thing  would  result  from  tbe  indictment  on  a  fair  figures :  There  were  362  arrondissements,  2,863 

trial-His  tbey  are  supposed  to  swear  tbat  the  cantons,  and  86,050  communes.    Tbe  canton? 

return  sent  forward  by  them  was  made  from  a  have  decreased  two,  owing  to  tbe  regulation  of 

canvass  of  tbe  precinct  returns,  and  therefore  the  frontier  with  Germany.    The  total  popu- 

tbey  could  not  be  convicted  of  making  '^  a  false  latiou  has  increased  802,867,  or  217  per  cent., 

certificate.''  since  1872.    According  to  sex,  the  popnUtioo 

The  result  of  the  election  for  members  of  tbe  was  divided  as  follows :  males  married  7,587,- 

Legislature  (to  meet  Jan.  7, 1879)wasa8followsr  259;  widowers  980,619,  single  9,806,761;  fe- 
males married  7,567,080,  widows  2,020,6SS, 
single  8,944,886.  The  increase  has  beengreaV 
est  in  the  departments  of  Seine,  Nord,  Loire 
Meurtbe-et-Moselle,  Gironde,  Finist^re,  an^ 
Mame ;  a  decrease  showed  itself  in  20  depart 
ments,  principally  in  the  Lower  Alpa,  Calvados 
Eure,  Ger,  Lot,  Muiohe,  Ome,  and  Vanclose. 


Seaate.    AMCtablj. 

Jofot  baUot. 

R«pabUcaQ8 

2.^     ;     46 

7      1      «S 

71 
85 

IndependaDts 

1 

Tacaney 

1 

ToUL 

88            T6      1      lOS 

EBANOE. 


339 


Arwlaiq. 


Aia. 
Aim 

AlBer. 

AJpM(BaiMa).. 
DM<HastM).. 
AlpM-ktfltfniM 

AidMtf 

Ardei 

Aittffec 

Aite.. 

Awk.. 

Artyran. 

OUradat. 

Cmt^ 

ChiiiBta. 

GhmBtft'IiiflMeiire. 

Cbm. 

(terte 

C«nia 

0Me4K)r. 

C0M»4ii-K<»d 

Cmm^ 

DordogBflL 

SMbf 

Drtmc 

Eon 

Bb«^  Loire 

yun^ 

Snd 

teOBIM 

vtroode ........ ... 

Utnak 

Db^yikine. 

bdre. 

hdvMt-Leira 

hkn 

Jm. 

Uadef 

Lofr-H^aMr..'.'.'... 
I^ 

U^'cauOe)'.'.'.'/.'. 
UMaSksitm.... 

Ukti 

Ul 

LBt-eC-<3araBM 

IL 

■^trLolrv..... 

M , 

^  I  (HMte)'.  .'..*' 
Km 

V«d.... 

Ote 

Out.... 

FM    

hf4e>D(kM 
mtefa«<BaMM).. 
nrkin  (Hiotes). 

1^ 

MM(HNito) 

9ite»^LolTO  .... 
S«tfct. 

aifois 

S*». 

84a*<tOlfe 

IWi 
Tib 
Tv 

Vm  _ 

T*««M 


8,88» 
2,888 
2,82i 
8,685 
S,15S 
1,619 
8,184 
8,080 
1,880 
8^1T 
8,438 
a,876 
1,9T1 
8,188 
8,817 
8,894 
8,688 
8,778 
8,865 
8377 
8388 
8,658 
8,160 
8^45 
8,018 
8318 
8300 
8,868 
8,686 
8,868 
8,488 
8,420 
8,761 
8398 
8,687 
8,684 
8360 
8,901 
1338 
8387 
8,468 
1,883 
1316 
8,634 
8,614 
8,018 
8,067 
1,886 
8,750 
8,888 
8,198 
8,408 
1386 
8,080 
8,406 
8,626 
8,689 
8,198 
8,851 
8364 
8,550 
8,070 
8,845 
1,750 
1388 
888 

i,on 

8,068 
8308 
8387 
8,284 
1,666 
186 
83^ 
8.816 
8,164 
8317 
83T8 
2,817 
1,486 
8327 
1,670 
2388 
2,691 
2,180 
2,258 
8,868 


804,088 


Ftopablkn  te  1171 

TopaMbal^Wti. 

Blithi,  1875. 

868,880 

866,468 

8.788 

568,488 

480,487 

18,644 

890,818 

406,788 

10,869 

188,888 

188,166 

8,488 

118388 

118,084 

8,608 

188,087 

808,604 

5,902 

880,377 

884378 

11342 

880,817 

886,788 

7,687 

846,888 

844,785 

6378 

966.687 

966317 

4,778 

886387 

800,066 

7,688 

402,474 

418,886 

18,041 

664,811 

"^£5 

15345 

464,019 

450320 

9381 

881,887 

881,088 

6318 

967380 

878,860 

8,547 

465,668 

465,688 

10388 

886389 

84^6l8 

8,895 

808,746 

811,586 

8,751 

868,507 

968,701 

8,860 

874,510 

877,668 

7,496 

628,896 

680,957 

18,801 

974,688 

878,488 

6,866 

480441 

488,648 

18,288 

881,861 

806,084 

8,864 

880,417 

881,768 

7,951 

8n.874 

878,688 

6,858 

888,688 

888,075 

6,648 

648,868 

666,106 

88,561 

480,181 

498,804 

18,878 

478388 

477,780 

10,388 

984,717 

988,846 

^664 

705,148 

786,949 

14,7« 

488,878 

446,068 

18,058 

668,689 

608,708 

17,868 

977,688 

981,848 

7,888 

817,087 

884,876 

6,488 

676,784 

681,098 

14,458 

887,684 

288,888 

6.767 

800,588 

808308 

8,404 

268,801 

979,684 

6,588 

660,611 

680,608 

17414 

808,783 

818,781 

8,468 

608,806 

618,979 

18,468 

858,081 

860,808 

8,844 

881,404 

876,619 

6,256 

818,888 

'       816,820 

6,763 

185,180 

188318 

4,848 

618,471 

617,358 

11415 

644,776 

688310 

18,039 

886,157 

407,780 

10,009 

961,186 

862,448 

6,181 

860,687 

851,988 

8,666 

86M87 

404,608 

9,065 

284.796 

984,064 

6,618 

480358 

606,678 

15,930 

888317 

846,889 

J^'^H 

1,447,764 

1,518386 

60,868 

886,804 

401,618 

8,848 

898,250 

888326 

7,948 

761,158 

788,140 

84,588 

666,468 

670,207 

18,078 

486,700 

481,525 

11,824 

28^156 

288,087 

6,616 

181,856 

197,940 

8361 

66,781 

68,600 

1,888 

670,247 

706,181 

16,781 

808,083 

804,068 

7,085 

688.844 

814308 

16,683 

446,608 

446,888 

•'^ 

267,858 

868361 

7.668 

278,027 

278,801 

8,532 

9,890,060 

8,410,848 

«*'*1!! 

780,038 

T9M14 

28,480 

841,480 

847,838 

7,906 

680,180 

661,980 

12,428 

881,248 

836,666 

8,638 

667,016 

666,641 

12,986 

868,718 

858,288 

^'iS 

881,610 

821,864 

4.890 

288,757 

295,768 

6.808 

268,451 

256,708 

6,404 

401,446 

411,781 

11,358 

820,508 

880,916 

7,967 

883,447 

886,061 

11,198 

888,988 

407,088 

11,086 

868,608 

868,070 

7,168 

86408,881 

86,806,788 

850,876 

846,068 


DMtb^  1875. 

ManlafM,  1875. 

8,403 

8328 

18388 

4366 

7,418 

8,268 

M4 

1,001 

8,618 

800 

6,471 

1,788 

8,481 

8310 

7,818 

9,567 

6,448 

1,881 

6,786 

1,774 

8318 

9,691 

10,117 

8,487 

16,686 

4,806 

^^XS 

8,688 

4,807 

1,767 

8366 

8377 

8,905 

4,079 

6,818 

9,888 

7,686 

9,988 

«'*S 

8,068 

7,888 

8,570 

14,983 

^006 

6,098 

9,969 

10,617 

4,688 

6386 

9,981 

7348 

9,697 

8,700 

9,648 

7,188 

9,068 

17,888 

6,769 

11,887 

8,660 

10,073 

8,488 

8,013 

8368 

16,078 

6,978 

"'!2 

8,569 

14,078 

4,994 

6,381 

8388 

6317 

8,688 

18,686 

6,088 

6,115 

9,840 

6346 

8,661 

6361 

8,0S8 

18,754 

4,948 

6,878 

8384 

11,514 

8,961 

8,158 

9,787 

6340 

9,294 

7,810 

2,288 

8,338 

1,086 

11,889 

4,087 

18308 

4357 

10,376 

8,198 

6,460 

1,589 

8,888 

9,616 

7,081 

8,647 

6,088 

9,989 

13,480 

4,888 

6,401 

2,840 

85,787 

12,064 

8,058 

9,806 

8,680 

9,868 

18,5S6 

^^ 

18,758 

4,769 

8,708 

8381 

6,168 

6,668 

6,494 

1,865 

1.488 

658 

18,888 

6,406 

^936 

8,876 

18,587 

"•lU 

10,486 

8,668 

6376 

I3I6 

6,673 

1,874 

67468 

83,348 

82,458 

6,487 

8.069 

8,598 

18,587 

4,177 

7,058 

8,9«l 

18,197 

4,847 

8,195 

8,714 

6,866 

M2 

7360 

8,168 

6,763 

^m 

8,985 

8,687 

6,708 

8,886 

7,795 

8,184 

8,703 

8318 

7,790 

8,506 

800,497 


*  toauufy  called  Belibrt  (tarrltoire  de). 


840 


FRAKOE. 


The  moTement  of  population  from  1866  to 
1875  was  as  follows: 


Snrplnior 

ffMwnlfi  of  !&• 
<m«  (L)  or 

popdalloB. 

m^ 

DHiln. 

bln]w(IL)or 
4«tkt(D.X 

lOvO* ■• 

1,006,868 

884,578 

B.  181,685 

I.  0*88 

1887... 

1,007^15 

886.887 

B.  180,688 

1.0-81 

1808. .. 

984,140 

928,088 

B.    68,108 

LO-16 

1889... 

948,686 

864,880 

B.    84,806 

1.0-81 

1870... 

944,115 

1,046,909 

D.  106,894 

D.0-88 

isn... 

826,121 

1,271,010 

D.  444,815 

D.1-88 

1879... 

966,000 

798,064 

B.  178,986 

L  0-48 

1878... 

946,864 

844,568 

B.  101,776 

1.0-88 

1874... 

954,668 

781,709 

B.  178,948 

1.0^ 

1875... 

960,975 

845,008 

B.  105,918 

1.0^ 

The  number  of  stUl-bom  children  from  1870 
to  1875  was  as  follows : 

1870 46,169 

1871 40,816 

1878 48,967 

1878 44,487 

1874 44,618 

1875 48,884 

Of  the  950,975  children  bom  in  1875  about 
66,000  were  illegitimate.  The  relation  of 
births  to  the  total  population  from  1869  to 
1875  was  as  follows : 


1V>«>1  pofolulim. 

^ 

BbllMfcrlOO 

1869. 

86,855,178 
86,086,818 
86,544,067 
86,108,981 
86,860,988 
86;B88.481 
86»542,910 

048,526 
948,516 
886,181 
966,000 
946,864 
954,658 
960,975 

8-67 

1870. 

8-66 

1871 

8-96 

1878. 

9-67 

18T8. 

8*61 

187< 

8-69 

1876. 

9-60 

The  relation  of  deaths  to  the  total  popula- 
tion from  1869  to  1875  was  as  follows: 


TKABS. 

■Md  popdalloB. 

DMfbi. 

VOBbOTflf 
dMtlMtOlOO 

faihabltealk 

1869 

86,866,178 
86,98^919 
86,544,067 
86,108,991 
86.960,988 
86388,481 
86,648,910 

864,820 
1,046,909 
1,871,010 
798,064 
644,668 
781,706 
845,068 

9-84 

1870. 

8-88 

1871 

8-48 

1879. 

9*19 

1871. 

8*88 

1874» 

8*16 

1876. 

9-81 

The  relation  of  marriages  to  the  total  popu-' 
lation  from  1869  to  1875  was  as  follows : 


TMatpopdalloB. 

ManbffM. 

N«nb«or 

BMirlafMlo 

lOOIahaU- 

talk 

1809 

86,85M78 
86,966,219 
86,544,067 
86,109.921 
86,260,928 
86388,481 
863^2,910 

808,489 
928,705 
262,476 
802,754 
821,288 
808,118 
800,427 

0-88 

1870 

0*60 

1871 

0.78 

1878. 

0-98 

1878. 

0*80 

1874 

0-88 

1876 

0.88 

The  number  of  voters  who  in  1876  were  en- 
titled to  Tote  at  the  general  and  municipal 
elections  was  as  follows:  general  election, 
9,i^070 ;  municipal  election,  9,691,442. 


The  budget  for  1879,  Yoted  by  the  National 
Assembly,   comprised  the  following   sources   ' 
of  reyenue  and  branches  of  expenditures  (in 
francs) : 

MMYMKXnL 

DiNettum 4n,7»,«!0 

Btampt  and  ngistntion. 688,040,000 

Prodnoe  of  forMU. 88^072,«)0 

I>atlM 888,«8,C00 

l&direettaxM 1,OM,6S8,(«0 

Prodaoe  of  posts..... lia,87«,0W 

Bttrpios  of  indirsct  rscetpts  fhnn  the  Ge&ersl 

J&potitiaa 10,000,000 

MlsoeHsneoiis  i«os4pts lU,e»S,SfiO 

Extnordinsrj  receipts 128,91S,»4 

Total 8,T98,177,60t 

SXPUl  MDITU  UCS. 

Ministrj  of  jQStlee 84,41M« 

Minlstiy  of  Foreign  Afhln. 18,719,m 

Ministiy  of  the  Interior 88,786,»M 

MlnUtiyofFlBsnoe 1,000,181^ 

Ministry  of  Pabliolnitmetkm 114,8<4,» 

Ministry  of  Agiloaltiire  and  Oommeroe 42,664jlM 

Ministry  of  PabnoWoriES 984,681^ 

Ministry  of  War 688,8M,4lf 

Mlnistey  of  the  NsTy )  iea«Mi9i 

Administration  of  eolonies. f  **»•*«»*'* 

General  dTil  goyenuDent  of  Algiers 85,717.840 

TV>taL 8,781,066^(M 

The  interest  on  the  public  debt,  according 
to  the  budget  of  1877,  was  as  follows: 

Consolidated  dehC 747,8tt,4SI 

Capital  that  may  be  caUed  in 816,0I«J97 

DecteTiagte«. ISiOOfiyKI 

Ttotal l,168mQt8 

On  January  1, 1878,  the  new  army  law  of 
August  16,  1872,  went  into  operation.  Its 
first  article  enacts  universal  liability  to  miliUi- 
ry  service.  Every  Frenchman  capable  of  bear- 
ing arms  must  serve  for  twenty  years,  namely, 
four  years  in  the  standing  armj,  ^ye  years  in 
the  reserve  of  the  standing  armj,  five  yean 
in  the  territorial  army  (Landwehr),  and  six 
years  in  the  reserve  of  the  territorial  armj 
(Landsturm). 

By  a  law  of  July  84, 1878,  on  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army,  France  is  divided  into  18 
districts,  each  of  which  is  occupied  by  an  annj 
corps.  One  army  corps  is  also  organized  in 
Algeria.  Each  of  the  18  army  corps  connsta 
of  2  divisions  of  infantry,  1  brigade  of  cst- 
airy,  1  brigade  of  artiUery,  1  battalion  of  en- 
gineers, 1  squadron  of  the  train,  a  general 
staff,  and  the  subordinate  stafb.  The  compo- 
sition of  the  army  in  time  of  peace  will  be  as 
follows : 


DIVISION  or  ARMT. 

Inlluitry  (166  regiments,  605  battalions, ) 

8,446  oompanies) f 

Cavalry 

Artillery 

Engineers 

TrSn 

Staff 

Qendarmea 

T«aL 


In  time  of  war  the  army  will  be  composed 
follows : 


FRANCE.  341 

nuwarft-^ta  intaiia  innr  orpi  Mid  « di-  Oommittee:  There  were  in  all  338  tcbkIs; 

hSlZi!^i^'iMuiuii^'ii:'.y<i'ibi'i^,^«U,    ^  of  these  50  were  iron-olftds  (among  them  19 

lattHoitaiBg  IB  FniM  ud  Aiiuto <».«■)  of  the  first  class),  SB  crubera,  40  dispatch-boats, 

SSSSr™;::::::::::::::::::::::::;;:;:  ffiS  2»  1™..,,*  r  i<,rpri»bo.i*  «.J^  eo  j^mng 

GnkMiraiipiofibetentioiteiumr Ki,oai)  Tessels.    The  fleet  was  muined  in  1670  b;  48,- 

Cuialntigruiddoiiutm ;..     *i,<M  808  saUors,  and  16,000  men  composiug  the  mo- 

1,  M/Kw  j^^  following  table  shows  the  conimerce 

Tba  niTf  was  composed  ns  foUowa,  on  Jann-  of  France  with  the  foreJKn  conntries  chieflj 

irr  1, 18T8,  acoording  to  a  report  sahmitted  Interested  in  its  trade  in  ^e  jear*  1674,  1876, 

lo  the  Chamber  of  Depoties  by  the  Bndget  and  1676: 


ixpon..                               1                              urQ.». 

iat4. 

iota. 

ISTS. 

IST4. 

lata. 

■sto. 

s 

m 
mo 

M 

■W 
KW 
00 

>w 

i 

100 

m 

KM 
00 
0« 

00 
0« 

s 

«0 
CO 
00 
00 
00 
0« 
00 
00 
00 

oo 
ot 

40 

00 
00 
0« 
00 

100 

00 

00 

00 
00 
0« 
00 

00 

m 
100 

■oo 
100 
>w 

no 

NM 

» 

W 
100 

■00 

M 

■00 

no 

00 

00 

m 
m 

i 
i 

HM 

m 

■00 

no 
no 

no 
no 
no 

s 

00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
vo 
00 
«o 
00 

UO 

00 

i 

00 
m 

i 

■fflSSS 

^-. ;::.■■:;: 

SfSW 

fsass 

^^^orwv.-nlDoimurk 

il«5 

^'i^iU'.^E. 

^S 

Ote  coatria  la  AoKrln. . . . 

■ws 

ss 

TMlfctdrKODHtrt..... 

«.»«1.T(M,M» 

a3ai,sM,«» 

s,iiiiVSO(i,ooa 

BJHi.«n,0«l 

s,sTa,Mo,ooo 

«,ro.*(M,ooo 

The  oommeroe  of  France  with  jta  colonies  during  the  same  period  wu  as  follows : 


-.Ton.. 

r       T, 

ina- 

Hia. 

■•r«. 

UT4. 

IMS. 

ma. 

lilBOOpOoo 
KBOoiino 

108,«00,OM 

is.000,000 

"■a!!! 
!5ffi 

isa,«ni000 

iso.nxtnoo 
«.aM.ooo 

10.000.000 

ffiSi 

■iSS 

«ojxn 

iMjwo,o(n 

^*e^;Ei 

s.ono.000 

8no,ooo 

TttalFHhnlOBlM..... 

iiuna,ooo 

»1^000.000 

MMOO,000 

186,000^000 

1M,*00,000 

IWOOO.OOO 

from  1869  to  1S77: 

amui.  MWRBOi. 

jooui  un>  rucnon  mhau. 

■.*» 

tf^-. 

I_pML 

IMT,^ 

l.p« 

bpH. 

'<kMfji(n,a6o 

s,iH4oo,aoo 
s.«as,400.aoo 
s.uiCioo.oao 

B,4 

1 

8 

MSj)oa.ooo 
Msoooioco 

Is 

342 


FRANCE. 


CI.A.SSES. 

DCPOBM. 

HFOKIB. 

18tt. 

18t7. 

1878. 

1877. 

ArtlolMoffood 

1,148,703,000 

1,945,414,000 

448,667,000 

400,040,000 

1,144,899,000 

L74A,087,000 

417,086,000 

440,646,000 

1,047,104,000 
008,182,000 

1,689,801,000 
840,417,000 

1,007,641,000 

001,91«,OOO 

Manoftictured  gtKxls 

1,072,684,000 

Other  merduuidiae 

801,878,000 

Total 

8,968,868,000 

8,706,868,000 

8,070,004,000 

8,484,838,000 

The  number  of  laden  vessels  entered  and 
cleared  in  1876  was  as  follows : 


vnrAT^ 

NATIONALITY. 

VMMh. 

Tom 

YMMh. 

Tmu, 

Freneh 

18,170 
8^908 

0,072,000 
9,062,000 

6,218 
16,908 

8,4801000 

Fordgn 

&276,000 

Totid. 

04,122 

14,184,000 

28,171 

8,771,000 

The  commercial  navj,  on  December  81, 1876, 
was  as  follows : 


CI.A88KS  OT  YKSSKLS. 

SalUnir  YMMla 

Bteamen 

Op- 

For  port  Mrrioe. , 

FiBbmg  YeaBeto. , 

CoMtiiig  veftaelB 

JjODg  YCfyMg^ 

YesMlB  oat  of  nae  w  probft' 

bljkMt 

Total,  1876 

**     1870 , 

«     1874 


14,861 
046 

498 
9,090 
2,604 
2,828 

887 


10,407 
1^44l 
1^0^4 


Tom 


792,886 
218^449 

9,681 
188,021 
116,920 
728^080 

22,678 


1,011,280 
1,028,228 
1,087,272 


CiVWIL 


more  than  26  per  oent,  were  illegitimate.  Tbe 
number  of  marriages  was  18,117.  The  budget 
of  Paris  for  1878  was  as  follows  (in  francs)  : 

OrdlnaiT  raoelpta 218,64&,495 

Ertnoidinaiy  reoeiptt 80,417,840 

Total 204.O68;B30 

Ordinary  expendJtiirea 217,607,280 

ExtxaoidlzuuT  ezpendltorea. 86,45$,0fi0 

Total 204,068,880 

The  French  colonies  and  dependencies  bad, 
according  to  the  latest  official  reports,  the  fol- 
lowing area  and  population : 


84,801 
10,887 

2,098 
08,077 
10,386 
29,218 

409 


OOLONOS  AND  DEFENDSNCIU. 


Algeria  (1877) 

I.  CoLomi. 
AHa. 

L  India:  PondldiArr,  Chander- 
nagor.  Karlkal,  Mali4,  Tana- 

on  (1876) 

2.  Freneti  Cochln-Chlna  (1870>. . . 


9^188 
96,164 
98,022 


Total  poaaeaakna  in  Aiia. 


All  the  railroads  in  France  are  private  roads, 
which  are  assumed  by  the  Government  at  the 
expiration  of  their  charters.  According  to  the 
"  Statistique  Oentride  des  Ohemins  de  Fer,*'  tiie 
number  of  kilometres  in  operation  on  January 
1,  1875, 1876,  and  1877,  was  as  follows: 

TEAR.  XflMntlNb 

1870 20,771 

1876 21,761 

JSn 22,671 

The  Statistics  of  telegraphs  were  as  follows : 

OoTwmnent  atatlona  in  1876 1600 

Length  or  llnoa  in  1876  (kUomoties) 04,800 

Length  ofwlrea  in  1876        "•         140,800 

Inland  dispatches  in  1876 7,018.482 

International  dlapatdhea  in  1876 1,029,874 

Total  dispatches  in  1876 8,047,886 

Beoeipto  in  1677  (franca) 19,000,000 

On  I)ecember  81, 1875,  there  were  582  author- 
ized savings  banks.  Of  these  159  had  694 
branches.  Of  the  582  17  had  not  been  in  op- 
eration during  the  year  and  one  had  not  re- 
Sorted,  leaving  515  which  had  reported  at  that 
ate.  The  number  of  books  out  on  December 
81,  1875,  was  2,865,567.  On  January  1,  1875, 
there  was  due  to  depositors  573,719,878  francs 
and  244,086,637  francs  were  deposited. 

The  population  of  Paris,  according  to  the 
provisional  returns  of  the  census  of  1876,  was 
1,986,948,  or  184,965  more  than  according  to 
the  census  of  1872.  The  number  of  births  in 
1876  was  66,016,  or  28,275  males  and  26,741  fe- 
males ;  and  of  deaths  48,579,  or  25,825  males 
and  28,254  females.    Of  the  births  14,474,  or 


Oeeonieo. 

1.  New  Caledonia  and  Lojaltr  lal- 

ends  (1878) 

2.  Harqnesaa  Islands  (1871) 

8.  GUpperton  Island 


Total,  Oceanka. 


A/rica  (ezdnslTe  of  Algeria), 
"a  (1870)..... 


1.  Benegambia 

2.  Gabon. 


8.  B^onion  (1870). 

4.  Mayotte  and  Nosal  B4  (1810) . . 
0.  8te.-lfarle  (1876) 


AlMyl^l 


208,817 


191'80 
21,718^ 


21,912-94 


7,614-51 

478-86 

2-12 


8,094-09 


TV>ta],  Africa 


America, 

Bt-Barthilemy 

Bt-Plerre,  Mlqnelon,  etc;  (1870) . 

Martinique  (l(>f0) 

Ooadeloape    and     dependenclea 

(1870) 

French  Oolana  (1870). 


Total,  Ameriea 

Total  ookndea  (esDept  Algeria). . 

II.  DspmyBTom* 
.i«to.-Cambodla  (1874X 


Oceanica, 

1.  Tahiti,  Moorea,  Tetoaroa,  Mai- 

tea  (1874). 

2.  Tabal,  Yarita,  and  Bapa 

&  Toamota  Islands  (79) 

4.  Gambler  lalands  (6) 


Total  dependencies , 

Colonies  and  dependencies 


989*70 
19017 

87-18 


2,667^ 


285.0SS 
1,600^ 


1^^ 


<.01I 

DOtil^Mb. 


77,M5 


2sn^ 
? 

.18840 

18JU 

6^ 


1,282^       ^.258 


8 
81-22 
881-42 

712^ 

46,879-77 


48,068-80 


79,1 


82^-89 


481-78 

66-80 

2,072-54 

11-48 


80,481-08 


2,874 
0,1S1 

la^ 

17a775 
27,088 


867417 


2,7004M 


690,000 


10,701 

675 

8,000 

lyMO 


910,878 
8,088,668 


The  Chambers  were  opened  on  January  8th 
in  the  nsaal  manner.  In  the  Senate,  M.  Gaol- 
thier  de  Ramilly,  a  member  of  the  Left  Gen* 


FRANCE.  343 

ter,  took  the  chair  as  Benior  member.  His  becanse  the  ministers  iUegally  pnt  him  forward 
speech  was  remjirkable  for  the  fact  that  it  to  cover  their  own  responsibility.  He  now 
ooDtsined  an  honorable  mention  of  the  Presi-  approved  the  present  bill,  which  was  necessary 
desVs  message  of  December  14»  1677,  in  which  to  repair  the  wrong  and  affirm  true  oonstitu- 
he  had  shown  that  he  was  not  a  tool  of  the  tional  principles.  M.  Talandier,  of  the  £z- 
mimsters  of  the  16th  of  May.  In  the  Oham-  treme  Left,  said  that,  while  he  entirely  ap- 
ber  of  Depnties,  M.  Desseanz  took  the  chair,  proved  of  a  scheme  of  pardon  for  all  political 
In  addressing  the  House,  he  made  an  allusion  crimes,  such  a  proposal  must  come  from  the 
to  the  death  of  M.  Dncamp,  a  deputy  of  the  Left,  and  he  looked  with  suspicion  upon  any 
Left,  recalling  the  fact  that  the  deceased  had  proposal  for  an  amnesty  which  emanated  from 
been  transported  to  Algeria  in  1852,  and  add-  the  authors  of  a  coup  d*itat  M.  de  Fourton, 
ing  that  he  was  a  victim  of  a  detestable  reaime,  who  was  present,  remained  silent. 
M.  Psol  de  Gassagnac  here  interrupted  the  Two  important  bills  were  passed  by  the 
speaker  with  the  observation,  *^  It  is  the  re-  Chamber  on  February  8th.  The  tirst  provided 
public  which  is  ignoble."  For  this  he  was  that  a  state  of  siege  can  not  be  proclaimed 
caHed  to  order.  The  election  of  the  presi-  without  the  consent  of  the  Chamber,  while 
dents  and  vice-presidents  took  place  on  the  the  other  accorded  f^  license  to  hawk  news- 
lOch.  The  Senate  as  well  as  the  Chamber  re-  papers  and  similar  printed  matter  in  the  pub- 
elected  their  preddents  of  1877.  The  Cham-  lie  streets.  On  the  18th  the  Chamber  consid- 
ber  at  once  proceeded  to  consider  the  elections  ered  the  estimates  of  the  Ministry  of  Public 
of  many  of  the  Conservative  members,  and  Worship,  in  which  the  report  of  the  Commit- 
qnashed  a  large  number  of  them.  On  the  21st,  tee  proposed  numerous  reductions.  M.  Bara- 
after  two  elections  had  been  declared  illegal,  gnon  defended  the  Catholic  party  from  the  at- 
a  resolatioQ  was  presented  by  Admiral  Fou-  tacks  made  upon  it,  and  denied  that  the  cleray 
ehflid,  signed  by  all  the  members  of  the  Right,  had  transarressed  the  laws  of  the  state.  M. 
providing  that  in  future  a  two-thirds  majority  Boysset,  uie  Budset  Committee's  reporter, 
ihoold  be  necessary  to  invalidate  any  election,  contended  that  Catholicism  in  its  modem  form 
M.  Qambetta,  however,  moyed  the  previous  was  incompatible  with  the  republic ;  that  the 
qaestion,  which  was  finally  adopted  by  a  large  subsidies  for  conflicting  oreeas  were  absurd ; 
iBijority.  that  disestablishment  must  be  aimed  at;  and 
An  election  for  a  life-Senator,  to  fill  the  va-  that  it  was  time  to  repudiate  a  concordat  in- 
eancj  caused  by  the  death  of  General  de  Pala-  herited  from  a  despot  M.  Qambetta  remarked 
dines,  took  place  on  the  same  day.  The  first  that  the  inheritance  must  be  preserved  as  long 
ballot  resulted  in  128  votes  for  the  Duke  De-  as  policy  required.  With  this  the  discussion 
eazes,  the  candidate  of  the  Right,  129  for  dosed,  M.  Bardouz  intimating  that  the  Govem- 
Victor  Lefranc,  the  candidate  of  the  Left,  and  ment  would  state  its  views,  if  necessary,  when 
15  scattering.  The  election  was  then  post-  the  votes  were  considered  seriatim.  The  esti- 
poaed.  A  second  ballot  was  taken  on  the  24th,  mates  of  the  ministry  were  then  agreed  to. 
bat  again  without  success,  and  the  election  was  On  February  25th  the  Senate  began  the  dis- 
•gain  postponed.  Ballots  on  February  7th  and  cussion  of  the  colportage  bill.  This  was  the  first 
16th  were  again  ineffectual ;  but  on  the  19th  M.  of  the  foar  Government  bills  designed  to  pre- 
de  Oarayon  Latour,  of  the  Right,  was  finally  vent  the  recurrence  of  the  reactionary  measures 
eboseo.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies  adopted  by  of  the  previous  year  by  expressly  prohibiting 
■  large  majority,  on  January  24th,  a  bill  grant-  those  strained  interpretations  of  the  law  which 
iog  amnesty  for  all  press  offenses  committed  were  accepted  by  subservient  judges  dnrins 
from  May  16  to  December  1^  1877.  The  de-  the  crisis  of  1877.  The  bill  simply  enacted 
bete  which  preceded  the  passage  of  the  bill  what  the  National  Assembly  of  1875  intended 
vuvery  animated.  M.  Goolet,  the  reporter  on  to  enact.  The  press  law  of  that  year  provided 
the  Mil,  stated  ^at  while  the  Duke  de  Bro^lie  that  prefects  diould  not  deprive  any  particular 
Tai  in  power  there  had  been  8,271  political  newspi4)er  of  the  right  of  outdoor  sale,  but 
prowcutions  and  2,709  convictions.  That,  he  should  only  be  entitl^  to  deprive  all  newspa- 
coDsidered,  represented  an  excessive  and  im-  pers  of  that  right.  The  De  Broglie  Cabinet, 
iBoderate  zeal  on  the  part  of  the  public  prose-  however,  evad^  tJliis  stipulation  by  withdraw- 
catora,  and  it  was  certainly  not  equaled  at  any  ing  the  license  of  any  hawker  who  refused  to 
otber  period  of  their  political  history.  M.  discontinue  the  sale  of  any  particular  Journal. 
Roaher  then  delivered  a  speech  on  amnesties  This  course  was  taken  under  the  colportage 
m  geaerai,  glorifying  in  particular  the  amnes-  laws  of  1884  and  1849,  under  which  a  hawk- 
^  of  the  Second  Empire,  and  defending  the  er^s  license  could  be  rescinded  without  any 
ffiteai  of  official  canoidatures.  M.  DnSinre,  ground  being  assigned.  The  new  bill  sought 
^  ^l7i  declined  to  be  led  away  into  any  con-  to  prevent  this  evasion  by  declaring  that  those 
iideration  of  amnesties  in  generaL  This  bill  laws  do  not  apply  to  the  hawking  of  newspa- 
*>•  a  special  exceptional  measure,  to  remedy  pers,  and  that  any  person  may  hawk  them  on 
tt  &r  aa  might  be  a  frightful  calamity  with  making  a  simple  declaration  to  the  municipal 
wbieh  Franco  had  been  afflicted  for  six  months,  or  sub-prefeotoral  authorities,  and  obtaining  a 
The  Marshal,  who  till  May  16th  was  univer-  written  acknowledgment  of  that  declaration. 
^1  reapected,  had  been  exposed  to  attacks  The  bill  was  bitterly  opposed  by  the  Right, 


Id  both  these  OA»es  the  OoTemment  dioM* 
wen  adopted.     The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth 

un  j>arcD  lotn  (a«  oennte  prooeeaea  m>  loe  oIeqwb  were  al«o  paMed  in  the  form  propowd 

coDuderation  of  the  Hcond  Goveniment  bill,  bj  the  Government,  and  tbe  entire  bill  vu 

the  state-of-dege  bill    CIbom  1,  b»  paued  b^  then  pasaed  bj  a  large  majority.    Tbe  third 

the  Chamber,  read  thiu :  eknae  provides  that  the  Preeident  afaonld  tin 

The  gtot  of  Bi«ff«  cm  b«  deoltred  only  in  eut  of  "o  power  to  decOare  the  state  of  dege  during 

imminent  peril  ooDseqnent  on  ■  foreign  war  oi  *a  a  dtBBoIation,  except  in  tbe  event  of  a  foreip 

•naed  iadirreotion.     A  1«w  alone  on  declare  the  war.      ClaoM  4  provides  that  the  Cbamben 

it«te  of  eiege ;  tbsl  l»w  .peoifles  the  oommime.  «v  ^^^^^^  immediately  meet   in  tbe  event  of  the 

i7Hirtoe'duA?ion'«%he?ipV.°iiT„of  whiTtimi  '^^ P^  «'^^  tfi^?  procleimed  dnring  .pro- 

the  iCate  of  sioge  «eu«  uulou  ■  nair  Uw  prolongs  rogation,  when  It  ahonld  be  raised  nolen  both 

its  opeistion.  of  them  agreed  to  renew  it.    Clanee  6  renewa 

For  this  the  Committee  proposed  to  sobsti-  g  ■»*  "^  !»**  so  far  as  not  repealed  bj  thi. 

.  ,       ,             J    1      .1     .  .     ,  ■           I,    .  The  third  of  the  Govemnieiit  biUS,  graDtiDt 

A  taw  ■lone  oin  deoisre  (he  state  of  iien.  mbjaot    ._  j _~ >     ,  .i.       '   „  i  _ 

to  the  eiception.  henifter  nsmed.    Th.tTiV  .p.ci-  amnesty  for  offenses  against  the  press  la. s 

Sea  the  oommQQei,BiTODdiaaamsnU,  or  departments  dnnng  tbe  interval  between  May  16  and  Dt- 

to  which  it  appliaa.  cember  14,  18T7,  was  passed  on  Moreb  SBth. 

The  second  dense  as  proposed  by  the  Gov-  Jh 8  Senate  sdjonrned  on  April  Js^  and  tl,« 

eminent  was  as  follows:  -o.^'Tk""^*'*  following  day    ^t'l /p"^ 

■   .,             ...             .    ...     ™.     .         .  2»tb.    The  Chambers  met  on  that  date,  Int 

In  the  oaaa  of  sdionnimBnt  of  ths  Chambers,  the  „„  n,,i„  k„j„„.  „..  *„„„„,^      n-i™. 

Fre>ida<it  of  tha  ^public  can  dMlare  the  autaaf  "ryl'ttle  bnsinees  was  transacted.     On  J  dm 

wage,  on  the  sdvioo  of  the  Counetl  of  Hinieten,  <">  "'^  Senate  passed  the  bill  aathonnng  tlie 

l)Qttfi«y  then  meat  of  fall  right  tvo  days  afterward,  direct  taxes  for  1679,  bnt  by  a  vote  of  IDS  Co 

For  this  the  Benate  Committee  proposed  to  1"  •t'^"''  o"'  a  olanee  providing  that  the  di- 

sobstitDte **"*  taxes  shonid  not  be  levied  nntu  the  rW 

,            J-  .L     1.           >  .1.   nt     I.        I.   n_  of  the  budget  bad  been  voted.    The  Chamber, 

In  ease  of  the  abaenee  of  the  Chsmbers,  the  Prei-  !,„_„„„  ™,„,.^  .i,i.  „i.„„   .„j  *i,„  tu~.,i 

ident  of  the  Eepublio  can  declare  the  aUta  of  .lege  however,  restored  this  clanse,  and  the  8en«« 

on  the  advioe  of  tbe  Counoil  of  Hinietara,  bat  mutt  thereupon  deemed  it  best  to  concur  in  the 

then  ssaemble  (he  Cbambart  within  eight  daya.  resolution   of   the   Chamber.     The  Ohunbw 


also  rejected  the  Franco-Italian  treaty  of  coin-  recent  negotiations  in  tbe  Eastern  qnestion. 

merce,  signed  in  July,  1877,  under  the  former  France,  M.  Wsddington  s«d.  had   invariably 

administration.     A   proposition  inviting  tbe  acted  in  favor  of  peao«.    With  regard  to  tlie 

Government  to  open  fl-esh  negotiations  with  Congress,  she  bad  stipnlated  that  the  qnestioDf 

Italy  was  passed.    M.  Wsddington,  in  reply  to  of  Egyp^  the  Lebanon,  and  the  Holy  Places, 

a  question  pat  by  H.  Kinaalt,  made  his  prom-  should  be  eic^inded  from  its  deliberations.     In 

ised  statement  as  to  the  policy  which  the  oonclosion,  tbe  minister  said  that  the  mainle- 

French  Qovemment  bad  pnrsnod  daring  the  nance  of  peace  was  now  almost  a  certainty. 


FRANCE.  345 

An  order  of  the  day  ezpressmg  confidence  in  the  latter  were  gained  bj  the  Right  in  1877. 
the  statement  of  the  minister  was  adopted  On  March  17th  8  additional  Repablicans  were 
nnaoimously.  In  the  Senate,  on  Jane  8th,  the  elected.  On  April  7th  16  elections  were  held, 
Gorernment  obtained  a  victory  over  the  party  14  districts  returning  the  Republican  candi- 
of  the  Duke  de  Broglie  and  M.  Buffet,  who  dates,  while  in  the  other  a  second  ballot  was 
tried  to  put  the  ministry  in  a  minority  by  con-  necessary,  which  on  the  21st  was  fdso  gained 
testing  its  right  of  fixing  the  date  of  the  sen-  by  the  Republicans.  Eight  elections  on  May 
atonal  elections.  M.  Dufaure  reftised  to  give  5th  returned  6  Republicans  and  2  Oonserva- 
aaj  pledge  on  the  subject  five  or  six  months  tives.  In  22  elections  held  on  July  7th  17  Re- 
beforehand,  and  the  order  of  the  day  pure  and  publicans  and  8  Oonservatives  were  returned^ 
simple,  although  opposed  by  most  of  the  Or-  while  in  two  districts  a  second  ballot  was  ne- 
leaaists,  was  carried  by  140  to  188.  Both  cessary.  Before  many  weeks  of  the  year  had 
Chambers  a4]oumed  on  June  11th,  on  the  un-  passed,  the  Republioans  found  themselves  in  a 
derstanding  tiiat,  unless  specially  convened  by  position  to  carry  the  Senate  for  all  their  moder- 
their  uresidents,  they  would  not  reassemble  ate  measures.  This  was  secured  by  a  breaking 
until  October  28th.  The  Chambers  met  again  up  in  the  ranks  of  the  Conservatives,  which 
on  October  28th,  but  without  transacting  any  resulted  in  the  secession  of  the  Oonstitntional- 
bosiness  they  adjourned  nntil  November  4th.  ists  from  the  Right,  and  their  adhesion  to  the 
The  Obamber  of  Deputies  on  that  day  took  up  Government,  now  substantially  identified  with 
the  question  of  M.  de  Oassagnac^s  election,  the  moderate  Republicans.  Among  the  first 
which  was  declared  invalid  on  the  7th.  On  results  of  this  movement  was  that,  shortly 
the  15th  the  Senate  elected  three  life-members :  after  the  state-of-siege  bill  was  passed  by  the 
IL  Baragnon,  Legitimist ;  M.  Oscar  de  Valine,  aid  of  the  Oonstitutionalists  in  the  Senate, 
Bonapartist;  and  the  Count  d^Haussonville,  Or-  M.  Gambetta  supported  a  motion  to  appoint 
leanist.  The  Ohamber  continued  its  investiga-  an  order  of  the  day  for  the  budget  of  receipts, 
tions  into  the  election  of  its  members,  and  on  the  ground  that  the  time  had  come  to  aa- 
unseated  a  number  of  Conservative  deputies,  sert  the  confidence  of  the  House  in  the  Gov- 
urnmg  them  M.  de  Fourton,  M.  de  Mun,  and  emment  and  the  future  of  the  republic ;  and 
tho  Duke  Deoazes.  On  the  26th  the  report  of  the  motion  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  486  to  84. 
the  Budget  Committee  was  laid  before  the  The  Republicans  gradually  came  to  a  better 
Chsfflbers.  The  total  expenditure  was  put  understanding  with  Marshal  MacMahon,  and, 
doim  at  2,696,664,875  francs,  and  the  revenue  having  disembarraased  themselves  of  his  oppo- 
at  8,714,673,014  francs.  The  committee  pro-  sition  to  their  programme,  became  convinced 
posed  to  reduce  the  latter  to  2,7dl,080,014  that  it  would  be  for  their  interest  and  the  in- 
franos,  which  would  permit  abolitions  and  re-  te'rest  of  the  nation  for  him  to  remain  in  office 
dnotions  of  taxes  to  be  made.  On  December  for  the  full  period  of  bis  term.  The  respect 
14th  M.  Waddington  in  the  Senate  made  a  for  the  Marshal  grew  to  such  an  extent  that  by 
statement  respecting  the  foreign  policy  of  the  close  of  the  year  the  expediency  and  pro- 
France.  That  policy,  he  said,  had  not  varied  priety  of  making  him  the  candidate  to  sncoeed 
nnce  the  close  of  the  Congress.  It  was  em-  nimself  in  the  Presidency  was  discussed  among 
bodied  in  the  instructions  given  to  the  French  some  of  the  Republicans,  and  M.  Gambetta 
plenipotentiaries  at  Berlin.  They  were  to  de-  was  represented  as  not  being  unfavorable  to 
fend  the  interests  of  France,  to  maintain  peace,  the  scheme. 

to  do  nothing  to  compromise  French  neutrality,  M.  Gambetta  made  a  tour  of  France  in  Sep- 

■nd  to  avoid  all  engagements  concerning  the  tember,  and  was  received  everywhere  with  re- 

fotore.     These  conditions  had  been  scrupu-  ioicings  as  the  most  pronounced  Republican 

loiuly  respected,  and  France  left  the  Congress  leader.    He  made  an  address  at  Romans  which 

It  free  as  she  entered  it.     With  regard   to  was  regarded  as  embodying  the  programme  of 

Greece,  M.  Waddington  said,  in  the  action  the  party.    He  justified  the  action  and  policy 

vhich  France  had  initiated  to  secure  for  that  of  the  Republicans,  and  the  me^ods  they  had 

eonntrj  a  snflicient  frontier,  she  would  not  be  pursued  to  carry  out  their  measures.    Refer- 

iaolated,  bnt  would  act  in  concert  with  all  the  ring  to  reports  that  prevailed  attributing  to 

Powers.  Marshal  MacMahon  the  intention  of  resigning 

The  party  in  favor  of  establishing  and  sua-  the  Presidency,  he  remarked  that  such  an  event 

tiining  the  republic  grew  in  strength  during  would  involve  no  danger  to  the  republic,  since 

the  whole  year.    The  municipal  elections  held  a  successor  to  the  Mivshal  would  be  immedi- 

•t  the  beginning  of  the  year  resulted  in  con-  ately  appointed,  and  there  would  be  no  oom- 

cderable  gains  to  the  Republicans.    Redlec-  petition  for  the  post.    But,  he  continued,  "  a 

tioas  held  on  the  27th  of  January  to  fill  seats  man  invested  with  such  an  office  must  remain 

vbieh  had  been  declared  invalidated  sustained  at  his  post  to  the  end.    The  President  will  not 

the  decision  of  the  Assembly,  and  resulted  in  resign ;  he  ought  not,  he  can  not,  take  such  a 

the  retam  of  Republicans  to  all  the  seats  step."  Proceeding  to  general  topics,  the  speak- 

a  place  of  the  Conservatives  who  had  been  er  demanded  that  functionaries  hostile  to  the 

thrown  onL  The  second  list  of  elections,  March  republic  should  be  removed,  while  otherwise 

H  was  less  favorable  to  the  Republicans,  the  he  favored  irremovability  of  the  magistracy. 

Left  gaining  10  seats  and  the  Right  4.  Two  of  He  eulogized  the  army,  and  indulged  in  some  se* 


iiaMl       , 

exposed  him  to  ooamderable  oriticiBm.  WLile 
he  disclaimed  hostility  to  religion  or  to  the 
lecDlar  clergy — who  hsTe,  he  eud,  "their  da- 
ties  to  perform  toward  their  floclc,  and  all 
that  Bepablioans  aak  ia  that  they  shall  Dot 
forget  that  thef  have  dnties  alio  toward  the 
state  " — he  demanded  that  existiDg  laws  should 
be  applied  to  them.  Addressing  himself  then 
to  the  oIerg7  of  the  monaatio  orders,  he  de- 
manded that  the  lavs  shoald  be  applied  to 
them,  and  that  favors  toward  them  should  be 
suppressed,  and  partioularlj  that  thej  should 
no  longer  he  ezoased  from  the  oonsoription. 
Advaptage  was  taken  of  these  eipressions  bj 
M.  Gamhetta's  adversaries  to  present  bim  in  an 
unfavorable  lifcht  before  the  lo;al  Catholios, 
and  it  seemed  for  a  time  as  if  bis  influence  had 
been  harmed  hj  them.  Later,  H.  Oambetia 
made  a  epeeoh  at  Grenoble,  advisiDg  the  elec- 


tors to  vote  againat  all  members  of  the  D* 
Broglie  Oabtoet,  and  for  men  onlv  whose  ui- 

tecedents  were  nniforml;  liberal.  He  privitcl; 
expressed  his  satiel'actioD  with  the  silnation, 
said  that  he  woald  no  longer  recommend  t 
ooDtdnnanoe  of  the  mistmstfiu  system  of  voting 
tbe  bndget  by  twelfths,  and  defined  his  pro- 
gramme as  being  for  a  pacific  and  progressiTe 
repnblio,  which  may  be  obliged  sometimes  to 
halt,  but  never  to  retrograde.  On  the  IStli  of 
Kovember,  daring  tbe  discussion  of  the  vsliditt 
of  If.  de  Foartoa's  election  in  the  Chsmbetf,  M. 
Gambetta  and  H.  de  Fourton  qnarreled  respect- 
ing a  qneetion  of  tbe  interpretation  of  M.  uan- 
hetta's  speech  at  Romans,  and  a  bloodlen 
dael  took  place  in  consequence  between  die 


Tbe  elections  for  Oonncnls-Oeneral  I 
resnlted  in  gaioa  for  tbe  Repnblicsos  ii 
partments  ^  which  they  bad  been  ii 


nority.  The  elections  for  tbe  encceseors  of  the 
first  body  of  Senatora,  who  were  to  retire  nn- 
der  the  constitotional  law  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  were  fixed  for  the  Gth  of  January,  187B. 
The  retiring  Senators  nnmbered  TS,  of  whom 
19  were  Republicans  and  SO  Monarchists.  The 
Monarchists  sought  to  have  tbe  elections  post- 
poned to  the  latest  I^al  date,  in  order  to  pnt 
off  as  long  as  possible  the  time  when  the  Re- 

Sablicans  should  acquire  an  nndiaputed  ascen- 
■noy  in  the  Senate.  They  were  overruled  by 
the  Government,  who  appointed  a  day  satis- 
factorj  to  the  Republicans,  and  thus  again  ac- 
quired a  new  title  to  their  confidence.  The  elec- 
tion of  the  delegates  who  would  form  the  ma- 
jority at  tbe  election  of  tbe  Seoatore  took  place 
on  tlie  BTth  of  October.  The  Republican  vote 
was  very  heavy,  and  tbe  party  carried  46  out 
of  the  7S  delegations,  OMuring  to  itself  a  major- 


ity of  es  in  the  Senate  after  the  final  elections 
of  January  Sth.  The  Senators  of  the  Rigbt 
tssned  a  manifesto  on  the  SOth  of  November 
in  reference  to  the  approaching  eleetioni  for 
Benators,  deprecating  the  designs  of  the  Repnb- 
licons  as  mischievous,  and  advising  the  elec- 
tors to  disoonntenaDce  them  by  roioming  ths 
Conservative  candidates.  In  tiie  last  week  of 
tbe  year,  ii.  Gambetta,  in  a  speech  at  a  bsuquet, 
predicting  a  majority  of  8S  for  tbe  Repablicans 
In  the  coming  senatorial  elections,  said,  "On 
the  0th  of  Jftnnary  the  republic  will  enter  into 
a  new  existence,  with  an  unprecedented  frte- 
dom,  and  by  prudenoe,  wisdom,  and  patience  the 
country  will  overcome  all  her  difficnliies,  tLi 
once  more  be  happy  and  contented."  He  de- 
nounced the  idea  of  making  the  repnbtio  s 
propaganda  of  its  doctrines  abroad,  declaring 
the  qnesUon  to  he  one  for  France  alone. 


FRANCE.  347 

• 

A  revieir  of  the  changes  which  haye  taken  state  of  the  tide,  is  to  cost  $8,800,000,  which 

place  in  the  Senate  daring  the  three  years  fh)m  sum  has  been  voted  by  the  Ohambers,  and  the 

its  oonstitntion  in  1875  to  the  election  for  sen-  ezecntion  of  the  work  will  occupy  fifteen  years; 

ttorial  delegates  in  December,  1878,  is  of  in-  but  it  is  hoped  that  a  part  will  be  safficiently 

terest  in  connection  with  the  revolution  in  the  advanced  in  five  years  to  insure  a  steam-paok- 

politiosl  character  of  the  body  which  was  ac-  et  service  at  all  hours  between  France  and 

oompllshed  by  the  last  elections.    The  Senate  England. 

was  partially  constituted  in  December,  1875,  A  bill  for  increasing  the  pay  and  pensions 

hy  the  appohitment  of  75  life-Senators  elected  of  the  non-commissioned  officers  of  the  army 

bj  (he  National  Assembly ;  and  in  the  begin-  became  a  law  in  June.    It  enacts  that  every 

aiog  of  1876,  the  835  Senators  who  had  to  non-commissioned  officer  who  reengages  for 

be  chosen  by  the  departments  were  elected,  five  years,  after  completing  his  first  five  years, 

Daring  the  past  three  years,  16  life-Senators,  shall  receive  a  bounty  of  2,500  francs;  if  he 

of  vhom  5  were  Conservatives  and  11  Repub-  re&nlists  for  a  second  period  of  five  years,  he 

licana,  died,  and  their  places  were  taken — ^the  shall  receive  anotber  premium  of  500  francs, 

new  members  being  ^eoted  by  the  Senate  it-  and  shall  become  entitled,  on  completing  bis 

lelf— by  18  Oonservatives  and  three  Republi-  fifteen  years  with  the  colors,  to  a  pension  of 

eans.    Deaths  and  resignations  of  Senators  from  865  to  455  francs  a  year,  according  to  his 

elected  by  the  departments  caused  21  other  rank.    Every  non-commissioned  officer  will 

ncanoies;   but  only  six  of  these  vacancies  also  receive  an  income  of  80  centimes  a  day 

were  filled  up,  the  seats,  which  had  been  pre-  during  his  first  period,  and  of  50  centimes  a 

Tioady  held  in  equal  proportions  by  Oooserva-  day  during  his  second  period,  of  reSngagement 

tires  and  Repabhcans,  having  been  transferred  The  bill  will  demand  an  increase  of  8,500,000 

to  the  former  with  but  one  exception.    The  francs  in  the  military  estimates  for  1879,  of 

eooseqaenoe  was,  that  the  Oonservatives  had  6,250,000  francs  in  those  for  1889,  and  of  i,- 

gainea  10  seats,  counting  20  upon  a  division^  500,000  in  those  for  1909. 

from  the  Repablioans  since  the  Senate  was  A  committee  appointed  by  the  Senate  to  in- 

eonatitiited.    The  most  notable  Senators  who  quire  into  the  cause  of  the  depressed  condition 

hsTe  died  or  resigned  since  January,  1876,  are  of  trade  and  manufactures  in  France,  made  a 

M.  Thiers,  who,  returned  as  Senator  at  Belfort,  report  in  May.    It  proposed  that  the  Gofem- 

i&d  deputy  in  Paris,  elected  to  sit  in  the  lower  ment  should  for  the  present  reserve  the  question 

Chamber;  General  Ohangamier ;  M.  Ricard,  of  the  treaties  of  commerce,  and  raise  the  dn- 

IGniater  of  the  Interior ;  M.  Oasimir-P6rier,  ties  which  protected  the  suffering  industries. 

K.  Ernest  Picard,  M.  Lanfrey,  M.  Alphonse  A  decree  was  gazetted  in  October  provid- 

Ssqairos,  General  d^Aurelle  de  Paladines,  M.  ing  that  within  a  specified  fh>ntier  zone  no 

Benooard,  Bishop  Dnpanlonp,  and  M.  Rou-  railways,  bridges,  canals,  roads,  or  other  worlu 

U&d,  Governor  or  the  bank  oi  France.  which  might  facilitate  the  march  of  an  invader 

KdeFreyoinet,  the  Minister  of  Public  Works,  should  be  undertaken  without  the  approval  of 
has  secured  the  assent  of  the  legislative  bodies  the  Mixed  Civil  and  Military  Oommission  of 
to  t  grand  and  comprehensive  scheme  for  con-  Public  Works.  The  decree  practically  reintro- 
dacting  public  improvements  of  all  kinds  by  duces  precautions  which  date  back  to  1776, 
the  organized  forces  of  the  nation.  His  plans  but  which  were  relaxed  in  1851,  and  were  still 
iaelode  the  improvement  of  the  harbors,  rivers,  further  relaxed  in  1862. 
caaals,  and  raUwaya,  the  construction  of  new  Orders  were  issued  in  October  to  the  pre- 
harbors  and  new  railways  where  they  are  need-  fects  from  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  corn- 
ed, irrigation  and  drainage,  the  supply  of  wa-  manding  the  stoppage  of  all  proceedings  tn  eof^ 
ter,  aewerage  and  the  utilization  of  sewage,  the  tumaeiam  for  offenses  committed  during  the  as^ 
MDservation  of  water-power,  and  the  preser-  cendancy  of  the  Oommune  in  Paris. 
▼atioB  of  the  parity  of  rivers.    They  will  re-  The  Minister  of  War  at  the  beginning  of  the 

n  about  500,000,000  francs  a  year,  or  about  year  requested  of  the  general  and  superior  ofil- 

im  which  the  country  as  a  whole  already  cers  <^  the  army  answers  to  certain  questions 

^^ds  on  snch  works.    In  pursuance  of  them  respecting  the  equipments  of  the  infantry  sol- 

aaomber  of  embarrassed  railways,  which  con-  diers.    The  principal  questions  related  to  the 

nted  in  August,  1878,  of  ten  lines  with  an  ag-  maximum  of  weight  which  a  man  of  average 

Sngate  length  of  about  1,000  miles,  have  been  stature  and  strength  should  be  required  to  car- 

pvrehased  by  the  state,  and  the  management  ry,  the  manner  in  which  this  weight  should  be 

<^tbem  has  been  vested  in  a  board  created  by  distributed,  and  the  articles  of  which  it  should 

the  minister,  which  acts  in  all  respects  (except  be  made  up.    Upon  the  basis  of  the  replies  re- 

tbat  its  members  are  appointed  by  the  Govern-  ceived,  a  circular  has  been  issued,  indicating 

neat  and  are  removable  by  it)  as  a  board  of  the  modifications  which  it  is  proposed  to  make 

independent  directors.    The  new  deep-sea  bar-  in  the  premises,  on  which  the  general  and  su- 

^  vorks  at  Boulogne,  which  also  form  a  part  perior  officers  are  requested  to  express  their 

of  the  system  of  enterprises,  were  inaugurated  opinion  before  a  final  decision  is  made.    The 

vith  UBpostng  ceremonies  and  festivals  on  Sep-  principal  changes  which  it  is  proposed  to  make 

temher  8th  and  9th.    The  new  harbor  is  in-  comprise  a  reduction  of  the  amount  of  provi- 

teoded  to  aocommodate  large  ships  at  any  sions  carried  by  the  soldier,  each  man  being 


348  FRANOE. 

giyen  only  two  days^  rations ;  the  suppression  of  Pnblic  Worship  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputiei 

of  the  shelter-tent  (tente  {Tcibrt)  and  water-proof  on  October  28th,  there  are  in  all  200,000  per- 

sheet,  the  snbstitation  of  a  simple  mess  tin  for  sons  under  tows  in  France,  exclusive  of  the 

every  two  men  for  the  cumbrous  cooking  uten-  45,000  ecclesiastics  in  receipt  of  paj  from  the 

sils  now  in  use,  and  the  suppression  of  two  of  state.    There  are  two  kinds  of  religious  bo^es 

the  pouches  now  worn  and  of  certain  articles  of  in  France — ^the  congregations  which  are  con* 

the  kit    On  the  other  hand,  a  number  of  uten-  trolled  by  a  central  authority,  and  alone  have 

sils  and  tools — as,  for  instance,  a  larger  tin,  a  the  right  of  forming  branches^  and  tbe  com- 

coflTee-mill,  two  hatchets,  and  three  small  pick-  munities  which  are  independent  of  each  other, 

axes — are  to  be  the  common  property  of  a  although  subject  to  the  same  rule&    There  are 

squad  of  men,  and  are  to  be  carried  in  succes-  five  legally  authorized  congregations  of  men, 

sion  by  the  men  composing  each  squad.  which  have  founded  116  establishments  at  home 

Several  estimates  have  been  given  of  the  and  in  the  colonies,  and  109  abroad.  The  nun- 
aggregate  strength  of  the  armed  forces  of  her  of  members  of  these  five  congregations  ia 
France.  An  article  in  the  *^  Journal  des  Sciences  2,418.  The  number  of  communities  of  men  is 
Hilitaires  "  sets  down  the  total  numbers  of  the  four,  with  84  members.  There  are  884  est&b- 
active  army  and  its  reserve  and  the  territorial  lishments  which  are  unauthorized,  the  mem- 
army  and  its  reserve,  including  the  men  who,  hers  of  which  number  7,444  men.  The  dif  er- 
though  liable,  are  wholly  untrained,  at  8,600,-  ence  between  them  is  that  those  which  are  not 
000.  An  estimate  by  Major  East,  of  the£ng-  authorized  labor  under  legal  disabilities,  and 
lish  War  Office,  including  trained  men  only,  are  liable  to  dissolution.  There  are,  in  addi- 
places  the  total  at  2,478,000,  to  which  the  un-  don,  28  religious  associations  of  men  devoted 
trained  men,  792,140,  may  be  added.  The  to  the  education  of  the  young.  The  number 
**  Cologne  Gazette,  '^  io  a  series  of  articles  on  of  schools  under  their  direction  is  8,096.  The 
the  subject,  estimates  that  in  1885,  when  the  number  of  the  members  of  these  assodations 
reorganization  of  the  armed  forces  of  the  coun-  is  20,841.  As  regards  nuns,  there  are  224 
try  will  have  been  completed,  the  Minister  of  congregations  legally  authorized,  which  have 
War  will  have  at  his  disposal  1,788,000  trained  founded  2,450  establishments,  numbering  98,- 
men  belonging  to  the  active  and  territorial  215  members.  There  are  85  diocesan  congre- 
armies — the  estimate  taking  no  account  of  the  gations  of  8,794  membera,  644  oommunities  of 
reserve  of  the  territorial  army.  Of  this  force,  16,741  members,  602  unauthorized  establish- 
1,825,000  men  will  beinfantry  or  riflemen,  74,-  ments  of  14,008  members,  and  528  congrega- 
000  cavalry,  118,000  artillerymen,  and  50,000  tions  devoted  to  the  education  of  the  young, 
engineers.  Of  the  whole,  840,000  will  be  of  The  number  of  schools  under  the  direction  of 
the  active  army,  the  remainder  belonging  to  the  latter  is  16,478.  Thus  it  would  appear  that 
the  garrison  and  depot  troops  and  the  territo-  of  the  200,000  persons  above  mentioned,  only 
rial  army.  The  estimate  agrees  nearly  with  that  80,800  are  men,  and  of  these  the  greater  part 
made  by  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley,  which  fixes  the  are  engaged  in  education.  Of  tiie  women, 
force  at  1,825,000  men.  about  40,000  seem  to  be  engaged  in  teaching, 

An  important  judgment  has  been  delivered  while  98,000  are  wholly  devoted  to  purelj  re- 

by  the  Court  of  Cassation  on  a  question  af-  ligious  duties. 

footing  the  right  of  Roman  Cathohc  priests  to  The  foreign  delegates  forming  the  Interna- 
marry  when  they  have  voluntarily  renounced  tional  Postal  Oongreiss  were  received  by  Mar- 
orders,  or  been  *^  unfrocked.^'  The  case  before  shal  MacMahon,  May  26th.  with  an  address  in 
the  Court  was  on  an  appeal  involving  the  le-  which  he  expressed  his  wish  that  the  Universal 
gitimacy  of  four  children  of  a  priest  who  had  Postal  Union  might  be  shortly  followed  in  eco- 
seceded  from  the  Church  and  married  in  1848.  nomic  questions  by  unions  of  a  similar  oharao- 
The  birth  of  the  children  had  been  registered  ter  destined  to  cement  solidarity  and  friendship 
without  any  question  of  their  legitimacy,  and  between  nations.  Dr.  Steplum,  the  Director 
no  question  had  arisen  as  to  the  legality  of  the  of  the  German  Post-Office,  relied,  speaking 
marriage,  which  had  been  performed  according  of  the  happy  coincidence  of  the  Exhibition  with 
to  the  civil  rite  by  the  rpayor  of  the  commune,  the  meeting  of  the  Congress,  and  saying :  "  We 
till  the  suit  was  brought  The  Court  decided  see  the  French  people  wholly  occupied  with 
that  the  marriage  was  illegal,  and  that  the  chil-  pacific  labors,  adding  fresh  luster  to  the  na- 
dren  had  no  claim  to  inherit  their  father^s  prop-  tional  history.  The  success  of  the  Congress 
erty.  The  decinon  was  based  upon  the  terms  of  has  been  largdy  aided  by  the  liberal  ideas  and 
the  concordat,  and  upon  the  Roman  canon  law.  the  elevated  and  conciliatory  spirit  which  have 

The  International  Exhibition  at  Paris  was  presided  over  its  deliberations." 
opened  with  imposing  ceremonies  and  festivi-  The  International  Congress  for  the  Promo- 
ties  May  1st,  and  was  closed  November  10th.  tion  of  Commerce  and  Industry,  in  August, 
The  whole  number  of  admissions  was  16,082,-  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of  tJie  establiab- 
725,  showing  an  average  of  about  82,000  a  day ;  ment  of  an  international  commercial  coda 
and  the  total  receipts  were  12,658,746  francs,  between  all  nations.  A  committee  was  ap- 
against  9,880,869  francs  in  1867.  (See  Exfo-  pointed  to  draw  up  the  basis  of  the  proposed 
aiTioir.)  code,  and  to  make  a  report  to  the  CongresB 

According  to  a  return  made  by  the  Ministry  which  will  assemble  at  Brussels  in  1880« 


FRIENDS.  349 

Diftnrbances  ooomred  at  Marseilles  in  Jane  The  New  England  Yearly  Meeting  met  at 
ipon  the  attempt  of  the  aathorities  to  enforce  Newport,  R.  I.,  Jane  14th.  Report  was  made 
an  order  issued  bj  the  mayor  forbidding  re-  npon  a  revival  which  had  been  in  progress  dur- 
li^oQS  processions  in  the  streets.  A  first  at-  ing  last  winter:  and  in  which  Roman  Oatholics, 
tempt  to  enforce  the  order  was  made  on  the  Methodists,  Episcopalians,  Unitarians,  and 
35th  of  May,  when  the  officers  nndertook  to  Baptists  had  confessed  their  faith  among  the 
stop  A  procession  of  about  600  persons  to  the  Friends.  The  reports  from  the  quarterly 
cliapel  of  St.  Joseph,  at  Le  Oabot  The  officers  meetings  showed  that  the  Society  was  growing 
appeared  when  the  procession  passed  from  the  slowly ;  the  namber  of  members  in  the  Yearly 
fields  to  the  road,  bat  the  Vicar-General  refused  Meeting  was  returned  at  4,446,  or  89  more 
to  tarn  back,  claiming  that  the  road  formed  than  were  reported  in  the  previous  year.  A 
part  of  the  mountain.  The  officers,  not  being  report  was  aaopted  on  education,  in  which  the 
iniafficient  numbers  to  enforce  the  prohibition,  Society,  it  was  said,  had  exhibited  unusual  in- 
retired,  threatening  legal  proceedings.  On  the  terest  during  the  past  year,  in  conferences 
28th  of  June  a  crowd  of  persons  went  to  de-  which  had  been  held  on  the  subject  both  in 
pont  flowers  upon  the  statue  of  Bishop  Xavier  the  United  States  and  in  England.  It  was  de- 
de  Belzunoe,  and  were  forcibly  opposed  by  a  oided  that  the  officers  of  the  Yearly  Meeting 
ooonter-demonstration.  Notwithstanding  the  should  hereafter  be  elected  by  the  concurrent 
prohibition  of  the  mayor,  the  demonstration  action  of  members  of  both  sexes ;  that  all  con- 
aod  the  opposition,  witJi  the  disorder,  were  yoyances  of  real  estate  should  be  signed  by 
renewed  in  the  afternoon.  The  disturbances  both  men  and  women ;  and  that  women  should 
oontinaed  several  days,  and  a  large  number  of  be  eli^ble  as  officers.  A  report  was  made  re- 
arrests were  made.  specting  the  Penobscot  and  Passamaquoddy 

FBESNDS.  The  statistical  reports  present-  tribe  of  Indians,  and  the  more  active  proseou- 
ed  at  the  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  of  Orthodox  tion  of  the  educational  work  among  them  was 
Friends,  held  at  Richmond,  Ind.,  showed  that  advised.  A  gradual  change  was  noticed  in  the 
the  Society  in  America  included  17,681  mem-  character  of  the  religious  meetings  of  the  So- 
bers, 195  recorded  ministers,  and  124  estab-  oiety,  in  t^e  direction  of  more  free  and  full 
lished  meetings.  The  number  of  births  during  conferences  on  religion,  and  of  the  introduo- 
the  year  was  391,  and  of  deaths  236.  tion  of  sin^^ng. 

The  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  represents  48  According  to  the  latest  returns,  the  Society 

monthly  and  18  quarterly  meetings,  and  at  its  of  Friends  includes  not  quite  14,600  members 

meeting  in  1878  reported  17,448  members.    A  in  Great  Britain.    The  growth  of  the  body  is 

oommittee  was  appointed  to  seek  the  ooOpera-  slow,  since  the  additions  by  birth  are  generally 

Uon  of  the  Ohio  and  Western  yearly  meetings  offiiet  by  the  losses  by  death,  and  accessions 

in  strengthening  Earlham  OoUege.    Thisinsti-  from  without  are  not  numerous:  so  that  the 

tation  had  an  endowment  of  $60,000.  net  increase  in  1877-78  was  only  about  160. 

Some  changes  in  discipline  were  adopted  by  The  Society  is  very  unequally  represented  in 

the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting^  under  which  it  has  the  various  parts  of  the  kingdom.    Yorkshire 

arranged  that  hereafter  the  men  and  women  furnishes  the  highest  number  of  members,  then 

vill  meet  together  at  the  monthly,  auarterly,  London  and  Middlesex  district,  followed  closely 

and  yearly  meetings,  the  women  naving  a  by  Lancashire  and  Oheshire,  and  at  a  greater 

▼oice  with  the  men  in  the  decision  of  all  ques-  distance  by  Durham,  while  Norfolk,  Scotland, 

tions.    The  chapter  on  marriage  was  changed  and  Kent  are  lowest  in  numbers. 

90  that  members  marrying  persons  not  mem-  The  London  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends  be- 

bers  may  be  married  under  the  care  of  the  gan  its  sittings  in  London,  May  22d.    The  re- 

Chorch  as  if  both  were  members.    Provision  port  of  the  Sriende*  Tract  Society  showed  that 

▼ai  also  made  that  members  who  were  dis-  144,862  tracts  and  leaflets,  besides  pamphlets, 

ovned  several  years  ago  for  certain  offenses,  had  been  sent  out  during  the  year,  making  a 

»  they  were  considered  then,  which  are  not  total  of  8,166,867  since  the  foundation  of  the 

now  offenses,  should  be  restored  to  member-  Society.    An  address  on  '*  War,*'  sent  out  by 

ihip.    A  oommittee  was  appointed  at  this  the  Friends  during  the  Franco-German  war, 

mating  to  consider  the  feasibility  and  desire-  had  been  published  in  tract  form,  and  a  large 

^ty  of  holding  a  grand  union  conference  of  edition  of  it  sent  out.   More  than  600,000  tracts 

lU  the  yearly  meetings  in  1880.  and  leaflets  had  also  been  sent  out  by  local  so- 

Tbe  Wmtem  Yeany  Meeting  returned  12,-  cieties.  Attention  was  given  to  the  subject  of 
153  members,  with  83  Bible  schools,  which  improving  the  translation  of  French  and  G^r- 
▼ere  attended  by  6,909  soholara.  The  subject  man  Friends'  tracts.  The  First-day  School  ro- 
of the  higher  education  was  conndered  in  this  port  showed  that  there  were  1,200  teachen 
^J,  and  it  was  agreed  that  the  best  way  to  and  17,600  scholars  in  such  schools.  The  re- 
■Qpply  the  increased  facilities  that  were  needed  ceipts  for  Foreign  Missions  had  been  £6,782. 
vttbyooncentrationandco<>peration.  It  was  The  expenses  had  been  £8,679  on  account  of 
thoog^t  that  three  first-class  colleges  were  the  mission  in  Madagascar,  and  £748  on  account 
^*^&A  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  of  that  in  India.  Rapid  progress  was  reported 
the  IGssissippi  River,  and  that  all  the  other  of  the  mission  in  Maaagascar,  where  the  native 
icboob  abomd  be  preparatory.  preachers  were  yearly  becoming  more  numer- 


350  FRIES,  ELIAS  M.  QARNI£B-PA6£S,  LOUIS  A. 

ous  and  efficient.  The  schools  had  become  in-  jonng  Fries  was  early  imbned  with  a  love  ot 
adequate  for  what  was  required  of  them,  and  that  science.  He  was  wont  to  accompany  bis 
a  special  subscription  had  been  taken  to  im-  father  in  his  botanizing  rambles,  and  while  jet 
prove  them ;  and  between  sixty  and  seventy  of  a  boy  had  a  perfect  familiarity  with  all  the 
the  pupils  had  become  teachers  or  evangelists,  plant  forms  of  the  ooantry  around  his  native 
The  report  of  the  Meeting/or  St^fferingi  showed  village  of  FemsjO.  At  the  early  age  of  twelve 
that  £1,601  had  been  collected  and  sent  ont  to  the  discovery  of  a  specially  beautiful  hydnum 
aid  the  work  for  the  education  and  religious  was  the  occasion  of  directing  his  attention  in 
instruction  of  the  poor  white  population  and  particular  to  cryptogamic  botany,  and  that 
freed  negroes  in  North  Carolina.  An  address  branch  of  the  science  was  ever  afterward  his 
had  been  presented  to  ex-President  Grant  of  favorite  study.  Before  the  completion  of  his 
the  United  States  while  he  was  in  England,  preparatory  school  course  he  had  classified 
thanking  him  for  his  humane  policy  towara  some  four  hundred  species  of  agarics.  In  1811 
the  Indians.  An  address  on  the  opium  traffic  he  entered  the  University  of  Lund,  and  three 
had  been  presented  to  the  Chinese  embassy,  years  later  was  appointed  instructor  in  botany. 
Friends  hi^l  been  advised  not  to  raise  a  sepa-  The  first  part  of  his  work  *'  Novitin  Flone 
rate  fand  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  by  fam-  Suecifls ''  was  published  in  1814,  and  the  second 
ine  in  India,  but  to  aid  the  general  fund.  Sev-  part  in  1823.  In  1816  appeared  his  ^'Obser- 
eral  Friends  had  paid  Gospel  visits  to  Norway,  yationes  Mycologies,"  the  first  important  re* 
A  commission  had  been  dispatched  to  visit  suit  of  his  study  of  the  fungi.  In  tbe  follow- 
South  Africa,  who,  besides  their  religious  work,  ing  year  he  published  an  outline  of  anew 
had,  at  the  request  of  Sir  Bartle  Frere,  visit-  system  of  classification  for  the  fungi,  **  Sped- 
ed,  inspected,  and  reported  upon  the  prisons,  men  Systematis  Mycologici."  This  system  was 
Another  commission  were  about  to  go  to  Mad-  fully  worked  out  in  his  classical  **  Systemt 
agascar,  Australia,  and  elsewhere.  The  com-  Mycologicum  "  (1821-^29).  In  l^i5  he  pnb- 
mittee  on  the  War  Victims*  Ikind  had  granted  lished  the  first  part  of  a  complete  botanieal 
£700  to  the  ladies  laboring  on  the  Bosnian  system,  ^*  Systema  Orbis  Yegetabilis,"  but  this 
frontier  in  the  relief  of  distress,  and  had  spent  work  he  did  not  attempt  to  complete.  In  1631 
nearly  £7,000  in  Bulgaria.  he  published  a  revision  of  the  lichenographj 

The  receipts  of  the  Friends*  FreedmarCs  As-  of  Europe,  *^  Lichenographia  Europsea  Befo^ 

soeiation  for  the  year  ending  in  May,  1878,  mata,"  and  in  1888  his  second  great  work, 

were  $6,126.    The  Association  maintained  18  '*  Epicrisis  Systematis  Mycolonci.^*    In  1834 

schools,  with  2,467  pupils  and  87  teachers,  of  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Practical  Econ- 

whom  14  were  colored,  and  hod  distributed  omy  in  tne  University  of  UpsaL  and  soon 

2,176  Bibles,  with  alarge  amount  of  other  read-  after   appeared    his    Flora    of    Scandinavis 

ing  matter,  during  the  year.    The  total  amount  (*'  Flora  Scanica '').    He  twice  represented  his 

of  money  disbursed  by  the  Association  during  university  in  the  Swedish  Riosdag  (1844  and 

its  existence  had  been  $327,107.  1848).     In  1861   he  was  made  Professor  of 

FRIES,  EuAB  Magnus,  a  Swedish  botanist.  Botany  at  Upsal.   He  continued  to  publish  the 

died  February  8th,  in  the  eighty-second  year  results  of  his  studies  down  to  the  time  of  his 

of  his  age.     His  father,  a  Lutheran  minister,  death.    He  was  succeeded  in  the  chair  of  bot- 

was  an  ardent  student  of  botany,  and  by  him  any  at  Upsal  by  his  son. 


G 

GARNIER  -  PAGtlS,  Louia  Antoiks,  a  popular,  and  for  which  he  vainly  attempted  to 
French  statesman,  bom  June  18,  1803,  died  excuse  himself  in  1869  by  the  brochure  **Vim- 
November  1,  1878.  He  was  at  first  a  mer-  p6t  de  46  Centimes.'*  He  was  soon  after  elect- 
chant,  but  after  the  death  of  his  stepbrother,  ed  to  the  Executive  Committee  which  replaced 
Etienne  Joseph  Louis,  the  great  leader  of  the  the  Provisional  Government,  but  was  itself  re- 
Republican  party,  he  gave  up  his  bunness,  and  placed  by  the  dictatorship  of  Cayaignac.  He 
was  in  1842  elected  to  the  Ohamber  of  Depu-  now  took  his  seat  again  in  the  Constitu^it  As- 
ties.  Here  he  joined  the  Extreme  Left,  and  sembly,  and  voted  with  tbe  moderate  part  of 
took  a  prominent  part  in  all  questions  relating  the  Republican  party.  Not  having  been  re- 
to  industry  and  finance.  He  was  one  of  the  elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly,  he  de- 
ohief  promoters  of  the  reform  agitation  in  1847  voted  himself  wholly  to  literary  labors  and 
and  1848,  which  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  industrial  enterprises.  In  1864  he  was  elected 
government  of  Louis  Philippe ;  and  after  the  to  the  Corps  L^gislatif,  where  he  voted  with 
outbreak  of  the  revolution  of  1848  he  became  the  Democratic  Opposition.  After  the  over- 
a  member  of  the  Provisional  Government.  In  throw  of  the  empire  in  1870,  he  became  a 
March  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  Paris,  and  member  of  the  Provisional  Government,  and 
shortly  after  became  Minister  of  Finance.  As  in  that  position  helped  for  the  second  time  to 
such  he  proposed  the  extraordinary  tax  of  46  proclaim  the  republic.  Upon  being  defeated 
centimesi  which  mode  him  and  his  friends  so  un-  for  the  National  Assembly  in  187l|  ne  retired 


GEOaRAPHIOAL  PBOQBESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  351 

to  private  life.    He  was  the  aatbor  of  a  nam-  globe;  and  the  Atlantic  with  the  Arctic  Sea 

ber  of  Taiaable  historical  works,  indading  and  the  North  Pacific  are  only  gul&  which  ran 

*' History  of  the  Reyolation  of  1848  "  (8  vols.,  oat  of  it  to  the  northward.    The  sheet  of  wa- 

1861-62),  ^  History  of  the  Execotire  Oom*  ter  covering  the  ocean  hemisphere,  thin  as  it 

mittee  "  (1869),  and  "  The  Jane  Days  '*  (1878).  is  compared  with  the  earth's  radius,  is  divided 

GEOaRAPHIOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DIS-  into  two  layers:  at  a  varying  depth,  which  av- 
COVERT.  The  namber  of  exploring  expedi-  erages  perhaps -500  fathoms,  is  the  stratum  of 
tioas  and  the  extent  of  their  tasks  increase  from  water  having  the  temperatare  of  40"*  Fahr. ;  thiaf 
year  to  year,  Althoagh  the  great  geographical  may  be  taken  as  the  division  between  the  two 
oatliaes,  the  boandaries  of  the  river  basins  and  layers,  the  upper  of  which  varies  greatly  in 
the  coarses  of  mountain  chains,  the  lines  of  the  temperatare  in  different  regions,  while  the  low- 
sescoaat  and  the  positions  of  islands,  are  nearly  er  one  grows  gradually  and  slowly  colder,  with 
ail  determined,  except  in  the  frozen  polar  re*  increasing  slowness  downward,  to  a  minimum 
gionsand  in  the  yet  inaccessible  interiors  of  the  at  the  bottom.  The  paramount  cause  of  move- 
great  continents.  The  sciences  of  geology,  hot-  ments  in  the  upper  stratum  is  the  trade  winds 
anr,  and  xodlogy,  ethnology,  meteorology,  and  and  their  modincations  and  counter-currents: 
hrdrography,  are  all  investigated  by  competent  the  great  equatorial  current  driven  from  east  to 
soholsjrs  in  the  larger  expeditions ;  and  every  west  in  the  northern  ocean  region  impinges  on 
pbeaomenon  and  product  of  the  earth,  air,  or  the  eastern  coasts  of  the  continents ;  a  branch 
viter,  noted  and  studied.  Although  the  expo-  is  deflected  to  the  north,  and  makes  a  cnrve 
ditions  in  many  instances  fail  of  reaching  the  around  the  closed  end  of  the  Pacific,  tending  to 
pirticalar  geographical  goal  or  solving  the  par-  sweep  back  down  the  North  American  coast ; 
Ucolar  problem  which  they  set  before  them,  in  the  Atlantic  the  Gulf  Stream  skirts  along 
they  often  obtain  results  which  in  the  general  the  shores  of  northern  Europe,  a  branch  shoot- 
interests  of  sdenoe  are  of  more  value  than  the  ing  off  into  the  arctic  basin  and  keeping  par- 
accomplishment  of  their  ostensible  purpose;  ti^y  open  the  passage  through  the  polar  ice 
yet  these  achievements  are  generally  so  involved  into  Bebrin^'s  Straits ;  the  southern  deflections 
iatheoomplioateddevelopment  of  the  sciences  are  neutralized  by  the  southern  anti-trade 
that  they  famish  no  salient  facts  for  the  popu-  winds.  Of  the  lower  layer  of  the  ocean  recent 
Itr  mind  to  lay  hold  ot  The  depths  and  hy-  investigations  have  proved  that  the  whole  mass, 
drography  of  the  ocean,  having  a  practical  bear-  oftei>  2,000  fathoms  in  thickness,  has  a  slow 
ID?  on  navigataon,  are  being  investigated  by  and  constant  flow  to  the  northward,  and  that 
niral  vessels  of  nearly  every  principid  nation,  the  depths  of  the  Pacific,  Indian,  and  Atlantic 
These  expeditions  afford  scientists  an  opportu-  Oceans  are  fed  by  the  waters  of  the  antarctic 
nity  to  study  the  living  inhabitants  of  the  ocean  seas :  this  is  shown  by  the  facts  that  the  cold 
and  the  geological  formation  of  sedimentary  lower  strata  increase  perceptibly  in  tempera- 
rock  as  it  is  actnally  going  on  in  our  period,  ture  to  the  northwara,  and  the  continuity  of 
and  also  the  geology,  botany,  zo6logy,  and  eth-  every  layer  with  a  corresponding  layer  in  the 
iLo\o^  of  the  islands  and  shores  touched  at  in  southern  sea  is  established.  This  movement 
the  voyages.  The  Russian  operations  in  Asia,  must  be  due  to  another  unexpected  phenome- 
and  the  rivalry  between  that  Gk)vemment  and  non :  evaporation  must  be  in  excess  of  predpita- 
Eagland,  each  seeking  to  extend  its  influence  tion  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  land-hemi- 
amoag  the  aemibarbarons  peoples  of  the  cen-  sphere,  and  the  subtracted  vapor  mast  be  cen- 
tral portions  of  that  continent,  have  thrown  veyed  by  the  upper  currents  of  the  air  to  the 
new  light  on  one  of  the  most  interesting  regions  zone  of  low  barometric  pressare  in  the  south, 
of  the  globe,  as  well  from  an  ethnological  and  and  precipitated  in  the  form  of  snow  or  rain, 
historicid  point  of  view  as  from  that  of  geology  ascending  northward  again  in  the  deepest  chan- 
aad  physical  geography.  The  proportion  in  nels  of  the  ocean  on  account  of  its  low  temper- 
the  regions  recently  discovered  of  lands  which  ature  and  consequent  greater  speciflc  gravity. 
■re  pot  only  habitable  but  temperate  and  fhiit-  When  this  northward  movement  passes  over 
All  is  most  gratifying  in  lengthening  the  vista  obstrnctionssuch  as  submarine  mountain  ridges, 
of  oar  prophetic  hopes  in  the  future  of  the  hu-  whatever  be  the  depth,  of  the  seas  beyond,  the 
maa  race  and  the  possibilities  of  civilization,  temperature  at  the  bottom  will  correspond  to 
^ch  promising  regions  have  been  discovered  that  of  the  layer  of  water  which  strikes  the 
not  only  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  but  in  New  summit  of  the  barrier.  The  most  notable  in- 
Guioea  and  other  Pacific  islands,  in  Patagonia  stance  of  this  is  the  case  of  the  series  of  closed 
and  the  center  of  South  America,  in  the  interi-  sabmarine  basins  of  different  temperatures  in 
or  of  Asia,  and  elsewhere,  as  to  enlarge  yery  the  Malay  Archipelago.  The  average  depth  of 
<:onsiderably  the  extent  of  the  habitable  land  the  ocean  is  a  little  over  2,000  fathoms.  There 
^owit  is  probably  nowhere  a  greater  depth  than  5,000 

Sir  Wyville  Thomson,  in  his  address  as  pres-  fathoms.    Local  depths  of  over  4,000  fathoms 

idoit  of  the  geographical  section  of  the  British  are  found  but  rarely,  and  seem  to  be  in  most 

•^Aociation,  summed  up  the  recent  improve-  cases  pits  in  the  vicinity  of  volcanic  islands, 

neats  in  hydrographical  knowledge.  The  ocean  Bat  in  all  the  ocean  basins  extended  depres- 

Qost  be  considered  as  one  and  continuous.    It  sions  of  8,000  fathoms  or  a  little  more  are 

eorera  almost  entirely  one  hemisphere  of  the  found,  which  run,  with  some  degree  of  regular- 


353  GEOGRAPHICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

ity,  parallel  to  the  axes  of  the  adjoining  oon-  the  icebergs  begin  to  melt  is  covered  with  peb- 
tinents.  The  soil  in  the  bed  of  the  ocean  oon-  bles  and  other  land  detritus.  The  stratification 
sists,  for  800  or  400  miles  from  the  shores,  of  of  the  ice  in  the  bergs  is  horizontal,  and  the 
sedimentary  deposits  of  material  derived  from  strata  diminish  in  thickness  uniformly  down- 
the  detrition  of  the  shore  rocks.  Down  to  2,-  want.  The  top  layers,  60  or  80  feet  below  the 
000  fathoms  depth  the  globigerina  ooze,  com-  snow-dad  top,  is  a  foot  thick  and  whitish,  indi- 
posed  of  the  shells  of  foraminifera  living  on  the  eating  the  presence  of  air ;  but  it  is  hard,  and 
surface  of  the  water,  forms  the  bottom.  Be-  has  a  specific  gravity  little  less  than  that  of 
yond  2,600  or  8,000  fathoms  these  shells  are  the  strata  at  tne  water-line,  which  are  only 
decomposed  as  they  sink  by  the  carbonic  acid  three  inches  thick.  It  seems  certain  tiiat  tlie 
in  the  water.  Below  snch  depths  the  bottom  diminished  thickness  of  the  lower  strata  is  dne 
is  an  extremely  fine  reddish  clay,  composed  in  not  alone  to  compression,  but  also  to  the  loss 
part  of  the  shells  of  radiolarians  and  in  part  of  of  some  of  their  substance.  It  is  probable  that 
flakes  of  pumice  and  crystalline  fragments  of  at  the  lower  part  of  the  glacid  sheet,  where 
volcanic  minerals ;  the  residue  i^  made  up  of  the  pressure  at  the  depth  of  1,400  feet  is  500 
decomposed  volcanic  matter  and  the  mineral  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  a  process  of  melt- 
constituents  of  organisms.  Nodules  are  found  ing  takes  place,  the  water  passing  down  hy 
in  great  numbers,  formed  by  concentric  layers  gravitation  from  layer  to  layer,  and  finally  es- 
of  peroxide  of  iron  and  peroxide  of  manganese,  caping  below  the  bottom  of  the  ice-sheet.  It 
deposited  in  a  matrix  of  clay  around  a  nucleus,  is  probable  from  the  uniform  thiclmess  of  the 
which  is  a  shark's  tooth,  a  piece  of  bone  or  si-  crust  covering  the  antarctic  region  and  the 
licious  sponge,  a  fragment  of  pumice,  or  other  above-described  indications  that,  at  the  temper- 
bard  substance.  Particles  of  magnetic  iron  ature  of  the  earth's  crust  at  the  bottom  of  the 
and  magnetic  nickel  of  doubtfhl  oriMn  are  dis-  antarctic  ice-sheet,  the  body  of  ice  can  not  he 
tributed  through  the  red  bottom  souL  The  red  maintained  of  a  ^ater  thickness  than  1,400 
bottom  is  nothing  like  any  previous  geological  feet  with  melting  from  the  pressure  and  the  in- 
formation, so  that  it  appears  that  no  previous  temal  heat  of  the  earth, 
sedimentary  formation  was  deposited  at  such  A  new  English  expedition  for  deep-sea  ex- 
great  depths.  ploration  has  departed  under  Sir  George  Nares. 
Sir  Wyville  Thomson  added  a  rSiumS  of  the  The  Alert,  on  board  of  which  vessel  the  snr- 
knowledge  attained  of  the  antarctic  regions  and  veys  and  scientific  investigations  are  to  he 
the  inferences  concerning  tbem  derived  from  made,  has  been  refitted  and  provided  for  a  cir- 
the  better  understanding  lately  acquired  of  the  cumnavigatory  voyage  of  great  magnitude. 
ocean  circulation  and  the  nature  of  ice  forma-  Twelve  officers  and  one  hundred  and  twelve 
tions.  The  unexplored  region  beyond  the  70th  men  shipped  in  her  from  Portsmouth  for  t 
parallel  south  of  the  equator,  comprising  an  three  years'  cruise.  The  first  task  will  be  a 
area  of  4,700,000  square  miles,  is  quite  likely  much-needed  survey  of  the  dangerous  Straits 
not  a  continuous  antarctic  continent,  but  a  of  Magellan.  The  numerous  islets  in  the  straits 
congeries  of  low  continental  land  and  of  con-  will  be  explored,  and  a  triangnlation  of  the 
tinental  islands  connected  together  by  bridges  entire  waters  between  Terra  del  Fuego  and  the 
of  ice,  which  form  part  of  a  solid  ice-cap  cov-  mainland  and  along  the  coast  of  Patagonia 
ering  the  whole  to  the  height  of  about  1,400  will  be  taken*  with  a  complete  series  of  sound- 
feet.  The  region  is  transsected  by  continental  ings,  and  a  cnart  prepared  which  will  greatly 
chains,  like  the  range  between  66^  and  96°,  shorten  the  voyage  into  the  Pacifia  The  next 
which  includes  Peter  the  Great  Island  and  Al-  task  will  be  the  exploration  of  the  unvisited 
exandra  Land,  Graham  Land  and  Adelaide  Isl-  isles  and  coral  reefs  of  the  Pacific,  particularly 
and,  and  Louis  Philippe  Land,  and  by  at  least  those  east  of  the  Society  Islands,  between  the 
onevolcanicrange,  discovered  by  Ross  in  1841,  185th  and  149th  degrees.  The  varifltioDs  in 
which  stretches  from  Balleny  Island  to  lat.  78^  the  depth  of  the  ocean  from  volcanic  action 
S.,  and  attains  an  altitude  of  15,000  feet  The  near  the  Fe^ee  Islands  will  be  studied.  Then 
antarctic  lands  are  surrounded  by  a  fringe  of  soundings  will  be  taken  in  Torres  Strait,  along 
ice  which  ends  in  a  perpendicular  diff  of  an  the  west  coast  of  Australia,  in  Geography  Bay 
average  height  of  280  feet,  outside  of  which  a  and  King  George  Strait,  where  the  expedition 
floe  extends  seaward  in  winter,  20  feet  thick  or  will  terminate,  and  return  to  Portsmouth  hy 
more,  and  in  summer  the  floe  gives  place  to  way  of  Suez. 

drifting  pack-ice  and  icebergs.     Sir  Wyville  The  next  serious  attempt  to  pierce  the  arcana 

propounaed  a  theory  to  explain  why  the  sheet  of  the  arctic  regions  will  probably  be  made  hy 

of  ice  which  covers  the  antarctic  region  does  way  of  the  Barentz  Sea  and  along  the  coast  of 

not  indefinitely  increase  in  thickness,  but  main-  Nova  Zembla  and  Franz  Joseph  Land.    It  is 

tains  a  uniform  depth  of  1,400  feet,  which  is  expected  that  the  Discovery,  a  steamer  of  great 

the  height  of  the  southern  icebergs.    These,  power  and  fitted  for  sailing  through  the  ice, 

from  their  stratification  and  snowy  tops,  are  may  be  sent  out  from  England  on  sach  an  ex- 

evidently  prismatic  blocks  fallen  from  the  edge  pedition  in  the  summer  of  1879.    The  knowl- 

of  the  great  cap  of  antarctic  ice  as  it  protrudes  edge  of  the  movements  of  the  ice  in  those  seas 

over  the  sea;  this  is  shown  also  from  the  fact  has  been  considerably  enriched  by  the  expe- 

that  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  in  the  zone  where  rience  giuned  in  two  cruises  made  this  last 


GEOGBiPmOAL  PBOGBE88  AND  DISOOVEET.  363 

Kuon  lir  tbe  WiUiuD  BHrenti  and  the  iBbJom,  wertw&rd  pack  and  the  light  floea  to  the  eaat, 

two  imail  whooners.    The  reeults  of  the  no-  in  aboat  the  Mth  meridian. 

mtrom  eiplontione  made  in  that  part  of  the  Captain  Tjbod,  of  the  schooner  Florence, 

trctic  Has,  from  those  of  William  Bareatz  in  returned  to  Provinoetown,  MaM.,  on  October 

lo94-'9S  down  to  the  Austrian  expedition  of  20th,  not  finding  tbe  sappliee  at  Disco  which  he 

Wejpracht  and  Payer  and  the  above-mentioned  awaited.    PaaunK  through  Cnmberland  Strait, 

yojtgei  of  the  Dntoh  esplorers  on  the  William  and  taking  aboard  a  number  of  Eeqaimaa  men 

Biirati,  show  that  while  the  limit  of  tbe  ice  and  women  according  to  the  projected  plana, 

eitends  down  to  the  Tflth  and  74th  degrees  of  the  Howgate  Expedition  made  for  Disco.    The 

latilnde  in  Jane  and  July,  in  Augoat  there  is  voyage  was  most  difficult  and  daogerons;  tlie 

open  ssiling  to  T4°  SO' K.,  and  in  September  weather  was  tempeatuons  and  the  aea  filled  with 

th«jce  recedea  to  tbe  79th  parallel.    At  that  ioe-floea.    For  2O0  miles  they  had  to  make  their 

Muoa  H  vessel  may  probably  reach,  by  w^  of  passage  through  the  ice.    After  waiting  some 

(he  Barenti  Sea  and  the  western  coast  of  Nova  time  for  the  vessel  which  should  bring  sapplies, 

Zembla,  tbe  sootheast  point  of  Franz  Joseph  Captain  Tyson  determined  to  return  nome. 

Laud,  and  maj  then  advance  along  tbe  onei-  The  passage  to  Cumberland  Strait  was  this 

plored  western  shore  of  that  body  of  land,  time  one  of  still  more  terrible  danger.    Tem- 

vhicb,  by  the  analogy  of  windward  arctic  peat  after  tempest,  each  one  more  furious  than 

touU,  should  be  free  from  ice.    Franz  Joseph  the  last,  drove  the  little  ve^aet  helplessly  be- 

Itud  extends  at  least  beyond  the  83d  parallel,  fore  them,  amid  great  blocks  of  ice  which  each 

u  vu  established  by  the  observationa  of  Lieu-  instant  threatened  to  knock  the  stanch  craft 

leuDt  Payer.     The  coast  will  offer  a  harvest  to  pieces.    Had  she  been  less  solidly  built,  she 

fur  fFMlogioal,  botanical,  and  sofilogical  inves-  could  not  have  endared  the  racking  she  was 

t^MiDDg.    Depots  oan  be  eatablished  at  Oape  subjected  to.    The  mariners  despaired  of  their 

>~anaD  and  at  Edge  or  Wythe  Islands  to  retreat  lives.    After  passing  through  the  strait,  and 

upas  before  the  final  advanoe  in  September.  taking  a  fortnight's  rest,  they  sailed  for  St. 

The  William  Bareutz  departed  on  her  arctic  John,  and  encountered  new  storms  on  the  voy- 

cmiie  on  lilay  5,  187B,  under  the  command  of  age,  aa  they  did  again  after  leaving  that  port 

LMDWnant  A.  de  Brnyne,  of  the  Netherlands  on  October  12th;  and  to  add  to  the  distress, 

BiTj,  with  ijeDteoants  Beynen  and  Speelman,  the  provisions  gave  ont.    The  greatest  cold 

Surgeon  Van  Anroo;,  Dr.  Siuyter  as  zoologist,  observed  during  the  expedition  was  — SO°Fahr. 
ind  W.  Q.  A.  Grant  as  photographer,  and 
nuiiaed  by  eight  men.  On  Jane  18th  they 
tiilbted  Spitzbergen,  after  taking  soundings 
ud  collectiog  uecimens  of  ocean  organisms 
on  the  coarse  from  Jan  Mayen  Island.  On 
July  JTth  they  came  to  Amsterdam  Island. 
Thev  rune  to  the  impassable  ice  in  lat.  80°  IB' 
!<'.  The  ihermometersank  below  —  5°  0.  On 
Jnlj  lath,  they  reached  Bear  Island,  and  fonnd 
1  Hore  left  for  them  by  tbe  Norwegian  steamer 
VdriDgen.  They  then  proceeded  to  VardO  and 
mmraenced  their  cruise  in  the  Barentz  Sea. 
[lie  wuther  was  excessively  stormy  np  to 
JulySTib.  Tliey  reached  tbe  edge  of  the  io« 
in  liL  77°  M'  N.,  Ion.  «"  20'  E.,  and  cruised 
tiog^  it  for  ten  days.  A  heavy  gale  then  drove 
tbcni  back,  and  they  proceeded  to  Nova  Zem- 
Ua,  ind  lay  at  anchor  several  days  in  the  Ma- 

inclildfL  Shar.    On  Aogust  26th  they  went  to  «™«  <>'■ 
(•)>«  Xaasaa  and  made  another  advance,  antil 

Aij  reached  the  ice  in  lat.  78°  17'  N.,  Ion.  65"  An  expedition,  a  part  of  whose  mission  is  to 

U'  E.,  which  was  tbe  highest  point  attained  in  search  for  the  lost  records  of  the  Franklin  £x- 

ttu  Ki.    On  September  asd  they  had  retnmed  pedition,  baa  left  America  in  the  Pandora ;  It 

t"  Qimmerfest,  and  on  October  12th  were  in  is  sapported  by  the  proprietor  of  the  "  No  x 

Anmerdam.     Their  first  northward  cruise  was  Vork  Herald  "  newspaper. 

^"U  the  Mth  meridian.    The  ice,  as  observed  The  exploration  of  tbe  island  at  Jan  Mnyen 

ui  tbeir  ten  days'  oraise  along  the  pack,  was  by  the  Norwegian  North  Sea  Expedition,  under 

lictiT  ind  hummoeky  to  the  westward,  but  to  Capt^n  Wille,  furnishes  an  improved  account 

<^<  aft  the  fioes  were  thin  and  mnch  rotted  of  that  almost  unapproachable  island.    Tbe 

h  Iti«  ution  of  the  sea  and  rain.     The  heavy  sonndings   made   by   the  expedition   show   a 

■^  ice  seemed  to  have  been  brought  down  depth  in  the  seas  aronnd  Jan  Mayen  of  1,760 

1^  the  polar  current,  and  was  being  pressed  fathoms  between  it  and  Norway,  over  2,000 

MiiiKt  the  eaat  Doast  of  Spltzbergeo.    Ijeut«n-  fathoma  in  tbe  direction  of  Spitzbergen,  over 

ui  B«jnen  fonned  an  opinion  tliat  a  steamer  1,800  fathoms  toward  Greenland,   and  over 

aijht  poab  throngh  to  the  north  between  the  1,000  fathoms  toward  Iceland.    The  directioa 
Vol.  XVIII.— as    A 


354  GEOGRAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

of  the  longer  axis  of  the  island  is  east-north-  the  most  extensive  enterprise  jet  nndertaken 

east.     It  is  entirely  composed    of  volcanic  by  the  capable  and   inaefatigable  Professor 

mountain  formations,  of  the  later  volcanic  pe-  NordensldOld.    Its  design  was  to  explore  the 

riods  apparently,  and  so  of  later  origin  than  North  Polar  Sea  over  the  whole  expanse,  from 

Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Isles.    It  is  formed  by  the  month  of  the  Yenisei  eastward  as  £u-  u 

two  parts  joined  by  a  strip  of  narrower  and  Behring  Strait.    This  region  has  never  been 

lower  land,  two  miles  broad  in  its  narrowest  explored  or  entered  by  a  proper  seagoing ?es- 

part,  while  the  greatest  breadth  at  the  two  sel^  and  nothing  is  known  of  it  except  from 

ends  is  respectively  9j-  and  eight  miles.    The  short  voyages  along  portions  of  the  coast  in 

whole  area  is  about  168  square  miles.    In  the  craft  too  small  and  fragile  to  venture  out  at 

middle  of  the  northern  and  greater  part  is  sea.    It  stretches  over  90  degrees  of  longitnde. 

the  Beerenberg,  an  extinct  volcano,  4,825  feet  The  scientific  results  of  explorations  in  these 

high.    On  the  north  and  east  sides  the  moun-  regions  will  be  of  the  first  importance^  bringing 

tain  reaches  to  the  sea  and  forms  steep  shores,  to  light  the  types  of  animal  and  vegetable  life 

975  feet  in  height ;  on  the  sides  are  indenta-  preserved  from  the  glacial  period  which  exist 

tions  in  which  &e  glaciers  form.    The  south-  in  the  seas  north  of  Siberia,  clearing  up  im- 

em  end  of  the  island  is  a  table-land  976  feet  portent  geological  problems,  and  enlarging  oar 

high,  extending  to  the  sea  on  the  south  and  knowledge  of  the  geographical  distribution  of 

southeast,  but  toward  the  northwest  declining  animals,  contributing  valuable  additions  to  the 

to  an  elevation  of  not  over  825  feet    The  knowledge  of  the  meteorological  phenomens 

highest  eminence  is  not  over  626  feet.    The  and  terrestrial  magnetism,  and  supplementing 

lower  middle  portion  of  the  island  is  formed  of  with  possibly  important  information  whtt  is 

lava  and  full  of  volcanic  craters.    Many  cliffs  known  on  ocean  circulation.    The  additions  to 

rise  around  the  coasts  of  the  island,  the  re*  the  knowledge  of  topographical  geography,  the 

maining  portions  of  broken  lava-streams.  There  possible  discovery  of  unlmown  landi^  the  stodj 

is  no  harbor  of  any  sort  on  the  coast.    The  of  the  existing  fauna  and  flora  of  the  regions 

position  of  Jan  Mayen  is  in  the  East  Greenland  passed  through,  and  of  their  ethnology,  and  of 

polar  current;  below  10  or  20  fathoms  the  the  movements  and  phenomena  of  the  polar  ice, 

water  is  cold  as  ice  the  whole  year  long.    In  will  prove  of  equal  importance.    The  commer- 

the  spring  of  the  year  the  water  is  free  of  ice  oial  value  of  the  expedition,  by  discovering 

up  to  the  island^  which  is  at  that  season  often  new  routes  or  natural  resonroes,  might  also  be 

passed  by  on  its  west  side  by  seal-hunters,  of  much  value.    The  discovery  of  die  famons 

The  summer  is  cold.    The  flora  is  very  meager,  northwest  passage,  which  it  was  the  highest 

only  about  a  dozen  phanerogamous  plants  be-  ambition  of  the  early  explorers  to  find,  from 

ing  found;  but  in  summer  large  portions  of  John  Oabot  down  to  Captain  Cook,  and  in 

the  land  are  covered  with  a  mantle  of  moss,  whose  quest  the  most  heroic  efforts  of  the 

which  offers  a  beautiful  contrast  to  the  red  Cabots,  Frobisher,  Davis,  Henry  Hudson,  Bsf- 

and  brown  tints  of  the  mountains.    The  north-  fin,  Bylot,  and  Behring,  among  other  famons 

em  part  of  the  island  is  covered  with  eternal  mariners,  were  wasted,  would   not  now  be 

snow  to  the  height  of  2,275  feet,  and  only  the  looked  upon  as  of  much  commercial  valne; 

perpendicular  precipices  of  the  Beerenberg  are  although  the  access  to  northern  Siberia  through 

free  from  snow ;  the  base  of  the  mountain  is  Behring  Strait  would  doubtless  prove  of  some 

buried  under  a  vast  sheet  of  snow,  from  which  utility.    The  execution  of  this  great  explora- 

emerge  enormous  glaciers,  nine  of  which  reach  tive  nndertaking  is  largely  due  to  the  Gothen- 

down  to  the  sea.    The  southern  end  of  Jan  burg  merchant  Oscar  Dickson,  who  had  krgely 

Mayen  appears  to  lie  below  the  snow-line,  assisted  Professor  Nordenskjfild  in  carrymg 

although  great  snow-patches  are  found  in  sum-  out  his  former  sagacious  and  suocessf ol  en- 

mer  here  also  in  the  aepressions.  terprises,  and  who  furnished  $60,000,  of  the 

A  new  island  was  mscovered  in  the  Polar  $100,000  expended  in  fitting  out  the  expe- 

Sea  in  lat.  77""  65',  Ion.  81 ""  £.,  directly  north  of  dition  of  1878.     The  Yega,  a  stanch  steam 

the  Yenisei  River,  by  £.  Johannsen,  an  arctic  whaler,  of  great  steam  power,  built  at  Bremen, 

navigator  and  walrus-hunter,  on  September  8,  made  of  teak,  and  a  ship  perfectly  adapted  for 

1878.    It  is  a  flat  island  about  ten  miles  long,  such  service,  was  bought  for   $40,000,  and 

whose  highest  point  is  100  feet  above  the  sea.  altered  and  equipped  at  Oarlscrona  with  er- 

He  gave  it  the  name  of  Ensomhaden  (Loneli-  ery  appliance  for  ventilation  and  health.    The 

ness).    It  was  poor  in  vegetation,  but  much  fullest  equipment  for  sledging  excursions,  in 

frequented  by  birds.     There  was  no  snow  which  method  of  exploration  Nordenskidld 

upon  it.    The  sea  was  free  of  ice  except  to  the  had  already  had  much  experience,  was  taken 

southeast,  where  drift-ice  was  observea.    From  along,  including,  besides  lune-juioe,  plenty  of 

types  of  animal  life  found  on  the  island  it  is  sauerkraut  and   the  antiscorbutic  berries  of 

probable  that  its  west  shore  is  bathed  by  the  Norway  to  ward  off  scurvy.     The  Lena,  an 

Gulf  Stream.    On  the  north  there  is  a  strong  iron-clad  steamer  of  100  tons.  Captain  Johao- 

current  drifting  to  the  southeast    The  island  neson,  belonging  to  M.  Siberiakof,  accompanied 

lies  due  east  of  Franz  Joseph  Land,  and  may  the  Vega  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Lena  River, 

be  an  outlying  island  of  the  same  archipelago.  She  was  laden  with  merchandise  for  Yakootsk, 

The  Swedish  Arctic  Expedition  of  1878  was  but  was  intended  to  take  the  place  of  the  Vega 


GEOGRAPHICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  365 

and  sail  for  Behrin^  Strait  in  the  alternative  of  ioe  in  the  months  of  Angnat  and  September, 

the  Ifttter^s  being  disabled  in  the  voyage.  Two  It  seemed  then  a  hardier  and  more  hopeless 

other  Teasels,  uie  steamer  Eraser  with   the  undertaking  to  navigate  the  Kara  Sea  than 

Express  in  tow,  freighted  by  the  owner  of  the  does  now  his  present  endeavor  to  extend  the 

Lena,  sailed  in  company  as  far  as  the  Yenisei,  voyage  to  Behring  Strait  and  solve  the  prob- 

The  officers  and  scientifio  staff  of  the  Vega  lem  of  ages,  the  northwest  passage,  which  in 

were:  Professor  NordenskjOld,  the  leader  ot  past  centuries  stirred  the  ambition  and  be- 

the  expedition ;   Captain  Palander,  the  com-  gulled  the  hopes  of  the  world^s  most  famous 

manderof  the  Vega;  Dr.  F.  Ejellman,  of  Up-  navigators,  and  led  them  to  the  sacrifice  of 

sai,  botanist ;  Dr.  A.  Stuzberg,  zoologist;  and  tlieir  fortunes  and  their  lives,  their  efforts 

Dr.  £.  Almquist,  physician ;  Lieutenant  An-  yielding  as  their  only  fruit  the  early  knowledge 

dreos  Hovgaard,  of  the  Danish  navy ;  Lieuten-  of  the  arctic  regions. 

ant  K  Bmsewitz,  of  the  Swedish  navy ;  Lieu-  NordenstgOld  entered  upon  this  new  enter- 
tenant  Giacomo  Bove,  of  the  Italian  navy ;  and  prise  after  a  like  exhaustive  research  into  all 
lieatenant  Nordquist^  a  Finnish  ofScer  and  a  the  records  of  voyages  and  sledging  explora- 
geologist.  The  crew  were  chosen  out  of  a  large  tions  along  the  coast  of  Siberia  and  in  the  seas 
onml^r  of  volunteers,  and  consisted  of  18  sea-  to  the  north,  and  the  log-books  of  many  a 
men  and  three  hunters.  Professor  NordenskjOld  whaler  and  seal-hunter.  Although  scarcely 
has  not  his  equal  in  the  knowledge,  ability,  and  anything  is  known  of  the  seas  from  Port  Dick- 
experience  requisite  for  the  direction  of  the  son  to  the  Lena  and  beyond  for  a  good  part  of 
scientific  exploration  of  these  dangerous  re-  the  way  to  Behring  Strait,  the  accounts  which 
gions.  He  is  a  veteran  explorer,  who  has  he  found  confirmed  his  conviction  tliat  the  in- 
served  in  six  arctic  expeditions,  has  sustained  fluence  which  dissolves  the  ice  in  the  £ara 
the  rigor  of  a  winter  beyond  the  80th  parallel.  Sea  at  the  end  of  summer  and  in  the  early 
and  ius  made  long  spring  sledging  tours.  His  autumn  acts  along  the  whole  coast  of  Siberia 
famoas  expedition  to  the  north  coast  of  Sibe-  at  this  season,  and  that  that  is  the  action  of 
ria  in  the  year  1876  has  been  noticed  in  the  the  waters  of  the  Yenisei,  Ob,  Lena,  and  other 
^AnnoalOyclopflddia."  Theexpeditionof  1875,  rivers  of  Siberia,  which,  after  their  discharge 
made  in  the  Proven,  with  12  liorwegian  fisher-  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  form  surface  currente, 
men,  on  which  he  was  accompanied  by  his  which  bend  and  fiow  to  the  eastward  along  the 
present  assodatee  Drs.  Ejellman  and  Stuxberg,  coast,  and  which,  at  the  period  when  they  are 
vith  Drs.  Theel  and  Lundstrdm,  throwing  a  heated  by  the  summer  sun  in  the  upper  courses 
new  continent  rich  in  grain  and  many  other  of  the  rivers,  have  a  sufficiently  high  tempera- 
Qsefol  products  open  to  the  world,  and  offering  ture  to  clear  an  open  passage  through  the  ice 
it  in  return  the  benefits  of  civilization,  was  a  near  the  coast,  where  these  currents  take  their 
deed  of  such  high  commerciid  importance  that  way.  The  temperatare  of  the  Ob  and  Yenisei 
it  will  prot^ably  be  remembered  as  an  event  he  had  tested  in  the  month  of  August,  and 
and  a  landmark  in  history.  He  entered  the  found  that  of  the  current  of  the  former  8**  C, 
Sea  of  Kara,  before  supposed  to  be  covered  and  of  that  of  the  latter  9*4''  0.  Several  of  the 
with  perpetual  ioe,  through  Jugar  Strait,  after  explorers  who  have  sailed  in  these  latitudes 
coastuig  along  Nova  Zembla  from  the  Matooh-  have  returned,  on  account  of  the  supposed 
kin  Shar,  and  crossing  it,  encountering  ice  in  lateness  of  the  season,  at  the  time  when  the 
iat  75°  45'  N.,  steer^  soathward  and  made  ice  in  the  seas  was  first  clearing  away.  Minim 
into  the  harbor  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  sailed  up  to  Iat.  75''15'  N.  in  1740,  but  returned 
Port  Dickson.  The  course  of  the  return  Toy-  on  the  2d  of  September.  The  Yakoot  Fomin 
age  was  northwest,  across  tiie  Kara  Sea,  and  informed  Middendorf  in  1848  that  in  Taimyr 
throng  the  narrows  of  ICatoohkin  Shar.  The  Bay  the  ice  was  driven  away  out  of  sight  from 
lecond  voyage,  made  in  the  steamer  Ymer,  land  in  the  latter  half  of  August.  Gheliuskin's 
▼as  undertaken  to  prove  that  the  passage  of  survey  of  the  coast  line  of  uie  Taimyr  Penin- 
tbe  Kara  Sea  was  practicable  every  year  at  the  aula  up  to  Cape  Cheliuskin,  in  1742,  was  made 
■ame  season,  as  well  as  for  scientific  purposes,  in  sledges  in  the  spring.  Pronchichef  sailed  in 
He  passed  through  the  Matochkin  Shar  on  the  the  open  sea  nearly  as  far  as  Cape  Cheliuskin 
Slat  of  July,  but  found  the  Sea  of  Kara  ftill  of  in  August,  1786 ;  and  Norwegian  whalers  have 
iee-fioes,  which  obstructed  his  course  until  the  reached  Ion.  68""  E.  without  seemg  ice.  Laptef 
12th,  and  then  rapidly  melted  away.  He  as-  sailed  almost  as  far  as  Cape  Cheliuskin.  East 
tended  the  Yenisei  in  the  steamer^  and,  failing  of  the  North  Cape  there  were  several  short 
to  meet  the  land  party  of  scientists  who  had  coasting  voyages  made  by  Russian  explorers  in 
Appointed  to  join  nim  but  were  retarded,  re-  the  last  century ;  but  the  vessels  were  too 
turned  across  the  Sea  of  Kara  without  seeing  small  and  the  sailors  too  inexperieneed  to 
iee«  and  was  back  in  TromsO  by  the  22d  of  achieve  any  valuable  results,  although  their 
Beptember.  His  scientific  acumen  enabled  him  records  tend  to  prove  the  navigability  of  the 
u>  predict,  after  gathering  and  comparing  all  sea  during  autumn.  More  is  known  of  the 
tbe  acattered  records  and  data  relating  to  the  coast  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Lena.  Russian 
Sea  of  fijira,  m  opposition  to  the  opinion  of  all  whalers  are  said  to  have  frequently  coasted  the 
nen  of  science  and  aU  practical  navigators,  shore  in  search  of  trade  in  former  times.  From 
that  tins  snpposed  ice-locked  gdf  is  free  irom  the  Lena  Lassinius  and  Lapter  made  unsuccesa- 


356  GEOQRAPraOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

fol  attempts  in  small,  nnseaworthy  boats  to  saltness  of  the  sea  increased  toward  tlie  north, 
reach  the  month  of  the  Kolyma  in  the  last  cen-  and  its  biology  conseqneDtl j  began  to  multiplT. 
tary.    From  the  Kolyma  to  Behrin^  Strait  the  Large  specimens  of   the  crinoid  Alecto  Et- 
Oossack  Deohnef  made  a  memorable  voyage  in  ehriehtii,  nnmerons  starfish,  as   the  Aiteria 
1648.    He  was  the  first  discoverer  of  Behring  Sinihii  and  panopla,  and  pycnogonida,  were 
Strait.  Starting  from  the  month  of  the  Kolyma  f onnd ;  and  near  the  shore  large  sea  algfe  were 
with  seven  small  vessels  on  the  1st  of  Jnly,  collected.  The  shore  fanna  and  flora  were  verj 
three  of  them  reached  Tchntskoynos  in  an  poor  compared  with  Nova  Zembla  and  Spitz- 
open  sea.    He  then  coasted  along  the  eastern  bergen.    The  only  birds  seen  in  large  nnmbers 
shores  of  Kamtchatka,  and  reached  Anodyr  in  were  snow-sparrows,  six  or  seven  species  of 
October.  The  next  year  Stadnschin  sailed  from  waders,  and  some  species  of  geese.    The  only 
the  Kolyma  seven  days  to  the  eastward  with-  other  birds  were  the  mountain  owls,  the  ptar- 
out  encountering  ice.    The -sea  between  the  migan,  and  a  kind  of  falcon.    A  few  walruses 
New  Siberian  Islands  and  the  coast  is  said  to  and  large  seals  (Phoea  harhata),  and  great 
be  tolerably  clear  every  summer.   Those  islands  numbers  of  the  smaller  seal  (Phoca  hi9pida\ 
were  surveyed  by  Hadenstrdm,  and  afterward,  were  seen  in  the  water.  While  looking  on  one 
in  1828,  by  Lieutenant  Ai\jou.   Among  the  at-  of  the  blocks  of  floating  ice  for  the  substance 
tempts  to  penetrate  westward  along  the  Si-  of  cosmic  origin  which  he  had  found  in  the  ice 
berian  coast  from  Behring  Strait  were  those  of  north  of  Spitzbergen  in  1872,  he  came  across 
Captain  Cook,  who  reached  the  180th  meridian  remarkable  small  yellow  crystals  scattered  on 
in  1778,  Behring  having  only  penetrated  to  the  surface.    He  supposes  this  cnrious  sand  to 
172^  W. ;  of  the  American  Captain  Rodgers,  who  be  a  substance  crystallized  from  the  sea- waters 
reached  176^  £.  in  1855 ;  and  of  the  American  by  the  action  of  the  winter  frost    They  lay  at 
whaling  skipper  Long,  who  sailed  as  far  as  Cape  anchor  in  the  excellent  harbor,  which  he  named 
Jaekaen,  in  Ion.  170  E.,  through  an  open  sea.  Actinia,  from  the  14th  to  the  18tb,  waiting  for 
in  1867.    The  Russian  expedition  to  Wrangell  dear  weather.    It  is  situated  in  the  sound  be- 
Land  in  1876  was  stopped  by  the  ice.    Profes-  tween  Taimyr  Island  and  the  coast ;  he  gave  it 
sor  Nordens^dld  conjectures  that  the  New  that  name  on  account  of  the  nnmbers  of  ao- 
Siberian  Islands  and  Wrangell  Land  are  only  tinias  dredged  there.  The  land  was  overgrown 
parts  of  a  long  chain  of  iuands  running  par-  with  grasses,  moss,  and  lichens,  which  fnr- 
allel  to  the  north  coast  of  Asia,  which  prevent  nished  abundance  of  specimens  of  the  two  lat- 
the  ice  in  the  intermediate  seas  fi'om  drifting  ter  families,  but  few  species  of  the  phanerogams, 
away,  and  favor  its  formation  in  winter,  but  No  snow  was  seen.    Notwithstanding  the  rich 
on  the  other  hand  protect  those  waters  from  pasturage,  only  few  reindeer  were  seen,  prob- 
the  north  polar  ice.  ably  owing  to  the  ravages  of  wolves.    The 
The  Ye^  sailed  out  of  Gothenburg  on  the  sound  between  Taimyr  Island  and  the  shore  of 
4th  of  July,  and,  joining  the  Lena  at  TromsO,  the  continent  was  explored  in  the  steam-launch, 
left  that  port  July  25th.    They  passed  through  and  found  too  shallow  and  traversed  by  too 
the  Jngar  Strait  August  1st,  and  crossed  the  strong  a  westerly  current  for  the  Vega  to  reach 
Sea  of  Kara  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yenisei  in  six  Taimyr  Bay  by  that  route.   They  set  out  again 
days,  sailing  with  the  Fraser  and  Express,  and  on  their  course  on  the  18th,  although  the  dense 
anchoring  on  the  6th  of  August  in  Dickson^s  fogs  still  continued,  and,  as  later  observations 
Harbor,  and  sailing  on  their  onward  course  to  of  the  weather  indicate,  do  continue  in  that 
the  northward  on  the  10th,  after  Lieutenant  latitude  until  the  formation  of  ice.    Taimrr 
Bove  had  completed  a  sketch  of  that  fine  Island  is  encompassed  by  islets  not  marked  on 
haven.    They  steered  for  the  most  western  of  any  chart ;   the  northern  extremity  of  the 
the  Kamenm  Islands.    The  sea  was  perfectly  island  is  more  to  the  south  than  the  maps  in- 
dear  of  ice  a^  far  as  the  eye  reached.  The  tem-  dicate.    Little  ice  was  seen  on  the  18th  even 
perature  of  the  air  was  10*4°  C.    They  sailed  in  Taimyr  Bay,  and  that  was  in  very  small 
by  small  islands  not  marked  on  the  chart,  lay-  pieces  and  very  rotten.    On  the  19th  a  large 
ing  to  by  one  of  them  on  account  of  the  dense  field  of  solid  ice  was  observed  in  a  bay  on  the 
fog;  it  was  a  low  bank  of  gneissic  formation  western  side  of  the  Cheliuskin  Peninsula.  They 
thinly  spread  with  gravel,  and  containing  only  landed  on  the  North  Cape,  in  the  mouth  of  ft 
a  scanty  growth  of  moss,  except  on  one  side,  creek,  on  the  evening  of  the  19th.    The  fog 
where  there  was  a  varied  vegetation  of  lichens,  had  cleared,  and  the  promontory  was  illnmi- 
On  the  11th  they  proceeded,  meeting  with  ice-  nated  by  the  sun.    A  polai:  bear  was  waiting 
floes,   which   increased  toward   night  in  an  on  the  beach  to  dispute  their  landing.    Cape 
alarming   degree,  though  without   hindering  Cheliuskin  is  a  low  promontory,  divided  by 
their  passage.    It  was  bay  ice,  almost  entirely  the  creek  into  two  parts.    The  land  rises  from 
decomposed  by  the  warmth.    They  sailed  by  the  eastern  beach  to  a  ridge  which  runs  par- 
an  unknown  route  to  the  northeast,  passing  allel  to  the  coast.  Their  astronomical  observa- 
numbers  of  islets,  by  one  of  which,  or  by  a  tions  located  the  western  point  of  the  promon- 
block  of  ice,  when  the  fog  made  sailing  in-  tory  in  lat.  77°  86'  87"  N.  and  Ion.  108°  26'  5' 
secure,  they  moored  their  vessel.  There  seems  E.,  and  the  eastern  point  in  lat.  77°  42'  N.  and 
to  be  a  wall  of  islands  and  shoals  extending  Ion.  104°  1'  E.,  which    is    somewhat  to  the 
from  Port  Dickson  to  Cape  Chilinskin.    The  northward  of  its  position  as  laid  down  on 


GEOQRAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DIS0OYER7.  357 

Petermuin's  maps.    Inland  mountains  rise  to  northwest  breeze.    The  outlines  of  the  shore 

the  height  of  1,000  feet  Snow  was  seen  only  in  became  more  elevated  and  split  into  pyramidal 

the  hollows  and  ravines ;  ice  fringed  the  shores,  cones,  with  mountains  2,000  to  8,000  feet  high 

The  soil  was  clay,  cracked,  and  bare  in  places,  in  tJhe  background ;  on  the  mountains  there 

and  in  others  covered  with  grass,  moss,  and  was  no  snow  except  in  the  ravines.      The 

lichens.    The  geological  formation  was  slate  in  ocean  fauna  was  very  rich.    Alecto  Utehriehtii^ 

perpendicular  strata  containing  pyrite  crystals,  many  varieties  of  starfish,  as  Sokuter  pappoeus, 

and  transsected  farther  on  by  large  veins  of  §ndeea^  and  fureifery  Pterrtuer  militarise  Aste- 

quartz.    The  phanerogamoas  plants,  only  24  rophyUm  euemens,  the  rare  Molpodia  horealis^ 

of  which  were  found,  grew  in  thick  globular  two  cuttle-fish,  a  huge  pycnogonid,  etc.,  were 

forms.    The  lichens  were  prolific,  but  of  few  trawled  at  88  fathoms  in  the  ice-field.    The 

varieties.    The  fauna  was  scanty ;  swimming  faana  was  as  rich  near  shore.    The  types  were 

snipes,  a  few  species  of  sandpipers,  the  eider-  pure  arctic  life,  indicating  no  migration  from 

dock,  a  loon,  a  mountain  owl,  and  a  flock  of  soathern  waters,  and  are  of  great  interest  to 

the^ifw^  hemicla  were  the  only  birds;  and  a  students  of  the  glacial  period.    The  island  of 

▼ahois,  some  small  seals,  and  shoals  of  the  Del-  Preobraschenski  was  sighted  on  the  24th,  and 

phiik^terui  lueoi  were  the  only  warm-blooded  visited.    It  is  4^  farther  to  the  east  than  it  is 

marine  animals.   The  dredger,  however,  afford-  laid  down  on  the  charts.    The  northeastern 

ed  a  rich  harvest,  including  large  lUyds  {Lami-  abrupt  shore  is  the  haunt  of  auks ;  specimens 

nana  Aeerohi^  and  others),  a  family  which  has  of  the  Lartu  tridactyhu  were  seen,  as  well  as 

been  supposed  to  be  wanting  in  its  higher  forms  mountain  owls,  gulls,  and  guillemots,  and  two 

inthepolar  seaa,  large  specimens  of  the /iotA«a  bears  were  killed.    An  interesting  flora  was 

€hU>mony  and  a  species  of  Itopedss  which  is  found  on  the  grassy  southern  slopes  of  the 

foond  in  ^e  Baltic  and  in  the  lakes  of  Scandi-  island.    Of  insects,  species  of  StaphUinus  and 

naria,  confirming  the  opinion  that  they  once  Chrytomela  were  found,  as  well  as  Diptera^ 

form^  a  part  of  the  Artie  Sea.    The  geograph-  PodureSy  and  Araehnides.    Only  one  fossil,  the 

ical  positions  determined  on  NordenskjOld's  belemnite,  was  found  in  the  limestone  rock  of 

rojage  around  Uie  North  Oape  prove  the  trast-  the  island,  which  belongs  to  the  secondary 

wor^T  charaoter  of  Oheliuskin^s  accounts,  who  period,  like  large  portions  of  northern  Siberia, 

differed  but  six  or  seven  minutes  from  Palan-  They  had  sailed  over  long  tracts  of  water  far 

derinhispodtionof  the  latitude  of  the  extreme  within  where  the  coast  line  is  laid  down  on 

promontory.     Middendorfs  account  of  the  Tai-  the  map,  just  as  on  the  other  side  of  Gape 

mjr  Island,  whose  insular  character  was  not  af-  Oheliuskin  they  had  found  the  coast  to  extend 

firmed  by  Minim  and  Stertegof,  is  now  proved  fiir  to  the  northward  of  where  it  was  indicated 

tme.  The  east  coast  of  Taimyr  Land  is  situated  on  the  charts.     They  sailed  through  water 

between  the  113th  and  114th  meridians,  or  having  for  most  of  the  way  a  depth  of  not 

three  or  four  degrees  farther  west  than  has  above  5*8  fathoms  in  the  last  stretch  before 

been  supposed,  and  the  coast  from  Kordwick  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  Lena ;  but  after  the 

fiaj  to  the  Olenek  is  so  much  longer.  28d  the  weather  was  excellent  and  the  sea  per- 

On  the  20th  of  August  they  weighed  anchor  fectly  clear  of  ice.     NordenskjOld  found  his 

a^ain.    The  sea  was  free  of  ice  along  the  coast,  prediction  of  the  warming  effect  of  the  Sibe- 

and  it  was  hoped  that  a  passage  would  open  rian  rivers  verified  by  the  condition  of  the 

not  only  along  the  southward-trending  coast,  ocean,  which  was  as  free  of  ice  at  the  end  of 

bat  eastward  to  the  New  Siberian  islands,  summer  as  the  White  Sea  is  in  midsummer, 

vhich  they  wished  to  visit.     They  steerea  and  by  the  observations  on  the  temperature 

east  to  south,  looking  for  a  possible  westward  and  saltness  of  the  water.    The  temperature 

continuation  of  the  above  ^oup,  until  on  the  at  the  bottom,  in  80  fathoms,  varies  between 

third  day  the  drift-ice  became  so  thick  that  —1^  and  — 1*4°  0. ;  the  saltness  b  a  little  less 

they  altered  their  course  to  the  southward,  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  At  the  surface 

The  fog  and  ice  compelled  them  to  lay  to  in  the  temperature  was  very  variable,  being  -H 10^ 

an  ioe-field,  mooring  their  vessel  to  a  block  of  at  Dickson^s  Harbor,  —1^  at  Gape  Gheliuskin, 

iee.   Although  the  ice  was  soft  and  rapidly  -H8^  outside  of  Taimyr  Sound,  and  between 

meltini^,  and  evidently  near  the  edge  of  the  Ghatauga  Bay  and  the  Lena  from  +1*2°  to 

ie»-field,  they  were  unable  to  find  a  passage  to  -h5'8°.  The  investigations  on  the  saltness  of  the 

the  south  when  the  fog  cleared  off,  and  so  put  water  showed  that  it  was  equal  to  two  thirds 

aboat  and  returned  to  the  open  sea  through  the  river  water  and  one  third  sea  water.    The  ex- 

Aortbem  opening  by  which  they  had  entered ;  aminations  prove  that  a  warm  and  but  little 

this  occupied  twenty-four  hours.    The  depth  saline  surface  layer  of  water  is  formed  by  the 

was  83  to  85  fathoms  among  the  ice-blocks,  discharge  of  the  summer-heated  waters  of  the 

ud  here  it  began  to  diminish ;  and  on  the  Ob  and  Yenisei,  which  runs  in  a  current  from 

erening  of  the  28d  land  was  sighted,  being  the  the  mouth  of  each  river,  first  to  the  northeast 

northwest  point  of  the  eastern  peninsula  of  and  then,  under  the  influence  of  the  rotation  of 

Taimyr,  about  lat.  76°  80' N.,  Ion.  113'' £.   The  the  earth,  toward  the  east  along  the  coast; 

SM  was  clear  for  a  distance  of  flfteen  minutes  which  probably  keeps  the  whole  coast  free 

Cn»ii  land;  six  minutes  out  the  depth  ranged  from  ice  for  a  short  season  each  year,  aided 

from  6  to  12  fathoms.    They  sailed  before  a  by  similar  currents  fed  by  the  Ghatauga,  An- 


358  GEOGRAPHICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

abar,  Olonek,  Lena,  ludigitka,  and  Kolyma,  servations  of  the  temperature,  except  when  the 

Not  anchoring  in  the  mouth  of  the  Lena,  hut,  mercury  was  frozen.    The  thermometer  did 

parting  there  with  the  steamer  Lena  in  the  not  rise  to  the  freezing  point  until  the  26th  of 

night  of  the  27th,  iJie  expedition  sailed  for  April.    In  June,  while  a  relief  expedition  were 

Fadichef  Island,  with  the  intention  of  re-  extricating  the  vessel,  a  flood  came  which  cov- 

maining  there  several  days,  and  then  making  ered  the  surrounding  country  as  far  as  the  eye 

directly  for  Behring  Strait  and  Japan.    A  dis-  could  reach ;  the  waters  rose  fifteen  feet  above 

patch  was  received  at  St.  Petersburg  in  Janu-  their  ordinary  leveL    The  mariners  took  ref. 

ary,  1879,  from  the  Governor  of  Siberia,  to  uge  on  the  roof  of  their  wintering  hut.    They 

the  effect  that  the  Vega  was  ice-bound  40  were  rescued  as  the  freshet  was  subsiding  bj 

miles  to  the  east  of  East  Gape.    Relief  was  Captain  Schwanenberg  in  the  steamer  Aleian- 

dispatched  by  reindeer-  and  dog-sledge  parties,  dria.    The  expedition  in  the  Dawn  was  the 

and  a  Russian  naval  vessel  sailed  to  Behring  continuance  of  the  project  undertaken  in  the 

Strait  to  endeavor  to  feee  the  Vega  from  her  Aurora  Borealis. 

icy  prison.  An  expedition  left  Copenhagen  in  the  spring 
The  principal  difficulty  in  the  utilization  of  of  1878,  commissioned  by  the  Danish  Govem- 
the  new  ocean  route  to  the  mouths  of  the  Ob  ment  to  make  trigonometrical  measurements 
and  Yenisei  in  northern  Siberia  consists  in  the  of  the  regions  lying  between  the  colonies  of 
lack  of  a  sufficient  survey,  which  the  Russian  Godthaab  and  Fredrikshaab,  Greenland,  and 
Government  seems  not  yet  disposed  to  pro-  to  visit  and  explore  as  far  as  possible  the  vast 
cure.  Several  mercantile  voyages  were  un-  plateaus  of  eternal  ice  in  the  interior.  The  ez- 
dertaken  over  the  new  maritime  route  during  ploration  has  solved  a  vexed  geographical  qnes^ 
the  past  season,  most  of  which  were  success-  tion.  They  reached  the  chain  of  snowy  peaks 
fully  accomplished.  The  Neptune,  a  Danish  seen  by  Dalager  from  the  top  of  the  mouDtain 
ship  of  420  tons.  Captain  Rasmussen,  sailed  called  Nanutack,  which  is  in  the  middle  of 
from  Hamburg  for  the  mouth  of  the  Ob,  pass-  the  glacial  plain  north  of  Fredrikshaab,  and 
ing  the  Kara  Straits  August  2d,  and,  seeing  ice  ascended  the  highest  peak  in  the  chain,  which 
in  the  sea  on  the  other  side,  coasted  along  the  is  about  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
shore  of  the  Samoyed  Peninsula  into  the  Gulf  These  mountiuns  were  taken  by  their  first  dis- 
of  Ob,  where  she  foimd  many  difficulties  in  coverer  to  be  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland; 
navigation  on  account  of  a  faulty  chart.  She  but  the  exploring  party  of  the  Danish  ezpedi- 
changed  her  cargo  in  the  mouth  of  the  Nadym  tion  found  that  there  extended  beyond  them 
in  the  Gulf  of  Ob.  lat.  66**  18'  N.,  Ion.  72''  14'  pluns  of  ice  and  snow,  forming  a  single  gigantic 
E.,  and  returned  tnrough  the  narrow  Matoch-  glacier,  which  seemed  to  rise  gradually  as  it 
kin  Shar.  She  is  the  first  vessel  which  has  approached  the  horizon.  The  mountains  are 
made  the  outward  and  return  voyage  in  the  situated  about  285  miles  from  the  edge  of  the 
si!me  season.  The  English  steamship  Wark-  ice-fields.  The  detachment,  composed  of  three 
worth.  Captain  Joseph  Wiggins,  made  for  the  Danes  and  one  Esquimau,  entered  the  glacial 
same  port  and  returned,  grounding  twice  on  plateau  on  the  14th  of  July,  conducting  three 
her  return  voyage.  Baron  Enoop  freighted  sledges  drawn  by  dogs,  and  attained  the  foot 
two  vessels  for  the  Yenisei  in  Bremen ;  a  car-  of  the  mountains  on  the  24th.  The  drifting 
go  was  transferred  twice  on  account  of  the  snow  made  the  journey  one  of  great  difficolty. 
grounding  of  the  vessels,  once  off  Norway  and  Several  times  they  fell  into  hidden  cracks. 
once  in  the  mouth  of  the  Yenisei.  The  Eraser  The  light  from  the  summer  sim  was  very  dim. 
and  the  Express,  the  latter  a  Swedish  steamer.  The  surface  of  the  ice  was  imequal  and  fall  of 
the  two  vessels  mentioned  above  which  sailea  ravines.  In  the  valleys  they  had  to  cross  with 
f^om  TromsO  in  company  with  the  Vega,  brought  difficulty  rapid  streams  and  Uttle  lakes  contaui- 
full  cargoes  of  wheat,  etc.,  fi-om  the  Yenisei,  ing  fish.  They  saw  some  wild  reindeer  and 
The  Dawn,  a  small,  flat-bottomed  crafl,  draw-  white  hares.  Arrived  amid  a  tempest  of  snow 
ing  only  2^  feet  of  water,  Captain  Schwanen-  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  they  were  unable 
berg,  sent  out  by  Michael  Sidorof  of  the  Russian  to  make  the  ascent  until,  on  the  Slst^  when 
G^graphical  Society,  entered  the  Sea  of  Kara  Lieutenant  Jenson,  the  commander  of  the  party, 
on  August  9th ;  stopped  at  White  Island,  which  was  on  the  point  of  giving  the  order  to  return 
had  never  been  landed  upon  before,  where  since  the  provisions  were  giving  out  and  they 
traces  of  reindeer  and  bears  were  seen ;  sailed  were  afflicted  with  ophthalmia,  the  sky  snd- 
for  Matoohkin  Shar,  which  was  found  blocked  denly  cleared  and  the  wind  fell ;  the  ascent 
with  ice,  encountering  fog,  drifb-ioe,  and  ice-  was  then  made  without  accident.  The  moan- 
bergs  ;  made  then  for  Uie  Straits  of  Kara,  in  tain  is  a  huge  mass  of  rock.  After  making  the 
which  a  violent  storm  nearly  drove  her  upon  scientific  observations,  they  regained  their  dog- 
the  rocks  of  the  Nova  Zembla  coast.  M.  Si-  train  and  returned  to  the  edge  of  the  platean, 
dorof  sent  out  the  Aurora  Borealis  from  Yeni-  after  having  passed  twenty-two  days  in  the 
seisk  iu  1676.  The  crew  were  compelled  to  ice-fields.  The  Danish  expedition  has  gathered 
winter  on  the  river  at  the  Malobrekhovsk  valuable  data  on  the  geological  composition  and 
Islands.  Three  were  frozen,  and  the  assistant  the  natur^  history  of  Gr^nland. 
surgeon  perished  in  trying  to  escape  across  A  project  has  been  on  foot  some  time  for 
cotmtry.    The  mate,  Numelin,  took  daily  ob-  the  connection  of  the  upper  waters  of  the  Ob 


i 


GEOGRAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  359 

and  of  the  Yenisei  hj  a  canal.  The  first  snr-  tdna  by  Severtsof  in  the  fall  of  1877.  He 
vej  was  made  in  1876.  This  last  year  another  followed  up  the  river  Enrshab-Golcha-Sn  or 
researoh  has  been  made  with  reference  to  the  Taldyk-Sn,  and  crossed  the  Shart  Pass  (12,600 
scheme  with  exceedingly  favorable  results,  feet),  from  the  base  of  which  issues  the  Eok- 
Baron  Aroinof,  in  an  examination  of  the  water-  bidak  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Eizyl-Su,  attain- 
Bhedflofthe  Ob  and  Yenisei  Rivers,  ascended  ing  the  Pamir  plateau  (18,420  feet  above  sca- 
the Ozema,  the  Lomovat,  and  the  Jazeva  Riv-  level,  the  Alai  steppe  on  the  north  having  the 
era,  crossed  over  to  Eass  Lake,  and  descended  dtitude  of  10,100  feet),  by  way  of  the  Eizyl 
the  Great  and  Little  Eass  Rivers  to  the  Yenisei.  Yart  Pass.  The  limit  of  perpetual  snow  in 
The  only  difficulties  in  navigation  were  found  this  region  he  fixed  at  15,000  feet.  Severtsof 
in  the  Jazeva  and  the  upper  part  of  the  Littie  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  Trans-Alai 
Ems,  which  may  be  made  navigable  by  con-  Mountains  are  not  one  continuous  range,  but 
stracting  locks,  if  it  is  found  desirable  to  make  a  series  of  ranges  broken  by  hollows  and  val- 
a  cooneotion  between  the  two  river  systems,  leys,  of  which  two  are  visible  from  the  Alai, 
The  only  cutting  necessary  would  be  for  2^  one  eastward  toward  Eara-Eol,  including  the 
miles  besides  straightening  and  cleaning  the  Eizyl  Yart  Pass,  and  one  toward  the  Mnk-Su, 
beds  of  the  streams  in  certain  places.  The  including  the  pass  of  Altanindara.  These  hol^ 
materials  for  such  a  work  are  found  on  the  lows  divide  three  masses  of  elevation,  of  which 
spot,  and  the  labor  would  be  inconsiderable.  the  middle  one  with  Eauftnann  Peak  is  the 
Maie^  in  an  excursion  from  Taskkend,  en-  highest,  with  22,800  feet  elevation.  The  Gu- 
tered  the  mountains  south  of  Bokhara  at  Guyar,  rumdim  elevation,  east  of  the  Eezyl  Yart, 
passiDg  by  the  route  which  leads  to  the  popn-  forms  one  of  the  principifl  water  partings  of  the 
loQs  Kishlak  of  Eoristan,  exploring  the  un-  Pamir,  and  consists  of  a  series  of  peaks  17,000 
known  valleys  of  the  Eerchak-Daria  and  Eo-  to  20,000  feet  in  height. 
ristan-Daria.    He  reoonnoitered  also  the  ini-  In  a  topographical  reconniussance,  Oolonel 

?[)rtant  road  leading  to  Shirabad  through  the  Grilnwald,  of  tne  Russian  army,  examined  the 

engi-Davan  Pass,  and  ascended  the  vidley  in  two  passes  Turgat  and  Terekti,  which  lead 

which  is  the  Eishlak  of  Eakaity  as  far  as  Re-  into  Eashgar,  and  also  explored  the  course  of 

gar  and  8ar-i-Jui,  returning  to  Shahr-i-Sebz  the  Aksai  from  its  rise  to  the  mouth  of  the 

by  the  difficult  route  followed  by  Oshantn,  Terekti  Greek.    The  route  over  Turgat  Pass 

through  the  Eishlaks  Sengri-Dag,  Batch,  Tash-  was  entirely  practicable,  and  that  over  Terekti 

Korgan,  and  Yakobak.  needed  only  an  improvement  for  a  few  miles 

The  Russian  geologist  Mushketof  descended  on  the  Eashgar  side. 

to  Eara-Kol  from  tiie  north.    His  extended  The  existence  of  a  region  of  great  humidity, 

eiamloation  of  the  geological  formation  of  the  surrounding  the  Thibet^  plateau  on  its  eastern 

Pamir  and  Alai  ranges  leads  him  to  deny  the  and  northeastern  sides,  observed  in  the  north 

existence  of  the  meridional  range  of  the  Bolor.  by  Pijevalsky  while  ascending  the  mountains 

The  heights,  rising  to  20,000  feet,  observed  southwest  of  Tfging,  and  on  the  eastern  side 

from  a  distance  by  Gordon,  Eostenko,  and  by  the  Pdre  Armand  David,  while  residing  at 

Shaw,  would  seem  to  be  enormous  ridges  sue-  Mupin,  north  of  Ohing-too-foo,  and  by  Oooper 

ct^ing  one  another,  but  belonging  to  different  when  penetrating  from  Ghina  into  eastern  Thi- 

raoges :  he  holds  that  the  diorite  mountains  of  bet,  has  received  new  confirmation  from  the 

the  Trans-Alai,  running  east  from  Eara-Eol,  observations  of  Oaptain  Gill  during  a  journey 

ind  the  syenite  range  of  south  Ehokand,  run-  in  eastern  Ohina.    He  found  the  vegetation 

Ding  east-northeast,  impinge  on  the  diabasic  on  the  eastern  side  of  tiie  Thibetan  plateau, 

chain  of  Ferghana,  producing  an  enormons  cu-  between  the  valleys  of  Sung-pan  and  Ling- 

mnlation  of  mountain  masses,  which  is  further  ngan,  at  the  northern  limit  of  the  Se-chuen 

aogmented  by  its  collision  with  the  granitic  Province,  wonderfolly  moist  and  luxuriant,  and 

Pamir  range,  which  stretches  northeastward,  bearing  a  semi-tropical  character.  He  described 

Thn  colossal  heap  of  snowy  mountains  may  the  mountainous  province  of  8e-chnen  as  per- 

caslj  present  the  appearance,  viewed  from  afar  haps  the  most  beautiful  and  fruitful  in  the  Ghi- 

tnm  the  east,  as  Gordon  looked  upon  it,  or  nese  Empire.    Oaptain  Gill  argues  that  the 

^m  the  west,  as  it  was  seen  by  Eostenko,  of  Ohinese  mountains  must  be  considered  as  con- 

&  continuous,  homogeneous  north  and  south  nected  with  the  Himalayan  system  through 

I'ioge.   The  geologicMd  formation  of  the  Pamir  the  lofty  plateau,  all  of  it  over  12,000  feet  in 

&ad  Ahu  Mountains  is  determined  by  Mush-  altitude,  which  runs  from  west  of  Lhasa  with 

ketof  to  be  principally  granite,  metamorphic  a  northward  sweep  up  to  the  Ohinese  province 

cUt,  and  mica,  overlaid  with  triassic  strata,  of  Ean-su.    In  the  mountains  from  Yun-nan 

The  direction  of  the  granitic  elevationa  is  ap-  to  the  north  of  Se-chuen  are  the  villages  of  the 

proximately  the  general  one  of  the  Tian-Shan,  Mantzu  or  original  inhabitants  of  the  country, 

^^-Dortheast.    North  of  Pamir  the  granite  who  were  only  recently  expelled  from  the  val- 

fonnation  is  succeeded  by  diorite  in  the  Trans-  leys  by  the  Ohinese.    There  are  twenty  tribes 

Alaian  Mountains.    Farther  north,  secondary  of  these  people,  each  governed  by  a  kin^,  or 

formations  predominate,  with  large  diluvial  ac-  in  one  instance  a  queen ;  they  live  by  agnoul- 

<^^alations.    Another  geolo^cal  exploration  ture  and  cattie-raising.    Oaptain  Gill  took  a 

vaB  made  in  the  Alai  and  Trans-Alai  Moun-  full  series  of  observations  of  altitude  in  the 


d60  GEOGBAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

mountains  which  he  visited.  His  journey  lay  pass  of  the  Iron  Gate.  Along  the  foot  of  the 
along  the  old  trade  route  hetween  China  and  kamk-Tagh  is  a  strip  of  stony  land  which 
India,  across  Thibet,  by  way  of  Lhasa.  seems  to  be  the  shore  of  a  former  sea.  TLe 
Colonel  Prjeyalsky's  discoveries  in  Central  desert  of  Tarim  or  Lob  beyond  is  saltj  claj 
Asia  have  added  very  materially  to  onr  geo-  loam,  or  shifting  sand,  and  utterly  desolaw. 
graphical  knowledge  of  a  region  of  high  scien-  The  Eonche  Darya,  after  a  soathwesterl; 
tific  and  historical  importance.  The  questioDs  course,  makes  a  great  bend  to  the  eastward 
connected  with  Lake  Lob  have  been  partly  and  then  runs  in  a  southeasterly  direction  qdUI 
cleared  up.  The  problem  of  the  discharge  of  it  joins  the  Enk-ala  Darya,  a  tributary  of  the 
the  Tarim  has  been  nearly  solved.  The  posi-  Tarim.  The  Ugen  Darya,  another  branch  of 
tion  of  the  mysterious  ancient  kingdoms  of  the  Tarim,  is  a  swift,  clear  river,  50  or  60  fath- 
Linlan  and  Shen-Shen  he  has  satisfactorily  oms  wide,  and  20  feet  deep  at  the  conflaence, 
determined.  The  unexpected  discovery  of  a  in  lat.  41°  N.,  Ion.  87  £.,  which  is  the  north- 
mountain  range  rising  14,000  feet  and  higher  emmost  point  in  the  course  of  the  Tarim ;  it 
in  the  southwest,  presenting  a  precipitous  wall-  takes  next  a  southeasterly,  and  then  a  southerlj 
like  front,  immediately  south  of  the  Tarim  res-  course  before  emptying  its  waters  into  the  Kara 
ervoir,  defines  it  probably  as  the  northern  Buran  and  Lob  2^or  l^kes.  On  both  sides  of 
limit  of  the  Thibetan  plateau,  and  explains  why  the  Tarim,  or  Yarkend,  are  salt  marshes,  and 
the  ancient  silk  route  led  through  the  dreaded  alons  its  course,  on  the  west,  extends  a  des- 
Lob  Desert  instead  of  farther  south.  Prjeval-  ert  full  of  sand-hills.  Near  the  river  grow 
sky's  first  excursion  took  place  in  the  latter  the  poplar,  the  halimodendron,  and  asdepias. 
part  of  1876.  He  started  from  Eu^ja,  and  Among  mammalia  observed  were  the  rojai 
reached  Lob  Nor  by  way  of  Earashar.  He  tiger,  lynx,  otter,  wolf,  fox,  maral  deer,  hare, 
was  the  first  European  who  had  ever  visited  wild  boar,  and  wild  camel,  the  last  three  being 
tliis  problematic  and  important  lake,  which  he  very  scarce.  Of  forty-two  species  of  birds  oi- 
explored  for  about  185  miles,  afterward  re-  served,  two,  Khopophilu%  deurti^  and  Podoea 
tracing  his  steps  to  Eu\ja.  In  August,  1877,  tarimensU^  are  new  to  science.  The  inbabi- 
he  started  out  from  Eu\ja  on  another  journey,  tants  of  the  Tarim  are  a  weakly,  narrow-chested, 
and  endeavored  to  penetrate  into  fiod-Jul  in  pale-faced  race  of  medium  sixe,  belonging  eri- 
Thibet;  finding  it  impossible  to  cross  byway  dently  to  the  Aryan  family.  They  migrated 
of  Lob  Nor,  he  sought  to  reach  it  by  way  of  thither  from  the  Lob  Nor  a  centnry  ago.  lltej 
Gutchen,  Tsaidam,  and  the  sources  of  the  Tang-  number  about  1,600,  and  dwell  in  poorly  built 
tse-Eiang.  But  he  was  compelled  by  illness  temporary  villages.  Achturma  ia  a  village  one 
and  the  hostility  of  the  inhabitants  to  return  day's  journey  below  the  junction  of  the  Tarim 
to  Zaizan,  whence  he  departed  for  Europe  and  Ugen  Darya.  The  junction  of  the  Euk-ala 
again.  Pijevalsky  left  Eu\ja  for  his  first  jour-  Darya  with  the  Tarim  is  126  mUes  fiftrther  on. 
ney  in  August,  1876.  He  followed  up  the  val-  From  here  to  the  month  of  the  Tarim  it  is  SO 
ley  of  the  Ili,  and  then  that  of  its  branch  the  to  86  fathoms  broad.  At  a  distance  of  10  miles 
Eunges.  Beyond  the  crossing  of  the  Zaumar  above  where  it  empties  into  the  Eara-Buran 
River,  the  poor  vegetation  of  the  lower  country  is  the  village  of  Charchalyk,  inhabited  by  refo- 
was  succeeded  by  a  richer  fiora.  Including  apple,  gees  from  Elhotan.  To  the  southwest,  2ii0 
birch,  and  apricot  trees,  and  lofty  black  pop-  miles  distant,  is  the  town  of  Cherchen,  on  tiie 
lars.  At  the  head  of  the  Zaumar  he  ascended  Cherchen  Darya,  which  empties  also  into  the 
into  an  extensive  plateau  called  the  Little  Yul-  Eara-Buran  Lake.  About  the  same  distance 
dus,  90  miles  long  by  20  broad,  and  8,000  feet  farther  on  is  the  oasis  of  Nai,  and  beyond  that 
above  sea-level.  Another  larger  steppe  called  are  Eeria,  Chira,  and  Ehotan.  The  Altyn-Tagh 
the  Great  Yuldus,  traversed  by  a  river  of  the  range  of  mountains  looms  up  on  the  south  of 
same  name,  which  empties  into  the  Bargratch-  Charchalyk  like  a  gigantic  wall,  rising  ]3,(K)0 
Eol  Lake,  commonly  called  Bostan-Nor,  is  situ-  to  14,000  feet,  and  on  the  southwest  above  the 
ated  south  of  it  higher  up  in  the  Tian-Shan  limit  of  perpetual  snow.  The  natives  say  that 
Mountains.  The  Tuldus  is  rich  in  birds  and  it  extends  south  west  ward  as  far  as  Ehotan, 
mBonmelB^inclnding the  OypshimalayeniUjVul-  and  eastward  they  have  never  seen  its  limit. 
tor  monaehusj  Unus  leuconyx  and  uahelUnuB^  It  forms  the  edge  of  a  high  plateau  for  a  dis- 
(hii  poli,  Cervua  pygwrguB  and  mcvral^  OaniB  tance  of  200  miles  eastward  of  Charchalyk. 
lupus  and  vulpe$.  Crossing  to  the  southern  Spurs  ran  out  on  the  north  into  the  desert, 
slope  of  the  mountains,  where  the  vegetation  with  valleys  between  them  six  miles  long,  and 
is  scanty  and  the  rainfall  deficient,  he  remained  three  or  four  broad.  To  the  south  of  the  range, 
several  days  at  Charamoto  under  surveillance,  according  to  the  accounts  of  hunters,  was  first 
He  then  passed  into  Eorla,  leaving  behind  the  a  plateau  over  80  miles  broad,  and  18,000  feet 
last  spurs  of  the  Tian-Shan,  which  consist  in  high,  then  a  mountain  range  about  13  miles 
a  chain  called  Euruk-Tagh,  which  gradually  across,  next  a  plain  about  27  miles  broad,  beyond 
falls  off  to  the  eastward  until  it  loses  itself  in  which  rises  an  enormous  range  of  mountains 
the  desert.  Through  this  ridge  the  Eonche  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  face  of  the 
Darya  or  Eaidu  Ghol,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ba-  Altyn-Tagh  Mountains  showed  formations  oi 
gratch,  makes  its  way  through  an  exceedingly  sandstone  and  limestone,  with  porphyry,  and 
narrow  gorge,  famous  in  Chinese  history  as  the  sometimes  granite  in  the  higher  altitudes.   £i- 


QEOGRAPfflOAL  PROGRESS  AIH)  DISCOVERY.  361 

eept  in  the  valleys,  they  are  very  sterile,  al-  The  land  of  Midian  was  disonssed  in  a  pa- 
thaagh  infested  with  locnsts.  The  scanty  fauna  per  read  by  Oaptain  Bnrton  before  the  ^eo- 
is  different  from  that  of  the  Tamir  Valley  and  graphical  section  of  the  British  Association. 
Lob  Nor,  and  includes  three  animals  pecoliar  He  claims  that  the  Biblical  land  was  conter- 
to  Thibet,  the  Fseitdois  Nahoor,  Foiphagos  minons  with  the  present  Arz  Madyan  of  the 
gntnnwiA,  and  Antilope  Hodgwni,  The  cli-  Arabs,  beginning  at  Fort  Akhaba,  lat.  29°  28' 
mate  on  the  northern  side  is  very  cold ;  there  N.,  and  extending  to  the  fort  of  £1  Munnylah 
is  little  snow,  bat  much  rain  and  wind  in  sum-  and  the  Wady  Sim,  lat.  27°  40',  having  a 
mer,  according  to  the  inhabitants.  A  hunting  length  of  218,  a  coast-line  of  about  800,  and  a 
excursion  after  wild  camels  in  the  Eum-Tagh  depth  of  24  to  35  miles.  Two  expeditions 
Desert,  east  of  Lob  Nor,  was  attended  with  have  been  sent  out  by  the  Khedive  to  explore 
little  saccess.  This  camel,  Pijevalsky  considers  this  country,  one  in  1874  under  Beke,  and  one 
to  be  a  wild  stock  modified  by  mixture  with  in  1877  in  charge  of  Oaptain  Burton.  The 
the  blood  of  tame  camels.  The  Tarim  dis-  latter  expedition,  landing  December  19,  1877, 
charges  itself,  not  directly  into  Lob  Nor,  but  explored  first  the  northern,  then  the  middle, 
iDto  a  smaller  lake  called  Eara-Buran,  over  20  and  then  the  southern  district.  An  examina- 
miles  long,  and  six  to  eight  miles  broad.  This  tion  of  the  abandoned  ancient  gold,  silver,  and 
is  covered  over  a  great  part  of  its  surface  with  other  mines  furnished  indications  of  remark- 
reeds,  the  river  flowing  through  the  center  in  able  mineral  wealth  through  the  whole  length 
a  separate  bed.  Both  lakes  taken  together  are  of  the  region.  This  land,  once  so  fruitful, 
cUled  by  the  natives  Lob  Nor.  The  larger  has  become  a  barren  waste;  but  so  great  is 
lake  is  named  Ohok-Eul,  or  Eara-Eochun.  the  promise  of  metallic  wealth  that  it  may 
This  body  of  water  also  is  so  covered  with  be  yet  reclaimed  and  colonized.  On  the  ex- 
reeds  as  to  form  really  a  morass.  Its  form  is  pedition  2,500  miles  of  country  were  traversed, 
elliptical,  running  southwest  and  northeast :  and  maps  made,  in  which  are  indicated  t wen- 
it  is  over  60  miles  long,  and  only  about  18  broad  ty-two  ruined  cities.  Specimens  of  ores  of 
to  its  widest  part  rrjevalsky  explored  only  gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  and  lead  were  gath- 
tiie  southwestern  end,  and  was  unable  to  pro-  ered  and  shipped  away  for  examination, 
ceed  far  into  the  lake  in  a  boat  along  the  river-  Three  sulphur  deposits,  three  turqtioise  mines, 
bed  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  the  water  and  immense  bodies  of  saltpeter,  gypsum,  and 
and  frequency  of  the  reeds.  The  water  is  clear  rock-salt,  were  discovered.  Oaptain  Burton 
and  fresh,  although  there  are  salt  marshes  sur-  proposes  immediately  to  take  active  mea- 
Toanding  Uie  lake,  beyond  which  is  a  border  suresto  worktheminesof  such  promise  which 
of  ground  covered  with  tamarisks,  which  seems  he  has  rediscovered.  Near  Makneh  were 
like  a  former  shore ;  and,  according  to  the  great  quartz  veins  containing  up  to  16  and  20 
Dative  accounts,  the  water  was  deeper  thirty  per  cent  of  silver,  with  abundance  of  water 
years  ago.  The  Tarim  is  125  feet  broad  and  on  the  spot  The  inland  boundary  of  Midian 
14  deep  where  it  enters  the  lake,  but  its  bed  is  a  chain  of  granite  mountains  running  paral- 
grows  shallower  until  it  is  lost  in  the  reedy  lei  with  the  coast,  with  steep  peaks  of  curious 
swamp  at  the  northeast  end ;  the  reeds  grow  forms,  some  of  which,  for  instance  the  Sharr, 
18  feet  high,  and  are  an  inch  in  thickness,  are  6,000  to  7,000  feet  high.  Bejond  this 
fi&ron  Richtliofen  doubts  whether  the  Eara-  ohaui  the  country  ascends  nntil  it  ends  in  a 
Kochun  is  the  true  ancient  Lob  Nor,  and  sng-  great  plateau  formed  of  red  sandstone.  The 
geets  that  either  there  exists  another  outlet  to  neighborhood  of  Ziba  is  full  of  metallic  quartz ; 
the  northeast  connected  with  the  Tarim  by  an  in  the  south,  from  Beda  (ancient  Bidait)  to 
•rm,  or  thaf  there  has  been  such  a  reservoir  Wej,  the  whole  country  consists  of  quartz  with 
8iiH»  dried  Bp,  the  Tarim  having  deserted  its  numerous  indications  of  gold  and  of  ancient 
ancient  bed^  owing  to  the  raising  of  its  banks  mining  works.  In  the  mountains  he  found 
by  the  accumulation  of  sediment  and  drifting  magnificent  juniper-trees  and  a  vegetation  like 
material.    He  raises  these  doubts  on  the  au-  that  of  Europe. 

thority  of  Ohinese  maps,  which  make  the  river  In  Africa  the  season  has  not  been  fruitfid  of 

ran  due  east  and  empty  into  the  Lob  Nor,  rep-  discoveries,  on  account  of  the  great  mortality 

resented  as  a  large  salt  lake  crossed  by  the  among  the  numerous  exploring  parties  in  that 

41sl  parallel.   The  same  maps  represent  another  pestilential  climate,  and  the  many  hindrances 

lake  called  Ehasomo,  which  sounds  like  the  to  which  they  have  been  subjected  by  the  jeal- 

etTmological  original  of  Eochun,  and  which  ous  and  savage  inhabitants. 

&  placed  in  reference  to  the  mountains  in  the  Dr.  Dutrieux  and  M.  Oambier,  of  the  expe- 

ttme  position  as  the  Eara-Eochun,  and  is  dition  in  central  Africa  commissioned  by  the 

flanked  on  the  west  by  a  smaller  lake,  but  has  Eing  of  Belgium,  had  penetrated  from  the 

no  connection  with  the  Tarim.    His  former  Zanzibar  coast  as  far  as  Mikondo  on  the  Lon- 

'beorj  seems  corroborated  by  the  facts  that  kendo  River,  longitude  85°  15'  W  E.,  latitude 

tbe  Kara- Eochun  is  sweet,  while  the  country  6°  13'  40''  S.,  by  the  middle  of  July,  and  ex- 

tra?er9ed  by  the  Tarim  and  its  branches  has  pected  to  reach  Ugogo  in  a  few  days  more. 

A  rery  salty  soil,  and  the  volume  of  water  dis-  They  passed   through  a  wild  region  covered 

cbargedinto  the  lake  seems  to  be  about  one  half  with  woods,  jungles,  and  tfdl  herbs,  keeping 

l«s  than  that  of  the  Tarim  and  its  affluents.  near  the  sixth  parallel,  their  route  being  con- 


863  GEOGRAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AlH)  DISCOVERY. 

siderably  more  to  the  north  than  that  of  Stan-  and  other  produce.  He  took  a  complete  8eri» 
ley.  Although  it  was  in  the  dry  season,  they  of  altitude  and  meteorological  observations, 
had  to  cross  large  marshes  and  streams.  The  Roger  Price,  of  the  English  mission  on  Tan- 
profile  of  the  country  was  uneven.  On  some  ganyika,  has  succeeded  in  opening  commaDi- 
of  the  watercourses  were  poor  villages  sur-  cations  between  Saadani  and  Mpwapwa.  An 
rounded  with  maize  and  manioc  plantations,  aid  of  no  insignificant  value  in  the  exploration 
The  expedition  met  with  a  serious  check  from  of  central  Africa  has  been  found  in  the  Indian 
the  desertion  of  the  carriers  at  Mvomero.  The  elephant.  The  use  of  these  animals  has  be- 
baggage  was  left  at  Mvomero  to  be  transported  fore  been  advocated  by  Dr.  PetermaDn  and 
to  Mpwapwa.  The  members  of  the  party  also  others;  but  it  was  objected  that  tiieir  const)- 
remained  to  advance  with  the  goods  when  tution  would  not  stand  the  food  which  is  to  be 
porters  could  be  obtained.  Oambier  alone  found  in  the  wilds  of  Africa,  as  the  Hindoos 
went  forward,  attended  by  a  few  faithful  consider  it  necessary  to  feed  them  very  deli- 
men,  to  Urambo,  in  search  of  carriers.  In  cately ;  that  Hindoo  keepers  would  be  indis- 
September  the  expedition  was  again  on  the  pensable ;  and  that  the  clmiate  and  hardships 
way,  porters  having  been  sent  by  the  Pdre  would  not  be  borne  by  them.  But  all  objec- 
£tienne  of  the  Bagamoyo  mission.  Gambler  tions  have  been  removed  by  a  practical  exper- 
had  penetrated  to  Kiddino,  260  miles  from  the  iment  of  Golonel  Gordon  with  five  elephants 
coast.  belonging   to  the  Khedive.     These  and  one 

A.  Keith  Johnston,  son  of  the  celebrated  small  Afncan  elephant  he  sent  from  Cairo  to 

geographer,  left  England  in  November,  under  Khartoom,  whence  they  were  conducted  to 

the  auspices  of  the  African  Exploration  Fund,  Lado,  passing  through  a  difficult  and  unknown 

to  explore  the  country  between  the  east  coast  route  from  Sobat  to  Bahr,  which   occupied 

and  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Nyassa.    He  thirty-one  days,  while  they  had  provender  for 

will  start  from  the  terminus  of  the  caravan  only  twenty  days,  swimming  over  streams  and 

route  just  constructed  from  Dar-es-Salaam,  25  lakes  and  crossing  the  roughest  kind  of  conntrj. 

miles  south  of  Zanzibar,  and  will  aim  his  course  Gessi  and  Manteuci  failed  in  their  attempt 

for  the  north  end  of  Nyassa.  to  join  Antinori.     Leaving  Khartoom,  tbej 

The  English  mission  on  the  banks  of  the  arrived  at  Fadasi  by  way  of  Sennaar  and  Fa- 
Victoria  N^yanza  has  had  a  sorrowful  history.  zoUo.  After  the  first  failure  of  the  Antinori 
In  the  fall  of  1876  Messrs.  O^NeU  and  Olarke  expedition  to  Shoa,  and  the  return  of  Martini 
established  the  first  temporary  station  at  f^om  Italy  with  a  fresh  outfit,  tlie  news  wu 
Mpwapwa,  having  marched  from  Bagamoyo  spread  of  the  deaths  of  the  Marquis  Antinori 
with  a  train  of  60  carriers.  They  were  there  and  Chiarini.  This  report  was  without  fonn- 
joined  by  Lieutenant  Smith,  D.  Smith,  Mackay,  dation.  Martini  returned  again  to  Rome  witb 
and  others,  Robertson  having  died  in  Zanzibar,  charts  and  collections,  and  Antinori  is  coming 
Leaving  the  station  in  charge  of  Messrs.  Olarke  back  by  way  of  FazoUo,  Ben^ angoll,  and  Fa- 
and  Hartnoll,  they  set  out   in  two  parties,  dasi. 

The  party  of  Lieutenant  Smith  lost  Mackay,  Dr.  Wilhelm  Junker  passed  ten  months  of  tbe 

who  returned   to  the  coast  stricken  with  ill-  year  1877  in  examining  the  tract  lying  be- 

ness;  and  while,  on  the  desertion  of  the  car-  tweenScbweinfurth^s  route  and  the  Kile,  about 

riers.  Lieutenant  Smith  had  returned  to  Uny-  5^  north  of  the  equator.    He  found  that  tbe 

anyembe  to  engage  others,  so  as  to  reach  the  Jei  is  not,  as  Mamo  supposed,  the  upper  part 

town  of  Kagehye  on  the  lake,  D.  Smith  was  of  the  Tdo  River,  or  Bahr-el-Rohl,  nor  of  tbe 

smitten  with  death.    The  other  party,  com-  same  system.     He  made  a  second  joarneT, 

posed  of  Wilson  and  O'NeU,  had  meanwhile  which  extended  beyond  the  Abakah  and  Mno- 

reached  that   place,  and,  being   rejoined  by  do  countries,  passing  streams  which  he  took 

Lieutenant  Smith,  after  eroloring  the  lake,  for  aflluents  of  the  Talo,  and  others  which 

visited  Mtesa  at  Rubago,  and  returned  to  bring  seemed  to  flow  toward  the  Issu.    He  went  as 

thither  their  expedition;  but  on  the  way  they  far  to  the  northwest  as  Senba-Agad  and  Wow, 

also  died,  leaving  the   survivor,  Lieutenant  visited  by  Schweinfnrth,  but  was  prevented 

Smith,  in  Uganda,  Mtesa's  country.    Four  new  from  reaching  the  Kibaly  River  in  the  aonth, 

missionaries,  named  Person,  Lichfield,  Hall,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  upper  course  of 

and  Falkin,  have  left  England  for  this  field ;  the  Welle. 

and  Mackay  is  conducting  a  caravan  into  the  Beatrice  Gulf,  when  discovered  by  Stanley 

interior.  in  1876,  was  supposed  by  him  to  be  an  arm  of 

Mamo  made  a  trip  in  the  first  three  months  the  Mwutan  or  Albert  N^yanza.   He  enoonn* 

of  1878  from  Zanzibar  to   Saadani,   on  the  tered  this  sheet  of  water  in  latitude  25'  8,, 

coast,  and  thence  inland  177  miles  to  Koa-  and  gave  it  the  above  name.    Gessi  asserted 

Kiorra.    The  greater  part  of  his  route  was  to  that  the  lake  did  not  extend  so  &r.  and  the 

the  northward  of  those  of  Stanley  and  Game-  question  was  left  open  whether  it  belonged  to 

ron.    The  country  he  found  to  rise  toward  the  Lake  Albert  or  was  an  independent  body  of 

west.    The  natives  he  describes  as  indolent,  water  until  this  past  year,  when  the  problem 

though  cultivating  maize,  tobacco,  and  bana-  was  solved  by  Mason,  who  explored  the  sontb- 

nas,  to  some  extent.    Toward  die  end  of  his  em  extremity  of  the  lake,  and  found  that  tbe 

route  he  saw  fields  of  sugar-cane,  capsicum,  Beatrice  Gulf  is  indeed  connected  witb  it,  and 


GEOGRAPfflOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  363 

that  it  attains  the  latitude  of  V  S.     Mason  that  the  river^s  coarse  was  west-northwest 

Bdv^s  soryej,  taken  in  June,  1877,  is  based  on  for  a  long  distance,  passing  throagh  a  country 

foar  astronomical  positions,  two  of  them  taken  inhabited  by  people  who  wore  white  clothes 

at  the  soathem  extremity  of  the  lake  proper,  and  prostrated  themselves  on  the  ground  when, 

which  he  places  in  latitude  V  10'  N.,  mstead  they  prayed,  who  he  observes  must  have  been 

of  5(y  N.,  as  determined  by  Romolo  Gessi ;  it  Mussulmans.  Dr.  Petermann  answers  that  they 

redacea  considerably  the  area  of  the  lake  as  may  have  been  Arab  traders,  since  the  Arabs 

giren  in  Gessi's  chart.  knew  the  northern  course  of  the  Congo  as  far 

Gaptaio  Elton  and  H.  B.  Cotterill,  the  for-  back  as  the  last  century,  and  have  long  used 
mer  of  whom  died  on  the  journey,  have  sue-  that  route  in  their  slaving  expeditions.  In  the 
oeeded  in  discovering  a  favorable  trading  route  notes  of  Miani  on  his  sojourn  in  Bakangoi  in 
between  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyassa  and  the  1872,  all  of  which  have  not  yet  been  published, 
coaat  They  came  out  at  Uffogo,  on  the  road  he  gives  some  imformation  which  he  obtained 
from  Bagamoyo  to  Ujiji.  The  journey  lasted  from  the  Sultan  and  his  subjects,  to  the  effect 
four  months  and  a  half,  in  consequence  of  the  that  there  were  two  lakes  to  the  southwest- 
conflicts  of  the  Warnga  and  Matshinga  tribes  ward,  in  the  direction  of  the  spot  where  the 
with  their  chief,  and  they  were  unable  to  fol-  Congo  crosses  the  equator,  one  of  which  was 
low  the  courses  of  the  Ruaha  and  the  Ru^i  called  Ghango,  and  from  the  other  of  which 
down  to  the  sea  on  the  same  account;  but  they  issue  the  Zaire  and  the  Ogowai ;  also  that  to 
determined  that  such  a  route  can  be  followed,  the  westward  of  Bakangoi,  beyond  the  Amara- 
and  that  it  leads  through  a  fruitful  and  whole-  ka  tribe,  were  three  rivers,  one  of  them  very 
gome  ooantry,  which  would  take  a  journey  of  large  and  named  the  Birma-Makongo,  and  far 
not  more  than  ten  or  twelve  days.  They  passed  to  the  south  was  a  large  lake,  on  the  banks 
a  lofty  range  of  mountains  running  north-  of  which  dwelt  a  tribe  called  Ghango,  situated 
westward  from  the  end  of  the  lake,  which  is  in  the  same  spot  where  the  natives  of  Many- 
tbe  continuation  of  the  Livingstone  Mountains  uema  informed  Livingstone  that  there  was  a 
and  rises  to  the  height  of  14,000  feet.  It  is  large  lake.  These  lakes  are  evidently  identical 
called  the  Eondi  range.  Its  southern  slope  with  the  Congo  where  it  crosses  the  equator 
and  the  Uwandshi  plateau  of  which  it  is  the  and  attains  a  breadth  of  ten  miles.  Miani 
border,  which  has  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet,  found  the  drainage  toward  the  north  into  the 
is  a  fruitful  and  delightful  region,  well  watered  Welle  between  Munza  and  Bakangoi.  The 
and  rich  in  cattle,  with  a  climate  like  the  tem-  country  between  the  Welle  and  the  Congo  is 
perate  zone.  crossed  by  no  east  and  west  range  of  mountains, 

Of  the  unexplored  central  region  of  Africa  as  far  as  is  known,  but  by  the  long  meridional 

tranasected  by  Stanley's  exploration  of  the  Con-  range  called  by  Stanley  the  Chain  of  the  Great 

go,  the  hirgeet  portion,  and  that  which  most  Lakes.  If  the  Welle  is  identical  with  the  Aru- 

ezcites  speculation  and  curiosity,  is  that  lying  wini  of  Stanley,  its  course  must  be  in  nearly  a 

&bo?e  the  equator,  and  comprising  the  north-  straight  line  due  west,  unlike  the  tortuous 

ern  half  of  the  basins  of  the  Congo  and  Ogo-  courses  of  most  of  the  African  rivers.  It  seems 

vai,  and  the  countries  drained  by  the  up-  unlikely  that  the  natives  would  have  omitted 

per  waters  of  the  Niger  and  the  great  river  to  inform  Miani  of  the  connection  of  the 

Hhari,  almoet  unknown,  which  empties  into  the  Welle  with  the  lakes  of  which  they  spoke, 

not  yet  fully  known  Lake  Chad.    The  French  had  there  been  any  connection.     Schwein- 

UHi  German  expeditions  noticed  below  will  fnrth  answers  the  objections  to  the  identity 

perhaps  do  much  to  bring  to  light  the  secrets  of  of  the  Welle  and  the  Shari  on  the  ground  of 

this  vast  region.    One  of  the  problems  con-  the  limited  volume  of  water  in  the  latter,  and 

Qdct«d  with  it,  which  has  attracted  much  at-  the  limited  capacity  of  Lake  Chad,  by  the 

t^^tion,  is  the  disputed  question  of  the  issue  fact  that  travelers  have  seen  the  Shari  in  the 

of  the  great  river  Welle,  seen  by  Miani  and  dry  season  only,  and  that  by  native  reports 

Schweinforth  near  the  Monbutto  country,  by  it  overflows  its  banks,  which  are  80  or  40 

^  former  in  longitude  26°  30'  £.  between  S**  feet  high  in  the  rainy  season,  and  that  Lake 

ud  4"*  K.  It  probably  takes  its  rise  among  the  Chad,  which  has  an  area  equal  to  that  of  the 

^ilegga  Mountains.     Stanley  and  Cameron  kingdom  of  Belgium,  loses  by  evaporation 

t)oth  believed  that  they  recognized  the  Welle  in  about  2^  centimetres  per  day,  besides  feeding 

0^  of  the  affluents  of  the  Congo,  which  de-  by  filtration  a  great  number  of  springs  and 

boQchea  between  longitudes  24°  and  25°  £.,  and  wells  to  the  northeast. 
IttitQdes  8°  and  4*  S.  according  to  the  latter,        The  German  Society  for  African  Exploration 

ud  between  1°  and  2°  N.  according  to  the  sent  out  two  expeditions  to  Central  Africa  in 

^iToer.    The  late  Dr.  Petermann  agrees  with  November  to  explore  the  basin  of  the  Congo. 

B:ankr  in  his  conjecture,  considering  the  Con-  One  starts  from  Loanda,  under  charge  of  Max 

?)  to  be  one  and  the  same  witli  the  Lualaba,  Buchner,  and  directs  its  course  toward  Mas- 

the  Bahr  Kulla,  the  Bahr  Kuta,  the  river  of  sumba,  and  will  strive  to  reach  Nyangwe  and 

t^  Ktfbanda,  and  perhaps  with  the  Aya.   Dr.  make  it  a  base  of  operations.    The  other  expe- 

^bweinfurth  identified  the  Welle  with  the  dition  will  attempt  to  reach  the  Congo  from 

'^hari  when  he  discovered  it,  and  still  disputes  the  north,  starting  for  Adamana  and  Wadai, 

^taoJej^a conjecture.  The  natives  informed  him  whence  they  will  make  for  the  Shari.    This 


«64  GEOGRAPHICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

expedition  is  nnder  the  direction  of  Gerhard  that  his  stay  was  prolonged  to  three  times  its 
Rohlfs,  aooompanied  hj  Dr.  Sseener.  The  ex-  intended  duration  ;  and  for  nearly  a  whole 
ploration  of  tne  water  partings  of  the  Shari,  year  he  had  to  depend  upon  the  hospitality  of 
the  Congo,  and  the  Ogowai  are  the  geographi-  the  natives.  He  made  nnmeroas  excnraons, 
cal  prohlems  to  which  the  explorers  direct  their  attended  hy  the  friendly  people,  into  the  moan- 
attention,  tains  of  the  interior,  and  long  canoe-vojages, 

Paul  Soleillet,  who  made  an  attempt  a  few  which  extended  from  the  dominion  of  the  csn- 
years  ago  to  discover  a  commercial  route  he-  nibcd  Errempis  at  Cape  Croisilles  to  Gape  Te- 
tween  Algeria  and  Senegal,  has  undertaken  lyata,  situated  between  Cape  King  William  and 
another  expedition  with  the  same  object.  He  Point  Iris,  a  stretch  of  coast  80  marine  milifs 
started  from  St.  Louis  in  Senegal,  intending  to  in  extent.  He  was  everywhere  favorably  re- 
make his  way  into  the  interior  of  Timbuctoo,  oeived  by  the  inhabitants,  owing  to  the  pres- 
and  thence  to  In-Salah,  and  from  there  to  Al-  ence  of  his  native  followers.  On  his  arrival  in 
geria.  The  explorer  is  inured  to  the  climate  Astrolabe  Bay  he  was  surprised  at  the  change  io 
of  the  Sahara  Desert,  and  gained  the  respect  appearance  presented  by  the  Finisterre  Moim- 
and  ^ood  will  of  the  Arabs  and  Berbers  on  his  tains,  which  he  had  found  on  his  former  visit 
previous  journey.  The  last  of  July  he  had  three  and  a  half  years  before  covered  vitb 
reached  Dyalla  in  Sorma.  The  peoples  he  met  green  woods,  and  which  he  now  fonnd  de- 
with  entertained  a  superstitious  'dread  of  tiie  nuded  and  rocky  in  many  places  and  cracked 
whites.  Soleillet  denies  that  the  negroes  of  and  altered  by  a  powerful  earthquake.  This 
Senegal  and  Soodan  are  an  inferior  race.  He  had  occurred,  according  to  the  story  of  the  na- 
found  them  as  naturally  intelligent  as  whites,  tives,  but  a  few  weeks  after  he  had  sailed  awar. 
very  affectionate  toward  their  children,  and  On  his  return  voyage  in  November,  1877,  he 
respectful  to  the  aged.  In  Senegal  they  have  witnessed  an  imposing  eruption  on  the  Tolca- 
herds  of  sheep,  goats,  and  cattle.  There  is  a  nic  islands  Vulcan  and  Lesson.  The  light  of 
trade  in  glass,  silver,  stufik  and  salt,  which  are  the  Vulcan  eruption  was  observed  at  the  dis- 
taken  in  exchange  for  gold  and  slaves.  The  tance  of  60  marine  miles  flashing  up  at  intenrals 
current  money  consists  in  narrow  strips  of  cot-  of  half  a  minute  to  two  minutes.  The  follow- 
ton.  The  herdsmen,  shoemakers,  and  smiths  ing  day,  at  a  distance  of  40  marine  miles,  the 
are  never  slaves.  The  country  is  very  uneven  mountain  was  covered  by  a  towering  colamn 
and  covered  with  magnificent  forests  full  of  of  smoke  and  vapor.  At  the  distance  of  30 
large  game.  The  climate  he  found  extremely  miles,  when  the  cloud  had  cleared  off  for  & 
unwholesome.  while,  the  crater  was  visible,  and  the  mouDtain 

The  Portuguese  expedition  which  left  Ben-  was  observed  to  be  a  very  regular  cone.    The 

Siela  on  the  12th  of  November,  1877,  reached  smoke  poured  out  in  three  separate  streamB; 

ih6  March  8,  1878.    They  intended  to  pene-  toward  evening  flashes  like  chain-lightniog 

trate  the  unexplored  interior  in  two  detach-  were  seen,  and  at  night  the  smoky  mass  was 

ments,  Serpa  Pinto  with  one  and  Capello  and  transformed  into  a  pillar  of  fire.     The  eruption 

Ivens  with  the  other.  on  Lesson  was  a  copy  on  a  smaller  scale  of  the 

Dr.  Pogge,  in  his  journey  from  the  western  other, 

coast,  reached  his  most  easterly  point  at  Inchi-  The  voyage  of  D^Albertis  up  the  Fly  River 

baraka,  eight  or  ten  daysMourney  to  the  east  of  in  New  Guinea  has  proved  that  the  stream  is 

which  runs  the  Lubilash  Kiver,  to  which  in  the  navigable  for  a  distance  of  500  miles,  into  the 

upper  part  of  its  course  the  inhabitants  give  a  very  center  of  the  island ;  and  his  reports  have 

different  name ;  he  thinks  it  may  be  identical  given  a  strong  impulse  to  the  desire  in  the  Ans- 

with  the  Kuvari  of  Cameron.     Besides  tiie  tralian  colonies  to  colonize  the  eastern  half  of 

route  followed  by  Dr.  Pogge  and  Lieutenant  New  Guinea,  or  the  part  not  claimed  by  the 

Lux  for  most  of  the  way,  from  Eimbimdo  to  Dutch  Government.    His  voyage  in  1876  in 

Quizemene,  in  Massumba,  which  occupies  thir-  the  little  steamboat  Neva  brought  him  850 

ty-five  days,  there  is  a  shorter  one  which  can  marine  miles  above  Ellengowan  island,  which 

be  made  in  twenty-seven  days.    The  Luala-  was  the  ftulhest  point  reached  by  Macfarlane. 

ba  Biver  is  familiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Qui-  He  was  oompellea  to  turn  about,  in  lat.  6^  30^ 

zemene.  S.,  Ion.  140°  30'  £.,  on  account  of  the  rigidity 

Miklucho-Maolay's  third  visit  to  New  Guin-  of  the  current,  which  was  seven  marine  miles 
ea  was  fruitftil  in  ethnological  and  zoological  an  hour.  He  explored  also  the  tributary  river 
knowledge.  He  landed  on  the  Malay  coast  in  Alice,  which  empties  70  mUes  below  his  far- 
June,  1876,  arranged  two  dwellings,  one  on  thest  point,  for  a  distance  of  40  mUes,  until  it 
the  mainland  and  one  on  the  small  island  Bill-  became  too  shallow  for  his  vessel.  The  hos- 
Bili,  and  prepared  for  six  months  of  active  re-  tile  behavior  of  the  inhabitants  and  sickness 
search,  under  the  advantageous  conditions  of  among  his  crew  compelled  him  to  return.  The 
the  friendly  disposition  of  the  neighboring  Pa-  collections  in  ethnography  and  natural  histoiy 
puans,  whose  good  will  he  had  gained  on  his  made  during  the  trip  are  remarkably  rich,  lo 
former  visit,  in  1871-'72,  and  possessing  a  good  the  year  1877  he  made  a  second  voyage  up  the 
knowledge  of  their  language.  The  vessel  which  river,  In  which  he  was  pursued  by  mishaps 
was  to  call  for  him  in  November,  1876,  did  not  from  the  beginning  to  the  end :  he  was  desert- 
come  until  the  end  of  the  following  year,  so  ed  by  his  crew ;  he,  the  engineer,  and  the  two 


GEOGRAPmOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  366 

remaining  men  were  all  the  time  sick ;  and  thej  oame  to  a  bar  which  oonid  not  be  crossed, 
the  J  were  constantly  harassed  and  sometimes  He  waited  week  after  week  for  rain,  obliged 
fieroelj  attacked  by  the  inhabitants.  He  as-  to  drop  farther  and  fiEurther  down  stream  on  ao- 
c«nddd  DO  higher  than  in  the  preyions  voyage,  count  of  the  falling  waters. 
He  made  searches  for  minerals  without  satis-  RafEray,  daring  an  expedition  to  New  Guinea 
factory  results.  Gold  was  not  found.  The  soil  in  1877,  accompanied  by  Maurice  Maindron, 
•eemedadaptedtothecultureof  tobacco,  sugar,  visited  the  island  of  Gilolo  and  the  Salwatty 
cotton,  etc.  The  land  was  low  and  marshy  Islands.  His  account  of  the  Alf  uros  of  Gilolo 
as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Alice,  but  above  led  Dr.  Hamy  to  conclude  that,  besides  the  pure 
there  more  hilly.  The  depth  of  the  river  aver-  Malays,  there  exist  two  distinct  races  on  the  isl- 
aires  5  to  6  fathoms  below  the  mouth  of  Alice  and,  one  a  mixture  of  Malay  and  Papuan  blood, 
Rirer,  and  2  to  3  fathoms  above  that  point,  with  a  preponderance  of  the  latter,  and  the 
From  an  eminence  D'Albertis  descried  high  other  descended  from  the  Polynesian  or  Indo- 
moQDtains  at  a  distance  of  50  to  60  miles  in  a  nesian  race.  In  a  visit  to  Dorey  he  observed 
northwesterly  direction,  which  are  probably  an  the  customs  of  the  Papuan  inhabitants  and  of 
extension  of  the  Charles  Louis  Mountains  and  the  Mafer  fishermen  of  the  coast.  The  explo- 
eontainthe  source  of  the  Fly  River.  The  mouth  ration  of  the  interior  is  difficult  on  account  of 
of  the  Fly  River  was  5  miles  broad ;  above  the  the  want  of  navigable  watercourses,  the  densi- 
rirer  widens,  and  at  the  distance  of  80  miles  ty  of  the  forests,  and  the  want  of  communica- 
from  the  sea  branches  off  in  a  large  arm  which  tion  between  the  inhabitants,  who  never  leave 
appears  to  flow  into  the  ocean.  The  popula-  their  villages.  The  country  is  exceedingly  un- 
tion  is  very  thick  at  the  mouth  of  the  river ;  productive.  He  made  excursions  to  Aiimbori, 
sparse  above  in  the  low-lying  district,  and  more  Andai,and  Amberbaki.  The  last  contains  rare 
nnmeroos  again  in  the  higher  lands  of  the  up-  species  of  the  bird-of-paradise,  and  he  obtained 
per  coarse.  Dense  woods  were  noticed  every-  photographs  of  members  of  the  cannibal  tribe 
where  at  a  short  distance  from  the  banks  of  called  Karons.  He  examined  also  the  Misore 
the  river.  The  inhabitants  of  the  interior  are  Islands,  which  lie  farther  to  the  east 
a  cleanly  race,  who  subsist  by  fishing  and  A  survey  of  the  Amazon  has  been  made 
the  chase.  They  were  light-complexioncMl,  like  from  on  board  the  American  steam-sloop  En- 
the  peoples  of  the  east  side  of  the  island.  The  terprise,  which  returned  to  Brooklyn  Navy- 
aspect  of  the  country  is  more  like  that  of  Aus-  Yard  in  October,  1878,  after  an  absence  of  five 
tralia  than  that  of  the  Papuan  end  of  the  island,  months.  The  commander  of  the  expedition 
The  birds  and  insects  are  all  of  AustraJian  was  Thomas  0.  Selfridge,  who  conducted  the 
types.  D'Albertis  started  on  his  last  voyage  Darien  Surveying  Expedition  in  1871-72.  A 
op  the  river  on  the  21st  of  May,  1877.  The  complete  range  of  soundings  were  taken  at  in- 
Nera  was  manned  by  an  engineer,  five  Ohina-  tervals  of  five  minutes.  The  survey  extended 
men,  and  three  South  Sea  Islanders.  After  from  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  to  the  falls  of 
seeing  no  inhabitants  for  a  whole  week,  on  the  the  Madeira.  The  Madeira  was  found  to  be 
Ut  of  Jane  he  was  attacked  by  a  great  number  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  20  feet  of  water 
of  natives  from  the  shore  and  from  canoes;  he  for  a  distance  of  500  miles, 
defended  himnelf  and  the  crew  against  their  An  active  volcano  in  Par.agonia  was  sighted 
arrows  with  his  gun  until  the  assailants  dis-  from  the  United  States  fiagship  Omaha  on  the 
peraed.  On  the  6th  he  reached  the  island  of  18th  of  January,  1878.  She  was  in  Magellan 
£IIengowan.  On  the  19th  a  seemingly  impor-  Strait,  in  the  channel  between  Wellington  Isl- 
tant  affluent  of  the  Fly  River  not  before  ob-  and  and  the  main  shore.  A  huge  column  of 
Berred  was  passed ;  it  flows  in  a  northwesterly  vapor  was  seen  to  rise  to  a  height  of  several 
direction.  Above  he  sailed  by  some  hills  cov-  thousand  feet  with  extraordinary  velocity. 
€red  with  a  magnificent  forest.  On  the  1st  of  The  phenomenon  took  place  twice,  with  an  in- 
gulf they  were  again  attacked  by  natives  in  terval  of  five  hours  between ;  and  when  the 
canoes,  who,  however,  beat  a  retreat  after  a  few  ship  came  opposite  Libertad  Bay,  inlat.  48® 
^hots.  Drum-calls  were  afterward  heard  55'  80''  S.,  a  snow-capped  peak  was  seen  to 
at  night,  but  no  enemy  was  seen  until  the  9th,  pour  out  vapor  30  or  40  miles  distant  in  a  di- 
when  they  were  pursued  by  four  canoes,  which  rection  a  little  north  of  east.  It  was  undoubt- 
presied  them  so  closely  that  he  deemed  it  ne-  ediy  the  volcano  of  Ohalten,  discovered  nine 
<^9ary  to  shoot  the  leader.  Passing  through  months  previously  by  Moreno.  This  volcano 
a  district  rich  in  birds,  he  obtained  some  birds-  is  reported  by  the  Tehuelches  to  be  constantly 
of-paradise,  a  cassowary,  and  a  small  marsupial  emitting  smoke  and  cinders.  It  is  a  migestic 
<^f  an  apparently  new  species.  Above  the  peak  rising  above  the  surrounding  mountains, 
^b  were  covered  with  large  trees  full  of  and  is  pla^  by  Moreno  in  lat.  49°  8'  S.,  Ion. 
^wera,  perhaps  spedes  of  the  Eugenia,    The  73'  10'  W. 

BatiTOB  met  his  proffers  of  trade  with  flights  of  Dr.  Orevanx,  accompanied  by  Fathers  Emo- 

'fi^wflL    The  Alice  River  was  reduced  to  a  net  and  Eroenner,  has  made  his  way  across 

^k  by  the  drought.    The  banks  were  Ml  of  the    Tumuc  Humac    Mountains,  in  spite  of 

Punta  and  animals,  the  numerous  flower-bear-  the  Bonis,  who  refused  to  furnish  them  with 

^  trees  attracting  an  incredible  number  of  food,  and  attained  the  Amazon  by  way  of  the 

^uda,  particularly  small  paroquets.    The  26th  Tary,  traversing  over  600  miles  of  unexplored 


366  GEORGIA. 

country.    In  August,  1878,  he  waa  on  the  Oya-  pense  per  capita  was  84*55  oenta  dming  tke 

pock  River,  which  he  intended  to  ascend  to  ten  months.    The  amount  of  (40,000  of  the  ap- 

its  source,  afterward  crossing  again  the  Tumuo  propriation  remains  unexpended.    The  nam- 

Humac  Mountains,  and  following  up  the  Suri-  her  of  colored  persons  of  tliis  unfortunate  class 

nam  to  its  source.    He  followed  up  the  Oya-  is  increasing  yearly. 

pock  to  its  source,  which  was  in  an  uninhahited  In  the  Academy  for  the  Blind  there  vere 

region,  and  crossed  the  ridge  hetween  its  hasin  68  pupils  in  1877,  and  the  expenditures  were 

and  that  of  the  Amazon  into  the  country  of  the  $12,488. 

Oyampia,  seeking  some  unknown  stream  hy  The  number  of  pupils  in  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 

which  he  could  descend  to  tlie  Amazon.  Asylum  from  July  1,  1877,  to  June  30, 18T6, 

GEORGIA.  The  balance  in  the  State  Trea-  was  78,  or  25  more  than  in  the  preyioos  jear. 
sury  on  January  1, 1877,  was  $564,288.88.  The  Of  these  87  were  males  and  86  femalea. 
amount  received  from  all  sources  during  the  In  1877theattendance  at  the  common  schools 
year  was  $1,998,846.84.  The  disbursements  was  190,626;  in  1876,  179,406;  in  1875, 156,- 
for  1877  were  $1,728,910.80,  leaving  a  balance  894;  and  in  1878,  88,677.  These  figures  show 
of  $888,719.87  on  January  1, 1878.  The  re-  the  steady  growth  of  the  common-school  ejs- 
ceipts  for  nine  months  of  1878  were  $612,080.-  tern.  In  1877  the  attendance  of  white  chil- 
85,  and  the  disbursements  $1,150,010.04;  bal-  dren  was  126,962,  and  of  colored,  61,664.  TLe 
ance  October  1st,  $295,789.68.  The  improve-  statistics  for  1878  are  not  made  up  until  the 
ment  in  the  financial  condition  of  the  State  has  close  of  the  term.  The  State  school  fund,  in- 
been  such  that  it  has  become  unnecessary  to  duding  the  poll-tax,  is  about  $800,000.  The 
make  temporary  loans  to  meet  the  periods  of  counties  and  cities  raised  by  local  taxation, 
heavy  expenditures.  The  debt  of  the  State  on  under  local  laws,  in  1877,  the  sum  of  $100,153.- 
January  1,  1878,  was  $10,644^500,  and  the  an-  19,  making  the  entire  free-school  fund  for 
nual  interest  $719,185;  of  the  principal,  $200,-  that  year  about  $400,000.  The  enumeration 
000  was  paid  in  1878.  The  whole  amount  of  of  the  school  population  in  1878  shows  286,- 
principd  and  interest  payable  in  1879  is  $1,-  819  whites  and  197,125  colored ;  total,  48S«44i 
008,185.  No  State  in  the  Union  is  more  sol-  This  is  a  total  increase  over  the  enumeration 
vent  or  should  have  a  stronger  financial  reputa-  of  1874  of  89,407;  whites,  17,586;  colored, 
tion  than  Georgia.  The  public  debt  is  but  one  21,821.  While  there  has  been  an  increase  in 
twenty-third  of  the  taxable  property.  The  the  school  population,  there  has  been  a  de- 
State  has  nearly  ample  assets  in  its  two  val-  crease  of  illiteracy  in  the  State.  In  1874  the 
uable  railroads  and  other  property,  if  sold,  to  number  of  persons  between  ten  and  eighteen 
pay  off  the  debt.  There  is  a  constitutional  unable  to  read  was  106,244^  of  which  the 
prohibition  against  any  further  increase  in  whites  were  26,552,  and  the  colored  79,692. 
the  State  indebtedness,  while  the  annual  in-  The  returns  for  1878  show  a  total  of  these  il- 
come  pays  the  expenses,  and,  in  addition,  liqui-  literates  of  85,680  (whites  22,828,  colored  63,- 
dates  yearly  from  two  to  three  hundred  thou-  807),  showing  a  decrease  of  20,614  (whites 
sand  dollars  of  the  debt.  4,229,  colored  16,885). 

The  State  University  and  the  Agricultural  The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  proved 

College  show  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  stu-  of  great  advantage  by  the  knowledge  it  hu 

dents,  which  is  considered  as  temporary.    It  is  imparted  and  the  interest  in  farming  which  it 

proposed  to  establish  a  branch  of  tne  Agricultu-  has  excited.    During  the  year  1 878  the  receipts 

ral  OoUege  in  the  public  buildings  in  Milledee-  for  the  State  Treasury  from  the  fees  for  the 

yille,  Hke  the  branch  at  Dahlonega.    At  this  inspection  of  fertilizers  under  the  new  system 

branch  800  pupils  receive  instruction  at  an  ex-  have  not  only  paid  the  expenses  of  the  De- 

pense  of  $4,440.  partment  of  Ag^culture,  but  left  a  very  con- 

The  appropriation  to  the  Lunatic  Asylum  siderable  balance  in  the  Treasury.    The  gross 

for  1877  was  $107,250.    The  balance  on  hand  amount  for  inspection  in  1878  was  $45,285.77; 

at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  $1,965.86.  expenses  of  inspection,  $11,150.80,  leaving  net 

The  expenses  of  the  asylum  for  the  year  were  balance  of  $84,085.47.    Deducting  from  this 

$81,250,  leaving  $26,000  of  the  amount  appro-  $14,700,  the  cost  of  the  Department  of  Agri> 

priated  undrawn  from  the  Treasury.    The  cost  culture,  there  remains  $19,885.47  in  the  Trea- 

per  capita  of  maintaining  the  institution  was  sury   of   income   for    the   State   from  this 

86*68  cents  a  day  against  87}  cents  the  year  be-  source. 

fore.    The  number  of  patients  was  678  at  the  The  State  Geologist  has  steadily  progressed 

dose  of  the  year,  against  605  the  year  before,  in  the  work  of  a  survey  of  the  State,  covering 

being  an  increase  of  68  in  number.  Accommo-  the  western  third  and  nearly  all  north  of  the 

dations  were  added  during  the  year  for  about  Chattahoochee  River,  embracing  the  main  po^ 

186  additional  patients,  the  capacity  of  the  in-  tion  of  the  mineral  territory.    Maps  have  been 

stitution  being  enlarged  to  about  800  patients,  completed  of  27  counties.    The  marl-beds  in 

For  the  ten  months  beginning  December  1,  52  counties  have  been  located,  and  analyses 

1877,  and  extending  to  September  80, 1878,  the  made  of  75  marls,  showing  a  great  varietj  in 
Trustees  report  the  expenses  $78,291.41,  for  an  character  as  well  as  abundance  in  quantity. 
average  of  725  patients.  On  the  1st  of  October,  The  measurements  of  watercourses  have  been 

1878,  the  number  of  patients  waa  742.  The  ex-  continued  over  nearly  the  whole  State,  especiu 


I 


GEORGIA. 


367 


attention  having  been  given  to  the  ooanties 
bordering  on  the  Blae  Ridge  on  aooonnt  of  the 
immeose  valae  of  these  streams  in  working  the 
gold  mines.  There  are  over  400  stamps  in 
operation  in  the  40  gold  mills  in  the  State. 

The  litigation  of  the  State  has  been  large 
and  varied,  and  of  great  pecaniary  magnitude. 
The  most  important  portion  has  been  the  rail- 
road-tax cases,  which  involve  over  half  a  mil- 
lion dollars  in  money  and  contain  grave  legal 
i^aea.  There  are  in  the  penitentiary  1,289 
conricts.  Since  October,  1866,  the  whole  nam- 
ber  of  convicts  received  in  the  penitentiary 
lias  been  8,298,  of  whom  265  were  pardoned, 
406  died,  656  escaped,  and  828  were  discharged. 
In  1878  there  were  received  840  and  in  1877 
to  October  209  convicts.  From  1878  there 
baa  been  a  decrease  of  one  third  in  the  num- 
ber of  deaths,  and  of  two  thirds  in  the  number 
of  escapes.  Satisfactory  arrangements  have 
been  made  for  the  disposal  by  the  State  of  the 
Korth  and  South  Memphis  Branch  Railways. 
It  atill  holds  the  Maoon  and  Brunswick,  and  is 
aa  endorser  of  the  bonds  of  the  Northeastern 
Railroad  to  the  amount  of  $260,000. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller  represents  a 
decrease  in  the  taxable  values  in  the  State 
amoanting  to  $9,437,812.  Inequalities  of  tax- 
ation have  long  existed.  The  evil  complained 
of  is  of  a  twofold  nature— unequal  valuation 


and  no  valuation.  Property  of  the  same  value 
is  returned  at  various  figures,  there  being  no 
common  basis,  no  method  of  equalization,  while 
a  considerable  amount  of  property  not  exempt 
by  law  is  not  returned  at  any  price.  The  los;) 
on  valuations  is  not  attributed  to  any  laxity  of 
effort  on  the  part  of  local-tax  officers,  as  859,- 
882  more  acres  of  improved  land,  1,048,618 
more  acres  of  ummproved  land,  and  more  of 
most  other  kinds  of  property,  are  embraced 
in  this  year's  tax  digests  than  in  those  of  pre- 
vious years.  Nearly  every  description  of  prop- 
erty was  returned  at  lower  figures  in  1878 
than  in  1876.  The  exceptions  are  '*  capital  in- 
vested in  shipping,  cotton  manufactories,"  and 
produce  held  for  sale.  The  loss  in  city  and 
town  property  was  $2,899,828;  in  improved 
land,  $2,674,296 ;  in  horses  and  mules,  $1,814,- 
681 ;  in  money  and  solvent  debts,  $1,025,865 ; 
in  stocks  and  bonds,  $562,288 ;  in  bank  sharesi 
$585,700 ;  and  in  household  and  kitchen  fur- 
niture, $495,418.  There  was  a  general  fall  in 
values,  corresponding  with  the  reductions  in 
other  parts  of  the  country.  In  the  poll  lists 
there  appear  the  names  of  126,986  whites,  an 
increase  over  the  previous  year  of  8,070 ;  and 
of  87,751  blacks,  an  increase  of  8,861. 

The  following  table  is  an  exhibit  of  the  ma- 
terial condition  of  the  State  for  1878  as  com- 
pared with  the  previous  year: 


DBCUFTION  or  PROPERTY. 


InpiroTMl  lud. 

Wild  hod. 

C^  lod  town  property. 

BdUisf  tnd  loftn  aaMdatioiiB. 

Biakihant 

Hooar  ud  MlTMit  debts 

MerehudiM 

Capltil  InTMtad  In  ahlpplnff 

8uKkB  and  bonds 

Cittoomuialbctorlet. 

Inm-wofka,  eCe 

C«pltdliiT«ttadin  mining 

Hooaehoktand  Utehaaftunltaxo... 

Watebea,  Jewehry,  etc 

Honea,  mnlat.  ete 

PkalttlQoaiid  nMehaokd tools.... 
Core,  eottoo.  held  Ibr  ante  A.prU  lat. 

''tiw  property 

I)«wan'propertj  single 


Aggregate  TshM.. 
TelB]d< 


Vain  in  W1. 


$37,182,906 

1,700,518 

5MS0.786 

944358 

0,487,497 

97,158,918 

11,494,580 

188,648 

^W0,^79 

9,789,500 

288388 

79,518 

9,900,098 

1,089,898 

99,788,491 

9,948,194 

878,910 

4,191,448 

881,888 


$285.800380 


ValM  in  ISia 


$84,808,700 

l,858,n8 

48370,418 

981,198 

4,981,797 

98,180351 

11,188,495 

619.048 

4,997,984 

9,779,078 

986,880 

71,806 

0,468,476 

1,057390 

91,491,810 

9,806388 

799,900 

4,168.686 

670,851 


$296391,n9 


$478,900 
"8iBi^478 


118380 


■  •  •      •  ■ 


$880,008 


$9,074,996 

48,745 

9,899393 

18,156 

586,700 

1,025365 

956,165 

'0Mi^989 

"'ii\m 

1,910 

495,618 

81.408 

1314.681 

84.786 

"«;857 
184,687 


$10,087,816 


$9,487,819 


The  relative  wealth  of  the  five  most  popu- 
lous ooanties  in  the  State  is  given  as  follows : 


oomrmsL 


Folios, 


fteknood. 
bbb 


ValMfa 
uia. 


ValM  fa 
ISTT. 


$18,766307  $19,088,0R1 


16.001657 

15.9193^ 

8.977364 

6311396 


17,649,056    

16.051,497    

8,786314    

6.916,790  $94,606 


$966,974 

1,691,400 

681316 

400300 


The  session  of  the  Legislature  commenced  at 
Atlanta  on  November  6th.  The  House  was 
^guized  by  the  reflection  of  0.  A.  Bacon  as 
op^er,  Roftis  £.  Lester  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate.  On  the  next  day  Governor 
Colquitt  sent  to  both  Houses  the  following 


communication,  demsnding  an  investigation  of 
his  conduct  in  officially  endorsing  the  bonds  of 
the  Northeastern  Railroad  Company  : 

EznouTxm  DBPAsnmfi^     I 
Atlaxta,  Oa.,  Ko94imb0r  6, 1878.  f 

To  ths  Omtral  AmiMy  : 

A  grievoQB  neoeisity  hat  been  imposed  upon  me  to 
demand  at  yoor  hands  a  tborouffh  investigation  of  my 
motives  and  oondnot,  as  the  Ezeoative  of  Georgia, 
in  plaoinff  the  Staters  endorsement  npon  the  bonds 
of  the  I^rtheastem  Ballroad.  This  neeessity  has 
been  oreated  by  widely  circulated  slanders  and  in- 
nnendoes,  vile  and  malignant,  and  so  mendaoions 
and  wicked  as  to  make  all  comment  and  paraphrase 
upon  them  utterly  futile.  Nothing  bat  a  thorongh 
sifting  of  my  everv  motive  and  act  m  regard  to  these 
bonds,  as  far  as  numan  insight  and  judgment  can 
reach  these,  can  satisfy  aggrieved  honor,  or  give  such 


368  GEORGIA. 

entin  aararanoe  to  the  people  of  GeorgU  oa  thej  wen  obtained  and  refeired  to  me.    Their  deeUnd 

have  a  light  to  demand  in  the  premiaea.    To  a  man  that  it  waa  the  expreae  and  general  intention  of  the 

who  values  hiagood  name  far  more  than  life,  it  would  Legialature  not  to  aoply  the  proviaiona  of  the  rep«il 

be  an  act  of  aupremest  ix^juatice  to  deny  the  moat  plen-  of  state  ud  to  the  iHortheaatem  Baiboad.    Among 

ary  vindication,  rendered  in  the  moat  auguat  and  au-  thoae  who  thua  wrote  were  the  Hon.  L.  K.  Tram- 

thoritative  form  known  to  the  lawaor  to  public  opin*  mell.  Preaident  of  the  Senate ;  the  Hon.  A.  0.  Ba- 

ion.    To  the  people  of  thia  g^at  commonwealth  it  ia  con,  Speaker  of  the  Houae ;  the  Hon.  T.  J.  SimfflooA. 

of  the  last  consequence  that  they  ahould  know  be-  Chairman  of  Finance  Committee  of  the  House ;  Uie 

yond  all  perad venture  that  the  man  who  fills,  at  their  Hon.  Qeorge  F.  Pierce,  Jr.,  Churman  of  the  House 

call,  the  chief  seat  of  authority  is  above  reproach  or  Judiciary  Committee ;  the  Hon.  Qeoi|g^  A.  Mercer, 

euspicion.  pro  tem.  Chairman  of  the  same  Committee ;  and  th« 

My  denundationa  of  an  awiVil  and  stapendous  slan-  Mon.  Henry  D.  MoBaniel,  of  the  Finance  Committee, 

der,  forged  and  uttered  to  dishonor  me,  will  now  Inadditiontothia,theopinion8of  some  of  the  ablest 

be  enoagh.    The  General  Assembly  of  this  State,  a  lawyera  were  given  the  Governor,  notably  smocg 

coordinate  power,  ia  appealed  tofor  that  juatice  which  them  the  Hon.  Robert  Toombs,  General  A.  B.  Ltw- 

while  it  wul,  I  know  full  well,  exonerate  me  aa  a  ton,  and  ez-Chief-Justice  Joseph  £.  Brown,  argnicg 

man,  will  also  vindicate  the  fair  fame  of  Georgia  aa-  the  endoraement  of  the  bonda  aa  a  legal  duty. 


Bailed  by  cruel  alanders  on  her  Chief  Executive.  Even  then,  in  the  exercise  of  caution,  1  determined 

ALFBED  H.  COLQUITT.  to  defer  action  on  the  matter  until  the  meeting  of  the 

T     1..                     A     XI.    T     •  1  4_      j.1.    /^  preaent  General  Asaembly,  if  it  could  be  done  iritb- 

In  his  message  to  the  Legislature  the  Gov-  out  a  aerions  sacrifice  to  the  interests  involved.  It 

emor  thas  states  the  reasons  for  his  action :  was  represented  to  me  that,  opon  the  pledge  of  the 

In  January  of  the  present  year  I  gave  the  State's  yndoreement  of  its  bonds  by  the  State,  the  oompimy 

endorsement  upon  the  flrat  mortgage  bonds  of  the  ^*<*  incurred  an  indebtedneaa  of  $287,6SS.97.   lt»ii 

Northeastern  Bailroad  to  the  amount  of  $260,000,  further  exhibited  to  me,  by  a  tranacript  of  the  recc-ni 

this  being  $6,500  per  mile  for  forty  miles.    By  act  of  Clarke  Superior  Court,  that  thia  amount  of  clami* 

of  the  General  Aasembly,  approved  October  27. 1870,  ^"  already  in  suit  against  the  road,  and  that  judg- 

the  State's  guarantee  waa  pledged  to  this  road  upon  ?«»*  l^il^^^l  ''??^^  ^^  entered  up  At  tiie  Febnuiy 

the  completion  of  each  continuoua  twenty  miles,  to  *»"».  1878,  of  said  cowt.    I  endeavored  to  imprjM 

the  amount  of  $16,000  per  mile.    The  act  of  the  "J>o«»  ^^^  attonieya  and  officere  of  the  conapany  thil 

General  Aaaembly,  approved  February  26, 1874,  re-  *n«y  "»«»'  ^^^t  look  to  the  State  for  relief  from  their 

pealing  the  acta  granting  the  right  to  such  guaran-  pwsent  embarrassment,  but  that  they  should,  by 

tees  as  this,  excepted  alloases  where  the  rigiit  had  ne^tiatmg  8  .loan,  or  raising  the  money^by^iom* 

vested.       *               "'          "    "          --      -                .  ^*  ^_              *.              *        *         .    ^*.   *  ^       ._ 


this  repealing 

did  not  apply  to  thrNorthelitem  SiSroaSritanght  relief  from  other  sources  waa  abandoned^  anftMt 

having  vested.    A  boardof  akiUednulroadoommiB-  the  whole  property  of  the  company  would  meviubj 

alonere,  conaisUngof  John  H.  Powere,  John  A.  Grant,  ^.«  "C"fioe?  ^n^®'  the  shenfPs  hammer,  that  I  de- 

and  Charles  B.  Wallace,  waa  appointed  by  Governor  oided,  within  two  weeka  of  the  judgment  term  of  ti« 

Smith,  on  application  of  the  railroad  compan  v,  to  in-  oourt,  to  interfere. 

spect  the  road,  and  reported  January  »,  1877,  that  over  A  special  oommittee  was  appointed  by  both 

«7rtnirorS^-rthrcSif  J-  t^r?^  Houses  to  »ake  the  investigatioi.  of  the  Gov- 

was  $641,200,  more  than  half  of  which  amount  waa  ©rnor  s  conduct  m  signing  the  above-menuonefl 

the  investment  of  private  capital.    Thoy  alao  report-  bonds,  with  instmctions  to  report  the  testixno- 

ed  the  road  fVee  from  legal  encumbrances  that  would  ny  upon  which  their  oonclusionB  in  the  C4se 

endanger  the  securitjr  of  the  jgute.  may  be  reached.    The  Governor,  on  appearing 

VXie^^^l^r^en^oSe^^^A^  before ^e  Committee  npon  their  mvitation, 

road  in  conformity  with  the  Uw.    While  the  com-  was  asked  to  give  the  reason  that  induced  mm 

pany  preaented  a  strong  case  for  endoreement,  in  to  send  the  special  message  to  the  General  As- 

view  of  the  disasters  connected  with  similar  enter-  sembly.     He  stated  his  reasons  fully,  and  said 

SiJ^nitTi^*  ?i!'®  *?-^  J?^.T**^  T^^.'^I  °^  ?7°  alao  that  innuendoes  and  hints  had  been  made 

opposition  to  the  policy  of  State  aid,  I  used  great  de-  j  ^v  j.  j           •      *^^^ 

ulceration  in  my  action.    I  adviaed'the  company  to  1°  some  newspapers,  and  that  damaging  facts 

bring  the  subject  before  the  General  Aaaemblv  then  would  be  developed  in  connection  with  tlie 

in  aession,  but  the  aession  waa  too  near  ita  close  to  signing  of  the  In  ortheastem   bonds,  etc    It 

permit  its  decisive  action.    In  the  repealing  act  of  also  appears  that  on  October  29th  U.  8.  Sena- 

i^V.\1nL''^i,?,LK;r.'?hVb- ^^^^^^  *S'  B-^-  ™  had  wnt  forU.  a  circnlsr  ktt« 

right  to  such  aid,  and  apply  for  the  aame  to  the  Gov-  addressed  to  the  pnbhc,  but  subsequently  re- 

emor,  any  citizen  of  the  State  may  interpose  bv  bill  qaested  the  papers  not  to  print  it.     In  it  he 

to  restrain  the  company,  and  the  question  of  wheth-  expresses  his  regret  that  *'  the  scandal  touch 

er  said  vested  right  en>ts  shdl  be  for  the  courts  to  jng  the  endorsement  of  the  Northeastern  bonds 

tSi^'^flX^A^n^ird^^^^^  h^  gotten  into  ttie  papers -declares  it  to  b^ 

sion  m  the  courts,  and  in  consequence  a  bill  of  in-  tiie  imperative  duty  of  the  Legislature     to 

junction  was  filed  by  William  S.  Horria  to  restrain  make  a  searching  investigation  " ;  asserts  that 

the  company,  the  proceedings  being  instigated  by  he  has  no  more  interest  in  the  matter  than  au^ 

the  compamy.   The  Attorney-General  waa  instructed  ^ther  citizen ;  and  states  the  real  issues  for  the 

to  support  the  imunction.     The  Supreme  Court  de-  t     ^*^'"*'='"i           -j          j  j     Jj         Vii««.a. 

cidedTthar  it  hadno  iurisdiction  in  the  caae,  and  re-  I^palature  to  consider  and  deade,  as  follows . 

ferred  the  matter  to  tne  Governor.  1.  The  first  question  made  will  be  whether  it  it 

The  aubject  thus  finally  fallingto my  decision,  I  legitimate  and  proper  for  subordinate  ofiicen  end 

(nve  it  thorough  consideration.    The  stntements  oi  employees  in  the  Executive  department  to  practice 

the  officers  and  leading  members  of  the  General  As-  for  fees  or  profits  on  the  oflHoial  dutiea  of  the  Gor* 

aembly  of  1874,  that  passed  the  State  aid  repealing  emor. 

act  and  the  declaratory  resolution  that  the  North-  2.  The  aecond  question  for  the  Letrislature  to  con* 

eaatem  Bailroad  waa  excepted  ftom  the  repeal,  aider  and  determine  will  be  what  action  the  Gorenor 


G£OBGIA.  369 

oDgbt  to  take  when  inarmed  that  a  snbordinato  in  also  saj :  "  It  appears  farther  that  daring  the 

kit  d«p«rtment  baa  thua  mado  gain  of  liis  offloial  j^^  1377  intimations  were  made  to  an  oflS- 

•fxhe  third  question  for  the  Legislature  will  be  <^y^  ^^  ^^«  T^l'^'^"??!  company  that  for  a  sum 

¥h«thw,  if  thia  practice  be  legitimate  in  a  subordi-  of  UQOney  to  be  paid  to  an  employee  m  the  of- 

nate,  it  would  be  wrong  in  the  chief  to  engage  alao  fice  of  the  State  Treasurer  the  endorsement  of 

ia  the practioe,  or  ahare  the  gains  of  his  suborainate.  the  bonds  could  be  procured.     No  arrangement 

Od  tbiB  point  the  case  is  one  of  circumstantial  evi-  ^^  contract  was  then  perfected,  but  early  in 

°*^^^'                                                        ^  January  of  the  present  year  these  negotiations 

The  Committee  made  a  migority  and  a  minor-  were  reopened,  and  a  written  contract  was  en- 

ity  report  about  December  10th.    The  latter  tered  into  between  the  official  above  referred 

wu  signed  by  only  two  members.   The  majority  to  and  the  Citizens*  Bank  of  this  city,  in  which 

express  the  opinion  that  '^  the  reports  and  rn-  it  was  stipulated  that  $8,000  should  be  paid  to 

mors  that  connect  the  Governor's  name  with  Samuel  B.  Hoyt,  if  the  Governor  of  the  State 

any  improper  conduct  in  the  matter  of  the  en-  should  within  ten  days  pass  an  order  for  the 

dorsement  of  the  bonds  of  the  Northeastern  endorsement  of  the  bonds,  and  the  signing  of 

BaihtMd  Company  are  vile  and  malignant  the  same  should  actually  begin.    On  the  10th 

slanders."    The  minority  report  presents  the  of  January,  by  a  supplemental  contract,  the 

case  of  the  Northeastern  Railroad  more  fully,  time  within  which  the  order  for  the  signing  of 

The  officers  of  the  company  first  applied  to  the  bonds  was  to  be  passed  was  extended  to 

the  Governor  of  Georgia  to  have  the  State's  twenty  days ;  the  order  for  the  signing  of  the 

eodorsement  placed  on  their  bonds  in  Octo-  bonds  was  passed  on  the  17th  of  January,  and 

her,  1874.    This  application  was  unsuccessful,  the  money  was  paid  to  Mr.  Hoyt  for  Mr.  J.  W. 

Governor  Smith  declined  to  determine  at  that  Murphy,  then  and  now  clerk  in  the  Treasurer's 

time  the  right  of  the  company  to  receive  the  office,  on  the  23d  of  January.    The  services 

endorsement,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  pre-*  rendered  by  Mr.  Murphy,  and  for  which  he 

matore.     Other  informal   applications  were  received  the  sum  stateo,  consisted  in  procuring 

made  until  late  in  the  fall  of  1875,  when  no-  and  presenting  to  the  Governor  the  opinions, 

tice  was  given  to  the  Governor  of  the  oomple-  official  and  professional,  of  ez-raembers  of  the 

tioD  of  the  road,  with  a  request  for  the  ap-  Legislature,  and  of  prominent  lawyers  in  At- 

pomtment  of  commissioners  to  examine  its  lanta  and  elsewhere,  and  in  arguments  made 

condition.     They  reported  forty  miles  com-  by  himself  and  by  Colonel  D.  P.  Hill,  his  attor- 

plete  and  free  from  liens,  etc.    It  appeared,  ney,  before  the  Governor,  urging  the  endorse- 

hovever,  that  the  act  granting  State  aid  was  ment  of  the  bonds.    It  further  appears  that 

repealed  in  March,  1874,  and  at  that  time  there  during  the  progress  of  his  efforts  to  procure 

waa  no  continuous  section  of  twenty  miles  the  favorable    action  of   the  Governor,  Mr. 

completed  in  the  terms  of  the  said  act.    The  Murphy  informed  him  that  he  was  interested 

Attorney-General  at  this  time  furnished  the  in  the  endorsement ;  but  it  is  shown  by  the 

Gorenior  with  an  official  opinion  adverse  to  testimony  that  neither  the  terms  of  Mr.  Mur- 

tbe  right  claimed  by  the  company.    On  subse-  phy's  employment,  nor  the  fact  that  a  fee  was 

qnent  importunity,  Governor  Smith  suggested,  to  be  paia  to  him,  were  known  to  the  Gover- 

in  view  of  the  all^^  equities  underlying  the  nor  until  after  the  endorsement  was  made  and 

claim,  that  the  matter  be  brought  before  the  the  bonds  delivered.  Whatever,  then,  may  have 

Le^alature.    This  was  the  state  of  the  case  been  the  motives  that  moved  the  parties  to  this 

vhen  Governor  Colquitt  was  inaugurated*    A  contract  to  enter  into  it,  it  is  absolutely  certtun 

direraty  of  opinion  prevailed.    The  claim  of  that  neither  its  terms  nor  anything  growing 

the  company  was  brought  before  the  Legisla-  out  of  it  could  have  in  the  least  degree  influ- 

tore,  but  at  so  late  a  period  of  the  session  that  enced  the  conduct  of  the  Governor  in  endors- 

>n  adjournment  took  place  before  any  action,  ing  the  bonds ;  and  we  do,  therefore,  brand  as 

The  rolling-mill  company  that  fhmisbed  the  a  libel  the  insinuation  that  the  determination 

iron  bad  received  bonds  of  the  railroad  com-  of  Gk>vernor  Colquitt  to  endorse  the  bonds 

paoy,  and  were  anxious  for  the  endorsement,  was  induced  by  any  sinister  influence  or  nn- 

Ihe  Governor  suggested  proceedings  in  the  worthy  motive.'' 

coorts  under  the  repealing  act  of  1874,  to  de-  The  Committee  then  proceed  to  remark  on 

termine  the  right  of  the  railroad  company  to  the  evils  that  must  flow  from  the  toleration  of 

We  the  endorsement.    The  case  went  to  the  the  practice  among  officials  or  employees  of 

Sopreme  Courts  which  denied  the  constitution-  any  aepartment  of  the  Government  of  exacting 

liitj  of  the  section  of  the  act  under  which  suit  fees,  or  receiving  rewards,  in  consideration  of 

vaa  brought,  and  the  whole  matter  was  thus  influencing,  or  attempting  to  influence,  the  offi- 

^inoally  relegated  to  the  Governor.    He  again  cial  conduct  of  other  officials  of  the  same  or 

orgeddeUy  until  the  session  of  the  Legislature,  of  different  departments  of  the  Government. 

When  the  suit  against  tlie  company  was  about  They  say:  **It  has  banished  members  of  this 

to  enbninate  and  its  entire  property  be  sacri-  body  for  weeks  from  their  appropriate  places 

^^  he  passed  an  executive  oraer  on  January  of  duty,  and  so  hindered  the  public  service;  it 

^  1878,  to  sign  the  bonds,  **  in  pursuance  of  has  fiUed  the  public  mind  with  anxiety  and 

tbe  advice  of  some  of  the  most  prominent  and  alarm ;  it  has  furnished  food  for  the  whole 

*is«t  men  of  the  State.''    The  Committee  brood  of  malignant  slanderers;   and,  worse 
Vot  Tviu. — ^24    A 


370  GEORGIA. 

than  all,  it  has  imperiled  the  peace,  the  influ-  On  Noyemher  21st  the  Circait  Judges  for 

eucc,  ay,  even  the  repatation  of  one  whose  nine  oircnits,  one  half  of  the  State,  were  chosen 

honorable  fame  is  among  the  most  precions  of  in  a  joint  session  of  the  two  Hoosea. 

our  public  treasures."    And  thej  recommend  Among  the  measures  of  the  session  was  i 

legislation  to  guard  against  the  evil.  homestead  act  providing  for  the  exemption  of 

Subsequently  a  resolution  passed  through  three  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  property.    An 

the  Assembly  with  only  two  aissentiug  votes,  act  was  also  passed  exempting  from  taxatioa 

proclaiming  the  entire  confidence  of  the  mem-  publio  property ;  places  of  worship  and  of 

bers  in  the  Governor,  but  postponing  action  on  burial ;  institutions  of  purely  publio  charitj ; 

the  reports  until  the  July  session,  as  the  honr  buildings  used  for  a  college,  incorporated  ac»d- 

for  adjournment  was  so  close  at  hand.    In  the  emy,  or  other  seminary  of  learning;  the  real 

Senate,  on  December  11th,  the  following  reso-  and  personal  estate  of  any  public  library,  and 

lution  was  passed :  that  of  any  other  literary  association  used  bj 

Mtaolwd,  That  we  request  the  members  of  Con-  or  connected  with  a  public  library ;  and  books, 

gresB  from  Georgia  to  uie  their  inflaeuoe  sod  best  philosophical  apparatus,  paintings  and  station- 

ezertlone  to  procure,  at  aQ  early  date,  a  repeal  of  the  ery  of  any  association  kept  in  a  public  ball, 

rh»iSn°'i?\t^S^r'^l"??'^oK;  -yd  not  held  «i»erchandi^  or  for  pa™j« 

the  ouuundlng  ciroulation  of  said  national  banks.  ©'  sale  or  gain.     It  is  provided,  however,  that 

making  said  legal  tenders  x«oeivable  in  payment  or  none  of  the  property  thus  exempted  shall  be 

customs  dues,  and  whatever  other  legialation  ma^  be  used  for  '^  purposes  of  private  profit  or  gain." 

neoessa^  to  provide  a  sufficient  and  healthy  cireo-  An  act  authorizing  municipal  corporations  to 

lation  of  such  legal-tender  currency  to  meet  all  the  ^«,~«.-^«:„^  ♦k-.s-  \^^^A,Jk   a^a^^^  «.«.-  ^^^..^ 

wanU  and  necesslUes  of  the  people  and  country.  compromise  thett  bonded  debts  was  psssed, 

which  provides  that  where  a  town  or  city  has 

In  the  House,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  outstanding  bonds  and  coupons,  the  municipal 
the  issue  of  State  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $600,-  government  is  authorized  to  issue  new  bonds 
000,  payable  in  six  years  at  the  State  Treasury,  to  be  exchanged  for  the  old,  provided  the  nev 
and  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  four  per  bonds  shall  not  exceed  the  amount  of  the  debt 
oent.,  payable  annually  in  any  one  of  seven  Ordinances  by  a  city  government  to  issue  bonds 
principal  cities  named  of  the  State ;  said  bonds  for  the  purpose  above  named  shaU  have  the 
shall  be  for  the  sum  of  not  less  than  ^y^  dol-  force  and  effect  of  contracts  between  the  citj 
lars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  and  those  who  receive  the  new  obligation, 
shall  be  issued  to  meet  the  installments  of  Cities  and  towns  are  also  authorized  to  pass 
bonds  becoming  due  in  1879,  1880,  and  1881,  aU  ordinances  necessary  to  the  creation  of  a 
etc.  The  vote  in  the  House  was :  yeas,  122 ;  sinking  fund  for  better  securing  the  redemp* 
nay^  27.  This  act  also  passed  the  Senate.  Both  tion  of  the  compromise  bonds  if  they  see  prop> 
Houses  adopted  a  resolution  to  take  a  recess  er  to  do  so.  It  is  provided  that  this  act  shall 
from  December  13th  to  the  first  Wednesday  in  not  be  construed  so  as  to  preiudice  the  rights 
July,  1879.  The  principal  work  before  this  of  such  creditors  as  may  renise  to  assent  to 
General  Assembly  is  to  adapt  the  laws  of  the  such  compromise.  A  law  was  also  passed  pro- 
State  to  the  requirements  of  the  new  Oonstitu-  viding  for  the  probate  of  foreign  wills,  and  for 
tion.  The  extent  of  this  labor  was  not  antici-  the  appointment  and  qualification  of  adminis- 
pated  before  the  commencement  of  this  session,  trators  in  this  State  to  .carry  out  the  provisions 
The  effect  of  hasty,  inconsiderate  legislation  of  such  wills  when  they  have  been  probBt«d 
would  be  to  raise  new  complications  between  and  recorded  in  Georgia.  The  first  section  of 
the  constitutional  and  statutory  law  of  the  the  tax  act  reduces  the  general  tax  on  property 
State.  The  usual  session  having  been  made  from  five  tenths  to  four  tenths  of  one  per  cent 
biennial,  too  long  a  period  would  elapse  before  The  usual  tax  of  $10  per  annum  is  assessed  on 
the  local  legblation  required  could  be  enacted,  practitioners  of  law,  dentistry,  and  medicine, 

The  question  of  the  location  of  the  seat  of  but  municipal  corporations  are  forbidden  to 

government  was  submitted  to  the  vote  of  the  levy  any  additional  tax.    The  tax  on  circus 

people  a  few  years  ago,  and  Atlanta  was  chosen,  companies  is  reduced  from  (200  to  $100  per 

One  inducement  for  this  vote  was  the  offer  day,  and  a  tax  of  $50  is  imposed  on  river  ped- 

made  by  the  authorities  of  that  city  to  build  dlers  for  each  county  in  which  they  may  ped- 

the  State  Capitol.    A  committee  was  therefore  die.    Lightning-rod  agents  are  taxed  $25  for 

appointed  to  inquire  whether  it  would  be  con-  each  county  in  which  they  may  *•*'  operate,'' 

venient  for  Atlanta  to  comply  with  its  prom-  and  agents  for  non-resident  owners  who  keep 

ise.    The  Committee  reported  to  the  Senate  pianos  or  other  musical  instruments  on  sale  or 

that  the  authorities  of  that  city  were  ready  at  hire  for  commission  $50  for  each  county  in 

any  time  to  comply  with  their  promise.  which  such  agent  or  firm  does  business.    The 

The  election  of  a  Senator  to  represent  the  appropriation  act  carries  out  as  far  as  practi- 

State  in  Congress  took  place  on  November  19th.  cable  the  reductions  in  the  expenses  of  the 

In  the  Senate  John  B.  Gordon  was  nominated  Government  made  by  the  new  Constitution, 

and  received  42  votes,  being  all  that  were  cast.  The  decrease  is  very  marked.    The  per  diem 

In  the  House  there  were  165  votes  for  Gordon,  and  mileage  of  members  of  the  General  As- 

5  for  Herschell  Y.  Johnson,  and  1  for  W.  E.  serobly  have  been  reduced  nearly  one  half: 

Smith.    Mr.  Gordon  was  thus  chosen  Senator,  the  salaries  of  all  the  new  judges  have  been 


GEORGIA.  371 

deereued  $500  each;  the  contingent  fund  has  at  150,000.    In  1875  nearly  80,000  sheep  were 

been  cot  down  from  $20,000  to  $10,000,  and  killed  by  dogs.    Senator  Gordon  stated  to  a 

tbe  printing  fand  from  $15,000  to  $8,000 ;  and  pablio  meeting  in  Boston  that  the  farmers  of 

elerical  expenses  of  eyery  description  have  been  Georgia  were  largely  engaged  in  sheep-grow- 

made  less*  ing,  for  which  the  soil  and  climate  were  peou- 

The  act  above  mentioned  which  authorizes  liarly  adapted.  They  had  lands  in  Georgia 
towns  and  cities  to  compromise  their  debts  worth  45  cents  an  acre,  in  tracts  100  miles 
was  passed  mainly  for  the  benefit  of  the  city  long  and  60  or  70  miles  wide,  covered  with 
of  Savannah.  The  city  had  made  a  oompro-  tail  pine-trees,  with  no  undergrowth.  The 
mise  with  its  creditors,  and  desired  legislation  ground  was  covered  with  a  dense  grass,  upon 
to  make  it  more  effective.  A  general  law  was  which  sheep  fed  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 
therefore  passed,  for  as  a  local  law  it  would  There  are  men  realizing  a  dear  profit  of  be* 
Dot  have  been  acted  upon  until  the  July  ses-  tween  67  and  90  per  cent,  in  sheep-growing  on 
nooL  Of  the  city's  debt,  $400,000  had  been  these  lands.  They  pay  no  attention  to  the 
held  in  Baltimore ;  and,  although  suits  had  sheep,  which  are  turned  out  in  the  spring,  and 
been  commenced  on  the  coupons,  the  com-  are  not  seen  by  the  owners  again  until  shearing- 
promise  was  readily  accepted  by  the  bond-  time  next  year.  What  could  not  be  done  wiSi 
holders.  such  land  as  that,  and  a  climate  like  theirs. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  the  Peni-  where  snow  never  falls,  where  the  country  is 

tentiary  was  made  a  few  days  before  the  re-  rolling,   open,  and  perfectly  healthy  1     And 

ce«.   They  called  attention  to  the  large  num-  when  you  have  put  sheep  on  the  land  you  have 

ber  of  escapes  and  the  mortality.    The  mor-  solved  the  problem  of  the  production  of  rye, 

taiity  ranges  from  10  per  cent  per  month  to  barley,  oats,  and  wool.    During  the  war  this 

16  per  cent,  per  annum ;  men  and  women  are  section  was  called  the  Egypt  of  the  South, 

chained  together;  there  are  25  children,  from  In  1876  the  returns  of  wild  land  in  the  State 

three  roon&  to  five  years  old.    The  lease  sys-  showed  7,038,447  acres,  valued  at  26  cents  per 

tern  they  regard,  at  the  best,  as  a  bad  one.  acre.    In  1877  there  were  returned  6,683,710 

The  State  should  appoint  some  agent  to  stand  acres  at  an  average  value  of  26  cents  per  acre. 

between  the  convict  and  the  lessee.  In  1878  the  number  of  acres  returned  was 

The  reports  from  tiie  State  Agricultural  De-  7,582,828,  at  an  average  value  of  22  cents  per 

partment  make  a  very  favorable  representa-  acre,  being  an  increase  over  1877  of  1,048,618 

tion  of  the  crops,  and  improvement  in  1878.  acres. 

The  com  crop,  compared  with  1877,  shows  an  Oonsiderable  investments  of  capital  were 

iocrease  in  the  whole  State  of  10*6  to  10*7  made  in  1878  in  the  gold-mining  region  of 

boshela  per  acre.     Southeast  Georgia  alone  North  Georgia,  especially  in  the  neighborhood 

showed  a  decrease.     Cotton,   as   compared  of  Dahlonega.    The  yield  of  gold  was  fairly 

with  1877,  shows  an  increase  of  12  per  cent,  profitable,  and  greater  results  are  anticipated, 

for  the  whole  State.    Southeast  Georgia  also  as  the  mines  are  now  well  opened.    The  por- 

shows  a  decrease  in  this  staple.    The  yield  of  tion  of   Northeast  Georgia  which  embraces 

sogar-cane  is  largely  in  excess  of  1877,  being  the   main  developments  in  gold-mining,  and 

2S9  gallons  per  acre  against  159,  and  the  sup-  the  most  striking  characteristics  of  mountain, 

plj  of  home-raised  pork  is  8  per  cent,  greater  valley,  and  waterfall  in  the  State,  lies  within 

than  the  previous  year.    The  returns  of  the  Cherokee,  Forsyth,  Hall,  Dawson,  Lumpkin, 

past  year  show  that  the  farming  interests  have  White,  and  Habersham  Counties,  a  belt  about 

improved,  and  83  per  cent  of  a  full  supply  of  100  miles  long  and  80  miles  wide,  north  of  and 

proriaions  is  on  hand.     Excepting  in  North  immediately  uong  the  Atlanta  and  Charlotte 

sad  Middle  Georgia,  the  reports  are  invariably  Air-Line  Railroad.    This  re^on  was  the  favor- 

of  aa  enhanced  condition.    Of  the  total  in-  ite  part  of  the  Cherokees^  reservation,  and  to 

debtedness  of  farmers  the  reports  of  the  aver-  the  eye  it  seems  that  no  region  on  the  globe 

^e  of  the  estimates  are :  In  North  Georgia,  can  surpass  it  in  extent  and  variety  of  beau- 

S9  per  cent.;  Middle  Georgia,  97;  Southwest  tiful  views.      The  vision  can  here  frequently 

(^rgia,  74;    East   Georgia,    88;    Southeast  sweep  unbroken  for  more  than  a  hundred  miles 

Georgia,  96 ;  in  the  State,  88.    These  figures  over  the  most  noble  landscapes. 

hare  no  reference  to  the  actual  indebtedness  An  examination  of  the  Savannah  River  with 

of  tbe  several  sections  as  compared  with  each  the  view  to  its  future  improvement  shows  that 

other,  but  exhibit  only  the  mdebtedness  of  for  150  miles  above  Savannah,  and  to  within 

ttch  as  compared  to  the  last  winter.    The  list  12  miles  of  the  point  where  the  Atlanta  and 

pf  debts  demonstrates  that  the  status  of  farm-  Richmond  Air-Tine  Railway  crosses  the  stream, 

log  has  been  raised  in  the  preceding  twelve  it  can  be  made  navigable  for  steamboats  at  a 

looDtha.    Economy  has  ruled  more  closely  small  cost.    The  total  value  of  the  foreign  ex- 

tbaa  ever,  and  many  planters  in  Southwest  ports  from  Savannah  during  the  year  ending 

Georgia  who  have  been  struggling  with  debt  August  81, 1878,  was  $18,552,684.    The  value 

^^  jtan  have  succeeded  in  paying  ofif,  not-  of  imports  during  the  same  period  was  $502,- 

vitbstanding  the  low  price  of  cotton.    The  574.    The  tonnage  of  the  port  for  the  same 

ponuniflsioner  estimates  the  number  of  sheep  period  was  1,184,827  tons,  and  the  number  of 

in  the  State  at  480,000,  and  the  number  of  dogs  vessels  1,801. 


872 


GERMANY. 


On  October  Slat  a  CoDfederate  moDDment 
was  unveiled  at  Augusta.  It  was  the  gift  of 
the  ^^  Ladies^  Memorial  Association."  Invita- 
tions to  be  present  had  been  extensively  issned 
to  citizens,  military  organizations  in  Georgia 
and  South  Oarolina,  and  distinguished  persons. 
An  oration  was  delivered  by  Oolonel  0.  0. 
Jones,  Jr.,  in  presence  of  a  large  assembly. 
The  monument  is  a  graceful  shaft  76  feet  high, 
surmounted  by  a  colossal  figure  of  a  Confed- 
erate soldier  standing  in  the  position  of  '^  pa- 
rade rest."  At  the  base  of  this  main  shaft  are 
four  statues — one  of  General  R.  E.  Lee,  one  of 
General  *^  Stonewall "  Jackson,  one  of  General 
Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb,  and  one  of  General  W. 
H.  T.  Walker.  Each  of  these  statues  is  20  feet 
high  from  the  base. 

Early  in  the  year  ex-Governor  R.  B.  Bul- 
lock was  tried  twice  on  different  counts  for 
offenses  alleged  to  have  been  committed  by 
him  during  his  administration  as  Governor  of 
Georgia.  In  each  case  a  verdict  of  not  guilty 
was  returned  by  the  jury. 

The  election  for  the  choice  of  members  of 
Congress,  held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  November,  resulted  as  follows:  First 
Distriotr—NichoUs,  8,477 ;  Corker,  6,081.  Sec- 
ond District— Smith,  8,126;  Wade,  3,642. 
Third  District  —  Cook,  2,628;  scattering  6. 
Fourth  District— Harris,  10,101 ;  Persons,  13,- 
886.  Fifth  District— Hammond,  10,269 ;  Ar- 
nold, 8,196.  Sixth  District— Blount,  8,192; 
scattering,  18.  Seventh  District — Lester.  12,- 
065;  Felton,  14,816.  Eighth  District— Ste- 
phens, 8,855 ;  scattering,  58.  Ninth  District — 
BiUings,  10,676 ;  Speer,  10,897. 


GERMANY,  an  empire  in  Europe,  reestab- 
lished January  18,  1871.  The  Emperor.  Wil- 
liam I.,  was  born  March  22,  1797,  and  was 
married  June  11,  1829,  to  Augusta,  daughter 
of  the  Grand  Duke  Charles  Frederick  of  Saxe- 
Weimar.  The  heir  apparent,  Frederick  Wil- 
liam, bom  October  18,  1881,  has  the  official 
title  of  Crown  Prince  of  the  German  Empire 
and  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia.  He  was  mar- 
ried January  25,  1868,  to  Victoria,  Princess 
Royal  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  bom  No- 
vember 21,  1840,  and  has  seven  children,  viz. : 
Frederick  William,  bom  1869;  Henry,  born 
1862 ;  Waldemar,  bom  1868 ;  Charlotte,  bora 
1860 ;  Victoria,  bom  1866 ;  Sophia,  born  1870; 
and  Margaretta,  bom  1872.  Imperial  Chan- 
cellor (Reichskanzler),  Otto,  Prince  von  Bis- 
marck -  Schdnhansen.  President  of  the  Im- 
perial Chancery  (Reichskanzler -Amt),  Karl 
von  Hofmann,  Minister  of  State,  appointed 
in  1876. 

The  German  Empire  consists  at  present  of 
twenty>six  states,  of  which  four  are  kingdoms, 
six  grand  duchies,  five  duchies,  seven  princi- 
palities, three  free  cities,  and  one,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, an  imperial  land  (Reichsland),  which 
has  as  yet  no  particular  government  of  its  own, 
but  is  administered,  in  the  name  of  the  Imperial 
Government,  by  an  Oberprfisident. 

The  following  table  exhibits  all  the  states  of 
the  German  Empire,  the  area,  the  population 
according  to  the  census  of  1875,  the  number 
of  representatives  of  every  German  state  in 
the  Federal  Council,  and  the  number  of  depu- 
ties who  represent  each  state  in  the  Reichs- 
tag: 


STATBS. 


J 

n 


H 


1.  PrassU  (Inclnding  Laaenbox^ff) 

2.  Bavaria 

8.  Boxony 

4.  W  artember^ 

5.  Badan.. 

8.  Heaae 

7.  Mecklenbarg-Schwerln 

8.  8axe-  Weimar 

9.  Oldenburg 

10.  Mecklenbnii^-Strelltz 

11.  Brunswick 

18.  Saxe-Meiningen 

18.  Saxe- Altenbnnr 

14,  Saxe-Gobarg-Ciotha 

18.  Anhalt 

16.  Schwarzbuig-Budobtadt 

17.  Schwarzburff-BonderBhaoaen 

la  Waldeck 

19.  Beuaa-Greltz  (elder  line) 

20.  Reuss-Schleiu  (younger  line) 

21.  Bchaambarg-Lippe.. 

22.  Lippe-Detmold 

28.  Lftbeck.... 

24.  Bremen ^ 

26.  Hamburg 

26i  Alaaoe-Lorraine  (Belohsland) 

Total 


Ana  in  EkglUh 
■qaaramllac 


184,178 

29,292 

6,T89 

7,6B1 

^824 

2,965 

6,187 

1,888 

2,471 

1,181 

1.42S 

958 

611 

700 

906 

864 

888 

488 

122 

820 

171 

499 

109 

99 

158 

6,608 


PopnlatloB  In 


8^74^,404 

6,022.890 

2,760,f*6 

1,881,606 

1,607,179 

8$4,218 

668,786 

292,988 

819,814 

96,678 

827,498 

194.494 

14&;844 

162.699 

218.665 

76,676 

67,480 

64,748 

46,9S6 

92,876 

83,188 

112,462 

£6,912 

142,2<X) 

8S8.618 

1,681,804 


208,482 


42,727,860 


VetMlB 
F«dMml 
Council. 


totk* 


17 
6 
4 
4 
8 
8 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


68 


286 

4S 

28 

IT 

14 

9 

6 

8 

8 

1 

8 

S 

1 

s 

2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
8 
15 


807 


Population  of  Berlin,  December  81,  1877;  exhibit  of  the  governments  of  the  particular 

1,018,818.    (For  the  population  of  the  other  states,  inclnding  the  names  and  the  titles  of  all 

principal  cities  see  "Annual  CyclopeBdia"  for  the  sovereign  princes,  their  years  of  birth  and 

1877.)  accession  to  the  throne,  and  the  name  of  the 

In  the  following  table  will  be  found  a  full  heir  apparent :. 


GERMANY. 


373 


STATQ* 


Pniala. 

BftTirii. 

8tI<Nlf 

WQrtaBbarf 

Ihdca 

M«dLlaibi2rf -Sehwarbi 

H«IM 

Otdttbanr 

^tze-Velmir. 

Ueekkabniv^trttlfti. 

Bnatwlek. 

ibwf. 

Bttv-Cobarf-OotiiA 

8tz«-]fd]il^g«B...... 

Um-Oetmold 

BraM(6Jderlloe) 

fiaow  (T<Msg«r  line) 

SekMniWf -Llppe 

Sehwinbotir*  RadolaUdt .... 
Sehwuiborf-fiondenhMiMii. 
WaJdeck. 

Haobuf 

Lubcck. 


King 

King 

King 

Mfiy  «•••  «•••»• 
OraodDttke.... 
QnadDitka.... 

OnndDoke 

Orand  Duke.... 
Grand  Pake. . . . 
Onnd  Daktt.... 

Dake 

Doke. 

Dake 

Duke 

Doke 

Prineo 

Prinott. 

Prince 

Prince 

Prinee. 

Prinee 

Prince. 

BwfoiiMJiter. . . 

Boigomaater... 
Bnrgomaater... 


Ni 


Hair  appartBt 


WilllAmL 

LouiflU 

Albert. 

Charles 

Frederick 

Frederick  FrancLi  II... 

LoatalV 

Peter. 

Charlea  Alexander 

Frederick  William 

WiUIam 

Frederick 

Ernest. 

Emeatll 

Oeoige 

Waldemar 

Henry  XXIL 

HennrXIV 

Adolf. 

George 

Oltotber 

George 

O.  GUdemelater 

F.  M.  a  Pfelffer 

G.  A.  Weber. 

G.  H.  Klrchenpaaer. . . 
Th.Cartias 


Bora  1T9T, 

*•  18«, 

"  1828, 

"  1828, 

•*  182«, 

♦*  1823, 

"  1887, 

"  182T, 

**  1818, 

"  1819, 

"  ISOfl, 

"  183L 

*•  182«, 

•*  1818, 

*»  182«, 

"  1824. 

"*  18M, 

••  1882, 

"  18IT, 

"  1888, 

**  180L 

"     188U 
1877-1881., 
1675-1879. 

1BJ8 

1878 

18T8 


saoe.  1861 . . . 

1kHi4. . . 

1vM78... 

10u4. .  • 

18M... 
1842... 
1877... 
13M... 
18^)8... 
1860... 
1881... 
1871... 
1858... 
1844. . . 
1866.. . 
1875... 
1860... 
1867... 
I860.. . 
1859... 
1885... 
1858... 


u 

u 
u 
u 
u 

u 
u 

u 

M 

u 

u 
u 

M 
U 

M 
U 
U 
M 
U 
M 


Frederick  WUliam,  aon. 
Otto,  brother. 
George,  brother. 
Wllilam.  couain. 
Frederick  William,  son. 
Frederick  Franda,  son. 
Ernest  Louts,  son. 
August,  son. 
Cbaries  August,  son. 
Adolf  Frederick,  son. 
Disputed. 
Leopold,  son. 
Maurice,  brother. 
Prince  Alfred,  cousin. 
Bemhard,  son. 
Hermann,  brother. 

Henry  XXTIL,  son. 
Geoive,  son. 
Gunuer,  second  cousia. 
Charies,  son. 
Frederick,  son. 


It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  the 
dacd  line  of  Branawick  is  likely  to  become 
extinct  bj  the  death  of  the  reigning  Dake. 
The  snccession  is  disputed  by  the  Dake  of  0am- 
berland,  the  son  of  the  late  King  of  Hanover, 
and  the  Emperor  of  Germany.  It  is  also  in- 
terestiog  to  notice  that  the  heir  apparent  is 
the  son  of  the  reigning  sovereign  in  only  thir- 
teen of  the  twenty-two  sovereign  houses  which 
belong  to  the  German  Empire. 

The  legislative  Amotions  of  the  empire  are 
▼eeted  in  the  Bundestag,  or  Federal  Goandl, 
and  the  Reichstag,  or  Diet  of  the  Empire.  The 
Bandearath  represents  the  individual  states  of 
Gennany,  and  the  Emperor  must  have  its  con- 
eent  to  dedare  war  which  is  not  merely  defen- 
OTe.  The  members  of  the  Bundestag  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  governments  of  the  individual 
■tites  for  each  session.  On  January  1,  1879, 
the  German  Bandesrath  was  composed  of  the 
following  members : 

Prtmia. — Prince  Bismarck,  President  and 
Imperial  Ohancellor ;  Oount  zu  Stolberg-Wer- 
ni^erodd,  Vice-President  of  the  State  Ministry ; 
the  Ministers  Hobrecht,  Oount  Eulenburg, 
Leonhard,  Kameke,  and  May  bach;  Bfllow, 
State  Minister  and  Secretary  of  State  in  the 
Ministry  for  Foreign  Affairs;  Von  Stosch, 
Chief  of  the  Admiralty ;  Hofmann,  President 
of  the  Imperial  Otiancery ;  Von  Phillipsbom, 
Director  in  the  Foreign  Office ;  Dr.  Friedberg, 
Secretary  of  State  in  the  Ministry  of  Justice ; 
Postmaster-General  Stenhan ;  Hasselbacli,  Di- 
rector-Qeneral  of  the  Indirect  Taxes ;  Mein- 
eeke,  Ministerial  Director  in  the  Ministnr  of 
rmance;  Herzog,  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  Alsace-Lorraine;  Von  Mdller,  Oberpr&si- 
deot  of  Alsace-Lorraine. 

Bofaria. — ^The  Mimsters  Von  Pfretzsohner 
and  Dr.  von  Fftustle ;  Von  Rudhart,  Ambas- 
ttdor  in  BeHin ;  Ministerial  Director  von  Kie- 
dei ;  and  M^or-General  von  Fries. 

Saxiony, — General  von  Fabrice;  the  Minis- 


ters H.  von  Nostitz-Wallwitz  and  Abeken ; 
O.  von  Nostitz-Wallwitz,  Ambassador  in  Ber- 
lin. 

WUrtemberg, — ^Minuter  von  Mittnacht :  Hu- 
go von  Spitzemberg,  Ambassador  in  Berlin; 
Migor-General  von  Faber  du  Faur ;  and  Ooun- 
cilor  Hess. 

Badmi, — ^Turban,  President  of  the  Ministry; 
State  Ministers  Ellst&tter  and  Stdszer. 

He98e. — Freiherr  von  Starck,  President  of 
the  Ministry;  Ministerial  Oooncilors  Kempff 
and  Neidhart 

MechUnburg-Sckwerin, — Von  ProUius,  Am- 
bassador in  Berlin ;  Oldenburg,  Director  of 
Oustoms. 

SaoBe-  Fmynor.— Councilor  Dr.  Stichling. 

MeehUnburg-StreHU, — Oouncilor  von  Prol- 
lius. 

Oldenburg, — Oouncilor  Selkmann. 

Brurmoiek. — Oouncilors  Schultz  and  Von 
Liebe. 

8ax6-Meiningen. — ^Minister  von  Giseke. 

Sax^Altenburg, — Minister  von  Gerstenberg- 
Zech. 

Saxe^Cdburg-Gotha. — ^Mlnister  Freiherr  von 
Seebach. 

Anhalt. — ^Minister  Freiherr  von  Krosigk. 

Schwar^urg-Rudohtadt — Minister  von  Ber- 
trap. 

oehwanburg'SonderMhausen, — Minister  Frei- 
herr von  Berlepsch. 

Waldeeh. — ^Director  von  Sommerfeld. 

£etiM  (elder  line). — Faber. 

EeuM  (younger  line). — Dr.  von  Beul  witz,  State 
Minister. 

Schaumbnrg-Lippe, — Oouncilor  Hdcker. 

Lippe-Detmold. — ^Eschen  ba  rg. 

LUheek, — Dr.  Krflger,  Minister  Resident  in 
Berlin. 

Bremen, — ^Dr.  Gildemelster,  Burgomaster. 

Hamburg. — ^Dr.  Eirchenpauer,  Burgomaster. 

The  movement  of  emigration  from  the  ports 
of  Bremen  and  Hamburg  was  as  follows : 


374 


GERMANY. 


FROM 


Oflnnony 

Othor  countries. 

Total,  18T7. 

"  1876. 

•»  1876. 

»  1874. 

**  1878. 

«  1872, 

"  1871 . 

*♦  1870. 


1870-1877. 
136&-1S€9. 
1860-1861. 
1865-1850. 
1860-1854. 
1845-1849. 
1886-1944. 

TotolBinool882.. 


ATerag« 
number. 


Bmn^ 

Hambugi 

9^28 

10,726 

9,851 

11,846 

19,179 

22,670 

21,666 

28,781 

24,608 

81.810 

80,688 

48,448 

68,841 

69,176 

80.418 

74,406 

60,616 

42.224 

46,781 

82,666 

48,867 

48,116 

62,090 

46,679 

21.680 

20,086 

82,641 

21.892 

61,861 

26,804 

81290 

6,416 

12,949 

1,704 

1,496,618 

911,724 

T«taL 


20,068 
21,696 

41,749 

60,896 

66,318 

74,076 

182,417 

154,824 

102.740 

79,887 

86,488 
107,672 
41,666 
64,483 
77,166 
86,706 
14,668 

8,408,242 


principal  points  of  destination  of  the  emigrants 
m  1876  were  as  follows :  United  States,  17,079 ; 
Australia,  1,806;  Africa,  750;  Brazil,  481; 
Argentine  Republic,  87. 

The  movement  of  population  in  1876  was  cs 
follows : 


STATES. 


Besides  this  number,  emigrants  left  Germany 
as  follows:  via  Stettin,  1876-'77,  646;  via 
Antwerp,  1877,  1,836;  via  Rotterdam,  1872, 
1,486 ;  via  Havre,  1876,  1,258 ;  via  Marseilles, 
1878  and  1874,  47 ;  via  Genoa,  1872,  7.    The 


Pnutia 

BsTaria. 

Bmony 

WQitembenr 

Baden..  

Alflaoe-Lorralne. . . . 

Hesse 

Other  states. 

TotsL 


Hitlu. 

DwUh. 

1 

» 

221,712 

1,098,698 

706.060 

42,012 

228.192 

162,069 

26,606 

181,817 

88.677 

16,821 

69,284 

68,608 

12,820 

68,208 

42,485 

11,088 

67,700 

42,418 

6,982 

8£v264 

22,707 

80,877 

192y'a6 

86,886 

866,918 

1,881,818 

1,807,144  1 

Stfll- 
¥lrtha. 


46.628 
7,910 
6,466 
8,8&0 
2,169 
2,426 
1,419 
6,299 

78,617 


The  number  belonging  to  each  religious  de- 
nomination in  1876  was  as  follows  (Brarhelli, 
**'  Statistische  Skizze  des  Deutschen  Reichs,'^ 
4th  edition,  1878) : 


STATES. 


PrasBla 

BftTsris. 

Saxony 

W&rtemberg 

Bsden 

Alsaoe-Lorrstne 

Hesse 

MeeklenboTg'Bchwerin 

Oldenbiirg 

Anhslt 

Other  states 

Total 

Per  oent 


69-6 


Evw^dkaL 

BODMIUd  Old 

Catkolioi. 

0tli«r 
ChrUtUBs. 

16,712,700 

8,686,840 

69,400 

1,898.120 

8,678,148 

4,889 

8,674.906 

78,849 

6,641 

1,296,660 

867,678 

12,881 

617.861 

966.916 

8,848 

266,829 

1,804,081 

8,198 

602.850 

261,178 

8,889 

648,741 

2,266 

846,(V64 

71,748 

909 

208,288 

8,478 

91 

8,884,876 

89,676 

4,968 

86,718,888 

16,871,887 

100,608 

860 


0-8 


Jvwt. 


1-8 


OOm. 


889,790 

4,674 

61,886 

904 

6,860 

481 

4,167 

229 

86,498 

6S 

89,008 

194 

86,668 

656 

8,786 

•  •  •  « 

1,678 

80 

1,768 

«  •  •  • 

88,660 

8,948 

680,675 

16.127 

01 


Germany  has  20  universities,  of  which  9  are  Mecklenburg,  and  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  num- 
in  Prussia,  8  in  Bavaria,  2  in  Baden,  1  each  in  her  of  professors  and  students  in  the  German 
Wiirtemberg,   Hesse,   Saxonj,   Saxe- Weimar,    universities  in  1878  was  as  foUows : 


uinvKBsmES. 


Berlin 

B<Min 

Braslaa  . . . . 
Krlangen... 
Freiburg.... 

Olessen 

Oott1ng:en . . 
Grefftwald. 

HaDe 

Heidelberg.. 

Jena. 

Kiel 

K6nigsberg 

Leipsic 

Marburg . . . 

Munich 

Bostock. . . . 
Btrasburg . . 
Tablnren... 
W&rzbnrg. . 

Total 


Sutab 


PniBsia. 

ti 

Bavaria 

Baden 

Hesse 

Prussia. 

tt 

BsdAn 

Saxe- Weimar. . 
Prttssia 

f^axonr 

Pmssia 

Bavaria. 

Meeklenbnrg. . . 
Alsaoe-Lorralne 
W&rtemberg... 
Bayaria. 


816 

100 

106 

64 

67 

66 

120 

61 

107 

110 

78 

69 

89 

160 

71 

186 

41 

90 

88 

66 


1. 


■TU]>xxn. 


MiUrfedAtod. 


2,669 

1,068 

1,240 

416 

418 

885 

988 

686 

914 

760 

646 

262 

666 

8,861 

460 

1,864 

167 

786 

1,187 

982 


18,807 


TbliL 


4,881 

1,098 

1,250 

415 

464 

847 

1,009 

684 

944 

808 

670 

&64 

6n 

8,948 
468 

1,896 
167 

Tsa 

1,144 
960 


80,494 


Sometimes  the  Academies  of  Mtlnster  and  At  the  following  umversities,  outside  of  the 

Braunsberg,  containing  each  the  two  faculties  German  Empire,  the  German  language  is  ez- 

of  Catholic  theology  and  philosophy,  are  count-  clusively  or  predominantly  used,  and  in  the 

ed  among  the  German  universities.    In  1878  province  of  literature  they  may  be  counted  as 

MtLnster  had  29  professors  and  826  students.  German  universities : 


GEKMANT. 


375 


UNIVERSITnES. 


CooatrlM. 


B»el 

Hen 

C»raovitx. 

Doxvti 

Gna 

PnwM 

Vleaiu..... 
Zjrich..... 

Total 


Switzerland, 

Anatrla. 

BuMia , 

▲ustrla. 

•k 

ik 

»t 

BwitierUiiid 


■TU1>UIX8. 

Pfofcuow. 

MatifeolsUd. 

TotaL 

6T 

198 

215 

63 

2S8 

821 

83 

179 

228 

78 

90i 

910 

8S 

698 

708 

69 

•  ■  • 

■  •  • 

181 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

261 

8,(V99 

8.546 

b6 

851 

891 

900 

&,700 

6^ 

The  budget  of  the  Oermao  Empire  for  1878- 
79,  as  declared  bj  the  law  of  April  29, 1878,  es- 
tiautes  reyenae  and  expenditure  each  at  586,- 
496,800  marks  (1  mark  =  28.8  cents).  The  rev- 
enaa  wss  derived  from  the  following  som*ces : 

Marki. 

L  OBstnms  aid  ezelaea  of  eonaamptloa 850,))26,840 

1  Stamp-datf  for  bills  of  exchange 6,608,100 

S.  AdmlDlstratloo  of  postal  aSUi*  and  tele- 

mphs .„. 15,288,408 

4.  Admioistratloa  of  railroads 11.856,000 

9.  Imperisl  Bank,  and  other  recelpto 2,010,000 

C.  BcoeipU  of  rarloos  descriptions 7,495,622 

7.  Fran  the  Imperial  ftands  for  InTalids 82,058,152 

6  Sttiplos  of  ftwmer  years 84,663 

I.  Pratts  ftom  the  eoinini^  of  imperial  money . .  100,000 

10.  latarestoflnTeated  capitals 7,824,206 

11.  EitrMnUnary  ivoeipts 116,585,056 

It  Mstriealsr  ooDtribatlons 87,14^516 

11  AdiniiilstrBtlon  of  the  imperial  printing-oflBoe  174,880 

Total 586,496,800 

The  matricolar  contribations  were  divided 
among  the  particular  states  as  follows : 

STATBSb  Mark*, 

Pnuila, 41,494,609 

Bsnria 19,682,761 

Sixoay 457^72T 

WiirtMiberg 6,806.586 

Btdea 4,886^666 

Hmss 1,422,601 

MacUsobanr-eichweiin 81^082 

8««-Welmar 449,647 

MMUsobofV-Streli:^ 188,518 

OBtthanr..: 488,098 

Bnuuvlck 510,808 

Stts-Meiiiijigen 808,191 

flus-AUeDhin 228,422 

8tt»<)Dbai«-Oo^ 290,519 

Ashrit. 886.401 

Schvandnuf-BodolBtadt 116,855 

B«h«iRbwir-8oiMlershaiisea 99.819 

ViHeet. 78,011 

KcoM  (elder  braneh>. 78,746 

B«aii(foaoffer  branch) 142,181 

8«sfaraBilMrr-Lippe 51,222 

LiDpa :...:!:. 172,868 

LiW. 91,896 

Breasa. 244,786 

Hnabonr 644,054 

Aiaet-Larralne. 8.060,410 

TotaL 87,IA516 

The  regular  expenditures  of  the  empire  were 
estimated  as  follows : 

Mwki. 

ICkaaeener'oftheemptre *    104,980 

ICbacerr  of  the  empire 4,259.258 

i^  lapertol  Diet  822,000 

4.  FardfD  Offlee .  6, 104,655 

B.  A4nialstrataoa  of  the  Imperial  army 822,618,288 

&  AdniolstntioaofthenaFy 24,110,520 

I.  Ivttrett  of  the  debt  of  the  empire 6,781,600 

iiCWariMrefAeooaoU 450.510 

9  Imperial  Chaneery  for  Alsace-Lorraine 171,760 

•i-BaOmadOIBoeoftheempire 272.750 

H  a«iufal  pension  ftinds 17,558,205 

U  Empire  loTsUd  ftinds 82,058,157 

U.  AdmiBistradoo  of  Jostioe 806.182 

Total 416,608,766 


The  extraordinary  expenditures  are  thus  es- 
timated: 

1.  Chancellor  of  the  empire «o5'22? 

2.  Chancery  of  the  empire. *»°F'5?9 

8.  ImperialDiet 30OO 

4.  Foreten  Offloe 627,000 

5.  Postal  administration,  and  administration  of        _   ^  , 

telegraphs 18.299,845 

6.  Army  of  the  empire. 27,878,540 

7.  Administration  of  the  nayy 84,580,166 

8.  Chamber  of  Aoooants .^.1?»2?2 

9.  Ballroads  of  the  empire ^®'^£?'!J? 

10.  Mint .•...    82,700.000 

11.  Ezpendltnres  arising  from  the  war  with 

France ®»^?*'*5 

18.  Administration  of  jnstioe 85,000 

Total 120,988,045 

The  public  debt  of  the  German  Empire  con- 
sists of  two  loans,  one  of  77,781,821  mark^ 
authorized  by  the  law  of  June  14,  1877,  and 
one  of  97,484,865  marks,  authorized  by  the 
law  of  June  14, 1878.  There  is  also  a  floating 
debt  consisting  of  Treasury  notes  issued  for 
short  periods  only.  In  accordance  with  the 
law  of  April  20.  1874,  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment has  issued  paper  money  (Eeiehseamen- 
teheine)  to  the  amount  of  120,000,000  marks, 
which  has  been  distributed  among  the  several 
states  in  proportion  to  their  population  on  De- 
cember 81,  1871. 

The  budgets  and  public  debt  of  the  several 
states  in  1878  were  as  follows  (in  marks) : 


STATES. 


Alsace-Lorraine 

Anhalt 

Baden 

Bavaria. 

Bremen 

Bnmswldc 

Hamburg 

Hesse 

Llppe. 

Lttbeck 

Mecklenbnrg-Schwerin . 
Meoklenborg-Streliti.. . . 

Oldenbarg 

Prussia  (see  Pbitssia)  . . 
Beass  (elder  branch) . . . 
Benss  (younger  branch) 

Saze-AItenbarg 

8axe-Cobarg-Ootha. .... 

Baze-Meiningea 

Saxe-Weimar 

Bazony  

Bchaamburg-Llppe 

Bebwarxburg-Badolstadt 
Beh  wanborg  -  Bonders 

haosen 

Wsldeck 

W&rtemberg 


OroM 

IWMlptl. 


89,858,815 

16,145,000 

84,218,081 

221,688,848 

18,191,586 

7,700,188 

26.611,000 

17,447,515 

920,474 

2,688,658 

(?) 

012.800 
n8,857.764 

515,409 
1,1W68 
2,747,847 
2,485,707 
4,288,640 
6,766,805 
62,491,000 

704,522 
1,794,060 

2,164.742 
997,856 

48,888,788 


89358.815 
1^820,000 
84,491,847 
221,688,848 
15,056,071 

7,700,188 

29,448,500 

17,449,681 

948,552 

2,688,658 


I 


Dab*. 


1,800 

n8,857,764 

64^409 

1.117,146 

2,747,847 

1,487,915 

8,798,640 

6.787,687 

62,481,417 

704,522 

1,777,182 

2,161,846 

997,8^16 

48,888,788 


^822,17t 

46,725^52 

1,167,848,762 

88,207,028 

91,874,442 

109,187,880 

56,684,758 

1,182,867 

24,140,469 

20.680,000 

6.000,000 

87,209,586 

1,085,958,008 

968,700 

1,422,158 

1,898,040 

10,981,651 

12,510,446 

8,840,496 

698^12,625 

860,000 

4,497,000 

8,604,886 

2,.M44808 

856,528,607 


876 


GERMANY. 


The  following  table  gives  the  military  forces 
of  the  empire  in  time  of  war : 


I.  hkld  armt. 


DIVISIONS. 

HlffberitAft 

lnnoti7 

Jigera 

Cavaliy 

Artilleiy 

Pioneers 

Tnin 

AdmlnUtration 

Total 


Offlcm. 

M-. 

868 

6,170 

10,190 

456.620 

572 

26,676 

2,144 

59,814 

2,286 

78,120 

565 

20.917 

484 

88,451 

216 

2,826 

17,810 

687,594 

6,070 
17,908 

1,046 
65,608 
n,482 

9,647 
46.017 
10,864 

288^2 


pnpils  at  German  schools,  and  5,486  at  Khools 
where  other  languages  were  used  for  teaching, 
2,528  being  altogether  nnedacated.  The  parts 
of  the  empire  from  which  the  greater  propor- 
tion of  the  nnedacated  recmits  came  were  the 
eastern  and  northeastern  regions  (the  proviDce 
of  Prussia)  and  Alsace-Lorraine. 

The  German  navy  was  composed  as  follows 
in  1878 : 


II.  RISERTKS. 


DIVISIONS. 

Batotitates  of  the  staff. 

Infantry 

Jigers , 

Oavalnr , 

AitUl^ , 

Pioneers 

Twin 

Total 


Ofliem. 

Kiiu 

875 

1,886 

2,812 

179,524 

104 

8,008 

466 

88.994 

840 

18,261 

90 

4,960 

240 

11,522 

4,426 

948,006 

829 

1,066 

26 

19,716 

6^ 

20 

3,908 

8o[660 


III.  GARRISON. 


DIVISIONS. 


Anthorftiefl 
lafluitry . . . 

Jlgers 

Cavalry.... 
Artillery. . . 
Pioneers... 


Total  iFsrrison... 
••  roaervea... 
**    field  army. 


Grand  total. 


860 
6,424 

104 

828 
1,870 

581 


10,107 

4,426 

17,810 


81,848 


10,000 
250.244 

6,600 
22,968 
64,^62 

8,688 


858,102 
248,096 
687,894 


1,288,791 


L  Stbamtob    laoycLADS : 

Frigates  

Correttes 

Batteries 

GnnboaU 

Totallronelads.... 

Frigates 

Corvettes 

Dispatch  boats 

ArtlHery  sbiD. 

Imperial  yai»ts. 

Oonboats 

Torpedo  vessels 

Trsnsport  stesmers. . . 

2.  Baiukg  TaiaiLS : 

Frigates. 

Brigs 

TotsI 


If  mi.  I 

Ur.    |®~ 


7 
8 
2 
6 


86 

20 

7 

6 


Tnl 


80,764 

12,440 

2,009 

8,920 


17 

117 

11 

188 

T 

62 

8 

4 

1 

28 

2 

4 

12 

80 

11 

•  •  • 

2 

•  •  • 

1 

10 

8 

18 

70 

401 

60,188 
17,188 
9,568 
1,768 
8.81  S 
1,998 
8,639 
2^025 
462 

1.062  / 

1,706 


Bon»- 


48,100 

14,M0 

2,400 


20,106 
10.^ 
2490 
8.VO0 
&6SQ 
8^ 
8,540 

m 


100,608 


1]0,M 


1,860 

2,044 

26 

26,880 

8,114 


The  moyements  of  shipping  in  the  Genrum 
ports  in  1876  were  as  follows : 


87,414 

80,580 

288,699 


801,586 


The  military  forces  of  the  empire  in  time  of 
peace  are  as  follows : 


DlVISIOIfS. 

Oflkm. 

Itai. 

H«n«.. 

1.  Stsff. 

1,987 

4 

Inflintry  of  the  line 

Chasseurs 

8,740 
584 
848 

256.679 
14,454 

4,688 

M«l<*i^ 

2.  Inflintry 

9,622 

274.766 

8.  Cavaby 

2,867 

64,709 

62,591 

Foot  artillery 

683 
1,629 

15,167 
80,788 

IleldartUleiy 

•••••• 

14,846 

4.  Artillery 

2,812 

46,900 

14,846 

6.  Pioneers 

894 

10,824 
4,998 

6.  Train 

200 

2,457 

7.  Pftrticolar  formations 

811 

958 

Total 

17,188 

401,650 

79,898 

STATES.    « 

TOTAL  VXSaXLS. 

TOTAL  STBAMStt. 

VMMlfc 

To-. 

N«.      1      T<M. 

Jnitsrsd. 
Prussia 

81,710 
4,991 
1,972 
2,582 
2,A68 
1,060 

8,181  ;!44 
2,150,461 
672,180 
824.229 
169.961 
106,514 

6,040 

2,908 

456 

921 

90 

108 

UfSLW 

Hamburg 

1,721.WS 

BmD^A •••• 

9^:91 

Labeck 

17T,M* 

Oldenburg 

s&m 

Mecklenburg. 

20,^T« 

Total 

44,888 

81..*^ 
5,212 
2,116 
2.616 
2,716 
1,115 

6,684)679 

ai78,188 
2,229,968 
706,429 
822,764 
177,990 
118,580 

9,618 

6,070 

2,907 

470 

916 

83 
117 

8.719JM 

CZsarid. 
Prussia 

1,414,8(2 

Hamburg. 

l,72b.C)9 

Bremen  .•.•••.•... 

402,461 

LObeek 

176.171 

Oldenbuig 

27,670 

Mecklenburg 

21,456 

Total 

46,261 

6,72^819. 

9,576 

8.T7Q,m 

The  commercial  navy  of  Germany  was  com- 
posed as  follows  in  1877 : 


BTATIS. 


TOTAL  TzsaicLa. 


TOTAL  BTKAJOBS. 


VmmU. 


The  Minister  of  War,  in  his  annnal  report 
for  1877,  upon  the  resalts  of  the  year's  re- 
cruiting, stated  that,  out  of  140,197  recruits, 
130,939  had  received  education  in  the  German 
and  6,283  in  other  languages,  only  2,975  having 
received  no  kind  of  education.  Out  of  86,670 
recruits  supplied  hy  Prussia,  78,661  had  heen 


Prussia 

Hamburg. . . . 

Bremen 

Mecklenburg. 
Oldenburg... 
Labeck 


8,282 
4S9 
255 
421 
872 
40 


Kortb  Sea  fleet. .. .    2,704 
Baltic  fleet i  2,105 


Total,  1877.... 
•*  1876.... 
"  1875.... 
"     1874.... 


Toot. 


604,067 
214,898 
196.011 
116,788 
68,U32 
b,909 

688,143 
470,507 


4,809,  1.108,600 

4,745  1,084,882 

4^602  1,068.868 

4,495  1,088,725 


Ka 


184 
96 

58 
8 
2 

20, 


ao,400 
68,826 
67,676 

S,795 
47 

6^202 


177   144.978 
141;    9)6,978 


Ham- 


816 
819 
299 
263; 


190.946 

189,99> 
167,688 


iQ,6n 

18.947 

18,152 

9SS 

S6 

1,209 

88.999 
10,688 

49,^75^ 
50.TM 
4S.422 
41,7M 


GERMANY. 


877 


The  total  length  of  railroads  of  Germany,  open  for  traffic,  was  as  follows  on  December 
tly  1877  (in  kiiometres) : 


STATES^ 


ProjsU 

Itenria 

8«zoii7 

Vfirtembenr... 

BMiea 

HetM 

Oldenbarf 

Veekkobm^. . . 

Bmiunrtek 

OtlMritatei.... 
AlneeLomine 

ToUl 


Slate  rosdi. 

Private  foadt  «ad«r 
state  admlalstiatioB. 

Private  rowU 

4,77»-42 

8,225-05 

9,886  07 

8,606-48 

278-46 

957-48 

1,666-88 

87-54 

2:8-75 

1,228-80 

16-65 

1,048-75 

184-0 

6-78 

287-86 

488-94 

254-88 

88-49 

46-94 

800 

411-8 

81-8 

807-1 

156-07 

560 

871-95 

1,062-57 

10-9 

14,161*81 

8,748  54 

12,872-70 

ToteL 


17J»6-64 

4;476-80 

1,978-18 

1,240-86 

1,179-68 

721-80 

884-76 

491-8 

l,0?8-08 
1,078-47 


80^-06 


The  postal  statistics  of  the  empire  aocording  to  the  latest  official  publications  were  as 
follows : 


rrcscs. 


Total  Bvmber  of  articlae  tent 

(a.)LetteMniU 

Letters 

PoiUlearda 

Printed  nutter 

Samples  of  goods 

PbtUaftraiTsbriefe 

MoDey-crdera 

PoitToxschaatbHefb 

Newipspers 

Sopplemeote  to  newspapers. i 

(b.)  Pareel  sod  moner  mall 

Panels  withoat  declaration  of  Talue 

Rueela  with  declaration  of  valae 

Lrttars  with  deelaraUon  of  value 

Total  rabe  of  mono j-letters  (In  marks) 

Total  wdgbt  ef  paroels  tent  (kilogrammes) 


Xmparial  mall,  ISTT. 

Bavaria,  1871 

WvtonbMK, 
MIS-tt. 

1,166,878,981 

16^947,e61 

66.747,168 

1,098,877,781 

150,896,827 

62,491,280 

681,462,490 

67,119,226 

8^669,766 

92,964,270 

8,620,468 

2,7f!4,060 

104,100,780 

8,992,948 

4,888.018 

8,468,070 

1,047,446 

824,198 

8,78^947 

164,886 

84,c95 

84,128,808 

8,688,660 

1,609,440 

.,«,896,700 

860,868 

460,960 

814,567,790 ) 
11,417,941  f 

80,261,947 

87,880,174 

02,996,250 

16,061,884 

4,856,988 

62,486,680 

7,697,194 

8,8S8,020 

8,915,660 
7,644,040  f 

7,464,680 

972,918 

14,147,881,847 

961451,908 

676,446,118 

841,694,100 

26,250,838 

12,648,714 

TotaL 


1,869,000,000 

1,806,700,000 

604,200,000 

99,800,000 

118,400,000 

9,800,000 

8.000,000 

89.600,000 

4,700,000 

488,500,000 

82300,000 
68,800,000 

19,000,000 

16,688,000,000 
879,600,000 


The  extent  of  electric  telegraphs  (in  kilometres ;  1  kilometre  =  0-62  mile),  and  the  amount 
of  their  business,  are  shown  in  the  following  table : 


UlfVS  AVD  DISPATCHB& 


liaes 

Wlws. 

9o.  of  state  stations. 

He  of  railway  statkms.. . . 

1.  Private  dtopafeelieB 

S.  Oflldal  diapatebea. 

1  latenatlonal  diapotches 

Sent 

Bcedved , 

iTnuultdiapatelies 

Total,  1877 

Total,  1S70 


iBpntel  tohgnph, 

mi. 

Bavaria,  18% 

Wlfaftembeii,  18T4. 

TotaL 

48,870 
167,588 

7,771 
81,689 

8.549 
6,778 

64,190 
195,994 

8,2871 
8,668  f 

984 

867 

7,261 

7,88^418 
869,884 

1,682,789 ) 

1,714,974  y 
849,828) 

790,249 
98,684 

1,016,298 

294.470 
120,688 

490,108 

8,410,181 
688,706 

6,208,477 

11.891,846 
10,649,994 

i,9ob^2i6 

905,216  f 

14,197,278 

The  German  Parliament  was  opened  on 
Febmarj  6th  bj  Herr  Camphauscn,  the  Vice- 
Presideot  of  the  Prussian  Ministrj,  who  read 
the  following  speech  from  the  throne : 

Hit  K^jettj  the  Emporor  has  deifrned  to  com- 
Bullion  me  to  open  the  sesBion  of  the  German  Par- 
liameat  in  hU  Dame  and  in  that  of  the  allied  Gov- 
enunents.  Yoar  deliberations  will  be  required  for 
e&uiBber  of  important  anbjecta.  The  estimfltea  for 
tae  ensxiinii^  jemr  BQpplying  freah  oTidenoe  that  our 
usToidable  expenditure  ia  more  rapidly  inoreaaing 
IhftB  the  reTonuc.  the  allied  Govemmenta  have  ar- 
rived  at  the  eonolualon  that  the  deflolt  shall  be  cov- 
«Tid,  not  by  additional  contributions  on  the  part  of 
^t  iadlTidoal  statea,  but  by  freah  sources  or  reve- 


nue being  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Imperial  Ex- 
chequer. To  thia  end,  bills  providing  for  the  intro- 
duction of  a  stamp-tax  and  the  raising  of  the  tobacco 
duty  and  the  excise  will  be  submitted  to  you.  In 
addition  to  this,  a  bill  authorizing  a  new  loan  will 
be  introdueed  to  enable  the  Government  to  deiWij 
certain  extraordinary  expenses  wliich  can  not  be 
met  by  the  ordinary  income. 

To  supply  an  omisRion  in  the  text  of  the  German 
Charter,  a  bill  is  being  discuABed  by  the  Federal 
Council,  allowing  the  Chancellor  to  appoint  deputies 
to  perform  hia  functions,  either  in  their  entire^  or 
in  separate  branched  of  his  official  sctivitv.  Tnese 
deputiea  are  also  to  have  the  right  of  signing  papers 
and  decrees.  In  connection  with  the  judicature  acta 
paased  last  sesaion,  a  bill  will  be  laid  before  you 


878  GERMANY. 

throwing  open  the  offices  of  solicitor  and  buTiBter  to  solved  to  refer  the  moflt  importaDt  itema  of 

all  qualified  persons,  without  impairing  the  piaran-  the  budget  to  the  Budget  Committee,  and  the 

lion  J^  iur  lawyer  "  *''  bonorabfe  posi-  estimates  for  the  postal,  telegraph,  and  railway 

The  laws  and  the  rules  of  judicial  procedure  hav-  services  to  a  special  committee  for  preliminary 

ing  been  equalized  in  Germany,  we  reouire  a  corre-  discussion.     On  the  18th  Prince  Bismarck,  in 

aponding  uniformity  in  the  matter  of  juoiicial charges,  explaining  the  views  of  the  Government  with 

^Jiu^  "^^^^li*  •"!?.®'*  r"'^  ^t  ■"^^^"•^  *^  y^^;  regard  to  the  Eastern  question,  said  that  Ger- 

Though  the  cattle-plague  has  been  successfully  ex-  ^f«„?^  ^i»j^p  i^*^^^,^  ««  ♦k^  vl^  «,--  ♦*.-*  *\.^ 

terminated  each  time  thS  infection  has  spread  across  ^^^J^  chief  interest  in  the  East  was  that  the 

the  frontier,  we  deem  it  necessary  to  increase  the  Danube  and   the   otraits  should    be    free   as 

penalties  inflicted  for  the  illegal  importation  of  cat-  heretofore.     In  a  second  speech  he  said  that 

tie,  and  probably  shall  require  your  cooperation  for  the  German  relations  with  Austria  were  ex- 

the  enactment  of  a  new  law.  ,  .      ^.       _  cellent.     **  The  two  Emperors,"  he  said, "  have 

The  perils  resulting  from  the  adulteration  of  pro-  i     ^j       «  wwv^«*p^v»o,    uvoa«^     **«  « 

visions  and  other  necessaries  of  life  have  induced  real  confidence  in  each  other,  and  1  have  much 

the  allied  Governments  to  devise  a  bill  intended  to  pleasure  m  regarding  myself  as  a  personal  friend 

counteract  the  growing  evil.  of  Count  Andr^ssy. "    On  the  22d  Prince  Bis- 

To  satisfy  the  wUhes  exnressed  in  your  last  ses-  marck,  finding  the   proposed  increase  of   the 

Bion,  two  bills  have  been  drawn  up  for  the  purpose  *^»i^^JIL  ^«*-  ZM^^i^tJi  \^S  ^  i^^^n^  «»<.t^*:4^   ♦^i.i 

of  aiiiending  the  existing  laws  on  industry  and  com-  t<^l>««co  duty  resisted  by  a  laree  minority   told 

merce.   One  of  these  bius  re(^iates  the  relations  be-  ^"^  House  that  he  could  not  deem  himself  re- 

tween  workingmen  and  their  employers :  the  other  sponsible  for  the  details  of  the  measnre.     He 


velopment  of  our  industry,  and  doublv  felt  at  the  duty  as  a  mere  prelimmary  to  the  mtrodaction 

present  time  in  the  lasting  depression  of  commerce,  of  the  Government  monopoly.      Yet  he    de- 

His  Minesty  the  Emperor  regrets  that  the  negoti*-  olined  to  defend  the  particulars  of  the  bilL  or 

tions  witL  Austro-Hungary  for  the  purpose  of  a  re-  the  financial  policy  from  which  it  sprang.     The 

newal  of  the  existing  treaty  of  commerce  have  till  «  r^/L  •  '^     ii     j"      ^  j 

DOW  failed  to  produce  a  satUfactoiy  result.    To  gain  finances  of  the  empire  were  virtually  directed 

time,  however,  for  fresh  negotiations  the  existing  by  the  Prussian  Finance  Minister,  a  gentleman 

treaty  has  been  prolonged  to  the  1st  of  July,  1878.  We  who,  ii^his  capacity  as  a  member  of  the  Pms- 

hope  that  we  may  yet  succeed  m  seoormg  an  agree-  gian  Cabinet  was  an  independent  affent.  and 

metJt  advantageous  to  our  mutual  mterests  and  m  -.v-.^^  *»rt,.«Z,f;««  »;♦!%  fi^r  n^ww^^^w*   rs.^ 

harmony  withTthe  friendly  and  neighborly  relations  ^^^^  connection  with  Uie  German  Govern- 
subsisting  between  Germany  and  Austro-Hungary.  ment  was  too  independent  to  subject  him  to 
To  enable  you  to  judg«  of  the  nreoeding  stages  of  the  any  kind  of  control.  He  (Prince  Bismarck)  ad- 
negotiations,  A  memorial  will  be  presented  to  y^ou.  mitted  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  have  a 

^'if'li.^f'lr^S?'  ^"l'  }?!'  ^*"»  '\  ^'"  il'^  •''"  German  and  a  Prussian  finance  minister  acting 

{>ected  that  the  Turkish  Government  might  deem  .^„  .  „    .  j^  u^^-u  «4.4.««^i««  ♦«  „«.••  «-v««i—  *i. 

t  expedient  to  adopt  the  rafonns  coiJointTy  reoom-  ^^^^  ^l  ^^^^^  ^^^  attending  to  very  nearly  the 

mended  by  the  European  Powers  at  the  Constan-  same  busmess;  out  toe  relations  between  the 

tinople  Conference.     This  anticipation  was  disap-  German  and  Prussian  Governments  ought  to 

pointed.    His  M^esty  the  Emperor  is  in  hopes  that  be  more  suitably  arranged.     Herr  Oamphan- 

Ind  ooMoiid!ted  u  on  thl^SncliIion  o*f  ^ISJ  a^^^  ^^  replied  to  this  speech  on  the  foUoviring  day. 

that°peace*^ll  not^be  long^ In  ?omhig.  ^Gemany  ^^^^  ^®   informed  the  House  that,  after  the 

not  being  directly-  concerned  in  the  East,  we  are  views  uttered  upon  the  tobacco  bill  in  Tarious 

enabled  to  coO|}erate  disinterestedly  in  the  pending  quarters,  it  was  hardly  worth  his  while  to  at- 

transactions,  with ..  view  to  facilitate  an  understand^  tempt  its  defense.     All  he  could  say  was,  that 

'%i.*'**i?L**"l*^*  ^''^V^.x  "**  HF*""^?®  *^®  '^''V^t  in  a  memorandum  presented  to  the  Chamcellor 

of  the  Ohnstian  populations.    The  policy  prescribed  .    To^Tw  v    v  j  vi    p*/^*"***  w  i^«  v/M«««*^ijur 

by  his  Majesty  the  Emperor  has  been  so  far  success-  1°  1^77  he  had  hkewise  declared  in  favor  of  the 

fUl,  as  it  has  materially  contributed  to  preserve  peace  gradual  introduction  of  the  monopoly.      He 

between  the  Powers  and  to  idlow  of  our  maintidninff,  would  stand  or  fall  with  the  bill.     As   tbe  to- 

not  merely  pacific,  but  very  friendly  relations  with  ^acco  bill  was  sure  to  he  rejected,  this  seemed 

the  rest  of  Europe.    With  Divme  assistance,  we  hope  x^  c.«*«.i«  *i>«  #•„«.«  ^#  *!,«>  ii:»:.«-».  ^r  i«-. 

to  contuiue  in  the  enjoyment  of  this  blessii^.  *5>  .settle  the  fate  of  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

Prince  Bismarck,  indeed,  at  once  endeavored  to 
The  Reichstag  organized  by  reelecting  its  put  a  conciliatory  interpretation  upon  his  pre- 
former  presidents,  vice-presidents,  and  secre-  vious  utterances;  but  after  what  had  tran- 
taries.  On  the  16th  Herr  Hof mann,  Presi-  spired,  an  arrangement  was  impossible,  and  on 
dent  of  the  Imperial  Chancery,  in  introducing  February  26th  Herr  Oamphausen  tendered  his 
the  first  debate  on  the  budget,  made  the  ens-  resignation  to  the  Emperor.  This  incident  is 
tomary  financial  statement.  He  said  that  at  easily  understood  by  remembering  the  habitnal 
the  close  of  the  current  financial  year  there  antagonism  hetween  the  Prussian  and  the  Ger- 
was  a  deficit  of  19,022,600  marks,  and  the  man  Governments.  Prussian  cabinet  ministers 
new  budget  under  discussion  would  bring  up  in  their  relations  to  the  German  Government 
the  deficit  to  upward  of  26,000,000  marks,  have  shown  themselves  as  a  rule  quite  as  anx- 
To  cover  this  aeficit  the  Government  pro-  ious  to  vindicate  the  prerogatives  of  the  king- 
posed,  instead  of  increasing  the  matriculatory  dom  against  the  central  antborities  of  tlie  em- 
contributions  of  the  several  states,  to  increase  pire  as  any  minor  state  minister.  Their  policy 
the  receipts  from  the  revenue  of  the  empire  in  this  respect  had  been  partly  based  upon  and 
itself.    After  a  long  discussion  the  House  re-  promoted  by  the  circumstance  that  as  Pruasiaa 


GERMANY.  879 

ministera  they  were  constitationally  dependent  Socialism  at  no  distant  time.  Meanwhile  for* 
DpoQ  the  King  only,  and  independent  of  the  oible  repression  was  indispensable.  Herr  von 
Ptemier ;  while,  if  obeying  the  German  Govern-  Bennigsen,  leader  of  the  Moderate  Liberals, 
ment,  they  would  practically  have  to  submit  to  in  reply  charged  the  Federal  Council  with  in- 
PriDce  Bismarck,  the  real  and  only  responsible  trodncing  a  bill  which  they  knew  beforehand 
member  of  the  German  departments.  Prince  would  be  thrown  out  by  an  overwhelming^  ma- 
Bismarck  had  long  objected  to  this  extraordi-  Jority.  It  almost  seemed  as  if  the  bill  had 
narj  state  of  affairs,  and  in  1877  announced  his  been  submitted,  not  to  be  passed,  but,  by  re- 
determination to  resign  rather  than  allow  the  jection,  to  afford  an  opportunity  for  dissolu- 
Genosn  Government  to  be  hampered  by  the  tion  or  other  similar  measures.  The  Federal 
Proflsian.  Failing  to  carry  his  point,  he  com-  Council  had  better  not  indulge  in  experiments 
promised  the  matter  by  accepting  a  prolonged  of  this  dangerous  nature.  Though  the  Moder- 
leare  of  absence,  from  which  he  only  returned  ate  Liberals  recognized  the  necessity  of  resist- 
apon  the  reassembling  of  Parliament.  His  re-  ing  the  progress  of  Socialist  agitation,  they 
tarn  was  preceded  by  the  introduction  of  a  did  not  consider  the  present  bill  an  efScient  or 
bill  aUowiog  the  appointment  of  substitutes  suitable  measure.  Vague,  indistinct,  and,  more- 
to  take  charge  of  the  several  German  depart-  over,  optional  in  its  application,  it  conferred 
meots  in  place  of  Prince  Bismarck.  The  dictatorial  rights  upon  the  Government.  But 
Federal  Oonncil,  uufavorable  at  first,  finally  the  men  forming  that  Government  might  be 
gare  in,  and  at  a  friendly  compromise  permitted  dismissed  to-morrow.  In  Prussia  the  ministe- 
taid  sabstitutes  to  be  installed  for  the  central  rial  crisis  was,  so  to  say,  en  permanenee.  Min- 
imperial  departments  directed,  though  for  the  isters  came  and  went  very  suddenly.  The 
sUte  ofSces  merely  supervised,  by  the  Ghsrman  Chancellor  was  ill,  and  his  deputy  not  yet  in 
Government  It  being  understood  that  the  sub-  ofiice.  He  denied,  moreover,  Uiat  the  general 
ititntes  in  question  were  to  be  those  members  condition  of  German  society  required  a  dicta- 
of  the  Prussian  Cabinet  presiding  over  the  cor-  torship  to  be  instituted.  He  contended  that 
responding  departments  in  the  largest  of  the  when  tens  of  thousands  were  permitted  to  as- 
illied  states,  the  partial  identification  of  the  semble  in  the  streets  and  display  red  revolu- 
German  and  Prnasian  Cabinets  was  thus  im-  tionary  emblema,  as  had  repeatedly  occurred, 
plioitiy  approved  bjthe  Federal  OonnoiL  A  the  existing  laws  were  too  leniently  carried 
Jong  debate  occurred  on  March  5th  on  the  bill,  out  He  was  also  in  a  position  to  promise,  on 
which  was  warmly  defended  by  Prince  Bis-  tlie  part  of  his  political  friends,  that  if  the  laws 
BuircL  The  idea  of  making  the  substitutes  concerning  meetings  and  societies  were  thought 
nsponsible  ministers  was  deprecated  by  the  insufficient  to  stay  Socialist  agitation,  tiiey 
IVince,  at  least  for  the  time  being.  He  left  it  were  ready  to  amend  existing  statutes.  But 
for  the  future  to  decide  whether  these  new  they  would  neither  legislate  against  one  par- 
fanctionaries,  or  the  representatives  of  the  va-  tioular  class,  nor  invest  the  executive  with  ex- 
rioos  sovereigns  assembled  in  the  Federal  Conn-  ceptional  rights  at  the  expense  of  the  ordinary 
cil,  wuald  some  day  constitute  a  bonaflde  act-  and  regular  administration  of  Justice.  On  the 
ifig  cabinet  of  the  empire.  The  bill  was  tUially  following  day,  the  24th,  the  first  clause  of  the 
rttd  for  the  third  tmie  on  March  11th,  and  bill  was  rejected  by  257  to  52,  after  which  the 
Pttsed  without  alteration  by  a  vote  of  171  to  Government  withdrew  the  bill.  The  session 
101.  The  Reichstag  adjourned  on  April  18th  was  then  closed  by  President  Hofmann. 
for  the  Easter  holidays.  It  assembled  again  on  The  second  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Emper- 
tlie  dOth,  but  could  not  transact  any  business  or  made  a  temporary  change  of  government 
on  that  day,  as  it  had  no  quorum.  necessary.  The  wounds  received  by  the  Em- 
Immediately  upon  the  first  attempt  to  assas-  peror  compelled  him  to  abstain  from  all  busi- 
anate  the  Emperor,  a  bill  was  introduced  into  ness,  and  on  June  5th  an  imperial  decree  was 
tbe  Beicharath  by  the  Prussian  Gk>vemment,  issued,  intrusting  the  Crown  Prince  with  the 
wthorizing  repressive  measures  against  the  So-  direction  of  public  business  during  the  period 
cial  Democrats.  That  portion  of  the  bill  aim-  of  the  Emperor's  forced  withdrawal  from  state 
ing  at  the  summary  suppression  of  Socialis  affairs. 

tic  meetings,  joumids,  and  pamphlets,  was  en-  On  June  15th  the  Federal  Council  consid* 

^<fned  by  the  Federal  Council.  The  last  clause,  ered  a  proposal  from  the  Prussian  Government 

Wmer,  authorizing  in  the  vaguest  language  to  dissolve  Parliament,  and  gave  its  unanimous 

similar  measures  against  all  dangerous  writings  consent  to  it    The  new  elections  were  ordered 

*od  speeches,  was  struck  out.    On  May  28d  for  July  80th.    The  elections  held  on  that  day, 

tbe  bUl  waa  introduced  in  the  German  Parlia-  together  with  the  supplementary  elections  hela 

*D«at  by  Herr  Hofmann,  the  President  of  the  on  August  17th,  gave  the  following  result :  60 

^rman  Ohancerj.    Having  regretted  the  ne-  German  Imperialit^ts,  50  Conservatives,  97  Na- 

<^ty  of  exceptional  measures  against  a  nu-  tional  Liberals,  99  Ultramontanes  (inclusive 

s^roQs  section  of  Gh^rman  society,  Herr  Hof-  of  5  Alsatian  Clericals),  25  Progressists,  16 

^a  referred  to  previous  abortive  bills  of  a  Poles,  9  Guelphs,  9  Social  Democrats,  8  South 

mhr  nature,  ana  held  Parliament  responsible  German  Democrats,  4  Alsatian  Autonombts, 

ii^the  new  measure  now  submitted  should  fail.  6  Alsatian  Protesters,  1  Dane,  and  19  Indepen- 

He  hoped  that  the  state  would  finally  vanquish  dents,  most  of  whom,  however,  were  in  sym- 


380 


GERHANT. 


path 7  with  the  Liberals.  A  comparison  of 
this  result  with  the  strength  of  the  principal 
parties  in  the  last  Reichstag  showed  that,  while 
the  DItramontanes  had  abont  held  their  own, 
the  Liberals  had  lost  considerably,  and  the 


Conservatives  had  gained  largely.  The  follow. 
ing  table  shows  the  strength  of  each  politict] 
party  in  each  of  the  two  Parliaments  of  thd 
North  German  Confederation,  and  the  foor 
Parliaments  of  the  German  Empire : 


PARTfES. 

VOVTH  OBSM AH  BUOBITAO. 

OnMAH  XBICBSTAa. 

Maiek,  IMT. 

IU7.I86& 

May,  18T1. 

Fabrauy,  1874. 

160 
49 

■  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

81 
2i 
94 
18 
9 
80 

«  ■ 

M utA,  \gt1. 

j«ir,iri 

1.  National  Libera) 

79 
19 
14 
27 

•  ■ 

13 
89 

•  ■ 

69 

•  • 

la 

2 
2tf 

1 

S9 

80 
10 
16 

•  • 

81 
84 

•  • 

09 

•  ■ 

11 

0 

26 

1 

116 
44 

•  ■ 

•  • 

89 

•  • 

•  ■ 

8S 
60 
67 
18 

2 
27 

6 

126 
85 

•  • 

•  • 

•  ■ 

•  • 

■  « 

40 
96 
14 
12 
8& 
1 

87 

2.  Party  of  Proirreasi 

ii 

8.  Free  Union  (Liberal) 

4.  Left  Center 

6.  Liberal  Imperial  party  (Liberate  Beiohs- 1 
partel) 

6.  Federal  Constitutional  Union  (Bnndes-  \ 

■taatHoheConaUtutloneUeTerels)...  ) 

7.  Free  Conserrative  Union 

•  • 

8.  Oerman  Imperial  party 

ta 

9.  Conserratlyee 

w 

10.  Center 

99 

11.  Polea 

15 

12.  Social  Democrats 

9 

18.  MifK«eIlAn4¥>^i«. 

4S 

14.  Vacant  neat*. 

Total. 

297 

897 

882 

807 

897 

897 

By  a  decree  of  August  6th  the  Bnndesrath 
was  summoned  for  Augost  14th,  and  the  Reiohs- 
tag  for  September  9th.  The  former  body,  on 
assembling,  considered  and  adopted  on  August 
27th  the  amended  Anti-Socialist  bill  submitted 
by  the  Prussian  Government,  after  slightly  mod- 
ifying it. 

The  Reichstag  was  opened  on  September  0th, 
in  accordance  with  the  imperial  decree.  The 
speech  from  the  throne  was  read  by  Oount 
Stolberg,  Prince  Bismarck^s  substitute.  It  re* 
lated  principally  to  the  attempts  made  upon 
the  Emperor  William's  life  and  the  Anti-Social- 
ist bill  which  was  to  be  laid  before  the  House. 
A  confident  hope  was  expressed  that  the  new- 
ly elected  deputies  would  not  refuse  to  grant 
the  means  of  giving  the  peaceful  development 
of  the  empire  the  same  security  against  attacks 
from  within  as  it  enjoys  against  those  from 
without;  that  the  spread  of  the  pernicious  So- 
cialist movement  would  be  arrested ;  and  that 
those  who  had  been  led  away  by  it  might  be 
brought  back  to  the  right  path.  Herr  von  For- 
kenbeck  (National  Liberal)  was  chosen  Presi- 
dent, Herr  von  Stauffenberg  (National  Liber- 
al) First,  and  Prince  Hohenlohe-Langenburg 
(Free  Oonservative  party)  Second  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

On  the  16th  the  Reichstag  began  the  discus- 
sion on  the  Anti-Socialist  bill.  It  was  opened 
by  Oount  Stolberg,  who  explained  that  the 
measure  alone  was  not  regarded  as  sufficient 
by  the  Government,  and  suggested  that  their 
action  should  be  supported  by  associations, 
corporations,  and  individuals.  Half  measures, 
he  added,  would  only  do  harm ;  and  he  asked 
the  House  to  furnish  the  Government  with 
sharp  and  eifective  weapons.  The  bill  was 
opposed  by  the  Ultramontane  party,  who  pro- 
posed that  it  should  be  referred  to  a  committee 
to  determine  what  amendments  were  necessary 
to  the  penal  code.  Among  the  speakers  was 
Herr  Bebel,  a  Socialist,  who  denied  that  there 


was  any  connection  between  Social  Democnry 
and  the  crimes  of  HOdel  and  Nobiliiig.  On  the 
following  day  Prinoe  Bismarck  spoke  at  length, 
with  the  object  of  vindicating  himself  from  the 
reproach  of  having  formerly  courted  the  Socifti- 
ists.  The  Prince  admitted  his  intimacy  with 
Lassalle,  who,  be  said,  was  deeply  imbued  with 
national  and  even  with  monarcnioal  principles. 
The  Honse  finally  resolved  by  a  large  migoritx 
to  refer  the  bill  to  a  committee  of  21  members, 
and  then  adjourned.  It  resumed  its  sittings  en 
October  9tli,  when  the  Anti-SooiAliBt  bill  wai 
read  for  the  second  time.  Herr  von  Franken- 
stein read  a  declaration  from  the  Center,  which, 
while  recognizing  the  dangers  of  the  Socialift- 
tic  agitation,  yet  considered  the  bill  before  the 
House  as  not  calculated  to  arrest  the  evil,  and 
stated  that  the  members  of  the  Cesiter  intend- 
ed to  vote  against  the  bill.  Prince  Bismarck 
pointed  out  that  workingmen's  aasociationi 
did  not  promote  the  welfare  of  the  laboring 
classes  when  they  sought  to  undermine  the 
groundwork  of  the  state  and  society  and  the 
rights  of  property.  The  Social  Democrats  had 
no  positive  propositions  to  bring  forward,  bnt 
played  with  the  ignorant  masses.  He  regarded 
the  machinations  of  their  unions  as  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  existing  unsatisfactory  state  of 
commercial  activity.  In  conclusion,  he  asked 
the  deputies  whether  they  were  more  afraid  of 
him  and  of  the  Federal  Government  than  of 
the  Socialista ;  and  he  admitted  that  his  aim 
went  beyond  the  present  measure,  for  he 
wished  to  unite  parties  in  order  to  form  a  bul* 
wark  against  all  tempests  to  which  the  empire 
was  exposed.  The  bill  finally  passed  its  third 
reading  on  October  19tb,  by  221  votes  to  149. 
Both  sections  of  the  Oonservative  party  and 
the  National  Liberals  recorded  their  votes, 
without  exception,  in  favor  €i  the  bill ;  and 
they  were  joined  by  the  L6we  group,  and  soioe 
Liberals  belonging  to  no  particular  party.  The 
bill  as  originally  submitted  to  the  Federal  Coun- 


GERMANT.  881 

dl  provided  that  the  central  authorities  of  the  sided  over  socialistio  meetings  at  Leipsic,  and 
meral  States  are  to  be  competent  to  deal  with  had  socialistic  literature  and  portraits  in  his 
cases  arising  out  of  this  prohibition,  which  will  possession.  The  attempted  assassination  pro- 
applj  to  the  wnole  territory  of  the  Federal  duced  the  greatest  excitement,  and  wherever 
States.  Complaints  maj  be  made  against  tins  the  Emperor  showed  himself  he  was  greeted 
prohibitidn  to  an  imperial  bureau  to  be  created  with  demonstrations  of  Joy.  The  second  at- 
for  questions  of  public  meetings  and  tbe  press,  tempt  was  made  on  June  2d,  and  was  attended 
aad  which  shall  consist  of  at  least  nine  mem-  with  more  serious  results.  As  the  Emperor 
bers,  five  belonging  to  the  Judicial  bench.  The  was  passing  through  the  street  Unter  den  Lin- 
bill  farther  lays  down  specified  penalties  for  den,  two  shots  were  fired  from  tbe  house  2^o. 
everj  infraction  of  the  law,  the  smallest  being  18,  wounding  the  Emperor  in-  several  places. 
a  fine,  and  the  heaviest  one  yearns  imprison-  The  assassin  was  Earl  Eduard  Nobiling,  a  doc- 
ment  Persons  who  make  a  business  of  serving  tor  of  philology.  On  being  arrested,  he  in- 
the  aims  of  the  Socialbts  may  be  forbidden  to  flicted  severe  wounds  upon  himself  in  the 
sojourn  in  particular  places  or  districtfl^  and  for-  head,  after  first  firing  with  a  revolver  upon 
eigners  can  be  expelled ;  and  in  similar  oases  the  persons  who  forced  their  way  into  his 
printers,  booksellers,  hotel-keepers,  and  inn-  room.  Nobiling  confessed  his  crime,  but  ob- 
ceepers  may  be  forbidden  to  carry  on  their  stinately  refused  to  make  any  statement  as  to 
trade,  and  printing  establishments  may  be  the  motives  which  induced  him  to  commit  it. 
closed.  In  places  and  districts  where  the  pub-  The  Emperor  was  wounded  by  about  thirty 
lie  safety  is  endangered  through  the  machi-  small  shot  in  the  face,  head,  both  arms,  and 
nations  of  the  Socialists,  the  central  authori-  back.  H5del  was  executed  on  August  17th, 
ties  may,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Federal  and  Nobiling  died  by  his  own  hand  on  Sep- 
Coandl,  issue  orders  to  the  effect  that,  for  the  tember  12th,  in  a  lunatic  asylum  to  which  he 
space  of  one  year,  meetings  can  only  be  held  had  been  committed. 

rith  an  authorization  from  the  police,  and  that  On  Eebruary  18th  two  royal  marriages  were 

tiie  sale  of  printed  matter  in  the  public  streets  celebrated  in  Berlin,  in  the  presence  of  a  large 

siiali  be  prohibited ;  that  persona  without  em-  number  of  German  and  foreign  princes.    Prin- 

plojment  or  means  of  subsistence  shall  be  ex-  cess  Charlotte,  the  eldest  daughter   of  the 

pelled;  and  that  restrictions  shall  be  placed  Crown  Prince  of  Germany,  was  married  to 

apon  the  possession,  carrying,  and  sale  of  arms,  the  hereditary  Duke  of  Saxe-Meiningen ;  and 

Tbe  principal  amendment  made  to  the  bill  in  Princess  Elizabeth,  a  daughter  of  Prince  Fred- 

the  Hoase  was  a  clause  limiting  its  action  to  erick  Charles,  to  the  hereditary  Grand  Duke  of 

two  years  and  a  half.  After  the  passage  of  the  Oldenburg. 

bill.  Prince  Bismarck  read  a  message  from  the  An  international  exhibition  of  all  kinds  of 

Emperor  authorizing  him  to  close  tiie  Beichs-  paper  and  pasteboard  was  opened  at  Berlin  on 

tdg.    The  Prince  expressed  his  satisfiiotion  at  July  20th,  and  closed  on  September  1st    The 

the  passage  of  the  bill,  and  said  that  the  Fed-  exhibition,  the  first  of  the  kind  ever  attempted, 

eral  Governments  were  determined,  with  the  was  a  complete  success.    Contributions  were 

aeans  provided  by  this  measure^  to  make  a  received  from  581  firms,  including  most  of  the 

nneere  effort  to  cure  the  prevalent  disease,  leading  houses  in  Germany,  Austria,  England, 

Tbey  could  scarcely  succeed  in  accomplishing  France,  Belgium,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden, 

this  in  the  space  of  two  years  and  a  half,  but  Russia,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and   the    United 

tbe  Government  hopes  for  further  concessions  States. 

from  the  Reichstag  after  the  discussions  which  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  on  ascending  the  Papal 
bad  taken  place.  throne,  sent  a  letter  to  the  Emperor  announc- 
Immediaftely  upon  the  passage  of  the  Anti-  ing  his  accession,  and  expressing  regret  at  the 
Socialist  bill  in  the  Rwchstag,  the  Government  misunderstandings  that  had  lately  occurred  be- 
took measures  to  carry  it  into  effect.    Numer-  tween  Germany  and  the  Vatican ;  to  which  the 
oas  BociaHatic  dnbs  and  newspapers  were  sup-  Emperor  answered  on  March  24tb.    The  Pope 
pressed,  and  a  large  number  of  Socialists  ex-  rejoined  April  17th,  expressing  a  hope  that  the 
peiled  from  Berlin.  good  understanding  which  had  formerly  sub- 
On  December  5th  Emperor  William  returned  sisted  between  the  Vatican  and  the  Govern- 
to  Berlin  and  again  assumed  the  government,  ment  at  Berlin  would  be  restored  by  a  ch|mge 
Two  attempts  were  made  upon  the  life  of  in  the  laws  and  charter  of  Prussia.    To  this 
tbe  Emperor  during  the  year.    The  first  took  the  Crown  Prince  replied,  June  10th,  express- 
place  on  the  afternoon  of  May  11th,  while  be  ing  regret  that  the  Emperor  was  still  unable 
vas  retaming  from  a  drive.    The  name  of  to  thsm^  his  Holiness  for  the  sympathy  he 
tbe  would-be  assassin  was  Heinrich  Max  HO-  had  expressed  in  consequence  of  the  recent 
del,  osuaily  called  Lehmann.    He  was  a  native  attempt  on  the  Emperor's  life,  and  continu- 
of  Leipsio,  and  was  twenty-one  years  old.    He  ing :  *^  The  Emperor  delayed  answering  the 
&ed  two  shots  at  the  Emperor,  and  two  more  letter  of  your  Holiness  of  April  I7th,  hoping 
■t  tbe  bystanders.    None  of  the  shots,  how-  that  a  confidential  exchange  of  opinion  might 
ever,  took  effect  on  the  Emperor.  Hddel,  when  enable  us  to  obviate  that  written  expression 
tfreated,  called  himself  a  member  of  the  Anar-  of  opposite  principles  which  must  have  ensued 
clueal  party,  admitted  having  called  and  pre-  if  the  correspondence  were  continued.    From 


883  OEBMAKT. 

Toar  Holiness^B  letter  of  April  17th,  T  regret,  man  CatboUo  Chnroh  aad  the  Gertnait  Goveni- 
howeTcr,  to  ««e  that  ^on  deeii)  it  inipoBiible  to  tnent  The  preoue  character  of  the  oegotia- 
fnlfill  the  hope  uttered  In  my  father's  coin~  tiona  ia  knotrn  only  from  report,  aa  no  oificiil . 
tnoDication  of  March  34tb,  that  you  wU)  rec-  Btatement  has  been  published  coDcerniiig  them, 
ommend  to  the  servants  of  the  Church  to  and  the  coloring  of  the  re|iorta  differs  aceorij- 
obey  the  laws  of  the  land.  No  Pnuuan  sorer'  ing  as  they  come  froin  Rome  or  frtHD  Berlin, 
eign  will  be  able  to  comply  with  the  demand  Tbe  first  report,  from  Rome,  mentioned  na  the 
put  forward  in  your  letter  of  April  17th,  that  basis  of  the  propoeitions  discaned  :  the  r«- 
the  charter  and  laws  of  Prussia  be  modified  in  eBtablishment  of  the  convention  existing  be- 
aooordanoe  with  the  exigencies  of  the  statntes  fore  the  mptore  ;  an  amnesty  for  all  offcoMS 
of  your  Ohorcii.  The  independence  of  the  against  the  ecclesiastical  laws  in  Prtiasia ;  the 
kingdom  woald  be  impaired  by  making  its  return  of  the  bishops  and  priests  expelled 
legislation  dependent  upon  the  consent  of  a  since  187S  to  their  parishes;  appwnttnents  io' 
foreign  power.  To  preserve  this  independence  churches  and  other  eoclevaelicat  offices  t-o  be 
is  a  duty  I  owe  to  my  ancestors  and  my  conn-  made  according  to  the  rules  in  force  before 
try ;  but,  though  I  can  not  hope  to  reconcile  the  rapture ;  aJl  queetions  relative  to  th«  w- 
opposite  principles,  whose  antagonism  has  been  terpretation  to  be  given  to  the  laws  that  hsTc '. 
more  severely  felt  in  Qermany  than  anywhere  been  promulgated  to  be  reserved  for  ftitnrt  j 
else  for  a  period  exceeding  one  thousand  years,  settlement.  The  statement  was  made  at  the , 
I  am  willing  to  treat  the  difflcoltiea  resnlting  same  time  ftY>m  the  German  side,  that  Prince ' 
to  both  parties  from  this  hereditary  conflict  in  Bismarck  had  expressly  insisted  npon  all  the ; 
a  paoiflo  and  conciliatory  ^irit,  in  harmony  Pmsaian  laws  being  maintained,  and  had  con- : 
with  my  Christian  oonvictionB.  Presuming  sent«d  to  allow  only  that  the  oonstmctioD  and  | 
your  Holiness  to  be  sotnated  by  the  like  dis-  interpretation  to  be  put  opon  them  elio^d  be ' 
position,  I  shall  not  abandon  the  hope  that,  subject  to  an  understanding  being  ftrrived  at  i 
although  principles  may  clash,  the  conciliatory  with  the  Papal  Court.  A  few  days  afterward  i 
sentiments  of  both  parties  will  open  to  Prussia  an  article  published  in  the  "  Provincial  Corre- ' 
a  road  to  peace,  a  road  which  has  never  been  apondence"  of  Berlin  gave  a  denial  to  ail  alle- 1 
closed  against  other  states."  Tbia  letter  was  gations  that  the  Qermsn  Government  had  be^ 
countersigned  by  Prince  Bigraarok,  unfaithful  to  the  principles  which  it  had  liither- ; 

to  proclaimed  in  its  conception  of  its  task  and 
duty  in  regard  to  ecclesiastical  policy.  Prince  i 
Bismarck's  action,  it  said,  in  entering  upon  j 
preparatory  negoliationa  with  a  view  to  a  first  | 
step  being  possibly  taken  toward  paving  the  | 
way  to  a  compromise  on  a  practical  foand*- ' 
tion,  was  in  completo  harmony  with  the  'whole  i 
of  the  views  he  bad  hitherto  eipreased  of  the 
duty  of  the  Government  in  chnrch  quention^ 
Whether  and  how  for  his  aincere  endeavor 
wonld  lead  to  the  attainment  of  the  object ' 
dmed  at  was  a  qneation  which  did  not  depend 
on  him  alone.  It  was  stated  in  Septembei 
that  the  Vatican  bad  proposed  to  the  German 
Government  to  adopt  toward  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic clergy  who  had  been  deprived  of  their 
livings  or  imprisoned  for  violating  the  Hay 
laws  the  same  course  as  had  been  recently  fol- 
lowed by  the  Grand  Conncil  of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  namely,  to  allow  the  priests  simply  to ' 
retnrn  to  their  benefices.  Several  of  the  Ger- 
man bishops  were  snmmoned  to  Rome  to  re- 
port to  the  Vatican  on  the  pucdtion  of  the 
Ghnrch  in  their  dioceses  with  regard  to  the 
stato  laws ;  and  some  of  the  bishopa  who  had 
been  expelled  by  the  Pnurian  Govenunent 
were  alao  called  there,  in  order  that  their  fu- 
ture position  might  be  detormined.  Abont 
the  same  time  a  letter  which  the  Pope  had 
CATHIDKAL  At  HEMTs.  oddressed  to  Cardinal  Nina  on  the  31st  of  An- 

gnst,  explaining  the  policy  of  the  Holy  See, 
Monsignor  Masella,  the  Papal  Nnncio  at  was  published  at  Rome.  After  referrlitg  to 
Munich,  visited  Prince  Bigmarok  at  Kissingen  the  steps  which  he  had  taken  on  his  elevation 
in  the  latter  part  of  July;  when  several  inter-  to  the  pontiflcate  to  pnt  himself  in  accord  irith 
views  took  place  with  reference  to  the  estab-  the  various  European  states,  the  Pope,  speak- 
liabmeDt  of  a  vtcdut  ciwndi  between  the  Ro-    ing  cf  the  negotiations  with  Germany,   aaid 


OERMANT.  863 

[Jut  fail  desire  vu  to  obtiiln  a  real,  solid,  and  torj  of  the  year  in  Qermany  is  the  improTo- 

dnnUe  peace — a  reenit  vhich  would  be  as  meat  which  has  become  manifest  in  tlie  rela- 

fanuule  for  the  empire  as  for  the  Oatholio  tions  of  the  empire  with  the  French  Repoblic. 

<.'ftanib.    Oardinal  Nina  seat  to  the  roinistera  The  new  French  Ambassador  to  Berlin,  M.  de 

ibroid  a  not«  eipUiuing  the  Pope's  letter,  St.-Vallier,  was  received  by  the  Emperor  on 

wliicb  Oated  that  the  intention  of  his  Holiness  the  Slst  of  Janaorj,  and  in  presenting  his  cre- 

in  publishing  the  letter  was  to  show. bis  will-  dentials  dwelt  uDon  the  desire  for  matool  ao- 

iugiien  to  as^st  the  foreign  gorernmenta  in  cord  and  oordial  agreement  which  animated 

overcamiog  the  existing  spirit  of  snbverslon  the  Qovernment  of  the  French  Republic  in  its 

tgiinit  the  altar  and  the  throne.   It  was  stated  transactions  coDoerning  the  Qennan  Empire, 

in  Romsn  Catholic  circles  at  Rome  that  the  and  added  thst  the  feelings  of  the  Qovemmeiit 

IdUer  was  pobliahed  in  order  to  assure  the  corresponded  with  those  of  the  nation,  which 

Citholici  and  the  Qerman  depoties  that  the  aspired  to  the  beneSts  of  a  lasting  peace  abroad 

negoiistions  between  Germany  and  the  Vati-  and  a  stable  fioBition  at  home.    The  Emperor, 

cso  irsre  really  of  a  serious  character.    The  in  reply,  said  that  the  ideas  expressed  by  the 

negotiations  came  very  shortly  after  this  to  a  Ambaasador  were  in  aooord  with  his  wish  to 

(tudAill.      The  depcwed  bishops,  in  a  letter  be  able  to  nnmber  France  among  the  friendly 

tddrNsed  to  the  Pope,  refnsed  to  conform  to  neigbbon  of  Oennany.     H.  de  St-Vallier 

Prince  Bismarok's  aUimatam  of  obedience  to  might  be  assured  beforehand  of  the  ooCpera- 

ih«  Uiy  laws.    The  Bavarian  and  Austrian  tion  of  the  German  Government  in  maintain- 

Kuneios  were   intrusted   with   a   confidential  ing  and  strengthening  the  good- neighborly  re- 

nisjian  to  Prince  Bismaroli ;    but  no  hopes  latioos  between  Germany  and  the  French  ite- 

>ere  entertained  at  Rome  of  their  success,  and  public.    When  the  news  of  HMel's  attempt 

it  «u  believed  that  Germany  wonld  concede  to  assasdnate  the  Emoeror,  and  its  fuilnre, 

nothing,  while  the  Vatican  conld  not  yield  all  reached  Paris,  Uarsbal-President  MacMahon 

vithont  alienating  its  most  faithful  partisans,  at  once  sent  >  telegram  to  the  Emperor  in 

Ths  abandonment  of  the  first  bases  of  negotia-  theseterms:  "I  begyonrU^esty  toacceptmy 
tion  WIS  reported  in  October,  it  having  been 
wcasioDed,  it  was  said,  by  the  atiitnde  which 
hid  been  adopted  by  the  Center  party  in  the 
R«iabst«g  in  reference  to  the  Anti-Socialiat 
Ull.  Ot£er  bases  were  anbatitated,  and  it  was 
firm  ont  that  the  relations  between  Chnroh 
ud  State  wonld  be  settled,  so  far  as  was  poe- 
ribla,  in  acoordsnoe  with  the  existing  law  of 
Oermany.  At  the  beginning  of  November  the 
nbject  of  the  religious  condition  of  Alsace- 
■.orrsine,  the  dioceses  of  which  were  admin- 
i«wad  as  if  they  still  belonged  to  France,  waa 
Mid  to  be  nnder  consideration.  At  the  middle 
of  ibe  mouUi  the  bishops  who  bad  been  exiled 
tram  the  empire  andsr  the  operation  of  the 
Uij  laws  were  represented  to  have  addressed 
t  raemorial  to  the  Pope,  in  reply  to  a  request 
mads  to  them  by  the  Vatican  to  state  their 

vievi  on  certain  points  in  the  Degotiationa,  in  wiLsaunBdBC. 

■bich  they  expreaaed  the  wish  Uiat  it  might 

b«  possible  to  eSect  an  equitAble  arrangement  sincere  eongratnlations  on  yonr  having,  tfaanfca 

between  the  two  Jurisdictions.    Three  weeks  to  Providence,  escaped  so  great  a  danger"; 

lUw  Princs  Bismarck  was  reported  in  Rome  and  M.  Waddington,  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 

to  have  refused  to  consent  to  advise  the  Em-  fairs,  waited  on  Prince  Hohenlohe,  the  Ger- 

ptror  to  grant  an   amnesty  to  any  of  the  man  Ambassador,  while  all  his  colleagnes  left 

tiiihops  and  priests  who  hod  been  expelled  their  cards  at  his  residence.    At  the  opening 

from  thor  dioceaes  for  oontraTention  of  the  of  the  German  fine-arts  section  of  the  Paris 

Kit  Uws.  except  tliose  who  shoold  specially  Exhibition,  May  11th,  Prince  Hohenlohe  re- 

■pply  for  it  and  make  a  declaration  of  their  marked  in  his  address  that  the  fact  that  Ger- 

nbmLsMon  to  those  laws;    and  the  Vatican  many  hod  not  taken  a  more  considerable  part 

"u  laid  to  have  this  qoestion  nnder  consider-  in  the  exhibition  was  to  be  attributed,  not  to 

•lion.    Finillj,  a  dispatch  fi-om  Rome  of  about  any  feeling  of  hostility  or  jealousy,  but  simply 

the  Irt  of  Janoary,  1S79,  stated  that  the  de-  to  motives  of  an  economical  nature.    M.  Teis- 

art  00  the  port  of  the  Holy  See  and  Prince  serene  de  Bort,  in  reply,  expressed  hia  happi- 

ownarek  to  arrive  at  an  understanding  con-  neas  at  the  participation  of  Germany  in  tne 

tiDud  in  principle,  bnt  grave  difficulties  still  exhibition,  and  said  that  tlie  pleasant  oironm- 

uiKtd  aa  to  the  manner  of  arranging  the  stance  was  a  pledge  of  the  cordial  relations 

qoMions  at  isane.  which  should  exist  between  the  two  nations. 
Amaag  the  more  Iuq>py  features  of  the  his-        The  passage  of  the  Anti-Bocialist  hill  caused 


884  G£BMANY. 

ooDstemation  among  the  Socialists.    While  the  While  prevented  from  exercising  his  rigliU  in 
bill  was  still  under  discassion  the  journals  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  he  would  b^  the 
representing  the  leaders  of  the  party,  in  an-  title  of  Duke  of  Cumberland  and  Prince  of 
ticipation  of  its  passage,  discussed  the  advisa*  Brunswick-LUneburg ;  but  hj  doing  bo  he  did 
bility  of  a  general  emigration  into  countries  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  ab^cating  bii 
where  their  peculiar  principles  were  not  pro-  claims  to  the  succession  of  Hanover.    The 
scribed,  and  pointed  particularly  to  the  United  Duke  having  completed  an  alliance  for  a  mar- 
States  and  Asia  Minor.    An  official  notifica-  riage  with  the  Princess  Thyra  of  Denmark,  the 
tion  was  issued  in  Berlin,  November  26th,  en-  betrothal  was  announced  by  the  King  of  Deo- 
acting  that  for  one  year  to  come  dangerous  mark  to  his  court  and  to  the  FolkethiDg^  and 
persons  might  be  excluded  from  the  city,  the  approved  by  the  latter  body  in  Kovember. 
suburbs,  and  some  other  districts,  and  that  the  An  intimation  was  given  by  the  Prussian  Gov- 
carrying  of  arms  and  the  possession  of  explo-  emment  that  if  the  Duke  would  retract  the 
sive  projectiles  were  absolutely  forbidden ;  but  manifesto  in  which  he  had  asserted  bis  claims  to 
allowing  some  exceptions  in  the  use  of  fire-  the  crown  of  Hanover,  the  so-called  Gtielpb 
arms,  and  providing  for  special  permits  to  be  Fund,  which  consists  of  money  due  to  the 
given  in  some  cases  by  the  police.    In  pursu-  head  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  would  be  sur- 
anoe  of  this  order,  forty- two  conspicuous  So-  rendered  to  him  without  exacting  from  hini 
cial  Democrats  were  expelled  from  the  city  anything  further  than  some  easy  precautiooBry 
during  the  same  week  by  the  Chief  of  Police —  engagements.    The  Duke,  however,  contiDoed 
among  them  Herr  Hasselmann  and  Dr.  Fritz-  to  assert  his  determination  not  to  renoonce 
sche,  two  deputies.     The  expelled  SocisJists  his  rights  to  the  crown  of  Hanover,  and  the 
afterward  issued  a  manifesto  in  which  they  Prussian  Government  began  to  consider  pUns 
denied  the  truth  of  the   charges  advanced  for  a  definitive  settlement  and  permaoeot  ap- 
against  them,  and  protested  that  public  order  propriation  of  the  fund,  in  a  spirit  advene  to 
and  peace  were  in  no  way  endangered  by  their  nis  claims.    A  bill  ordering  the  settlement  vas 
presence  in  Berlin.     The  manifesto  was  at  advocated  in  the  Cabinet,  but  was  not  sob- 
once  seized  and  suppressed  by  the  police.    On  mitted  to  the  Diet,  it  being  overruled  bj  the 
the  7th  of  December  the  Emperor,  in  reply  to  counsel  of  Prince  Bismarck,  who  pleaded  for 
a  congratulatory  address  from  the  magistrates  delay,  so  as  to  give  the  Duke  time  to  reconsid- 
and  Town  Council  of  Berlin,  spoke  of  education,  er  his  resolution.    The  Duke,  having  been  pe- 
especially  religious  education,  as  the  best  means  titioned  by  a  number  of  persons  in  the  ducbj 
of  counteracting  the  sentiments  which  had  led  of  Brunswick  to  secure  his  right  to  the  heredi- 
to  the  recent  attacks  in  several  countries  upon  tary  succession  in  that  country  by  a  timely  ar- 
the  head  of  the  state.    The  police  authorities  rangement  with  the  Prussian  Government,  re- 
continued  to  carry  out  the  Anti-Socialist  law  plied  to  the  effect  that  his  right  to  the  socces* 
with  unrelaxed  vigilance.    Till  the  end  of  the  sion  was  fully  established  and  incontestable; 
year  it  was  said  that  on  one  day  only  since  its  and  that,  if  further  measures  should  nevertheless 
promulgation  had  no  interdicts  been  reported,  seem  advisable  to  secure  it,  it  was  not  for  him 
George,  ex-King  of  Hanover,  died  in  Paris  but  for  the  present  Duke  to  initiate  such  nea- 
Jime  12th,  having  just  completed  his  fifty-  sures.    The  Duke  was  married  to  the  Princess 
ninth  year.    He  succeeded  his  father,  Ernest  Thyra  in  the  chapel  of  the  royal  castle  of 
Augustus,  on  the  18th  of  November,  1857,  and  Ohristiansborg,  December  2l8t.    The  '*  2^orth 
his  dominions  were  annexed  to  Prussia  by  a  German  Gazette "  complained  that  a  Goelph 
decree  dated  September  26, 1866.    Since  his  deputation,  which  presented  a  Hanoverian  ad- 
deposition  from  the  throne  of  Hanover,  his  dress,  was  officially  received  on  the  occaaon 
Majesty  had  for  the  most  part  lived  in  Paris,  at  the  Danish  Court,  and  considered  that  the 
The  ^*  Official  Gazette  '*  of  Bertin  made  a  state-  reception  overstepped  the  bounds  prescribed 
ment  that,  immediately  after  the  King's  de-  by  tne  rules  of  international  intercourse.    The 
cease,  the  Prussian  Government  had  made  Prussian  Government  gave  out  that  it  took  do 
known  its  willingness  to  carry  out  a  wish  active  part  in  the  contest  which  was  going  oo 
which  had  been  expressed  to  it  to  allow  the  with  respect  to  the  succession  in  the  duchy  of 
interment  to  take  place  at  Hessenhausen,  with-  Bnmswick,  but  did  not  neglect  at  the  eame 
out  military  or  official  ceremonies,  and  that  time  to  make  known  in  the  proper  quarten 
the  only  objection  to  carrying  out  this  desire  that  should  any  difficulty  arise  in  settling  the 
would  have  arisen  from  any  order  that  might  question  which  would  interfere  in  any  waj 
have  been  given  for  the  celebration  of  solemn  with  the  present  constitutionally  established 
obsequies.    The  relatives  of  his  Majesty,  how-  position  of  the  German  Empire,  it  would  be 
ever,  decided  that  his  remains  should  be  buried  promptly  dealt  with. 

at  Windsor.    The  son  of  the  ex-King,  the       The  plan  for  the  establishment  of  the  fleet 

Crown  Prince  of  Hanover,  on  July  11th,  com-  prepared  in  1873  contemplated  the  building  of 

municated  a  formal  notification  of  the  ex-King*8  five  armored  corvettes,  each  of  7,898  tons  dis* 

death  to  the  German  princes  and  free  towns,  placement,  with  the  midship  parts  protected 

in  which  he  announced  that  he  considered  all  by  eight-inch  plates,  and  carrying  each  £^6 

his  father's  rights  to  have  descended  upon  heavy  pieces  of  ordnance.    Three  of  these  cor- 

him,  and  was  prepared  to  maintain   them,  vettea  were  to  have  been  completed  by  the 


GERMANY.  386 

end  of  1877,  bat  only  one  of  them  was  aotoallj  taken  to  save  life  and  the  damage  suffered  bj 

fiouhed  at  that  time.    The  second,  the  Sach-  the  Kdnig  Wilhelm,  the  report  concludes : 

sen,  was  laonohed  toward  the  end  of  1877.  and  ^*  With  regard  to  the  cause  of  the  collision,  I 

the  third,  the  Bavaria,  was  launched  in  May,  can  only  state  here  that  an  order  given  by  the 

1878;  and  great  efforts  were  made  to  finish  officer  of  the  watch  to  put  the  helm  to  star- 

the  two  vessels  before  the  close  of  the  finan-  board  was  misunderstood ;  and  the  helm,  in- 

cifll  year.    Three  large  unarmored  spar-decked  stead  of  being  starboarded,  was  put  hard  aport, 

corvettes  were  also  completed  during  1878 :  ao  that  even  reversing  the  engines  was  of  no 

the  Priace  Adalbert,  of  8,925  tons,  and  the  avail.    The  formation  of  the  squadron  was  a 

Bismarck  and  the  Moltke,  sister-ships,  each  of  double  column,  with  the  usual  distances,  but 

2,856  toDs.    Other  vessels  finished  during  the  with  a  reduced  interval  of  a  hectometre  (109 

year  were,  an  armored  gunboat  of  1,000  tons  yards)  between  the  two  divisions.    The  Grosser 

and  two  unarmored  iron  gunboats,  each  of  XurfHrst  was,  however,  considerably  in  advance 

500  tons;  and  an  unarmored  spar-decked  cor-  of  its  station.    Both  the  leading  ships  had  to 

rette,  the  Stosch,  a  sister-ship  to  the  Bismarck  give  way  to  a  sailing  vessel  crossing  their  bows 

and  Moltke,  was  expected  to  be  finished  by  obliquely,  and  in  doing  so  the  Grosser  Kurftlrst 

the  end  of  the  year.  particularly  shot  far  away  to  starboard.    As 

An  explanation  has  been  made,  in  conneo-  soon  as  the  ship  had  passed,  the  Grosser  Eur- 

tion  with  the  increase  of  the  annual  conscrip-  f&rst  turned  back  again  to  her  course.    The 

tiop  for  the  army  by  20,000  men,  that  this  ad-  K6nig  Wilhelm  purposed  doing  the  same,  when 

dition  to  the  army  hardly  corresponds  with  the  putting  the  helm  in  the  exactly  opposite 

the  increase  of  the  population  since  the  present  direction  to  that  ordered  took  place,  and  im- 

peace  footing  was  first  fixed.    The  law  pro-  mediately  brought  about  the  horrible  catastro- 

Tides  that  there  shall  be  one  conscript  to  every  phe."     More  than  forty  of  the  officers  and 

hundred  of  the  population.  petty  officers  of  the  Grosser  Kurf Urst  were 

The  Grosser  Eurf  ftrst,  the  German  ironclad  married,  and  of  these  especially  a  great  number 

which  was  run  into  and  destroyed  by  its  con-  lost  their  lives.    A  court  of  inquiry  was  ap- 

Eort  the  KOnig  Wilhelm  in  the  English  Channel  pointed  immediately  after  the  collision  to  ex- 

OQ  the  3 1st  of  May  (see  Gbbat  Bbitain),  was  amine  into  the  circumstances  of  the  disaster, 

a  Teasel  of  309  feet  extreme  length,  62  feet  This  court  made  a  decision  in  July,  acquitting 

extreme  breadth,  84  feet  depth,  and  having  a  of  blame  the  men  who  were  at  the  helm  of  the 

mean  load  draught  of  water  of  23  feet     With  E5nig  Wilhelm  at  the  time  of  the  disaster.    It 

ill  her  guns,  ammunition,  and  stores  on  board,  appeared  from  all  the  statements  that  the  acci- 

ber  total  weight  was  6,663  t.ons.     She  was  dent  was  due  to  the  misunderstanding  of  an 

built  in  the  royal  dock-yards  at  Eiel,  and,  at  order  which  was  correctly  given  by  the  officer 

the  express  wish  of  the  Admiralty,  all  the  in  charge.    A  court-martial  to  try  the  officers 

materials  employed  in  her  construction,  as  well  of  the  two  vessels  was  appointed  by  special 

13  in  Uiat  of  her  sister-ships,  the  Preussen  and  order  of  the  Grown  Prince,  acting  in  behalf  of 

Friedrich  der  Grosse,  were  obtained  aa  f ar  as  the  Emperor,  with  the  object  not  only  of  ascer- 

pewible  from  German  sources.     The  armor-  taining  what  persons  were  in  fault,  .but  also  of 

plates  were  9  inches  thick  in  the  region  of.  the  inquiring  whether  any  changes  were  advisable 

«^ater-line,  7  inches  below  and  8  inches  above  in  the  organization  of  the  German  navy,  or  in 

tbe  water,  the  thickness  decreasing  to  4  inches  the  regulations  in  force  for  vessels  at  sea.    The 

>t  the  bow  and  stem,  and  the  turrets  were  ready  and  efficient  help  which  the  English 

armored  with  plates  8  inches  thick,  except  authorities  gave  to  the  unfortunate  fieet  on  the 

wbere  the  port-holes  were  cut,  where  the  thick-  occasion  of  the  disaster,  and  the  sympathy 

fieas  was  increased  to  10  inches.    The  plates  they  displayed,  were  acknowledged  in  a  com- 

rested  on  a  backing  of  teak  10  inches  thick,  munication  made  by  Count  Monster  at  the 

^Mh  of  the  two  turrets  was  armed  with  two  especial  command  of  the  Emperor,  and  in  a 

ten-inch  Erupp  guna,  of  the  newest  pattern  letter  from  the  Crown  Prince  to  Queen  Vio- 

tnd  weighing  22  tons  each,  while  two  seven-  toria.    An  interpellation  respecting  the  loss  of 

iach^ns,  one  mounted  fore  and  the  other  aft,  the  Grosser  Eurftlrst  was  brought  forward  in 

^'^'mpleted  the  armament  of  the  vessel.    The  the  Reichstag  on  September  18th  by  Herr 

oficial  report  made  by  Admiral  Batsch  con-  Mosle.    His  object,  he  said,  was  to  enable  the 

<!enung  the  collision  states  that  he  had  left  the  Chief  of  the  Admiralty,  General  von  8tosch, 

deck  of  his  ship  for  a  minute,  and  on  coming  to  contradict  some  grave  statements  made  by 

ttp  again  saw  the  Grosser  Eurftlrst  in  a  diag-  the  press  in  regard  to  the  system  which  pre- 

OBal  position  across  the  starboard  bow  of  the  vailed  at  the  Admiralty.    He  hoped  also  that 

%-ship.     The  collision  appeared  then   un-  the  reports  of  the  court-martial  inquiry  would 

%Toidahle.    After  being  struck,  the  Grosser  be  presented  to  the  Reichstag.    General  von 

Kvf&rst  fiUed  so  rapidly  that  the  captain  was  8tosch,  having  explained  that  he  could  not 

not  ahle  to  carry  out  the  idea  he  had  enter-  make  any  statements  regarding  the  court-mar- 

l^ed  of  running  the  vessel  ashore  to  prevent  tial  inquiry  while  judicial  proceedings  were 

ber  foandering.    The  ship  keeled  over  to  such  still  pending,  proceeded  to  vindicate  himself. 

^  extent  that  water  entered  from   above  With  regard  to  the  fiood  of  reproaches  which 

tfiroQgh  the  porta.    After  describing  tbe  steps  the  presa  had  brought  against  him,  it  would 
Vol,  xvui. — 26    A 


386  GERMANY. 

appear  as  if  the  regnlations  made  by  him  were  principal  kinds  of  indnstrj  and  trade,  with  i 

at  the  root  of  the  disaster ;  bnt  he  must  state  view  to  obtaining  in  their  reports  a  guide  to 

that  he  had  not  yet  been  able  to  learn  which  the  future  policy  of  the  Govemment.   It  is 

of  his  regalations  ought  to  bear  the  blame,  noticed,  as  a  suggestive  fact,  that  the  Protec- 

Tlie  causes  of  the  accident,  so  far  as  it  was  tionist  party  are  in  the  majority  in  all  these 

possible  to  find  the  causes,  had  been  ascer-  commissions. 

tained ;  but  he  could  not  gire  any  information  The  German  Government  became  involved 
on  the  subject  while  the  present  inquiry  was  in  a  difficulty  on  the  Nicaragnan  coast,  which 
pending.  To  the  question  whether  precaution-  was  adjusted  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  after 
ary  measures  had  been  taken  to  prevent  the  a  naval  demonstration  against  the  offendiog 
recurrence  of  snch  disasters,  he  would  reply  state,  but  without  any  actual  resort  to  force. 
that  the  present  regulations  were  amply  snffi-  The  German  Consul,  EisenstUck,  at  Leon,  Nic&- 
cient.  The  development  of  the  navy  could  ragna,  and  some  members  of  his  faiDily,  had 
only  be  a  slow  process,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  been  repeatedly  assaulted  in  the  streets  bj  na- 
its  requirements  were  large.  During  the  time  tives  armed  with  pistols,  and  the  GoTemment 
he  haa  held  office  he  h^  made  the  greatest  and  courts  had  refused  to  take  cognizance  of 
efforts  to  raise  the  navy  into  a  state  of  efficiency  the  outrage,  on  the  ground  that  it  grew  out  of 
for  the  service  of  the  empire.  The  speaker  a  family  ^air  with  which  they  had  nothing  to 
entered  into  particnlars  respecting  the  training  do — a  family  difficulty  being  actually  connect- 
afforded  to  officers  and  sub-officers  in  the  navy  ed  with  the  matter.  The  German  Government, 
since  1871,  and  maintained  that  they  were  now  however,  considering  that  an  insult  was  offered 
much  more  efficient  than  before  1671.  The  to  its  consul,  took  a  different  view  of  the  qnes- 
men  now  in  the  navy  to  whom  was  intrusted  tion,  and,  having  secured  approval  of  its  ideas 
the  duty  of  steering  enjoyed  more  particularly  from  the  British  and  United  States  Goveni- 
the  approval  of  the  public  in  general ;  and  in  ments,  insisted  upon  being  given  a  publio  aatis- 
the  case  of  the  Grosser  Kurftlrst  they  incurred  faction.  Pacific  attempts  to  obtain  this  hsTing 
no  blame,  for  they  had  merely  to  follow  the  been  fruitless,  a  squadron  of  four  vesseU  of 
command  of  the  officers ;  and,  even  if  the  lat-  war,  two  of  them  ironclads,  was  ordered  to 
ter  lost  their  presence  of  mind,  the  steersman  the  Nicaraguan  coast  to  exact  reparation.  On 
could  not  question  his  orders.  It  was  easy  to  the  appearance  of  the  squadron  the  Nicangnan 
say  that  the  German  sailors  bad  no  experience  Government  accepted  the  German  conditions, 
in  the  navigation  of  the  colossal  vessels  whidi  which  were  that  tne  persons  who  had  attacked 
were  now  constructed,  but  there  was  the  same  the  consul  and  his  family  should  be  tried,  the 
want  of  experience  in  every  navy  in  the  world,  officers  who  had  failed  to  protect  the  threat- 
Neither  the  system  nor  the  commander  of  the  ened  household  should  be  punished,  an  mdem- 
squadron,  he  said,  was  at  fault.  The  law  could  nity  of  $30,000  should  be  paid  to  the  consul, 
not  and  would  not  spare  him  if  he  were  found  and  a  salnte  of  thirty  guns  to  the  consular  fl^g 
to  blame.  Rear-Admiral  Werner,  at  Kiel,  who  should  be  fired.  It  is  noticed  that  the  German 
had  been  appointed  supreme  arbiter  in  the  navy  has  been  used  repeatedly  in  recent  years 
question  of  the  collision,  felt  so  deeply  ag-  for  similar  purposes:  in  1872  against  Central 
grieved  by  General  Stosch^s  speech  that  he  America ;  in  1874  against  Spain,  on  account  of 
asked  to  be  permitted  to  resign.  His  resigna-  the  destruction  of  the  German  ehip  Gustav  bj 
tion  was  accepted.  In  December  the  Govern-  the  Oarlists ;  in  1875  against  the  Sooloo  Isl* 
nrient  was  represented  to  be  having  under  con*  ands ;  in  1876  against  Samoa ;  and  later  in  the 
sideration  a  proposal  for  the  adoption  of  an  same  year  against  China, 
international  code  of  regulations  for  ships  at  Some  valuable  facts  respecting  the  consnoip- 
sea,  with  a  view  of  preventing  collisions.  tion  of  American  articles  m  Germany  are  coin- 
A  commission,  consisting  or  eight  officers  of  municated  to  the  State  Department  of  the  Uni- 
finance  and  three  experts,  was  appointed  by  ted  States  by  the  American  Consul  at  Mann- 
Prince  Bismarck  to  devise  the  most  practica-  heim.  Large  quantities  of  American  meat  are 
ble  means  of  increasing  the  revenue.  Prince  imported  by  one  firm  in  Mannheim— 10,0(<0 
Bismarck  submitted  to  it  his  scheme  for  estab-  hams  in  a  single  order,  and  an  enormous  amonnt 
lishing  a  monopoly  in  tobacco,  but  the  Com-  of  beef  and  sausages,  sent  in  thirty  days  from 
misaon  decided  against  this  plan  in  December,  St  Louis,  equal  to  German  sausages.  Fresh 
by  a  vote  of  eight  to  three.  It  recommended  beef  twenty-one  days  from  St.  Louis  finds  a 
instead  a  duty  according  to  weight  on  inland  ready  market  in  Baden.  American  stoves  begin 
tobacco,  accompanied  by  such  customs  duties  to  be  seen  in  Germany,  and  glass  from  Pitts- 
on  foreign  tobacco  as  would  about  correspond  burg  is  approved  on  account  of  its  strength  and 
to  the  proportion  between  customs  and  excise  deamess,  American  cotton  cloths  are  bonght 
which  was  accepted  by  the  Imperial  Taxation  carefully  by  the  German  honsewife.  Soleleath- 
Commission  of  1878.  It  estimated  that  by  the  er  from  the  United  States  is  preferred  to  the 
adoption  of  its  proposals  an  increase  of  $20,000,-  English  article.  American  preserved  vegeta- 
000  would  be  secured,  whereas  the  monopoly  hies,  fruits,  oysters,  lobsters,  etc.,  are  sold  in 
would  not,  at  the  most,  yield  more  than  $2,-  large  quantities;  sewing  and  knitting  machines 
500,000  more.  Several  commissions  have  been  are  accepted  everywhere, 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  The  yield  of  the  Westtphalian,  the  largest  or 


GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  GENERATION.  387 

the  Continental  coal  fields,  has  increased  so  Spallanzani^s   flasks  to   sostain    animal   life, 

mach  of  late  that  it  has  become  a  competitor  Scholze,  in  1886,  supplied  a  sterilized  organic 

with  the  English  coal  fields  in  some  of  the  mar-  infusion  with  ur  passed  throagh  bulbs  con- 

kets  near  it    The  yield,  which  in  1854  waa  taining  sulphuric  acid  to  destroy  aXL  germs ; 

only  3,800,000,  waa  4,000,000  tons  in  1860,  although  he  obtained  no  life,  it  was  subse- 

dooble  that  amount  in  1865,  12,461,000  tons  quently  shown  by  Tyndall  that  the  air  globules 

io  1871, 16,127,000  tons  in  1878,  and  in  1876  must  be  thoroughly  broken  up  to  prevent  the 

reached  17,686,757  tons,  a  rate  of  production  passage  of  germs,  and  when  that  is  done  water 

which  has  since  barely  been  sustained.  is  aa  good  a  sifting  medium   as   the   acid. 

GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  Schwann,  Helmholtz,  and  Schroeder  enlarged 

GENERATION.    The  recent  inrestigations  of  the  field  of  inquiry  by  disooyering  the  organic 

Pofessor  Tyndall,  Dr.  Bastian,  and  other  sci-  nature  of  all  kinds  of  fermentation.    In  1859 

entistB  and  physicians,  from  their  different  Ponchet,  in  his  **  H6t6rog6nie,"  again  resusci- 

resaiU,  have  rented  the  ancient  and  oft-re-  tated  the  doctrine  of  spontaneous  generation, 

toniiiig  question  of  spontaneous  generation.  Isolating  sterilized  organic  substances,  in  the 

The  examination  of  the  phenomena  of  the  same  manner  as  Schwann  and  Schulze,  and 

lowest  forms  of  infusorial  life  ia  of  great  prac-  supplying  them  with  calcined  air,  he  obtained 

tical  ss  well  aa  sdentifio  interest,  and  affects  the  bacteria  of  fermentation,  and,  enforced  by 

]>tthology  and  medicine  in  aa  high  a  degree  his  brilliant  dialectic,  tiie  old  belief  obtained  a 

as  it  pertains  to  the  deep  problem  of  the  ori-  new  footing. 

gio  of  life,  since  on  its  solution  probably  de-  Next,  Pasteur  applied  his  searching  mind  to 
pends  the  theoretical  knowledge  of  the  epi-  this  subject.  He  confirmed  the  experiments 
demic  diseases  which  scourge  the  human  race,  of  Schwann  and  the  others  which  were  favor- 
The  doctrine  of  spontaneous  generation  was  able  to  the  germ  theory.  He  further  tested 
prevalent  in  the  early  periods  of  science,  and  the  germ-bearing  property  of  the  air  in  differ- 
there  could  not  be  a  more  natural  coodnsion,  ent  positions  and  under  different  conditions, 
<me  which  must  have  prevailed  eren  were  it  and  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  germs 
not  supported  by  the  supreme  authority  of  were  not  found  in  all  airs,  nor  were  they 
Aristotle,  when  every  poof  waa  seen  to  swarm  uniformly  distributed  through  the  atmosphere 
and  every  decaying  organic  substance  teemed  on  the  same  spot.  These  experiments  were 
with  active  creatures  which,  in  the  light  of  the  strongly  confirmatory  of  this  germ  theory  in 
older  science,  must  have  sprung  into  being  general.  He  succeeded  in  capturing  and  ez- 
without  preceding  life.  Redi,  in  the  latter  amining  the  floating  particles  of  the  atmos- 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  first  shook  phere  by  the  most  delicate  methods,  and,  on 
the  old  belief  by  discovering  that  fiies  were  microscopic  scmtiny,  found  many  of  them  to 
the  progenitors  of  the  maggots  which  appear  be  organic  bodies,  which,  when  he  introduced 
m  patrid  fleshy  which  he  established  by  fast-  them  into  sterilized  solutions,  engendered  in- 
ening  fine  gauze  over  Jars  of  meat,  and  ob-  fusorial  life  in  abundance.  He  performed  the 
tainiiig  maggots  on  the  surface  of  the  net  on  experiment,  repeated  by  Tyndall  and  described 
which  the  flies  swarmed,  while  the  putrescent  below,  of  opening  two  sets  of  flasks  of  infxi- 
neat  within  was  free  from  them,  vallisnieri.  sions,  one  in  the  air  of  the  glaciers  and  one  in 
Schwammerdam,  and  Reaumur  combated  ana  an  air  which  came  directly  m  contact  with  or- 
orerthrew  the  doctrine  of  spontaneous  genera-  ganic  life :  of  twenty  flasks  broken  on  the  Mer 
tion.  Tet  the  invention  of  the  microscope  de  Olace,  near  the  Montanvert,  in  Switzerland, 
broogfat  to  the  knowledge  of  the  scientific  but  one  afterward  showed  signs  of  life ;  while 
eommanity  the  world  of  infusoria,  of  which  out  of  twenty  charged  with  the  air  of  the 
minote  organisms  it  was  difficult  to  predicate  plains  below,  eight  became  full  of  microscopic 
the  ordinary  functions  of  life,  and  Buffon  and  creatures.  The  undisturbed  air  of  the  caves 
^eedham,  who  waa  the  first  to  experiment  under  the  Observatory  of  Paris  he  found  des- 
«ith  sealed  infnsdons  of  organic  extracts,  and  titute  of  generative  properties.  Pasteur^s  in- 
who  found  that  the  infusions  putrified,  revived  vestigations  were  of  the  highest  practical  value, 
in  a  new  form  the  idea  of  the  spontaneous  as  his  conclusions  were  practically  applied  by 
ongin  of  life.  Spallanzani  afterward,  by  r&-  himself  in  the  preservation  of  wine  and  beer, 
pe&ting  the  experiment  of  Needham  with  in-  the  manufacture  of  vinegar,  and,  above  all,  in 
fosioiis  in  flasks  sealed  during  ebullition,  with  the  suppression  of  the  destructive  silkworm 
the  improvement  of  hermetically  closing  them  disease.  He  showed  that  the  spoiling  of  beer, 
bj  melting  their  necks  with  the  blowpipe,  wine,  etc.,  is  the  effect  of  another  fermentation 
v'hich  has  since  been  the  usual  test  in  these  caused  by  the  floating  germs  of  the  air ;  that 
iarestigationa,  obtained  no  life,  and  was  ena-  the  true  alcoholic  fermentation,  produced  in 
Ued  to  contradict  the  doctrine  of  heterogenesis,  beer  by  the  yeaat-plant  {Tifrula),  and  in  wine 
&Qd  Boffon's  notion  of  organic  molecules,  al-  by  germs  which  adhere  to  the  fruit  and  plant, 
though  his  experiment  waa  applied  under  con-  is  the  effect  of  depriving  the  organisms  of  air 
ditioas  which  would  ordinarily  have  yielded  by  submersion,  causing  them  to  attack  the  su- 
iBAisoria,  as  waa  afterward  shown  by  Wyman  gar  and  in  obtaining  their  nutriment  from  it  to 
&Qd  others.  To  obviate  the  objection  that  liberate  the  alcohol.  He  traced  the  grape  dis- 
there  waa  not  enough  vitalizing  oxygen    in  ease  to  germs  transmitted  through  the  air,  and 


888  GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  GENERATION. 

hj  discoTering  a  preventive  bestowed  an  in-  that  the  power  of  infection  was  not  presen^d 

calcolable  benefit  upon  his  own  oonntry  and  longer  than  five  weel^s.    Experioienting  with 

upon  the  world,    ^astenr  even  succeeded  in  dri^  blood  in  which  the  spores  had  separated, 

ezdading  the  germs  from  an  infusion  by  stop-  he  foaud  it  as  virulent  in  its  action  after  four 

ping  the  flask  with  a  tight  plug  of  cotton  wool,  years  as  the  fresh  blood  of  a  diseased  animal 

and,   on    examination  with  the    microscope,  Koch,  and  afterward  Cohn  and  Pasteur,  ob- 

fonnd  the  germs  adhering  to  the  cotton.     Uis  served  under  the  microscope  the  propa^ion 

strongest  proof  of  the  ditinsion  of  the  germs  of  of  this  animalcule.    Its  appearance  and  be- 

bacteria  in  the  atmosphere  was  furnished  by  havior  are   like  those  of  the  hay  bacteriDm 

his  famous  experiment,  many  times  successful-  {Bacillut  mbtilis).    Infecting  a  drop  of  the 

ly  repeated,  with  flasks  with  bent  necks,  the  aqueous  humor  of  an  ox's  eye  with  a  speck  of 

month  opening  downward.    Sterilized  organic  diseased  blood,  and  warming  tlie  microscope, 

substances  have  maintained  their  original  fresh-  Koch  saw  the  short  rods  begin  to  lengtben : 

ness  in  such  uncorked  vessels  through  a  series  in  three  or  four  hours  they  were  ten  to  twcLtv 

of  a  dozen  years.  times,  and  in  a  few  more  hours  a  bundrtd 

Pasteur's  germ  theory,  supported  by  such  times  their  original  length ;  in  some  cases  tbej 
searching  tests,  was  accepted  by  pathologists  ran  out  parallel  to  each  other,  and  in  othcni 
as  a  probable  explanation  of  contagious  and  they  were  beautifully  curved,  intricately  inter- 
epidemic  diseases.  The  parasitic  theory  of  ma-  lace<l,  or  matted  together.  He  finally  observed 
laria  and  contagion  was  prepared  for  by  the  the  spores  formins  within  the  filaments  along 
revelation  of  numerous  new  entozoic  parasites  their  whole  length,  and  saw  the  integomeot 
by  the  microscope ;  while  the  doctrine  of  spon-  after  a  while  fall  to  pieces,  releasing  tlie  minute 
taneous  generation  had  lost  some  of  its  strong-  ovoid  seeds,  which  his  later  experiments  proved 
est  evidence  through  the  discovery  of  the  iden-  to  be  the  infectious  principle.  The  joint  ob* 
tity  of  the  tapeworm  with  the  Cystictreus,  of  servations  of  Pasteur  and  Joubert  on  splenic 
the  sexual  process  of  the  Triehinoy  and  of  the  fever  enabled  them  to  clear  up  much  wbich 
manner  of  the  introduction  of  these  parasites  was  confused  and  obscure  reganiing  its  patbol- 
into  the  animal  system.  The  uniformity  of  the  ogy,  by  discovering  that  it  was  often  compli- 
symptoms  in  epidemic  and  infectious  diseases,  cated  with  septicaemia,  whose  symptoms  mK 
so  strongly  analogous  to  the  reproduction  of  taken  for  its  own.  The  theory  of  eonta^vm 
species,  and  the  certainty  that  the  seeds  of  ricum  in  miasmatic  and  infectious  disease  has 
epidemics  are  transmitted  through  the  air,  and  lately  become  the  prevalent  one  in  the  medical 
in  clothing  and  such  articles  as  might  harbor  profession,  especially  since  the  discorerr  of 
microscopic  organic  germs,  led  scientific  men,  the  pre^nce  of  bacteria  in  the  diseased  humon 
after  the  discovery  by  Pasteur  of  the  fact  that  of  patients  affected  with  diphtheria.  The  germ 
the  embryos  of  the  organic  agents  in  fermen-  theory  of  Pasteur,  applied  to  the  mortification 
tation  and  putrefaction  are  conveyed  through  of  wounds  and  abscesses,  was  the  bans  of  Pro* 
the  atmosphere,  to  associate  the  analogous  de-  fessor  Listeria  antiseptic  treatment  in  surgtrt 
generation  of  the  tissues  and  fluids  of  the  body  with  carbolic  acid,  which  has  already  sbovn 
in  contagions  diseases  with  the  idea  of  similar  itself  an  incalculable  advance  in  hospital  prac- 
organic  germs.    The  process  of  putrefaction,  tice. 

or  something  very  similar,  was  seen  to  occur  TyndalFs  attention  was  attracted  to  the  germ 

and  spread  in  the  living  body  after  mechanical  theory  by  noticing  the  coincidence  that  he  could 

local  injuries,  and  it  was  a  natural  inferenre  best  cleanse  the  air  of  floating  particles,  in  or* 

that  the  bacteria  of  putrefaction  were  also  der  to  conduct  his  observations  on  the  progres 

here  at  work.    Tyndall  conflnned  this  hypo-  of  heat-waves,  by  the  same  processes  wbicb 

thesis  by  his  examination   of  the  air  of  a  Pasteur  and  Lister  used  to  destroy  the  germs 

room  in  which  he  had  removed  the  bandage  of  bacteria.    In  examining  air  long  kept  still, 

from  a  partially  healed  wound,  which  after*  air  filtered  through  cotton  wool,  calcined  air, 

ward  grew  rapidly  worse,  and  was  followed  and  air  filtered  by  breathing,  by  the  light  of  a 

by  an  abscess.    A  few  years  later,  in  1876,  he  beam  brought  to  a  focus  in  a  dark  place,  he 

opened  several  flasks  in  the  same  room,  and  found  that  in  every  case  the  air  which  they 

found  the  air  strongly  impregnated  with  the  found  ineflicient  to  produce  fermentation  in 

germs  of  putrefactive  bacteria.  sterilized  infusions  was  that  which  was  free 

The  germ  theory  of  disease  was  greatly  fk*om  floating  corpuscles.  From  this  he  in- 
strengthened  by  the  discovery  of  the  connec-  ferred  the  identity  of  the  floating  motes  of  tbe 
tion  of  a  bacterium  (Baeillus  anthroMia),  visible  air  with  the  germs  which  produce  fermentation, 
under  the  microscope,  with  the  deadly  epi-  putrefaction,  and  disease.  He  presented  tbe 
demic  which  attacks  animals,  and  sometimes  results  of  his  observations  and  r^ections  be- 
human  beings,  in  certain  parts  of  Europe,  and  fore  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  the  *' Tiroes *$ 
which  is  called  splenic  fever.  Recent  investi-  newspaper  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1870. 
gations  have  shown  that  the  fatal  agent  in  this  and  was  immediately  confronted  by  Dr.  Baa- 
disease  is  the  spores  rather  than  the  developed  tian.  The  dust  in  the  air  which  is  seen  in  tbe 
bacterium.  Inoculating  mice  with  dried  dis-  sunbeam  Tyndall  assumes  to  be  composed  d 
eased  blood  in  which  there  were  no  spores  organic  particles.  He  found  by  experiment 
visible,  Dr.  Koch,  a  German  physician,  found  that  it  can  be  burned.    He  noticed  the  curiooa 


GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  GENERATION.  389 

{phenomenon,  when  a  spirit  lamp  was  set  be-  periments  in  hermetinallj  sealed  flasks,  in  which 
ow  a  cjlindrical  beam  in  his  laboratory,  of  a  the  heterogenists  asserted  that  life  had  repeat- 
clood  blacker  than  smoke  arising  throagh  the  edly  shown  itself  after  sterilizing  the  liqaida 
beam,  which  was  at  first  suspected  to  be  the  by  boiling,  were  still  more  nnmerons,  amount- 
carbon  liberated  by  the  flame,  but  which,  on  ing  to  940 :  in  these  cases  he  closely  followed 
experimenting  with  a  red-hot  iron  and  with  a  the  conditions  prescribed  by  Dr.  Bastian,  and 
bjdrogen  flame,  he  discovered  was  not  smoke ;  under  which  spontaneous  generation  was  al- 
he  concluded  therefore  that  it  was  due  to  the  leged  to  have  taken  place.  On  the  assertion 
complete  consumption  of  the  floating  dust  in  that  a  higher  temperature  than  had  been  be- 
the  upward  passage  of  the  heat,  which  left  the  fore  supposed  was  more  conducive  to  the  gen- 
air  free  of  the  matter  which  reflects  and  dif-  oration  of  life  in  air-tight  flasks,  he  exposed 
foses  the  light  The  same  phenomenon  is  seen  his  for  nine  days  to  a  temperature  varying 
when  a  corked  flask  which  has  been  allowed  to  from  101^  to  112*^  F.,  from  two  to  six  days  be- 
stand  a  conple  of  days  is  traversed  by  a  con-  ing  the  limit  required  for  generation  according 
oentrated  beam  of  light:  the  beam  is  broken  to  the  heterogenists;  he  then  placed  them  for 
when  encountering  the  still  air  of  the  flask  fourteen  days  in  a  temperature  of  about  116°, 
after  the  floating  matter  has  attached  itself  to  the  thermometer  rising  on  some  occasions  to 
the  sides,  and  passes  through  it  as  through  a  118**  and  119°. 

Tacnnm,  reappearing  on  the  other  side  of  the       The    solutions  were  obtained  by  soaking 

glass.    Acting  on  the  knowledge  that  the  air  sliced  vegetables  and  other  organic  substances 

which  is  kept  perfectly  still  will  clear  itself  of  in  distilled  water  kept  at  a  temperature  of 

the  floating  particles  which  he  supposed  to  be,  120°  for  four  or  five  hours.    The  liquor  was 

in  part  at  least,  the  germs  of  fermentation,  then  poured  off,  boiled,  and  filtered,  the  in- 

Tyndall  constructed  a  wooden  oase  with  a  glass  fusion  being  then  as  clear  as  drinking  water, 

froDt  and  windows,  with  air-tight  test-tubes  and  of  a  specific  gravity  of  1*006  or  greater, 

passing  through  its  bottom,  with  their  open  The  fiasks  were  small  uarrow-necked  bulbs  of 

ends  extending  for  one  fifth  of  their  length  glass,  and  could  be  hermetically  dosed  by 

into  the  chamber.    A  connection  is  established  melting  the  glass  of  the  neck  in  a  flame  and 

with  the  outer  air  by  long  winding  pipes  in  drawing  it  out  to  a  point.    They  were  filled  by 

which  the  floating  matter  wiU  be  detained  flrst  dipping  their  mouths,  after  heating  them, 

while  the  air  passes  through.    An  aperture  into  the  liquid,  and  then  chilling  them,  a  por- 

above  is  closed  with  India-rubber,  through  a  tion  of  the  liquid  ascending  into  the  flask  on 

pinhole  in  which  a  long  flne  pipe  is  inserted;  the  the  contraction  of  the  inclosed  air,  then  heat- 

aoertore  is  further  guarded  by  a  stuffing-box  ing  them  again,  the  generated  steam  carrying 

filled  with  cotton  soaked  with  glycerine,  to  off  the  air  of  the  flask,  and  again  immersing  the 

prevent  the  entrance  of  any  particles  through  open  end  and  cooling ;  this  was  repeated'  a 

the  movements  of  the  pipette.    The  inner  sides  number  of  times,  a  quantity  of  the  infusion  be- 

of  the  case  are  coated  with  glycerine  to  detain  ing  driven  up  into  the  flask  each  time  upon  the 

the  dost  after  it  settles.     After  leaving  the  condensation  of  the  steam,  until  they  were 

chamber  for  two  or  three  days  for  the  dust  to  about  f6ur  flfths  full  of  the  liquor.    They  were 

settle,  and  finding  the  air  clear  by  the  test  of  next  plunged  in  a  bath  of  heated  oil  and  kept 

a  beam  of  light  thro«*n  through  its  windows,  at  the  boiling  point,  which  is  a  fraction  above 

Tjadall  pours  putrescible  infusions  into  the  212°  F.,  the  oil  being  heated  to  250°.    Aft;er 

glass  tubes  through  the  pipette,  which  has  a  boiling  five  minutes  the  flasks  were  lifted  part- 

faood  at  its  upper  end,  and  boils  the  liauid  to  ly  out  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  and  while  a  lamp 

loU  the  germs  contdned  in  it  by  applying  a  was  held  under  the  middle  of  the  neck  it  was 

bath  of  heated  oil  to  the  lower  closed  ends  of  drawn  out  by  another  pair  of  tongs  until  it 

the  test-tnbes,  which  protrude  below  the  hot-  closed  and  broke  off. 

torn  of  the  case.  Tyndall  tested  in  1875  and  In  the  summer  of  1877  Tyndall  carried  sixty 
1S76  a  great  variety  of  putrescible  liquids,  such  flasks,  thus  partly  filled  with  strong  infh- 
inclading  liquid  excretions  and  infusions  of  sions  of  beef,  mutton,  turnip,  and  cucumber,  and 
all  parts  of  domestic  animals,  game,  flsh,  and  thus  hermetically  sealed,  to  the  Alps.  On  open- 
vegetables,  in  more  than  flfty  such  quiet  cham-  ing  the  box  at  the  Bel  Alp,  six  of  the  flasks 
ben,  each  containing  some  half  a  dozen  test-  were  seen  to  be  full  of  infusoria,  as  the  liquid 
tobes.  In  every  instance  the  liquid  in  the  had  turned  muddy  in  color,  and  on  examination 
ebamber  remained  clear  and  sweet,  in  some  it  was  found  that  the  tender  tips  of  the  necks 
^ases  for  more  than  a  twelvemonth,  while  the  had  been  broken  off  In  the  transport  fh>m  Lon- 
ivne  infnsion  tested  at  the  same  time  in  the  don.  Four  more  of  the  glass  bulbs  were  acci- 
oQtside  aur  rapidly  putrefied.  After  the  liquids  dentally  broken.  The  remaining  flfty  flasks 
M  remained  pure  and  limpid  in  the  stilled  were  exposed  to  the  warm  rays  of  the  summer 
chambers  for  three  months,  he  opened  some  of  sun  in  the  daytime,  and  hung  in  a  warm 
them,  and  found  that  it  required  but  three  kitchen  at  night.  At  the  end  of  a  month  they 
^ji  (or  them  to  swarm  with  living  creatures,  were  found  as  dear  as  in  the  beginning.  They 
J.^dall  tested  about  500  organic  liquids  and  were  then  subjected  to  the  crucial  experiment. 
mfiisions  in  such  moteless  chambers,  with-  The  opponents  of  the  germ  theory  might  justly 
oQt  obtaining  life  in  a  single  instance.    His  ex-  urge  that  the  fact  that  organic  matter  can  be 


390  GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  GENERATION. 

kept  sweet  in  air-tight  vessels  for  anj  length  first  healing  the  pliers  with  which  he  opened 
of  time  does  not  disprove  the  spontaneous  gen-  the  flasks  in  order  to  destroy  any  organic  germs 
eration  of  bacteric^  since  the  presence  of  air  which  might  cling  to  them,  he  snipped  off  the 
may  be  the  condition  of  the  operation  of  the  necks  of  the  twenty-seven  flasks,  and  held  them 
generative  elements.    Dr.  Bastian  does  not  be-  in  this  mountain  air,  which  had  been  some 
lieve  oxygen  to  be  necessary  for  the  develop-  time  free  from  contact  with  vegetable  or  asim&l 
ment  of  bacteria.    In  answer  to  the  objection  matter.    After  thus  charging  the  two  set«  of 
by  Professor  Huxley  that  the  reliability  of  his  flasks  with  different  kinds  of  air,  he  suspended 
experiments  which  gave  bacteria  in  hermeti-  them  with  their  necks  open  over  a  stove  in  s 
cdlly  closed  flasks  is  disproved  daily  by  the  mil-  temperature  ranging  from  50**  to  90°  F.   In 
lions  of  air-tight  cans  in  which  meats  and  fruits  three  days  twenty  •  one  out  of  the  twenty- 
are  kept  perfectly  sweet,  he  explained  the  pres-  three  flasks  opened  in  the  hay-loft  showed  the 
ervation  of  canned  meats  and  vegetable  sub-  presence  of  bacteria,  the  other  two  remaimng 
stances  on  another  theory.    He  assumed  that  clear.    Every  one  of  the  other  group,  which 
fermentation  does  begin  in  such  cans,  but  that  had  been  opened  in  the  pure  air  blowing  acro«8 
it  is  accompanied  by  the  formation  of  gases,  the  mountain  tops  and  glaciers,  remained  as 
whose  pressure  arrests  the  fi^rther  development  pellucid  as  ever  at  the  end  of  three  weeks,  the 
of  the  incipient  life.    He  asserted  that  the  with-  flasks  being  so  shaped  that  no  germ  from  the 
drawal  of  the  air  in  closed  vessels  would  favor  kitchen  air  could  enter  the  narrow  necks  Iq 
the  fermentation  of  their  organic  contents,  the  position  in  which  they  were  placed. 
The  idea  of  the  pressure  of  gases  checking  and       It  is  a  matter  of  high  importance  to  the  ex- 
stifling  infusorial  life  in  the  cans  is  shown  to  perimentalist  to  know  the  temperature,  if  it  is 
be  erroneous  by  experiments  of  piercing  them  below  212°  F.,  which  is  necessary  to  destroy 
under  water.    This  had  been  often  done  by  bacterial  life,  or  the  death-point  of  the  bacteria 
Tyndall  with  tins,  some  of  which  had  been  and  their  germs.    Or,  since  the  only  practicable 
kept  in  the  Royal  Institution  for  sixty-three  method  of  sterilizing  infusions  is  by  boiling, 
years ;  in  every  case  he  noticed  a  sucking  in  the  length  of  time  required  in  killing  the  inf o- 
of  the  water  into  the  hole  instead  of  an  escape  soria  and  their  germs  at  that  temperature  re- 
of  gases.    He  also  subjected  glasses  containing  quires  to  be  known.    The  developed  soft  bac- 
infdsions  of  beef,  mutton,  hay,  and  turnip  to  teria  in  fermenting  liquids  are  unable  to  surriTe 
strong  air-pressure,  placing  them  in  iron  hot-  exposure  to  a  temperature  of  from  140*^  to  150' 
ties  to  protect  them  and  bringing  upon  them  a  for  a  long  time ;  the  active  bacteria  bo)h  of 
pressure  of  ten  to  twenty -seven  atmospheres ;  fermentation  and  putrefaction  can  be  killed  br 
when  he  took  them  out  at  the  end  of  ten  days,  two  or  three  minutes'  boiling.    But  the  dur- 
tbey  were  swarming  with  infusoria.    In  his  mant  bacterial  germs  which  float  in  the  air, 
present  experiment  Tyndall  expected  to  show  Professor  Tyndall's  experiments  go  to  show, 
that  the  air  was  the  vehicle  of  the  germs  of  are  much  more  obdurate.    He  found  four  hears 
fermentation,  and  not  simply  the  condition  of  the  usual  limit  of  their  endurance  of  the  boiling 
generation,  by  dividing  Uie  flasks  into  two  temperature,  although  their  tenacity  of  life 
groups,  and  opening  those  of  one  group  in  an  was  very  variable.    In  a  single  case  the  germs 
atmosphere  which  he  had  reason  to  suppose  were  not  destroyed  by  eight  hours*  boiling. 
was  laden  with  bacterial  germs,  and  those  of  After  infecting  the  air  of  the  laboratory  with 
the  other  in  the  pure  air  of  the  glaciers,  which  dried  hay,  and  charging  ten  sets  of  flasks  with 
he  supposed  was  almost  free  from  infusorial  turnip  infudons,  he  boUed  them  for  periods 
life.    The  one  set  of  flasks,  twenty-three  in  varying  by  intervals  of  fifteen  minutes,  and 
number,  he  opened  in  a  hay-loft.    The  active  ranging  from  fifteen  minutes  to  three  hours, 
agency  of  hay  in  disseminating  the  germs  of  except  the  tenth,  which  was  boiled  four  hoars, 
putrefaction  is  shown  from  the  fact  that,  of  a  All  but  the  last  yielded  life.  Proceeding  in  the 
number  of  flasks  opened  in  the  Royal  Institu-  same  way  with  a  cucumber  infusion,  be  obtained 
tion  in  1876,  only  42  per  cent,  were  infected,  the  same  result.    Beef  and  mutton  infiisionB 
while  of  a  number  opened  in  1877,  where  a  infected  in  the  same  way  putrefied  after  being 
quantity  of  hay  was  carried  into  the  room,  68  exposed  to  five  hours*  boiling.    These  germs 
per  cent,  putrefied.    He  expected  that  the  in-  were  those  of  the  hay  bacterium  {Baeillut  tvh- 
flow  of  this  germ-charged  air,  which  rushed  in  tilis).    Tyndall  ascribes  this  long  resistance  to 
when  the  sealed  ends  were  snipped  o%  would  heat  to  the  desiccation  and  hardening  of  the 
be  enough  to  ferment  the  infusions.     The  substance  of  these  bacterial  Bee<ls. 
twenty-seven  others  he  opened  with  many  pre-        Dr.  Bastian,  a  physician  and  biologist,  baa 
cautions,  on  a  ledge  overhanging  the  Aletsch  obtained  results  in  his  experiments^  extending 
glacier  not  far  off,  about  200  feet  above  the  through  a  long  series  of  years,  whicli  are  dia- 
hay-loft,  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice  about  1,000  metrically  opposed  to  those  of  Pasteur  and 
feet  high  facing  northeast  toward  the  snow-  Tyndall.   In  a  book  called  *' The  Beginnmgs  of 
fields  and  snow-caps  of  the  Bernese  Oberland.  Life,'*  published  in  1872,  he  brought  forward 
The  wind  was  from  the  northeast.    Standing  arguments,  based  on  his  own  observations  and 
cautiously  to  the  leeward,  so  that  no  germing  those  of  many  other  experimenters  both  of  the 
particle  should  be  blown  from  his  clothes  or  present  and  of  the  past,  to  show  that  the  lowest 
body  into  the  mouth  of  the  opened  flask,  and  forms  of  infusorial  life  are  spcNitaneoosly  gen- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


391 


ereted,  not  only  in  dead  organic  matter,  bat  by 
the  combination  of  purely  mineral  elements. 
Ue  obtained  bacteria  in  a  great  namber  of  ster- 
ilized infusions  hermetically  sealed  while  boil- 
ing in  Spallanzani's  flasks.  He  Also  found  that 
certain  saline  solutions,  such  as  ammonic  tar- 
trate with  some  sodic  phosphate,  will  develop 
bacteria  when  exposed  to  the  air  or  confined  in 
a  Tacanm.  Tyndall  also  affirms  that  a  mineral 
solation  containing  the  chemical  constituents  of 
the  substance  of  bacteria  would  become  filled 
with  organisms  as  rapidly  as  an  organic  infusion 
when  infected  with  a  drop  of  putrid  liquid ; 
bat  he  did  not  find  that  it  could  be  infected  by 
the  atmospheric  germs.  If  the  results  obtained 
by  Bastian  and  others  could  be  accepted  un- 
reservedly, then  the  doctrine  of  the  origin  of 
life  is  now  by  molecular  combinations  must  be 
considered  established.  But  while  one  instance 
of  no  life  developing  itself  on  sterilizing  and 
isolating  an  organic  substance  from  the  atmos- 
phere, though  all  the  other  conditions  of  life  are 
famished~a  result  which  has  been  obtained 
many  thousand  times  by  Pasteur,  TyndaU, 
and  many  o^ers — ^is  a  positive  and  complete 
evidence  of  the  germ  theory,  any  number  of 
instances  of  a  contrary  result  must  be  received 
with  doubt  and  scrutiny,  since  there  always 
remains  the  possibility  that  the  insidious  germs 
have  not  been  all  slain  or  excluded. 

GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  a  king- 
dom of  western  Europe.  The  Queen,  Victoria, 
was  bom  May  24.  1619.  She  is  a  daughter  of 
Prince  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  the  fourth  son 
of  George  III.;  succeeded  her  uncle,  William 
IV.,  as  Queen  of  Oreat  Britain  in  1887;  and 
married  in  1840  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Goburg- 
Gotha. 

Children  of  the  Queen. — 1.  Princess  Victo- 
ria, bom  November  21,  1840 ;  married  to  the 
Grown  Prince  of  Ghsrmany.  2.  Prince  Albert 
Edward,  heir  apparent,  born  November  9, 1841 ; 
married  in  1868  to  Princess  Alexandra,  daugh- 
ter of  King  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark.  Issue, 
two  aona  and  three  daughters ;  eldest  son,  Al- 
bert Victor,  born  January  8, 1864.  8.  Princess 
Alic«,  bom  April  25, 1848;  married  in  1862  to 
Louis  ly..  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse ;  died  Decem- 
ber U,  1878.  (See  Auok  Maud  Mabt.)  4. 
^ce  Alfred,  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  bom  Au- 
e^t  6,  1844;  married  in  1874  to  the  Grand 
i)oehes8  Karia  of  Russia.  He  is  heir  apparent 
to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Ooburg-Gotha.  6.  Prin- 
cess Helena,  born  May  25,  1846;  married  in 
1^6  to  Prince  Christian  of '  Schleswig-Hol- 
^iA'Sonderbnrg-August^burg.  6.  Princess 
I^«ise,  bora  March  18,  1848 ;  married  in  1871 
to  the  Marquis  of  Lome.  7.  Prince  Arthur, 
^  May  1,  1850.  8.  Prince  Leopold,  bom 
April  7, 1858.  9.  Princess  Beatrice,  bom  April 
U,  1857. 

The  Cabinet  was  composed  as  follows  in  1878: 
Firtt  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  Right  Hon.  Benja- 
uin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield.  Lord  High 
Chancellor,  Lord  Oairas.  Lord  President  of 
the  Conndl,  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon. 


Lord  Privy  Seal,  the  first  Lord  of  the  Treasury, 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  Sir  S.  H.  North- 
cote,  Bart.,  M.  P.  Secretaries  of  State:  1. 
Home  Department,  Right  Hon.  R.  A.  Gross; 
2.  Foreign  Affairs,  Marquis  of  Salisbury;  3. 
Colonies,  Sir  Michael  E.  Hicks-Beach ;  4.  War, 
Colonel  Frederick  Stanley,  M.  P.;  5.  India, 
Viscount  Oranbrook.  First  Lord  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, Right  Hon.  W.  H.  Smith,  M.  P.  Post- 
master-General,  Right  Hon.  Lord  John  J.  R. 
Manners,  M.  P.  President  of  the  Ministry  of 
Commerce,  Lord  Sandon. 

Parliament  is  composed  of  two  Houses,  the 
House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  number  of  peers  in  1878  was  488.  Of 
these,  5  were  peers  of  the  royal  blood,  2  arch- 
bishops, 21  dukes,  18  marquesses,  110  earls,  24 
bishops,  24  viscounts.  240  barons,  16  Scotch 
and  28  Irish  earls.  The  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Lords  was  Lord  Cairns,  the  Lord  High  Chan* 
cellor,  and  the  chairman  of  committees  Lord 
Redesdale.  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons was  Henry  Bonverie  William  Brand,  and 
the  chairman  of  committees  Henry  Cecil  Raikes. 
The  members  of  the  House  of  Commons  are 
elected  by  the  people. 

The  area  and  population  of  the  British  Em- 
pire in  1878  were  as  follows : 


COUMTRreS. 

ATM  In  ■quart 
ntOm. 

FtopolatkB. 

United  Kfogdom 

121,608 

983,678 

7,208,822 

84,160,000 

IndU  and  C«7lon 

19&72eLl80 

Colonies  and  poBsessions. . . 

11,&87,860 

Total  British  Empire.. 
Tributary  states  in  India. . . 

8,268,608 
65S,724 

240,472,540 
48,286,200 

Total  empire  and  trib- 
utary states 

8,822,827 

297,708,740 

The  movement  of  population  for  1871  to  1877 
was  as  follows: 


YXAR. 


BTGLASTD  AND  "WALBB. 

1871 

1872 

1878 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 


SOOTLAHD. 


i8n. 

1872. 

1878. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


nXLAND. 


1871. 
1872. 
1878. 
1674. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


190,112 
202,267 
20^616 
202.010 
200,980 
201,885 
194.848 


28.966 
25,580 
26,780 
26.247 
25,921 
26,568 
25,790 


28,960 
27.114 
26,270 
24.481 
24,260 
86,608 
25,078 


nrthi. 

DwdM. 

797,428 

61i879 

825,907 

492,265 

829,778 

492,520 

854,956 

626,682 

850,187 

546,817 

887,464 

510308 

887,055 

500.848 

116,127 

T4,644 

118,878 

75,741 

119,788 

76,867 

128,795 

80,676 

128,698 

81,785 

126,749 

74.122 

126,824 

78,946 

151,665 

88,720 

149,292 

97,577 

144,8n 

97,587 

141,288 

91.961 

188,882 

98,248 

140,488 

92,499 

189,498 

98,509 

Mrdu. 


282,649 
888,642 
887,258 
828,824 
808,870 
877.156 
886,707 


41,488 
48.182 
42,878 
48,119 
41,906 
52,627 
62,878 


62.945 
51,715 

46,840 
49,827 
40.189 
47,989 
45,989 


The  following  table  gives  a  complete  list  of 
the  colonies  and  possessions : 


393 


GREAT  BRITAIN  Aim  IRELAND. 


OOUNTRIBS. 


L  EuBori: 

HellgolMnd 

Gibraltar 

MalU 

Total  Europe 

IL  Aarx: 

pjrpruB 

Britlah  IndU 

Ceylon 

Btralts  Settlements 

Hong-Kong 

Labuan 

Nloobar  Islands 

Andaman  Islands 

Laocadlve  Islands 

Curia- Maria  Islands 

Aden 

Perim 

Moiha. 

Kamsran 

Keeling  Islands 

Total  Asia 

m.  Avbioa: 

Gape  Colony,  tnclnsiTe  of 

Britisb  Csffrana. 

Basuto  Land 

West  Griona  Ijmd 

Transkel  Territory 

NaUl.... 

Trsnsvsai 

Katlres  In  TrtnsTsal. . . . 

Namaqua  Land 

Damara  I^nd 

Gambia 

Bierra  Leone 

Gold  Coast 

Ligos 

8t  Helena 

Ascension 

Tristan  da  Conba 

Ifanritlas. 

'    Dependeneiea  of  Manri- 

tius. 

Kew  Amsterdam 

BtPaol 

Total  AlHca 


Sq. 


0-Sl 

1-98 
149-78 


lri>|MUliOBa 


T«r. 


1,918 

25,148 

147v806 


144-871    174,862 


1,806 
908,971 
24,702 
1,418 
82 
80 
725 
2,551 
744 
21 
T- 
4' 
0- 
64 
8- 

948,014 


71 

551 

4 


185,000 

191,16a,400 

2,666,777 

808,097 

189,144 

4,898 

^000 

18,500 

6,809 

•  •  ■  •  • 

22,707 


400 


194^,228 


199.960 

8,450 

16,682 

12,402 

18,760 

114«d40 

99,927 

99,965 

69 

468 

16,626 

78 

47 

84 

45 

789 

286*8 
25-5 

2-8 


668,888 


720,984 
127,701 

45,277 
254,600 
826,950 

40,000 
275,000 

1^850 
121,160 

14,190 

88,986 
680,070 

60,221 

6,241 

27 

85 

845,965 

18,891 


2,927,587 


1871 
1878 
1876 


1872 
1876 
1871 
1876 
1871 
1857 
1874 

(?) 

•  •  •  • 

1872 


1858 


COUNTRIXS. 


•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  ■ 


■  ■  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  ■  • 

•  •  •  « 


>  •  ■ 

I  t  • 


IT.  AUVrCALASIAl 

Saeenaiaad. 
ew  8oath  Wales 

Norfolk  Island. 

Victoria 

Soath  AostraUa. 

Koitbcm  Territory 

Western  Australia 

Nati?es  in  Aostoalla.. . .. 

Tasmania. 

New  Zealand 

Maoris  in  New  Zealand.. 

Chatham  Islands 

Aaekland  Islands 

Lord  Howe^s  lalsnd 

Feeiee  Islands 

Naa?es  of  the  Feejee  Isl- 
ands.  

Fuming  Island 

Btarbnck  laland 

Caroline  Island 

Maiden  Island 


668,280 
8U&,5oO 

16-8 

88,451 

880,602 

6*^8,581 

97^8^ 

•  •••••  • 

26,215 
104,272 


6?8 
196-7 
8-2 
8»088*8 


21 
8-2 


Total  AnstnOsala 8,046,671 


y.  Amsbioa: 

Domiaioo  of  Canada.. . . . 

Newfoondland.... 

Bermndas 

British  HoDdaras 

Bahama  Islands. 

Tnrk's  Islands 

Caloos  Islands 

Jamaica. 

Caymans  Islands 

Leeward  Islands 

Windward  Islands 

Trinidad 

BritiahOaiana 

Indians  and  garrison  tn 

Goiana 

Falkland  Islands 

States  Island 


'IV>tal 


8,872,280 
40,200 
40-8 
7,562 
5,890 
9-7 
218 
4,198 
825 
650-6 
880 
1,754 
86,425 


6,500 


•  ofiSBfli^too 


Total  British  cobnles 
and  possessions |8,141,995 


167.100 

799,189 

4S1 

840,800 

748 

27.881 

661,000 

105.484 

414,171 

45,470 

172 

""40 
1^ 

118,000 
160 


167S 
1M« 

\s:i 

1876 
18T6 

1871 
1S7I 

i&ii 

Ib'l 

mi 

1674 

!?:« 

1(08 


79    ie7« 


2JK>IJM 


8,686^896 

161,874 

18,418 

24,710 

80.168 


16T< 
1>74 
1ST< 
ISTl 
I  Ibtl 


2,646  I  1S71 

i,8rr8  !  ifeTi 


506,154 
2,400 
118,018 
290,106 
100,688 
818,909 

S1.600 
1,114 


isn 

1&T1 


1B71 

IbiT 


IbTI 


fi,m,9i9 


905«812,500 


The  following  table  gives  the  area  and  pop-  the  Registrar-General  (who  does  not  indade 
nlation  of  the  United  Kingdom  according  to  the  islands  in  the  British  waters,  nor  the  soldiers 
the  census  of  1871,  as  well  as  the  estimates  of    and  sailors  abroad),  for  1876, 1877,  and  1878: 


oonimuis. 


Bttghnd  and  Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Islands  in  the  British  waters 
BokUers  and  saikNTS  abroad. .. , 

TtotaL 


87,810,221 

19.496,182 

20,819.908 

198,647 


77,828,908 


Fop^  la  ISTl. 


22.712,266 

8,860,018 

6,412,877 

144,688 

216,080 


81,845,879 


Pop.  Ib  187S. 


24^244,010 

8,527,811 

5,817,416 

14^000 

21^000 


88,460,287 


itap.  ib  ivn. 


24,647JM» 

8,560,715 

6,886,895 

146,000 

216,000 


8a,80^410 


PiBp.lalS<l 


24w864,8»7 

8,d98,»» 

&,860,»S0 

146,000 

216,000 

84,16II^27< 


In  the  following  table  is  given  the  popu- 
lation of  the  principal  cities  in  July,  1877, 
according  to  the  estimates  of  the  Registrar- 
Greneral : 


The  number  of  emigrants  from  the  United 
Kingdom  in  1877  was  as  follows : 


CITIES. 

1.  London 

2.  Glangow 

8.  Liverpool 

^   j  Manchester. . 

*•  ISalford 

6.  Birmingham... 

6.  Dublin 

7.  Leeds 

8.  Sheffield 

9.  Edinburgh 

10.  Bristol 

11.  Bradford^  . . . . 


bbablUuili. 

8,688,4^4 
66.\988 
627,088 
869.218 
162,978 
877,436 
814,6«6 
29^189 
282,180 
218,729 
20:2,960 


12. 

18. 

14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 


179,816  ;  22. 


CITIES. 

Newcastle  -  on  - 

Tyne 

Hull. 

Portsmouth.... 

Leicester. 

Sunderland .... 

Oldham 

Brighton 

Nottingham 

Norwich 

Wolyerhampton 
Plymoath 


142,281 

140.002 

127,1U 

117,461 

110.882 

106,569 

102,264 

95,025 

84,028 

77.8S9 

72,911 


NATIONALI- 
TIES. 

i2* 

English 

Scotch 

Irish 

28,074 

8,416 

18.991 

16,860 

1,686 

Foreign. ...... 

Notspedfled.. 

64,027 

6,009 

19.485 

794 

8,260 

917 

7,403 

1,612 

924 

67 

0  ' 

10,148 

1,198 

580 

1,988 

1.786 


6S,ni 

6,CS 

22.881 

21.290 

8,487 


9,289  I   81,071  I   16,564  j  llOJTl 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


393 


The  namber  of  emigrants  from  the  United  Kingdom  daring  the  years  1858-1877  was  as 
foDowfl : 


WATIOir  AUTOS. 


Eiiffiih. 

Beotek 

Irish. 

Mvmgatn. . . . 
Sotipedflfld.. 

isM-isn. 

lSl»-18n. 


To  United  SutM. 


956,972 
171,999 
1,588,568 
5&7,562 
166,485 


8,466,521 
5,531402 


To  Britkh  nloalM. 


187,187 
72,M)6 

122,546 
66,668 
62,789 


621,5S6 
l,55ii,299 


To  Aoftnlhi 
Now  ZoAland. 


496,848 

128,711 

214,851 

8U,508 

80,891 


886,868 
1,196,0M 


To  olbor  ooontriat. 


101,258 
15,211 
18.128 
26,086 
61,726 


207,852 
25d,bl8 


TotiO. 


1,741,700 
888,417 

1,988,587 
720,817 
801,791 


6,081,821 
8,M4,918 


The  receipts  and  ezpenditores  from  1872  to 
1878  were  as  follows: 


IST^'TS 
16W-74 
1S>T4-T5 

i«:*.*T« 

19T*-T7 

HT7-'«, 


£76,608,770 
77,336,657 
74,921,878 
n,181,698 
78,665,086 
79,768,998 


£70,714,448 
76,466^610 
74,828,040 
76,681,778 

78,18^227 
89,408,496 


Sarplw  (9.)  or 


(8.)<" 
(D.). 


\j  serve  ahroad,  two  battalions  of  militia,  and 
the  volunteers  of  the  district.  In  1878  the  army 
was  composed  as  follows : 


TBOUFS. 


8.  £6,894,888 
8.  609,427 
B.  003,888 
8.009,920 
S  489,809 
D.  2,640,187 


The  revenne  and  expenditure  for  the  year 
ending  March  81,  1877,  were  as  follows : 


Qiooi  vooHpte. 

Dolhondtotho 

1.  Cttttoms 

£20.196,684 

88,880,579 

11,250,988 

8,728J»88 

^918,860 

6,049,080 

1,617,778 

490,880 

949,688 

4,020,450 

£19,969,000 

87,464,000 

10,956,000 

8,070,000 

6,820,000 

6,160,000 

1  EiriM 

1.  Stsmps  .     . 

1  l«Bd-taz  and  hooM-datj 
9.  Ptopertj and  Inoomo  Uz. 
4L  P'Mt'Ofltoa ....•••■•••.•• 

T.  Telafnpb  aeirloe. 

&  Ctoini  lands 

9.  latereatofaomsadTanoed 
tat  loeal  worka  and  the 
ponikaae  of  Saex  Canal 

ibana 

14,  MhmnaiMoaa. . . . .  w. . . 

1,810,000 
410,000 

949,888 
4,064,416 

Total 

£81,598,486 

£79,764,898 

I.  BXOITLAB  AXXT. 

1.  OaTBlnr 

8.  ArtUleiy 

8.  Englneera. 

4.  Inooitry 

6.  Colonial  oorpa 

6.  Adminiatnnve  oorpa 

7.  BOMITO 

TotaL. 

XL 

1.  YoomaniyandmlUtSa 
8.  Tolnnteeis 

Total 

IXL  IMFKBXAL  ABUT  OF 
VATITIB  DT  nrOIA. 

1.  Oaidea  dn  oorpa. .... 

8.  CaTBlnr ... 

8.  ArtUlwy 

4.  £nglnoers 

6.  Inlkntry 

6.  Staflli 

Total 

Grand  total. 


Oflkm. 

SdOn. 

TVrtaL 

846 
1,429 

826 
6,000 

122 
1,614 
1,600 

16,408 

88,988 

4,909 

124,882 

2,868 

6,667 

78,000 

17,248 

85,418 

^784 

189,948 

8,486 

7.881 

74,600 

11^896 

861,806 

872,608 

4.979 
7,700 

117,118 
17M10 

181398 
162,810 

11,979 

898,828 

804,808 

9 

810 

20 

40 

1,100 

1,828 

170 

18,600 

800 

8,800 

101,200 

178 

18,810 

820 

8,240 

102,800 

1,888 

8,800t 

128,870t 

187,170 

26,676 

677,899 

706,974 

84,607 

14,068 

488 

1,868 

18 

8,046 


81,687 


15^800 
1,820 

17,680 


70 

80,100 

600 

800 

8,200 

1,000 

24,190 

78,407 


nptNDiTUBn. 

1.  Pablledebt £28,412,751 

1  OoBiolldated  ftind 1,641,586 

8.  CMl  aorrtoe 18,982.558 

4.  Armj  and  nary 80,600,756 

6.  Cbargw  eo  ttao  raveniu 7,775,851 

Total  ordinary  rwelpto £88,406,496 

The  pnhlic  debt  of  Great  Britain  was  as  fol- 
lows at  each  of  the  periods  mentioned : 


In  1878  the  army  was  distributed  as  follows: 


Qnal 

Britoln. 

Ooknte. 

iBdk. 

ToteL 

I.  Befrnlar  anny 

XL  Territorial  army. . . 

17^641 
804,808 

81^11 

68,650 
187,170 

278,608 
804,808 
187,170 

Total 

488.848 

81,8111  160.890 

708,974 

1574... 
IfflS... 

is7e... 
i*n  .. 


rnteddobC 


£728,614,006  £61,889,640 


714.797,715 
718,057^17 
712,62 101 VV 
710,848,008 


6as811,67] 
61,911,827 
48,806,558 
46^380^699 


Nolfc«do4 
4oU. 


ToteL 


£4,479,600 

6,280,800 

10,701,800 

18,948.800 

20,608,000 


£779,288,246 
n.%848,686 
776,270,M4 
77^878,^8 
777,981,807 


Tlie  Britiah  army  is  filled  up  exclusively  by 
recruiting.  The  term  of  service  is  twelve  years. 
After  which  a  soldier  can  serve  for  nine  years 
more.  At  the  end  of  three  years  he  can  also 
eater  the  reserve,  one  year  in  the  regular  army 
being  counted  as  three  in  the  reserve.  By  the 
reoixanixation  of  1872,  the  United  Kingdom  is 
divided  into  68  military  districts.  In  each  dis- 
trict there  is  one  brigade  depot  of  182  men,  two 
bsttalioDsof  the  regular  army,  which  alternate- 


Besides  the  above,  there  are  the  following 
organizations :  In  Ireland  there  is  a  police  force 
under  military  discipline,  consisting  of  18,000 
men  and  4,000  horses;  the  Channel  Islands  have 
a  militia  of  800  oflScers  and  7,000  men,  subsi- 
dized by  the  British  Government ;  India  has  a 
police  force,  under  military  discipline,  of  190,- 
000  men,  the  officers  of  which  are  Europeans; 
the  colonies  all  have  a  militia  and  a  volunteer 
corps  of  their  own. 

The  military  educational  institutions  com- 
prise the  Oounoil  of  Military  Education,  tha 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich,  the 
Royal  Military  and  Staff  College  at  Sandhurst, 

*  HorMa,  otopbaata,  and  tteara.  f  EagUah  oOoart. 

1  Native  offioara  and  toldlera. 

I  There  were  6,000  natire  Indian  soldiers  atationed  ta 
Cyproa,  but  tbey  ware  soon  to  be  aent  baok  to  India. 


394 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


the  Royal  MUitary  Asylam  and  Normal' School 
at  Ohelsea,  the  Royal  Hibernian  Military  School 
at  Dublin,  the  Department  for  Instroction  of 
Artillery  Officers,  the  Military  Medical  School, 
and  a  varying  number  of  garrison  schools  and 
libraries.  The  army  estimates  for  1878-1879 
provide  for  military  education,  £162,480.  The 
two  principal  educational  establishments  for 
officers  are  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Woolwich,  and  the  Royal  Military  and  Staff 
CoUege  at  Sandhurst.  In  the  army  estimates 
of  1878-1879  the  cost  of  the  Woolwich  Academy 
was  set  down  at  £39,281,  and  of  the  Sandhurst 


Colleges  at  £44.827.  At  Sandhurst  40'' QueeL^s 
Cadets  ^'  are  educated  for  the  Indian  armj,  for 
which  £8,000  per  annum  is  paid  out  of  the 
revenues  of  India. 

The  navy  consists  of  64  ironclads,  about  S60 
steamers,  and  125  sailing  vessels.  Of  this  nam- 
her  261  were  in  commission  on  September  1, 
1878,  115  being  at  home,  and  146  abroad.  The 
navy  is  manned  by  46,590  seamen,  14,000  ma- 
rines, and  21,420  men  belonging  to  the  Royal 
Navy  reserve. 

The  value  of  imports  and  exports  in  the 
years  1876  and  1877  was  as  follows : 


COUin'RIKS. 


ZMFOSTB. 


i8r«. 


I.  FoBsxas  CorxTsm. 


Baasia 

Sweden  and  Norway. . . 
Denmark  and  Iceland.. 

German/ 

Ketherluida 

Belgium 

France 


Bpain. 
Portal 


*ortagal,  with  the  Azorea. 

Ital/ 

AuatTO-Hongary 

Greece,  with  the  Ionian  Islanda.. 
European  and  Asiatie  Ttukej. . . 
Bonmania. , 

B«70 


£iirape  and  Mediterranean  ooontries £16d^SA&,Q00 


£17,574,000 

10,651,000 

4,218,000 

21,115,000 

16,602,000 

18,848,000 

45,805.000 

8,768,000 

8,805,000 

4,152,000 

856,000 

1,799,000 

7,444,000 

1,288,000 

11,468,000 


United  SUtes  of  Korth  America £75,899,000 


Mexico. 

Central  America .*. 

Cuba  and  Porto  Bloo. 

Other  Weet  Indian  iBlands 

Yenezoela. 

Colombia 

Ecoador 

Bradl 

Arsentlne  Bepabllo  and  Uragoaj 


America, 


China,  withoat  Hong-Eonp. 

Japan 

Dutch  East  Indies 

Philippine  Islands 

Algeria. 

Morocco 

Canary  lalanda 

West  Coast  of  Africa 

Other  countries 


Asia  and  Africa. , 


Total  foreign  countries. 


II.  BXTntB  PoSSKStOHS. 


Channel  Islands. 

Gibraltar. 

Malta 


Colonies  in  North  America 

West  Indies,  Honduras,  and  Guinea. 

Australia  and  Kew  Zealand 

East  Indies 

Ringapore 

Ceylon 

Hong-Kong 

Mauritius 

Colonies  in  Sooth  Africa 

BrtUsh  West  Africa^  and  islands 

Other  possessions 


662,000 

98^000 

2,948,000 

456,000 

M,000 

682,000 

245,000 

5,178,000 

2,606.000 

8,585,000 

^681,000 


£98,718,000 


£14,989,000 

657,000 

1,441,000 

1,448,04)0 

496,000 

62T,000 

277,000 

1,606,000 

1,618,000 


£28,189,000 


£290,822,000 


£676.000 

50,000 

214,000 

11.024,000 

7,122,000 

21,969,000 

80,02^000 

2,642,000 

8,184,000 

1,857,000 

987,000 

4,192,000 

O-^^OOO 

817,000 


Total  British  possessions. 


Total  imports  and  exports. 


£34,888,000 


£87^155,000 


larr. 


£22,142,000 

10.45^000 

8.950,000 

26.270,000 

19,861,000 

12,889,000 

45,828,000 

10,842.000 

4,088,000 

4401,000 

1,541,000 

2,454.000 

6,852,000 

247,000 

1M02,000 


£182,618.000 


£n,826,000 

799,000 

1,880,000 

1,505,000 

262,000 

64,000 

472,000 

186,000 

6345,000 

2,484,000 

8,280,000 

4,607,000 


£99,250,000 


£18,421,000 

784,000 

1,956,000 

1,756,000 

562,000 

812,000 

297,000 

1,626,000 

1,884,000 


£22,998,000 


£804,866,000 


187C 


£6,188,000 
4,2^^000 
2.199,000 

20,062,000 

11,777,000 
^875,O0O 

16,086,000 

8,992.000 

2,408,000 

6,689,000 

78^000 

867.000 

6^928.000 

708,000 

2,680,000 


£90,429,000 


£16,884,000 

502,000 

716,000 

2,015,000 

682,000 

679,000 

788,000 

22^000 

6.920.000 

2.550,000 

1,946.000 

991,000 


£38,798,000 


£4,611,000 
2.088.000 
1,676,000 
729,000 
210.000 
896.000 
148,000 
999,000 
758^000 


£11,558,000 


£186,780,000 


£724,000 

7i»,000 

286,000 

12,066,000 

7,129,000 

21,782,000 

81,22^000 

2,722,000 

4,499,000 

1,895,000 

1.801,000 

4,27^000 

76^000 

802,000 


£89,554.000 


£894,420,000 


£586,000 

1,121,000 

894,0'JO 

7,858,000 

8,045.000 

17,682,000 

22,405,000 

1,960.000 

1,074,000 

8,060000 

842.000 

4,869,000 

719,000 

2I^000 


£61,860,000 


£200,689,000 


1877. 


£4,179,000 
4,161.000 
1.82S,0U0 

19,612,009 
9.614.000 
5,804,000 

14.288.(«0 
8,687,009 
2,426,000 
6,219,000 
1,04£.M0 
667.000 
0i,e25,COi) 
197,000 
2,278,000 


£61,266,000 


£16^,000 
996.0U0 
930.000 
2,24i000 
628.000 
680.000 
912,000 
292,000 

6j»ao,ooo 

8,170,000 
1,901.000 


£84.850.000 


£4,406,060 
2,208,000 
2,061,000 

2n,ooo 

898,000 

172.000 

1,178.000 

879,000 


£12,8H^ 


£126,970,000 


£866,000 

869,008 

818.000 

7,614,000 

8,007,000 

19,266,000 

26^000 

2,27«,W; 

1.045,000 

8,606.000 

488,(M« 

<n6^900 

8101000 

167,000 


£68,928.600 


£198.908,000 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


395 


The  value  of  Uie  prinoipal  articles  of  import  and  export  was  as  follows  in  1877 : 


CLASSB  OP  GOODS. 

Import!. 

■zporta. 

CLASSS  OV  GOODS. 

Sxporta. 

Grain 

£69,876,000 

9,976,000 

60,944.000 

8,462,000 

16,052,000 

86,881,000 

£47i000 
2,276,000 
2,169,000 

2,747^666 
1,680,000 

Pottery  and  glaaaware 

£1,906,000 
1,941)8,000 
1,017,000 
1,519,000 
1,781,00Q 

20,568,000 
699,000 

£2,621,000 

10,782,000 

7,916,000 

8,100.000 

17,882,000 

91.920,000 

1,550,000 

880.000 

Halt  mtiA  other  llanom 

Metal  maniiflMstares 

r4>k>nlA]  nmdiirff 

Machines  and  reaaels 

TohiiflM)  and  eimn               

lioather.  etc* ..,.,... 

St*di  lod  fruits 

Yam 

Cordage  and  twine,  woven  goods 
%pd  clothing ,...,.. 

^£186,648.000 

£9,49^000 

Paper 7, 

L  Aitlcks  of  Ibod 

Wood  earrings 

TxkA 

£i,96l',666 
10,676,000 
10,812,000 
7^967,000 
21,687,000 

£7,844,000 
680,000 

19,626,000 

1,166,000 

706.000 

Manuscripts,  articles  for  printing. 

8.  MannJhotared  goods 

4.  MisoeUaneons  goods 

898,0C0 

MJMftb  md  onff. . .  t  . « . . .  r . .  * . . 

£29,296,000 
£68,980,000 

£187,068.000 

Saw  iimaaIs                              •  •  • 

Htlr%  hides,  and  leather. 

£22,620,0f0 

wood  and  timber...... 

Total  merdiandise 

££94.420.000  '  £  > » a  koa  nno 

PrecioQS  metals. 

87,158,000 

89,798,000 

ft  ftk^  ma^v^Al 

A«  fWl   MAA   f^JlA 

£29,820,000 

Total 

£120,502,000 

1 

£481,673,000  £288.601.000 

-»-    , — 

The  movement  of  shipping  for  a  series  of  years  has  been  as  follows  fin  tons) : 


TEARS. 


1.  Total  Domber  entered  and  cleared : 

1S60 

1S74. 

1&75. 

1876. 

18T7 

1  LkIcb  ahlpa  eatersd  and  cleaied : 

1860 

1874 

1876, 

1676 

18n 

1  Btismers  entered  and  cleared : 

IMO 

1874. 

1875. , 

1876. , 

1817 


SNTntSO. 


BriUik. 


^880,OOO 
14,884,000 
1^191,000 
16,612,000 
17,281,000 

6,761,000 
12,761,000 
12,868,000 
18,672,000 
14,894,000 

8,146,000 

9,666,000 

108S2,000 

11,206,000 

11,860,000 


Fordgn. 


6,284,000 
7,636,000 
7,502,000 
8,566,000 
8^840,000 

4,294,000 
6,880,000 
6,188,000 
7,86^000 
7,287,000 

404,000 
1,871,000 
1,996,000 
2,165,000 
2,2n,000 


Total. 


12,178,000 
22,869,000 
22,698,000 
2^067,000 
26,621,000 

10,066,000 
19,061,000 
19,040,000 
21,027,000 
22,181,000 

2,649,000 
11,426,000 
12324,000 
18,860.000 
14,187,000 


rLrABED. 


Britklt. 


7,026.000 
16,256.000 
1^754,000 
16,980,000 
17,480^000 

6,869,000 
14,011,000 
14,456,000 
16.202,000 
1^866,000 

2,042,000 

9,858,000 

10,604,000 

11,459,000 

11,921,000 


Foreign. 

ToUL 

6,491,000 
7,804,000 
7,880,000 
8,788,000 
8^426^000 

12.617,000 
28,060,000 
28.584,000 
25,718,000 
25,910,000 

4,426,000 
^742,000 
6.959,000 
6,809,000 
6,887.000 

10,788,000 
19,766,000 
20,414,000 
21,011,000 
21,196.000 

877,000 
2,001,000 
2,184,000 
2,848,000 
2,896,000 

8,419,000 
11,864,000 
12,788,000 
18.808.000 
14,817,000 

The  commeroial  navj  was  as  follows  in  1876  and  1877 : 


CLASSn  OF  SHIPS. 


Kombcr  of  ships  registered : 

United  Klsgdom. .  <  i  gr?*  * 

Konbsr  of  fessels  used  tn  1877  (excltulTe  of  rirer  steamers) : 

Coastlag. 

Coasting  and  tong-?ojage 

LoBf-Tojage 

Total,  1877. 

British  cdoales,  1877 


•AXLDrO  TnaBLB. 


VmmU. 


21,144 
21,169 

10,642 
1,167 
6,292 


17,101 


82,666 


Tom. 


4,268.000 
4,261,000 

608,000 

179,000 

8,261,000 


4,188,000 


6,841,000 


VoMob. 


4,886 
4,664 

1,838 

265 

1,640 


8,218 


6,689 


Toai. 


8,006,000 
2,180,000 

841,000 

109,000 

1,627,000 


1,977,000 


2,292,000 


TOTAU 


8^479 
86,788 

11,066 
1,422 
6,982 


M,819 
88,248 


Tona. 


6,268,000 
6,400,000 

989,000 

288,000 

4,688,000 


6,116,000 
8488,000 


The  following  table  gives  the  postal  statistics  for  the  year  ending  March  81, 1878 : 


ASnCLB. 

I^latidHri 
Walok 

BeotiMd. 

fidad. 

TbuL 

l^tbmt 

884,000.000 
26^0(00,666 
£16,100,000 

100,000,000 

*86,'()(X),666 

£1,600,000 

74,000,000 

'26,000,666 

£1,200,000 

LO6.S.00O.0OO 

PMsJ  cards 

102,000,000 

'cvfpapers  sad  printed  matter 

818,000,000 
£18.900.000 

MflMy  erdeni : 

It  To  rnit#4  Kingdom 

2.  To  foreign  countries  and  colonies 

100,000 

8.  From  forelirn  eomitrles  sad  oolonlea 

800,000 

Aamnt  of  moiiejr  orders : 

L  To  raited  Kingdom 

88,918,000 

8,682,000 

2,081,000 

88,476,000 
896.000 

2.  To  ftireign  eoantrles  and  colonies 

I.  Wfn^  ftiiilg^  eoqntrlef  and  eokniM. .  .  ...... 

676,000 

396 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


The  railroad  statistics  for  1877  were  as  fol- 
lows : 


oouirrRiss. 

fa 
operation. 

OkpltaL 

Onm 

■  ■  II  ill  Am 

Nil 

nenplia 

EQ^Iand 

Bootland 

Ireland 

12,118 
2.T76 
2,*203 

1T,092 
ld,S72 

£657,61fi,000 
M,924,000 
81,220,000 

£91,0«2,000 
«,8I1,000 
2,769,000 

£60,642,000 
50,918,000 

£24,441,000 
8,890,000 
1,804,000 

Total,  18T7. 
-      lsT6. 

£678,70Q.OJu 
6^8,214,000 

£29,185,000 
28,660,000 

The  following  table,  compiled  from  official 
retarns  relating  to  the  condition  of  the  pri- 
mary schools  in  Great  Britain,  gives  a  view  of 
the  progress  of  education  daring  the  nine 
years  from  1869  to  1877 : 


TKARS,  ENDINO 
AUGUST  81. 


NnnlMr  nt 

■diooU 

lupactML 


Nonibflr  o> 
dUUnn  wbo 
Im 


Avwif«nuin- 
bar  of  cblldran 
fa 


SlfOLAKD  Atn>  WALKS  (UTOLITDniO  MLS  or  If  AV  AXD  BOMAH 
OATHOLIO  SCHOOLS  IN  OBIAT  BBITAIV). 


1869. 

1870. 
1871. 

1872. 
1878. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


8.502 

1,888,416 

8,986 

1,950.641 

9,521 

2,092,984 

10,761 

2,897,745 

11,911 

2,68:1,467 

18,084 

8.952,479 

14,067 

8,229,112 

14,875 

8,488,789 

1^18T 

8,658,418 

1,158,672 
l,26^083 
1,845,802 
l,44St.826 
1,670,741 
1,710,806 
1,86  ),U6 
2,007,782 
2,160,688 


BCOTLAKD  (nfOLUBIYa  OV  BOMAK  OATHOLIO  tOEOOLS). 


1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1878. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

isn. 


1,745 

287,928 

1.968 

264,594 

1,914 

864,041 

1,962 

267,418 

2,043 

279.719 

2,697 

891.598 

2,890 

407,008 

2.912 

462,986 

2,981 

686,949 

TOTAL  FOB  OBBAT  BBRAXX. 


1869. 
18T0. 
1371. 
1872. 
1878. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 


'       10,8^ 

8,076,884 

10.949 

2,216.285 

11,465 

2,867,025 

12,718 

2,66M67 

18.954 

2,968,186 

1^671 

8344,071 

16,967 

8,686,114 

17,787 

8,916,775 

18,118 

4,169,867 

179,214 
198,448 
801,893 
806,099 
812,989 
274,588 
812,8S6 
882,645 
860,418 


1,882,786 
1,468,681 
1.647,195 
1,661,425 
1,788.780 
1,986,894 
2,176,622 
2,840,277 
2,511,006 


The  annual  Parliamentary  grant  to  primary 
schools  in  Great  Britain,  which  amonnted  to 
£30,000  in  1840,  rose  to  £180,748  in  1862,  and 
in  1863  was  reduced  to  £121,886.  In  1864  it 
was  £655,086;  1865,  £636,806;  1866,  £649,- 
006;  1867,  £682,201;  1868,  £680,429;  1869, 
£840,711;  1870,  £914,721 ;  1871,  £1,038,624 ; 
1872,  £1,268,350;  1878,  £1,818,078;  1874, 
£1,424,878;  1875,  £1,566,271 ;  1876,  £1,881,- 
728;  1877,  £2,127,730;  1878,  £2,149,000.  In 
the  fiuanclal  year  ending  March,  81,  1878, 
the  actual  expenditure  in  England  and  Wales 
from  the  Parliamentary  grant  for  elementary 
education  amounted  to  £1,648,226;  hesides 
which  the  sum  of  £1,188.270  was  raised  from 
"  school  pence,"  £796,246  from  voluntary  con- 
tributions, and  £447,700  from  rates  made  by 
school  boards.    Thus,  the   total  expenditure 


for  elementary  education  in  the  year  amonnted 
to  £3,915,441.  It  was  officially  stated  in  Par- 
liament at  the  passing  of  the  educational  grant 
for  1878-79,  that  the  cost  of  elementary  edu- 
cation in  the  preceding  year  amonnted  to  £1 
18«.  lid.  per  head  in  voluntary  schools,  and  to 
£2  1«.  4a.  per  head  in  boara  schools.  The 
number  of  schools  inspected  in  1875  was  15,- 
187,  of  which  10,472  were  connected  with  the 
Church  of  England,  1,976  Wesleyan,  British, 
and  other  schools  severed  from  the  Church  of 
England,  669  Roman  Catholic,  and  2,082  under 
the  School  Board. 

The  finances,  commerce,  and  movement  of 
shipping  of  the  British  colonies,  in  1876,  are 
given  in  the  table  on  the  following  pa^e,  ac- 
cording to  the  ^'Statistical  Abstract  for  th« 
Colonial  and  other  Possessions  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  in  1860-1876  "  (London,  1878) . 

The  attention  of  the  British  nation  during 
1878  was  predominantly  directed  to  the  policy 
and  course  of  the  Government  in  reference  to 
the  Rnsso-Tnrkish  and  Afghan  wars ;  i>artic- 
nlarly  to  the  steps  which  the  ministry  took  to 
compel  a  modification  of  the  treaty  of  San 
Stefano,  the  agreement  which  the  Oovernment 
entered  into  with  Russia  previous  to  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Congress  of  Berlin,  the  transfer  of 
Indian  troops  to  Malta  by  Imperial  order,  the 
agreement  entered  into  with  Turkey  under 
which  the  Government  acquired  the  island  of 
Cyprus  and  undertook  a  protectorate  over 
Ajsiatic  Turkey,  and  the  sudden  declaration  of 
war  against  Afghanistan ;  in  all  of  which  im- 
portant proceedings  the  country  was  com- 
mitted to  weighty  responsibilities  and  to  ex- 
penditures which  might  become  enormous 
{>rior  to  any  consultation  with  Parliament.  A 
arge  proportton  of  the  people,  including  nearly 
all  of  the  Liberal  party  and  a  part  of  the  Con- 
servatives, regarded  the  course  of  the  Govern- 
ment as  involving  violations  of  the  Constitution 
and  threatening  an  indefinite  expansion  of  the 
Executive  functions  at  the  expense  of  the  Par- 
liamentary prerogative.  All  of  the  more  im- 
Eortant  debates  in  Parliament,  and  discussions 
efore  the  public  and  in  the  press,  involved 
the  consideration  of  questions  connected  with 
these  events  and  the  issues  bound  up  with 
them. 

The  rapid  advance  of  the  Rns»an  armies 
toward  Constantinople  and  the  Dardanelles  in 
the  closing  days  of  the  war  against  Turkey  wa« 
viewed  with  concern  by  the  Government,  The 
Ministry  entertained  an  apprehension  that  the 
advance  might  not  be  staid  till  Russia  should 
gain  full  possession  of  the  Eastern  capital  and 
its  approaches,  and  then  be  in  a  position  to 
exhibit  accomplished  facts  as  a  final  and  potent 
answer  to  all  objections  to  their  occupation. 
That  the  Government  might  be  able  to  take 
such  measures  as  should  be  found  neoessaiy  in 
the  anticipated  emergency,  an  extra  sesRion  of 
Parliament  was  called  to  meet  on  the  17th  of 
January,  three  weeks  before  the  usual  time  of 
its  meeting. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


397 


rorAHCES,  COMMEBCE,  AHD  MOVEMENT  OP  SHIPPING  OF  THE  COLONIES  IN  1876. 


OOLOXnES. 


IacoiD<. 


.  I 


Oftnltir 

HalU. 

Domlaion  of  Cuaada. 
Newfoojidknd... 

BenoDd* 

Eritish  UondnzM 

ll*hpm*«  I 

Tark'iUaads 

Jamtica 

TfrglnUIands 

etChristoplMr....   . 

Nerto. 

AatigTia 

M<atwrrat 

Dominica 

SaotaLada. 

StTinoeot 

Barbadoea 

Greoada 

Totiaffo 

TriaWad 

West  Indtes  (total).. 

British  Oalana 

FalUaodlslanda.... 

British  Indte 

StnitsSattleinanta.. 

CeyloB 

Boni^-Koog 

Labdso 

Aoatrabsia 

CapeColonT 

Natal 

i»emLH»oe(1875).. 

Gold  Coast. 

Gambia 

Sl  Helena 

taifn 

Maoritius ./... 


£42,000 

17d,000 
4,1i)«;000 

805,000 
27,000 
4(N000 
42,000 
10,000 

578,000 

2,000 

82,000 

11,000 

82,000 

e,ooo 

19,000 

23,000 

29,000 

117,000 

26,000 

12,000 

816,000 

1,2M,000 

863,000 

9,000 

6M10,000 

868,000 

1,876,000 

184,000 

9,000 

16.012,000 

2,246,000 

266,000 

88,000 

65.000 

80,000 

18,000 

46,000 

782,000 


Debt. 


£48,000 

168,000 

6,002,000 

208,000 

26,000 

87,000 

42,000 

8,000 

087,000 

2,000 

82,000 

11,000 

84,000 

5,000 

19,000 

89,000 

8«000 

124,000 

27,000 

12.000 

818,000 

1,828,000 

841,000 

9,000 

68,912,000 

828,000 

1,277,000 

188,000 

8,000 

16,750,000 

2,272,000 

262,000 

87,000 

94,000 

21,000 

18.000 

4^000 

720,000 


£266,000 

25,948,000 

275,000 

12,000 

5,000 

61,000 

"649^666 

'""im 

8,000 
59,000 

'""ibbo 

44,000 

8,000 

iIpKooo 

1,045.000 
855,000 

184,(^^000 

"7S4,6o6 


593S1,000 

4,068,000 

6*2.000 

60,000 


1,000,000 


Imports. 


£11,892,000 

19,419,000 

1,501,000 

24^0OO 

168,000 

164^000 

8i,000 

1,700,000 

8.000 

189,000 

88.000 

140.000 

84,000 

61,000 

107.000 

155.000 

1,026.000 

775,000 

55.000 

1.666,000 

5,408,000 

l,9b8.0O0 

27,000 

44^188,000 

11.928.000 

5,568,000 

*  V27.666 

45,i^000 

5,880,000 

1,028^000 

826,000 

446,000 

89,000 

8aooo 

477,000 
2,284,000 


Ezporii. 


£11,018.000 

16,868,000 

1,867,000 

75,000 

206,000 

107.000 

82.000 

1,511,000 

5,000 

156,000 

55,000 

148,000 

2«.0OO 

77.000 

144.000 

188,000 

964.000 

179.000 

80,000 

1,687,000 

5306,000 

8,031.000 

87,000 

60,292,000 

11,028.000 

4,510,000 

11*2,660 

48,004,000 

8,687,0(10 

657,000 

850,000 

465,000 

86^0(»0 

46,000 

619,000 

8,274,000 


MofcmMM  H 
■hlpptag,  tofis. 


4,168,000 

5,205.000 

5.911,000 

688,000 

151.000 

7(»,000 

128,000 

141,000 

688,000 

8,000 

62,000 

19,000 

45,000 

16.000 

26.oro 

8».000 

4^000 

851,000 

157,000 

14,000 

517,000 

2,895,000 

488.000 

45.000 

5,429,000 

4,006.000 

2,825,000 

4,860,000 

14.000 

6,588,000 

779,000 

189,000 

2S4.000 

115,000 

110,000 

92,000 

282.000 

512,000 


The  Qneen's  address  at  the  opening  of  Par- 
liament contained  the  following  reference  to 
the  Eastern  war :  **  Hitherto,  bo  far  as  the  war 
has  proceeded,  neither  of  the  belligerents  has 
infringed  the  conditions  on  which  mj  neatral- 
itj  is  founded,  and  I  willingly  believe  both 
I>6rties  are  desirons  to  respect  them  so  far  as  it 
niAjr  be  in  their  power.  So  long  as  these  con- 
ditions are  not  infringed,  my  attitude  will  con- 
tinoe  the  same;  bat  I  can  not  conceal  from 
mraelf  that,  should  hostilities  be  unfortunately 
prolonged,  some  unexpected  occurrence  may 
render  it  incumbent  on  me  to  adopt  measures 
of  precaution.  Such  measures  could  not  be 
offeotnally  taken  without  adequate  precaution, 
*nd  I  trust  to  the  liberality  of  my  Parliament 
to  sapply  the  means  which  may  be  required 
for  that  purpose."  In  the  debate  on  the  ad- 
dress to  the  Throne  the  opposition  criticised 
the  course  of  the  Government  in  convening  the 
Kuion  so  early,  not  recognizing  the  existence 
of  an  emergency  demanding  it,  and  contrasted 
)he  former  peaceful  professions  of  the  Cabinet 
^ith  its  present  attitnde  of  anxious  expectancy. 
The  Ministry  replied  that  the  aspect  of  events 
&nd  the  attitnde  of  the  Russians  had  greatly 
changed,  so  much  and  so  suddenly  as  tiWy  to 
jnstify  the  apparent  change  in  the  attitude 
of  the  Government  and  vindicate  its  present 
coarse. 

On  the  21st  of  January  the  Ohancellor  of 
^e  Exchequer,  in  the  House  of  Oomroons,  de- 
uined  to  answer  a  question  t^specting  the 


communications  which  had  passed  between 
the  Government  and  the  neutral  Powers  with 
respect  to  the  possible  peace  with  Russia,  on 
the  ground  that  the  communications  being  of  a 
contidential  character,  it  was  improper  to  make 
tliem  known ;  but  said  that  the  Queen,  having 
received  a  direct  personal  appeal  from  the 
Sultan,  had,  with  the  advice  of  the  Ministers^ 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  Czar,  communicating 
the  fact,  and  expressing  the  hope  that  his 
Majesty  might  accelerate  the  negotiations  for 
an  armistice  which  would  lead  to  an  honorable 
peace.  On  the  22d  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer gave  notice  in  the  Commons  that  he 
would  on  the  following  Monday  (the  28th) 
move  a  supplemental  vote  for  the  naval  and 
military  service.  The  Government  had  a  few 
days  before  intimated  that  no  proposal  of  the 
kind  would  be  made  until  the  Russian  terms  of 
peace  had  been  received ;  but  it  was  not  ex- 
pected then  that  so  long  a  time  as  a  week 
would  elapse  before  they  were  made  known. 
Now,  not  only  were  the  terms  delayed,  but  a 
considerable  and  rapid  advance  had  been  made 
by  the  Russians,  and  under  the  circumstances 
the  Government  felt  that  they  ought  not 
longer  to  delay  asking  Parliament  to  enable 
them  to  make  provision  for  any  contingency 
which  might  arise.  On  Monday  the  Chancel- 
lor, according  to  his  notice,  moved  a  supple- 
mental estimate  of  £6,000,000  toward  increas- 
ing the  armaments  of  the  country.  Referring 
to  the  apparent  situation  as  between  Russia 


398  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

and  Torkey,  he  said  that,  a]thoagh  it  was  re-  4th  of  Fehrnarj  Mr.  Gladstone  dwelt  on  the 

ported  that  terms  of  peace  had  been  agreed  various  points  to  be  discassed  in  the  Oonfer- 

npon,  all  that  tbejr  knew  was  that,  while  the  ence  on  which  the  Opposition  woald  gladlv 

armistice  was  unsigned,  the  forces  of  Russia  support   the  Grovernment.      It  would   resist 

were  advancing  both  in  Europe  and  in  Asia,  claims  bj  Russia  interfering  with  the  perfect 

The  Government  had  no  desire  to  give  advice  freedom  of  the  Danube  bjr  demanding  a  cession 

to  the  Porte,  nor  had  the  Sultan  consulted  of  Roumanian  territory;   would  support  tbe 

them  as  to  the  terras  of  peace.     He  explained  claims  of  the  subject  races  to  freedom  and 

the  terms  so  far  as  he  knew  them  from  report,  good  government ;  would  consider  it  no  hard* 

and  pointed  out  how  destructive  they  were  for  ship  to  impose  a  considerable  tribute  on  Bui- 

Turkey,  aud  how  gravely  they  would  alter  the  garia.    Great  Britain  ought  to  act,  too,  as  the 

map  of  Europe,  declaring  that  "  the  state  of  champion  of  the  Hellenic  provinces,  and,  with 

things  now  to  be  faced  was  that  the  keystone  regard  to  the  Straits,  the  Government  should 

of  southeast  Europe  was  being  torn  from  its  be  content  to  act  in  concert  with  Europe.    He 

place."  The  policy  of  the  English  Government  suggested  that  the  vote  should  be  postponed 

nad  been  consistent  with  the  dispatch  of  Earl  for  a  time,  with  liberty  to  renew  tbe  motion 

Derby  of  the  6th  of  May,  1877,  but  the  mill-  if  the  Government  thought  fit,  and  that  an 

tary  jsituation  had  been  greatly  altered  within  address  should  be  presented  to  her  Majesty 

a  week.    Correspondence  had  been  held  with  from  both  Houses  expressing  their  readiness 

the  Russian  Government,  in  which  the  latter  to  support  her  Government  in  bringing  aboot 

had  disclaimed  any  intention  of   occupying  a  permanent  peace  at  the  Conference,  recog- 

Constantinople  or  the  Dardanelles ;  neverthe*  nizing  the  promise  which  the  Government  bad 

less  the  Russian  advance  had  continued,  so  that  given  to  obtain  good  terms  for  Turkey,  bat 

theGovernment,  having  obtained  the  necessary  expressing  a  hope  that  the  influence  of  the 

firman  from  the  Sultan,  had  ordered  the  fleet  country  would  be  used  to  obtain  liberty  and 

to  Grallipoli,  but  its  orders  had  been  modified  good  government  for  the  Christian  subjects  of 

on  receiving  a  more  correct  explanation  of  the  the  Porte.    On  the  7th  the  Chancellor  of  the 

Russian  intentions.     Passing  to  the  motion  Exchequer  expledned  the  situation  at  Constan- 

before  the  House,  the  question  was  whether  tinople  as  it  appeared  then ;  upon  which  Mr. 

the  Government  should  go  into  the  conference  Forster  said  that,  ^^  under  the  grave  and  altered 

armed  with  the  strength  of  a  united  nation,  or  circumstances  of  the  case,"  he  should  with- 

weakened  and  discredited  by  the  exertions  of  draw  his  amendment  ofl'ered  January  81st 

those  who  were  preaching  the  decadence  of  On  the  8th  the  Marquis  of  Hartington,  **  leader 

the  empire.    Ho  believed  that  England  was  of  the  Opposition,"  stated  his  objections  to  tbe 

as  strong  as  she  ever  was,  if  not  stronger,  vote,  urging  especially  that  tbe  Goveminent 

and  that  if  her  cause  were  just  her  enemies  had  not  made  out  any  ca»e  to  show  the  neces- 

would  find  that  her  arm  was  not  shortened  and  sity  of  it,  and  that  they  had  not  disclosed  the 

that  her  heart  had  not  grown  cold.    It  was  nature  of  their  policy.    Tlie  Chancellor  of  the 

essential  that  the  voice  of  the  Government  Exchequer  thanxed  him  for  the  moderation  of 

should  be  heard  in  the  councils  of  the  Powers  his  tone,  but  denied  his  charge  of  withholding 

as  enjoying  the  confidence  of  the  country.    If  neoessaiy  Information.    Mr.  Gladstone  admit- 

the  estimates  were  voted,  it  did  not  follow  that  ted  that  the  position  of  affairs  at  Oonstanti- 

the  money  would  be  all  spent,  but  it  was  ne-  nople  gave  a  title  to  complain  of  Russia,  bat 

oessary  that  Parliament  should  show  its  con-  declined  to  support  the  vote,  because  the  Gov 

fidence  in  the  Government,  so  that  they  might  emment  had  failed  to  connect  it  with  the  ob- 

enter  upon  a  Congress  speaking  in  the  name  ject  they  had  in  view ;  it  was  opposed  to  the 

and  backed  by  the  force  of  England.    '*  It  will  long-established  rules  of  the  House,  and  might 

not  be,"  he  said,  "  a  vote  of  credit,  but  a  vote  prove  in  worse  hands  a  precedent  dangeroos 

of  confidence ;   and,  if  it  were  refused,  the  to  the  Constitution.    Mr.  Forster  declined  to 

Ministry  would  accept   the  position,  but  it  take  part  in  the  division  on  the  ground  that  he 

would  be  impossible  for  them  to  continue  to  was  desirous  not  to  weaken  the  hands  of  the 

administer  the  affairs  of   the  nation."     On  Gk)vemment  '^  after  the  satisfactory  statement 

Thursday,  January  31st,  Mr.  Forster,  on  a  mo-  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer."    Mr.  W. 

tion  to  go  into  committee  on  a  vote  of  credit,  H.  Smith  repeated  the  assurances  already  given 

moved  an  amendment,  affirming  that,  as  the  by  his  colleagues  of  the  desire  of  the  Govern- 

conditions  which  the  Government  had  laid  ment  to  promote  the  freedom  of  tbe  subject 

down  had  not  been  infringed  by  either  bellig-  races  of  Turkey,  and  their  belief  that  the  vote 

erent,  and  as  no  information  had  been  received  of  credit  would  tend  to  the  maintenance  of 

to  justify  a  departure  from  the  policy  of  neu-  peace.    A  division  was  taken,  and  resulted : 

trality,  the  House  saw  no  reason  for  adding  to  for  the  vote  of  credit,  828;  against  it,  124; 

the  burdens  of  the  people  by  voting  unneces-  majority  for  the  vote,  204. 

sary  supplies,  and  supported  it  with  a  speech  Statements  on  behalf  of  the  Government 

attacking  the  course  of  the  Government.    The  respecting  the  passage  of  the  Dardanelles  by 

debate  was  continued  for  two  weeks,  the  Lib-  the  British  fleet  were  made  in  both  Houses 

eral  leaders  opposing  the  propositions  of  the  on  the  4th  of  February.    The  protest  of  Earl 

Government  with  temperate  vigor.    On  the  Derby  against  a  Russian  occupation  of  Con- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  399 

stantinople  was  published  on  the  15th.     On  tated  in  the  opinion  of  her  Majesty  a  case  of 

the  2l9t  Earl  Derbj  stated  that  the  Confer-  great  emergency  within  the  meaning  of  the 

ence  had  been  agreed  upon,  and  that  England  acts  of  Parliament  in  tliat  behalf,  her  Majesty 

wonld  not  deviate  from  the  usaal  coarse  of  deems  it  proper  to  provide  additional  means 

sending  an  ambassador.    On  the  25th  Lords  for  her  military  service.     And  therefore,  in 

Btratheden  and  Campbell  introduced  a  motion  pursuance  of    those  acts,   her  Mcgesty  has 

m  the  House  of  Lords  to  the  effect  that  the  thought  it  right  to  communicate  to  the  Houses 

conditions  proposed  by  Russia  to  the  Porte  that  her  Majesty  is  about  to  cause  her  reserve 

were  such  as  to  justify  her  Majesty's  Govern-  force  and  her  militia  reserve  force,  or  such  part 

ment  in  taking  every  precaution  to  discourage  thereof  as  her  Miyesty  shall  think  necessary, 

the  encroachments  by  which  the  treaties  of  to  be  forthwith  called  out  for  permanent  ser- 

1856  and  1871  were  threatened.    The  motion  vice." 

was  not  acceptable  to  the  Government,  who.  In  consequence  of  this  action  Earl  Derby 

as  Earl  Derby  had  said,  could  not  discuss  the  resigned  his  position  in  the  Cabinet.     Lord 

armistice,  and  was  disposed  of  by  agreeing  to  Salisbury  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  for 

the  previous  question.    At  the  end  of  Febru-  Foreign  Affairs  in  his  place,  while  Mr.  Gathome 

ary  affairs  seemed  so  critical  that  the  Opposi-  Hardy  became  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 

tion  deemed  it  wise  to  avoid  embarrassing  the  and  was  succeeded  in  the  War  Office  by  Colo- 

Goremment  with  specific  questionings.    The  nel  the  Hon.  F.  A.  Stanley,  a  brother  of  Earl 

war  estimates  were  presented  in  the  House  of  Derby.    The  message  of  the  Queen  calling  out 

Commons  a  few  days  afterward,  the  Secretary  the  reserves  was  sustained  in  the  House  of 

Baying  in  connection  therewith  that  tliey  had  Lords,  April  8th,  after  a  short  debate,  in  which 

been  framed  on  a  strictly  peace  footing,  as  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  spoke  for  the  Govern- 

vonld  be  the  case  whatever   apprehensions  ment  and  the  Duke  of  Argyll  avowed  the 

were  entertained ;  also  that  there  was  a  grow-  belief  that  the  country  was  being  led  to  a  con* 

ing  feeling  that  the  militia  should  not  be  ez-  elusion  that  was  concealed  from  Parliament, 

dosively  employed  within  their  own  counties,  In  the  House  of  Commons.  Mr.  Gladstone  said 

and  that  some  of  the  finest  regiments  had  that  no  emergency  had   oeen  shown  which 

placed  themselves  absolutely  at  the  Govern-  would  Justify  calling  out  the  reserves.     Sir 

mentis  disposal.    The  House  then  passed  the  Wilfred  Lawson  moved  an  amendment  to  the 

rote,  fixing  the  strength  of  the  army  at  185,-  address  contesting  the  necessity  of  calling  out 

452  men.    On  the  7tn  of  March  Earl  Derby,  the  reserves.    This  was  voted  down,  819  to 

admittiDg  that  the  state  of  things  contemplat-  64,  after  which  the  address  to  the  Crown  was 

ed  in  the  treaties  of  1866  and  1871  had  ceased  agreed  to  without  a  division, 

to  exist,  and  that  they  were  only  binding  till  On  the  same  day  that  the  calling  out  of  the 

a  new  treaty  was  made,  declared  that  as  a  reserves  was  announced.  Lord  Salisbury  issued 

general  principle  England  wished  the  questions  the  circular  of  the  Government  to  the  Powers 

at  issae  to  be  settled  in  a  European,  not  an  on  the  Eastern  question  and  the  attitude  of 

exclosively  Russian  sense,  and  wished  the  set-  Russia  in  the  pending  negotiations.   The  circu- 

tlement  to  be  durable  and  equable  toward  the  lar  recited  so  much  of  the  history  of  the  nego- 

▼arioQs  races  and  creeds.  tiations  concerning  the  Congress  as  appeared 

Dissatisfaction  was  expressed,  when  Lord  to  show  that  Russia  had  deliberately  refused 

Ljons  was  named  as  the  person  who  would  to  permit  the  consideration  by  the  Congress  of 

represent  the  Government  at  the   Congress,  some  of  the  articles  bearing  directly  oo  Euro- 

that  some  member  of  the  Cabinet  had  not  been  pean  treaties ;  criticised  the  provisions  of  the 

selected.    The  explanation  was  offered  on  be-  treaty  of  San  Stefano  respecting  Bulgaria,  as 

balf  of  the  Cabinet,  that  while  all  the  other  creating  a  new  and  powerful  state  under  Rus- 

Powera  would  be  represented  by  their  Chan-  sian  auspices :   deprecated  the  weakening  of 

cellors  or  Ministers  for  Foreign  Affairs,  Eng-  Turkey  as  the  Power  which  must  continue  to 

Iftod  had  made  an  exception  b^nse  its  system  hold  the  key  of  the  Black  Sea  Straits ;  en- 

of  administration  was  wholly  different  from  larged  upon  tiie  dominance  which  Russia  would 

that  of  Continental  states.    **  An  English  min-  gain  by  the  treaty  in  all  the  Black  Sea  region 

ister,  being  a  member  of  a  Cabinet  collective-  and  Armenia,  and  on  its  injurious  effect  upon 

Ij  responsible  to  Parliament,  can  not  act  on  the  English  trans- Armenian  trade ;  and  pro- 

his  own  sole  authority;  and,  if  he  leaves  his  tested  forcibly  against  the  reservations  with 

colleagnes  to  settle  what  his  instructions  are  which  Russia  proposed  to  restrict  the  Congress 

to  be  from  time  to  time,  he  abdicates  his  part  in  considering  the  several  articles  of  the  treaty. 

■s  minister,  and  becomes  a  mere  agent,  instead  (See  Eastxrh  Qubstiok.) 

of  one  member  of  the  Cabinet  which  has  to  The  Government  in  April  ordered  the  re- 

dedde  on  what  shall  be  done."  moval  of  a  contingent  of  native  Indian  troops 

On  the  Ist  of  April  the  Queen  sent  in  the  to  Malta.  The  fact  was  not  known  until  Par- 
following  message :  **  The  present  state  of  liament  had  adjourned  for  the  Easter  recess,  so 
pnUio  ^irs  in  the  East,  and  the  necessity  in  that  it  was  not  possible  for  the  House  to  review 
^nnection  therewith  of  taking  steps  for  the  the  action  of  the  Government  until  it  had  be- 
nuintenanoe  of  peace  and  for  the  protection  come  substantially  accomplished.  The  drcnm- 
of  the  interests  of  the  empire,  having  consti-  stance  aroused  much  indignation.     Questions 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAIID. 


llij  Sth.  The  MarqQia  of  Hartington  asked  for  subject.  The  motion  was  lost,  bat  was  euried 
information  about  the  progress  of  the  negotia-  on  being  repeated.  Tbe  discnssion  was  ooq- 
tio&B,  SiDii  whether  a  Cungresa  would  or  woold  tinaed  in  the  adjoarned  debate  on  tbe  budget 
not  be  assembled;  also,  wbjtho  decision  of  the  bill,  Ma^lSth,  when  tbe  Chancellor  of  the  £i- 
Governntent  to  move  native  troops  from  India  chequer  defended  himself  against  the  chai^« 
to  Ualta  had  not  been  communicated  to  tbe  of  concealing  the  movement  from  Farlumeat 
Hoase  preTions  to  its  rising.  The  Chancellor  by  saying  that  it  was  not  in  his  power  to  meo- 
of  the  Exchequer  replied  that  active  negotia-  tion  the  satyect  in  his  budget  speech,  becaiije 
tioDi  were  in  progress,  but  that  it  woald  not  it  wad  only  four  days  before  that  it  had  been 
be  for  the  public  service  to  hold  any  ceneral  decided  on  by  the  Cabinet,  and  not  nntil  a 
discussion  on  them  at  that  time ;  and  that  the  week  after  that  the  first  order  was  sent  to  In- 
dispotcb  of  a  certain  number  of  Indian  troops  dia  sanctioning  expenditure.  Uortever,  the 
to  Malta  bail  been  decided  upon  some  time  be-  Oovernraent  did  not  consider  themselves  obli- 
fore,  bat  it  bad  not  been  thoaght  necessary,  gated  to  oommunicate  tbo  measare,  and  deeiutd 
nor  was  it  according  to  practice,  to  communi-  secrecy  expedient.  The  action  of  the  Govem- 
cate  it  to  Parliament.  A  supplementary  estd-  ment  was  made  a  special  order  on  the  30th, 
mate  for  the  cost  of  the  movement  would  be  when  Lord  Hartington  moved  ''that,  by  the 
laid  before  the  House,  and  that  would  afford  a  Constitution  of  this  realm,  no  forces  may  be 
favorable  opportunity  for  discussicg  the  sub-  raised  or  kept  by  the  Crown  in  time  of  peace, 
Ject.    A  faller  explanation  of  tbe  transaction    withont  tbe  consent  of  Parliami'Dt,  within  any 

part  of  tbe  dominicu) 
of  the  Crown,  exoeptjng 
only  such  forces  as  may 
be  actually  ttcrring  with- 
in her  Majesty's  In- 
dian posspBBions."  Sir 
Michael  Hicks-  Beach. 
moving  an  amendment 
in  favor  of  the  Govern- 
ment, anid  that  the  doe- 
trine  laid  down  in  Lord 
Hartington 's  resolntions 
had  been  repeatedly  de- 
parted from  in  special 
circumstances,  and  the 
Hoase  had  sanctioned 
the     declaration     that 

was  resolved,  if  possi- 
ble, to  employ  Indian 
troops.     It  was  doubt- 
BnoHTOK.  fhl    whether    practical 

measures  would  not  in- 
was  tnsisted  upon  io  tbe  oottrse  of  the  discus-  terfere  with  the  execution  of  the  rcsolation. 
■ion,  when  the  Chancellor  said  that  the  raea-  The  step  was  taken  to  counteract  the  influence 
■are  "  was  neither  more  nor  less  tban  a  direo-  of  those  wlto  were  endeavoring  to  depreciate 
tdon  given  by  her  M^esty  for  the  moving  of  a  tbe  valor  and  loyalty  of  the  people,  and  to 
portion  of  her  forces  from  one  part  of  her  em-  show  the  world  that  we  have  a  united  empire, 
pire  to  another."  It  was  subject  to  the  tinan-  If  tbe  Ministry  was  not  to  be  displaced,  it 
aial  control  of  Parliament,  bat  it  was  an  order  should  be  sapported  against  petty  cavils,  ceise- 
■trictly  within  the  constitutional  prerogative  less  misrepresentation,  and  vulgar  personali- 
of  the  Grown.  Prematurely  to  have  disclosed  ties.  The  debate  was  confined  entirely  to  the 
this  movement  when  it  was  decided  upon  constitutional  aspect  of  the  question.  Tbe  di- 
would  have  interfered  with  the  arrangements  vi^on  resalted.  May  23d,  in  tbe  rejection  of 
necessary  to  be  made  in  India.  On  the  9th,  on  tlie  resolution  of  the  Marquis  ot  Hartington  by 
&  motion  for  the  third  reading  of  the  budget  a  vote  of  S4T  to  226.  The  amendment  of  Sir 
bill,  an  adjonrnment  was  moved  for  and  snp-    Uiohael  Hicks-Beach  was  then  adopted  wiih- 

Eorted  by  the  LiberaK  on  the  gronnd  that  the  oat  a  division.  The  debate  of  the  same  ques- 
udget  had  so  far  been  disonssed  in  ignorance  tion  in  the  Hoase  of  Lords  was  also  confined 
of  the  additional  charges  which  the  Govern-  to  the  constitutional  point,  and  resulted  like- 
ment  waa  about  to  oast  npon  the  oonntry;  wise  in  favor  of  the  Government.  On  Monday, 
DOW,  a  considerable  additional  expense  would  May  28th,  Lord  Hartington,  after  eiplainiog 
b«  involved  in  the  dispatch  of  Indun  troops  to    that  he  would  offer  no  further  oppou^tHi  to 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.                                     401 

the  vote  at  the  sQppl.T,  bat  would  refrain  from  tend  «  Congreas  of  the  Powers  reHpecting  the 

uting  put  in  the  dividon,  cautioned  the  Gov-  Eastern  questioD,  and  fur  the  free  discumion 

enimeiit  not  to  interpret  the  granting  of  the  of  the  whole  of  the  coatente  of  the  treatj  of 

eetimUe  u  a  vote  of  oonfiileDoe,  showing  that  San  Stefano,  and  that  the   Prime   Minister 

it  wM  onij  a  sanction  of  the  polic;'  of  ^repa-  (Lord  Beaoonsfleld)  and  the  Foreign  Becretar; 

rulitHk,  and  warned  them  not  to  commit  the  (Lord  Salisborj)  had  been  appointed  her  Majes- 

couDtrj  upon  it  to  war.     The  Chancellor  of  tj's  Plenipoteatiaries  to  attend  it.     The  ap- 

the  Exchequer  replied  that  the  Government  polntment  of  members  of  tbe  Cabinet  was  crit- 

bad  at  no  time  intended  to  plunge  the  country  icised,  especially  as  some  of  the  Ministers  them- 

ioto  war,  but  believed  that  all  their  measures  selveshadformerly  declared  that  such  appoint- 

were  calonlated  to  avert  war  and  bring  about  meut  would  be  improper.     Earl  Beaconafield 

a  peaceful  and  permanent  settlement.     The  acknowledged  that  he  knew  of  no  precedent 

Tot«e  in  the  Armj  and  Navy  departments  for  for  it,  but  said  that  the  Government  were  pre- 

the  Indian  contingent  were  then  agreed  to.  pared  to  take  the  responsibility  for  tbe  bnr- 

It  was  announced  to  both  Houses  on  Jane  deos  that  rested  upon  them.    The  Chancellor 

3d  that  invitations  had  been  received  from  of  the  Exchequer  said  that  every  probable  con- 

the  German  Government  and  accepted,  to  at-  tingency  had  been  so  discussed  that  tbe  pro- 


poHd  division  of  the  Cabinet  would  have  no  and  the  integrit^r  of  the  other  provisions  of  the 

■DJechievous  effect*.  treaty  of  San  Stefano.    The  Government  being 

DnringtheBe88ionsoftheCongrees,Bttention  questioned  respeoling  this  docament  in  the 

«a*  excHed  by  the  publication  of  a  docament  House  of  Lords,  June  IGtb,  replied  that  the 

purporting  to  be  an  agreement  which  had  been  pnblication  was  unauthorized  and  snrreptitious, 

entered  into  between  the  Foreign  Office  and  and  dedined  to  make  explanations  at  the  time, 

tbe  BussaD  Govemment  on  the  BOth  of  May  On  the  8th  of  July  the  Government  announced 

ropecting  point*  on  which  the  plenipotentla-  in  both  Houses  that  it  liod  concluded  a  con- 

ries  of  the  two  Powers  would  agree  to  as  a  vention  with  Turkey  under  which  it  under- 

part  of  the  terms  of  an  arrangement  which  took  the  administration  ot  the  island  of  Cy- 

»onld  be  acceptable  to  both.    They  related  to  prus,  while    it  asanmed  the  protectorate  of 

thp  eesrion  of  Balonm  to  Ruewa,  the  limitation  Asiatic  Turkey  against  farther  Russian  aggrea- 

of  farther  Rneeian  advances  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  sions;  in  return  for  which  the  Porte  promised 

ttieretrocessionof  Beasarabia  to  Rnssia— which  to  introdiioe  necessary  refonns_  in  its  domin- 

tln  British  Govemment  would  not  oppose  by  ions,     Cyprus  would  be  immediately  occupied 

arms,  while  it  withheld  its  consent  to  it — the  by  a  force  under  tbe  command  of  Sir  Garnet 

diTinmiot  Bulgaria,  tbe  admission  of  the  Pow-  Wolseley.     Three  days  afterward  a  minister 

m  to  a'  oonsnlcing  voice  in  the  organization  of  said  in  the  Bouse  of  Lords  that  it  would  be  the 

the  Greek  provinces,  the  assurance  that  Russia  duty  of  Sir  Garnet  Wolfejey  on  his  arrival  to 

K'nuld  not  convert  the  indemnity  exacted  from  make  a  full  investigation  into  the  institutions 

Tnrkeyiuto  territorial  annexations,  the  cession  of  Cyprus,  and  after  receiving  his  report  the 

bf  Baymiid  to  Turkey  and  of  Eotour  to  Persia,  Government  would  be  in  a  position  to  state 
ToL.  xrni,— 26    A 


402  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

the  coarse  they  intended  to  take  with  regard  government  to  some  of  the  provinces  of  Enro- 
to  slavery  and  other  matters.  The  Earl  of  pean  Turkey,  it  regrets  that  it  has  not  been 
Kimberley  expressed  astonishment  that  a  Brit-  found  practicable  to  deal  in  a  more  satisfactory 
ish  Gk)vemment  could  hesitate  to  declare  its  manner  with  the  claims  of  the  kingdom  of 
determination  not  to  tolerate  slavery  in  any  Greece  and  of  the  Greek  subjects  of  the  Forte ; 
place  under  its  rule,  and  was  referred  to  the  that  by  the  assumption  of  the  sole  guarantee 
conduct  of  the  Government  with  regard  to  of  the  integrity  of  the  remaining  territories  of 
the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  and  the  convention  Turkey  in  Asia  the  military  liabilities  of  this 
with  Egypt  as  sufficient  indications  of  the  view  country  have*  been  unnecessarily  extended ; 
they  took  of  the  slavery  question.  On  the  that  the  undefined  engagements  entered  into 
same  day  Mr.  Bourke  stated  in  the  House  of  by  her  Majesty's  Government  in  respect  of  the 
Commons  that  the  Porte  having  expressed  its  better  administration  of  these  provinces  have 
willingness  to  enter  into  a  convention  for  the  imposed  heavy  responsibilities  upon  the  state, 
abolition  of  the  slave-trade,  the  terms  of  the  while  no  sufficient  means  have  been  indicat-ed 
convention  had  been  sent  to  Oonstantinople  on  for  securing  their  fulfillment ;  and  that  such 
the  9th  of  June,  and  negotiations  were  now  in  engagements  have  been  entered  into  and  re- 
progress,  sponsibilities  incurred  without  the  previous 
Earl  Beaconsfield,  having  returned  from  the  knowledge  of  Parliament.^'  In  offering  his 
Congress  at  Berlin  with  Earl  Salisbury,  made  resolution  the  mover  admitted  that  in  the  main 
his  statement  respecting  the  proceedings  of  the  the  treaty  of  Berlin  was  not  repugnant  to  the 
Congress  and  the  treaty  on  the  18th  of  June,  views  of  many  members  of  the  Opposition. 
The  changes  and  modifications  made  in  the  Although  it  was  not  a  complete  settlement,  it 
treaty  of  San  Stefano  by  the  Congress,  he  said,  was  a  long  step  in  the  direction  of  establishing 
removed  the  menace  which  it  had  contained  the  freedom  and  independence  of  the  subject 
to  the  independence  of  Europe.  After  ex-  races,  the  policy  whicn  had  all  along  been  sup- 
plaining  the  new  provisions  respecting  Bnlga-  ported  by  the  Liberal  party,  and  therefore  in 
ria  and  Bosnia,  he  defended  the  coarse  taken  the  main  they  approved  it.  He  then  spoke 
by  the  Congress  with  regard  to  Greece.  This  to  the  points  mentioned  in  his  resolution,  and 
country  was  animated,  he  said,  by  an  idea  characterized  the  policy  of  the  protectorate  in 
which  had  no  limits  short  of  Constantinople,  Asia  Minor  as  ^^  insane."  Mr.  Plunket  moved 
but  it  had  a  future  and  should  be  patient.  The  as  an  amendment  an  address  to  her  Majesty, 
British  plenipotentiaries  had  been  especially  expressing  deep  satisfaction  at  the  termination 
anxious  tliat  an  end  should  be  put  to  those  ir-  of  the  war  and  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty 
ritating  border  warfares  which  threatened  the'  between  the  Powers;  and  *' expressing  an  ear- 
approaches  to  India,  and  they  believed  that  nest  hope  that  the  arrangements  made  and 
this  could  be  best  accomplished  by  a  protecto-  sanctioned  by  her  M^esty's  Gk)vemment  may, 
rate  of  the  Asiatic  dominions  of  Turkey  and  under  the  blessing  of  Providence,  avail  to  pre- 
the  transfer  of  Cyprus.  It  had  been  said  there  serve  peace,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of 
was  room  enough  in  Asia  Minor  for  both  Eng-  large  populations  of  the  East,  and  to  maintain 
land  and  Russia.  This  was  true ;  but  the  Eng-  the  interests  of  this  empire."  Lord  Sandon, 
lish  plenipotentiaries  were  determined  that  the  speaking  on  the  resolution,  admitted  that  the 
room  which  England  required  should  be  kept  Ministers  were  in  no  mood  to  claim  a  great  and 
and  guarded.  In  the  debate.  Earl  Derby  said  brilliant  triumph,  but  that  the  sentiment  which 
that  one  of  the  reasons  which  had  induced  him  animated  them  was  rather  one  of  deep  thank- 
to  retire  from  the  Cabinet  was  that  his  col-  fulness  for  having  escaped  the  horrors  of  a 
leagues  had  come  to  a  resolution  to  send  a  European  war.  The  principal  speech  on  the 
secret  expedition  from  India  to  seize  Cyprus,  side  of  the  Opposition  was  made  by  Mr.  Glad- 
with  or  without  the  consent  of  the  Sultan,  as  stone.  He  defended  an  expression  that  had 
also  a  position  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  from  which  been  complained  of,  to  the  efiect  that  the 
operations  might  be  directed  against  Russia  in  Prime  Minister  had  dishonored  the  oountry.  as 
the  event  of  a  war  with  that  power.  This  was  a  legitimate  criticism  on  his  policy,  and  main- 
denied,  but  Lord  Derby  insisted  on  the  correct-  tained  that  if  such  langaase  could  not  be  used 
ness  of  his  statement.  On  the  22d  a  member  on  necessary  occasions,  however  piunful  it 
of  the  Cabinet  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  might  be  to  use  it,  the  House  of  Commons 
that  the  Indian  troops  stationed  at  Cyprus  might  as  well  shut  its  doors.  He  admitted  that 
would  be  on  the  same  footing  as  while  they  the  treaty  of  Berlin  had  achieved  great  re- 
were  at  Malta,  and  they  would  not  be  added  suits  in  the  diminution  of  human  misery  and 
to  the  permanent  strengtii  of  the  army,  nor  toward  the  establishment  of  human  prosperity ; 
would  the  Indian  army  be  recruited  to  fill  up  but,  examining  in  detail  the  attitude  of  the 
their  places.  On  the  29th  of  July  the  Marquis  British  plenipotentiaries,  he  oompluned  that 
of  Hartingtcm  moved  a  resolution  that  '^  while  they  had  invariably  taken  the  side  of  servitude 
the  House  has  learned  with  satisfaction  that  rather  than  of  freedom,  and  that  the  voice  of 
the  troubles  which  have  arisen  in  the  east  of  England  had  been  made  to  speak  in  the  tone 
Europe  have  been  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  of  Metternich  rather  than  in  that  of  Canning, 
Berlin  without  a  further  recourse  to  arms,  and  Palmerston,  or  Russell.  The  argument  on 
rejoices  in  the  extension  of  libertj  and  self-  which  he  laid  most  stress  was  on  the  abase 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  403 

which  he  considered  had  been  committed  bj  man^  of  the  native  OovenimeiitB  in  India  were  verr 

the  treaty-making  prerogative  of  the  Execu-  gratifying  to  me,  and  I  recognize  in  them  a  fresh 

f'.i^a     Tkia  *v-^.»^^«^»A  ™-  ^^  »t^,»«i»  4^  x.^  maniteatation  of  that  feeling  toward  my  Crown  and 
tive.    This  prerogative  was  an  anomaly  to  be        ^^^  which  haa  been  displayed  in  many  previous 

endared  only  so  long  as  it  was  nsed  with  mod-  instances. 

eration,  with  a  regard  to  precedent  and  the       My  relations  with  all  foreign  Powers  continue  to 

rights  of  Parliament,  and  to  the  sdnse  and  con-  be  friendly.  .   ^  .     .    «     ^     ^ . 

victions  of  the  people,  bat  which  when  not  so      ,.4^'^°"^ *'  ^^®  condition  of  affairs  in  South  Africa 

«-^  ^^*-«.«  :«,*^i™ui«      T«  *ui    ^^  ^  ^  u    1  atill  aflfords  some  grounds  tor  anxiety,  I  have  learned 

Bsed  became  intolerable.    In  this  case  it  had  ^iti,  satisfaction  from  the  reports  of  mv  civil  and 

been  used  to  make  in  secret  a  treaty  entirely  military  officers  that  the  more  serious  disturbances 

novel  and  bejond  the  line  of  the  ancient  policy  which  had  arisen  among  the  native  population  on 

of  the  country.     The  Hne  pursued  by  the  pres-  *^o  frontiers  of  the  Cape  Colony  are  now  termi- 

ent  Government  wonld  bring  the  prerogative  ^*^*^ 

into  question,  and  he  feared  a  constant  recur-  The  most  important  domestic  measure  passed 
reace  of  these  novelties  unless  they  were  daring  the  session  was  the  act  for  the  promotion 
checked  by  the  voice  of  the  people.  In  con-  of  intermediate  edncation  in  Ireland,  called  the 
clndion,  he  condemned  the  policy  of  the  Gov-  *  Intermediate  Edncation  (Ireland)  Act.  It  was 
erament  as  an  increase  of  responsibility  with-  introduced  in  the  House  of  Lords  June  2l8t, 
out  any  additional  strength,  a  loss  of  national  and  was  finally  passed  in  the  House  of  Com- 
cbaracter,  a  hhock  to  constitutional  usage,  and  mons  on  the  12th  of  August  It  appropriates 
a  ipevous  addition  to  the  burdens  of  a  con-  £1,000,000  out  of  the  property  accruing  to  the 
fidiog  people.  The  debate  was  continued  for  Commissioners  under  the  Irish  Church  Act, 
several  days,  the  Home  Secretary  and  the  Chan-  and  establishes  a  Board  of  Intermediate  £du- 
cellor  of  the  Exchequer  appearing  as  the  prin-  cation  charged  with  the  duty  of  promoting  its 
cipal  defendent  of  the  Government,  till  August  objects  by  instituting  public  examinations  of 
2d,  when  the  Tote  on  the  resolution  of  the  students,  by  providing  for  the  payment  of 
Marqnis  of  Hartington  resulted — ^yeas  195,  nays  prizes  and  exhibitions  to  students,  and  by  pro- 
338,  showing  a  rotgority  of  143  against  it.  Mr.  Tiding  for  the  payment  to  school  managers  of 
Planket's  amendment  was  then  agreed  to.  fees  dependent  on  the  results  of  the  public  ex- 
Parliament  was  prorogued  August  17th.  The  aminations.  Two  educational  acts  were  also 
Qaeen's  message  of  prorogation  referred  to  the  passed  with  reference  to  Scotland.  The  £du- 
more  important  questions  as  follows :  cation  (Scotland)  Act,  1878,  prohibits  the  em- 
Mt  Lobds  awd  Gbmtlzicek:  When,  in  a  critical  ployment  in  factories  of  children  under  ten 
condition  of  public  affairs,  yon  assembled  at  the  years  of  age,  and  restricts  the  employment  of 
csmmenoement  of  the  year,  I  pointed  out  to  ^ou  children  of  between  ten  and  fourteen  years 
that,  in  the  interests  of  my  empire,  precautions  of  age,  except  upon  condition  of  their  having 

Xlite;  r;,?v^^e'.  Vtt°'sal?^t^iLt?al^  T'-ij  ednc^pj..!  qualifications  or  being  em- 

wred  you  that  no  efforts  in  the  cause  of  peace  should  ployed  according  to  some  subsisting  lawfully 

b«  wanting  on  my  part.    Your  response  was  not  am-  recognized  regulation;   and  also  prohibits  the 

bi^ousj  and  contributed  largely  to  a  pacific  solution  casual  employment  of  children  after  certain 

of  the  difflculties  which  then  existed.    The  terms  of  hours  of  the  night  except  upon  similar  condi- 

^Teement  between  Russia  and  the  Porte,  so  faras  ^j  rj^    Endowed  Institutions  (Scotland) 

tbej affected  preexisting  treaties,  were,  after  an  m-  *",«»,«.    .       «,   v^  ^iiovaw««*vi«  ^k^^mmuxaj 

terralof  discuasion,  submitted  to  a  Congress  of  the  -'^ct,  1878,  is  m  effect  a  measure  for  the  pro- 

Povers ;  and  their  couneils  have  resulted  in  a  peace  motion  of  secondary  education,  and  defines  the 

^hlch  I  am  thankful  to  believe  is  satisfactory  and  conditions  under  which  endowed  institutions 

l«!lL*S  ^  ^'*"5-®-  *P®  Ottoman  Empire  has  not  ^ay  secure  provisions  for  their  better  adminis- 

emerved  from  a  disastrous  war  without  severe  loss ;  A,«i^„  „^  j  «^„«.««,«,.«.  ««  Ax»  ♦>./»  f  ..a^oA^.  ^# 

but  tie  arrangements  which  have  been  made,  whUe  *[»**<>»  f^^  government,  or  for  the  transfer  of 

tav-orable  to  the  subjects  of  the  Porte,  have  secured  their  endowments,  so  as  better  to  promote  edu- 

to  it  a  position  of  independence  which  can  be  upheld  cation  in  the  higher  branches  of  knowledge  in 

iwin»t  aggression.    I  ha? e  concluded  a  defensive  public  and  State-aided  schools.   The  Contagious 

fo^7ou''''u  rivl^%s''w^^^^^         itt Siipfre  ;  ^i««««8  (Animals)  Act  empowers  the  local  au- 

^ors  distmct  expression  to  the  engagements  which  thorities  in  the  case  of  the  home  trade  in  cattle 

jo  principle  I,  together  with  other  Powers,  accepted  to  take  summary  measures  with  respect  to  ani- 

in  1<M,  but  of  wntch  the  form  has  not  been  found  mals  suffering  from  cattle  disease,  pleuro-pneu- 

Pnrtically  effectual.    The  Sultan  has,  on  the  other  monia,  or  foot-and-mouth  disease ;  and  requires 

wnment  of  those  provinces.    In  order  to  promote  Canada  and  the  Umted  States)  to  be  slaugb- 

th«  objects  of  thia  agreement,  I  have  undertaken  the  tered  at  the  port  of  debarkation.    The  conipul- 

occapation  and  administration  of  the  island  of  Cy-  sory  slaughter  may,  however,  be  suspended  by 

pros    In  aiding  to  bring  about  the  settlement  which  order  of  the  Privy  Council,  for  reasons  which 

M«  taken  place,  I  have  been  assisted  by  the  disci-  ^.u^^  ^«^  ««i..^:l   ;«   «t»:4^»»  4^  'Po.i;««««^..4. 

gUne  and  hfgh  spirit  of  my  forces  by  sea  ibd  by  land,  ^^^7  ™5f^  A'^.^^^L^^^T"^^?  ^^.uR^r^^^J?h 

my 

ptoi 

^  sr  BHS{hXpb:^ne.,r &^Vb??h^;  ^i^^"*  p^^^  «Tr *f  ^s'^^op'^-^'p'r-ir 

•'^Wieriy  aoalities  of  the  force  recently  quartered  at  ^^  certain  parts  of  England,  provides  for  the 

^to.  Tke  apoutaneoua  offers  of  troops  made  by  foundation  of  four  new  bishoprics,  whose  bisb- 


404  GBEAT  BRITAIN  AUD  IBELAKD. 

opa  are  to  be  celled  the  Bishop  of  Liverpool,  ten  minutes,  be,  in  tbe  disoretioD  of  the  Hodh, 

the  Bishop  of  Newcastle,  the  Bishop  of  Sooth-  aaspeaded  for  that  aittjiu;  and,  secondlj,  thtt 

well,  and  the  Bishop  of  Wakefield.    The  Ecele-  whenever  a  mution  to  a^oora  or  report  prog- 

stastical  ComniissioQers  are  empowered  to  re-  rew,  or  that  the  Speaker  leave  tbe  cbair,  a 

oeive  public  coatribations  for  the  endowment  made  bj  leas  tbaa  twentj  members,  there  shall 

of  any  of  the  new  bishoprics;  and  whenever  be  no  division,  bat  the  Speaker  shall  call  np 

tiiej  certify  to  the  Qaeea  that  the  annaal  value  tbe  members  and  count  them  instead, 

of  the  endowment  fund,  with  the  sum  to  be  de-  A  bill  for  modifjing  and  codifying  Che  lair 

rived  from  a  contributory  bishoprio,  in  not  less  relating  to  indictable  offenses  was  introduced 

than  £3,G00  a  year,  or  £S,000  with  oontribn-  and  received  with  favor,  but  was  afterirird 

tioDS  to  raise  it  within  five  years  to  £8,600,  then  withdrawn  by  the  Government,  to  be  referred 

the  Queeu,  by  order  in  Oonncil,  may  "  found  "  to  a  commission,  who  will  revise  it  and  redoM 

the  new  bishopric.    The  Dumber  of  bishops  sit-  it  to  a  form  in  whioh  it  may  be  passed  williont 

ting  in  Parliament  is  not  to  be  increased.   Other  protracted  discussion.     Tbe  Commisuon  cod- 

important  acts  of  the  session  are  the  act  for  sista  of  Lord  Blackbnrn,  Mr.  Justice  Barry, 

closing  the  public  booses  in  Ireland  on  Sun-  *  Mr.  Justice  LuA,  and  Sir  Jamea  St«pheD. 

day,  the  Public  Health  Act  {18Td)  Amendment  Lord  Carnorvoo  announoed  in  the  House  ol 

Act,  the  act  for  oousolidating  the  public  health  Lords  on  the  20th  of  January  that  his  reMg- 

laws  of  Ireland,  an  act  for  amending  and  sim-  nation  as  Secretary  of  State  for  Ihe  Col(Hii«s 

plifying  the  laws  relating  to  factories  and  work-  had  been  offered  and  aooepted  by  her  U^jeMv, 

shops,  au  amendatory  act  relatiogto  highways,  and  explained  tbe  reason  for  bia  step,  which 

and  acts  in  regard  to  roads  and  bridges  in  Soot-  wss  a  aiSereoce  of  opinion  with  his  associstcs 

land  and  for  tbe  abolitioa  of  tolls.  on  tbe  sending  of  the  fleet  to  tbe  Dardaoelles. 

A  select  committee  of  the  Hoone  of  Oom-  On  the  following  Monday,  the  28th,  Earl  Drr- 

mons,  appointed  at  a  previous  session,  to  con-  by  explained  that  he  bad  tondered  hia  re^gus- 

sider  the  bosinesa  rules  of  tbe  Honse,  in  order  Hon  as  Secretary  of  State  for  foreign  Affairs 

to  ascertain  what  regulations  could  be  applied  because  he  did  not  approve  of  sending  the  Be«t 

or  made  to  prevent  the  obstroctioD  of  business  to  the  Dardanelles;   but,  as  the  GovemmeDt 

liy  the  interposition  of  dilatory  motions  and  found  within  thirty-six  hours  that  they  were 

speechea,  reported  in  July,    The  report  sng-  not  bound  to  take  that  step,  be  had  no  difficulty 

gested:   first,  that  the  Speaker  may  propose  in  withdrawing  his  resignation.     The  Right 

that  an  obstructive  whom  be  has  found  it  ne-  Eon.  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach  waa  appointed 

cessary  to  "  name  "  shall,  after  being  heard  for  Secretary  of  Stato  for  the  Colonies,  February 


4th,  In  place  of  the  Earl  of  Oamarvon,  and  on  when  the  QoTernment  being  interrogated  con- 
the  same  day  the  Duke  of  Northumberiaud  was  ceming  a  reported  advance  of  tbe  Rosdaas 
appointed  to  tbe  office  of  Lord  Privy  Seal  in  toward  Afghanistan  and  tbe  dispatch  out  the 
place  of  the  Earl  of  Beaoonsfleld.  mission  of  Sir  Neville  ChamberlsJn  (see  Ar- 
The  discussion  of  the  Russo-Turkiab  policy  OHA)nBTA.N),  Mr.  Bourke  replied  that  they  had 
of  tbe  Government  was  carried  on  vigorously  no  ofGcial  information  oonceming  the  move- 
through  the  earlier  weeks  of  the  Parliamentary  ments  of  the  Hossians,  but  that  the  BritiEh 
vacation,  and  formed  the  burden  of  numerous  mission  to  Gahool  was  of  the  kind  which 
addresses  of  members  to  their  constitnenta  and  seemed  to  he  called  for  by  the  circumstances, 
of  the  resolutions  of  poblio  meetings.  Tbe  aud  for  which  tbe  Government  were  ready  to 
excitement  on  the  subject  hod  hardly  hod  time  take  the  responsibihty.  Any  interference  by 
to  wane  when  a  new  theme  of  intense  interest  Russia  with  Afghaiustan  would  be  objected  to 
demanded  notice — tbe  complications  with  Af-  now  just  as  much  as  when  tbe  qoestion  of  a 

(|banistan.   The  subject  was  mentioned  in  Par-  nentral  zone  was  disonssed  between  the  two 

lament  during  the  last  week  of  tbe  session.  Governments;  and conadering  that  Rnsaia  had 


GREAT  BRITIAN  AND  IRELAND.  405 

then  pledged  her  word  that  Afghanistan  was  Mr  Lobdb  axd  GnnunnBir :  I  regret  that  I  have 

outside  her  sphere,  the  House  would  under-  been  obUged  to  caU  for  your  attendiince  at  an  unusual, 

BUnd  that  the  Government  could  not  look  »nd  probably,  to  most  of  you,  an  inconvenw^^ 

Tt  .   jT,^           «vTwuiuwy  ^y^*^  uwi.  iwjw  ^^^     rjij^^  hostility  toward  my  Indian  Government 

with  indifference  on  the  acta  which  had  recent-  manifested  by  the  Ameer  of  Afghanistan,  and  the 

ly  been  done  in  Central  Asia.    The  Chancellor  manner  in  whioh  he  repulsed  my  friendly  misaion, 

of  the  Exchequer  said  that  when  the  Indian  ^^^  ^^  >>o  alternative  but  to  make  a  peremptoiy 

Government  heard  of  the  establishment  of  a  f  •™*?^A'  (?^*?:    V^  demand  having  been  db- 

Vni^<>n  ^4..;^«  .4^  n«Vv^«i   ♦!,«.  .«^«*  ^k»:^«o  regarded,  I  have  directed  an  expedition  to  be  sent 

Husnan  mission  at  Cabool,  the  most  obvious  i^fo  his  territory,  and  I  have  taken  the  earliest  op- 

fit^  was  to  send  a  mission  of  correspond-  portunity  of  oalling  ^ou  together,  and  makinff  to 

ing  weight  and  dignity.     Undoubtedly  it  was  yon  the  communioation  required  bv  law.    I  have 

the  duty  of  English  and  Indian  statesmen  to  directed  that  papers  on  the  subject  shall  be  laid  be- 

watch  aU  that  was  going  on  in  those  quarters,  '°"  y°^-  J  f ^y!^*"  ff<>°J  ■"  ^<^"»«*i  ?T«"  "•^'■ 

J  *u    ^                 6""*6  **"  »"  •-*ww  4uiMvcxa,  j^ij^g  ^f  ^jjgjj.  fngndly  feelmgs,  and  I  have  every 

and  the  Government  were  fully  aUve  to  their  reason  to  believe  that  the  arrangements  for  the  padlf. 

responsibility  in  the  matter.  cation  of  Europe  made  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin  will 

When  the  news  came  in  the  latter  part  of  he  successfully  carried  into  effect. 

September  that  the  Araeer  had  refuseci  to  re-  .,^"''I??5'  ®'  ^^  ^^'^  ov  Commoks:  The  es- 

^^L^  fi,^  i2.;4^<.k  ^.«K.<i.n..  ««  ;.».x.A<».4rv«  »r.<.  timates  for  the  ensuing  year  are  in  course  of  prepa- 

ocive  the  Bnti^  einbassy,  an  impression  was  ration,  and  will  in  due  time  be  submitted  to  you. 

produced  that  the  Government  had  been  treat-  Mt  Lobds  awd  Gbhtlbxbv  :  I  propose  that  after 

ed  with  indignity.     The  popular  irritation  was,  full  deliberation  upon  the  matters  which  have  led 

however,  appeased  by  the  publication  of  a  let-  "•  ^  anticipate  your  usual  time  of  meeting,  and 

ter  from  Lord  Lawrence,  a  former  Viceroy  of  ^^^.f  "ijitaBle  recess,  you  should  nroceed  to  the 

i^A-         *^*»*  rtr  A  ViT    A  •»*«*«*«*    T«v^vj  v*  consideration  of  various  measures  for  the  public 

India,  arguing  that  the  Ameer  as  an  indepen-  benefit  which  will  then  be  laid  before  you.    Iconfl- 

dent  sovereign  had  an  indisputable  right  to  dently  commit  to  your  wisdom  the  great  interests 

refuse  to  receive  an  embassy,  and  that  the  Gov-  of  my  empire,  and  I  pray  that  the  blessing  of  Al- 

ernment  had  tolerated  the  exercise  of  that  eighty  God  may  attend  your  counsels, 

riglit  once  (1857)  in  the  case  of  Dost  Moham-  Lord  Cranbrook  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and 

med,  and  twice  (1869  and  1876)  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Stanhope  in  the  House  of  Commons,  gave 

the  present  Ameer.    Moreover,  it  seemed  to  notice  of  resolutions  consenting  to  the  applica- 

him  a  mistake  to  have  organized  the  mission  tion  of  the  Indian  revenues  toward  defraying 

before  ascertaining  whether  Shore  Ali  was  the  expenses  of  the  military  operations  beyond 

prepared  to  receive  overtures,  and  a  greater  the  frontier.    The  debate  on  the  address  to  the 

mi^ake  to  have  dispatched  the  mission  before  Crown  was  lively  in  both  Houses;  bnt  Lord 

receiving  his  consent  for  doing  so.    Had  these  Hartington  in  the  House  of  Commons,  while 

precautions  been  observed,  the  affront  would  he  denied  that  there  was  any  justification  for 

not  have  seemed  so  flagrant  as  it  now  did.  He  the  war,  said  that  it  had  been  entered  upon  by 

urged  that  the  Government  should  accept  an  a  Government  which  had  been  fully  empow* 

rogy  from  the  Ameer,  nither  than  involve  ered  by  Parliament  to  exercise  the  preroga- 

country  in  a  war.  The  letter  of  Lord  Law-  tive,  and  he  would  not  oppose  the  voting  of 

renoe  was  followed  by  letters  from  Earl  Grey  supplies.    The  address  was  amended  so  as  to 

and  8ir  Charles  Treveiyan  taking  a  similar  view,  meet  an  objection  made  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to 

and  from  Sir  James  Stephen  defending  the  pol-  the  use  of  language  committing  the  House  to 

icy  of  the  Government  in  seeking  to  strengtnen  the  opinion  that  the  conduct  of  the  Ameer 

the  Indim  frontier.    An  extensive  oorrespon-  left  no  alternative  but  to  declare  war,  and  was 

deuce  ensued,  in  which  the  case  was  fully  re-  adopted.     On  Monday,  December  9th,  Lord 

viewed  on  its  merits,  and  in  its  vsrious  bearings  Cranbrook  in  the  House  of  Lords  moved  his 

by  writers  having  the  best  acquaintance  with  the  resolution  "  that  the  Queen  having  directed  a 

sobjeci;.    Public  opinion  was  modified  by  the  military  expedition  of  the  forces  charged  on 

reception  of  more  accurate  reports  of  events,  the  Indian  revenues  to  be  dispatched  against 

whieb  showed  that  the  conduct  of  the  Ameer  the  Ameer  of  Afghanistan,  the  House  of  Lords 

bad  not  been  so  rude  as  had  been  represented  consents  that  the  revenues  of  India  shall  be 

at  first,  so  that  a  clear  division  of  opinion  was  applied  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  military 

reached  in  a  few  weeks.  operations  which  may  be  carried  on  beyond 

On  the  day  that  tiie  war  was  begun.  No-  the  external  frontiers  of  her  Migesty^s  Indian 

Tember  20th,  a  Cabinet  council  was  held.  Lord  possesnons."    Lord  Halifax  moved  in  amend- 

Granbrook^s  dispatch  explaining  the  policy  of  ment  that,  **  while  ready  to  consent  to  pro- 

the  Government  with  regard  to  Afghanistan  viding  the  means  necessary  for  bringing  the 

(see  AFOHAmsTAB)  was  approved  and  sent  to  war  in  which  we  are  unhappily  eng^d  to  a 

the  papers,  and  was  published  on  the  21st.  safe  and  honorable  conclusion,  the  House  ot 

On  the  25th  a  royal  proclamation  was  issued  Lords  regrets  the  conduct  pursued  by  the  Gov- 

tammouing  Parliiunent  to  meet  on  the  6th  of  emmentj  which  has  unnecessarily  engaged  this 

December.    Chi  the  26th  the  official  papers  country  m  the  contest"    A  division  was  taken 

and  correspondence  relating  to  Afghanistan,  on  the  next  day,  and  resulted — contents,  201 ; 

from  1866  to  Lord  Cranbrook's  dispatch  of  not  contents,  65 ;  showing  a  majority  of  186 

the  20th,  were  given  to  the  public.    On  the  for  the  Government. 

assembling  of  Parliament,  December  5th,  the  In  the  House  of  Commons,  on  the  report  of 

Qoeen  sent  in  the  following  message :  the  address  being  brought  up,  Mr.  Whitbread 


406  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND, 

moved  as  an  amendment  that  the  Honse  ^*  dis-  there  had  heen  something  in  the  natore  of  & 

approves  the  conduct  of  her  M^jesty's  Govern-  hargain  between  the  country  and  the  eoyer- 

ment,  which  has  resulted  in  the  war  with  Af-  eign.    The  bargain  was  one  by  which  the  coud- 

gbanistan.^*    In  the  ensuing  debate,  Lord  Hart-  try  had  profited,  the  value  of  the  Crown  lands 

ington  admitted  the  right  of  the  Government  having  considerably  increased  during  the  last 

to  declare  war,  but  maintained  that  never  be-  forty  years.      The  provision  asked  for  was 

fore  had  there  been  a  war  begun  the  origin  granted. 

and  policy  of  which  had  been  so  studiously  The  Princess  Alice,  Grand  Duchess  of  Hesse- 

conoealed  from  Parliament.    The  Chancellor  Darmstadt,  second  daughter  of  the  Queen,  died 

of  the  Exchequer  replied,  reviewing  the  case,  at  Darmstadt,  December  14th. 

and  defending  the  course  of  the  Government;  A  decree  was  published  in  the  London  "Gar 

after  which  the  division  was  taken,  December  zette  '^  of  January  3d  creating  a  new  order  to 

18th,  and  resulted — for  the  vote  of  censure,  227 ;  be  conferred  upon  women  only,  called  the  Im- 

against  it,  828;  showing  a  minority  for  the  perial  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India.    It  be- 

Govemment  of  101.    On  the  motion  for  apply-  stowed  certain  insignia  and  decorations  upon  a 

ing  the  Indian  revenues  to  the  expenses  of  the  number  of  English  and  native  ladies,  among 

war,  Mr.  Fawcett  moved  an  amendment  that  whom  are  all  the  Princesses,  the  Maliaranee  or 

it  would  be  unjost  to  make  such  an  applica-  wife  of  the  Maharajah  Dhuleep  Singh  (a  Copt 

tion.    On  the  division,  Mr.  Fawcett's  amend-  by  birth),  seven  great  native  ladies,  and  eigh- 

ment  was  negatived  by  a  majority  of  110  (235  teen  English  ladies,  wives  of  past  and  existing 

to  125),  and  the  original  motion  was  agreed  viceroys,  governors,  secretaries,  and  under-sec- 

to.     The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  gave  retaries  for  India. 

notice  of  an  intention  to  propose  a  vote  for  A  great  public  meeting  in  favor  of  neutrali- 
the  assistance  of  the  sufferers  in  the  Rho-  ty  and  the  thorough  independeoce  of  the  freed 
dope  districts  of  Eastern  Roumelia.  Mr.  An-  provinces  of  Turkey  was  called  to  be  held  in 
derson,  of  Glasgow,  then  gave  notice  of  a  reso-  Hyde  Park,  London,  on  the  26th  of  February. 
Intion  that,  in  view  of  the  distress  prevailing  Distinguished  Liberal  members  of  Parliament 
in  the  country,  it  was  inexpedient  to  devote  were  expected  to  address  it.  On  the  day  of 
the  money  of  the  tax-payers  to  such  a  pur-  the  meeting  the  place  was  taken  possession  of 
pose.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  after-  by  a  mob  of  the  other  party,  who  passed  reso- 
ward  announced  that  he  had  abandoned  the  lutions  in  favor  of  the  Government,  and  other- 
purpose  of  making  his  motion.  Both  Houses  ad-  wise  interfered  with  the  meeting.  A  part  of 
joumed,  December  17th,  to  February  18, 1879.  the  mob  went  to  hoot  before  Mr.  Gladstone's 

The  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  House  residence.  Between  80,000  and  100,000  people 
of  Commons  in  1878  were  more  numerous  than  were  around  the  park,  of  whom  10,000  actiTO- 
in  any  previous  year  during  the  existence  of  ly  took  part  in  the  proceedings.  An  attempt 
the  present  Parliament.  In  1876  thirty-two  was  made  to  hold  another  demonstration  in 
vacancies  occurred,  involving  fresh  elections ;  Hyde  Park  in  favor  of  peace,  on  the  10th  of 
in  1877,  the  number  of  vacancies  was  seven-  March,  when  the  meeting  was  disturbed  by  a 
teen;  in  1878  it  rose  to  forty.  The  changes  mob,  who  again  made  offensive  demonstrations 
during  1878  affected  the  seats  of  twenty-three  before  Mr.  Gladstone's  residence,  and  Mr.  Glad- 
Conservatives  and  seventeen  Liberals ;  but  the  stone  and  his  wife,  who  were  in  the  street,  were 
returns  so  curiously  balanced  each  other  that  obliged  to  seek  the  protection  of  the  police, 
the  relative  strength  of  the  parties  in  the  The  attention  of  the  Irish  public  was  exdted 
House  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  precisely  by  the  murder  of  the  Earl  of  Leitrim,  one  of  the 
what  it  had  been  twelve  months  before.  Dur-  largest  landholders  in  the  country,  who,  with 
ing  the  whole  five  years  of  the  present  Pariia-  his  coachman  and  clerk,  was  shot  by  concealed 
ment,  ending  with  the  close  of  1878,  the  Con-  assassins  while  driving  near  his  house  on  the 
servatives  won  eleven  seats  from  the  Liberals,  2d  of  April.  The  murder  was  generally  as- 
and  the  Liberals  fifteen  from  the  Conserva-  cribed  to  agrarian  motives.  The  attention  of 
tives.  Parliament  was  called  to  the  subject  on  the  12th 

The  Queen  notified  Parliament  on  the  22d  by  Mr.  O'Donnell  in  the  House  of  Commons, 

of  July  of  the  approaching  marriage   of  the  whose  remarks,  considered  offensive,  led  to  a 

Duke  of  Connaught  with  the  Princess  Louise  clearing  of  the  galleries,  and  by  Lord  Oran- 

of  Prussia,  and  requested  the  provision  of  a  more  and  Browne  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on 

suitable  establishment  for  the  couple.    While  whose  motion  certain  returns  of  crime  were 

the  subject  was  under  discussion.  Sir  Charles  ordered.     A  meeting  of  the  tenantry  of  the 

Dilke  moved  for  a  suspension  of  the  subject  late  Earl  was  held  shortly  after  the  marder, 

until  a  return  could  be  procured  of  similar  ap-  which  adopted  resolutions  expressing  abhor- 

plications  on  behalf  of  members  of  the  royal  rence  of  the  murder,  protesting  against  charges 

family  since  the  accession  of  William  III.    He  which  had  been  made  against  the  character  of 

held  that  there  was  no  precedent  for  the  pres-  the  murdered  man,  and  asking  for  an  investi- 

ent  application  earlier  than  the  present  reign,  gation  of  them. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  replied  that,  In  response  to  the  intercession  of  the  Gov- 

by  the  Queen^s  abandonment  of  the  Crown  emment    of    the  United    States,  expressed 

landfl  and  her  acceptance  of  a  fixed  civil  list,  through  its  Minister,  three  Fenian  prisoners, 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  407 

Condon,  Melady,  and  O^Meara,  were  in  Angnst  on  tbe  Ist  day  of  October^  the  last  day  of  its 

released  Irom  tbe  further  operation  of  the  sen-  basiness,  its  liabilities  amounted  to  £12)403,000, 

tence  of  penal  servitude  nnder  which  they  had  while  its  assets  were  £7,212,000,  and  that  the 

suffered  for  eleven  years.    It  was  stipulated  total  loss,  including  the  capital  (£1,000,000), 

that  on  their  discharge  they  should  not  take  was  £6,783,000.    As  the  stockholders  are  un- 

part  in  any  demonstration,  and  should  not  re-  der  conditions  of  unlimited  liability,  the  loss 

main  on  British  soil,  though  they  were  allowed  falls  crushingly  upon  people  of  moderate  means, 

to  see  their  friends.  many  of  whom  had  their  all  invested  in  the 

A  resolution  in  favor  of  home  rule  in  Ireland  shares,  and  others  of  whom  will  have  to  give 

was  moved  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  an  up  all  to  pay  their  proportion.    The  auditors 

amendment  to  the  address  at  the  opening  of  found  that  the  loss  had  been  occasioned  by 

the  first  session.    Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach  said  criminal  mismanagement  of  the  directors  and 

that  the  Government  desired  to  remove  every  officers  of  the  bank,  and  these  officers  were 

real  grievance  in  Ireland,  but  could  not  pos-  arrested  and  committed  for  fraud.    Subscrip- 

sibly  accept  the  undefined  and  undefinable  tions  were  opened  for  a  fund  for  the  relief  of 

scheme  called  home  rule,  especially  since  the  the  poorer  shareholders  of  the  bank,  which  by 

Irish  themselves  were  not  united  upon  it.    He  the  middle  of  December  had  reached  the  sum  of 

then  showed  how  freedom  had  increased  in  Ire-  £321,484,  while  £500,000  were  wanted.    This 

land  since  tlie  opening  of  the  present  Parlia-  failure  was  followed  by  other  failures,  of  which 

ment    The  amendment  was  rejected  by  a  vote  150,  involving  liabilities  of  £25.000,000,  occur- 

of  801  to  148.    The  dissensions  in  the  Home  ring  in  Glasgow  and  the  westof  Scotland  by  the 

Rule  party  led  to  its  separation  into  two  fac-  20th  of  November,  were  traceable  directly  and 

tions  dnring  the  year.  indirectly  to  it.    The  West  of  England  Bank, 

A  strike  took  place  in  April  among  the  oper-  Bristol,  failed  December  7th,  but  its  directors 

atives  of  the  cotton-mills  in  Lancashire,  which  claimed  that  it  was  solvent.    It  was  established 

originated  in  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  by  in  1834,  and  had  forty-two  branches  in  South 

the  employers  to  reduce  the  wages  10  per  cent.  Wales  and  the  west  of  England.    The  state- 

The  operatives  endeavored  to  compromise  the  ment  of  the  provisional  liquidators  of  this  bank 

difference  by  offering  to  accept  a  reduction  of  showed  that  its  liabilities  amounted  to  £3,353,- 

5  per  cent,  or  to  submit  the  matter  to  arbitra-  265,  while  its  assets  were  estimated  at  £3,048,- 

tion ;  but  the  masters  would  not  agree  to  their  947,  from  which  a  deficiency  of  £304,318  was 

propositions.   A  strike  also  occurred  among  the  predicated.    An  order  was  granted  later  in  the 

iron  miners  of  Middlesborough  and  Stockton  month  for  the  compulsory  winding  up  of  the 

against  the  award  of  an  arbitrator  who  decided  bank. 

that  their  wages  should  be  reduced  7^  per  cent.  The  year  was  signalized  by  several  distress- 

The  excitement  induced  collisions  between  the  ing  accidents.   The  training  ship  Eurydice,  with 

strikers  and  the  police  in  May,  ending  in  riots  in  380  persons  on  board,  was  capsized  off  the  Isle 

which  considerable  damage  was  done  to  prop-  of  Wight  March  24th,  by  the  pressure  of  a 

erty  in  Blackburn  and  the  neighboring  factory  sudden  squall  taking  place  during  a  violent 

towns,  and  the  military  had  to  be  cfidled  out.  snow-storm,  and  nearly  all  of  the  crew  and  ca- 

The  niasters  adhered  to  their  position,  and  the  dots  were  drowned.    On  the  31st  of  May  the 

mass  of  the  workingmen  submitted  to  their  three  German  ironclads,  the  Grosser  Eurf  Qrst, 

terms  by  the  middle  of  June.  the  KOnig  Wilhelm,  and  the  Preussen,  were 

The  depression  in  trade  became  very  keenly  sailing  together  in  the  English  Channel  past 

felt  in  the  early  part  of  October,  when  a  number  Sandgato,  when  the  KOnig  Wilhelm,  changing 

of  notices  of  reductions  of  wages  were  given,  her  course  to  avoid  a  passing  vessel,  ran  into 

Conferences  of  masters  and  laborers  had  no  sat-  the  Grosser  Eurftlrst.    The  latter  vessel  sank 

isfactory  result,  the  reductions  were  continued,  within  five  minutes,  and  284  of  the  officers  and 

and  the  troubles  eztonded  to  the  agricnltaral  crew  were  drowned,  while  216  were  picked  up. 

laborers,  who  became  involved  in  strikes  and  On  the  3d  of  September  the  Princess  Alice,  an 

lock-outs.    The  suffering  among  the  laborers  excursion  steamer  on  the  Thames,  carrying  700 

in  Sheffield  and   other  large  manufacturing  passengers,  mostly  families  with  mothers  and 

towns  became  by  the  close  of  the  year  a  very  children,  was  run  into  by  the  iron  screw-collier 

painful  and  perplexing  feature  in  the  situation  Bywell  Castle,  and  nearly  600  persons  were 

of  the  country.  drowned  within  five  minutes,  only  about  100 

Tbe  distress  was  considerably  augmented  by  being  saved.    The  circumstances  of  this  disas- 

Mveral  great  commercial  failures,  one  of  the  ter  were  investigated  by  a  coroner^s  jury  and 

first  and  most  important  of  which  was  that  of  the  Board  of  Trade.    An  explosion  took  place 

the  Glasgow  City  Bank,  October  1st.    This  in-  in  the  Prince  of  Wales  Colliery,  Abercarne, 

8titntion  had  stood  extremely  high  in  the  con-  South  Wales,  September  11th,  by  which  286 

fidence  of  the  public,  its  last  dividend  having  men  and  boys  lost  their  lives.    Subscriptions 

been  made  at  12  per  cent.,  and  its  shares  on  the  were  taken  for  the  benefit  of  the  families  suf- 

day  of  failure  having  stood  at  236 ;  and  it  was  fering  from  the  last  two  disasters,  which  re- 

a&vorite  institution  for  investment  among  the  suited  in  securing  liberal  funds  for  both  pur- 

pMple  of  Scotland.    The  bsJance-sheet  of  the  poses.    On  the  11th  of  October  37 persons  were 

back  as  examined  by  the  auditors  showed  that  ^crushed  or  suffocated  and  several  in  jured  in  the 


^8  GREECE. 

panic  oooasioned  bv  the  breaking  oat  of  a  fire  their  conntrjmen  in  Tarke^r.    In  the  begin* 

m  the  Oolosseum  theatre  in  Liverpool.    The  ning  of  March  the  Minister  for  Foreign  Afiirt 

German  mail  steamer  Pomerania,  from  Ham-  adcLressed  a  circular  to  the  Greek  represent*- 

barg  to  New  York,  was  ran  into  by  the  iron  tives  at  the  courts  of  the  signatory  Powers, 

bark  Moel  Eilian,  November  26th,  and  58  of  in  which  the  Hellenic  Government  asked  to  be 

her  passengers  and  crew  were  lost.  represented  at  the  Congress,  which  was  then 

GREECE,*  a  kingdom  of  sontheastern  En-  spoken  of.    The  Ministry  resigned  on  Joly  lat, 

rope.    Reigning  King,  George  I.,  born  De-  on  account  of  military  promotions  having  been 

cember  24,  18'^,  second  son  of  the  reigning  made  by  the  Minister  of  War  contrary  to  the 

King  of  Denmark ;  elected  King  of  the  Hel-  badget  scheme  settled  by  them.    The  King, 

lenes  by  the  National  Assembly  at  Athens,  however,  refused  to  accept  the  resignation, 

March  18  (30),  1868 ;  accepted  the  crown  June  declaring  that  the  Cabinet  possessed  his  confi- 

6,  1863 ;  declared  of  age  by  a  decree  of  the  dence. 

National  Assembly,  June  27,  1868;  married  The  recommendations  made  by  the  Berlin 

October  27,  1867,  to  Olga,  daughter  of  the  Congress  as  to  the  rectification  of  the  Greek 

Grand  Duke  Constantine  of  Russia,  born  Au-  frontier  (see  Eastkbit  Question)  excited  great 

gust  22,  1851.    Their  children  are :  Constan-  hopes  in  Greece.    The  Greek  Government  in 

tinos,  Dake  of  Sparta,  born  August  2,  1868 ;  August  addressed  a  note  to  the  Powers,  asking 

George,  born  June  25,  1869 ;  Alexandra,  born  them  to  use  their  iofiuence  to  bring  aboot  a 

August  30,  1870 ;  Nicholas,  born  Febraary  9,  settlement,  and  various  propositions  having 

1872 ;  Maria,  born  March  8,  1876.  that  end  in  view  were  made,  but  nothing  defi- 

The  area  of  the  kingdom  amounts  to  19,868  nite  was  arrived  at.    On  October  14th  the 

square  miles ;  the  population,  according  to  the  Chamber  began  a  discussion  on  the  past  policy 

census  of  1870,  to  1,457,894  persons.  of  the  Government,  which  ended  on  the  18tb 

The  war  excitement  which  had  pervaded  in  a  vote  of  confidence  of  69  to  68.  On  the 
Greece  during  1877  grew  as  it  became  appar-  29th  the  Chamber  rejected  by  a  minority  of 
ent  in  January  that  the  Porte  intended  to  ne-  four  votes  the  bill  introduced  by  the  Govern- 
gotiate  for  peace.  It  ^finally  led  to  a  ministe-  ment,  providing  for  the  calling  out  of  the  third 
rial  crisis,  and  on  January  22d  the  Ministry  re-  and  fourth  classes  of  the  milit-ary  reserves.  In 
signed,  and  a  new  one  was  formed,  composed  consequence  of  this  the  Ministry  tendered  iU 
as  follows :  President  of  the  Council  and  Min-  resignation,  which  was  accepted.  A  new  Cabi* 
ister  of  the  Interior,  Knmunduros;  Foreign  net  was  formed  by  M.  Tricupis,  bnt  resigned 
Affairs  and  Public  Worship,  Delyannis ;  Ma-  within  a  week,  as  they  were  defeated  on  a  test- 
rine,  Pumbulis ;  Finance  and  Justice,  Papami-  vote  in  the  Chamber.  A  new  Ministry  was 
chcdopulo ;  War,  Sotfrus  Petmezas.  The  war-  then  formed  as  follows :  Knmunduros,  President 
like  demonstrations  continued  in  all  the  prin-  of  the  Council,  Minister  of  the  Interior  and 
cipal  cities,  and  on  January  26th  a  conflict  Justice;  Bubulis,  War  and  Navy;  Augerinas, 
occurred  between  the  troops  and  the  populace  Public  Instruction  and  Worship ;  Delyannis, 
in  Athens.  The  Chamber  in  consequence  held  Foreign  Affairs  and  Finance.  It  was  thought 
its  sittings  with  closed  doors.  On  January  Slst  that  this  Ministry  could  not  maintain  itself,  but 
the  Chamber  in  a  secret  sitting  passed  a  vote  M.  Kumunduros  brought  about  a  compromise 
of  confidence  in  the  Ministry  by  121  to  6 ;  that  with  the  Opposition,  by  which  a  bill  was  passed 
is  to  say,  it  empowered  the  Government  to  increasing  the  army  by  20,000  men.  On  the 
take  military  measures  against  Turkey.  M.  18th  of  November  a  motion  was  accepted  pro- 
Kumunduros  indicated  that  his  action  would  posing  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  in- 
be  the  armed  occupation  of  Thessaly,  Epirus,  quiry  into  abuses  said  to  have  been  committed 
and  part  of  Macedonia,  in  order,  as  he  said,  to  by  the  Minister  of  War  who  held  office  at  the 
protect  the  Greeks  of  those  provinces  from  the  beginning  of  the  year,  in  connection  with  sup- 
outrages  of  the  Turks  driven  into  them  by  the  plying  food  and  clothing  to  the  army.  The 
Russian  advance.  He  said  that,  when  outrages  Government  opposed  the  motion,  but  finallv 
occurred  previously,  the  Government  sought  the  yielded,  and  the  resolution  was  adopted  nnani- 
assistance  of  Europe,  but  Europe  did  nothing  mously. 

beyond  making  inquiries.  This  time  Greece  An  aOTeement  of  a  very  satisfactory  char- 
would  take  the  matter  into  her  own  hands,  acter,  which  is  intended  to  effect  the  conver- 
In  accordance  with  this  declaration,  the  Greek  sion  of  the  Greek  stock  of  1824-'25,  has  been 
army  on  February  8d  crossed  the  frontier,  but  entered  into  between  the  Government  and  the 
was  recalled  within  a  week  upon  the  represen-  representatives  of  the  bondholders,  and  was 
tations  of  the  Powers.  (See  Turkey.)  But,  ratified  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  Decern- 
though  the  Greek  Government  abandoned  all  her.  Under  it  the  old  bonds  and  coupons  will 
hostile  actions  against  the  Turks,  large  num-  be  exchanged  for  new  stock,  upon  which  an 
bers  of  volunteers  crossed  the  border  to  assist  annual  payment  of  £75,000  to  the  bondholders 
will  be  secured.    This  sum  will  be  guaranteed 

•  9e«  "Annual  Cyciop«dU"of  1874  for  BtatisticB  on  the  ^7  the  actual  hypothecation  of  the  stamp  du- 

popniation ofian?e  cities,  on  nat!onaiitiM,oDreiUriousdenoini-  ties  and  the  customs  of  Cephalonia,  which  to- 

natloDS,  and  on  education;  of  1878,  for  commercial  atattatica;  „«♦!,««  «-;«M  aK/^nf  -PlflO  OAO  a  vam*      TK^  n^vr 

and  of  1877,  for  noeipta,  ezpenditnroB,  pubUc  debt,  and  army  get  her  y  eld  about  i,  1 80,000  a  year.     The  new 

and  naTy.  stock  Will  be  redeemable  m  thirty-three  yean 


b7  dnwingi  at  par.  The  interest,  at  6  per  EnropeaDi  were  murdered.  Among  the  Tic- 
cent.,  waa  to  begin  on  Jennar;  1, 1679,  and  to  tiins  of  this  affair  wsa  Mr.  Ogle,  a  oorrespond- 
be  payable  half-^earl;.  ent  at  the  Loudon  "  Timea,"  irhoee  marder 

Aeoordiog  to  the  law  for  1878,  enacted  In  and  mntUation  were  made  anbjecta  of  action 
the  latter,  part  of  1877  bj  the  Cbunber,  the  by  the  British  Government.  A  reward  waa 
Gr«ek  arm?  in  now  compoeed  of  28,000  men —  offered  for  the  recover;  of  his  body,  end  it  waa 
16,288  infantry,  4,044  light  iobntry,  8,608  found  in  a  motilated  condition  on  Mount  Pe- 
gendaraen,  882  cavalry,  3,013  artillery,  1,107  lion.  Mr.  Fawcett,  who  was  aent  to  Valo  to 
•appera  and  miners,  800  men  attached  to  the  inqaire  into  the  occarrence,  made  a  report  on 
bo8pitala,audannmberof  offioeraandBergeanta  May  8th,  in  which  he  expreeaed  the  opinion 
i>n  q>ecial  service.  The  annnal  expense  for  the  that  Mr.  Ogle  was  killed  by  a  gnnehot  or  bay- 
niainteDaDeeofthearmyiaeBtiiiiBtedat20,000,-  onet  while  retreating  with  the  Greek  insnr- 
Ouu  francn.  ftenta,  and  that  liii  head  waa  afterward  cut  oS 

by  Torkish  soldiers. 

An  angry  feeling  waa  caused  in  many  circles 
throughout  the  cdnntry  by  the  results  of  the 
Congress  at  Berlin,  which  had  failed  to  secure 
to  Greece  any  advautages  proportioned  to  the 
expectations  that  hod  been  raised.  Every  step 
of  the  negotiations  in  which  the  Govemmeot 
sought  to  have  actually  ai^iisted  the  rectifica- 
tion of  boundaries  which  the  treaty  stipulated 
for,  waa  watched  with  solicitude.  The  nego- 
tiations on  tlie  subject  made  very  slow  progress, 
and  it  was  not  till  the  6tb  of  August  that  the 
Turkish  Government  drew  up  its  circular  on 
the  demand  of  the  Greeks,  aud  it  was  nearly 
three  weeks  later  before  the  circular  was  pub- 
lished. The  dispatch  declared  in  the  outset, 
in  the  most  formal  manner,  that  neither  the 
Saltan  nor  his  GoTernineut  had  ever  had  to 
deliberate  on  such  a  project  as  the  proposed 
reotificstion  of  the  Greek  frontier,  and  that  it 
was  for  the  first  time  called  on  to  consider  it 
when  the  project  came  to  light  within  the  Con- 
BDiai  OF  TBI  raont.xA,  atbibi.  gresa.     Reviewing  in  its  particulars  the  de- 

uiaod  made  by  the  Greeks  before  the  Berlin 
After  recalling  it«  troops  from  Thessaly,  the    Congress,  it  said : 
Goverament  continned  still  to  act  under  the  j         ■,        ■      ,     x. 

reccwnition  of  the  fact  that  the  situation  was  .  t*-"*  demand  con«wt»  in  the  nnneiition,  pure  «id 
.  .^  ,         3       .-      1  ^-         J  -.        M-.  3     Simple,  oi  bpirus,  IneiBsIy,  and  the  lilo  of  Crete, 

critical,  and  actively  contmued  its  military  and  to  tU  iiinedom  of  Oreeoe,  ind  i.  ju.iifled,  lecordioK 
naval  preparatious.  Orders  were  given  for  to  the  Hellenio  Uinistr;,  by  argumenta  and  consiif 
arms  and  ammunition  aafBcient  for  an  army  entioDa  ohioh  ma;  be  ihtu  nuiDined  up;  "Greece 
of  50,000  men,  and  arrangemento  were  made  "pires  to  unite  onder  the  same  government  all  the 
to  raise  the  Mobile  National  Guard  to  140.000  t^^^he' «£':'- W.';  Z^'^Ji^iV  fo^'S.t  pre! «i 
men.  Toe  people  snlkily  accepted  the  news  of  Umitiug  lier  denirea  to  the  inaeiation  of  Csndia 
of  the  Government's  acquiescence  in  the  ar-  and  tbe  pnivlaeei  bordering  on  the  kiogdom,  in 
raogement  proposed  bv  the  great  Powers  for  order  to  raapond  to  the  donins  of  Europe.  The 
abrtenrion  frwm  hostilitiea,  and  reliance  on  "nieialioB  fiM  from  all  lime  been  the  de-.re.t  wi.li 
.,    -  J      in         .  .1.   ..  ■     .■       „       a  of  I  JOBS  Droviooee.nhioh  here  often  BxpresBcd  It  bv 

IWir  eood  offices  to  see  that  justice  waa  dooe  ^^.  ^P  .^^  'suief«>tion  given  to  this  desire 
the  Greek  peoples,  but  were  evidently  not  »ould  besnactofJuBtioesnd  humanity  wblcbwould 
content  with  it.  The  newa  that  the  British  coioplete  (bo  pscificsting  work  of  Europe,  and  would 
squadron  bad  Iwen  refused  admission  to  the    thus  render  impo«gible  the  return  of  the  troubles 

Boapoms  by  the  Porte  created  a  new  eicite-  T"",,'*^  ^**''"'^^'''!i'^'"".°h.'r;^  Muf^V",,! 

"    .       .  .t  3  .t  .  -■  »-!»..  bfu  all  JilOQff  vxpencooed  the  rebound  oi  these  trou- 

ment  in  Athens,  and  the  expectation  which  it  ^i^,    ^^^  Sjiiuh   eiheuita   herself  in   armameots 

arooaetl   of  a  new  political  and  military  situa-  grounded  on  this  abnormal  situation,  and  in  eipen- 

tion,  in  which  Greece  and  England  might  be  diture  oauied  by  the  neceBoitj  of  iccoiding  succor 

found  on  the  same  side,  did  much  to  reconcile  to  ihe  refugees  of  tbe  insurgent  provinces,  aiid  to 

tbo^  who  had  denonnced  the  recall  of  the  t^^t^T^fTeou^rtoX^^.^^SiydX^^^^^ 

troops     from    Thewaly,    and    to    keep    within  the   country.     Turkey  hcreelf  would  gain  in  bccu- 

boQuda  the  indignation  with  which  the  news  Hty.and  therclationHofneighborlineBenhicb  would 

of  the  maaaacres  at  the  frontier  was  received,  be  establisbed  between  the  two  countrie«  would  run 

The  eiritement  was  renewed  early  in  April  on  "o  further  ri»k  of  being  di-turbed     The  rejection 

the  ocoarion  of  the  capture  of  tile  Th^alian  ^L'^;:i'';'!,'ra^tPoirTn"'  7^^o^' coH^n^^l  l^'t.'.tcb" 

iMor^Mit  position  at  Macnnitia,  and  the  irrop-  fhe  Hellenic  people  would  be  led  to  Uke  part,  wl.at- 

tion  mto  Valo,  in  which  several  rayahs  and  ever  the  effntta  of  its  rulers  to  prevent  it." 


410  GREECE. 

Thediapatch  tfa en  proceeded  to  sliow,  among  Powers.  The  Greek  Government  addretted  i 
other  things,  that  there  had  never  been  a  gen-  note  to  the  Porte  calling  npon  it  to  nominsie 
Dine  movement  iu  Cret«  for  separation  from  delegates  to  examine  the  qnestton  of  the  rvcu- 
Turkey,  the  insarrection  of  1867  having  been  fication  of  the  frontier  recommended  bj  tL« 
rather  a  Greek  invasion  than  a  rising  of  the  Congress.  While  the  answer  to  the  note  wsj 
island  itself;  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  The».  delayed  for  a  considerable  period,  it  was  given 
out  that  Savfet  Paaha  was  willing  to  cede 
eventuallj  to  Greece  several  islands  of  th« 
Archipelago,  bat  no  territory  of  the  Turtish 
mainland,  and  reinforcements  of  troops  ven 
dispatched  to  Epirns  and  Tbeesaly.  Hoban 
Faahti  spent  three  days  at  Athens  about  ibe 
Srst  of  October.  In  an  interview  which  h« 
had  with  the  King,  his  Majesty  told  him  thai, 
while  disposed  to  wait  with  patience  the  di;- 
cisions  of  the  Powers,  Greece  would  contiinf 
its  preparations,  and,  should  Europe  remaio 
deaf  to  its  claims,  wonld  stake  its  existence 
on  the  result.  The  King's  words  are  said  lo 
have  made  a  deep  impression  upon  the  Pasba. 
Shortly  after  this  the  Porte  seemed  to  manit'e^i 
a  disposition  to  come  to  terms  with  Greece  if 
the  HeUenio  Govemmeut  would  accept  a  sltD- 
ple  rectification  of  frontier.  At  a  meeting  of 
the  Turkish  Ministers  in  November,  Ssvfct 
Pasha  urged  upon  his  Bssociates  the  necessilr 
of  coming  to  an  amicable  arrangement  before 
any  foreign  intervention  shonld  tuke  place. 
HI.  The  delimitations  recommended  by  the  Berlin 

Congress  were,  he  sud,  impracticable,  but  th« 
saly  anil  Epims  had  "always  lived  peaceably,    Porte  wonld  give  an  equivalent  in  the  diret- 
and  willingly  submitted  themselves  to  the  Ot-    tion  of  Valo.    These  views  were  adopted  bj 
toman  authorities;  that  they  have  Dever  taken    the  Council,  and  on  the  II  th  of  the  month  the 
np  arms  to  make  good  SDpposititious  claims;    Porte  made  to  the  Greek  Minister  st  Coostu- 
tbat  they  have  sometimes  endured,  bat  never    tinople  a  proposition  for  the  appointment  of 
invoked,  the  intervention  of  a  neighboring    delegates.    Early  in  December  tbe  Porte  ap- 
country ;  and  that,  in  fact,  if  rendered  secure    pointed  a  military  oommission  to  examine  ioTo 
from  the  enterprises  set  afoot  by  that  neighbor, 
they  would  continne  to  live  happily  and  pros- 
perously under  the  laws  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire.    It  was  not,  therefore,  in  the  name  of 
these  provinces,  the  annexation  of  which  he 
demanded,  that  M.  Delyannia  was  entitled  to 
spook  at  the  table  of  the  Congress."    The  Porte 
dill  not  consider  itself  qnaliGed  to  deal  with 
the  argument  that  the  annexation  of  the  prov- 
inces named  would  complete  the  happiness  of 
Greece,  hut  the  circolar  pointed  out  that  it 
could  not  he  made  to  agree  with  the  avowal 
that  the  Hellenic  Government  wished  to  nnite 
under  one  sway  all  countries  inhabited    by 
Greeks;  andsuggested  that  "politioal  honesty 
will  not  permit  the  dismemberment  of  one 
nation  to  the  advantage  of  another,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  the  latter  would  thus  he 
rendered   happier."     The   dispatch   concluded 
with  an  expression   of  confidence  that  the 
European   Powers,   duly   enlightened   on   the 
subject,  wonld  "hasten  to  bring  home  to  the 

Cabinet  of  Athens  counsels  of  rectitude  and  Mnaa  or  tra  moHTOitni,  Annre. 

prudence,  calculated  to  turn  it  from  on  enter- 
prise equally  unjost  and  impolitic.    In  any    the  details  relating  to  the  rectification  of  llie 
case  Europe  will  never  seek  to  follow  Greece    frontiers,  and  to  present  a  report  on  the  strste- 
along  this  dangerous  path,  and  thus  mn  the    gical  aspects  of  the  question.    On  the  2m  of 
risk  o{  jeopardizing  its  work  of  peace."  December  Mukhtar  Pasha,  Jahan  Effendl,  and 

Thb  oiroolar  was  not  well  received  by  the    Abeddin  Bey  were  appointed  the  Tnrkish  com- 


GREECE.  GREEK  CHURCH.              411 

mission  era  for  regulating  the  frontier ;  and  a  of  Crete :  **  I  know  that  island  well,  and  the 
week  later  Greneral  Sutzo,  Commander-in-Chief  aspirations  of  its  inhabitants.  I  am  convinced 
of  the  Greek  army,  M.  Zenopulos,  Secretary-  that  the  people  of  Crete  do  not  want  anneza- 
General  to  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  and  tion  to  Greece ;  it  is  the  restless  committee  of 
Major  Colocoronis,  were  appointed  the  Greek  ambitious  Hellenes  in  Athens  who  cry  oat  for 
commissioners  for  the  same  purpose.  News  it,  not  the  Cretans.^^  At  about  the  same  time 
baviiu;  been  received  at  Athens  from  Constan-  the  representatives  of  the  Cretan  National 
tinople  that,  notwithstanding  the  understood  Assembly  proposed  that  the  Porte  should 
determination  of  the  Porte  not  to  cede  the  grant  to  the  people  of  the  island  administra- 
district  of  Janina,  the  Greek  Government  was  tive  autonomy  with  civil  and  political  equality, 
desiroos  of  consolidating  friendly  relations  with  and  that  the  Assembly  should  be  authorized 
Turkey,  and  would  not  ask  the  mediation  of  to  make  laws  which  it  would  be  beyond  the 
tiie  Powers,  the  newspapers  of  Athens  con-  power  of  the  Sultan  to  modify.  Mukhtar 
demned  the  adoption  of  such  an  attitude,  and  rasha,  on  the  other  hand,  offered  them  civil 
stated  that,  if  the  Government  were  to  yield  on  equality,  the  pUhiseite^  and  the  establishment 
the  question  of  Janina,  its  course  would  be  of  a  police  force  and  gendarmerie  composed 
oniveraally  disapproved.  jointly  of  Mohammedans  and  Christians. 
The  whole  year  was  marked  by  events  of  These  proposals  were  rejected  by  the  Cretans, 
stirring  interest  in  Crete,  which,  although  Afterward  deeming  the  concessions  offered 
tbey  were  in  large  part  of  a  peaceful  charac-  by  Mukhtar  Pasha  worthless,  the  Assembly 
ter,  showed  the  strong  and  constant  desire  of  instructed  the  Cretan  representatives  at  Con- 
the  people  of  the  island  to  become  part  of  an  stantinople  to  discontinue  the  negotiations, 
independent  Greek  nation.  In  January  the  and  sent  a  protest  to  the  foreign  consuls  at 
National  Assembly  which  had  been  organized  Canea  declining  to  pursue  the  negotiations 
and  was  sitting,  after  an  engagement  between  with  Mukhtar  Pasha.  A  week  later  an  offi- 
tbe  Tarks  and  the  Christians,  declared  that  cial  telegram  from  Canea  stated  that  a  defini- 
tbe  Ottoman  Government  was  overthrown,  tive  arrangement  had  been  signed  between 
and  proclaimed  the  annexation  of  the  idand  the  Turkish  authorities  and  the  Cretans,  by 
to  Greece.  A  messenger  was  sent  to  Russia  which  the  questions  at  issue  were  finally 
to  present  an  address  to  the  Czar,  congratu-  settled.  This  arrangement  was  confirmed  by 
lating  him  upon  the  Russian  victories,  and  en-  the  Porte,  with  some  slight  modifications ;  a 
treating  him  not  to  forget  Crete  at  the  con-  telegram  was  sent  by  the  Porte  to  Mukhtar 
elusion  of  peace.  It  was  reported  in  March  Pasha,  thanking  him  for  pacifying  the  island ; 
tliat  the  insurgents  had  accepted  an  armistice  and  congratulations  were  presented  to  him  by 
proposed  by  the  Turks,  the  terms  of  which  the  Christian  and  Mussulman  inhabitants. 
stipaUted  that  the  Turks  should  be  confined  Alexander  Caratheodori  Pasha,  first  plenipo- 
to  the  towns,  while  the  Christians  should  re-  tentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin,  and  after- 
main  nmnoleeted  in  the  open  country.  In  ward  Minister  of  Public  Works,  was  appointed 
May  the  British  consul  at  Canea  informed  the  Governor-General  of  Crete,  and  the  British 
insurgent  leaders  that  the  Porte  had  decided  Colonel  Maurice  Fawcett  was  intrusted  with 
to  grant  the  Cretans  an  amnesty,  and  promised  the  organization  of  the  gendarmerie. 
tbem  a  better  form  of  government  provided  The  Greek  Government  has  for  several 
tbe  insurgents  would  lay  down  their  arms,  years  had  the  charge  of  the  normal  depart- 
Tbe  leaders  of  the  insurrection,  in  reply,  de-  ment  of  the  schools  of  Dr.  Hill,  of  the  Ameri- 
tnanded  an  armistice,  declaring  that  they  con-  can  Episcopal  Church.  It  has  within  the  past 
sidered  the  acceptance  of  an  amnesty  as  jquiv-  year  established  a  normal  school  at  Athens,  to 
^ent  to  submission,  and  strongly  urged  the  be  under  the  charge  of  a  Greek  principal  with 
anion  of  the  island  with  Greece.  Hostilities  two  professors ;  and  a  circular  nas  been  sent 
K'ere  resumed  in  various  districts  during  June,  out  to  the  local  authorities  advising  them  to 
Tbe  British  consnl  at  Canea  promised  the  As-  select  candidates  for  admission  to  the  school, 
s^mbiy  that  England  would  protect  the  rights  with  free  tuition.  The  University  of  Athcnp 
of  Crete.  He  also  pointed  oat  that  the  Porte  has  schools  of  theology,  law,  medicine,  and  phi- 
liad  proposed  reforms  and  a  provisional  Cre-  losophy,  with  68  professors  and  1,652  students, 
tan  administration.  About  a  month  later  the  GREEK  CHURCH.  The  territorial  changes 
National  Assembly  sent  a  note  to  the  consul  made  in  the  map  of  Europe  by  the  Berlin  Con- 
soliciting  the  mediation  of  England  to  obtain  gress  (see  Eubope)  considerably  affect  the  states 
autonomy  for  the  island,  in  conformity  with  in  which  the  Greek  Church  embraces  a  ma- 
tbe  dedres  of  the  population.  Failing  to  oh-  jority  or  a  large  portion  of  the  population, 
tain  this,  the  Cretans  were  understocKl  to  be  Two  states  professing  the  Greek  Oriental  re- 
resolved  to  continue  their  resistance  to  Turk-  ligion  which  were  heretofore  dependencies  of 
^b  rule.  Hobart  Pa^a,  who  visited  the  Turkey — Roumania  and  Servia — have  been 
European  states  during  the  latter  part  of  the  added  to  the  list  of  the  independent  states  of 
dimmer  on  a  mission  which  was  supposed  to  Europe,  and  both  have  received  an  increase  of 
be  partly  official,  wrote  a  letter  before  leav-  territory  and  population.  A  new  state  in  which 
iiig  London  for  Constantinople,  reviewing  the  the  Greek  religion  will  prevail  has  been  formed 
wbole  ntuation  in  the  East,  in  which  he  said  — Bulgaria— which,  though  it  will  pay  for  the 


412  OBEEK  OHUBCH.  GR££N£,  WILLIAM  6. 

presentanannQaltribntetothe  Saltan,  is  really  neoted    with  churches  and  monasteries  was 

as  independent  as  Roumania  and  Berria  were  6,811,  with  an  aggregate  of  197,191  papik,  of 

before  the  war  of  1877.    It  most  be  expected  whom  170,461  were  male  and  26,780  female, 

that  nnder  a  Christian  government  the  Greek  The  number  of  church  libraries  was  15,770; 

Oharoh  of  this  state  will  awaken  to  a  new  the  nnmber  of  new  libraries  established  in  the 

life ;  and  the  same  may  be  ezpect-ed  from  Bos-  course  of  the  year,  235.    The  church  propertj 

nia  and  Herzegovina,  which  have  been  placed  under  the  administration  of  the  Procurat<»f- 

under  Austrian  rale.  General  amoanted  on  January  1, 1877,  to  26,- 

The  population  connected  with  the  Greek  856,858  rubles  (1  ruble  =  78  cents). 
Oriental  Charch  in  1878  may  be  estimated        The  Church  of  Greece  lost  one  of  her  lead- 
about  as  follows :  ing  and  oldest  prelates  by  the  death  of  the  Arcb- 

Kassia eo,0oo,ooo  bishop  of  Thera,  2jaoharias  Matthaa,  at  the  age 

f^J^nd.. «,S[*!iSS  of  about  80  years.    He  became  Archbishop  of 

B?;Sr'i£d?SioVin«:;;;:;;;;/.:::::::;::::::  ^X  Thera  in  i863,  and  was  atthe  time  of  hisdeath 

Koamanu. 4,800,000  a  member  of  the  Holy  Synod  of  Greece.   As 

MonteneCTo ^'S«,'ooo  *  theological  aathor  he  was  well  known  by 

Oraeee !!!*.".;'.!!!'.'."..".'.!!!.".!!!'.!!!'..'!."..".   1,442,000  his  work  entitled  "  A  Historic  List  of  the  Bish- 

S^^/J^Vw-iiVU'Vi- r    -Vu i,2TO,ooo  ops  and  Patriarchs  of  the  Great  Church  of 

TuSe^  (Without  Buig«i.,  Bo«iU.  and  Hemgo-  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  Constantinople,  from  a.  i>.  86  to  a.  d. 

China bIooo  1884."    This  work  was  written  by  him  in  1637. 

^^^ ^^  while  Archdeacon  of  Nauplia;  it  has  been 

Total n,d7fi,ooo  translated  into  Russian,  and  twice  repriur^ 

The  report  of  Count  Tolstoi,  Procurator-Gen-  *^  ^^  ^^P*®^^'^^'^  .    *  ,  rii.      x,     #  i  ^• 

eral  of  the  Holy  Synod  of  Raida,  on  the  affairs  .J'^^  ^?  Greek  Oriental  Church  of  An^m 

of  the  Russian  oWch  during  the  year  1876,  *^«  oP«°^f  <>^  \^^  University  of  Czernovitz  b 

was  published  in  April,  18787    According  ti  an  event  of  great  importance     It  is  the  oiilr 

this  Jeport,  there  were  ii  1876  380  monasteries  Aas^H*?^  university  which  h«  a  th^^^^^^^ 


and  oratories,  18,694.    In  the  coarse  of  the    ^f^^,  Tt-  ^   a.    ,.  j\.    i    •         ^a^.j 
year  828  ohurchM  and  170  chapels  and  ora-    «?>»  <^^  Protestant  theologians  of  Austna  «d 

tones  were  buUt.    There  were  87  hospitals  9^^^^\^^''  ^I'l^^  ^'l  ^^'^fZ 

with  1,192  inmates,  and  605  poorhonses  with  0<:U,heT,  1876.  with  the  three  taeuta^  of  th^ 

6,763  inmates.    The  number  of  persons  re-  «J<|?y«  \'"'  "S^  pohtioal  economy  and  pliil«- 

ciived  into  the  Russian  Church  was  12,840,  "Pl'yj  j"?  the  philosophical  faculty  was  not 

embracing  1,192  Roman  Catholics,  616  uAited  «?™P>«<*?  ""*?'  \^^^'  }.'  ^""^J^^T-^^ 

Greeks,  8  Armenians,  688  Protectants.  2,539  f«  ,?'»l*»^"?''*ll*'  '^****"-      ^^^    ^i'!^'^'^ 

RascolAiks  or  Old  Believers  (1,498  completely  '""""Ityliad  m  the  wmter  semester  of  18,fr-  .9 

united  with  the  Russian  Church,  and  1,041  re-  »«  *>^J?*7  professors  for  the  departmenttof 

served  the  use  of  the  ancient  canons),  450  Jews,  moral  theology,  dogmatics,  practioal  theolw- 

219  Mohammedans,  and  8,728  pii^ns.    The  ^^"t*'i??'*'7,*Sf  eoolegiastical  l«w  of  th« 

number  of  divorceTwas  1,028;  1^29  cases  the  ^^^  0"«°t*>  Church,  exegwns  Sf  «>«  OM 

cause  was  remarriage  of  one  party  during  the  Testament,  and  exegesis  of  the  New  Testsmen^ 

lifetime  of  the  oth^r;  in  2,  tbo  close  consan-    H.T ^*V*"*  ^^i'°vu^!!^.J'"?'*^  w*°  u  i! 
guinity ;  in  15,  impotence ;  in  80,  adultery ;  in    t"*?'-  .Connected  with  the  theological  faenltyu 

630,  the  unknown  residence  of  one  party    in  »  *';.«?'*«"'*lrf'°"'"7  "'1?  ''?*^'' w*!!**^; 

247  the  condemnation  of  one  party  to  forced  «»ll>b»ry:  The  nnmber  of  theological  stadenH 

labor  or  exile.    The  institutions  for  the  educa-  has  evw  since  the  orpmiatbon  of  the  f acalt; 

tion  of  the  clergy,  with  the  nnmber  of  their  ^.'■^Ji^^''  the  total  number  of  students  b 

teachers  and  pupils,  were  as  follows :  '^n^dw-o  -nr  n    j-  j    i.  w  »„,„ 

•^  "^    '  GREENE,  WiLUAK  B.,  died  at  Weston-sn- 

per-Mare,  England,  May  SO,  1878,  aged  59 
years.  He  was  bom  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  tnd 
was  the  son  of  the  late  Nathaniel  Greene,  for- 
merly Postmaster  of  Boston.  He  was  a  student 
at  West  Point  Academy,  bat  did  not  graduate. 
He  entered  the  army  and  served  in  the  Eorida 
war.  He  was  connected  with  the  Brook  Fsna 
Of  the  pupils,  16,666  received  support  from  movement,  afterward  entered  the  Baptiet  min- 
the  state;  265  were  learning  the  languages  of  istry,  and  for  several  years  was  settled  at  Broot 
the  uncivilized  tribes.  Eleven  female  schools  field,  Mass.  Though  a  Democrat,  he^  was  a 
belong  to  the  department  of  the  Procurator-  strong  Abolitionist ;  and  on  the  breaking  out 
General,  which  in  1876  had  an  aggregate  of  of  the  civil  war  he  returned  from  Earop«, 
962  pupils,  of  whom  294  were  supported  by  where  he  had  passed  several  years,  and  in  I8£l 
the  Government.   The  number  of  sdiools  con-    was  commissioned  as  colonel  of  the  14th  regi- 


INSTITDTIONS. 

NnmbCT. 

T«Mlian. 

Poplb. 

Aeftdemi6fl 

4 

58 

166 

181 

688 
1,628 

5S6 

BeminarleiB. 

12,401 
27,655 

BchooU 

Total 

248 

2,642 

40,842 

GREVY,  FRANCOIS  JULES  P.  413 

ment  of  Massachnfletts  Infantry,  afterward  the  Whether  as  Commissioner  of  the  Republic  or 
1st  regitnent  of  heavy  artillery.  In  1862,  while  as  Depnty,  his  motto,  which  he  was  aocastomed 
stationed  with  his  regiment  at  Fairfax,  Va.,  he  to  repeat  frequently,  was :  ^*  Politics  is  only  a 
was  recalled  and  assigned  by  General  McOlel-  kind  of  business;  it  is  of  supreme  importance, 
kn  to  the  command  of  the  artillery  brigade  of  but  should  always  be  treated  like  other  busi- 
General  Whipple's  division.  His  brigade  con-  ness,  with  the  same  rectitude  and  the  same 
Bisted  of  the  14th  Massachusetts  Inmntry,  2d  simplicity  of  means."  In  the  Assembly  he  ad- 
New  York  Artillery,  16th  Maine  Infantry,  and  Tocated  tiie  abolition  of  imprisonment  for  debt, 
l8t  battery  Independent  Wisconsin  Artillery,  and  opposed  the  extension  of  the  state  of  siege 
On  October  11,  1862,  he  resigned  his  commis-  over  the  deliberations  upon  the  Constitution  of 
sioD,  returned  to  Boston,  and  about  a  year  and  the  Republic,  but  failed  to  carry  the  body  with 
a  half  before  his  death  went  to  England.  He  him  on  either  measure.  His  name  as  a  mem* 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Constitu-  her  of  this  body  is  most  closely  associated  with 
tional  Ck>n7ention  in  1858,  was  active  in  labor  the  proposition  of  the  so-called  Gr6vy  amend- 
and  reform  movements,  and,  being  zealous  for  ment,  a  measure  especi^ly  defining  the  tenure 
freedom  of  speech,  was  instrumental  in  seour-  of  the  Presidential  office.  The  Constitution, 
ing  for  Mrs.  victoria  C.  Woodhull  a  hearing  in  following  the  model  of  that  of  the  United 
Boston.  He  was  a  fine  mathematician,  and  States,  declared  that  the  President  of  the  Re- 
was  versed  in  Hebrew  literature  and  in  Hebrew  public  should  hold  his  office  for  a  definite  term 
and  Egyptian  antiquities.  In  Freemasonry  he  of  four  years  M.  Gr6vy  apprehended  that  the 
bad  taken  the  88  degrees  of  the  Ancient  and  Ac*  operation  of  this  system  among  a  people  so  at- 
cepted  Rite,  taking  tiie  earlier  degrees  in  France,  taohed  to  personal  government  as  liie  Frendi 
Among  his  published  works  are  ^*  Socialistic,  had  been  would  be  dangerous,  and  ofiTered  the 
CommuniBtic,  and  Financial  Fragments,"  *^The-  following  instead:  **The  chief  of  the  execu- 
orj  of  the  Calculus,'^  ^^  Explanation  of  the  The-  tive  power  is  elected  by  tibe  Assembly.  He 
orj  of  the  Calculus,"  ^'  Transcendentalism,'*  takes  the  title  of  President  of  the  Council  of 
"The  Facts  of  Oonsdonsness  and  the  Philoso-  .  Ministers;  he  is  elected  for  an  unlimited  time; 
phj  of  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,"  and  several  pub-  he  is  always  removable ;  he  names  and  removes 
lications  relating  to  Freemasonry,  the  most  im-  the  ministers."  In  his  speech  supporting  his 
portant  being  **  The  Blazing  Star."  amendment,  he  foreshadowed  the  danger  of 

GR£y  Y,  Fbanqois  Jules  Paul,  President  of  the  republic  being  overthrown.    But  he  was 

the  FrencJb  National  Assembly  from  1871  to  supported  by  only  168  members  against  648. 

1873,  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  Another  constitutional  question  was  discussed 

1876  and  1878,  and  President  of  the  Kepublic  in  the  reports  which  M.  Gr6vy  made  in  Jan- 

in  1879,  was  bom  at  Mont-sous- Yaudrey  in  nary,  1849,  as  a  member  of  committees  on  the 

tlte  department  of  the  Jura,  August  16,  1818*  project  which  was  known  as  the  proposition 

His  family  were  middle-class  people,  in  easy  JSateau,    This  measure  provided  that  the  Le- 

drcomstanoes,  living  on  a  small  estate,  and  at-  ffislative  Assembly  should  be  called  to  meet 

Uched  by  feeling  and  tradition  to  the  repub-  March  19, 1849,  and  the  powers  of  the  Constit* 

licin  cause.    He  began  his  studies  when  ten  nent  Assembly  should  cease  on  the  same  day; 

Tears  old,  at  the  College  of  Poligny,  continued  till  then,  the  latter  body  should  be  occupied 

them  at  Beaan^on,  and  finished  them  at  Paris,  principally  with  the  electoral  law  and  the  law 

He  was  still  at  the  Lyceum,  being  seventeen  relative  to  the  Council  of  State.    M.  Gr^vy^s 

years  old,  when  the  revolution  of  1880  broke  reports  undertook  to  show  that  the  Constit* 

ont^  and  took  no  part  in  that  movement,  al-  uent  Assembly  had  been  called  for  a  specific 

thoogh  it  has  been  erroneously  stated  that  he  object  to  constitute  the  republic,  and  that  it 

was  engaged  in  it.    He  continued  his  studies  would  be  untrue  to  its  duty  if  it  suffered  it' 

in  the  faculty  of  law,  and  was  enrolled  in  1887  self  to  be  dissolved  without  perfecting  its  task. 

89  an  advocate  in  the  Royal  Court  of  Paris.  As  a  body,  its  business  was  to  go  on  with  its 

The  effect  of  his  studiesand  his  associations  was  work  without  reference  to  the  result  of  the  re^* 

to  confirm  him  in  the  republican  principles  cent  elections,  which  concerned  another  func« 

which  he  had  inherited ;  but  he  dia  not  take  tion  of  government,  with  which  the  present 

•a  active  part  in  politics.    In  1889  he,  as  ad-  body  had  nothing  to  do.    These  views  were 

mate,  defended  the  prisoners  Philipot  and  sustained  by  a  m^ority  of  only  six  votes  in 

Qoignot,  accomplices  of  Barb^.    The  finished  the  Assembly.    From  this  time  M.  Gr6vy  op« 

qualities  of  his  addresses  early  brought  him  posed  steadify  all  the  measures  which  led  up 

into  notice  as  an  orator..    At  the  peric^  of  the  to  the  establishment  of  the  empire.    He  de* 

rerolntion  of  1848  he  had  acquired  the  confi-  nounced  the  appointment  of  M.  Changamier 

dence  of  the  Bepublican  party  as  a  man  of  abil-  as  commander  both  of  the  National  Guard  and 

itT  and  wund  discretion,  who  could  be  relied  of  the  anny  of  Paris,  as  a  violation  of  the  law 

npon.   The  Provisional  Government  of  1848  of  1884,  which  intended  to  keep  these  offices 

appointed  him  Commissioner  for  the  Republic  separate,  and  as  threatening  to  the  liberty  of 

in  the  department  of  the  Jura.    The  electors  the  nation,  and  declared  that  the  peril  of  the 

0^  the  Jora,  without  his  solicitation,  sent  him  republic  lay  no  longer  in  popular  tumults,  but 

to  the  capital  at  the  head  of  their  list  of  dele-  in  coups  d*itat.    In  a  speech  against  the  press 

gates  to  the  National  Constituent  Assembly,  law,  made  in  the  National  Asaembly  in  May, 


414  GRfiVY,  FRANCOIS  JULES  P. 

1849,  he  charged  the  reactionary  partj  with  ought  to  he  accomplished  through  a  regnlsr 
heing  the  cause  of  all  the  disorders  with  which  process  and  under  legal  forms,  and  not  through 
the  nation  had  heen  afflicted  and  of  the  popu-  a  mere  popular  manifestation,  which  he  thought 
lar  discontent  which  broke  out  periodically,  be-  would  fail  to  secure  to  it  respect  from  its  crea- 
cause  the  J  used  all  the  power  they  could  gain  tors  or  consideration  abroad.  Urgency  had  been 
to  prevent  the  people  from  obtaining  that  voted  upon  the  proposition  of  M.  Jules  Favreaod 
which  they  were  striving  for,  and  which  alone  M.  Thiers  for  a  decree  declaring  the  empire  fall- 
would  make  them  contented,  liberty,  and  he  en,  instituting  a  governmental  commission,  and 
said  to  the  ministers :  ^^  Always  the  same  con-  ordering  the  immediate  convocation  of  a  legis- 
tempt  for  the  law,  for  the  right,  for  principle ;  lative  assembly ;  and  the  subject  had  been  re- 
still  the  example  of  the  same  retractions.  It  ferred  to  a  special  committee.  The  committee 
is  the  fallen  government  which  bas  broaght  agreed  to  report  back  the  propositions  in  sub- 
France  gradually  to  the  condition  in  which  we  stance  but  in  different  form,  and  sent  a  depo- 
see  it,  and  you  still  attach  yourselves  to  its  tation,  of  whom  M.  Gr^vy  was  one,  to  the 
errors.  You  do  not  comprehend  that  at  the  H6tel  de  Yille  to  announce  their  decision  to 
point  which  France  has  now  reached  it  is  im-  the  Government  of  the  National  Defensi.% 
possible  to  govern  it  except  by  liberty.  You  which  had  already  established  itself  there, 
are  applying  to  it  again  the  system  of  repres-  The  deputation  did  not  succeed  in  induciog 
sion  which  it  has  broken  over  so  often  I  You  this  Government  to  surrender  its  popular  title 
are  beginning  again  the  task  of  your  predeces-  for  one  derived  from  the  Assembly,  but  M. 
sors ;  you  are  taking  your  turn  to  roll  up  the  Gr^vy  believed  that  his  friends  of  the  Govero- 
stone  till  it  falls  back  and  crushes  yon  I "  An-  ment  had  committed  a  mistake.  He  returned 
other  speech  which  he  made  in  this  Assembly  to  the  department  of  the  Jura,  but  came  twice 
was  in  opposition  to  the  law  upon  the  state  of  to  Paris  to  urge  the  convocation  and  election 
siege,  of  which  he  declared  the  operation  would  of  the  Assembly,  feeling  that  in  postponing 
be  to  establish  a  military  dictatorship.  this  measure  the  Government  was  playing  into 

M.  Gr6vy  was  arrested,  with  other  promi-  •  the  hands  of  the  reactionary  parties, 
nent  Republicans,  on  the  night  of  the  coup  M.  Gr6vy  was  chosen  to  represent  the  de- 
d'etat^  December  2,  1851,  and  was  confined  for  partment  of  the  Jura  in  the  National  Assembly 
some  time  in  the  state  prison  at  Mazas.  He  which  met  at  Bordeaux,  and  on  the  16th  of 
afterward  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  pro-  February,  1871,  was  chosen  President  of  that 
fession.  An  election  taking  place  in  1868  to  body,  receiving  619  votes.  At  the  same  sitting 
fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Corps  L6gislatif  from  the  of  the  Assembly,  he  brought  forward,  with  M. 
department  of  the  Jura,  his  old  constituents  Dufaure  and  five  other  of  his  fellow  deputies 
returned  him  by  a  vote  of  22,000  against  10,-  the  proposition  for  the  organization  of  the  ex- 
000  for  his  Imperialist  opponent.  A  few  ecutive  in  the  following  terms :  ^^  M.  Thiers  is 
months  later,  at  the  general  electdons  of  1869,  appointed  chief  of  the  executive  power  of  the 
he  was  reelected  by  a  vote  which  was  almost  French  Republic.  He  will  exercise  his  func- 
nnanimous.  His  most  important  effort  in  this  tions  under  the  control  of  the  National  Assem- 
body  was  an  argument  against  the  vUbiicite^  bly,  in  conjunction  with  the  ministers  whom  he 
in  which,  after  having  spoken  to  snow  that  shall  choose  and  over  whom  he  shall  preside.'! 
that  method  of  taking  a  popular  vote  tended  The  period  of  bis  presidency  in  the  Assembly 
to  supplant  legitimate  legislative  authority  and  was  marked  by  continued  accessions  of  strength 
to  deprive  the  people  of  the  power  of  the  in*  to  the  ranks  of  the  reactionists,  so  that  al- 
itiative,  he  closed  with  the  words :  ^*  Puerile  though  he  was  chosen  President  nine  times 
work  I  You  believe  you  can  shut  up  a  great  in  succession,  he  was  elected  each  time  by  a 
people  in  your  little  combinations.  You  be-  smaller  number  of  votes.  On  the  1st  of  April, 
iieve  you  can  stop  the  march  of  progress,  and  1873,  a  scene  occurred  in  which  the  Duke  de 
chain  a  nation  to  a  constitution.  Has  not  the  Gramont  characterized  a  remark  made  by  a 
example  of  those  who  have  preceded  you  in  member  of  the  Republican  Left  as  an  imperti- 
this  impossible  attempt  instructed  you  ?  The  nenoe.  The  President  called  the  speaker  X^ 
people,  in  their  turn,  will  break  away  idl  your  order,  but  the  Right  protested  against  his  mi- 
restraints,  as  they  have  broken  away  others,  ing,  and  confUsion  ensued.  The  President  de- 
till  they  arrive  at  last,  through  all  the  revolu-  dared  the  session  adjourned  and  left  his  seat. 
tions  of  which  you  reopen  the  career,  at  the  At  the  opening  of  the  next  day's  session  M. 
form  of  government  of  modern  peoples,  the  Gr^vy^s  resignation  as  President  of  the  Asseni- 
democratic  form — the  only  one  which  is  appro-  bly  was  read.  A  new  election  was  held  im- 
priate  to  our  social  state ;  the  only  one  which  mediately,  and  M.  Gr6vy  was  choeen  again  by 
is  possible  and  durable ;  the  only  one,  finally,  a  vote  of  849  to  231  for  M.  Buffet.  He  refused 
in  which  it  is  possible  to  find  tbe  order,  the  to  accept  the  offer,  declaring  that  the  reasons 
liberty,  the  repose,  and  the  prosperity  of  which  which  had  induced  him  to  resign  his  functioD> 
they  have  so  great  need."  would  not  permit  him  to  resume  them.    The^e 

M.  Gr6vy^s  conduct  in  the  revolution  of  the  reasons,  privately  expressed,  were  understood 

4th  of  September,  1870,  was  marked  by  a  cau-  to  be  that  the  monarchist  factions  were  gain- 

tious  deliberation.    Desiring  tbe  erection  of  a  ing  the  ascendancy  in  the  Assembly,  and  he,  a 

genuine  republic,  he  believed  that  this  object  Republican,  would  not  consent  to  cover  their 


GRfiVY,  FRANCOIS  JULES  P.  GUATEMALA.                  415 

plots  in  any  way  with  his  patronage  and  his  referred  especially  in  his  address  to  the  manner 
presidential  direction.  If  the  return  of  royalty  in  which  the  views  of  that  gentleman  respect- 
bad  to  be  proclaimed,  he  desired  at  least  that  ing  the  government  best  adapted  to  the  country 
the  onwelcome  announcement  should  be  made  had  been  changed,  and  to  the  service  he  had 
from  some  other  lips  than  his.  In  the  begin-  rendered  in  inspiring  confidence  in  the  repub- 
ning  of  November,  1878,  he  published  a  pam-  lie.  *'*'  Let  us  set  ourselves,"  said  M.  Gr6vy,  in 
pLIet,  ^^LeGouvememeut  N^cessaire,"  in  which  the  conclusion  of  his  address,  ^^  to  show,  Ijke 
he  unfolded  his  views  regarding  the  form  of  him,  that  the  republic  is  a  government  of  or- 
goremment  most  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  der,  peace,  and  liberty — ^the  only  conservative 
oation.  Remarking  upon  the  unique  historical  government  in  our  country  and  time,  because 
circumstance  that  eight  governments  had  been  it  is  the  only  one  adapted  to  our  interests  and 
destroyed  within  eighty  years  by  violent  revo-  social  condition."  M.  Gr6vy  was  again  re- 
lutlons,  he  inquired  for  the  cause  of  the  phe-  turned  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  at  the 
Domenon,  and  found  it  in  the  fact  that  France  elections  in  the  fall  of  1877,  and  was  again 
had  within  eighty  years  become  a  democracy,  chosen  President  of  the  Chamber  at  its  open- 
bat  daring  all  that  time  had  not  been  able  to  ing  in  November.  Marshal  MacMahon  having 
constitute  itself  democratically ;  that,  instead  accepted  the  voice  of  the  people  as  expressed 
of  giving  the  democracy  the  only  institution  in  the  election  of  deputies,  and  having  an- 
wbich  it  could  support,  the  leaders  had  persist-  nounoed  his  resolution  to  govern  in  accord 
ed  in  building  up  against  it,  for  the  purpose  of  with  the  Chambers,  M.  Gr6vy  regarded  it  as  his 
holding  it  back,  governments  from  which  it  duty  to  support  his  government,  and  discoun- 
was  banished,  weak  dikes  which  could  last  no  tenanced  all  intrigues  to  displace  him.  When 
longer  than  till  the  democratic  wave  could  rise  the  Marshal  resigned  the  office  of  President 
and  break  over  them.  It  was  necessary  to  or-  on  the  80th  of  January,  1879,  there  was  no 
gaoize  a  government  suited  to  the  social  state  question  as  to  who  should  be  his  successor, 
to  which  time  had  brought  the  nation,  under  Public  opinion  turned  at  once  to  M.  Gr^vy ; 
penalty,  if  this  was  not  done,  of  rolling  in  rev-  and  his  election,  which  took  place  on  the  same 
olntion  after  revolution  to  the  bottom.  No  day  by  a  vote  of  586  to  99  for  General  Chanzy, 
choice  was  offered  of  roads  of  escape  from  the  was  only  the  announcement  of  what  was  a 
region  of  storms.  Any  restoration  of  the  mon-  foregone  conclusion.  As  the  resignation  of 
archy  would  only  be  a  pause  between  two  tem-  the  Marshal  took  place  on  account  of  an  honest 
pests:  by  the  way  of  the  republic  only  could  difference  with  the  Chambers  on  an  important 
the  haven  be  found.  political  measure,  and  could  not  be  regarded  as 

On  the  20th  of  November  the  project  was  in  any  sense  the  result  of  an  intrigue,  M. 
introduced  into  the  Assembly  for  creating  the  Gr6vy  had  no  hesitation  in  accepting  the  office 
8eptennat,  under  which  Marshal  MacMahon  to  which  he  was  called, 
was  named  President  of  the  Republic  for  the  GUATEMALA  (Rspt^LioA  db  Guatemala), 
term  of  seven  years.  M.  Gr^vy  opposed  this  one  of  the  five  independent  States  of  Central 
&$  ft  measure  exceeding  the  functions  of  the  America,  extending  from  13°  SO'  to  18**  15' 
Asembly,  and  which  would  be  after  all  only  north  latitude,  and  from  88°  14'  to  98°  12' 
s  prolongation  of  the  provisional.  He  de-  west  longitude.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
cUned  to  associate  himself  in  the  vote  on  the  by  the  Mexican  State  of  Chiapas,  on  the  east 
constitation  of  February  25,  1875,  because,  al-  by  British  Honduras  and  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
tiioQgh  the  definite  organization  of  the  repub-  on  the  south  by  the  republics  of  Honduras 
lie  WAS  destined  to  grow  out  of  it,  it  had  its  and  San  Salvador,  and  on  the  southwest  by 
origin  in  the  illegal  prorogation  of  the  powers  the  Pacific  Ocean.  During  the  past  year  a 
of  Marshal  MacMahon ;  but  the  Government  convention  was  signed  between  President  Bar- 
having  been  established  under  it,  he  gave  it  rios  and  the  representative  of  Mexico  for  the 
his  recognition.  He  offered  himself  again  to  appointment  of  a  Commission  of  Engineers  to 
the  electors  of  the  Jura  as  their  deputy,  and  fix  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  ooun- 
vas  returned  almost  unanimously.  In  the  new  tries.  The  commission  was  to  be  composed  of 
As^mbly  of  March,  1876,  he  was  elected  pro-  twelve  engineers,  six  to  be  named  by  each  of 
visional  President,  receiving  414  votes,  and  the  contracting  parties,  and  meet  in  Tapachula 
afterward  permanent  President,  for  which  within  at  least  two  months  after  the  ratifica- 
office  he  received  462  votes  out  of  468.  He  tion  of  the  convention — ^that  is  to  say,  about 
Krved  till  tiie  25th  of  June,  when  the  Assem-  November  1st.  For  the  sake  of  convenience, 
hlj  was  dissolved  by  the  decree  of  the  Mar-  the  boundary  line  was  to  be  divided  into  two 
shal-President  sections,  one  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  the  Cer- 

Whed  M.  Thiers  died,  in  September,  1877,  ro  Izbul,  and  the  other  from  the  Cerro  Izbul  to 

M.  Gr6vy  was  generally  mentioned  as  the  fittest  the  Atlantic.    The  present  line  was  to  be  fol- 

^ecessor  to  that  statesman  in  the  leadership  lowed  as  far  as  known,  and  in  the  disputed 

of  the  Republican  party,  and  as  the  most  suit-  sections  the  whole  acyacent  districts  were  to 

able  person  to  succeed  Marshal  MacMahon  in  be  examined  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 

^^sAe  there  should  be  a  change  in  the  ofSce  of  what  should  appear  to  be  the  natural  dividing 

l^resident  of   the  Republic.    He  was  one  of  line.    From  the  date  of  the  signing  of  the  con- 

the  speakers  at  the  funeral  of  M.  Thiers,  and  tract  to  the  conclusion  of  the  work  on  the  first 


416 


GUATEMALA. 


division,  eight  monthB  were  allowed ;  and  on 
the  second  six  months  from  the  conclusion  of 
the  fonner. 

Minute  details  concerning  the  territorial  di- 
visions, area,  population,  etc.,  will  be  found  in 
the  ''Annual  Oyclopadia"  for  1875. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  is  General 
Rufino  Barrios  (elected  May  7,  1878).  The 
Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following  min- 
isters: Interior  and  Finance,  Sr.  A.  Salazar; 
Public  Works,  Sr.  Herrera;  Foreign  Affairs 
and  Public  Instruction,  Sr.  L.  Monttifar ;  War, 
Sr.  Barberena.  The  United  States  Minister 
(to  the  Central  American  States)  Resident  in 
Guatemala  is  Mr.  G.  Williamson. 

The  army  is  composed  of  8,200  men,  be- 
sides a  militia  force  of  18,000.  ''Guatemala 
has  just  made  an  important  addition  to  her 
war  materia],''  writes  a  newspaper  c<H'respond- 
ent^  "by  the  purchase  of  some  very  powerflil 
artillery — so  powerful  indeed  as  to  miUce  any 
attempt  to  attack  her  forts  a  matter  of  great 
danger  if  not  certain  destruction  to  anything 
at  present  on  this  coast  In  thus  arming  it- 
self, the  Government  of  President  Barrios  is 
not  contemplating  commencing  hostilities  upon 
any  of  its  neighbors,  but  simply  preparing  so 
as  not  to  be  taken  unawares.  It  has  deter- 
mined upon  leaving  everybody  alone  and  mak- 
ing everybody  leave  it  alone." 

The  condition  of  the  national  finances  for 
the  year  1877  ia  set  forth  in  the  following  ta- 
bles: 

REVENUE. 

BalADoe $41,507 

Import  daties. 1,427,890 

Export  datioa 166,964 

CommereUl  dattes 60,733 

Frontier  otutom-houseA,  etc 8,976 

General  taxes 96,823 

Bagar-pkntatioa  tax. A5i,265 

Paper  atampa 49,175 

Gunpowder  tax 11,757 

Mill  tax 100,601 

Blao^htei^bouse  tax 76,811 

Sale  of  pabllo  landa. 24,793 

Spirit  tax. 748,594 

Outatandlng  debta. 426,267 

Deposits. 83,4S0 

Keoelpta  extraordlnarj 25,S58 

NatlonalBank 888,168 

Bandrlea 826,9 1 2 

$4,508,528 

EZPKNDrrURK. 

Ministry  of  the  In  terior  and  Finance $777,906 

Ministr7  of  Fablic  Works 410,818 

Minlstiy  of  Forel^  Afflafars  and  Public  [  ooo  o4« 

Instruction f  »«,>hi 

Minlstrr  of  War 1,073.907 

Beneyolent  inatitttUona 17,148 

Loan  offices. 15,878 

Outstanding  interest 875.285 

Deposits 26,810 

Shares— Northern  Boad 109,040 

Convertible  debt: 

Capital $511,8011  mjOLVn 

Interest 151,970  |  «»i5"l 

Interest  on  British  loan  of  1 S69 78,741 

National  Bank 857,925 

Voluntanr  foreign  loan 81.S40 

New  ooffee-tax  Donds 45.061 

Loan  of  December  15, 1876 10.5J58 

Sundrlea 167,588 

$4,428,298 
Snxplna. $7^226 


Concerning  the  national  debt,  no  more  rec- 
cent  returns  of  an  official  character  are  avail- 
able than  those  given  in  the  '^  Annoal  Cjcl^h 
peedia  "  for  1877,  according  to  which  the  totul 
amount  was  $3,877,384.  In  the  coarse  of  the 
year  the  Government  made  proposals  for  a  new 
loan  of  $1,000,000  to  meet  carrent  expenses 
and  for  the  amortization  of  the  convertible 
debt.  The  gross  receipts  of  the  spirit  mo- 
nopoly during  the  year  1878  were  $748,870.- 
10,  which  len  a  net  product  of  $475,974.60. 
The  district  of  Santa  Ana  was  the  largest  con- 
sumer, the  administration  of  tliat  city  beinj 
charged  with  $114,321.67,  against  $102,906.3S 
for  tne  capital.  The  increase  in  the  busiaebs 
as  compared  with  1877  was  $58,432.96. 

The  subjoined  remarks  on  the  International 
Bank  of  Guatemala  are  drawn  from  the  half- 
yearly  rejports  published  in  July  and  December, 
1878.  The  bank  was  o[>ened  on  October  1, 
1877,  and  in  the  short  time  in  which  it  h^ 
been  in  existence  has  demonstrated  the  value 
of  such  an  institution  for  the  country,  and  its 
merits  as  a  means  for  the  employment  of  sor- 
plus  capital.  Various  circumstances  have  optfr- 
ated  against  its  complete  succesa,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  pr^'udices  whicli  regu- 
lar  banking  enterprises  always  meet  with  in  a 
country  unfamiliar  with  such  institutions,  bot 
more  particularly  the  commercial  crisis  tlirongh 
which  the  country  is  passing.  Notwithstand- 
ing these  circumstances,  enough  has  already 
been  accomplished  to  establish  its  hold  upon 
the  public  confidence,  and  to  enable  the  share- 
holders to  look  forward  with  hope  to  more  ex< 
tended  and  profitable  operations  in  the  futare. 
The  capital  stock,  at  first  $400,000,  was  after- 
ward fixed  at  $600,000,  to  enable  the  directors 
to  supply  the  increasing  demands  of  the  agri- 
cultural and  mercantile  communities,  more  par- 
ticularly in  handling  the  immense  coffee  cr«>p 
of  the  country.  The  class  of  business  done  in- 
cludes every  line  of  banking  operations,  dis- 
counts, exchanges,  deposits,  loans  on  real  e^ 
tate  or  collaterals,  ana  the  issue  of  notes.  C)f 
these  there  were  in  circulation  in  July  $106,- 
790  fully  guaranteed,  and  to  be  increased  c& 
required,  some  having  already  proposed  an  ex- 
tension to  $254,270.  Discounts  to  June  SOth 
amounted  to  $1,468,877,  which  gave  a  profit 
of  $30,815.44;  and  those  to  December  SUU 
$1,410,377.52.  The  bank  has  established  rela- 
tions with  the  different  monetary  centers  of 
the  world,  and  furnishes  letters  of  credit,  ex- 
change, etc.,  to  the  public  at  reasonable  nX^. 
This  branch  of  the  business  has  yielded  good 
results,  which  will  be  greatly  increased  in  the 
future.  A  dividend  of  $400  per  ^are  was  de- 
clared in  July,  leaving  a  reserve  fund  of  over 
$4,000.  The  net  profits  for  the  period  in 
which  the  bank  has  been  in  active  operation 
have  been  at  the  rate  of  over  IS  per  cent,  per 
annum ;  a  very  good  showing  for  a  new  insti- 
tution, under  commercial  conditions  of  the 
most  unfavorable  character.  A  branch  bank 
has  been  established  in  Quezaltenango,  and  an 


GUATEMALA.  417 

igenej  in  the  titj  of  San  Salvador.    It  is  rec-  was  reported  that  the  work  on  the  road  was 

0111  mended  by  some  to  organize  in  connection  actively  progressing.    To  encourage  the  enter- 

with  the  establishment  a  savings  bank.  prise,  the  Government  is  said  to  have  offered 

The  exports  for  the  year  1877  were  of  a  total  a  cash  advance  of  $210,000,  payable  in  sums 
Talae  of  $3,773, 188.74 ;  comprising  coffee  ($8,-  of  $26,000  on  every  three  miles  during  the 
3.58,956.16),  cochineal  ($181,698),  woolen  goods  progress  of  the  work,  and  to  guarantee  to  the 
($115,939.20),  muscovado  ($28,80d),hide8  ($62,-  stockholders  an  annual  profit  dividend  of  12 
34.3.84),  etc.  These  commodities  were  distrib-  per  cent,  on  a  fixed  cost  of  $1,000,000.  Loco- 
ated  among  the  various  markets  as  follows :  motives,  rails,  etc.,  were  expected  to  arrive 
Great  Britain,  $1,078,977 ;  California,  $1,087,-  from  the  United  States  during  the  month  of 
531;  New  York,  $193,262;  Germany,  $819,-  January,  1879.  Track-laying,  ballasting,  etc., 
'JIO;  France,  $811,870 ;  Belize,  $181,660 ;  Cen-  were  to  commence  as  soon  as  the  rails  and  ties 
tral  America,  $127,808 ;  South  America,  $30,-  were  on  tlie  ground.  A  force  of  Chinamen 
909.  The  chief  sources  of  the  imports  and  the  from  California  was  to  perform  that  part  of  the 
values  of  these  were  as  follows  in  the  same  labor.  The  rates  of  wages  paid  to  laborers  on 
rear:  Great  Britain,  $1,208,894.87;  France,  the  railroad  in  the  coast  section  are  consid- 
$458,162.44;  Germany,  $317,867.60;  United  erably  higher  than  those  current  on  sugar  or 
States,  (378,758.21.  "Commerce  generally,  coffee  estates.  Six  reals  per  day  is  allowed 
in  Gaatemala,*'  writes  a  journalist  under  date  them,  with  rations,  etc.,  while  on  the  estates 
of  Jane,  1878,  "as  in  all  parts  of  the  west  coast  men  receive  but  three  reals.  It  was  intended, 
of  America,  feels  the  effects  of  overtrading,  however,  when  the  works  should  be  completed 
Were  there  more  producers  and  fewer  middle-  to  Naranjo,  to  reduce  the  wages  one  half.  It 
men,  there  would  be  more  of  the  material  of  was  understood  that  about  March,  1879,  a  pre- 
oommerce  to  handle  and  larger  gains  for  those  liminary  survey  would  be  made  between  £s- 
able  to  handle  them  skillfully.^'  A  decree  has  cuintla  and  the  capital,  to  ascertain  the  proba- 
been  issued  by  the  Government  granting  a  pre-  ble  cost  of  completing  the  railroad  to  the  latter 
miom  of  four  reals  per  quintal  (100  lbs.)  of  city,  and  strong  inducements  were  held  out  to 
muscoyado  sugar  exported.  The  cultivators  of  the  company  to  build  the  extension  to  the  cap- 
sugar  in  Guatemala  have  enormous  difficulties  ital.  Two  routes  are  proposed.  One  is  by 
to  contend  against  as  compared  with  Peru  or  Antigua,  and  has  the  advantage  of  passing 
the  West  Indian  Islands.  The  price  of  labor  is  tlirough  a  fertile  and  populous  country,  whose 
w  much  higher  than  cooly  labor,  and  the  products  are  sugar  and  coffee,  while  the  other 
lights  both  on  land  and  sea  are  so  much  and  the  easiest  route  is  via  Araatitlan,  skirting 
heflvier,  that  it  is  only  by  the  most  determined  the  shore  of  the  lake,  which  it  passes  on  the 
perseverance  and  industry  that  they  are  able  southeast  side,  and  thence  up  through  the  val- 
to  obtain  a  scanty  recompense  from  their  crops,  ley  on  a  gradud  ascent,  until  the  plateau  upon 
Apriyilege  had  been  granted  for  a  term  of  five  which  the  capital  stands  is  reached.  The  first 
vears  to  a  company  for  the  introduction  of  .  route  wiU  be  doubly  more  expensive,  as  there 
machines  and  the  establishment  of  fiictories  are  several  ridges  to  surmount,  and  one  or  two 
for  the  manipulation  and  perfection  of  manu-  rivers  to  bridge,  but  in  a  business  point  of  view 
factores  from  the  textile  plants  of  the  country,  is  preferable  to  the  other.  On  the  AmatitJan 
These  exist  in  great  abundance  in  several  of  route  no  serious  difficulties  are  encountered,. 
the  departments,  and  the  inhabitants  have  to  and  the  work  would  be  comparatively  an  in- 
wme  extent  endeavored  to  utilize  them.  The  expensive  one,  which  should  yield  a  revenue 
concession  in  question  is  not  intended  to  inter-  to  the  company,  besides  being  a  vast  service  to 
fere  with  the  employment  of  the  methods  now  the  country.  Though  the  name  of  tlie  line  is 
in  use  by  the  Indians  and  others,  but  rather  to  the  "  Central  Railway  of  Guatemala,'^  it  is 
improve  and  perfect  them,  or,  so  far  as  the  con-  very  commonly  spoken  of  as  the  **  San  Jos€  & 
cessionists  are  concerned,  to  adopt  those  that  Escuintla  Railroad,'*  from  the  names  of  the 
niay  be  new.  The  privileges  received  guaran-  two  towns  which  will  be  the  termini  of  the 
tee  freedom  from  all  duties  on  machinery  and  portion  now  in  process  of  preparation.  The 
materials,  and  also  from  export  duties  on  all  grading  through  the  mountain  passes  between 
fabrics,  etc.  which  may  be  made  and  shipped  Escuintla  and  Guatemala  City  will  be  a  formi- 
abroad  by  them.  A  concession  has  been  made  dable  undertaking  ;  but  the  sound  financial 
to  encourage  the  manufacture  of  cigars  and  condition  of  the  country,  thanks  to  the  policy 
ciiarettes,  after  the  methods  employed  in  Cuba,  of  President  Barrios,  will  enable  the  Govem- 
and,  with  a  view  of  exhibiting  those  methods  ment  to  secure  an  admirable  road-bed  on  the 
to  the  public,  the  introduction  free  of  duty  of  most  economical  terms,  and  with  the  greatest 
•^^  cargoes  of  Havana  tobacco  is  permitted,  possible  dispatch.  The  line  is  already  looked 
These  different  concessions  are  made  as  aids  forward  to  as  one  of  material  advantage  to 
t')  the  development  of  the  industries  of  the  American  shippers,  particularly  those  sending 
cuuntry.  merchandise   from   San    Francisco,  between 

Hiere  now  seems  to  be  little  doubt  that  Gua-  which  port  and  several  of  those  of  Central 

teraala  will  shortly  have  aline  of  railway  trav-  America  there  is  a  brisk  and  ever  increasing 

T^  ^^0  repubtio  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  traffic.    Indeed,  it  is  affirmed  that  more  than 

u^e  Pacific    Toward  the  end  of  the  year  it  one  Califomian  firm  has  advanced  material  for- 

Vol.  xvdi. — 27    A 


418  GUATEMALA.  GUTZKOW,  KARL  F. 

the  constractioD  of  the  road,  receiving  very  Public  instrnction,  interesting  details  con- 
liberal  terms  from  the  Government.  With  the  cerning  which  were  published  in  the  **  Annual 
completion  of  the  Guatemala  Central,  the  sea  Cyclopsedia"  for  1876,  continues  to  be  the  ob- 
route  between  San  Francisco  and  the  Atlantic  ject  of  assiduous  attention  on  the  part  of  the 
cities  of  the  United  States  would  be  shortened  Government;  and  it  is  proper  here  to  observe 
by  from  1,500  to  2,000  miles,  and  the  additional  that  of  68  recompenses  of  merit  awarded  to 
advantage  would  be  obtained  of  an  extensive  exhibitors  from  Guatemala  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
local  traile  which  the  Panama  railway  is  pow-  sition  in  1878,  where  the  republic  made  a 
erless  to  favor.  creditable  display  of  various  productions,  one 

A  wagon  road,  now  for  a  number  of  years  in  was  a  gold  medal  for  primary  instruction^  and 

course  of  construction,  will  soon  open  up  the  another,  honorable  mention  for  maps  and  geo- 

interior  to  commercial  enterprise,  and  place  graphical  and  cosmographical  apparatus.    An 

the  Atlantic  port  of  Santo  Tom&s  within  seven  agricultural  school  recently  established  under 

days  of  New  York.    This  new  facility,  added  the  patronage  of  the  Government  is  reported 

to  those  of  the  harbor  of  Santo  Tom&s  itself,  to  be  productive  of  most  satisfactory  results, 
will  remove  all  difficulties  hitherto  impeding        The  establishment  of  a  court  of  appeal  in 

the  extension  of  trade  with  the  Atlantic  shore  the  western  department,  and  one  of  higher 

of  the  republic,  no  small  element  of  which  jurisdiction  in  the  capital,  is  spoken  of  as  verj 

would  be  the  immediate  introduction  of  Amer-  important,  as  providing  means  for  the  more 

ican  supplies  for  the  mines,  for  the  rich  gold  speedy  trial  of  civil  and  other  causes,  which 

districts   watered  by  the  Motagua  River,  and  have  been  in  litigation  for  years.    The  want 

but  two  or  three  days'  journey  distant  from  of  proper  and  sufficient  tribunals  has  been 

the  port,  are  attracting  considerable  attention,  severely  felt  for  many  years,  particularly  since 

since  the  favorable  report  given  of  them  by  an  the  large  increase  in  the  population  of  the 

American  mining  engineer,  who  surveyed  them  western  department,  owing  to  the  remarkable 

at  the  President's  request.    But  trade  with  the  development  of  coffee  culture  within  the  past 

United  States  would  not  be  limited  to  any  par-  few  years.    The  scarcity  of  common  courts 

ticular  branch.    American  manufactures  of  all  and  those  of  superior  jurisdiction  has  been 

kinds  are  in  Guatemala  preferred  to  European,  such  that  the  trials  of  both  civil  and  criminal 

and  the  demand  for  them  will  increase  with  in-  cases  were  almost  suspended.    Litigants  and 

creased  nossibilities  of  transport.  Some  twenty  their  witnesses  were  forced  to  travel  long  di&- 

thousana  American  breech -loading  rifles  are  at  tances  to  try  their  causes,  and  olten  obliged  to 

the  present  time  in  use  in  the  Guatemalan  submit  to  tiresome  and  expensive  delays.  Thie 

army.  evil  has  been  remedied  to  a  considerable  de- 

Aware  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  gree,  the  administration  of  the  courts,  pro^ 

immigration,   General   Barrios's  Government  vision  for  their  establishment  in  outlying  dis- 

has  taken  steps  to  attract  American  settlers;  tricts,  etc.,  having  received  the  special  atten 

and  a  decree  issued  in  August,  1878,  offered  tion  of  the  Minister  of  Justice, 
numerous  and  substantial  inducements  to  for-        GUTZKOW,  Karl  Fbbdinakd,  one  of  the 

eigners  disposed  to  engage  in  the  cultivation  foremost  representatives  of  modern  German 

of  certain  staples  of  the  country — sarsaparilla,  literature,  born  in  Berlin,  March  17,  1811, 

cacao.  India-rubber,  etc.    The  decree  is  to  re-  died  at  Sachsenhausen  near  Frankfort,  Decern- 

main  in  force  for  10  years,  and  it  may  not  be  ber  16,  1878.    His  life  was  almost  wholly  de- 

inopportune  here  to  enumerate  a  few  of  the  voted  to  literary  activity.    In  1847  he  socceed- 

more  important  clauses  thereof:  Probational  ed  Tieck  as  Dramaturg  at  the  court  theatre  of 

gitt  of  land  in  proportion  to  applicants'  means  Dresden,  a  position  which  gave  him  but  little 

of  cultivating  it ;  title  to  the  same  in  perpetu-  influence,  and  which  he  only  retained  tvo 

ity  on  proof  that  the  ground  has  been  planted,  years  and  a  half.    In  1862  he  was  appointed 

or  forfeiture  of  right  to  title  in  the  event  of  Secretary- General  of  the  Schiller  Institution 

failure  to  cultivate  a  reasonable  proportion  of  in  Weimar,  but  this  position  likewise,  though 

the  holding  within  the  first  two  years  of  occu-  one  of  greater  infinence,  did  not  satisfy  him, 

pation  of  the  same;   a  premium  of  $50  per  as  he  disagreed  on  many  important  joints 

thousand  for  cacao   and    India-rubber  trees  with  the  Council  of  Administrataon.    He  fell 

planted  and  thriving,  or  of  $25  for  a  like  for  a  time  into  a  state  of  deep  melancholy,  and 

number  of  sarsaparilla  shrubs ;   no  premium  in  a  fit  of  insanity  made  an  attempt  upon  his 

for  any  larger  number  than  12,000  trees  or  own  life  at  Fried  berg  in  1864.    He  recovered, 

plants.  however,  after  a    while,    and    a  "Gotzkow 

The  telegraph  lines  (the  property  of  the  Fund  "  which  was  established  at  this  time,  and 

Government),  some  1,100  miles  in  length,  with  to  which  the  first  theatres  of  Germany  con* 

45  stations  in  the  most  important  parts  of  the  tributed,  assured  him  of  his  continuing  popn- 

country,  have  proved  a  profitable  enterprise,  larity.    Gutzkow  frequently  changed  his  plac« 

The  gross  receipts  for  the  month  of  March,  of  residence.    During  his  youth  he  lived  in 

1878,  were  $7,923.84,  with  expenses  not  ex-  Berlin,  Munich,  Frankfort,  Hamburg,  Dresden, 

ceeding  $6,345.    The  number  of  messages  was  and  Weimar.    After  his  recovery  from  the  at- 

14,847,  of  which  8,357  were  on  Government  tempt  upon  his  life  he  resided  in  succession  in 

service.  Vevey,  in  Kesselstadt  near  Hanau,  in  Bregen^ 


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GUTZKOW,  KARL  F.  HENRY,  JOSEPH.              419 

and  in  Berlin,  to  which  he  removed  in  1870.  "  Uriel  Acosta  "  (1847).    During  the  third  pe- 

Sobsequently  he  settled  for  a  time  at  Wieblin-  riod  (1860-^60)  the  dramatic  productivity  of 

gen  near  Heidelberg,  and  finally  removed  again  Gotzkow  gradually  ceased.    Several  new  at- 

to  Frankfort.    His  literary  life  is  divided  by  tempts  he  made  met  with  but  little  success,  or 

Rudolf  Gottschall  into  four  periods.    During  were  entire   failures.     On  the  other  hand, 

tbe  firsts  extending  to  1840,  he  earned  the  rep-  however,  he  gained  by  two  immortal  works, 

Dtation  of  being  one  of  the  founders  and  lead-  **  Die  Ritter  vom  Geiste  '^  (9  vols.,  1850-^52) 

era  of  the  literary  school  which  was  called  and  ^'Der  Zauberer  von  Rom*'  (9  vols.,  1859 

Young  Germany,  and  which  made  itself  known  -61),  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  great- 

by  its  daring  attacks  upon  the  religious  and  est  German  novelists  of  the  day.    During  the 

moral  ideas  prevailing  in  German  society.    On  last  period  of  his  life  (1860-^78)  he  appeared 

account  of  his  novel  ^*  Wally,  die  Zweiflerin  "  more  as  an  eclectic  writer.    Among  the  most 

(1885X  which  was  denounced  as  irreligious  and  prominent  works  of  this  period  are  the  novel 

immoral,  he  was  sentenced  to  three  months'  '*  Hohenschwangau  "  (6  vols.,  1868),  a  picture 

imprisonment  at  Mannheim.    Another  work,  of  the  age  of  the  Reformation ;  the  pedagogicai 

''Die  Zeitgenossen  "  (2  vols.,  1887),  he  pub-  novel '' Die  SohnePestalozzi's"  (8  vols.,  1870), 

limbed  under  the  name  of  Bulwer.    His  novel  *^  Fritz  £llrodt"(8  vols.,  1872i  ^*Lebensbil- 

''  Blasedow  und  seine  Sohne  "  (3  vols.,  18da-  der  "  (8  vols.,  1870-'72),  and  ''  Die  neuen  Se- 

'39)  has  a  pedagogical  tendency,  and  was  one  rapionsbrtlder "  (1877).    Two  new  dramatic 

of  the  foremost  works  of  its  period.    Dnring  attempts,   ^'Der    'Westfaliscbe    Friede"  and 

this  second  period  (1840-'dO)Gutzkow  achieved  *^Der  Gefangene  von  Metz,"  did  not   meet 

a  brilliant  success  as  a  dramatic  writer.    His  with  a  favorable  reception.     An  important 

'*  Richard  Savage  "  opened  the  German  stage  contribution  to  his  autobiography  is  given  in 

to  the  new  literary  school  of  which  Gutz-  his  *^  Rtlckblicke  aaf  mein  Leben"    (1875). 

kow  was  one  of  the  leaders.    Many  of  his  A  collection  of  his  complete  works  was  be- 

dranuis  have  maintained  themselves  on  the  gun  in  1871  (vol.  I.-X1II.,  1871-'76).    His  last 

stage  to  tbe  present  day.    The  most  celebrated  work,  *'  Dionysius  Longinus "   (1878),  is  an 

worksof  this  period  are  *^Zopf  und  Schwert''  excited  reply  to  the  attacks  of  some  critiea 

(1844),  the  ''  UrbUd  des  TartOffe  "  (1847),  and  upon  his  works. 


H 

HENRY,  JoBBPR,  an  American  scientist,  died  nets  at  first  used.  Professor  Henry  was  also 
in  Washington  Oity,  May  18,  1878.  He  was  the  first  person  who  exhibited  the  great  power 
bom  in  Albany,  N.  T.,  December  17,  1797.  of  the  galvanic  current  in  producing  magnetic 
He  was  educated  in  tlio  common  schools  of  effects.  He  found  that  by  surrounding  a  large 
his  native  city  and  the  Albany  Academy,  in  bar  of  iron  bent  into  the  form  of  a  horsedioe 
which,  in  1826,  he  was  appointed  a  Professor  with  a  number  of  coils  of  wire,  so  connected 
of  Mathematics.  In  the  following  year  he  be-  with  the  battery  of  a  single  element  that  the 
gan  a  series  of  important  experiments  in  eleo-  current  in  each  wire  would  move  in  the  same 
tricity,  and  in  1828  he  published  an  account  of  direction,  a  magnetic  power  of  astonidiing 
various  modifications  of  electro-magnetic  ap-  magnitude  could  be  produced  with  a  comparar 
paratns,  which  attracted  general  attention  m  tively  small  galvanic  apparatus.  As  early  as 
this  country  and  in  Europe.  He  was  the  first  1829  he  exhibited  before  the  Albany  Institute 
to  prove  by  actual  experiment  that,  in  the  electro-magnets  having  a  magnetic  power  great- 
transmission  of  electricity  for  great  distances,  er  than  that  before  known,  and  he  afterward 
the  power  of  the  battery  must  be  proportioned  constructed  others  on  the  same  principle.  One 
to  the  length  of  the  current.  He  was  also  the  of  these,  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the  college  at 
first  to  magnetize  a  piece  of  iron  at  a  distance, .  Princeton,  K.  J.,  will  readily  support  8,500 
and  invented  the  first  machine  moved  by  elec-  pounds,  with  a  battery  occupying  about  a  cu- 
tro-magnettsm.  It  consisted  of  an  oscillating  bic  foot  of  space.  In  experiments  made  at  the 
iron  beam  surrounded  by  a  conductor  of  insu-  Albany  Academy  in  1881,  he  transmitted  sig- 
lated  copper  wire.  A  current  of  electricity  nals  by  means  of  the  electro-magnet  through  a 
wai  sent  through  this  in  one  direction,  which  wire  more  than  a  mile  long,  and  thus  caused 
caused  one  end  to  be  repelled  upward  and  the  the  riofring  of  a  bell  at  the  other  end  of  the 
other  attracted  downward  by  two  stationary  wire.  In  the  same  year  he  published  an  ac- 
mignets.  The  downward  motion  of  the  one  count  of  these  experiments  and  his  electro- 
end  of  tihe  beam  near  its  lowest  point  brought  magnetic  machine  in  Volume  XIX.  of  SiUi- 
tbe  conducting  wires  in  contact  with  the  op-  man's  ^^  American  Journal  of  Science,"  and 
posite  poles  of  the  battery,  which  produced  claimed  that  the  facts  which  he  had  uemon- 
the  reverse  motion,  and  so  on  continually.  In  strated  might  be  applied  to  instantaneous  eom- 
aiahseqnent  arrangement,  the  velocity  of  mo-  munication  between  distant  points  by  means 
tion  waa  regulated  by  a  fly-wheel,  and  electro-  of  a  magnetic  telegraph.  This  was  several 
ougnetf  snbatitnted  for  the  permanent  mag-  years  before  Professor  Morse  had  broogfat  such 


420              HENRY,  JOSEPH.  HOLLINS,  GEOBGE  K 

a  telegraph  into  practical  operation.    In  1832  bis  researches  would  be  of  nse  to  his  fellow 

he  was  chosen  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  men.    The  thought  of  profiting  by  his  disoov- 

in  the  College  of  New  Jersey  at  Princeton,  and  eries  had  no  place  in  nis  contemplation,  and 

there  oontinoed  his  experiments.    In  the  fol-  so,  with  ample  opportunities  for  making  per- 

lowing  year  he  discussed  the  project  of  the  sonal  fortune,  he  had  for  himself  and  family 

electro-magnetic  telegraph,  and  demonstrated  only  the  savings  from  the  salaried  eamings 

the  practicability  of  producing  mechanical  ef-  of  a  laborious  and  frugal  life.    Borne  of  his 

fects  at  a  distance  by  the  electro-magnet    In  personal  friends,  chief  amons  whom  was  Mr. 

1887  he  made  a  visit  to  Europe,  where  his  ex-  Cborge  W.  Obilds,  of  PhiliMelphia,  raised  a 

periments  and  researches  haa  made  him  well  fund  of  $40,000  for  his  benefit,  but  he  could 

known  among  scientists.    When  the  Smith-  not  be  induced  to  accept  it  until  it  was  turned 

sonian  Institution  was  established  in  Washing-  into  an  endowment  fund  for  the  advancement 

ton  in  1846,  Professor  Henry  became  its  Secre-  of  scientific  research  after  he  and  his  family 

tary  and  principcd  director,  a  position  which  had  passed  away. 

he  filled  with  great  advantage  to  the  public  HODGE,  Ohablbs,  D.  D.,  LL.  D..  an  Amer- 
until  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1849  he  was  lean  theolonan,  died  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  June 
elected  President  of  the  American  Association  19,  1878.  He  was  bom  in  Philadelphia.  De- 
fer the  Advancement  of  Science^  and  in  1868  cember  28,  1797,  and  was  the  son  of  Hugh 
he  became  the  President  of  the  National  Acad-  Hodge,  a  physician.  He  was  graduated  from 
emy  of  Sciences.  In  1871  he  was  made  the  the  College  of  New  Jersey  at  Princeton,  in 
head  of  the  Lighthouse  Board  of  the  United  1816,  and  from  the  Theological  Seminary  there 
States,  in  which  position  he  rendered  valuable  in  1819.  He  was  made  Assistant  Professor  in 
services  in  perfecting  the  organization  of  the  the  Theological  Seminary  in  1820,  Professor  of 
National  Lighthouse  System.  The  degree  of  Oriental  and  Biblical  Literature  in  1822,  and 
Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Professor  of  Didactic  and  Exegetical  Theology 
Union  College  in  1829  and  by  Harvard  Univer-  in  1840.  The  last  named  professorship,  which 
sity  in  1851.  Besides  **  Contributions  to  Elec-  was  enlarged  in  1852  by  the  addition  of  polem- 
tricity  and  Magnetism  "  (4to,  Philadelphia,  ic  theology,  he  condnued  to  hold  till  the  time 
1889),  he  published  numerous  valuable  papers  of  his  death.  In  1846  he  was  Moderator  of 
in  the  *^  American  Philosophical  Transactions,''  the  General  .Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
the  ^'  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,"  Church  (Old  School),  and  in  1858  one  of  a 
the  "Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,"  the  committee  to  revise  the  "Book  of  Discipline." 
"  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  In  1825  he  founded  the  "  Biblical  Repertory 
the  Advancement  of  Science,"  the  "  Transac-  and  Princeton  Review,"  of  which  he  continu^ 
tions  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,"  to  be  the  editor  till  1872,  when  it  was  changed 
and  the  annual  reports  of  the  Smithsonian  In-  into  the  "  Presbyterian  Quarterly  and  Prince- 
stitution.  Joseph  Henry  stood  in  the  front  ton  Review."  Selections  from  his  oontribu- 
rank  of  the  great  scientists  of  his  age.  His  tions  to  this  periodical  have  been  reprinted  in 
name  will  be  associated  with  those  of  Franklin,  the  "  Princeton  Theological  Essays  "  (2  vols., 
Ampi^re,  Arago,  Thomas  Young,  Sir  Hum-  1846-'47)  and  in  his  "Essays  and  Reviews ^^ 
phry  Davy,  Faraday,  Sir  William  Thomson,  (1867).  Dr.  Hodge  also  published  "  Commen- 
and  their  eminent  colaborers  in  the  same  field,  tary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,"  which  first 
His  most  important  contribution  to  practical  appeared  in  1835,  was  abridged  in  1886,  and 
ecience  was  the  electro-magnet,  which  is  the  rewritten  and  enlarged  in  1866 ;  "  Conatitu- 
foundation  of  all  electro-magnetic  tele^aphy.  tional  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Next  in  practical  value  have  been  his  mvesti-  the  United  States"  (2  vols.,  1840-'41) ;  "The 
gations  into  the  philosophy  and  phenomena  Way  of  Life"  (1842);  commentaries  on  Ephe- 
of  sound  for  use  m  perfecting  fog  signals  at  sians  (1856),  1  Corinthians  (1857),  and  2  Co- 
sea,  and  the  best  methods  for  illuminating  light-  rinthians  (1860) ;  "  Systematic  Theology  "  (3 
houses  of  the  American  coast.  Out  of  these  vols.,  1871-72);  and  "What  is  Darwinism?" 
have  grown  systems  and  appliances  of  the  high-  .(1^74).  A  volume  containing  an  account  of 
est  use  in  promoting  the  safety  of  ocean  and  the  celebration  at  Princeton,  April  24,  1872, 
river  commerce  every  where.  He  was  the  orid-  of  the  semi>centennial  anniversary  of  Dr. 
nator  of  the  system  of  observation  of  the  Hodge's  professorship,  has  also  been  pub- 
weather  which  has  expanded  into  the  present  lished. 

"  Signal  Service,"  and  for  many  years,  until  HOLLINS,  Gborob  N.,  an  American  naval 
its  practical  uses  were  fully  demonstrated,  the  officer,  died  in  Baltimore,  January  18,  1878, 
Smithsonian  Institution,  under  his  direction,  from  the  effects  of  a  paralytic  stroke,  tie  was 
carried  on  the  work  with  a  corps  of  volunteer  bom  in  that  city,  September  20,  1799.  He  en- 
observers  stationed  throughout  the  United  tered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1814,  and 
States.  was  serving  on  the  sloop  of  war  Erie  when  she 
Dr.  Henry  was  a  most  unselfish  devotee  of  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  run  the  Brit- 
science.  What  he  discovered  he  gave  freely  ish  blockade  of  Chesweake  Bay.  He  was  then 
and  immediately  to  the  world  for  the  use  of  assigned  to  duty  in  Fort  Washington,  and  af- 
the  world.  He  soaght  scientific  and  physical  terward  to  the  frigate  President,  Commodore 
truth  for  its  own  sake,  hoping  and  believing  Decatar.    He  was  on  board  this  vessel  when 


HOLLY  SYSTEM  OF  STEAM-HEATING.  421 

she  vas  cftptared  by  the  Britbli,  and  was  kept  for  that  end  was  that  of  Coleman  for  steam- 
a  prisoner  of  war  at  Bermada  nntil  peaoe  was  heating  from  a  central  source,  qnite  similar  to 
declared.  He  served  under  Decatur  m  the  Al*  the  Hollj  plan,  but  never  carried  into  effect, 
gerine  war,  and  received  from  him  a  Turkish  The  Holly  system  was  first  introduced  into  the 
saber  for  his  bravery  in  the  capture  of  an  Al-  town  of  Lockport,  where  the  works  com- 
gerioe  frigate.  After  serving  on  the  Gnerriere,  menced  running  in  October,  1877.  During 
the  Washington,  the  Franklin,  and  the  Oolum-  the  following  winter  40  houses  were  warmed, 
bos,  be  took  command  at  the  close  of  the  war  besides  a  large  schoolhouse  and  a  public  hall, 
of  an  East  India  merchantman.  In  1826  he  and  the  power  was  furnished  to  drive  two 
was  made  lieutenant  and  assigned  to  duty  in  steam-engines,  one  of  which  was  nearly  half  a 
the  West  Indies.  In  1841  he  became  com-  mile  away  from  the  boiler-house.  In  the  sec- 
mander,  and  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  ond  winter  (1878~'79)  1,000  consumers  were 
the  Pensacola  navy  yard.  In  1844  he  was  flag  supplied,  the  total  space  heated  amounting  to 
captain  of  the  Pacific  Squadron,  and  in  1846  about  10,000,000  cubic  feet.  With  the  methods 
again  assumed  command  of  the  Pensacola  navy  used  for  isolating  the  conducting-pipes  and  re- 
yard.  In  1854  he  bombarded  and  destroyed  converting  into  steam  a  part  of  the  water  of 
the  town  of  San  Juan  de  Nicarftfua.  '  He  was  condensation,  the  steam  is  conveyed  over  long 
in  command  of  the  navy  yard  at  Sackett's  Har-  distances  without  losing  any  material  amount 
bor  in  1868,  and  was  afterward  ordered  to  jjoin  of  its  heating  power.  With  larger  boilers  and 
the  Mediterranean  Squadron.  He  soon  received  mains  than  those  employed  in  Lockport,  steam 
orders  to  return  to  the  United  States,  which  can  be  thus  conveyed  and  distributed  over  an 
he  reached  in  1861.  He  then  resigned  his  area  of  four  square  miles  from  a  single  oen- 
commission,  bat  the  Department  refuMd  to  ao-  tral  boiler-house.  Mr.  Holly  first  seriously 
oept  bis  resignation,  struck  his  name  from  the  directed  his  studies  to  the  problem  of  convey- 
toll%  and  ordered  his  arrest.  He  succeeded  in  ing  heat  into  the  houses  of  a  city  in  the  year 
eluding  the  oflBcers  in  search  of  him,  went  1^6.  After  he  had  satisfied  himself  of  the 
SoQth,  and  was  made  a  commodore  in  the  practicability  of  such  a  scheme  by  long  experi- 
Confederate  navy.  On  October  11th  he  at-  ments,  he  started  the  Holly  Steam  Company 
tacked  the  Federal  blockading  squadron  at  the  in  January,  1877,  with  a  capital  of  $25,000, 
passes  of  the  Mississippi^  and  was  appointed  which  undertook  to  warm  the  dwelling-houses 
flag  captain  of  the  New  Orleans  Station  for  of  Lockport  at  a  price  based  on  the  cost  of 
what  he  claimed  as  an  important  victory.  Be-  coal  consumed  in  the  ordinary  methods  of 
fore  Farragut's  attack  on  New  Orleans  in  heating.  A  comparison  of  the  cost  of  heating 
April,  1862,  Commodore  HoUins  was  super-  by  the  Holly  system  and  that  by  hot-air  fur- 
seded  by  Commodore  Whittle.  After  the  war  naces  and  private  steam-heating  apparatus  was 
he  was  pardoned  by  President  Johnson,  and  made  on  the  basis  of  the  results  of  the  first 
took  op  his  residence  in  Baltimore,  where  he  winter's  operation.  The  average  cost  of  the 
became  a  crier  in  the  City  Court.  fixtures  for  each  of  1,000  takers  using  the 
HOLLT  SY8T£M  OF  STEAM-HEATING.  HoUy  system  was  taken  at  $200 ;  the  annual 
The  idea  of  generating  the  heat  required  in  interest,  with  the  depreciation  and  cost  of  re- 
thickly  settled  communities  for  the  health  and  pairs,  at  $18 ;  and  the  average  yearly  bills  for 
comfort  of  the  inhabitants,  and  perhaps  also  steam-service  to  the  company  amounted  to 
for  cooking  and  laundry  purposes,  in  central  $89.80,  making  the  total  expense  for  a  year 
estabUahments,  and  of  conducting  it  stored  up  $57.80,  against  $118.76  required  to  keep  a 
in  steam  or  some  such  absorl^nt  medium  furnace  costing  $275,  and  consuming  10  tons 
(hroagh  pipes  and  laying  it  on  in  dwellings  in  of  coal  a  year,  and  $197  expended  annually 
Mke  manner  with  water  and  illuminating  gas,  on  a  private  steam-heater  usmg  12  tons  and 
has  long  been  looked  upon  as  a  promising  costing  originally  $800.  This  estimate  of  the 
scheme,  which  was  likely  to  be  realized  in  the  cost  of  the  heat  is  certainly  very  insufficient, 
inarch  of  mechanical  improvements  and  in  the  being  much  higher  than  it  would  be  if  the 
evolution  of  social  methods.  Various  invent-  works  were  operated  to  their  full  capacity  and 
on  have  busied  themselves  with  this  scheme ;  the  houses  served  not  so  few  and  so  scattered, 
hot  its  first  practical  illustration  on  a  large  Improvements  and  economies  in  the  working 
icale  has  been  accomplished  by  Birdsell  Holly,  of  the  enterprise  can  also  be  reasonably  ex- 
of  Lockport,  New  York,  previously  known  to  pected  to  reduce  the  cost  considerably  after  a 
the  public  firom  bis  invention  of  the  Holly  longer  trial;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  safety 
▼ater-works  system.  Improvement  and  econ-  and  durability  of  the  elaborate  conducting  ap- 
omy  in  the  methods  of  artificial  heating  is  of  paratus  can  only  be  determined  after  several 
more  concern  to  the  people  of  the  United  years*  experience,  and  the  deterioration  and 
States  than  to  Europeans,  owing  to  the  more  cost  of  maintenance  calculated ;  and  the  wear 
continental  climate  of  America,  which  is  char-  and  destruction  caused  by  such  an  active  ex- 
scterized  by  a  constant  range  of  low  tempera-  pansive  agent  as  steam,  handled  under  novel 
tore  through  about  two  thirds  of  the  year  conditions,  may  more  tban  counterbalance  any 
OTer  all  the  Northern  States,  necessitating  the  possible  reduction  in  the  working  expenses, 
warming  of  inhabited  rooms  through  the  most  The  Holly  system  offers  many  other  advan- 
<)f  the  year«    Among  the  inventions  offered  tages  besides  a  more  healthful  and  less  troo- 


422  HOLLY  SYSTEM  OF  STEAM-HEATING. 

blesome  method  of  heating  houses  than  those       The  boiler-honse  in  Lockport  is  oonatrncted 

now  in  use.    It  will  furnish  steam-power  for  for  six  boilers.    Three  were  put  up,  but  only 

machinery  in  any  required   amount,  at  any  one  or  two  used   at  a  time  the  first  win- 

desired  moment,  more  cheaply  and  with  great-  ter.    Two  were  horizontal,  6  by  16  feet  in 

er  safety  than  manufacturers  can  supply  them-  dimensions.    The  consumption  of  ooal  was  2} 

selves;    the  steam  can   be  used  for  laundry  to  8  tons  daily.     The  total  length  of  pipe 

Surposes,  and  perhaps  soon  a  method  will  be  through  which  the  steam  was  conveyed  was 

evised  for  utilizing  it  in  the  different  opera-  8^  miles.    The  largest  main,  6  inches  in  di- 

tions  of  cookery ;  it  can  famish  a  constant  amet«r,  branches  into  two  4-inch  pipes  a  short 

sapply  of  heat  at  an  equable  temperature  for  distance  from  the  boiler,  and  these  are  divided 

greenhouses    and    forcmg-houses.      Not    the  after  running  some  distance  into  two  8-lnch 

least  of  its  benefits,  as  has  been  already  expe-  pipes,  and  they  again  into  the  smallest  pipes 

rienced  in  Lockport,  is  that  it  can  keep  the  of  1^   inch   diameter.     The  junotion-servioe 

water-hydrants  from  freezing  in  severe  weath-  boxes,  placed  along  the  whole  line  of  the  m^ns 

er,  and  can  afford  an  ever-ready  supply  of  at  a  distance  of  100  feet  or  more,  provide  for 

steam-power  for  the  extinguishment  of  fires,  the  longitudinal  contraction  and  expansion  of 

In  the  heating  of  dwellings  the  greater  health-  the  pipes,  and  at  the  same  time  afford  a  space 

falness  and  cleanliness  of  the  mode  over  any  for  the  apparatus  for  distributing  the  steam, 

other  are  important  considerations,  and  also  A  hood  on  the  head  of  the  service-pipe  in  the 

the  redaction  in  care  and  labor  and  in  the  junction-box  collects  the  water  of  oondensa- 

risks  of  fire.  tion,  and  conveys  it  into  the  bouse  to  a  valve, 

The  details  of  the  invention,  as  applied  in  where  it  is  wiredrawn,  and  by  such  reduction 

the  Lockport  works,  are  described  by  Mr.  Hoi-  of  pressure,  at  its  temperature,  which  oorre- 

ly  in  his  specifications  as  follows :  sponds  to  a  pressure  of  60  lbs.  per  square  inch, 

,.,,      ,  ,,        ....         ,,  is  reconverted  in  great  part  into  steam  and 

1.  All  underground  steam  street  main  in  comblna-  conveyed  into  the  radiators.    The  pressure  of 

tioa  with  steam-supplyuiff  apparatus,  and  with  a  ^"*Y  ku^  *€i«*owio.     xi-w  ^^i^^wuic  w 

meter  oonatruoted  to  control  the  presauro  of  steam  in  *"®  Steam  as  served  to  tne  radiators  IS  2  or  3 

a  building,  and  also  record  the  consumption  of  steam  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

from  such  main.    8.  Junction-boxes  admitting  ex-        The  combined   meter  and   regulator  both 

pansion  and  oontraotion  of  msina  lon^tudinaUy,  registers  and  measures  out  the  supply  in  the 

and  with  heat-radiators  m  the  buudmgB.    8.  A  vJ:,^^^        *    «.«i«^/,>    *>*•  4.v«    ^\^^^S^J  ^*  *.kA 

Bteam-meter  to  control  the  pressure  and  rScord  the  °?"®®''- ,    ^,  ^^^^.  ?^  ^^^    character  of  the 

consumption  of  steam  in  the  building.    4.  Heat-  snde-valve  in  a  nigh-pressure  engine,  admits 

radiators.     6.  Steam-trap.     6.  Steam-trap  and  re-  the  Steam  from  the  street  main  into  a  short 

heater.    7.  Water-hydrant.    8.  A  street  steam-hy-  pipe,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  similar  valve, 

w^sAJ' «S^  ^^»  "hS^"  nnJn  ^^^"^l  ''"ol"  •d'n'f  it  ««>«»  the  radiators.    The  pre*- 

10.  onow  and  ice  reservoirs  having  open-ended  or «  v^av     -j       ^a-u        t        •!.  l 

perforated  steam-pipes  for  esoapebf  steam  therein.  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^S:^  <>'  ^'^t  vwyes  is  shown  by 

11  and  12.  Expansion  chamber,  hood,  lorin  pipe  steam-gauges.   Connected  with  this  regnlatin^: 

and  expansion  chamber.    18.  Adjustable  ring.    14.  apparatus  is  the  indicator,  which  records  the 

Junction  box  and  outer  covering  of  steam  main,  consumption  in  figures,  showing  its  value  in 

15.  Section  of  steam  maw  made  of  mokel-plated  liniio-a  In/I  oonta    °      ^  ° 

metal.    16.  Convex  ring,  wall  of  expansion-cham-  collars  and  cents.  ^,    .  „,^nAAAA      w 

her,  eye-bolts.    17.  Steam  street  main,  isolated  and        ^^-  ^oUj  estimates   that  15,000,000  cubic 

drained  by  tile.    18.  Meter  details.    19.  Badintors.  feet  can  be  warmed  with  ten  boilers,  16  feet 

adjustable.    90.  Spring  clutch  and  pencil  forgrer  and  long  and  6  feet  in  diameter,  with  64  tubes 

valve-stem.   21.  Cfonducting  and  steam  pipesliaving  28  inches  in  diameter.    This  would  make  the 

So^rriv^s^ia^^ruV^Vtrs'^  J^JSk^^^^'^f  ^"^^S  "'«^^  ^^^^^  '^^^  ^^J 

tricts  of  dwelling-houses  in  cities  and  towns,  and  I>800  cubic  feet  as  the  space  to  be  wanned  by 

for  **driTlnff»' machinery  and  for  other  driving  pur-  every  foot  of  heating  surface.     Experiments 

poses  in  said  districts,  consisting  of  steam-supplying  made    regarding   the   loss    by  condensation 

tS^^l.^^h^^'^*  h't^^r}^!^''^?!^''''^'''  showed  that  it  amounted  in  1,600  feet  of  3- 

junction  service-Doxes,  service-pipes,  navine  con*  i     v  •^«  «  iniv      ^     ^  n. 

neotiny  pipes  and  meters.    Coi^Qected  with  these  *°<^h  P\P®>  ^^^  *  pressure  of  18  lbs.,  to  9  lbs. 

several  appliances  are  a  boiler-house  and  stack,  four  of  coal  per  hour;  in  an  ordinary  city  street 

boilers  with  heaters   for  feed-water,  2,900  feet  4  that  length  of  pipe  could  furnish  100  consum- 

^f]l?^  f'S^  ?®*  ?JS!^}^^'A'^J^^^^i  ^^"^^  era,  giving  2-16  lbs.  of  coal  per  day  as  each 

of  l/ioch  ™!i;jhV^^^^^^  one's*"  share  in  the  loss  ftom*^this  4ase.     It 
01   it-incn   wrougnt-iron   pipes   or   street   mama.  i»jai.j.lj.i.  i  ^.^ 

These  pipes  or  mains  are  first  coated  with  asbestus  ^^  found  that  when  the  supply  was  out  off 

and  covered  with  a  jacket  of  cow-hair  felting  or  other  from  the  boiler,  it  required  18  minutes  for  the 

non-conducting  substance,  which  is  protected  with  pressure  to  fall  fW)m  60  to  45  lbs. ;  28  minutes 

hard-wood  strips  secured  with  copper  wire,  and  the  for  it  to  decHne  from  46  to  80  lbs.,  or  from  4 

Srd  rar^^^ve'^'Sn'^irhlm^iT^^^^^  to  8  atmosnheres ;  40  mhiutes  for  it  to  fall  to 

pipes,  and  then  the  whole  structure  laid  to  a  mde  •^o  los.,  and  54  minutes  longer  for  it  to  sink  to 

over  well-constructed  tile-drains.     At  intervals  of  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere;  or  2  hours  20 

about  100  feet  the  junetion-boxes,  with  hoods  and  minutes  to  condense  the  four  atmospheres  of 

f!rn'iJr^fl5*i^.".?2!i'**i?^!f.S*''V^*P^'^^  pressure.     The  comparison  of  the  different 

jomts,  are  inserted  in  a  well  of  masonry  2t  feet  i-„^„  ^^  -.;^^  -.•*!.       '^     *.  a    ai.  •  -a-  * 

square,  which  jflve  ready  access  at  all  times  to  their  ^^^^  ^\  P^P®  ^^^  respect  to  their  capacity  for 

portions  of  the  structure.    The  longest  single  stretdi  conveying  steam  and  their  loss  by  condensa- 

of  pipe  is  U  mile.  tion  shows  that  the  latter  increases  in  a  direct 


HONDUKAS.  423 

r&tio  with  tLe  increase  of  diameter,  while  the  merce  between  the  two  conntries  would  be 

former  increases  sixfold  when  the  aiameter  is  speedily  removed. 

doubled.    A  pipe  of  1 J  inch  diameter  will  de-  The  railway  is  now  in  operation  from  Puerto 

liver  steam  only  1,000  feet  from  the  boiler ;  a  Cortez,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  to  San  Pedro 

3-inch  pipe  will  conduct  it  3,000  feet ;  a  6-  Snla,  a  distance  of  about  90  miles.    The  value 

inch  pipe,  9,000  feet ;  and  a  12-inch  pipe,  18,-  of  the  rolling  stock  is  estimated  at  $500,000, 

000  feet.    The  Holly  system  has  been  intro-  and  the  entire  cost  of  the  road  is  given  at  $2,- 

doced  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Springfield,  Mass.,  000,000.    There  are  at  present  about  750  miles 

and  other  cities.    The  apparatus  is  furnished  of  telegraph,  and  600  miles  additional  are  in 

from  the  workshops  of  the  Lockport  company,  process  of  construction.    There  is  also  a  report 

nONDUR  AS  (KEPtBLioADE  Honduras),  one  of  an  arrangement  having  been  entered  into 
of  the  five  independent  states  of  Central  Amer-  between  Honduras  and  San  Salvador  for  the 
ica.  The  territory  of  the  republic,  with  an  establishment  of  telegraphic  communication 
area  of  58,168  square  miles,  is  ^vided  into  thir-  bee  ween  the  five  Central  American  republics, 
teen  departments.  The  population  is  estimated  Should  the  project  be  carried  into  execution, 
at  400,000.  The  capital  is  Tegucigalpa,  with  dispatches  from  Guatemala  to  Costa  Rica  will, 
about  12,000  inhabitants.  The  President  is  it  is  presumed,  be  transmitted  at  the  rate  of  $1 
Dr.  Marco  Aurelio  Soto,  elected  in  May,  1876,  per  ten  words,  and  from  Nicaragua  to  Costa 
for  a  term  of  four  years.  The  sole  minister  of  Kica,  or  from  Honduras  to  Guatemala  over  San 
the  Repablic  is  Dr.  Ramon  Rosa,  general  ad-  Salvador  lines,  at  50  cents, 
riser  of  the  President.  Honduras  has  thirty-  No  ofiScial  returns  of  the  foreign  commerce 
seven  representatives,  but  no  senate,  in  lieu  of  the  republic  have  been  published.  With 
of  which  latter  ten  counsellors  are  appointed  steam  communication  between  the  Atlantic 
by  the  Government  to  act  as  advisers,  and  con-  ports  and  New  Orleans,  the  fruit  trade  already 
Tened  at  the  President's  pleasure.  The  judicial  existing  might  be  developed  to  a  scale  of  con- 
aathority  is  vested  in  two  chief  justices,  one  of  siderame  importance.  Although  the  service  is 
whom  resides  in  the  present  capital,  and  the  at  present  confined  to  sailing  craft,  chiefiy 
other  in  the  former  capital,  Comayagua;  a  schooners,  shipments  of  the  value  of  $400,000 
district  judge  in  each  of  the  departments;  and  were  made  in  1877,  by  180  vessels,  with  an 
a  justice  of  the  peace  in  every  town,  these  last  aggregate  of  14,143  tons.  Exquisite  fruits 
being  elected  by  their  respective  municipalities  abound  throug^hout  the  noi-thern  coast  region 
for  the  term  of  one  year,  while  the  nigher  and  a^'acent  islands,  and  could  be  landed  at 
judicial  dignitaries  are  elected  for  life  by  the  New  Orleans  at  an  expense  not  exceeding  those 
Government.  The  actual  strength  of  the  stand-  of  gathering,  packing,  and  freight.  From  80,- 
ing  army  is  set  down  at  1,500,  and  that  of  the  000  to  40,000  head  of  cattle  are  annually  ex- 
militia  at  20,000.  ported  to  the  island  of  Cuba  alone. 

The  national  revenue,  which  under  former  "  Honduras  is  in  the  midst  of  her  task  of  es- 

administrations  rarely  exceeded  $800,000,  is  tablishing  schools,^^  writes  a  newspaper  corre- 

now  reported  to  reach  $800,000.    In  regard  to  spondent;  and  indeed  schools  are  now  to  be 

the  national  debt,  it  has  been  stated  on  trust-  found  in  every  town  and  village  of  the  repub- 

worthy  authority  that  the  terms  of  the  Chat-  lie.     In  1878  the  Government  organized  a 

field-Cruz  convention  have  been  ratified  in  a  national  college  and  a  seminary  at  the  capi- 

contract  made  between  the  representatives  of  tal,  both  of  which  are  under  the  direction  of 

England  and  Honduras.    The  debt  of  $60,000  American  teachers.    The  aggregate  attendance 

which  it  recognizes  is  to  be  paid  off  at  the  at  school  in  the  republic  was  20,000. 

rateof$l 0,000  per  annum.  Drafts  on  the  four  Honduras' has  fairly  entered  on  the  career 

principal  custom-houses  for  $2,500  are  to  be  of  civilization  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term, 

given  to  the  representative  of  Her  Britannic  Peace  reigns  undisturbed,  the  last  ringleader 

Majesty'sGovemmentin  January  of  each  year,  of  discord,  Jos6  Maria  Medina,  having  been 

For  the  year  1878  the  drafts  had  already  been  shot  in  the  course  of  the  past  year.    Both 

given.    Should  any  deficiency  in  the  amount  government  and  people  have  discovered  that 

occur  at  any  of  the  ports,  tho  Honduras  Gov-  their  chief  happiness  is  to  be  derived  from  in- 

emment  makes  it  good.  During  the  five  years,  dustry  and  the  enlightenment  of  the  masses, 

and  while  the  terras  are  being  complied  with,  and  manifest  the  utmost  zeal  in  their  endeav- 

tbe  claim  is  to  bear  no  interest.    Should  the  ors  to  attain  it  by  these  means.    Highways, 

Government  of  Honduras  fail  in  its  annual  pay-  bridges,  and  other  facilities  for  internal  trans- 

menta,  interest  on  the  balance  doe  is  to  be  port  are  planned  or  constructed  in  the  more 

charged  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum,  important  sections ;  postal  and  mercantile  in- 

To  the  already  mentioned  significant  indica-  tercourse  with  other  countries  extended  and 
tlons  of  financial  prosperity  may  be  also  added  encouraged  (a  contract  was  signed  in  1878  for 
that  of  a  combination  set  on  foot  in  the  United  a  line  of  bi-weekly  steamers  to  Cuba),  and  ex- 
States  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  North  tensive  concessions  of  land  to  North  Americans 
American  banking,  exchange,  and  commission  for  the  cultivation  of  coffee,  cacao,  and  other 
bosiness  in  the  capital  of  Honduras.  With  the  staples,  on  a  scale  hitherto  unthought  of  in 
^ilities  to  be  derived  from  such  an  enterprise  those  regions.  Nor  are  the  elements  of  health 
the  chief  impediment  to  the  extension  of  com-  and  material  comfort  left  unheeded,  as  attested 


424 


HUNGARY. 


by  the  projection  of  oommodioas  works  for 
the  supply  of  potable  water  to  the  capital. 

Dr.  Mabco  Aubeuo  Soto,  President  of  Hon- 
daraa,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Tegucigalpa  on 
November  13,  1846.    His  education  was  com- 

Sleted  in  Guatemala,  where  he  graduated  as 
octor  of  laws  in  1866.  He  is  at  present 
member  of  the  Law  School  and  of  the  Eco- 
nomical Society  of  the  capital  of  that  ooantry. 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  by  President  Barrios 
of  Guatemala  to  the  important  offices  of  Min- 
ister of  Foreign  Relations,  Public  Instruction, 
and  Public  Worship,  which  portfolios  he  held 
until  February,  1876,  when  he  gained  popu- 
larity and  distinction  and  the  surname  of  the 
Peacemaker  in  the  unenviable  mission  of  con- 
ciliating the  contending  factions  then  so  nu- 
merous throughout  the  Central  American  re- 
publics. 

After  these  triumphs,  achieved  within  the 
brief  space  of  six  months,  be  was  called  (Au- 
gust, 1876)  to  the  provisional  presidency  of  his 
native  country,  and  in  May  of  the  following 
year  he  was  elected  by  the  unanimous  voice 
of  the  people  as  Constitutional  President  A 
continued  scene  of  internecine  strife,  the  dis- 
astrous monotony  of  which  was  only  broken 
by  intervals  of  war  with  the  sister  states,  neg- 
lected industries,  forsaken  schools,  a  deplet^ 
treasury,  an  onerous  foreign  debt,  distrust  and 
oonfusion  at  home  and  discredit  abroad — such 
was  the  discouraging  condition  of  Honduras 
when  the  reins  of  government  were  placed  in 
Dr.  Soto^s  hands.  Some  idea  of  the  changed 
aspect  of  affairs  under  his  wise  administration 
will  be  suggested,  if  not  by  the  foregouig  hur- 
ried sketch,  certainly  by  the  following  remarks 
from  the  pen  of  a  native  writer :  *^  The  benefits 
of  peace  are  immense  to  a  country  ruled  by  a 
man  devoid  of  selfishness  and  living  only  for 
the  public  weal:  this  is  now  proved  in  the 
piece  of  ground  which  might  formerly  have 
been  called  with  reason  the  land  of  woes.  War 
is  a  calamity ;  yet  we  of  Honduras  should  bless 
the  war  of  1876  with  Guatemala,  not  for  its 
calamities,  but  because  to  it  we  are  Indebted 
for  the  illustrious  patriot  who  is  to  be  the  re- 
generator of  our  country." 

HUNGARY,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  and  one 
of  the  two  main  divisions  of  tne  Austro- 
Hungarian  Monarchy.  (See  Austbia,  under 
which  head  all  the  affairs  which  are  common 
to  the  entire  monarchy  have  been  treated  of.) 
The  area  and  population  of  the  lands  of  the 
Hungarian  Crown  are  as  follows,  according  to 
the  *^  Statistische  Handbuch  der  Osterreich.-un- 
garisohen  Monarchie  " : 


OOUNTRDES. 

SqttBra  mQM. 

PopolatloQ  la 
18T«. 

HongHry  and  TranBflvania 

Flume  (Free  City) 

OrofttU  and  BlaTonla 

108,268 
8 

7,808 

18,724,442 

18,178 
1.218L180 

Military  Frontlw. 

098,788 

Total 

124.426 

10^604,53$ 

The  Hungarian  ministry  at  the  close  of  1878 
was  composed  as  follows:  1.  President  of  the 
Ministry,  Eoloman  Tisza:  2.  Minister  near  the 
King's  person  (ad  latus\  Baron  Wenckheim ;  3. 
Minister  of  Finance,  Eoloman  Tisza ;  4.  Minis- 
ter of  the  Interior,  Baron  Wenckheim ;  5.  Minis- 
ter of  Education  and  Public  Worship,  Dr.  Aa- 
gustin  von  Tref  ort ;  6.  Minister  of  Justice,  The- 
odor  Pauler;  7.  Minister  of  Public  Works, 
Thomas  Pechy;  8.  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
Industry,  and  Commerce,  A.  von  Trefort ;  9. 
Minister  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  Eoloman 
Bedekovitch  de  Eomor ;  10.  Minister  for  the 
Defense  of  the  Country,  B.  Szende  von  Eeresz- 
tes. 

The  budget  for  the  countries  belonging  t^3 
the  Hungarian  Crown  for  1878  was  as  follows 
(in  florins ;  1  florin  =  48  cents). 

RICKtPTS. 

1.  Dirvettaxea. S8.606.SOO 

2.  Indirect  tlu«8 80,662,»b.'> 

8.  B«eeipta  fh>ni  Oorenment  property  and  State 

Instttnttona S4,047,«IK 

4.  Extraordinary  receipts  of  the  Mlnlstiy  of  fi- 
nance   8,9918% 

6.  ReoeipU  of  the  other  ministries 10vB7S,M5 

6.  Other  raoelpts. 4,Tfti.OuO 

Ordlnavy  reeelpts 81«.585.«<1 

fixtraoidlnaiy  reeelpU 8^10,156 

Total M9,84«,01» 

SZPSNDITUEES. 

1.  Bofsl  Hoasehold 4,660,000 

2.  Royal  Cabinet  Chancery 72.514 

8.  Diet l,82a.(!n 

4.  ConncU  of  Ministers 809.s€0 

6.  Ministry  »<  2a<M 50.S1S 

6L  Ministry  for  Oroatia  and  Slaronla 85.««0 

7.  *"        of  the  Interior S,476^^ft3 

a       •*        of  Public  Defense 6^162,033 

9.  '*       of  Edaeatlon  and  Worship 4,096,771 

10.  •»        ofJnstlce 9,75a9*'9 

11.  '*        of  Aprlcaltaro  and  Commerce lA,2dlv'^'i 

12.  "        of  Communication 12,192.«»4 

18.       ♦♦        of  Finance aaM9.047 

14.  Administration  of  Croatia  and  Siavonla 6gB98,6'>6 

1&              **            of  Flume W,090 

16.  Pensions 8,979,004 

17.  Public  debt 88.282,788 

18.  Contributions  to  the  common  expenditure  of 

the  Empire  and  to  the  Austrian  debt 80,689,469 

19.  Other  expenditures. 04.619,112 

Ordinary  expenditures 288.435.634 

Extraorainaiy  expenditures 7,MU6I1 

Total  expenditures. 240,967.485 

Deficit «1,121,416 

The  public  debt  of  Hungary  at  the  close  of 
1876  amounted  to  660,176,996  florins,  exclusive 
of  the  common  debt  of  the  Empire.  Hungary 
also  has  a  share  in  the  public  aebt  of  Austria 
proper,  about  80  per  cent,  of  its  amount  pre- 
vious to  1868.  This  debt  is  regarded  as  exclu- 
sively Austrian,  but  Hungary  pays  annually  for 
interest  and  its  amortization  80,927,997  florins. 
The  assets  of  the  state  were  estimated  in  1876 
at  762,600,000  florins. 

The  aggregate  length  of  railways  open  for 
traflSc  on  January  1,  1878,  was  6j773  kilome- 
tres (1  kilometre  =  0.62  mile).  The  number 
of  private  and  official  letters,  newspapers,  etc., 
in  1876,  was  78,765,000;  the  number  of  post- 
offices,  1,959 ;  and  the  value  of  valuable  letters 


HUNGARY.  425 

and  packages^  750,200,000  florins.    The  length  lows  ns  to  hope  that  we  shall  succeed  in  as- 

of  telegraph  wires  in  January,  1877,  was  49,-  suring  not  only  the  interests  of  the  Monarchy, 

Hi  kUometres ;  of  telegraph  lines,  14,909  kilo-  hut  also  the  blessings  of  peaoe.^' 

metres.   The  number  of  telegraph  stations  was  Elections  were  held  for  Deputies  on  August 

931,  and  the  number  of  dispatches  sent  and  5th.    The  result  was  a  decisive  victory  of  the 

received  2,667,818.  Government  party.    Out  of  894  seats,  the  Lib- 

Tbe  new  developments  in  the  Eastern  ques-  eral  or  Government  party  obtained  232,  the 

tioQ  were  of  so  vital  importance  for  the  future  United  Opposition  70,  the  Extreme  Left  66,  and 

uf  Hungary  that  they  absorbed  the  attention  Independents  15,  making  14  second  ballots  ne- 

of  the  Ilungarian  Parliament  throughout  the  cessary. 

vear.    On  February  19th  the  Prime  Minister  On  October  1st  the  Minister  of  Finance,  Szell, 

Tisza,  alter  making  explanations  similar  to  resigned,  because  the  financial  plans  for  Hun- 

those  of  Prince  Auersperg  in  the  Austrian  gary  were  made  impossible  by  tiie  large  ex- 

Reicbsrath  (see  Aubtbia),  stated  that  the  Gov-  penses  incurred  by  the  occupation  of  Bosnia. 

emment  could  not  regard  some  of  the  stipula-  This  step  of  Szell  was  immediately  followed  by 

tions  of  peace  now  before  it  as  consonant  with  the  resignation  of  the  entire  Ministry.    After 

the  interests  of  the  Monarchy.    There  was  now  considerable  negotiations,  the  Prime  Minister 

no  question  of  the  amelioration  of  the  lot  of  agreed  to  conduct  the  public  business  until  the 

the  Christians  in  Turkey ;  it  was  one  of  a  total  meeting  of  Parliament,  taking  charge  of  the 

transformation  and  change  of  influence  and  flnances,  while  Baron  Wenckheim  became  Min- 

power  in  the  East.    Many  speakers  urged  the  ister  of  the  Interior  in  his  place.    The  Diet  was 

importance  of  a  full  understanding  and  close  opened  on  October  20th.   IColoman  Ghiczy,  the 

Hliianoe  with  England,  the  most  powerful  and  ministerial  candidate,  was  elected  President  bv 

trusted  ally  of  the  Monarchy ;  but  the  Prime  a  large  majority.    Tisza  then  in  a  short  speech 

Minister  did  not  deem  it  opportune  to  make  explained  the  origin  of  the  ministerial  crisis. 

any  official  statement  on  the  intentions  of  the  A  motion  of  the  Extreme  Left  to  impeach  the 

Government.    On  April  9th  Tisza  pointed  out  Ministry  was  set  down  for  debate  on  Novem- 

that  the  interests  of  Roumania  and  Hungary  ber  6th.    On  that  day  a  vote  was  taken  on  the 

were  identical,  inasmuch  as  both  had  a  com-  motion,  resulting  in  96  votes  for  and  170  against 

mon  enemy  in  Panslavism.    The  dincussion  on  impeachment.    The  reconstruction  of  the  Min- 

the  extraordinary  credit  of  60,000,000  florins  istry  was  completed  in  the  early  part  of  Deceno- 

(lemanded  by  the  Government  (see  Austbia)  ber.    Count  Szapary  and  Baron  Eemeny  were 

l<ipn  on  May  14th.    The  remarks  of  Tisza  on  the  only  new  members — the  former  for  finance 

this  occasion  were  explanatory  of  the  foreign  and  the  latter  for  commerce.    On  December 

policy  of  the  Empire,  which  he  said  was  de-  16th  the  Lower  House  by  an  overwhelming 

ciiled  by  national  considerations.    The  Govern-  mi\jority  passed  a  bill  proposing  the  prolonga- 

rnent  would  never  set  up  a  policy  of  compen-  tion  of  the  military  law,  and  on  the  19th  it 

'  ition  in  some  of  the  western  provinces  of  adopted  by  179  votes  to  126  the  Government 

Tijfkey  as  their  price  for  tolerating  the  forma-  bill  to  issue  40,000,000  fiorins  of  gold  rentes 

tivn  of  new  Slav  states.    The  bill  passed  the  for  the  purpose  of  redeeming  treasury  bonds. 

Lower  House  on  May  16th  and  the  Upper  The  House  further  passed,  after  Tisza  had 

HoQse  on  the  20th.  made  a  powerful  speech  in  favor  of  the  pro- 

The  session  of  the  Diet  was  closed  on  June  posal.  the  bill  relative  to  the  levying  of  recruits 

29th  by  the  Emperor  in  person.    In  the  speech  for  1879.    A  three  days^  debate  in  the  Hunga- 

from  the  throne  he  remarked  that  the  general  rian  delegation  on  Eastern  affairs  terminated 

political  situation  had  weighed  heavily  every-  on  December  14th  in  the  adoption  of  a. motion 

where  apon  the  public  credit,  and  ihst  the  to  grant  a  sum  of  20,000,000  norins  for  the  oo- 

IfOirth  of  time  required  to  bring  the  compro-  oupation  expenses  of  1879.    Count  Andrassy 

TTibe  negotiations  to  an  issue  in  the  Houses  of  defended  the  Eastern  policy  of  the  Govem- 

I'arliament  had  rendered  it  impossible  to  ac-  ment,  and  maintained  tnat  the  occupation  of 

complish  all  that  might  have  been  desired.  Bosnia  would  not  disturb  the  Monarchy  or  shift 

^VverthelesB,  much  had  been  done  toward  the  its  center  of  gravity,  and  was  cheered. 

rt-Tohition  of  the  national  finances,  as  well  as  The  policy  of  the  Government  with  respect 

for  administrative  and  judicial  reform.     He  to  the  settlement  of  the  Russo-Turkish  oues- 

then  proceeded  to  review  the  measures  passed  tion,  and  particularly  in  the  acceptance  of  the 

^J  Parliament  during  tlie  session,  and  stated  occupation  of  Bosnia,  excited  much  dissatisfao- 

thftt  the  new  Austro-Hungarian  compromise  tion  in  the  opposition  party,  especially  among 

bw  would  promote  the  interests  of  both  por-  that  part  of  the  people  who  were  most  devoted 

tions  of  the  Monarchy  and  the  welfare  of  the  to  strengthening  and  perpetuating  the  Mag- 

vbole  people.     Ample  compensation  for  the  yar  influence.    This  dissatisfaction  was  partly 

roncesnons  mntnally  made  would  be  gained  by  shown  in  the  result  of  the  elections,  when,  not- 

hoth  parties  in  the  strength  accruing  from  the  withstanding  the  decided  majority  gained  by 

fresh  manifestation  of  the  reciprocity  of  views  the  Government  in  the  general  result,  several 

&ad  Interests  of  both  portions  of  the  Empire,  of  the  chief  members  of  the  party  were  de- 

On  the  subject  of  foreign  relations,  he  added :  feated  at  places  which  had  been  held  for  ten 

^The  present  state  of  our  foreign  relations  al-  years  by  supporters  of  the  Government.     A 


426                   HUNGARY.  ILLINOIS. 

letter  written  by  Kossuth  was  pnblished  about  of  October  was  interpreted  in  the  sense  of  a 

the  time  the  elections  were  held,  in  which  protest  agdnst  excessive  military  expenditures, 

M.   TiszA  was  accused,   with  respect  to  the  and  as  asserting  a  claim  to  effective  contri)! 

Austro-Hnngarian  compromise,  of  having  sac-  over  this  expenditure  and  the  policy  connected 

rificed  the  interests  of  Hungary,  and  abused  therewith.     Just  previous  to  the  resignation 

the  system  of  parliamentary  government.  With  of  Szell,  on  the  27th  of  September,  a  large 

regard  to  the  occupation  of  Bosnia,  Kossuth  open-air  meeting  was  held  at  Pesth  to  protest 

said  that  it  was  not  an  idea  of  the  Congress,  but  against  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Government^ 

a  project  of  the  Cabinet  of  Vienna,  which  had  and  resolutions  were  passed  declaring  that  tf.>e 

been  prepared  as  long  ago  as  when  the  alliance  occupation  of  Bosnia  would  be  dangerous,  that 

of  the  three  Emperors  was  established — when  a  convention  ought  to  be  concluded  with  Tur- 

Prince  Bismarck,  whom  Count  Andrassy  con-  key  and  the  army  recalled,  and  that  the  Gov- 

sulted  upon  everything,  laid  stress  upon  the  ernment  should  be  impeached.    During  Octo- 

argument  that  Austria-Hungary,  driven  out  of  her  the  municipality  of  Pesth  passed  resolutions 

Germany  and  Italy,  should  look  for  compensa*  asserting  that  the  policy  of  the  Government  on 

tion  in  the  East.    In  occupying  Bosnia,  Aus-  the  Eastern  question  since  its  commencement 

tria-Hungary  invited  Russia  and  Panslavism  to  had  been  unfortunate  and  dangerous  for  the 

reestablish  themselves  definitively  in  Bulgaria;  country,  and  declaring  that  the  Government 

this  would  be  the  ruin  of  Austria-Hungary  had  acted  ill^^y  in  disposing  of  the  blood  and 

and  of  the  dynasty.    In  conclusion,  Kossuth  treasure  of  the  nation  without  the  consent  of 

said  that  Parliament  must  watch  to  see  that  Parliament.    Minor  manifestations  of  popular 

the  occupation  does  not  become  annexation,  displeasure  were  given  on  various  occasions,  as 

Shortly  afterward,  following  the  conflicts  of  when  a  bomb  loaded  with  dynamite  was  es- 

the  Austrian  forces  of  occupation  with  the  ploded  on  the  night  of  the  26th  of  November 

Bosnian  insurgents,  the  losses  suffered  by  the  near  the  palace  of  Tisza,  where  Count  Andras* 

Hungarian  troops  caused  a  considerable  degree  sy  and  the  members  of  the  delegations  were 

of  excitement,  and  the  language  of  the  oppo-  attending  a  soiree  given  by  the  Minister :  and 

si  tion  journals  on  the  subject  became  vio-  again,  during  the  same  week,  when  a  bomb 

lent  and  unmeasured.     Describing  the  Cab-  was  exploded  near  the  staircase  of  the  Liberal 

inet  at  Vienna  as  the  ^*  Vienna  Camarilla,*'  Club  while  Tisza  was  making  a  report  to  the 

they  charged  it  with  sending  the  Magyars  to  members  of  the  Liberal  party, 

the  slaughter  with  the  object  of  securing  their  The  leader  of  the  Panslavists  of  Hungary, 

extermination.     A  few  days  later  the  civil  Miletios,  a  member  of  the  Hungarian  Parlia- 

authorities  in  Pesth  were  reported  to  have  re-  ment,  who  had  been  arrested  more  than  a  year 

fused  to  execute  a  military  order  for  the  deliv-  previously  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  was 

ery  of  five  hundred  wagons.    The  crisis  which  found  guilty  in  January,  and  sentenced  to  five 

resulted  in  the  ministerial  changes  of  the  1st  years'  penaJ  servitude. 


ILLINOIS.    The  amount  of  money  in  the    ExeCTtfva-emhndng-  erpoi 
State  Treasury  of  Dlinois  on  October  1,  1876,       SS^^SiStow*'.!!!^^  !** 


rases  of  sll  offloes 
Ttote  goTenment  not 
^  _.  _, $801,478^ 

was  $1,991,080.78.    The  receipts  for  the  two    Ju^ciaL 476,915  74 

years  ending  September  80, 1878,  were  $6,659,-  ^S!^:::::::::::::::::::::::-"":    SJ^J? 

771.86,  and  the  disbursements  for  the  same    charitable. l,4««,«*9  24 

period  were  $6,638,628.18,  leaving  a  balance    S*^***"!--;-: ; aiya-"      S^^l] 

on  October  1,  1878,  of  $2,112,228  96.    These  oSS*"*!.'!!^"^!''^:'."*.'!^                           *S;Si  W 

receipts  comprise  not  only  the  amount  of  money    Printing,  binding,  and  statfoner/ si^an  «« 

received  through  the  State  tax  in  general,  but  ^M?SSdS?l!!.*f^^!!*!°!'*"*^.'!^      mo»  5^ 

through  Oentral  Railroad  and  other  sources.  

The  disbursements  of  the  State  school  fund  ^otaL |8,888^T  a 

have  been  in  the  payment  to  the  counties  of  The  estimate  of  the  amount  of  money  re- 
school- tax-fund  orders,  and  the  salary  and  of-  quired  to  be  raised  by  taxation  for  the  next 
fice  expenses  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  two  years  for  general  State  purposes  is  $8,627,- 
Instruction.  The  Illinois  Oentral  Railroad  fund  000 ;  to  which  is  to  be  added  $2,000,000  for 
disbursed  has  been  used  in  the  payment  of  the  school  purposes. 

principal  and  interest  of  the  State  debt.    The  The  principal  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  State 

military  fund  has  been  disbursed  to  the  com-  on  October  1, 1876,  was  $1,478,600.27.    There 

manding  officers  of  the  several  regiments,  bat-  was  paid  during  the  two  years  ending  Septem- 

talions,  etc.,  under  the  apportionment  made  by  her  80, 1878,  $676,287.68,  leaving  the  amount 

the  Adjutant-General.    The  chief  items  of  dis-  outstanding  on  October  1, 1878,  $802,812.59. 

bursements,  those  of  the  general  revenue  fond,  Since  that  date   to  January  8,  1879,  there 

which  for  the  two  years  amount  to  $8,588,987.-  has  been  paid  $249,570.68,  leaving  outstand- 

69,  are  as  follows :  ing  $662,742.06.    Of  this  amount,  Uiere  is  now 


ILLINOIS.  427 

dne  and  payable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  State  in  repair.    The  reason  why  the  amendment 

$357,442.06.    The  remainder,  $195,800.06,  is  was  urged  was,  that  the  Agricoltnral  Depart- 

payable  after  January  1,  1880.    If  the  Legisla-  ment  had  reported  that  1,600,000  acres  of 

tare  shoold  provide  for  the  payment  of  school-  swamp  lands  could  thus  be  reclaimed.    These 

fund-interest  orders  out  of  the  general  revenue  lands  were  estimated  to  be  worth  $12,869,286, 

fund,  as  was  formerly  done,  the  Illinois  Central  and  when  reclaimed  they  would  be  valued  at 

Railroad  fund  would  more  than  suffice  to  pay  $52,958,608,  being  an  increase  of  $40,089,817. 

all  the  principal  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  It  is  supposed  that  in  two  years,  by  ordinary 

State  by  January  1,  1881.  ditching,  etc.,  there  can  be  rescued  from  water 

The  municipal  debt  of  the  State,  in  the  ag-  and  put  under  cultivation  at  least  1,100,000 

negate,  is  $51,811,691.    The  largest  part  of  acres  ofas  good  and  productive  com  land  as  can 

this  debt  has  been  incurred  in  making  useful  be  found  in  the  State,  and  equal  to  an  addition 

and  necessary  local  improvements,  and  is  repre-  of  45,000,000  bushels  of  corn,  or  2.000,000  to  the 

sented  by  valuable  municipal  property.    About  number  of  hogs  produced  annually  in  the  State. 

30  per  cent  of  this  total  of  municipal  debt  rep-  This  1,800,000  acres  of  land  consists  mostly  of 

resents  the  railroad-aid  debt  of  the  municipali-  swamps,  bogs,  and  lakes,  worthless  in  its  pres- 

ties  of  the  State.    The  Oonstitution  of  the  State  ent  conddtion  lor  agricultural  purposes,  and  ren- 

now  forbids  all  counties,  cities,  or  other  mu-  dering  the  surrounding  country  unhealthy  by 

nicipalities  from  making  subscriptions  to  capi-  reason  of  its  miasmatic  atmosphere.    It  is  pro- 

tal  stock  or  donations  in  aid  of  any  railroad  or  posed  to  reclaim  this  land  by  drains  and  levees, 

private  corporation,  and  further  forbids  the  in-  The  amendment  does  not  authorize  any  ex- 

corring  of  any  indebtedness  to  an  amount,  in-  penditure  of  the  public  money,  or  any  tax  to  be 

clnding  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  levied  or  debt  created,  for  the  purpose,  but 

exceeding  5  per  cent,  on  the  yalae  of  the  taxa-  simply  that  the  Legislature  shall  have  the  right 

hk  property  therein.  to  authorize  the  improvement,  and  that  the 

The  expense  to  the  State  of  the  railroad  dis-  land  benefited  shall  pay  the  expense. 

tnrbances  of  1877  has  been  estimated  at  $86,-  The  assessment  of  the  State  by  counties  for 

880.25,  of  which  $67,752.21  is  dae  to  the  Ka-  the  use  of  the  State  Board  of  Equalization 

tional  Guard,  $10,879.58  to  the  railroad  com-  amounts  to  $812,887,188.    The  progress  of  the 

panics  for  transportation,  and  $8,748.58  is  the  division  of  the  State  into  small  farms  has  been 

total  expense  for  subsistence  and  quartermas-  quite  rapid.    In  1850  there  were  76,208  farms 

ter's  stores.  in  Dlinois,  averaging  158  acres  each.    In  1860 

The  legal  rate  of  interest  in  the  State  has  the  number  had  increased  to  148,810,  and  the 

often  been  changed.    An  act  of  March  2, 1819,  average  size  reduced  to  146  acres.    In  1870 

made  the  rate  6  per  cent,  per  annum,  but  de-  there  were  202,808  farms,  the  average  being 

dared  any  rate  lawful  for  the  payment  of  which  still  further  reduced  to  128  acres.    The  esti- 

an  express  contract  had  been  made.    The  Re-  mate  for  1878  is  220,000  farms,  of  the  average 

Tised  Statutes  of  1888  legalized  any  agreed  rate  of  120  acres.    An  ecjually  noticeable  feature  of 

op  to  12  per  cent,  per  annum.    The  Revised  the  land  ownership  in  thisi  State  has  been  the 

Statutes  of  1845  authorized  the  collection  of  number  of  from  two-  to  ten-acre  patches  which 

6  per  cent,  and  no  more.    In  1849  it  was  made  afford  families  a  living.    In  1870  there  were 

lawfnl  to  stipulate,  by  written  contract,  for  the  8,500  pieces  of  cultivated  land,  containing  over 

payment  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum  for  the  use  8  and  under  10  acres,  belonging  to  garden- 

of  money  loaned,  and  in  1857  this  provision  ers  and  fruit-growers.     There  were  10,229 

was  extended  to  aU  contracts.    It  is  now  pro-  pieces  between  10  and  20  acres ;  58,240  be- 

poi>ed  to  fix  the  rate  at  8  per  cent.  tween  20  and  50  acres ;  68,180  tracts  between 

The  following  amendment  to  the  State  Con-  60  and  100  acres ;  65,940  between  100  and  500 

Btitution  was  submitted  to  the  voters  of  the  acres,  this  class  being  mostly  farms  of  160  acres. 

State  at  the  election  in  November:  In  the  whole  State  there  were  but  1,868  tracts 

The  General  Aesembly  may  pass  laws  permittini?  between  500  and  1,000,  and  only  802  over  1,000 

the  ownort  of  lands  to  construct  drains,  ditches,  and  acres.     The  202,808  farms  which  are  given  in 

levees  for  af^rioaltural,  sanltarv,  or  mining  purposes,  the  census  for  1870  employed  876,441  persons, 

t^J^f]?^^  <>'  othert,  snd^provide  for  the  organ-  ^ij^  proportion  of  owners  and  their  sons  being 

uition  of  dnanage  distnots,  and  vest  the  corporate  ,      i-  iq  4-/^  i 

aothorities  thereof  with  power  to  construct  and  main-  *""^*  iv  w)  i. 

tiin  drains,  ditches,  and  levees,  and  keep  in  repair  The  yield  of  corn  in  1876  was  208,112,910 

an  drains,  ditches,  and  levees  heretofore  constructed  bushels,  valued  at  $62,992,541 .  In  1 877  the  yield 

widsr  the  laws  of  this  State  by  special  assessment  was  269,889,742  bushels.     This  waa  valued  at 

upon  tbe  property  benefited  thereby.  $77,662,879.     The  area  of  winter  wheat  sown 

The  design  of  this  amendment  was  to  make  in  1877  was  1,729,296  acres;  in  1878,  2,082,- 

the  State  Constitution  possess  a  power  which  848.    The  area  in  orchards  in  1876  was  888,709 

iti  framers  supposed  had  been  placed  in  it  pre-  acres;  in  1877  it  was  842,682,  and  the  value  of 

^ons  to  an  adverse  decision  of  the  Supreme  the  crop  was  estimated  at  $8,589,672*   Acoord- 

Coart    All  the  legislation  for  the  object  in-  ing  to  the  returns  by  counties  to  the  State  De- 

t^nded  was  thus  set  aside.    There  had  been  partment  of  Agriculture,  the  number  of  hogs 

steady  extensive  works  commenced  and  nearly  marketed  in  1877  was  2,115,804;   the  total 

•ompleted  which  could  not  be  finished  or  kept  gross  weight  was  585,969,071  pounds;  theval- 


428  ILLINOIS. 

ue  was  $22,738,881.  The  total  winter  wheat  added.  The  pnblicatioii  of  the  market  prices 
crop  of  1878,  notwithstanding  the  inoreased  of  farm  products  at  the  great  market  centers 
acreage,  was  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  greater  is  another  feature  of  these  reports, 
than  in  1877.  In  1877  the  winter  wheat  crop  The  new  Oonstitation  reqmres  the  Seeretarj 
was  29,510,032  bashels ;  in  1878,  30,018,147,  of  State  to  make  an  annaal  report  on  the  al- 
an  increase  of  503,115  bashels  in  favor  of  1878.  fairs  of  his  department.  He  has  the  care  of 
The  average  yield  per  acre  in  1877  was  17  bash<  the  State  House,  the  library,  and  the  museum, 
els,  agunst  about  15  bushels  in  1878.  The  value  the  last  of  which  now  contains  2,383  species  of 
of  the  1877  crop  of  29,510,032  bushels  at  the  fossils,  1,300  specimens  of  native  biida,  and  a 
time  of  harvest  was  $1.15  per  bushel,  making  nearly  complete  series  of  the  native  woods  of 
$34,960,824.  The  crop  of  30,013,147  bushels  the  State.  A  complete  series  of  the  fishes  of 
of  1878  was  valued  at  80  cents  per  bushel,  mak-  Illinois  is  now  in  the  course  of  preparation,  as 
ing  $23,870,257.  The  difference  in  value  in  well  as  a  full  series  of  botanical  specimens,  to- 
favor  of  the  former  (1877)  crop  when  compared  gether  with  a  series  of  the  fresh- water  and 
with  the  value  of  the  latter  n878)  crop,  is  over  land  shells  of  the  Northwest.  The  complaint 
eleven  millions  of  dollars  ($11,090,567).  The  is  made  that,  notwithstanding  the  advance  of 
acreage  of  spring  wheat  was  297,912,  an  in-  the  State,  there  are  no  facts  or  figures  to  be 
crease  of  43,454  acres,  as  compai^dd  with  the  obtained  from  any  reliable  source  showing  its 
previous  year's  area  of  248,458  acres.  The  vast  resources  in  aU  branches  of  industry,  in 
average  yield  per  acre,  13^  bushels,  was  larger  all  its  departments  of  labor  and  business,  and 
than  in  1877,  when  the  total  area  of  the  State  the  various  ramifications  thereof.  No  census 
produced  only  12  bushels  per  acre.  The  1877  of  the  State  is  taken  except  that  of  the  Fed- 
yield  of  2,980,524  bushels  was  increased  in  1878  eral  Government  once  in  ten  years.  As  to  the 
to  8,870,251  bushels,  a  difference  in  favor  of  State  Library,  not  a  dollar  has  been  appro- 
the  latter  crop  of  889,727  bushels.  The  pre-  priated  since  1869 ;  and  during  the  last  two 
vious  crop  at  the  time  of  harvest  was  worth  years  only  ten  new  books  have  been  obtained 
$3,041,258,  or  $1.02  per  bushel;  the  latter  crop  by  purchase,  while  forty  volumes  have  been 
at  82  cents  per  bushel  was  valued  at  $3,189,203,  donated  by  authors  and  publishers.  The  nuns- 
or  $147,945  more  than  the  1877  crop.  In  1877  ber  of  books  of  all  descriptions  in  the  State 
the  area  of  oats  was  1,556,282  acres ;  in  1878,  Library,  and  duplicate  volumes  in  the  doca- 
1,568,120  acres,  an  increase  of  11,038  acres,  ment  library  and  in  store,  two  years  ago,  was 
The  average  yield  per  acre  was  the  same,  39  44,805.  Since  then,  by  exchange,  donation, 
bushels.  The  1877  yield  of  oats,  61,145,933  and  otherwise,  including  the  volumes  of  laws, 
bushels,  was  increased  in  1878  to  62,096,388,  journals,  and  legislative  reports  published  by 
or  nearly  a  million  (950,405)  bushels  in  excess  the  State,  there  have  been  added  13,616  vol- 
of  the  previous  crop.  The  prevailing  low  umes  of  all  classes  and  kinds  of  books.  Eight 
prices  of  nearly  all  kinds  of  farm  products,  daily  newspapers  and  sixteen  magazines  and 
when  compared  with  1877,  finds  no  exception  monthlies  have  been  donated  for  the  use  of 
in  oats.  The  1878  yield  of  nearly  a  million  the  public  and  placed  upon  proper  reading 
more  bushels  of  oats  than  in  1877  was  worth  desks ;  **  and  no  place  in  the  State  House,** 
nearly  four  million  dollars  ($3,817,757)  less  says  the  Secretary,  *^  has  more  interested  visit- 
thin  the  previous  crop,  which  was  valued  at  ors  than  the  location  of  these  books  and  pa- 
$16,269,647,  against  $12,451,899  for  1878.  pers  so  freely  given  by  the  publishers  thereof/* 

There  are  about  200  butter  and  cheese  facto-  The  total  number  of  copies  of  the  various  offi- 

ries  in  operation  in  the  State,  and  the  value  of  cial  reports  published  by  the  State  in  two  years 

the  annual  product  of  the  factories  and  milk-  is  183,500.    The  fees  received  at  the  office  and 

condensing  establishments  is  estimated  to  be  paid  into  the  Treasury  during  the  two  years 

over  $2,000,000 ;  and  all  the  dairy  products  of  amounted  to  $13,061.      Over  20,000  letters 

the  State  will  be  more  than  double  this  esti-  were  received  and  over  40,000  sent  out.    Dur- 

mate.  ing  that  period  licenses  have  been  issued  for 

The  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  although  the  incorporation  of  502  companies  for  pecuni- 

but  a  short  time  in  existence,  is  organizing  a  ary  profit,  of  which  284  became  fully  organized, 

great  work  for  the  State.    The  present  statis-  Of  the  latter,  137  were  manufacturing  com- 

tlcs  have  proved  so  imperfect  that  the  Board  panics,  69  for  miscellaneous  purposes,  36  for 

has  arranged  a  system  of  crop  reports  and  ag-  mining,  17  for  publishing,  8  for  distilling,  etc. 

ricultural  and  other  statistics,  gathered  through  There  have  also  been  293  companies  not  for 

direct  correspondence  by  the  Secretary  with  pecuniary  profit  organized.     The  total  num- 

all  sections  of  the  State,  at  monthly  intervals,  ber  of  applicants  for  incorporation  under  the 

that  has  met  a  most  cordial  welcome  from  present  law  up  to  October  1st  was  2,878,  of 

the  agriculturists,  as  well  as  the  more  Intel-  which  2,040  companies  became  fully  organized, 

ligent  in  other  pursuits  of  life,  over  the  entire  The  whole  number  of  railroad  companies  or- 

State,  and  even  extended  to  other  portions  ganized  under  the  general  law  has  been  136. 

of  the  country.    These  reports  have  grown  The  number  of  pardons  issued  to  prisoners  in 

from  a  single  sheet  to  a  pamphlet  of  from  24  the  Penitentiary,  Reform  School,  and  county 

to  48  pages.    The  meteorolo^oal  statistics  from  jails  of  the  State  was  280.    Oertificates  of  res- 

the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  State  are  now  toration  of  citizenship  have  been  issued  to  860 


ILLINOIS.  429 

discliari^  convicts;  192  warrants  for  snrren-  1878,  bnt  ^'in  no  country  did  he  find  such  an 

der  uf  fagitiTos  from  Justice  on  reqnisition  of  exemplification  of  fostering  care  and  public 

GoTernors  of  other  States,  and  885  requisitions  benevolence  in  behalf  of  the  unfortunate  as  is 

opon  Oovemors  of  other  States.   Commissions  exhibited  in  the  United  States." 

have  been  issued  during  the  two  years  to  about  The  principal  source  of  revenue  to  the  State 

4,000  justices  of  the  peace  and  to  1,800  nota-  is  the  taxes,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 

ries  public,  besides  tnose  issued  to  all  State  statement  of  receipts : 

officers  and  officers  of  sJl  State  institutions.    From  taxes  or  isn H498  18 

Since  the  last  report  16  cities  and  80  villages  ♦'      •*       ibtsV.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.'!!!!         66S  59 

hs?e  organized  under  the  general  law.  "      ||       }®5J 16S,mo  JJ 

The  average  number  of  patients  in  the  vari-  *•      •»       1876  y.V,\V.''.V.\V.V,V,       .  !   i,6S»,04i  m> 

oas  cItaritabTe  institutions  of  the  State  during      "      "       18TT WWi  g 

♦k^  i.««  4...^  »^«>-«  «,-»-  o  OQO      T*  :«  ^^^^1^^4-^A  redemption  and  sde  of  real  estate S.IW  8S 

tbe  last  two  years  was  2,282.    It  is  anticipated      u   jndKment  debtors 8,88o  so 

that  in  consequence  of  their  enlargement  the      "*    sale  of  property tso  oo 

ATiirsM  fnr  thi^  nATt  twA  vPAni  vill  hfi  Ahont        **     snpeiintendentof  Reform  School 400  00 

!  ^J*^          .                    ;         V           ^v .  J       vSl  "     proceeds  of  sale  of  Kevlsed  Stotutes  of 

3,000,  or  an  increase  of  nearly  one  third.    The  3874 4,666  oo 

appropriations  recommended  for  the  ordinary      "    ?*^^^'!'^'S!Ll^**"**^'* IMS  JS 

^liL«.^  ^r  4.u^  «.:^^   i-^^*u^4i^^^   ^^^^^4^  4-1  Auditor,  tor  fees  collected 86,888  00 

expenses  of  the  nine  mstttutions  amount  to  j 

$1,114,000.      The  previous  Legislature  appro-  Total  unonnt  reeelTed. $8,856,024  68 

priated  for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  same  m.  ^  «^«^«„  ^c  .^y^^j^fa  ^p  «««^— i  .^„«„„^ 

rn«*;f«*;yv.-  t^»  ♦k«.  i«<^  ♦^^  ^^^^  ♦!,«  -«.«  ^4  A  he  excess  of  receipts  of  general  revenue 

insntutions  for  the  last  two  years  the  sum  of  ^„^,  ^;oK«— ««,««♦-  «.«!!  *qki  QAf\ 

ft!  n<«  AHA     Tu^  T.*^T^^,j\  o^,v«./^»i.;.f;/^»o  »i^  over  disbursements  was  ^851,840. 

KoitbOTi  iDMse  Hospital,  Elgin 8890,000  . 

tetlMini  iBsane  Hospital,  Amia 180,000     From  taxes  of  1878 $886  40 


Ceobil  iBians  HospHaWaeksonTiDe 816,000        "        "         JfTJ «.?Ji2 

Deaf  tad  I>mnbIiistltation,JaoksonTffle. 160,000        "        "         JS5 ^  3iS  !! 

B&ad  lostitutioii,  JaeksonTille SolooO        "        "         JSj; MS5'!S  2i 

FMble-Mladed  Insdtatloo,  Lincoln 120,000  1«>" 886,186  78 

SoMlen*  Orphans*  Home,  Normal 88,000  

E7« and Etflzi^mMy, Chicago. 40,000  Total amonnt received $8,116,800  09 

Ecfona  Bcbool,  Pontlao 60,000  ^                        ... 

The  excess  of  receipts  over  dishursements 

Total  «Qr  two  yean $1,114,000  was  $96,266. 

The  estimates  for  all  these  institutions,  in-  The  receipts  fron  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 

dodingoidinary  expenses,  repairs,  etc.,  amount  ro?d  have  been  applied  to  the  payment  of  the 

to  $2027  215  principal  and  interest  of  the  State  debt : 

It  ;pp4r.  that  mow  than  half  of  this  ap-  T.^^^^^^fTc^^*^«^to,^u.^,^            ^^ 

propnation  is  to  Oe  appiiea  to  tne  maintenance  Ttwn  7  percent  on  gross  earnings  for  six  months 

of  the  Insane  Hospitals,  viz.,  $686,000.     A       •n<J*iw  April  so,  ib77 ;.•••.•••. ,:  •   ^^^'^^  ^^ 

fourth  insane  hosnitil  is  in  pro^ss,  called  the  ^SiLroclJbiJTmr'^^.''^                176.606  77 

tUtern  Insane  Hospital,  calculated  to  accom-  From  7  per  cent,  on  ^rosseamlcgs  for  sU  months 

modate  800  patients.  The  capacity  of  the  other      ending  April  so.  ib78 jiM^W64 

hospitals  is  450  patients  each.     The  sum  of  Total  amount  ne^ed $647,886  00 

1200,000  was  appropriated  for  the  construction  _.                   x>  j.  . 

of  the  Eastern  Hospital,  and  $480,000  more  is  ^ioo^o  ao?       disbursements  over  receipts 

Mked  for  its  completion.    The  number  of  pa-  ^^^,'^2 wr     .       i.         .t.    v  i 

tiente  at  present  in  the  Central  Hospital  is  684.  .  The  following  shows  the  balance  remaining 

During  the  two  years  ending  October  1, 1878,  ^^  *]?«  Sf*^  Treasury  October  1, 1878,  to  the 

1.076  oases  were  treated.    Of  these  167  were  credit  of  the  vanous  funds : 

diwharged  reoovtt^,  220  improved,  and  69    Kevenue $1,750,608  66 

unimDroved.    In  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institu-    SiSito??!'!*^?::::  •':::". :::':     *^7;2i8  S 

tioQ  tnere  are  516  pupils,  20  teachers,  and  20  mnoUCentnl'Ratir(Md^'^^^'.'.'.'.'!.^' .'!.'! !!.'!.'     124I821  88 

other  employees.    The  average  attendance  for    JJs!!°«Y'g;ii??i!!?;- •  •  *  •  ^^^ Si  J? 

^Q**»  t*Mv  Avn     f       tnr***  T?A   j/\a     rm.  -<.     JUinols  RlTcr  ImproTcment 867  99 

187»-*77  was  858;  for  1877-78,408.    The  cost     Unknown  snd  mbor  heirs 6,691  8i 

of  maintaining  each  pupil,  including  board,  tui-  ^    ,                                           *mr;i«~;^ 

tioD,  books,  medical  attendance,  washing,  light,  ^^ $2,16&,6M  i8 

foe],  and  in  many  cases  clothing,  for  the  past  When  a  State  so  entirely  relies  upon  taxes 
jear  was  $194.98.  From  a  statement  of  the  for  the  support  of  its  institutions,  and  the 
comparative  cost  per  capita  of  the  pupils  in  amount  of  these  is  so  large,  it  might  be  sup- 
oith  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  institutions  of  tbe  posed  that  tbe  penalties  for  non-payment  would 
tnited  States,  it  appears  that  the  highest  cost  be  rather  severe.  Such,  however,  does  not  ap- 
is in  California,  $525 ;  in  Iowa,  $348 ;  in  Penn-  pear  to  be  the  case  in  Illinois.  The  State  Au- 
s^Tsnia,  $245 ;  in  Missouri,  $205 ;  and  in  In-  ditor  complains  that  the  insignificance  of  the 
disna,  $217.  In  none  of  them  is  it  so  low  as  in  penalty  seems  to  offer  a  premium  for  the  failure 
lOinois.  The  princip^,  at  the  request  of  the  to  pay.  In  many  counues  there  is  little  or  no 
^rd  of  Trustees,  visited  a  number  of  simi*  purchase  for  investment  at  tax  sales.  The  tax- 
^sr  institutions  in  Europe  in  the  summer  of  payer  allows  his  property  to  go  to  sale ;  he  in 


430  ILLINOIS. 

present,  or  represented,  when  it  is  offered ;  his  in  all  branches  ot  stadj  except  grammar, 
presence  or  request  will  generally  deter  bids,  which  his  father  had  forbidden  him  to  stndy, 
bat  shoald  there  be  persistent  bidders  the  and  fiedling  in  this  alone  he  was  refused  admis- 
worst  that  can  happen  to  him  is  that  he  may  sion.  The  Oourt  said  that  a  father  might  have 
be  forced  to  pay  his  tax.  He  can  always  make  satisfactory  reasons  for  desiring  his  son  x»er- 
a  more  favorable  offer  than  any  other  bidder,  fected  in  certain  branches  of  education  to  the 
and  thus  he  stands  in  no  danger  of  a  bona  fid*  entire  exclusion  of  othera ;  and  so  long  as,  in 
sale  of  his  property.  Again,  in  the  majority  doing  so,  none  others  were  affected,  it  oould 
of  cases,  these  forfeitures  do  not  represent  the  be  of  no  concern  to  those  having  the  public 
inability  of  the  owners  of  small  amounts  of  schools  in  charge.  Also,  that  under  the  oir- 
p  roper ty  to  pay  the  taxes  thereon ;  they  repre-  cumstances  shown,  the  requirement  that  a 
sent  valuable  properties,  the  tax  on  which  is  knowledge  of  grammar  should  be  indispensa- 
so  large  as  to  make  the  investment  undesirable  ble  to  an  admission  into  the  High  School  was 
for  the  average  buyer.  In  such  cases  the  diffi-  unreasonable,  and  should  be  disregarded.  At 
culty  increases  from  year  to  year  by  the  addi-  the  same  time  the  State  Superintendent  has 
tion  of  the  back  tax.  As  the  law  now  stands,  given  an  official  opinion  as  to  the  powers  of 
there  is  no  limit  beyond  which  these  forfeit-  boards  of  education  to  exclude  ohildren  from 
ures  may  not  extend.  In  some  counties  there  the  public  schools.  He  says : 
are  large  properties  which  have  paid  no  taxes  School  direotors  or  boards  of  education  very  prop- 
since  1872.  The  tax  has  been  allowed  to  ac-  erly  have  laige  and  diaoretionaiy  powers  in  regard 
cumulate,  and  now  represents  such  a  formi-  to  the  management  and  control  of  schooU,  in  order 

dable  sum  as  to  effectually  discourage  any  bid  that  they  may  increase  their  usefiUncss  anS  efficien- 
uoi/Av  oui**  €w  wv  «u«v»>t«a.«j  vuox/^^ut  cj^^  «.  j  ^  ^  ^^^  ^     \it,s^  no  powcr  ffivon  them  by  law  to 

at  a  sale  for  taxes.    The  owner  has  nothmg  at  ^^^^^  ^les  and  regulations  that  will  deprive  any  of 

stake.    If  in  the  end  he  is  forced  to  pay  the  thechildrenof  school  age  of  any  of  the  school  priv- 

tax,  the  penalty  amounts  to  no  more  than  or-  ileges  for  any  fault  not  their  own  or  for  any  act  of 

dinary  interest  upon  a  loan  ;  but  he  rests  se-  ?'^?"- .  ^J  section  29,  page  9  of  your  rules,  the  fol- 

cure  in  the  belief  that  eventually  some  method  ^^'"^^^  »*  '?"?^  *     ^"P^^"  ^^  *^t  ^if 'lif^^'^i  ^^? 

uui  o  4u^  fcuc  wuoi.  iiuBv  vTvutiuMy  0VU40  luvi;^^^  vacatc  seats  four  succesnve  weeks  shall  be  redamit* 

of  wipmg  out  this  accumulation  will  be  de-  ted  only  on  the  recommendation  of  the  principal," 

vised  through  which  he  will  escape  the  pay-  etc.    The  88tli  section,  page  11,  says  every  achoUr 

raent  of  the  greater  part  thereof.  in  the  High  School,  or  in  the  grammar,  intermediate. 

The  number  of  fire,  marine,  and  inland  in-  5*'  P"mary  schools,  who  shall  be  absent  six  half 

«».»»»»  ^^»»^»n:Afl  <>,<.fk^.UA^  4-^  A^  Kr.<.:.«<>»a  oays  lu  fowJ^  conaecutive  weeks,  without  an  ezcose 

sur^ce  companies  authorized  to  do  business  f,j^  ^j^^    ^^,  ^^     ^^^y^  ^^^^.^  y^^  ^^^^    r^^ 

in  the  State  is  181,  classified  as  follows:  8  section  also  provides  that  the  parent  shall  give  as- 
joint-stock  companies  of  Illinois,  2  mutual  com-  suranoe  that  the  pupil  will  be  punctual  in  the  fbture. 
panics  of  Illinois,  146  joint-stock  companies  of  Ii*  ^1  opinion  the  rules  quoted  are  arbitrary  and  can 

Other  States,  8  mutual  companies  of  other  States,  ^f.  ^f  tSS'?^.^^  ^\'  According  to  the  provisions 

•%  *H »      '  •         Tu  V        9  :x'  of  the  88th  section  of  the  rules,  pupils  may  be  de- 

and  17  foreign  companies.^  The  number  of  dis-  p^ved  of  the  privileges  of  the  schools  for  no  fault 

tnct,  county,  and  township  mutual  fire  msur-  of  theirs,  but  for  the  fault  of  their  parents,  which  is 

ance  companies  organized  under  the  law  of  the  olearlv  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

State,  and  doing  business,  is  1 19.    In  the  State,  !!;•  °?P"™  5t®^»  "^  '^?,?**®  ^^  Rulison  ««.  Post 

for  th6  year  1877,  the  risks  written  by  all  com-  IP'^^"'!,?*  ^5,1;  "^5  *  ?^»^^,«^°  ?^*  ^«  deprived  of 

*"    .       •'.     ,   J.     ♦  Vr  "tivw^"  "J  »**  w«i  ^^  benefit  of  the  school  for  trivial  causes,  and  alfo 

panics,  mcludmg  those  organized  under  the  savs.  «*  School  directors  have  no  oower  to  expel  a 

insurance  law  of  the  State,  amounted  to  $474,-  scholar  for  any  reason  except  disobedience,  retrao- 

631,241.89.     The  total  amount  of  premiums  tory  or  incorrigibly  bad  conduct,  and  only  for  these 

on  insured  property  in  the  State  during  the  *^'' »V  ^**»«'"  ^««^»  ^»^o  ^?)*^""^^H  rules  and 

««««  «r«a  ft/oAoooRKt    ^-^A   ♦!,«.  iy*«-««^«;^  regulations  must  be  reasonable,  and  calculated  to 

year  was  $4,908,295  16,  and  the  losses  paid  p^j^ote  the  objects  of  the  kw. '  But  for  a  board  of 

on  property  were  only  $1,929,841 .78,  showing  education  to  say  that  a  child  shall  be  deprived  of  the 

an  excess  of  $2,978,453.48  in  premiums  over  privileges  of  the  public  schools  because  parents  fail 

losses.  ^'  refuse  to  do  their  dutv,  is  inconsistent  and  in  vio' 

THa  nrft<»Anfc  militftrv  Arwlfl  nf  tbA  RbifA  wpnt  Istion  of  the  spirit  of  the  statute.    Parents  can  not 

^    me  present  military  coaeot  tne  estate  wen«  be  compelled  to  give  any  assurances  to  the  board  as 

into  operation  on  July  1, 1877.    Since  that  date  ^^  the  attendancS  or  conduct  of  their  children  in  the 

98  companies  of  infantry,  4  of  cavalry,  and  8  future.    If  a  pupil  absents  himself  from  tbe  school 

of  artillery  have  been  org^ized  and  mustered  of  his  own  accord,  and  he  can  not  be  induced  to 

into  the  State  service,  and  assigned  to  battal-  jj^w  his  course  of  action  by  any  other  nieans, 

ions,  regiment.  brigadeB,  and  divisionB,  accord-  *!fJ.T„.1h'i'Z"no?  Kne  tf  ?h:?iJjnU.'i- 

ing  to  geographical  situation  and  convenience  fguit  and  refuses  to  give  the  required  excuse  or  a»- 

of  convening.  The  organized  force  of  the  State  surances.    To  sum  up  the  whole  in  a  few  words,  I 

on  September  80, 1878,  was  7,765  enlisted  men  am  of  opinion  that  the  punishment  of  a  pnpil  for 

and  484  officers  ^^'^  ^'^  ^^  ^^®  parent  is  a  violation  of  law.    The 

Ti»«  Q^^^^^r^l  n^«^  #»^  fW*x  fi«<.«^  »A«;«A^^  »  public  schools  were  established  for  the  good  of  al\ 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  rendered  a  f^^  children,  and  for  the  teaching  especially  of  those 

decision  relative  to  the  admission  of  a  pupil  branches  that  are  enumerated  in  the  law :  and  to 

to  the  High  School  in  Ohicago  which  is  of  in-  accomplish  this,  every  reasonable  means  aboold  be 

terest.     It  was  on  the  application  of  a  parent  employed  by  school  authorities.    To  bar  the  doors 

for  ft  mandftmna  to   eomnel    the   t^^stee^  of  VWMt  children  whose  parents  are  unreasonable,  or 

lor  a  manaamus  w  compel   ineiruswes  or  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^  regularly  for  any 

schools  to  admit  his  son  to  the  High  School,  cause,  is  not  reasonable  and  can  not  be  sustained. 

The  boy  had  passed  the  requisite  examination  There  are  ohildren  in  every  oommunity  who  are 


ILLINOIS.  431 

required  to  sBsist  in  proeuiing  duly  bread  by  their  tions  and  peoples  sinoe  the  earliest  period  in  the 

lubor,  and  to  aav  that  these  shall  not  be  allowed  to  hintory  of  civilized  man :  and 

attend  the  sohools  when  it  is  possible  for  them  to  WhirMty  Silver  coin  has  always  constituted  the 

do  80,  is  inconsistent  and  not  m  harmony  with  the  chief,  and  frequentlv  the  only  metallic  legal-tender 

spirit  of  the  law.''  currency  in  geoeral  use  among  the  masses  of  the 

American  people :  and 

In  the  cases  of  *^  Allen  0.  Calkins  et  al.  m.  Whireas^  The  business  and  credits  of  the  whole 

Charles  E.  Cheney  et  al..^^  being  the  soit  of  country  during  almost  the  entire  period  of  the  na- 

the  Episcopal  Diocese  of  Chicago  to  recover  *5°°*^  existence  have  been  adjusted  to  this  standard 

•       ^   *u     />u_!-4.  ou       xT             4.  measure  ot  values ;  and 

possession  of  the  Chnst  Church  property  in  Whertaa,  All  bonds  of  the  United  States  by  law, 

Chicago  from  the  congregation  and  pastor  of  and  the  terms  expressed  on  their  face,  are  payable 

that  parish,  the  Supreme  Court  in  conclusion  in  coin  of  the  standard  of  July  14, 1870,  namely,  ail- 

ggjg ;  ver  of  412*,  and  gold  of  26*8  grains :  therefore, 

E«9olv4d,  That  the  demonetization  of  the  silver 

From  these  references  to  the  statutea,  it  ia  clear  coinage  of  the  United  Statea  was  a  change  in  our 

that  the  trustees  of  an  incorporated  religious  society  monetary  system  sojp'ave  and  radical  in  its  charac- 

or  association  do  not  hold  the  property,  in  the  ab-  ter,  and  so  vitally  affecting  the  commercial  interests 

eence  of  ii  declared  or  clearly  implied  trust,  for  any  and  rights  of  the  people,  that  it  ought  not  to  have 

choroh  in  general,  nor  for  the  benefit  of  any  peculiar  been  ventured  upon,  even  under  circumstances  most 

doctrines  or  tenets  of  faith  and  practice  in  religioua  favorable,  until  after  a  full,  thorough,  and  exhauative 

matters,  bat  aolely  for  the  society  or  congregation  discussion  of  its  merits  before  the  people ;  and  the 

whose  officera  they  are,  and  that  they  are  not  m  the  covert  scheme  by  which  this  most  important  mea- 

diaehar((e  of  their  dutiea  subject  to  the  control  of  aure  was  precipitated  upon  the  country  without  one 

tnj  ecclesiaatical  judicatory.    The  property  belongs  word  of  discussion  either  in  or  out  of  Congress,  and 

to  the  society  or  congregation,  so  long  as  tne  corpo-  the  obstinate  persistence  with  which  tiie  scheme  is 

ntioo  exists ;  and  when  it  ceases  to  exist,  the  prop*  still  prosecuted,  in  a  time  of  unparalleled  business 

ertj  belongs  to  the  persons  or  their  heirs.    The  so-  prostration  and  disaater,  and  with  the  forced  resump- 

eiety  or  congregation  may  not  only  erect  a  house  of  tion  of  specie  payments  in  immediate  prospect,  dis- 

worsbip  on  the  land,  but  it  may  sJao  "  make  such  closes  a  reckless  disregard  for  the  public  welfare  on 

other  uses  of  the  land,  and  make  such  other  im-  the  part  of  ita  movers  which  merits  our  severest 

{trovements  thereon,  aa  may  be  deemed  necessary  oeuKure  and  condemnation. 
or  the  comfort  ana  convenience  of  the  society  or  Besohed^  That  one  obvious  purpose  of  the  act  de- 
congregation."  If  the  society  or  congregation  so  monetizing  silver  waa  to  increase  the  value  of  the 
directs,  the  trustees  must  convey  away  the  land  and  Government  bonds,  and  correspondingly  increase 
property.  The  society  or  congregation  appointa  the  the  public  burden  by  securing  the  payment  of  those 
trustees,  and  may  remove  them  and  fill  the  vacanoiea.  bonda  In  gold^  when  by  their  terms,  plainly  ex- 
It  msy  adopt  auoh  rules  and  regulations  in  relation  pressed  on  their  face,  they  are  redeemable  in  coin 
to  the  dutiea  of  the  tniatees  and  the  management  of  of  the  standard  value  of  the  United  Btatea  on  Julv. 
it»  estate  as  the  members  may  deem  proper.  In  all  14, 1870,  at  which  date  silver  dollars  as  well  as  ffola 
these  things  the  society  or  congreffatioo  exercises  dollars  were  lawftil  tender  in  payment  of  all  deotF, 
it«  discretion,  and  acts  only  in  obedience  to  its  own  public  and  private ;  that,  in  order  to  secure  to  the 
Kiueofwhatia  right.  bondholders  this  advanuige,  to  which  they  are  in 

nowise  entitled,  the  people  have  been  clandestinely 

The  election  in  the  State  for  the  year  1878  robbed  of  the  legal-tender  quality  of  one  half  of  their 

▼as  for  the  choice  of  members  of  Congress,  a  ^^J^^^  currency,  thereby  greatly  enhsncing  the 

State  Treasurer,  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  ^»ffl««]t7  and  the  danger  of  the  projiosed  resump. 

%v  A*c.iwuAc;ji,  >ofupvwiii^<7u^«u«  V*  *  ^  **'    .  ^on  of  specie  payments  and  umustly  moreaaing  the 

struction,  one  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  m  burden  of  every  individual  debtor  in  the  nation,  aa 

each  grand  diyision,  one  Clerk  of  the  Appel-  well  as  that  of  the  nation  at  large. 

late  Court  in  each  appellate  district,  members  Retohtd^  That  we  view  with  just  alarm  the  posi- 

of  the  SUte  Legislature,  and  the  ratiOcation  S^^^  **^«^  by  the  President  on  this  question  in  his 

ni>^^;^*:^«  ^*  «  ^-^•v««/>Vi  ^■^^^A'^^'T.*^  4/^  ♦i.A  late  message;  and  we  have  good  reason  to  believe 

or  rejection  of  a  proposed  amendment  to  the  ^^.^  j^j^  ju3gAient  has  been  warped  and  misguided 

otate  Lonstitation.  "by  the  bad  counaels  of  his  constitutionsl  advisers,  into 

The  first  convention  of  the  year  assembled  the  adoption  of  a  line  of  policy  which  would  give 

at  Springfield   on  January  16lh,  to  express  a  the  bondholders  an  undue  and  unjust  advantage, 

demand  for  the  remonetization  of  the  silver  g^atly  to  the  detriment  of  the  people.    We  have 

A  lu-     T*     »»""  »^"**'"«*  -^       J  *u^  XT  2 ^1  searched  m  vain  through  his  message  for  any  word 

dollar.    Ite  constituents  formed  the  National  ^^  ^^ue  comfort  for  the  struggling  masses,  by  whose 

party  of  the  State.     The  convention  was  or-  labor  the  money  must  be  earned  to  pay  these  bonds, 

ganized  by  the  appointment  of  C.  B.  Lawrence,  We  regard  his  sugtfestion  that,  by  yielding  to  the 

of  Chicago,  as  President.     The  following  plat-  demands  of  the  public  creditors,  these  bonds  may 

fnrm  w^  lA^^¥^^ .                                      °  *^  be  exchanged  for  others  at  reduced  interest,  as  a 

lorm  was  aaoptea .  delusion.    There  are  two  parties  interested  in  this 

IFX4rMs,  By  act  of  Congress  of  April  2, 1792.  pro-  question — those  who  sre  to  psy,  as  well  as  those 

▼iiton  was  made  for  the  coinage  of  a  ailver  doliur  of  who  are  to  receive  psyment.    We  demand  that  jus«> 

tbevalueoftheSpsnlshmilled  dollar,  then  current,  tice,  simple  justice,  be  done  to  both,  by  restoring 

coatsiniofi;  Vi\\  grains  of  pure  silver,  to  be  the  mon-  the  old,  time-honored  standard  measure  of  values 

ctuy  nnit  of  the  United  Statea,  and  although  the  The  burdens  of  government  will  then  rest  lightly 

Btandard  weight  of  the  said  dollar,  which  was  origi-  upon  the  shoulders  of  a  prosperous  people ;  but  we 

OAlIy  416  grains,  induding  the  alloy,  waa  in  1887  re-  aee  no  hope  of  returning  prosperity  in  the  financial 

dQc«d  to  4124  gr^ns,  yet  the  quantity  of  pure  silver  policy  of  tue  President  ana  his  malsdvisers. 

vhich  it  contained,  and  its  intrinsic  value,  remained  Besolvtd^  That  the  holders  of  the  Government 

nachaoged  for  a  period  of  more  than  eighty  years,  bonda  not  only  have  no  right,  legal  or  equitable,  to 

dTirini^  all  which  time  the  ailver  dollar  so  ooinea  demand  payment  otherwise  than  according  to  their 

cnntinasd  to  be   the  monetaiy  unit  and  atandard  expreaa  terms,  but  the  Government  can  not,  with 

m«s*are  of  value  for  the  United  States ;  and  due  regsrd  to  the  rights  of  the  people,  waive  its  op- 

J^hemt^  Silver  and  flfold,  concurrently,  have  con-  tion  to  pay  in  silver  or  gold,  and  restrict  itaelf  to 

■titoted  the  baaia  of  the  monetary  ayatem  of  all  na-  payment  in  gold  only ;  and  that  when  the  attempt  to 


432  ILLINOIS. 

do  this  is  made  hj  lenslatintf  out  of  ezittenee  the  State,  ooonty,  and  townahip  committees,  and  all  oth- 

whole  silver  ooinage  of  the  ooantry  as  legal  tender,  er  persons  engaged  in  the  work,  to  ox)(anize  National 

and  at  the  same  time  doprectatinff  the  value  of  one  Greenback  and  local  clubs  that  support  the  principles 

of  its  most  important  products  in  tne  markets  of  the  set  forth  in  the  Toledo  platform, 

world,  the  consequences  of  tliis  nefiirioas  scheme  are  Ruolvtdy  That  payment  of  all  wages  in  lawful 

so  far-reaohing  and  disastrous  that  it  calls  for  un-  money  of  the  country  is  the  only  valid  payment  for 

measured  denunciation.  labor ;  and  that  we  are  opposed  to  employment  of 

Baohidj  That  the  proposal  to  pa^  the  bondhold-  minors  in  shops  and  factories  under  fourteen  years 

era  exclusively  in  gold  (which  their  bonds  do  not  of  age. 
call  for),  and  at  the  same  time  to  demonetize  silver. 

except  so  far  as  to  make  it  legal  tender  to  some  small  The  Democratio  OoDvention  assembled  at 

amount  for  all  other  kinds  of  indebtedness,  would  Springfield  on  April  11th,  and  organized  bv 

be  partial  class  legislation  of  the  verv  worst  charac-  ^^^  appointment  of  Michael  W.  Robinson,  o'f 

¥J-e  .^oLrttef.^^^^^^^              tZ'^^n  Cook  Vty.  -J  P«^«<Jent     K  L.  Oronkite 

large  is  good  enough  for  the  bondholders.    We  de-  was  nominated  for  State  Treasarer,  and  b.  M. 

maud  that  the  silver  dollar  be  returned  to  its  full  Etter  for  Superintendent  of  Pnblio  Schook 

legal-tender  quality  in  payment  of  all  debts,  both  The  following  platform  was  adopted  : 
public  and  private,  and  we  will  be  satisfied  with  no- 

thing  less  than  tnis;  and  we  pledge  ourselves  to  ,  The  Democracy  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  assembled 

vote  for  no  man  for  Congress  who  is  not  fully  com*  in  convention,  congratulate  the  countnr  on  the  final 

mitted  in  favor  of  this  measure.  settlement  of  the  questions  resulting  from  the  late 

Reaolotdy  That  we  will  resist  the  consummation  of  civil  war  npon  the  principles  of  local  self-govem- 

this  wrong  by  all  honorable  means  within  our  pow-  ment  so  long  supported  bv  the  Democratic  party ; 

er.    We  call  upon  both  flouses  of  Congress  to  insist  And  reaffirm  confidence  in  the  capacity  of  the  people 

upon  the  repeal  of  the  demonetizing  act  and  the  res-  to  govern  themselves,  and  their  oelief  in  the  eupre- 

toration  of  the  siWer  dollar  to  its  rightful  place  in  macy  of  the  civil  over  the  military  power,  the  liberty 

our  currency ;  and  if  the  President  shall,  by  the  use  of  individual  action  uncontrolled  by  sumptnaiylaws, 

of  his  negative,  succeed  in  defeating  the  bill,  then  the  separation  of  church  and  state,  the  snp{>ort  of 

we  call  on  Congress  to  append  a  similar  repealing  free  common  schools,  and  the  duty  of  all  to  yield  to 

clause  to  the  general  appropriRtion  bill,  and  stand  the  lawfully  ezpressea  will  of  the  majority.    And  we 

by  it  to  the  last,  with  full  confidence  that  the  people  declare — 

will  assuredly  stand  by  them.  1.  That  reform  must  be  made  in  national,  Sut«, 

JUaolvedy  That  we  view  with  intense  indignation  county,  and  municipal  government,  by  the  reduction 

the  efforts  now  being  made  by  the  money  power  of  of  taxes  and  expenaitures,  the  dismissal  of  onnece^ 

New  York  and  other  cities  of  the  East  to  coerce  ssry  and  incompetent  officers  and  employees  from 

public  opinion  in  the  West  and  South  upon  the  the  public  service,  and  the  strict  enforoement  of 

question  of  silver  remonetization,  and  that,  speak-  official  responsibility ;  and  that  the  provisions  of  the 

ing  in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  we  say  most  State  Constitution  limiting  indebtedness   and  the 

emphatically  that  the  honest  convictions  of  tne  peo-  rate  of  taxation  ahould  be  strictly  observed  and  en- 

Sle  of  this  section  of  the  Union  will  never  be  surren-  forced, 
ered  at  the  dictation  of  greedy  capitalists  and  2.  That  tariff  for  revenue  onlv  should  be  adopt- 
bondholders,  be  the  consequences  what  they  may.  ed,  and  if  discrimination  is  made,  it  should  be  io 
SsBolved,  That  the  President  and  Secretaries  be  favor  of  the  necessaries  of  life ;  and  in  order  to  re- 
required  to  forward  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  to  move  a  part  of  the  burden  from  the  mass  of  the  peo- 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  to  each  pie  who  are  taxed  too  much,  a  graduated  tax  on  in- 
member  of  the  Cabinet,  as  well  aa  to  the  Senators  comes,  over  a  reasonable  sum  for  support,  ought  to 
and  Represenatives  in  Cong^ress  for  the  State  of  llli- '  be  adopted  and  placed  upon  the  surplus  jpronts  of 
nois.  the  wealthy,  who  escape  their  just  proportion  of  the 

taxation. 

The  convention  of  Nationals  for  the  nomi-  S.  That  we  are  in  fiivor  of  United  States  bonds 

nation  of  State  officers  to  be  elected  assembled  »nd  Treasury  notes  being  subject  to  taxation  the 

at  Springfield  on  March  27th  and  was  organ-  •TT^^^^idl  ^nffi  ought  to  be  performed  in 

ized  by  the  appomtment  of  Joseph  GriUespie,  good  faith,  according  to  the  terma  thereof,  and  the 

of  Madison,  as  President.    Genend  E.  N.  Bates,  obligations  of  the  Government  discharged  in  lawful 

of  Ohicacfo,  was  nominated  for  State  Treasarer,  money,  except  where  otherwise  expressly  provided 

and  Professor  Frank  H.  Hall,  of  Sngar  Greek  ^P^**  their  face  and  bv  the  law  under  which  they 

n-^,r«    ft.«  ar.^««:«*^«/i««f  ^i  t>.,1x1;^  t«o*«««  ^®>^®  issued,  and  repudiation  should  find  no  favor 

Grove,  for  Sapermtendent  of  Public  Instruc-  ^jti,  ^^  honorable  people. 

tion.  Clerks  for  the  Northern,  Central,  and  5.  Tliat  it  is  inexpedient  to  make  any  further  re- 
Southern  grand  divisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  duction  of  the  principid  of  the  public  debt  for  the 
were  nominated,  and  also  Clerks  for  the  four  Present;  and  bonds,  as  they  mature,  or  sooner  if 

appellate  districts.    The  platform  adopted  was  Cd'^^a'hT^'.Yo^r^  of  SSAT  ft  u'th" 

the  same  as  that  adopted  m  February  at  the  duty  of  the  Federal  Government  to  issue  bonds,  in 

National  Convention  in  Toledo  (see  United  small  denominations,  to  be  sold  in  this  oonntiy,  for 

States),  to  which  the  following  resolutions  the  accommodation  of  those  who  wish  to  invest  sav- 

were  added:  ings  in  safe  securities. 

6.  That  we  are  In  favor  of  the  immediate  and  un- 

Rttolved^  That  we  demand  an  immediate  issue  of  a  conditional  repeid  of  the  resumption  act. 

full  legal  tender  paper  currency  by  the  Government  7.  That  we  applaud  the  action  of  Congreae  in  the 

to  the  full  limit,  at  least,  of  the  $400,000,000  legal-  enactment  of  what  is  known  as  the  silver  bill,  and 

tender  United  States  Treasury  notes.  accept  it  as  a  partial  measure  of  financial  relief;  but 

Buolvtd^  That  the  credit  of  the  Government  can  we  demand  such  fhrther  leffislation  as  may  result  in 
best  be  strenirthened  and  preserved  by  its  first  pay-  authorizing  free  coinage  of  the  silver  dollar,  the  do- 
ing off  its  interest-bearing  debt  before  calling  in  any  monetization  of  which  we  denounce  as  an  act  merit- 
Sart  of  its  non-interest-bearing  obligations  for  re-  intr  the  condemnation  of  the  people, 
emption.  8.  That  it  is  the  exclusive  prerogative  of  tlie  United 

Betolvtdj  That  we  recommend  and  urge  upon  all  States  to  issue  all  billa  to  drcuuite  aa  money,  and 


ILLINOIS.  433 

1  right  which  ought  not  to  be  ozemted  hy  any  State  appointment  of  Oharles  E.  lippinoott  for  Pres- 

^'S^^^^°\  ^v  .  ^^^^'^    ^*  ♦v       1          #  iaent    John  0.  Smith  was  nominated  for  State 

9.  That  DO  farther  oontraotion  of  the  volnme  of  t,^««,«^-  ««^  t««,^o  i>  fii«j«  *'^-  a^^^ji^*.^^ 
M-tender  Treaeury  notes  6ught  to  be  aUowed,  and  Treasurer^  and  James  P.  Slade  for  Supennten- 
tbej  should  be  reoeived  for  onetoms,  taxes,  and  pub-  "^i^t  of  rnbiio  Instraotion.    I  ne  lOJlowing  plat- 
lie  dues  as  well  as  private  debta,  and  reissued  as  fast  form  was  adopted : 

as  received.  -,       ,  , 

10.  Thst  the  national-bank  notes  should  be  re-  -^he  delegated  representatives  of  the  Bepublican 
tired,  and  instead  thereof  there  should  be  issued  by  Pf «y  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  in  oonvention  assem- 
the  Govemmtnt  an  equal  amount  of  Treasury  notes,  bled,  do  hereby  deolare—  ^ 

11.  That  subaidiea  in  money,  bonds,  lands,  or  1*  Our  unfaltering  faith  m  the  principles  and  pa- 
credit  ought  not  to  be  granted  oy  the  Federal  Gov-  triotism  of  the  Bepublioan  party,  State  and  national, 
emmeDt.  i^d  in  its  permanent  fitness  and  ability  over  all  oth- 

12.  That  the  bankrupt  law  ought  to  be  immediate-  ®'  parties  to  administer  the  government  of  both  the 
]j  repealed.  State  and  nation  wisely  and  successfully. 

II.  That  the  oourta  should  be  brought  as  close  to  S*  ^i^f^t  the  Democratic  party,  being  larffely  com- 

the  homes  of  litigants  as  economy  id  government  posed  of  recent  rebels  and  their  aympatbisers,  can 

will  joatiftr,  and  that,  therefore,  the  jumoial  power  ^^ot  be  safely  intrusted  with  the  administration  of 

of  the  United  States  should  be  so  regulated  as  to  the  affairs  of  the  Government;  that  the  |>arti&l  success 

prevent,  in  controversies  between  citizens  of  differ-  of  that  party  in  Congress,  as  well  as  in  several  of 

ent  States,  the  transfer  of  cases  from  the  State  to  the  the  States,  only  shows  its  grossly  partisan  character, 

inftrior  Federal  oourta,  which  are  so  fkr  removed  *°<^  generid  incapacity  and  lack  of  honor  and  patri- 

from  the  people  as  to  make  justice  therein  inoonve-  otisnh                                                jvv-ov 

nient.  expensive,  and  tardy ;  and,  further,  that  not  '•  For  the  flnanoial  system  created  by  the  Bepub* 

less  than  five  thousand  dollars  should  be  fixed  as  lic^^  P>rty  durinff  the  war,  and  In  spite  of  the  vio- 

the  minimum  juriadictioo  of  such  courts  in  such  con-  ^^^^  opposition  of  the  Democratic  party,  we  express 

trovereies.  our  unqualified  admiration.    By  its  provisions  the 

14.  That  the  appointment  by  Federal  courts  of  re-  P«ople  have  been  supplied  with  a  larger  amount  of 
eeivere  of  corporations  who  resist  the  payment  of  paper  currency,  safer  and  more  uniform  in  value,  than 
taxes,  dUn^nrd  the  rights  of  the  citixen,  and  turn  they  have  ever  before  enjoyed.  The  credit  of  the 
the  earnings  of  the  corporations  into  foreign  chan-  n«tion  has  steadily  improved,  while  both  the  prin- 
oeis,  is  sn  evil  which  ought  to  be  corrected  by  law ;  oipal  and  interest  of  the  public  debt  aa  well  as  the 
and  Congreas  ought  to  enact  auch  laws  as  inll  pro-  burdens  of  national  taxation  have  been  steadily  di- 
hibit  Bttcb  evile  and  prevent  the  interference  by  Fed-  minished.  Such  results  can  only  be  produced  by 
eni  ooorts  with  collection  of  State,  county,  and  mu-  honesty,  economy,  and  wisdom  in  the  management 
nicipaltaxesbythesppointment  of  receivers,  grant-  of  financial  affaira.          ,             .     , 

log  uuunctions,  or  other  procedure.  *•  We  are  also  opposed  to  any  further  contraction 

15.  Thet  the  wages  of  employees  of  oorporationa  of  the  greenback  currency,  and  are  in  favor  of  such 


16.  Thattheaystem  of  leasing  convict  labor  ought  resentatives. 

to  be  immediately  aboUshed  by  the  Legislature,  imd  ^.  «•  The  permanent  pacification  of  the  Southern  jor- 

some  measure  adopted  to  protect  the  manufacturers,  tion  of  the  Union,  and  the  comnlete  protection  of  all 

mechanics,  and  laborera  from  unjust  competition  its  citixens  in  all  their  cml,  poliiicaT.  personal,  and 

with  the  convict  labor  of  other  Sutes.  property  rights,  is  a  duty  to  which  the  pwty  stands 

Bmohtd,  That  the  contract  recently  made  by  the  ?*c»;ed1y  pledged.    In  order  to  redeem  this  pledge 

-    -             -.    —    .                  «...        .<    .  It  placed  the  recent  amendments  in  the  Constitution 


ice  and  workingmen  of  this  State :  aBd  the  Attorney-  *^«  protection  of  depositors  in  saving  banks  bv 

General  is  hereby  requMted  to  take  immediate  steps  Providing  for  the  punishment  of  dishonest  bank 

to  bare  such  oontraot  annulled,  and  to  compel  the  '"I"'?® I'-     „     „  .^       i    j  w   u  i.       ^-i.  ^^^ 

letting  of  the  work  aocording  to  the  statute.  ^-  And  finally.  A  t<fwo^.  Wo  believe  that  those 

Brnked,  That  the  sots  of  the  leaders  of  the  Bepub-  ^>?  preserved  the  country  should  ^fovem  it,  instead 

lican  wuty,  in  defeating  the  choice  of  the  people  for  ^^  *^^®  '^"^  attempted  to  destroy  it. 

Prteiaent  and  Yioe-Preeldent,  is  the  monster  politi-  »«       i      .       *      «           m 

eal  crime  of  the  age — a  crime  against  free  government  The  election  for  State  officers  and  members 

B&d  the  elective  ftmnchise  which  can  only  be  con-  of  the  Legislature  is  beld  on  the  same  day  as 

W  when  ttie  criminals  are  driven  from  power  and  the  election  for  members  of  Congress.    In  1 8Y8 

r^d^^^li^^e^d^oSiyil^^^^^^^  the  day  of  the  general  election  was  November 

in  sopoiDting  to  high  office  the  corrupt  members  of  5^"«    The  election  for  Governor  takes  place  m 

the  tteturning  Board  aa  a  reward  for  their  infamous  this  State  once  in  four  years.    The  present  in- 

eoDduet,  and  we  condemn  the  officers  of  the  Federal  cnrabent,   Shelby  M.   Oullom,  wps  elected  in 

Sr!?T*°i  ^^L*!y?  ■?«".l'*ti  ^  ^'l?^??  '"'.**'  November,  1876.    The  next  election  for  Gov- 

t^admimatration  of  justice  m  the  courts  of  Louis-  ^^^^  ^^j  ^^  .„  ^^^ 

Smtiui^  That  it  is  the  duty  of  our  Legislature  to  The  proposition  for  the  amendment  of  the 

cDset  lavs  for  the  protection  of  depositors  in  savings  State  Oonstitntion  above  mentioned  received 

•nd  all  other  bimka,  and  for  the  incarceration  of  do-  296,960  votes,  to  6,008  cast  against  it,  out  of  a 

i«lting  bank  ofiKoera.  ^^al  vote  of  448,796. 

The  Republican  Oonvention  assembled  at  The  vote  for  Representatives  in  Congress 

Springfield  on  Jane  26th,  and  organised  by  the  was  as  follows : 
Vol.  XVIII.— 28    A 


1 

.^i-. 

»— .         1           N-_ 

1 

tw 

I» 

IH    SIdkI^d.    11,991 

ii^w. *,«i 

Hirp«.          4.0M 

!£ 

sa,.  tas 

Id  the  Firat  District,  MoAolifie,  Sooi&list,  had 
9,832  Totea ;  in  the  Seoood,  Cktndoii,  Indepen- 
dent, 260,  tmd  Sohilling,  Socialist,  3,478 ;  id  the 
Third, 'Bible;,  TDdepeDdent,  3,806 ;  in  the  Elev- 
enth, Pfljne,  Prohibition,  8,03i;  in  the  Thir- 
teenth, Biokamore,  Probibitian,  134;  in  the 
Ninet«eDth,  AnderMn,  Independent  Demoor&t, 
7,863. 

For  State  officers  the  vote  was  as  follows: 
for  Treasarer— J.  C.  Smitli,  Repablioan,  216,- 
888;  E.  L.  Oronkit«,  Bemocratio,  199,966;  E. 
N.  Bates,  National,  80,878 ;  J.  B.  Garin,  Pro- 
hibition, 2,192.  For  Snperintendent  of  Pablio 
InstrnctioD— J.  P.  Slade,  Repnblioan,  206,624; 
8.  M.  Etter,  Democratio,  171,461 ;  F.  R.  Hall, 
KatioQsl,  66,607;  K.  L.  Hopkins,  Prohibition, 
2,0S6. 

The  State  Lepslatore  was  divided  us  fol- 


Andrew  Clarke,  Sir  Alexander  J.  ArbntfaooV 
and  A.  Rivera  Thompson.     The  lientenant- 

Kvemors  of  the  provinces  are  honorary  mem- 
rs  of  the  Council,  when  it  meets  in  their 
respective  provinces.  Qovemmeat  Seerttaria: 
for  the  Interior,  Sir  Stnart  C.  Bayley;  for  the 
Finances,  B.  B.  Chapman;  for  Revenae,  -Agri- 
onltare,  and  Oommeroe,  A.  O.  Ilnme ;  for  For- 
eign Affairs,  A.  C.  Lyall;  for  Military  Affairs, 
Colonel  H.  K.  Borne ;  for  Public  Works,  Major- 
General  W.  A.  Cromnidin.  The  lient«iiart- 
govemorB  and  chief  comroiuioners  of  the  dif- 
ferent provinoea  are  as  follows ;  Bengal,  lien- 
tenant -Governor,  Sir  A.  Eden  ;  Northwest 
Provincea  and  Onde,  Sir  G.  E.  W.  Conper, 
Bart,  i  Pamaab,  Lieutenant-Governor,  R.  £. 
Egerton;  Central  Provinces,  Chief  Commis- 
sioner, J.  H.  Morris;  Britiab  Bormah,  Chief 
OommissioQer,  0.  U.  Aitohison ;  Assam,  Chid 
Commissioner,  Colonel  R.  U.  Eeatinge;  Mad- 

a  Governor-General,  Dnke  of  Bnckinshain 
Chandos;  Bombay,  Govemor-Gener^  Sir 
K.  Temple,  Bart. 

The  area  and  popnlation  of  British  India, 
according  to  the  census  of  I8T2,  was  as  follows : 


S^^ 

p.,-1^ 

P™™«™"Bn«.u.: 

iai.«aa 

s 

S.T1I 
11,7*8 

isj'm 
ijajwi 

US,IM 

s-si-r 

a.«)i,M) 

6.^;;; 

8i.«:t,<ii 

im.iw,4M 

ToW 

i.MT,ns 

».««.«« 

The  heal  of  the  16th  and  I7th  of  July  was 
unprecedented  in  Chioago  and  St.  Lonis,  and 
throngh  the  Northwest.  Uany  lives  were  lost 
by  snnstroke. 

INDIA,t  a  British  vioeroyalty  in  Asia.  Vice- 
roy and  Govemor-Gener^  of  Bengal,  Lord 
LyttOD,  appointed  in  1676;  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  Army,  Sir  Frederick  P.  Haines. 
The  Ezecative  and  Legislative  Council  is  com' 
posed  as  follows:  Tne  Viceroy,  the  Com' 
mander-in-Chief,  Uafor-General  Sir  E.  B.  Johii' 
son,  Sir  John  Strai»iey,  Whitley  Stokes,  Sir 


1  Finblelnlndte: 

B«iWl»l*t«L «n.TOlL«ll    «,7™«, 

Motbeubwlnlantt....  n,340f   *'WW»' 

1.  PniMg  In  Eii(kad : 
BHriiicliimML.... 


^ 

V 

1.1.^ 

^Et^ 

T«L 

lUiL 

Bi,its,n» 

£48.S!>SJi5l 

iiftwtm 

st.wa.nBO 

t,<ft%.m 

«.M»,7<» 

•  Abo  Dm  NMIonil  eudtdiU. 
t  For  Uh  ir»  (ad  popalulOB  a 
iliMbntlnn  nt  tjM  popolltkn  HCC 
I  or  ofttB*,  u*  -Aaai 


The  values  of  the  principal  articles  of  import 
and  export  for  the  years  1876-'77  were  as  fol- 


INDIA. 


435 


\ 


Qnin^  ptttleiiJariy  rice  and  pad- 

8e»dB  ani  fttiits ".!!!!.' i  .*!.'.'.!*. ! 
Cobolal   gooda,  particniarly   tea 

aodoofKC 

WiB«i,  aplrita,  and  malt  and  other 

Hoaort 

r«j 

Metali 

WoodiL  tbnber,  and  eanrlog  ma- 

Hkiea  and  ikina !!!!!'.!!!!!'.!!!'. ! 
Droics,  ehemkala,  oUa,  and  realn. . 

Opium 

laroj  and  woraa  gooda  of  all 

Unda 

Other  manolkolnrea. 

UlaoeOanaoaa  gooda 


Total  goods 

Total  pradooa  metala. 


GiaDdtotaL. 


InpoHi, 


£766.000 

077,000 

1,800,000 

981,000 

4,101,000 
462,000 
481,000 


20,648,000 
1,828,000 
6,010,000 


£87.488,000 
11,436,000 


£48,864,000 


£7,771,000 

6319,000 
6,881,000 


16,828,000 

4,866,000 

12,40^000 

8^84,000 

181,000 

6,896,000 


£61,014,000 
4,060,000 


66,044,000 


The  moyement  of  shipping  for  18T5-'76  was 
88  f oUows : 


XinONALTT. 

XMTSBKD. 

OLXAXXD. 

ToMlk 

IVni. 

V-id.. 

TM. 

BritUl. 

1,666 

817 
8,106 
1,684 

1,788346 
451,496 
888,066 
106,097 

1,798 

888 

1,862 

1,668 

1,987,681 

ForelgB.. .......... 

Biltlah  Indian. 

Native. 

501,990 
261,069 
106,474 

Total  1876-'76.. 
Total  1874-76.. 

6,800 
6JB66 

9,629,928 
8,484^89 

6,801 
6.088 

2,799,068 
8«890,618 

On  March  81, 1878,  there  were  7,551*5  miles 
of  railroad  in  operation. 

On  March  81,  1876,  there  were  8,661  post- 
offices.  The  nnmher  of  letters  sent  in  the  year 
preceding  was  107,576,948,  and  the  namher  of 
papers  9,428,670. 

The  length  of  the  telegraph  lines  on  March 
31,  1875,  was  16,649  miles,  and  of  the  wires, 
83,798  miles;  namher  of  stations,  226.  In 
1875-76  the  nnmher  of  dispatches  sent  was 
1,166,838,  the  receipts  £212,914,  and  the  ex- 
penditores  £387,581. 

The  hadget  was  officially  pahlished  on  March 
20th.  The  accounts  for  1876-'77  show  the  rev- 
enae  to  have  heen  £56,022,277,  and  the  ordi- 
nary expenditure  £58,205,056.  The  loss  en- 
tailed by  the  famine  was  £3,450,000.  and  the 
deficit  amounted  to  £2,182,778,  exclusiye  of 
£3,809,288  expended  in  productive  works.  In 
the  regular  estimates  for  1877-78  the  revenue 
▼as  stated  at  £56,310,900,  the  ordinary  ex- 
penditures at  £62,118,000,  and  the  loss  by  fam- 
ine, virtually  a  deficit,  at  £3,481,000.  The 
mrplus  on  the  ordinary  account,  excluding  the 
expenditure  on  account  of  the  famine,  was  £3,- 
069,000.  The  budget  estimates  for  1878-'79 
indade  £2,750,000  for  provincial  rates  and  tax- 
H.  The  new  taxation  on  account  of  the  fam- 
ine appeared  for  a  gross  amount  of  £1,200,000 ; 
UTears  of  land  revenue,  £671,000  ;  ordinary 
expenditures,  £61,094,000,  including  £500,000 
expenditure  on  account  of  famine  in  Madras. 
The  surplus  was  estimated  at  £2,166,000,  ex- 
doiNTe  of  £4,555,000  expended  in  productive 
vorks.   The  loss  on  exchange  was  estimated  at 


£3,000,000,  on  an  amount  of  £17,000,000  re- 
mitted. 

The  latest  "  Statistical  Abstract  relating  to 
British  India  *'  gives  a  table  of  the  chief  features 
of  Indian  fi  oance  for  the  last  89  years,  from  which 
it  appears  that  only  13  of  these  years  have 
yielded  a  surplus  of  income  over  expenditure, 
and  that  the  net  deficit  for  the  whole  perioa 
amounts  to  a  total  of  nearly  £54,000,000.  Dur- 
ing the  last  five  years  £14,000,000  have  been 
absorbed  in  relief  of  sufferings  from  famine,  and 
the  debt  has  increased  by  £29,000,000.  Up 
to  March,  1877,  nearly  £26,000,000  had  been 
spent  on  so-called  productive  works,  of  which 
about  £10,000,000  were  applied  to  irrigation 
works,  and  £15,000,000  to  state  railways. 
During  the  year  ending  March,  1877,  the  irriga- 
tion works  produced  a  gross  revenue  of  £520,- 
000,  against  an  expenditure  on  revenue  account 
of  £586,000.  The  state  railways  yielded  a  net 
profit  during  1877  of  £141,000,  or  a  return  of 
nearly  1  per  cent.,  while  the  guaranteed  rail- 
ways, on  which  £94,000,000  had  been  expended 
to  the  close  of  1877,  earned  for  that  year  more 
than  £6,000,000  net,  or  an  average  of  consider- 
ably more  than  6  per  cent.  The  state  railways, 
it  must  be  remembered,  are  mostly  new  lines, 
constructed  mainly  for  strategic  purposes  or  as 
feeders  to  trunk  lines.  The  annual  trade  of 
British  India  with  Afghanistan  is  estimated  at 
£1,830,000,  nearly  equally  divided  between 
exports  and  imports.  Of  the  total,  £1,500,.- 
000  passes  through  the  Pn^jaub  and  £330,000 
through  Sinde.  llie  trade  of  Beloochistan  is 
valued  at  less  than  £100,000. 

On  March  14th  the  Council  passed  a  bill  for 
the  better  regulation  of  the  native  press.  In 
tiie  course  of  the  debate  it  was  explained  that 
the  operation  of  the  measure  was  confined  to 
papers  in  the  vernacular,  as  they  alone  ap- 
pealed to  the  peasant  classes.  The  Govern- 
ment did  not  object  to  fair  criticisms  of  its 
acts,  but  the  articles  against  which  the  bill 
was  directed  were  not  of  that  character.  They 
attacked  established  institutions  in  a  manner 
which  no  country  in  the  world  would  suffer. 
Lord  Lytton  said  it  was  his  deliberate  Judg- 
ment that  the  bill  was  imperatively  called  for 
by  the  supreme  law  of  the  safety  of  the  state. 
English  rule  and  English  race  were  maligned 
in  Sie  vernacular  press,  and  sometimes  sedition 
was  openly  preached.  The  provisions  of  this 
act  were  extended  to  Bombay,  Bengal,  Oude, 
the  Northwest  Provinces,  and  the  Ptmjaub. 
The  immediate  pasaing  of  this  measure  into  a 
law  was  deemed  by  the  Government  to  be  of 
such  grave  and  paramount  importance,  that 
the  biU  was  introduced  without  the  customary 
notice,  the  standing  orders  were  also  suspended, 
and  it  was  carried  through  all  its  stages  at  a 
single  sitting  of  the  Council.  It  was  stated  to 
be  worthy  of  note  that  some  of  the  most  sedi- 
tious of  these  attacks  were  published  in  Mah- 
ratta  papers,  and  that  the  most  disloyal  of  all 
the  papers  was  published  in  the  capital  of  Ma- 
hariyah  Holkar,  Indore. 


436  INDIA. 

An  addition  of  15,000  men  to  the  native  army  latter  part  of  the  summer  through  moat  of  Brit- 

of  India  has  been  decided  upon.    This  wiU  ish  India.    In  Cashmere,  however,  the  dis- 

bring  up  its  total  strength  to  about  140,000.  tress  was  unmitigated,  so  that  orders  were  is- 

The  strength  of  the  European  force  is  about  sued  requiring  all  travelers  found  in  Cash- 

62,600,  making  the  total  force  for  the  future  mere  to  return  at  once  to  British  territorr. 

more  thim  202,000.     The  small  number  of  The  people  were  said  in  acme  districts  to  be 

European  officers  attached  to  the  native  regi-  living  entirely  on  herbs,  weeds,  and  unrip« 

ments  has  been  much  commented  upon,  and  fruits,  and  it  was  represented  that  in  some 

actually  appears  insufficient  for  fuU  security,  parts  half  the  population  was  missing.    The 

Of  the  present  native  army  of  125,000,  the  Durbar  became  aroused  to  the  appalling  state 

European  officers  only  number  1,640,  or  1*8  of  affaira,  the  authorities  began  to  buy  grain 

per  cent,  and  the  proportion  will  be  smaller  in  large  quantities,  relief  works  were  started 

under  the  increase  that  is  ordered  unless  the  in  all  directions,  and  a  mixed  committee  of 

number  of  European  officers  is  increased.  Hindoos  and  Mussulmans  worked  together  to 

The  difficulty  which  has  been  encountered  relieve  distress.  The  general  report  of  the 
in  dealing  with  the  applications  from  native  season  and  prospects  of  the  crops  in  Septem- 
states  for  improvement  in  their  armaments,  in  ber  was  favorable  everywhere  except  in  Bur- 
regard  to  the  equipment  of  troops,  the  impor-  mah.  The  number  of  persons  on  the  relief 
tation  of  arms,  and  the  services  of  European  lists  in  various  districts  during  the  earlier  part 
officers  for  instruction  and  drill,  led  to  the  of  the  year  showed  a  considerable  increase 
circulation  among  subordinate  governments  over  the  corresponding  periods  of  the  pre- 
and  administrations,  and  among  political  of-  ceding  year.  In  July  the  numbers  were :  In 
fleers,  of  an  important  dispatch  declaratory  of  Madras — 184,721  on  the  relief  works,  72J43 
the  Government  policy.  JFeudatory  armies  are  on  gratuitous  relief;  in  Mysore— 85,815  on 
required  henceforth  to  be  limited  to  numbers  the  relief  works,  12,562  on  gratuitous  relief; 
sufficient  for  internal  protection.  No  number  in  in  the  Northwest  Provinces — 99,052  on  relief 
excess  of  this  requirement  can  be  permitted,  works  (against  69,650  in  1877),  and  7,8o5  in 
It  is  said  that,  witn  due  regard  to  the  safety  of  poor-houses  (against  6,209  in  1877);  in  Oude— 
the  Empire,  the  Governor-General  has,  aiter  19,212  on  relief  works  fagainst  17,158  by  the 
much  consideration,  arrived  at  the  conclusion  last  previous  report),  ana  8,841  (acatnat  8,047) 
that  the  utilization  of  the  feudatory  armies  for  in  poor-houses.  Rains  fell  over  a  large  part  of 
imperial  defense  is  at  present  impracticable,  the  country  during  July,  and  an  improved  con- 
though  no  doubt  would  oe  felt  as  to  the  pro-  dition  was  immediately  manifest, 
priety  of  so  utilizing  these  forces  if  a  practical  A  scheme  of  public  works,  to  be  instituted 
Bcheme  were  devised.  The  reduction  of  forces  partly  for  the  sake  of  giving  employment  to 
in  excess  of  internal  requirements  is  to  be  in-  the  people,  was  determined  upon  in  several 
aisted  upon,  save  in  certain  exceptional  cir-  distncts.  The  (Governor  of  Madras  was  sn- 
oumstances,  such  as  where  the  imperial  garri-  thorized  in  July  to  begin  work  on  the  South 
eons  would  be  required  were  it  not  that  their  Coast  Canal.  A  series  of  projects  for  the 
duty  is  performed  by  feudatory  troops,  or.  Northwest  Provinces,  sanctioned  by  the  Vice- 
again,  where  these  troops  perform  police  duties  roy,  comprised  four  schemes  for  light  railwaja 
only.  It  is  fhrther  required  that  great  caution  and  canals,  the  cost  of  which  was  estimated  to 
should  be  exercised  in  permitting  feudatory  ranffe  from  two  million  to  ten  million  pounds 
troops  to  be  drilled  by  European  officers.  The  sterling.  The  suffering  by  famine  was  sac- 
Government  directs  tiiat  arms  of  precision  are  ceeded  by  commercial  stringency.  At  the  be- 
not  to  be  supplied,  and  is  desirous  of  being  panning  of  September,  out  of  150  vessels  Ij- 
kept  fully  informed  as  to  the  numbers,  or-  mg  in  the  port  of  Calcutta,  only  six  had  chartera 
ganization,  equipment,  and  discipline  of  these  for  fresh  voyages,  the  rest  not  being  able  to 
forces^  as  it  wishes  to  dispel  all  mystery  in  command  rates  of  freight  sufficient  tojustifj 
reference  to  feudatory  armies,  and  to  encour-  their  sailing ;  aud  a  similar  condition  existed 
age  the  native  chiefs  to  treat  the  Government  at  Bombay.  The  failure  of  the  Glasgow  bank 
with  perfect  confidence  in  this  matter.  The  (see  Gbka.t  Britain)  involved  several  Indian 
duty  is  also  enjoined  of  periodical  inspections  firms. 

not  only  of  the  feudatory  troops,  but  also  of  The  call  of  the  British  Government  for  na- 

the  yarious  state  arsenals.    To  endeavor  as  tive  troops  to  be  dispatched  to  Malta  (see 

much  as  possible  to  curtail  extravagant  mili-  Gbbat   Britain)  was  received  with  intere^. 

tary  establishments,  military  operations,  it  is  The  enrollment  in  the  imperial  service  abroad 

said,  ought  to  be  confined  to  the  object  of  the  was  regarded  as  a  kind  of  honor  among  the 

personal  security  of  the  chiefs  and  tne  security  regiments,  and  the  hope  of  receiving  it  stima- 

of  internal  peace.  lated  the  enthusiasm  of  the  troops.    At  Bom- 

The  suffering  firom  the  great  famine  which  bay,  not  only  was  there  no  holding  back  of 

still  prevailed  in  many  parts  of  the  country  the  native  regiments  ordered  on  service,  but 

continued  to  attract  attention  from  both  the  those  who  were  declared  to  be  physically  dU- 

Indian  and  the  English  Governments  during  abled  made  urgent  entreaties  to  be  allowed  to 

the  earlier  part  of  the  year.    The  condition  of  go  with  their  comrades.     Mahanyah  Holkar 

the  people  continued  to  improve  during  the  placed  his  troops  at  the  disposal  of  the  Got- 


INDIA.  437 

eminent  for  Iiome  or  foreign  service.    The  passage^  as  sncli  missions  are  castomarj  and  of 

Coorg  European  planters  offered  their  ser-  frequent  occurrence  between  allied  states.'' 

vices  as  a  mounted  volunteer  force.    A  num-  After  again  professing  his  desire  to  maintain 

ber  of  Parsees  asked  permission  to  form  a  vol-  a  continued  friendship  with  the  British  Gov- 

onteer  corps.     The  Viceroy  replied  that  he  emment,  and  reminding  the  British  that  *'  out 

deemed  it  unadvisable  to  permit  separate  corps,  of  respect  and  consideration  for  the  greatness 

bat  that  any  natives  understanding  the  English  and  eminence  of  their  own  Government ''  they 

l^m^age,  and  willing  and  able  to  perform  the  should  not  consent  to  inflict  iigury  upon  their 

dutied  of  the  position,  who  wished  to  be  so  en-  well-disposed  neighbors,  the  letter  concluded 

rolled,  could  be  enroUed  among  the  European  by  stating  that  **  if,  in  accordance  with  the 

members  of  volunteer  corps.  custom  of  allied  states,  the  British  Government 

The  war  with  Afghanistan  engaged  public  should  desire  to  send  a  purely  friendly  and 

attention  above  all  other  subjects  during  the  temporary  mission  to  this  country,  with  a 

closing  months  of  the  year.    The  native  prin-  small  escort,  not  exceeding  twenty  or  thirty 

ces  quickly  volunteered  their  assistance  to  the  members,  similar  to  that  which  attended  the 

Government.    The  Puttiala  Council  of  Regen-  Russian  mission,  this  servant  of  God  will  not 

cj  offered  2,000  fully  equipped  soldiers ;  the  oppose  its  progress." 

Rajahsof  Jhind  and  Nabher  offered  1,000  men  On  the  7th  of  December  General  Roberts 

e&ch ;  and  the  states  of  Bhawalpoor,  Eapur-  sent  forward  a  cavalry  reconnoissance  in  the 

thala,  Maleer  Eotta,  Faridkote,  OhambiL  and  direction  of  the  Shutargardan  pass.    It  pushed 

Sirmoor  were  said  to  share  in  a  spirit  of  loyal-  on  to  Rokean  without  meeting  with  any  resis- 

tj  which  appeared  at  the  moment  general  and  tance,  and  learned  that  the  army  from  Peiwar 

nnirersal  in  the  Punjaub.    An  account  of  the  had  fled  without  stopping  across  the  Shutargar- 

beginuing  of  the  war,  up  to  the  capture  of  Pei-  dan.    General  Roberts  himself  then  pushed  for- 

war  Eotol  by  General  Roberts  on  December  ward,  and  was  led  by  the  guides  up  the  Shutar- 

1st,  has  been  given  in  the  article  Afohakis-  gardan,  where  he  saw  no  signs  of  the  presence 

Ti5.    The  answer  of  Shere  Ali  to  the  ulti-  of  the  enemy,  but  numerous  dead  horses  and 

matnm  of  the  British  Government  was  not  camels  which  had  been  left  behind  by  the  Af- 

received  at  Dakka  till  the  80th  of  November,  ghans  in  their  flight ;  after  which  he  returned 

although  it  was  dated  on  the  19th.    If  good  toAliEheyl  without  firing  a  shot.    The  country 

will  did  not  consist  of  good  words  alone,  the  was  found  friendly.    General  Biddulph,  having 

Ameer  suggested,  but  reially  consisted  of  deeds,  rested  for  some  time  at  Pisheen,  advanced  to  the 

then  it  had  not  been  manifested  by  the  various  Ehojuk  Pass,  of  which  he  reported  the  occu- 

widhes  expressed  and  proposals  made  by  Brit-  nation  without  opposition,  and  announced  on 

i«h  officers  during  the  last  few  years  to  officers  December  16th  that  he  had  begun  a  road  over 

of  the  Afghan  Government — proposals  which,  the  pass  without  encountering  difBculty.   None 

from  their  nature,  it  was  impossible  for  them  of  the  passes  were  occupied  by  hostDe  tribes 

to  comply  with.    *'  One  of  these  referred  to  my  or  troops,  and  the  people  were  all  friendly. 

nndotiful  son — the  ill-starred  wretch,  Mahom-  He  was  joined  at  this  point  on  the  17th  by 

med  Yakoob  Ehan  *' — and  was  contained  in  a  Lieutenant-General  Stewart,  his  superior  offi- 

letter  in  which  it  was  written  that  if  Takoob  cer.    On  the  ISth  of  December  Major  Oava- 

Kban  be  released  and  set  at  liberty  British  gnari  reported  that  notables  and  officials  were 

friendship  with  Afghanistan  would  be  firmly  coming  in  from  Jelalabad  to  offer  service, 

cemente^  otherwise  it  would   not.     There  General  Browne  began  his  march  to  Jelalabad 

were  other  matters  of  a  similar  nature  that  on  the  16th  of  December,  and,  proceeding 

bore  no  evidence  of  good  will,  but  were  effec-  without  serious  opposition,  reached  that  place 

tive  in  increasing  the  aversion  and  apprehen-  and  occupied  it  on  the  20th.    He  found  the  in- 

sion  already  entertained  by  the  Ameer^s  sub-  habitants  friendly,  and  was  received  by  a  depn- 

^ts.    The  Ameer's  officers,  in  repelling  the  tation  of  the  notables.    A  revolution  having 

British  embassy,  were  not  influenced  by  any  taken  place  at  Cabool,  Shere  Ali  fled,  and 

hostile  feelings  toward  the  British  Govern-  Takoob  Ehan  was  proclaimed  Ameer  by  the 

znent,  nor  did  they  intend  that  any  insult  or  chiefs  of  one  of  the  great  Afghan  sections. 

affront  should  be  offered ;  but  they  were  afraid  Shere  Ali  and  his  family  were  reported  on  the 

the  independence  of  the  government  might  be  24th  to  have  passed  the  Russian  frontier  along 

Affected  by  the  arrival  of  the  mission,  and  the  with  the  Russian  embassy,  on  the  way  to  Tash- 

Mesdship  which  existed  between  the  two  gov-  kend.    In  the  last  days  of  December  General 

emments  might  be  annihOated.    These  appre-  Roberts  called  together  the  principal  inhabi- 

hensions  were  increased  by  the  statement  in  tants  of  the  Euram  Valley  at  Peiwar  and  AH 

the  letter  of  the  Viceroy  that  the  Ameer  Eheyl,  and  informed  them  that  the  Ameer^s 

woald  be  held  responsible  for  any  injury  that  rule  had  passed  away  for  ever,  and  that  hence- 

might  befall  the  tnbes  who  acted  as  guides  to  forth  they  must  look  to  the  Empress  of  India. 

the   mission.      "  Had    tJiese    apprehensions  M^or  Gavagnari  received  a  letter  from  Syad 

proTed  groundless,  and  had  the  object  of  the  Mahommed,  chief  of  the  Eunar  Valley,  an- 

nuiasion  been  really  friendly,  and  no  force  or  nouncing  his  intention  of  coming  in. 

threats  of  violence  used,  the  mission  would,  as  The  advance  on  Candahar  was  begun  on  the 

ft  matter  of  course,  have  been  allowed  n'ee  81st  of  December,  when  a  large  part  of  Gen- 


438                       INDIA.  INDIANA. 

eral  Stewart^s  dmsion  marched  through  the  An  important  case  concerning  the  oonstito- 

Ghawaja  pass,  and  General  Biddalph^s  division  tional  right  of  the  Grown  to  cede  Indian  terri- 

crossed  the  Khojuk  pass.     The  two  columns  torj  without  the  consent  of  Parliament  was 

met  at  the  point  of  Junction  of  the  two  passes  argued  before  the  High  Court  of  the  Northwest 

on  January  6  or  7,  1879,  dispersed  a  force  of  Provinces  in  July.    The  case  related  to  the 

Afghan  cavalry,  and  marchea  through  the  city  cession  of  a  number  of  villages  to  the  Ka- 

ofOandaharonthe  8th.    The  campaign  for  tlie  waub  of  Rampore  for  distinguished  servioei 

winter  was  finished.    Ghalam  Hussein  Khan  rendered  during  the  mutiny,  and  involved  the 

was  appointed  Civil  Administrator  of  Cauda-  questions :    1.  Has  the  Crown  the  power  of 

har.  ceding  territory  in  any  portion  of  its  domin- 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  stated  in  ions  without  the  consent  of  Parliament !  2. 

the  British  House  of  Commons,  February  13,  Has  the  Queen,  as  Empress  of  India,  the  power 

1879,  that  the  expedition  to  Afghanistan  might  to  make  a  cession  of  Indian  territory  on  the 

be  said  to  have  accomplished  its  purpose,  and  ground  of  being  the  successor  of  the  Emperors 

satisfactory  arrangements  for  the  protection  of  of  Delhi  ?  It  was  argued  on  behalf  of  the  Gov- 

the  northwest  frontier,  while  preserving  the  in-  ernment  that  the  power  to  cede  land  was  sn 

dependence  of  Afghanistan,  were  now  possible,  inherent  prerogative  of  the  Crown,  and  not  to 

Earl  Beaconsfield,  making  a  similar  statement  be  questioned  by  municipal  courts.  The  Court 

in  the  House  of  Lords,  added:  "The  object  of  decided,  July  19th,  that  the  cession  was  valid, 

the  Government's  interference  in  Afghanistan  and  that  the  Crown  is  competent  to  cede  terri- 

has  been  completely  accomplished.    We  now  tory  in  the  Indian  dominions  without  the  in- 

hold  the  three  great  highways  connecting  Af-  tervention  of  Parliament,  and  simply  with  the 

ghanistan  and  India,  and  I  hope  we  shall  al-  advice  and  through  the  agency  of  responsible 

ways  retain  them.     We  have  secured  a  frontier  ministers. 

which  I  hope  and  believe  will  render  India  in-  The  Indian  Government  about  the  Ist  of 
vulnerable,  and  which  will  trench  as  little  as  June  occupied  the  island  of  Socotra  off  the  en- 
possible  on  the  independence  of  Afghanistan.*'  trance  of  the  Gulf  of  Aden.    The  chiefs  of 

The  Viceroy  of  India  reported,  with  refer-  this  island  had  been  taken  under  British  pro- 
ence  to  the  flight  of  Shere  Ali,  that  before  tection  nearly  two  years  before,  but  the  Brit- 
leaving  Cabool  the  Ameer  held  a  durbar,  when  ish  flag  was  now  hoisted  there,  so  that  in  the 
it  was  considered  by  the  chiefs  that  after  the  event  of  war  a  small  force  could  be  thrown  upon 
fall  of  Ali  Musjid  and  Pel  war  no  further  reli-  the  island  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  seizing  a 
ance  could  be  placed  in  the  troops  or  resistance  position  of  such  advantage  for  attacking  the 
offered.  The  Ameer  thereupon  resolved  to  communications  with  IncUa.  The  produce  of 
seek  Russian  assistance  and  place  his  case  be-  the  island  is  not  of  much  account,  but  it  is 
fore  a  European  Congress.  lakoob  Khan  was  fitted  for  the  growth  of  coffee, 
released  ana  left  in  charge  at  Cabool,  with  trea-  A  new  order  of  the  Indian  Empire  has  been 
sure  and  the  remaining  troops,  an  oath  being  instituted,  to  consist  of  her  Majesty  as  Sover- 
administered  to  him  that  he  would  do  as  the  eign,  the  Viceroy  as  Grand  Master,  twenty- 
Ameer  might  direct.  Shere  Ali  left  Cabool  De-  three  Councillors  of  the  Empress  who  are  fir 
cember  13th,  his  authority  having  almost  dis-  officio  Companions,  and  fifty  Companions.  Fa- 
appeared,  ture  nominatioDB  to  the  order  are  not  to  ex- 

A  remarkable  criminal  trial,  which  excited  ceed  twenty  in  any  one  year,  exclusive  of  ei 

public  attention  to  a  degree  exceeded  by  no  ^ido  appointments.    Bx  officio  members  are 

recent  case  except  that  of  the  Guicowar  of  Companions  for  life. 

Baroda,  was  the  trial  of  the  Rajah  of  Pooree  INDIANA.    The  debt  of  the  State  of  Indi- 

in  Cuttaok,  the  hereditary  guardian  of  the  tem-  ana  amounts  to  $4,998,178.    Of  this  sum  $3,- 

ple  of  Juggernaut,  for  the  murder  of  a  gos-  904,783  consists  of  bonds  held  by  the  school 

sain,  or  holy  man,  an  ascetic  of  great  sanctity,  fund.    The  total  value  of  taxable  property  in 

who  enjoyed  a  special  reputation  for  curing  the  State  in  1877  was  $855,190,125 ;  in  1878, 

diseases.    The  Ri\jah  was  the  secular  head  of  $850,616,987.     The  total  number  of  taxable 

the  Hindoo  religion  in  Orissa,  and  was  wor-  polls  in  1877  was  297,931 ;  in  1878,  300,000. 

shiped  by  the  Ooriyah  people  as  the  visible  The  receipts  of  the  general  fund  during  the 

incarnation  of  Vishnu.    The  murdered  man,  last  fiscal  year  amounted  to  $1,860,777.61 ;  the 

who  knew  of  no  offense  which  he  had  given  disbursements,  $1,497,356.20;  leaving  a  balance 

the  Rf^jah,  had  been  taken  before  him  and  tor-  of  $363,421.41  on  the  30tii  of  October.     The 

tured  for  three  hours,  after  which  he  was  thrust  State  tax  is  twelve  cents  on  the  hundred  dol- 

out  to  exist  for  fifteen  days  longer  in  great  lars.    The  proceeds  of  this  levy,  with  delin- 

agony.    On  the  trial,  the  assessors  voted  to  quent  taxes,  docket  fees,  and  taxes  otherwise 

acquit  the  Rajah,  but  the  judges  convicted  him  collected,  and  amounts  reimbursed  by  counties 

and  sentenced  him  to  transportation  for  life,  and  received  from  prison  contractors,  have  been 

The  R^jah  appealed  from  this  sentence  to  the  sufficient  to  defray  the  State  expenses.    The 

High  Court,  which  met  in  May  to  consider  bis  county  and  township  taxes  are  double,  and 

appeal,  but  did  not  grant  it.    The  Rajah  was  in  many  instances  three  times^  that  of  the 

twenty-two  years  old,  and  previous  to  this  State. 

event  had  led  a  blameless  life.  Joint  resolutions  proposing  nine  amendments 


IKDIANA«  439 

to  the  State  Oonstitation  were  passed  at  the  the  year  was  108.    Instmction  has  been  given 

legislative  session  of  1877.    They  will  be  recon-  to  598  pupils  since  the  opening  of  the  institute 

eidered  at  the  session  of  1879,  and,  if  again  in  1847.    The  expenditures  for  the  fiscal  year 

passed,  immediately  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  were  $81,404.96,  being  $259.20  per  annum  for 

people.  each  pupU. 

The  number  of  patients  in  the  Hospital  for  Grime  in  the  State  has  greatly  increased, 
the  Insane  on  November  1st  was  614.  The  There  is  a  prison  for  females,  which  is  under 
nnmber  admitted  during  the  year  was  470 ;  the  charge  of  a  commission  of  females  consti- 
whole  number  treated,  1,084.  The  number  tuted  by  law.  The  superintendent  and  assis- 
discharged  recovered  was  278 ;  improved,  62 ;  tants  are  also  females.  The  prison  has  received 
not  improved,  72 ;  died,  59.  The  whole  cost  more  than  50  prisoners  since  its  establishment 
of  maintenance  was  $107,227 ;  cost  of  each  in  1878.  The  Prison  North  had  at  the  begin- 
patient  per  year,  $178.77 ;  per  week,  $8.84.  ning  of  the  year  646  and  at  its  close  605  con- 
There  was  an  average  of  754  persons,  patients  victo,  295  having  been  received,  840  released, 
and  employees,  the  cost  of  meat  for  whom  has  and  the  average  being  619.  The  disbursements 
b«en  per  year  about  $14.75 ;  not  quite  29  cts.  were  $75,295.78,  being  $868.06  in  excess  of  the 
a  weetc  or  4  cts.  a  day.  The  cost  of  meats  of  earnings.  This  excess  is  explained  by  the  ad- 
all  kinds  for  the  year  was  $11,126.  The  cost  ditiontd  accommodations  provided  for  an  ex- 
of  flonr  for  each  person  has  been  $8.49  per  pected  increase  in  the  number  committed  to 
year,  or  about  2*8  cts.  per  day.  The  amount  the  prison.  The  Prison  South  had  at  the  be- 
ef butter  consumed  has  been  82,811  lbs.  at  ginning  of  the  last  year  590  convicts,  received 
l^  cts.  per  pound,  making  the  cost  for  each  885,  making  925  in  all,  and  released  299,  leav- 
person  $8.64  per  year.  The  average  cost  of  ing  626  remaining  at  the  close.  The  daily  aver- 
dothing  has  been  $25.46  per  patient  The  ag-  age  during  the  year  was  626.  Since  its  estab- 
grepte  amount  of  wages  paid  was  $2,776.60.  lishment  in  1822  it  has  received  6,526  convicts 

The  enumeration  of  children  in  each  county  and  released  5,900.  More  than  two  thirds  of 
of  the  State  between  six  and  twelve  years  of  those  remaining  are  unmarried  men.  Less 
age  amounts  to  699,158.  The  school  money  than  one  third  are  over  thirty  years  of  age. 
collected  from  the  counties  in  1878  was  $752,-  Forty-four  are  sentenced  for  life.  The  expense 
125.  Out  of  this  and  the  balance  in  the  treas-  of  maintenance  per  man  was  $29.08,  whicn  was 
nry  there  was  apportioned  to  the  counties  $874,-  the  lowest  in  ten  years,  being  less  than  one  half 
534,  which  was  $1.24  per  child.  The  amount  the  expenditure  live  years  before.  The  total 
of  the  State  school  fund  is  $9,000,000,  and  the  cost  for  the  year  was  $72,788.19,  being  $28,- 
valoe  of  permanent  school  property  $20,000.-  589.58  in  excess  of  the  earnings.  But  a  little 
000.  The  average  per  diem  pay  of  teachers  is  over  one  half  the  convicts  have  been  leased. 
t1.80,  and,  four  months  being  the  average  term,  The  State  receives  forty-five  cents  per  man.  It 
the  average  annual  salary  is  $144.  The  average  is  supposed  that  the  employment  of  four  fifths 
co9t  of  school-houses  is  $160.  The  expense  for  of  the  convicts  would  make  the  institution  self- 
school-houses  in  1874  was  $875,515,  but  in  1878  sustaining.  Better  provision  for  the  mental 
it  was  only  $424,804.  The  expenditure  per  and  monu  instruction  of  the  prisoners  is  asked, 
capita  for  the  last  three  years  has  been  as  fol-  It  is  espeoiaUy  urged  that  opportunity  be  given 
lows:  1876,  $2.69;  1877,  $2.84;  1878,  $2.27.  for  evening  reading  and  study  by  the  supply  of 
In  1860  Indiana  was  the  sixth  State  of  the  a  light  in  each  cell.  The  directors  think  the 
Union  in  population  and  the  twentieth  in  edu-  deprivation  of  light  is  an  inhuman  hardship, 
cational  facilities.  Her  system  of  instruction  The  prison  has  but  half  enough  cells, 
is  now  generally  acknowledged  to  be  a  superior  It  is  eigoined  in  the  Oonstitotion  that  '*  the 
one,  and  her  progress  in  recent  years  unsur-  General  Assembly  shall  provide  houses  of  ref- 
paased.  The  higher  institutions  are  the  State  uge  for  the  correction  and  reformation  of  juve- 
tniversity,  the  Purdue  University,  and  the  nile  offenders."  An  institution  for  boys  was 
8tate  Normal  School.  Each  county  sends  two  established  at  Plainfield  in  1867,  and  has  been 
students  free  of  charge  to  each  of  the  univer-  in  operation  eleven  years.  The  number  of 
sities^  boys  admitted  during  that  time  is  1,128.    At 

From  an  attendance  in  1848  of  92  and  an  the  close  of  the  last  year  145  had  been  admit- 
annoal  expenditure  of  $11,765.83,  the  attend-  ted  and  888  remained,  that  being  the  greatest 
ance  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  number  in  the  institution  at  any  one  time. 
has  increased  to  828  and  the  expendi^nre  to  Provision  for  controlling  the  criminal  indina- 
162,994.99.  Instruction  has  been  give  a  to  1,-  tions  of  girls  has  been  made  in  the  reformatory 
207  papils.  The  course  of  study  has  been  en-  department  connected  with  the  Female  Prison, 
'^ed  and  improved  to  correspond  to  the  pro-  where  296  have  been  received  since  1878. 
Kress  in  the  common -school  education  guaran-  Notwithstanding  that  the  prisons  are  over- 
teed  to  children  who  have  the  use  of  their  crowded  and  have  not  capacity  to  accommo- 
facnlties.  More  than  100  children  having  claim  date  the  prisoners,  and  that  nearly  400  of  the 
to  an  education  can  not  be  received  because  of  1,800  confined  in  1877  were  idle,  as  the  State 
a  lack  of  accommodations  for  them.  was  unable  to  let  their  labor,  and  that  the 

The  average  attendance  of  pupils  in  the  In-  South  Prison  had  not  enough  cells  to  accommo- 

■titote  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind  during  date  its  inmates,  and  nearly  200  had  to  sleep 


440  DTDIAITA. 

in  the  chapel,  yet  the  nnmber  pardoned  and  office  on  tfaia  floor,  and,  by  means  of  eight 

discharged  was  o«ily  66.  grand  staircaaesi  with  each  department  on  the 

The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  State  second  and  third  floors.  £acn  staircase  is  ar- 
shows  that  daring  1878  there  have  been  issued  ranged  to  start  on  the  first  floor  near  the  en- 
and  attested  2  prodamations,  48  warrants,  62  trance  to  each  business  office  of  the  several  de- 
requisitions, 103  pardons,  88  remissions,  6  com-  partments,  affording  easy  communication  with 
mutations,  2  respites,  588  commissions  to  State,  the  Supreme  Oonrt-room,  Senate,  House,  libra- 
judicial,  and  county  officers,  1,352  commissions  ry,  etc.,  located  on  the  secoi]^  floor,  and  ^• 
to  justices  of  peace,  and  814  commissions  to  leries,  committee-rooms,  etc,  on  the  third 
notaries  public  floor.    The  entire  business  departments  of  the 

Provision  was  made  by  an  act  of  the  Legis-  State  are  on  the  first  floor.  On  the  second 
/ature  approved  March  14^  1877,  for  the  ereo-  floor  are  the  following  accommodations :  Rep- 
tion  of  a  new  State  House.  A  Board  of  Com-  resentatives'  hall,  70  by  70  feet,  44  feet  in 
missioners  was  accordingly  constituted  to  pro-  height ;  Senate-chamber,  68  by  64  f eet,  44  feet 
ceed  with  the  work.  A  plan  was  adopted,  and  in  height ;  court-room,  50  feet  6  inches  by  57 
the  cost  of  construction  estimated  at  $1,721,-  feet  6  inches,  86  feet  in  height ;  law  library, 
911.  The  tax  levy  for  the  year  1877  was  one  80  feet  6  inches  by  56  feet  8  inches,  19  feet 
cent,  and  for  1878  two  cents,  on  the  hundred  in  height  On  this  floor,  in  addition  to  Uie 
dollars.  At  the  close  of  the  year  ending  Oc-  above,  there  is  the  Speaker's  reception-room, 
tober  81,  1878,  the  proceeds  of  the  tax  had  Speaker^s  private  room,  chief  derk's  room,  as- 
reached  $42,023.56,  most  of  which  has  been  sistant  clerk's  room,  engrossing  clerk's  room, 
expended  upon  orders  of  the  board.  The  pro-  enrolling  clerk's  room,  post-office  and  folding- 
ceeds  of  the  current  levy  wiH  perhaps  not  rooms,  two  committee-rooms,  two  cloak-rooms 

greatly  exceed  $150,000.  It  is  provided  in  the  for  members  of  the  House,  wash-room  for 
tate  Constitution  that  "  no  law  shall  author-  members  of  the  House,  two  water-closets  for 
ize  any  debt  to  be  contracted  on  behalf  of  the  members  of  the  House,  wash-room  and  closet 
State  except  in  the  following  cases:  to  meet  for  the  Speaker,  wash-room  and  water-closet 
casual  deficits  in  the  revenue ;  to  pay  the  in-  for  chief  and  assistant  derk,  wash-room  and 
terest  on  the  State  debt;  to  repel  invasion,  water-closet  for  enrolling  and  engro:»ing  clerks, 
suppress  insurrection,  or  if  hostilities  be  threat-  Lieutenant-Governor's  reception-room^  Lien- 
ened,  provide  for  the  public  defense."  The  tenant-Governor's  private  room,  four  rooms 
State  now  pays  an  amount  of  interest  exceed-  for  secretaries,  two  oommittee-rooma,  post- 
ing one  fourth  of  a  million  dollars  on  an  in-  office  and  folding-room,  two  cloak-rooms,  wash- 
debtedness  to  the  common-school  fund  caused  room,  two  water-closets  for  Senators,  water- 
by  the  use  of  the  money  of  the  latter  for  gen-  closet  and  wash-room  for  lieutenant-Govem- 
eral  expenses.  This  loan  will  probably  be  per-  or's  department.  The  quarters  of  the  Supreme 
petual,  as  there  is  no  provision  for  its  payment.  Oourt  are  on  the  second  floor,  and  embrace 
A  tax  levy  of  five  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  seven  private  rooms,  main  court-room,  consul- 
will  pay  the  interest  on  the  debt  and  discharge  tation-room,  attorneys'  room,  law  library,  law 
other  obligations;  and  the  revenues  of  the  librarian's  room,  two  reporters'  rooms,  sher- 
general  fund  at  a  rate  of  seven  cents  will  be  iff's  room,  janitor's  room,  wash-room,  three 
sufficient  to  meet  the  ordinary  expenses  of  an  water-closets,  and  private  stairway.  State  Li- 
economical  administration,  and  increase  the  brarian — ^Private  room,  janitor's  room,  library, 
means  for  the  rapid  construction  of  the  State  museum  and  reading-room,  wash-room,  cloak- 
House.  The  style  of  architecture  of  the  build-  room,  two  stairways  to  gallery,  two  water- 
ing is  Oorinthian.  The  total  length  from  south  closets,  two  galleries  of  libraiy,  three  store- 
to  north  is  482  feet ;  from  east  to  west,  292  rooms  for  library.  The  third  story  contains 
feet;  south  and  north  fronts,  184  feet  in  18  committee-rooms,  two  joint  committee- 
width  ;  center  wings  on  the  east  and  west  rooms,  public  gallery  to  House — seating  capa- 
f routs,  112  feet  in  width;  the  sub-basement,  city  296,  standing  room  150 — ^ladies*  toUet- 
6  feet  6  inches  in  height ;  basement,  13  feet  room,  two  public  water-closets,  public  gallery 
high,  to  be  used  for  heating  and  ventilating,  to  Senate  chamber — seating  capacity  408, 
and  the  storage  of  heavy  articles  and  fuel.  The  standing  room  120.  As  the  building  is  in- 
next  story  above  the  sub-basement  is  designat-  tended  to  be  a  first-class  fire-proof  stmctore, 
ed  the  first  story.  The  approaches  to  each  of  all  woodwork  is  reduced  in  the  constmction  to 
the  four  fronts  of  the  buildmg  are  direct,  with  its  smallest  capacity ;  the  doors  and  frames, 
a  rise  of  only  seven  feet  to  this  fioor.  The  sash,  n  Dod  floors  and  seating  of  halls  and  gal- 
convenienoe  and  utility  of  this  arrangement,  leries^  with  the  necessary  shelving  of  offices 
not  only  for  the  public,  but  for  those  who  have  and  library,  being  all  the  woodwork  required, 
to  occupy  and  fill  the  official  positions  of  the  The  whole  is  surmounted  by  a  dome  planned 
different  departments,  is  deemed  great.  This  in  accordance  with  the  designs  of  the  oldest 
first-floor  plan  shows  one  of  the  leading  fea-  and  best  architectural  examples  extant.  For 
tnres  of  the  design — a  grand  corridor  of  such  convenient  arrangement  of  the  interior,  the 

groportions  as  the  business  departments  of  the  architect  has  called  into  requintion  all  the 

tate  Capitol  demand,  affording  light,  ven-  modem  improvements  in  heating  and  ventiiat- 

tilation,  and  ready  communication  with  each  ing,  elevators  for  passengers  and  fuel,  dostr 


mDUKA.  441 

flues  from  eftoh  department  eleetrio  and  tele-  oonditiooi  m  iziaj  be  provided  for  the  ooixutge  of 

Ehone  combination,  plomlnnff,  soft  water  for  ^°U*  ._    _,,         #i.ui        j.  *^j 

...«*^^^  ^i^«4.«:^^iJLw.  ^i^L:«  i;<.kf{««»  <,*#  That  we  are  In  favor  of  the  immediate  and  unoon- 

ivatonea,  electoio  docks,  eleotno  lightang  of  ditional  repeal  of  the  reaumption  act. 

gas,  geological  department  located  for  light  m  We  are  in  ftvor  of  the  most  rigid  economy  in 
the  best  place ;  the  galleries  arranged  for  the  pnblic  expenditures,  and  ve  deoUre  that  the  fcee  and 
public  to  look  directly  toward  the  members :  salaries  of  all  public  offlcers  should  be  reduced, 
galleries  supported  by  solid  walls,  with  direct  ^  J^*  "^^  •'«  ^  ^^^'  ^'  *^«  "P««l  «^  *^«  bankrupt 
light  and  air  from  the  outside ;  no  ?kylight  or  xhat  we  sincerely  deplore  the  recent  violent  col- 
hothouse  arrangements  The  heatmg  will  be  lision  between  labor  and  capital,  and  to  prevent  the 
perfected  by  using  radiation  in  all  the  offices,  recurrence  thereof,  and  to  protect  the  Aiture  public 
halls,  and  corridors,  both  direct  and  indirect,  order  and  eeourity,  we  believe  that  the  wages  of  cor- 

TWT  system  is  combined  with  ventilating  by  S^^'?''*  «"^*««<1  ^  ^^  buamess  of  mimnj,  mauu- 

L    *v  f*^*"  "  ^.  "  J    .  V       ▼wwuaM«i5  wj  iaoturing,  and  transportation  should  be  a  nrst  lien 

ezbaustmg  the  vitiated  air  from  the  floor-lme  upon  the  property,  receipta.  and  earnings  of  aud 

by  means  of   the  exhaust-ducts,   which  are  ooroorations,  and  that  such  hen  should  be  declared, 

helped  or  forced  by  the  steam-heating  pipes  donned,  and  enforced  by  appropriate  legislation, 

^(^ill  That  we  favor  the  passage  ol  a  law  for  the  venti- 

The  "election  in  Indiana  waa  held  on  Octo-  ^'n^lf^^e!?^'^''''*  *^'  ''''"^^  ^'  ^""^  ^  "^^ 

ber  9th.    It  waa  for  the  choice  of  Representa-  The  Democratic  parW  is  the  friend  of  the  common- 

tives  in  Oongrees,  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor,  school  ayatem,  and  will  in  every  legitimate  way  labor 

Treasurer,  Attorney-General,  and  Superinten-  'o*'  »*•  succeaa,  and  will  oppose  any  attempt  to  di- 

dent  of  PubUc  Instruction,  and  the  members  of  ^®!?  "P^  ^^^^  °^  ^«  common-school  ftmd  to  any 

*  *  «**«^  -»«oi..  uwHivu,  »u^  nuv  «A*«u«^««o  w*  eeotanan  purpoae. 

theState  Legislature.  That  the  last  apportionment  of  the  Bute  for  legis- 

The  Democratic  Oonvention   assembled   at  lative  purpoaes  was  grossly  uimist  and  dishoDoraole, 

Indianapolia  on  February  20th,  and  was  or-  and  we  demand  that  the  neztXegialature,  in  appor- 

gtnized  by  the  appointment  of  ex-Governor  tioniny  the  State  for  legislative  purposes,  as  will  be 

Efek.  M  President.     The   nomiDadon.  '^"^!^Til^^4^  t^^^r^  ""'^  "^ 

were  as  foUows :  for  Secretary  of  State,  J.  Q.  that  the  jurisdiction  claimed  and  exercised  by  the 

Sbanklin,  of  Vanderburgh  County ;  for  Auditor,  circuit  courto  of  the  United  States  over  questions  of 

M.  D.  Hanson,  of  Montgomery  County ;  for  corporate  and  individual  righta  arising  under  the 

Treasurer,  WiUiam  Fleming,  of  Allen  County ;  l*^?  ^5  ^^  States  tends  to  oppress  and  burden  liti- 

fo,.  A^^^Jlo..  n^«/^.«i  T  w  -nro^ii^n  ^#  t^kI  gants  to  such  an  extent  as  to  amount  to  a  practical 

for  Attorney-General,  T.  W.  Woollen,  of  John-  denial  of  jusUoe  m  many  cases;  and  we  consider 

son  County ;  for  Supermtendent  of  Pubuc  In-  the  legislation  which  has  conferred  such  jurisdiction 

straetion,  James  H.  Smart,  of  Allen  County,  aa  unwise  and  hurtful  to  the  true  interests  of  the 

The  foUowinff  platfo'rm  waa  adopted :  people.    And  we  demand  such  legislation  as  will  re- 

^  strict  and  limit  the  jurisdiction  of  such  courts  to 

TbeDemoeracy  of  the  State  of  Indiana  assembled  such  matters  as  are  clearly  contemplated  by  the 

in  delegate  oonvention  declare :  Constitution  and  expressed  in  the  judiciary  act  of 

That  national-bank  notes  shall  be  retired,  and  in  1789. 

Ilea  thereof  thei«  shall  be  issued  by  the  Govern-  We  are  oppoaed  to  class  legislation,  and  protest 

meet  an  equal  amount  of  Treasury  notea  with  full  sgainst  the  grant  of  subsidies  by  the  Federal  Gov- 

le«l-t«oder  quality.  emment,  either  in  lands,  bonds,  money,  or  by  the 

Thst  we  are  in  favor  of  making  the  United  SUtea  pledge  of  the  public  credit. 

notes,  commonly  called  greenbacka,  a  full  legal  ten-  That  we  abhor  and  hold  up  to  public  detestation 

<ler  in  payment  of  aU  debu,  pnblic  and  private,  ex-  the  leadera  in  the  Bepublican  party  who  aecretly 

cept  such  obligations  only  as  are  by  the  terma  or  the  connived,  and  with  barefaced  effrontery  carried  out 

<>n^i]ial  eootracts  under  which  they  were  issued  ex-  ^e  scheme,  by  and  through  venial  returning  boards, 

pimly  payable  in  coin.  whereby  Samuel  J.  Tiloen  and  Thomaa  A.  Heu- 

That  the  right  to  issue  paper  money  as  well  aa  dricks,  the  people's  choice  for  President  and  Yice- 

coio  iithe  exclusive  prerogative  of  the  Government,  Preaident,  were  wrongfully  kent  out  of  the  podi- 

u)d  such  money  should  be  issued  in  such  amounta  tions  to  which  a  free  people  had  called  them.    We 

u  the  sound  buaineaa  interests  of  the  oonntry  may  bold  it  up  as  the  monster  crime  of  the  age,  a  crime 

^m  time  to  time  require.  against  frae  government,  a  crime  against  the  elective 

We  are  in  favor  of  auch  legialation  by  Congress  as  nanchiae,  and  a  crime  that  can  only  be  condoned 

villaathorixe  the  taxation  by  the  States  of  thetlnited  when  the  malefaotora  who  seated  a  fraud  in  the 

8ut«s  notes  in  common  with  all  other  money.  Presidential  chair  are  driven  from  power  and  con- 

Tbst  we  deem  it  nnwise  and  inexpedient  to  enact  signed  to  everlasting  infamy  by  the  people  whom 

VTf  farther  legislation  for  the  fhnaing  of  the  na-  they  have  outraged.    And  we  denounce  the  act  of 

tlonsl  debt  abroad,  throogh  the  meana  of  home  syn-  the  President  of  the  United  Statea  in  appointing  to 

dioitei  or  other  methoda ;  and  we  believe  the  true  high  and  lucrative  poaitions  the  corrupt  members  of 

policy  of  the  Government  and  the  beat  interesta  of  the  retuminp^  boarda,  and  condemn  the  acta  of  Fed- 

the  people  would  be  subserved  by  legislating  ao  as  sral  offloers  m  attempting  to  interfere  with  the  righta 

to  distribute  aaid  debt  among  our  people  at  home—  snd  powers  of  the  State  courts  in  the  prosecution  of 

affording  them  the  moat  favorable  and  practical  op-  these  criminals. 

P^ttDBitiles  for  the  Investment  of  their  savings  in  That  our  Senatora  and  Bepresentatives  in  Con- 

tiie  funded  debt  of  the  United  States.  ITi^ss  be  and  are  hereby  requested  to  aecnre  the 

Tbtt  we  are  in  favor  of  legislation  which  shall  fix  passage  of  a  law  giving  to  the  aoldiers  of  the  Mcxt- 

tbe  legal  rate  of  intereat  at  not  exceeding  aix  per  osn  war  a  pension  sunilar  to  that  now  given  to  the 

netom  per  annum.  aoldiers  of  the  war  of  1812. 


of  ihsll  be  unlimited,  and  upon  the  same  terma  and    pointment  of  James  Bnchanan,  of  Yigo  County, 


n 


442  INDIANA. 

as  President.   The  following  nominations  were  or  Suta  o&eul  to  reoeirs  more  tlitfi  sdeqnmte  pay 

made;  for  Secretary  of  State,  Henry  James,  2a^XJSdUSii''£r*isC^              ~*^ 

of  Grant  Oountjr ;  for  Trwisurer,  R.  P.  Main,  g   ^Te  denounce  the  obnspUicy  ofWOemoontia 

of  Floyd  Ooanty ;  for  Aaditor,  John  F.  Bird,  u^d  Bepablioan  lesdera  of  Indiana  to  boild  a  ooetly 

of  Gibson  Ooanty;  for  Attorney-General,  Da-  and  magnifloent  State  House,  which,  as  sjqi^ehenoe 

vid  Moss,  of  Hamilton  Ooanty ;  for  Superin-  has  proved  in  all  aimilu;  cases,  would  reaiUt  in  the 

tendeot  of  Pablic  Instryction^  John  Yoang,  of  SJ^SgoSV^tte.SL^u^^     as^lnirS:; 

Manon  Ooanty.    The  loUowmg  platform  was  ^f  ^^^  LegiaUture  for  the  purpose  of  fostering  thii 

adopted:  scheme.     We  denounce  the  indecent  haate  with 

which  the  State  House  Commissioners  are  prooeed- 

Ths  Nstional  Grsenhsok-Labor  party  of  Indiana,  ing  to  let  a  contract  to  bind  the  people  of  the  Suie, 

in  oonyention  assembled,  declares :  and  we  demand  that  no  oontraot  snail  be  let  until 

1.  We  declare  our  fealty  to  the  American  mone-  the  ▼oters  of  the  State  have  had  an  opportunity  to 

tary  system— the  abolition  of  all  bank  iasues,  the  express  their  will  upon  the  subject  through  the 

free  snd  unlimited  coinsge  of  (pld  and  silver,  and  Legialature  to  be  chonen  in  October  next, 

the  issuing  by  the  GK>?erament  of  full  legsl-tender  9.  We  protest  sgainst  the  week  and  ineifecttTa 

J^aper  fiat  money,  receivable  for  all  dues  and  parable  election  laws  of  Indiana,  and  we  aak  that  the  next 

or  all  debts,  puoiic  and  private,  in  amount  sufficient  Legislsture  shall  enact  ststutes  which  shall  secure 

to  meet  the  wants  of  trade,  to  give  employment  to  fitlr  elections  in  the  State,  and  which  ehall  provide 

all  labor,  and  to  enable  the  people  to  do  a  cash  bosi-  severe  and  adeouate   punishment  for   fraudulent 

ness  and  to  relieve  them  from  the  debt  system  which  voters  and  for  those  who  bribe  voters  or  procurt 

has  made  the  industrial  and  commercial  classes  the  fraudulent  votes. 

slsves  and  drudges  of  the  credit-mongers  of  the  10.  We  denounce  the  oriminsl  snd  unfair  aopor- 

world.  tionment  of  the  legialative  and  oongrssaional  du- 

3.  Wo  declare  our  opposition  to  every  measure  tricts  of  the  State  in  the  intereat  of  the  Bepublican 
looking  to  the  resumption  of  Bpecie  payments,  the  party,  and  the  equally  utgust  apportionmenta  made 
monarchical  system  of  finance  which  puts  all  the  m  the  past  by  the  Democratic  party ;  and  we  pledge 
interests  of  industry,  trade,  and  oommeree  in  the  our  members  of  the  Legislature  to  vote  for  a  fair  and 
hands  of  the  few,  and  enforces  a  monopoly  of  equitable  apportionment,  which  shall  seeore  a  full 
wealth  destructive  of  the  highest  material  good  of  and  untrammeled  expression  of  the  politioal  senti- 
society.  ments  of  the  people. 

8.  We  proclsim  our  uncompromising  hostility  to  11.  The  State  snould  enact  laws  which  will  sbro- 
the  perpetuation  of  the  sjrstem  of  Government  bond-  gate  the  abuses  and  protect  the  interests  of  men  wbo 
ed  indebtedness,  which  is  intended  to  bind  unborn  work  in  mines,  by  providing  for  the  oroper  ventila- 
generations  in  chslos,  and  we  declare  that  the  GK>v-  tion  of  the  mines :  and  the  earnings  ox  all  employee! 
ernment  shonld  use  all  the  funds  now  hoarded  for  of  corporationa  should  be  a  first  Uen  upon  the  prop- 
resumption  purposes  to  pay  snd  cancel  outstsnding  erty  of  said  corporations. 

bonds,  and  that  it  should  make  new  and  liberal  is-  12.  If  it  was  wise  and   needful   in  1897,  when 

suss  of  money  to  be  applied  to  the  same  purpose ;  money  was  plenty  and  the  country  prosperous,  t) 

and  that  the  Issue  of  future  interest-bearinv  bonds  ensct  a  banurupt  law,  it  is  certainly  humane  now  to 

should  be  prohibited  by  constitutional  amendment.  amend  such  law  so  as  to  prevent  ftauds,  and  to  ood- 

4.  We  demand  that  all  legislation  should  be  so  tinue  in  force  this  last  escape  of  the  oppressed  debt* 
ensoted  and  so  administered  ss  to  secure  to  esoh  or  fh>m  the  extortions  of  the  money  power.  And 
man,  as  nearly  as  praoticable,  the  just  reward  of  his  we  ikvor  the  exemption  of  not  less  thsn  $1,000  worth 
own  labor ;  and  ws  denounce  all  lawlessness,  vio-  of  property  to  the  householder  from  foroed  ssle  on 
lenoe,  and  fraud  that  refuses  submission  to  ths  will  execution. 

of  the  people  honestly  expressed  through  the  bal-  18.  The  Constitution  shonld  be  so  amended  that 

lot.  the  President,  Vice-President,  snd  Senstors  of  the 

5.  We  denounce  the  red-flag  communism  imported  United  States  shall  be  elected  by  direct  Tote  of  the 
fk'om  Kuropo.  which  asks  for  an  equal  division  of  people. 

property,  ana  we  denounce  the  communism  of  the  ll.  We  are  unalterably  opposed  to  adding  to  the 

national  banks,  of  the  bond  syndicates,  and  of  the  burdens  of  the  people  by  an  increase  of  the  stsnd- 

consolidated  railroad  corporations,  which  have  se-  ing  srmy.  believing  with  Wsshington  that  *'over* 

cured  and  are  enforoinjj;  an  unequal  division  of  prop-  grown  military  establishments  under  any  form  of 

erty,  having  already  divided  among  themselves  ten  government  sre  Insuspidous  to  liberty,  and  paitioo- 

thousand  millions  of  the  property  of  the  people  by  larly  hostile  to  republican  liberty." 

corrupting  the  representatives  snd  servants  of  the  16.  We  endorse  and  reaffirm  tne  platform  of  prin- 

people.    The  one  system  of  communism  Ignores  the  ciples  sdopted  at  Toledo  February  82^1878,  and  we 

inequalities  of  capacity  which  have  been  implanted  congratulate  the  country  upon  the  union  of  the  po- 

by  nature  in  the  human  family,  and  both  systems  litical  interests  subservinff  the  nsefiil  ranks  of  soci- 

are  destructive  of  the  rewsrds  of  toil  snd  of  the  in-  ety  in  one  party,  which  snail  advance  this  deeree 

centives  to  industry  and  exertion.  ot  a  higher  and  netter  civilization,  and  this  oldest 

6.  We  declare  that  until  the  American  monetary  gospel,  that  there  shall  be  work  for  all«  and  thai  all 
system,  which  will  result  in  the  practical  extinction  shall  work. 

of  debt  and  usury,  is  established,  the  State  should  „,      •»       • ,.               .       m  ^1.     a,.  ^ 

by  all  the  powers  that  it  can  exert  limit  and  reduce  The  Republican  party  of  the  State  aasem- 

the  rate  of^interest,  so  thst  it  shsll  in  no  event  ex-  bled  in  convention  at  Indianapolis  on  June  6th, 

ceed  the  average  increase  of  wealth  by  productive  ^nd  was  organized  by  the  appointment  of  Beo- 

indus^.          .     ,      ,  ,        ,            .   ,        _  iamin  Harrison  as  President    The  following 

7.  We  favorsimple,  plain,  and  economical  govern*  j»'"*"  **««»»«»^  ««  ^Ta^  #^«  a**-^*....-  ^# 
ment :  as  fsw  Uwsm  possible,  and  they  rigiSy  en-  nominations  were  made :  for  S^tary  of 
foreed ;  as  few  officials  as  practicable,  and  they  held  Sute,  Isaac  8.  Moore,  of  Wamok  County ;  for 
to  a  close  accountability.  To  this  end  we  demand  Treasurer,  George  F.  Herriott,  of  Johnson 
the  abolition  of  all  useless  offices,  snd  the  overthrow  County;  for  Auditor,  A.  O.  Miller,  of  Boone 
of  the  system  bv  which  offices  sie  made  t^^^^^^^^  County;  for  Attorney-General,  D.  P.  Bald- 
most  princely  fortunes.  It  is  the  first  duty  of  the  ^y-***'/ >  *  ^  "^  *  .  q.^-:-.*^«j^«4.  ^* 
next  fieneraf  Assembly  of  IndUns  to  secire  such  win,  of  Oass  County;  for  Superintendent  of 
legislation  as  shall  make  it  impossible  for  any  local  Public  Instruction,  James  T.  Merrill,  of  Tip* 


INDIANA. 


443 


peeaDoe  Goantjr.  The  following  platfonn  was 
adopted: 


with  mooar  proves  them  onwoithT  of  pabllo  con* 
fldenoe.  The  denial  of  the  title  of  Preiident  Hayei 
is  anaot  of  party  desperation,  and  the  attempt  to 
The  Bepablicana  of  Indiana,  in  oonTention  assom-  oast  him  is  revolutionaiy  reaistance  to  law,  which, 
bled,  make  the  following  declaration  of  principles :  if  not  condemned  by  the  people,  will  fnmish  a  pre- 
The  maintenance  of  the  great  principlea  of  the  Ee-  cedent  by  which  any  defeated  party  may  issne  its 
poblioan  party  ia  eaaential  to  the  peace,  permanency  declaration  in  opposition  to  law,  rally  ita  aapportera 
•ad  prosperity  of  the  nation ;  the  right  of  the  people  to  acts  of  violence,  plunge  the  country  into  anarchy 
to  meet  together  and  diacuasgrievanoes  to  be  jeajoosly  and  thua  Mezioanize  and  destroy  our  institutiona. 
guarded  and  maintained,  but  determined  oppoaition  The  Electoral  Commission  was  oonstitutionidly  ere- 
to  lawlessness,  or  to  any  resort  to  force  and  violenoe,  ated  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  Democratic  party 
sfiubTeraife  of  the  puoUo  peace,  iz\{nrioua  to  public  in  Congress,  and  ita  decision,  anbsequently  con- 
morals,  end  destruetive  to  the  rights  and  interests  of  Armed  by  Congress,  was  final  and  conclusive  upon 
ill  dassea;  eoual  righta  before  the  law,  and  equal  every  department  of  this  Qovemment.  There  can 
protsetion  under  the  law,  without  regard  to  race,  be  no  appeal  from  it  except  hj^  revolution.  Its  de- 
creed, condition,  or  oconpation ;  no  exduaive  privi-  cision  makea  the  title  of  President  Hayes  equal  to 
lej^  to  individuals  or  classes ;  oppoaition  to  all  aub-  that  of  any  former  President,  and  we  recognize  in 
tidies,  national,  State,  county,  or  municipal;  the  his  personal  inte^ty,  as  well  aa  in  the  general 
oommon-school  system  to  be  cherished  ana  perfect-  course  of  his  administration,  the  guarantee  that  he 
ed,  and  to  that  end  tibe  school  fund  should  not  ba  ^ill  conduct  the  Government  so  aa  to  preserve  the 
direrted  to  sectarian  pnrpoaea ;  rigid  economy  in  all  honor  and  promote  the  happineaa  of  the  whole  couu- 
tzpenditurss.  national,  State,  county,  and  municipal ;  try.  We  aolemnly  pledge  ourselves  to  support  and 
1  just  limitation  upon  tazea  for  State,  county,  town-  maintain  President  Hayes  and  the  lawfully  consti- 
ship,  end  munioipal  purposes ;  opposition  to  any  tuted  authoritiea  of  the  Government  in  resisting 
increase  of  munioipal  indebtedness ;  strict  account-  revolution. 

ability  on  the  part  of  all  public  officers :  just  reduc-  At  this,  the  first  opportunity  presented  to  the  Be- 

tion  and  equalisation  of  all  feea  and  salaries;  such  publicans  of  Indisns,  in  this  oapacitv,  we  desire  to 

legislation  as  will  aecure  to  all  persons  laboring  for  place  on  the  permanent  records  of  the  party  a  trib- 

tnd  Aimishing  supplies  to  railroad  and  other  cor-  ute  of  our  high  appreciation  of  the  character  and 

porations,  full  payment  for  their  labor  and  material ;  aervices  of  Oliver  P.  Morton.    What  he  has  done 

■n  inereased  exemption  of  property  ftom  execution,  for  his  oountry  and  State  ia  now  hiatory.    We  can 

sod  a  liberal  bomeatead  law ;  auch  legislation  as  will  never  forget  his  intrepid  leadership  and  his  unselflsli 

protect  the  livea  and  aecure  the  comfort  of  minora  devotion  to  the  public  weal.    The  people  of  Indiana 

•od  other  laborora  employed  in  hazardous  oocupa-  must  ever  regara  and  cherish  the  memory  of  him 

tions;  a  oonatitntionai  amendment  providing  Tor  whose  name  and  fame  are  now  the  common  heritage 

strict  refipstration  and  election  laws ;  Tull  commen-  of  the  nation, 

dation  or  end  sympathy  with  aU  efforts  for  personal  i      ^    r       i      .       ^ 

reformation ;  American  industries  to  be  encouraged  The  result  of  the  election  for  members  of 

and  fostered  by  such  legialation  aa  will  develop  the  Congress  was  as  follows : 

outerial  resonroes  of  the  country  and  give  full  mea- 

•are  ofemployment  and  reward  to  labor;  opposition  district 

to  repudiation  in  all  its  forms ;  the  honor  and  credit    '_ 

of  the  nation  to  be  maintained  in  eveiy  contingency j         f 

ao  abandonment  of  greenbacks  or  depreciation  of  IL !.!!!!! 

gTMobaok  eurren^ ;  a  sound  and  stable  currency  of      III , 

i^old.  silver,  and  paper  of  the  aame  value ;  national       I^ 
egisistion  authorizing  the  receipt  of  greenbacks  at      \j!i' 

par  in  pavment  of  customs  and  m  purchase  of  Gov-      «Xj ' 

eminent  bonds  j  oppoaition  to  fbrtiier  financial  agl-  ym] ',','/[[' 

tation,  stability  m  our  finance  aystem  being  eaaential  ix! !!!!!!! ! 

to  business  proaperity ;  Union  soldiers  are  entitled        X 

to  all  honor,  and  their  displacement  and  the  sub-       ^I 

rtitatton  of  rebel  soldiers  aa  employees  by  the  nation-    _^}{ - 

al  House  of  Bepreeentatives  should  be  condemned  by  ^"**'  ••*••••• 
every  patriotic  citizen ;  opposition  to  the  payment 
of  Sootbem  claima  ariaing  out  of  the  rebellion. 

We  denounce  the  action  of  the  Democratic  House 
<>f  Hepresentativea  in  demanding  payment  of  over 
1300,000,000  of  rebel  claims  as  a  conspiracy  against 
tha  Government,  less  open  but  not  less  dangerous 
tban  srmed  rabeuion. 

We  denounce  the  Democrats  in  the  Houae  of  Rep* 
ni«Dtativea  for  their  lawless  action  in  unseating 
Sepoblican  Kepresentatives  fairly  and  legally  elecU' 
ed,  and  in  giving  their  placea  to  their  partisans, 
regardlees  ofthe  right  of  election  by  the  people. 

xhe  leaders  of  tne  Democratio  party  are  aeeking 
to  make  it  a  revolutionarv  party.  They  will  not 
pQbmit  to  the  repoae  of  tne  oountry  or  leave  the 
P«^ple  to  their  peaceful  pursuits  so  long  as  they  have 
bope  of  profit  by  agitation,  and  no  Taw  or  public 
ueasure  is  so  aaored  that  they  will  not  violate  it  to 
obtain  a  party  advantage. 

^  The  cry  of  nraud  in  reference  to  the  laat  Preiidcn- 
t)^  election  ia  a  disguise  to  conceal  the  illegal  and  for- 
cible means  by  which  voters  in  Southern  States  were 
mtimidated,  and  thousands  in  all  the  States  were 
•<nM(ht  to  be  oormpted ;  and  the  unblushing  man- 
aer  in  which  the  leadera  of  the  Democratic  party 
ludertook  to  buy  the  votea  of  Presidential  electors 


18,928 

12,088 

»,8fi8 

14,6M 

18,T76 
lfi«648 
1T,881 
18,124 
10^806 
16,885 
16,547 

1&A84 


18,099 
17,81T 
15,074 
1^148 
18,988 
18.187 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

18,164 
15,510 
18,406 
18,109 
17,087 
18,588 


171,017 

Vatlona]  Democratle  vote. 
National  BepabUeaa  vote. 


175^18 


MatloML 


1,695 

8,108 

1,588 

199 

798 

8,048 

18.780 

4,929 

4,5n 

5,868 

4,288 

9,719 

8,488 


80,804 

18,720 
9,719 


In  1876  the  Representatives  elected  were  9 
Republicans  and  4  Democrats.  In  1878  the 
Representatives  elected  were  7  Republicans  and 
6  Democrats ;  of  the  latter,  2  are  Nationals 
also. 

The  vote  for  State  officers  was  as  follows : 
Secretary  of  State— Shanklin,  Democrats  194,« 
770 ;  Moore,  Republican,  180,557 ;  James, 
National,  89,415.  Auditor  of  State — Hanson, 
Democrat,  194,834 ;  Miller,  Republican,  180,- 
718 ;  Bird,  National,  88,021.  State  Treasurer 
— ^Fleming,  Democrat,  194,148 ;  Herriott,  Re- 
publican,  180,674;  Main,  National,  89,451. 
Attorney-General — Woollen,  Democrat,  194,- 
752 ;  Baldwin,  Republican,  180,291 ;  Gregory, 
National,  88,267.  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction— -Smart,  Democrat,  195,805 ;  Mer- 


the  State  Legislature  was  as  follows : 

fi«U. 

HOMI. 

Democrats • 

84 

18 

8 

BO 

Bepobllcftna 

Nfttion^lft T 

80 
11 

Totil 

flO 

100 

444  INSEOHVOBOUS  PLANTS. 

rill,  RepablicaO)  179,976 ;   Tonng,  National|  the  form  of  pieces  of  roast  beef  of  abont  one 

87,687.  fiftieth  of  a  grain,  while  those  on  the  otbtfr 

The  result  of  the  election  of  members  of  side  of  the  partition  were  left  entirely  to  the 

ordinary  sustenance  of  plants.  After  the  sec- 
ond day's  feeding  the  experiment  was  inter- 
rupted, and  first  resumed  on  the  5th  of  July. 
By  the  15th  of  July  the  fed  plants  were  noticed 
to  be  much  fresher  and  greener  than  the  others, 
and  a  microscopical  examination  revealed  a 
much  larger  quantity  of  chlorophyl  than  the 
starved  plants,  and  that  the  grains  of  chloro- 
phyl were  loaded  with  starch;  the  nitroge- 
INSEOTIVOROUS  PLANTS.  The  fact  neons  diet  therefore  promoted  the  assimilation 
that  certain  plants  capture  insects  by  aid  of  a  of  plant-food  and  the  storing  of  reserve  mate- 
sticky  secretion  which  exudes  from  their  leaves,  rial.  By  the  6th  of  August  there  were  found 
and  inclose  them  by  a  shutting  action  of  their  on  count  to  be  49  per  cent,  more  plants  in  the 
leaves,  has  been  long  observed  by  botanists.  4^vision  fed  with  beef  than  in  the  other,  al- 
The  best  known  of  these  plants  was  the  Dith  uiough  the  unfed  plants  were  slightly  in  exotsss 
naa  mu$cipula^  or  Venas'sny-trap,  in  America,  and  more  vigorous  at  the  beginning  of  the  ex- 
and  the  DroMra  or  sundew,  which  grows  in  periment.  By  the  end  of  August  the  plants 
peat-bogs  in  Europe.  These  species  are  pro-  nad  blossomed  and  the  seeds  were  ripe.  The 
vided  with  bristles  and  tentacles,  from  the  seed  capsuleswere  out  off  and  the  seeds  coon  ted, 
glandular  extremities  of  which  the  viscid  lime  and  the  plants  in  the  two  divisions  were  com- 
which  attracts  and  detains  the  insects  is  se-  pared  as  to  number,  sixe,  weight,  number  of 
oreted.  The  pitcher-plants  entrap  the  insects  capsules  and  their  weight,  and  number  of  seeds 
which  are  attracted  into  their  hollow  leaves  and  their  weight.  In  one  respect  only,  that  of 
by  means  of  short  stiff  spines  in  their  month,  height,  the  comparison  was  in  favor  of  the 
which  allow  ingress  but  no  egress.  The  leaves  unfed  plants,  ana  here  only  in  the  proportion 
of  the  bladder  wort  are  provided  with  sacs  of  100  to  99*9.  In  everv  other  particular  they 
which  have  a  similar  funnel-shaped  mouth  were  excelled  by  the  plants  which  bad  been 
guarded  by  converging  needles.  Ellis,  a  con-  supplied  with  animal  food.  The  portions  of 
temporary  of  Linneus,  first  asserted  that  the  the  plant  connected  with  the  functiona  of  re- 
J^ioncM  was  nurtured  by  the  captured  insects,  production  showed  the  advantage  of  nitroge- 
since  they  were  suffused  by  a  slimy  liquid  which  nous  food  in  the  most  marked  degree ;  ^while 
dissolved  them.  Other  botanists  revived  the  the  proportion  between  the  average  weights 
hypothesis  from  time  to  time;  but  the  most  of  the  starved  and  the  fed  plants  was  as  100  to 
extensive  investigation  of  the  subject  was  141*8;  the  proportion  in  the  number  of  flower- 
made  by  Oharles  Darwin,  who  published  the  stalks  was  100  to  169*9 ;  in  the  total  nmnber 
results  of  his  observations  in  a  book  on  insec-  of  seeds,  100  to  241*5 ;  and  in  the  average 
tivorous  plants  in  1876.  His  observations  were  weight  of  the  seeds,  100  to  879*7.  The  plants 
supplemented  by  those  of  Eohn,  Hooker,  and  of  three  plates  were  left  in  the  hothouse  over 
others.  It  was  established  that  the  structure  winter  and  were  again  examined  in  the  spring, 
of  various  plants  is  completely  adapted  to  the  The  rootstocks  of  the  fed  plants  were  oonsid- 
capture  of  insects,  that  the  insects  are  digested  erably  the  largest ;  the  average  weights  of  the 
by  a  secretion  which  possesses  the  properties  two  sorts  were  as  100  to  213  in  favor  of  the 
of  gastric  juice,  and  that  they  are  absoroed  by  plants  which  had  been  fed  in  the  aummer. 
the  plant.  But  there  was  no  proof  that  the  Thus,  in  spite  of  the  amount  of  energy  and 
animal  substances  serve  as  a  true  food  to  the  material  consumed  in  the  production  of  two 
plant,  and  that  the  plant  is  benefited  by  the  and  a  half  times  as  many  seeds,  and  four  times 
diet.  Many  observers  thought  that  they  had  as  great  an  aggregate  weight  of  seeds,  the  set 
found  indications  to  the  contrary,  and  that  the  of  plants  nourished  with  a  regnlar  small  aapply 
operation  was  abnormal  and  purely  pathologi-  of  nitrogenous  food  during  the  season  fthe 
oaL  This  past  vear  Francis  Darwin  has  been  whole  amount  taken  amounting  only  to  a  few 
engaged  in  an  elaborate  series  of  observations  grains)  were  stimulated  also  to  lay  up  a  reserve 
on  the  habits  of  the  Droiera,  which  supply  the  of  food  material  which  enabled  them  to  anb- 
missiug  link  of  evidence,  and  show  that  that  sist  through  the  winter  and  come  out  in  the 
plant  is  directly  and  decidedly  benefited  by  its  spring  more  than  twice  as  heavy  as  the  planta 
animal  food.  He  planted  a  number  of  sundews  which  had  been  deprived  of  animal  nutriment, 
in  plates,  placing  a  wooden  partition  across  Similar  experiments  have  been  carried  on  in 
the  middle  of  each  plate  to  separate  the  plants  Germany  by  Reiss,  Eellermann,  and  Yon  Ran- 
into  two  divisions.  He  placed  them  in  a  hot-  mer.  The  food  used  by  them  was  aphides 
house  and  covered  the  whole  with  fine  muslin  instead  of  meat  Their  results  were  fully  in 
to  prevent  the  access  of  insects.  He  com-  accord  with  Darwin's.  Whatever  be  the  trana- 
menced  his  experiment  on  the  12th  of  June,  formation  of  the  organic  nitrogenous  sob- 
giving  the  plants  on  one  side  of  each  plate  a  stances  after  they  have  been  absorbed  into  the 
regular  and  frequent  supply  of  animal  food  in  vegetable  structure,  these  observationa  e«tab- 


IOWA.  446 

hsh  beyond  question  the  fact  that  the  an}mal  States  Senator  hj  20  majority  in  the  Senate 
tissue  is  assimilated  by  the  plant,  and  acts  as  and  41  majority  in  the  House. 
A  real  food,  enabling  it  to  produce  a  greater  In  the  House  the  following  resolutions  re- 
number of  larger  seeds,  and  to  store  up  a  lating  to  financial  questions  were  introduced 
greater  quantity  of  reserve  material.  and  referred  to  the  appropriate  committee : 

IOWA.     The  Legislature  of  Iowa  assembled  A  U  reto/ved  hy  the  SenaU  and  Bouse  of  Beprtsen* 

at  Des  Moines  on  January  14th.     Governor  tativa  o/ the  State  of  Iowa.  That  the  act  of  Conms* 

Gear  was  inausrurated  a  few  days  afterward.  d«nioneti«iiig  the  silver  dollar  w«b  procured  without 

In  bis  inauguraJ  address  he  sets  fori;h  the  re-  ^^  ^T*^**  *"*?**?*??  *^5f®^?'  K^^  P^^'P]*'  ^^ 
u  TT\.^  1  *•  ^  Jv  °^"'.-*"*  J  i!  A;  WM  A  measure  for  the  benent  of  oapitalists  and  spec- 
suits  of  the  regulation  of  the  railroads  by  the  yiatora  in  gold,  ixyuriously  affectmg  the  industrial 
State.  A  previous  General  Assembly  enacted  and  commercial  interests  of  the  country ;  and  said 
a  law  controlling  these  railways  in  their  Bot,  by  withdrawing  an  important  factor  of  the  cir- 
charges  for  the  transportotion  of  passengers  oulfttingmediam^hwlaige^^ 
and  freight.  The  constitutionality  of  the  law  ^^^  That'sUver  bein?kn  American  product,  and  as 
has  been  affirmed  by  the  Umted  States  Su-  much  of  the  nation's  wealth  exists  in  its  silver 
preme  Court.  The  principle  of  the  control  of  mines,  the  unrestricted  coinage  of  this  metal  into 
railway  and  all  other  corporations  created  by  legal-tender  money  would  open  a  wide  and  hirfily 
find  nndpr  thA  atAtntAA  nf  fliA  J^tjatA  U  hnaArl  rtn  remunerative  field  for  American  enterprise;  ana  by 
!  «.f«  1  u  !S^  ^  r  ♦  otoW  IS  Dased  on  ^^^^  ^j^^  atandard  sUver  dollar  a  fu\\  legal  ten- 
a  natural  kw,  and  pertams  to  the  State  m  her  der  fof  all  debts,  public  and  private,  a  pennanent 
8o?ereign  capacity,  and  can  not  be  surrendered,  and  much-needed  addition  to  our  national  currency 
It  therefore  follows  that  the  application  of  the  would  be  supplied, 
principle  becomes  simply  a  question  of  policy.  ,  *•  l**^**  ^^*  strictest  obsarvance  of  national  faith 

kw  «d  all  other  corporation,  e^^^  in  te»v?^;S.Vn»,;'ir^  S'eS^ISt^To 

pubhc  bosmesa  should  be  controUed  by  statute  the  expressed  terms  of  the  bondsand  the  laws  under 

in  sncn  manner  as  shall  work  for  the  best  in-  which  they  were  issued. 

terests  of  both  corporations  and  State.    While  *•   That  the  legal-tender  notes  of  the  United 

corporate  property  should  be  rigidly  compelled  5*»*««  constitute  the  most  convenient  and  substan- 

fr^K^a*  *\S,  ^^^^\^mA^^  ^4?  ♦Jlro^frv^  ^Sa  ««  tial  paper  Circulation  that  has  yet  been  devised :  and 

^.v.    .*T®  ^S^^^\  of  taxation  and  re-  ^id  notes  being  now  nearly  at  par  with  go\l  no 

Bponsibility  to  law  that  the  State  exacts  from  necessityfortheirretirement  and  redemption  exists; 

the  indiridual,  it  is  also  entitled  to  equal  pro-  and  any  further  contraction  thereof,  unoer  any  pre- 

tection,  in  all   its  rights,  to  that  which  the  t«°»e»  o'  fo»'  «ny  purpose  whatever,  would  tend  to 

law  accords  the  citizen.    It  should  be  the  set-  [l^^^^  <>"'  financial  embarrassments  and  still  fta^ 

ti^  .V  V        J  Zu    ot  r             li.    A^              ^  ther  oppress  the  material  mteresU  of  the  country. 

tied  pohey  of  the  State,  says  the  Governor,  to  g.  f^^^  ^hile  the  oonvertibUity  of  our  paper  cir- 

encoDrage  by  wise  and  liberal  legislation  the  culation  into  coin  at  the  will  of  the  holder  is  a  re- 
investment of  foreign  capital  within  her  limits,  suit  that  should  not  be  abandoned  or  lost  sight  of, 
which  is  80  much  needed  for  her  growth  and  resumption,  in  the  absence  of  silver  as  one  of  the 

devdopment  in  the  future;  and  alf  legislation  rt'S:i^';$£i'u^trt'r.^'3X''li''?i'5^'l 

inat  may  affect  this  future  should  be  wisely  «»  a  sUndard  of  value  with  gold,  and  the  nation's 

considered.      Every   dollar   of   such    capital,  induxtries  are  fully  prepared  for  ite  consummation, 

whether  invested  in  railways,  manufactures,  6.  That  the  judgment  of  the  American  people  and 

or  any  description  of  corporate  property,  is  an  *^«  ^JlJE'^f  !lP'y'''Pl?^'ljP£^"^,!l^^^ 

ijidition  to  tL  taxable  Jropert^  aj/perma-  ^.^eS^hM^^^ 

Dent  wealth  of  the  btate.^  The  tanff  law  has  the  foregoing  propositions,  and  by  such  policy  re- 
been  in  operation  something  over  three  years,  newed  vigor  will  be  imparted  to  individual  and  pub- 
and  ample  opportunity  has  been  given  to  oh-  l^c  enterprise,  flnancial  confidence  restored,  and  our 
serve  its  operations;  and  it  therefore  devolves  JJPjf  ^^^Si7,  '^^'''^  bankruptcy  and  ruin  eflfec- 
on  this  General  Assembly  to  remedy  its  de-  "?.  ^hllo^'our  Senators  are  hereby  instructed,  and 
lecU,  If  any  have  been  developed.  Some  por-  our  Bepresentatives  requested,  by  their  votes  in 
tion.s  of  the  State  favor  the  law  as  it  is,  while  ("onfrress  to  maintain  the  principles  announced  in 
other  sections  ask  for  its  modification,  on  the  ^«  foregoing  resolutions, 
ground  that  their  products  'Ace  taxed  more  for  The  Committee  made  a  majority  report  era- 
transportation  than  they  should  be,  and  that  bracing  certain  resolutions.  The  first  declared 
ihe  law,  in  its  present  form,  is  a  discrimina-  **  that  it  is  the  deliberate  sentiment  and 
tion  against  their  interests.  These  different  opinion  of  this  body  that  all  the  interest-bear- 
opinions  in  regard  to  the  law  are  the  results  ing  obligations  of  the  United  States  may  be 
of  its  workings  in  different  localities,  and  this  paid  in  gold  or  silver  coin  of  the  standard 
conditio;!  of  affairs  demands  your  careful  at-  weight  and  fineness  provided  for  by  the  law 
teDtion  as  to  the  proper  remedy.  If  on  exam-  existing  at  the  date  of  such  obligations.*'  This 
ination  the  law  snould  be  found  to  work  in-  was  approved  without  amendment.  The  sec- 
JQUice  to  any  portion  of  the  State,  it  ought  to  ond  declared  "  that  the  coinage  of  the  412^ 
he  modified,  or  some  different  application  of  grain  silver  doUar,  provided  for  by  the  act  of 
the  principle  of  control  should  be  resorted  to,  1837,  should  be  restored,  without  limit,  as  the 
^^  order  that  the  producing  interests  of  the  unit  of  value  in  the  United  States,  and  that  it 
State,  which  are  the  basis  of  her  prosperity,  should  be  made  a  legal  tender  in  any  sum  for 
^J  be  harmonized  and  protected.  all  debts,  public  or  national  and  private.*' 
Mr.  William  B.  Allison  was  elected  United  This  was  amended  by  adding  the  words,  '*  ex- 


1 


446  IOWA. 

oept  such  oontractB  as  by  their  terms  are  ex-  leaves  with  the  jurjr  the  power  to  hang  the 

?ressl7  payable  in  gold/^  and  then  approved,  murderer  or  to  send  him  to  the  penitentiary 
he  third  declared  *'  that  there  shomd  be  no  for  life, 
farther  retirement  or  contraction  of  the  Unit-  A  bill  was  passed  in  the  Senate  to  aDow  de- 
ed States  legal-tender  notes  under  any  pre-  fendants  in  criminal  actions  to  become  wit- 
tense  or  for  any  purpose  whatever,  except  all  nesses  in  their  own  behalf— yeas  87,  nays  7.  > 
bills  under  the  dei^omination  of  five  dollars.''  The  bill  provides  that "  defendants  in  all  crim- 
It  was  amended  by  adding,  after  the  words  inal  proceedings  shall  be  competent  witneaeeg 
«« five  dollars,"  **  until  such  contraction  shall  be  in  their  own  behalf,  but  can  not  be  called  as 
justified  by  the  commercial  interests  and  finan-  witnesses  by  the  State;  and  should  a  defen- 
cial  prosperity  of  the  nation,"  and  striking  out  dant  not  elect  to  become  a  witness,  that  fact 
the  words  *'  under  any  pretense  or  for  any  shall  not  have  any  weight  against  him  on  the 
purpose  whatever,"  and  then  approved.  The  trial,  nor  shall  the  attorney  or  attorneys  for 
fourth,  ^Hbat  the  resumption  act  should  not  at  the  State,  during  the  txial,  refer  to  the  &ct 
present  be  repealed,"  was  approved.  Subse-  that  the  defendant  did  not  testify  in  his  own 
quently  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  the  behalf;  and  should  he  do  so,  such  attorney  or 
Whole  was  amended  by  the  adoption  of  the  attorneys  will  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and 
following  substitute — ^yeas  62,  nays  28.  defendant  shall  for  that  cause  alone  be  entitled 

to  a  new  ^al." 

r^^r*?(^*'**'u^^^^'*!5^i,^'^*2r'^i5^^  A  resolution  was  passed  authoriring  the 

.fowa.  That  the  public  credit  ihould  be  sacredly  main-  a«^„^,„^^  4^  «».«^;„*  ^u^^  n^^^i.^^^^^  «# 

tained,  and  all  the  obligationa  of  the  Government  governor  to  appomt  three  Commissioners  of 

honestly  discharged ;  we  favor  the  early  attainment  Emigration,  to  serve  without  expense  to  the 

of  a  ourrenoy  convertible  with  coin,  and  therefore  State. 

advocate  the  gradusl  resumption  of  specie  payments  j^  joint  resolution  to  amend  the  State  Con- 
by  continuous  and  ateady  steos  in  that  direction.  Btitution,  so  as  to  allow  a  trial  in  all  courts 
The  silver  dollar  havmg  been  the  legal  unit  of  ■»"«"v"j  «^  *  1  4Z  *  1  wuiw 
value  from  the  foundation  of  the  Federal  Govern-  ^>th  a  jiUT  of  lew  than  twelve  men,  was 
ment  until  1878,  the  law  under  which  its  coinage  passed  m  the  Hous»— yeas  77,  nays  8.  Anoth^ 
was  suspended  should  be  repealed  at  the  earliest  joint  resolution  to  amend  the  Constitution,  so 
possible  day,  and  sUver  made,  with  ffold,  a  leffal  ten-  ^g  ^o  provide  for  the  rendering  of  verdicts  by 

ItlviZ,       ^^^  '  ^  1«»  ^^^"^  ^^^  ^^«^®  ^'^"^^  *^  jurymen,  wm 

That  we  believe  the  present  volume  of  the  legal-  amended  so  as  to  apply  only  to  civil  cases,  and 

tender  currency  should  be  maintained  until  the  wants  adopted — ^yeas  66,  nays  28. 
of  trade  and  commerce  demand  its  further  oontrao        Iq  tiie  House  a  bill  was  passed  making  good 

^^;  .  ^i.u  i*'v^        jji.  conduct  a  source  of  diminution  of  sentence  in 

That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  forwarded  to  ..  ^  ,*^«:*^«*4.^  «♦  Ano^,/^.     t*  ^,^^a^  fk-t 

our  Senator/iid  Bepresentatives  in  Congress.  ^°«  penitentiapr  at  Anamosa.    It  provides  that 

any  convict  who  shall  have  no  ill  behavior  re- 
A  bill  was  considered  in  the  Senate  to  re-  corded  against  him  for  the  first  month  shall 
store  capital  punishment  for  murder  in  the  first  have  his  sentence  diminished  one  day ;  for  the 
degree.  It  was  urged  in  its  favor  that  crime  second  month  of  good  behavior,  two  addition- 
had  increased  from  year  to  year,  and  that  it  al  days;  for  the  third  month,  three  additional 
was  increasing  more  and  more  rapidly  each  days;  for  the  fourth  month,  four  additional 
year.  There  was  also  a  great  increase  of  mob  days ;  and  five  days  for  each  month  thereafter, 
law  during  the  last  few  years,  since  the  abo-  It  failed  to  pass  in  the  Senate, 
lition  of  the  death  penalty.  Senator  Stone-  A  bill  was  also  passed  providing  for  the  as- 
man  said  he  believed  that  if  the  question  had  sessment  and  taxation  of  telegn^>h  lines  in  the 
come  up  before  the  General  Assembly  in  its  State. 

cooler  moments,  when  no  feelings  of  sym-       The  dissatisfaction  in  the  State  at  the  opera- 

pathy  could  have  been  brought  to  bear,  the  tion  of  the  railroad  tariff  law  had  increased  to 

death  penalty  would  never  have  been  repealed,  such  a  degree  that  a  bill  was  brought  before 

The  death  penalty  is  a  simple  act  of  justice  to-  the  House  for  the  appointment  of  Railroad 

ward  the  criminal  and  of  safety  to  society.  Commissioners  ai\4  ft  modification  or  practical 

Senator  Nichols,  of  Guthrie,  the  author  of  the  repeal  of  the  tariff  rates.    In  the  House,  while 

bill,  thought  that  with  a  cold-blooded  mur-  the  bill  was  under  consideration,  Mr.  Gleason 

derer  there  was  no  hope  of  reformation.    This  said  that  the  railroad  law  was  passed  under  a 

bill  provides  for  the  intervention  of  one  yearns  demand  from  the  people  during  the  Granger 

time  after  conviction,  and  gives  the  Governor  excitement,  when  the  war  against  all  classes  of 

the  power  to  reprieve  for  a  longer  time  if  cir-  capital  raged  strong  and  bitter.    The  whole 

cumstanoes  seem  to  require.   The  crime  of  rour-  railroad  legislation  is  directed  against  the  local 

der  is  the  greatest  in  the  calendar  of  crime,  and  rates,  and  the  deficit,  therefore,  is  made  up  on 

should  be  visited  with  the  severest  punishment,  the  through  rates.    The  law,  then,  is  for  the 

He  thought  the  people  of  the  State  demanded  benefit  of  a  few  wholesale  merchants  and  mana- 

tiiat  something  should  be  done,  because  crime  facturers.    He  then  proceeded  to  contrast  the 

is  on  the  increase.    After  considerable  oppo-  tsAhq  of  St  Louis  and  Chicago  as  markets  for 

sition,  the  bill  passed  the  Senate — ^yeas  28,  nays  the  grain  and  live  stock  of  Iowa.    He  favored 

19.    Near  the  close  of  the  session  the  bill  was  the  bill,  first,  because  he  believed  it  was  to  the 

passed  in  the  House  by  a  small  majority.    It  interest  of  Lis  people  locally,  and  second,  be 


IOWA.  447 

tame  he  believed  it  to  be  to  the  interest  of  the  upon  its  road,  or  anj  addition  to  its  rolling 
people  of  the  Btate.  It  appears  that  the  enact-  stock,  or  anj  addition  to  or  change  of  its  sta- 
ment  of  the  so-called  "  Granger  Railroad  law  "  tions  or  station-hoases,  or  any  change  in  its 
affected  the  transportation  oi  wheat,  com,  and  rates  of  fares  for  transporting  freight  or  pas- 
live  stock,  the  three  ^^rincipal  products  of  the  sengers,  or  any  change  in  the  mode  of  oper- 
State,  as  follows :  Wheat  was  carried,  as  it  ating  its  road  and  conducting  its  business,  is 
was  stated,  from  Atlantic,  for  instance,  to  Chi-  reasonable  and  expedient  in  order  to  promote 
cago,  before  its  passage,  for  88  cents  per  bun-  the  security,  convenience,  and  accoounodation 
dred  or  $70  per  car-load  of  ten  tons ;  but  after  of  the  public,  said  Railroad  Gommissioners 
the  paasage  of  that  law  it  cost  87  cents  per  shall  inform  such  railroad  corporation  of  the 
bundred  pounds,  or  $10  per  oar  of  ten  tons  improvements  and  changes  which  they  adjudge 
more  than  before ;  and  com  before  its  passage  to  be  proper,  by  a  notice  thereof  in  writing  to 
coit  27  cents  per  hundred  pounds  to  carry  it  be  servea  by  leaving  a  copy  thereof  certified 
from  Atlantic  to  Chicago,  but  afterward  82  by  the  Commissioners*  clerk  with  any  station 
cents  per  hundred,  making  it  five  cents  higher,  agent^s  clerk,  treasurer,  or  any  director  of  said 
or  a  difFerenoe  of  ten  dollars  more  on  a  car-  corporation ;  and  a  report  of  the  proceedings 
load  of  ten  tons.  On  live  stock,  cattle  and  shall  be  included  in  the  annual  report  of  the 
hogs,  per  car  from  Atlantic  to  Chicago  before  Commissioners  to  the  Legislature, 
the  law,  the  tariff  was  $69.80,  but  since  its  The  tariff  act  is  repealed,  and  the  foUow- 
passage  $78  per  car.  It  was  urged  that,  while  ing  section  contains  the  provisions  relating  to 
the  tariff  had  lessened  local  freights,  these  charges,  etc: 

were  hardly  17  per  cent,  of  the  tr^c  of  the  ^o  nulroad  oorporation  shaU  oharge,  demand,  or 

otate.    Ibe  Xaxm  benefited  only  a  lew  towns  j-mmIvo  from  any  peraon,  company,  or  corporation, 

in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  and  by  the  for  the  transportntion  of  penona  or  property,  or  for 

restoration  of  harmony  between  the  people  ^^7  <>ther  aenrice,  a  greater  sum  than  it  shall  at  the 

and  the  raih-oad  interests  both  would  profit  ""« ^»™«  ehuge,  demand,  or  nceive  from  any  oth- 

and  new  life  bTiriv^  to  western  Iowa.     The  ?  P^T°'  •o'^P^^y*  <>'  oorporation  for  a  like  aenrice, 

ana  new  iiie  do  given  W)  weswrn  lowa.     ine  f^om  the  same  place,  or  upon  like  condition  and  un- 

biU  passed  the  House— yeas  56,  nays  48.     In  der  similar  circumatancea ;  and  all  conoeaaiona  of 

the  Senate  it  was  stated  that  the  present  law  rates,  drawbacka,  and  contraota  for  apecial  rates 

had  largely  increased  the  revenue  of  the  State,  *hall  be  open  to  and  allowed  all  persona,  companiea, 

bat  the  commissioner  system  was  regarded  as  "I?  <»T>o«tio"  alike,  st  the  same  r^e  pw  ton  per 

.v-^*     VI        Sr^    vMi  "-^""^  "       J  •og»i«c«  no  jjjjj    ^   car-load,  unleaa,  by  reaaon  of  the  eactra  coal 

preferable.     The  bdl  was  passed  after  some  of  timeportation  per  ciiwroad  upon  Uke  condition 

dueossion — ^yeas  29,  nays  20.  and  under  similar  circumatancea  from  a  different 

The  act  provides  for  the  appointment  by  the  point,  the  same  would  be  unreaaonable  and  inequi- 


tnto  any  neglect  or  violation  of  the  laws  of 

the  State  by  any  railroad  oorporation  doing  The  repeal  of  the  railroad  tariff  law,  and  the 

bosiness  therein,  or  by  the  officers,  agents,  or  change  in  the  law  permitting  a  migority  of  the 

employees  thereof ;  and  shall  also  from  time  people  of  a  township  to  vote  aid  to  railroads, 

to  time  carefully  examine  and  inspect  the  con-  instead  of  requiring  two  thirds  as  heretofore, 

dition  of  each  railroad  in  the  State,  and  of  its  stimulated  railroad-building  in  Iowa  during  the 

equipment,  and  the  manner  of  its  conduct  and  year. 

management,  with  reference  to  the  public  safe-  In  the  House  a  proposed  amendment  of  the 

ty  and  convenience ;  and  for  the  purpose  of  Constitution,  permittmg  women  to  vote  and 

keeping  the  several  railroad  companies  advised  hold  office,  was  adopted — yeas  56,  nays  42. 

as  to  the  safety  of  tiieir  bridges,  shall  make  a  This  also  passed  the  Senate.    Also  a  joint  reso- 

lemi-annual  examination  of  the  same  and  re-  lutiontostrikefromtheConstitution  the  words 

port  their  condition  to  the  said  companies.'  **free  white,*'  and  nroviding  foe  the  election 

And  if  any  bridge  shall  be  deemed  unsafe  by  and  admission  of  colored  men  to  the  Legisla* 

the  Commissioners,  they  shall  notify  the  rail-  ture,  passed  the  House— yeas  74,  nays  4.    The 

road  company  immediately,  and  it  shall  be  the  Senate  also  passed  it — yeas  88,  nays  8. 

doty  of  the  said  railroad  company  to  repair  All  proposed  amendroentsto  the  Constitution 

and  put  in  good  order,  within  ten  days  after  passed  at  this  session  must  be  submitted  to  the 

receinng  said  notice,  said  bridge ;  and  in  de-  next  subsequent  Legislature,  and  adopted  by 

fault  thereof  said  Commissioners  are  hereby  it,  previous  to  a  vote  by  the  people. 

SQthorixed  and  empowered  to  stop  and  prevent  A  State  Convention  of  the  county  Supervisors 

Mid  railroad  company  from  running  or  passing  recommended  to  the  Legislature  among  other 

its  trains  over  said  bridge  while  in  its  unsafe  things  the  abolition  of  the  grand-jury  system 

condition.    Whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  and  the  trial  of  offenders  by  information.    For 

Railroad  Commissioners  it  shall  appear  that  this  purpose  a  joint  resolution  was  proposed  in 

sny  railroad  corporation  fails  in  any  respect  the  nenate  to  amend  the  Constitution  by  the 

or  particular  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  its  insertion  of  the  following  in  lieu  of  section  11: 

charter  or  the  laws  of  the  Stete,  or  whenever  ^11  offpnaea  lesa  than  felony,  and  hi  which  the 

)a  their  judgment  any  repairs  are  necessary  punishment  does  not  exceed  a  fine  of  one  hundred 


448  IOWA. 

dollan  or  Imprisonintiit  for  thirtr  day,  shall  bo  Fromerimlaal  expeoMt inMUlO 

tried  oummaiilT  before  a  jiutioeof  tbepeaoo  or  other  |J«n  Iimum  Mylomi. iMJtf  41 

offloer  authorixed  by  law,  on  infoimation  under  oath,  £~™  SSS^H^ i?J}S  m 

saving  to  the  defendant  the  right  of  appeal ;  and  no  yrwnpwp-to "^^^  "^ 

person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  any  nigher  erimi-  Totil 9729,088  • 

nal  offense,  unless  held  to  answer  by  a  magistrate  or 

ooort  aathoriaed  by  law  after  an  investigation  aooord-        The  proceedings  of  the  Oonvention  of  Sa- 

ing  to  law,  exoept  in  eases  ariaing  in  the  army  or  peryisors  contained  some  important  sogges- 

S^Vir^'w  °  ublirdin*eT^*iSid  ^^^^    ^  memorial  was   addressed  to  both 

tioM^may  le  conduo^fd  witTout^rewXent^^Xw  Hous«5  of  the  Legislature  requesting  the  adop- 

ment,  or  the  intervention  of  a  gnnd  Jury.  tion  of  several  recommendations,  among  whica 

In  the  discussion  that  foUowed,  Senator  Teale  '^^^  ^«  foUowing: 
said  that  the  amendment  did  not  require  the       JSmoZviJ,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Convention 

abolition  of  the  grand  jury,  but  simply  left  the  t^t  the  Constitution  of  Iowa  ahoold  be  so  amended 

matter  in  the  control  of  the  Legislature.    After  ••  ^  vromn  legislative  reform  tending  tu  decre«« 

♦k:«  .»«^i.-.4-:^»  :-  «^^^4.^^  u  E,:ii  u^  ^»^^^4.i.  our  expenses  and  reduce  the  burden  of  taxation,  aid 

this  resolution  is  adopted  it  wiU  be  perfectly  t^at  the  time  has  oome  when  the  people  desirJ  ti,e 

competent  for  the  Legislature  to  change  the  aboUtion  of  the  grand  j  my,  or  the  proper  limitatiim 

present  system  by  reducing  the  number  of  grand  of  their  powers, 
jurors,  or  by  providing  for  the  finding  of  in-       That  the  office  of  diatrict  attorney  should  be  doD« 

formations  by  a  prosecuting  attorney,  or  by  a  JiJ''  ^'^'  ^^  ^""""'^^  ^"^  *  ^^  """"^^  ""^  ^"^ 
bench  of  magistrates.    This  can  not  be  done       xiat  the  bill  now  before  tlie  General  AbsemWy 

at  present,  because  the  word  grand  jury  as  used  for  redacing  the  number  of  the  grand  jurors  to  seveo 

in  the  Constitution  means  twelve  men,  and  the  is  earnestly  recommended, 
word  Indictment  includes  the  idea  of  an  accu-       That  the  vagrant  laws  be  so  amended  as  to  allow 

sation  made  by  twelve  men,  legally  drawn,  ▼■fif^ntotobeaummanlv  dealt  with  be^^ 

1^  VM       «v*«  wj   v.T«*  y   u^«u,  Ac.(,fMij    uiovTu,  of  the  peace,  instead  of  bemg  committed  to  the  dift- 

summoned  and  sworn  m  due  form  and  strict  trict  court  for  trial. 

compliance  with  all  the  requirements  of  law.        That  the  court  require  the  parties  in  each  case  to 

The  question   of  the  power  of  the  State  to  state  whether  thev  wish  a  jury  trial  or  trial  bj  a 

adopt  any  other  system  had  been  decided  forty  «o,«;rt  <>n  the  first  day  of  the  term  when  the  docket  is 

years  ago,  and  no  discredit  has  yet  been  thrown  T^^lH  snd^t  the  court  make  the  entry  on  tho 

*u  T  J     •  •        iTa  •!  il       •        ^'^u  uiii  V w  u  tioQjtei  accordingly  ;  and  if  any  party  do  not  call  for 

on  that  decision,  but  it  has  in  every  instance  .jury  trial  on  the  first  day  of  the  tefm,  it  shall  he  f 

been  reaffirmed.     The  speaker  then  cited  the  trial  by  the  court,  and  all  iury  oases  shall  be  tried 

decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  ^"t.  and  the  jury  dismissed. 

States,  and  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  ,  T'***  ^l^^?  i"7  ^•f*  "*  «i^  <»»«■  ^  ^^^  ^  *^« 

three  States  had  already  adopted  the  reformed  ^'^'iZ^:^^^r.^:;^T;:hould  be  put  upon  justices  of 

system.    Mr.  Ham  said  the  system  had  been  the  peace,  so  that  they  shall  not  entertain  so  manj 

abolished  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  al-  petty  cases  merely  to  make  a  bill  of  cosu  against  tb« 

most  entirely  in  Kansas ;  and  he  thought  the  ^^7-  „  ...        ,,,.,, 

universal  testimony  was  that  the  people  of       Thrt  all  counties  having  a  bonded  indobtodnesi 

4-Yt/wi/i  flfaf Ao  «rA««  «.«ii  ^^^icfi^A  ^uu  ii.    *       11  •"•ll  be  allowed  to  issue  new  bonds  where  the  aame 

those  States  were  well  satisfied  with  the  work-  can  be  placed  at  a  lower  nte  of  interest  than  the  old 

lugs  of  the  laws  providing  for  trial  upon  infor-  ones,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  the  old  bonds, 
mation.     He  denoanoed  the  grand  jury  as  a       That  all  counties  having  a  floating  indebtednem 

machine  by  which  some  men  are  enabled  to  pnor  to  March  1, 1878,  shall  be  allowed  to  bond  the 

vAnt   thAir   nnif  A   nnnn    /ifliai*a    on/1  fiinf   ^\r,«  same  in  accordance  with  the  oonditiona  of  the  laws 

ZgeSr  pX «  To«ld  t^emoJedX  tbe  ""^  '^  '""^ «"'«"«'  ^•"'""'>  "=»-'*"  ^^- 
abolition  of  the  entire  system.  The  subject  The  amount  of  public  land  that  has  been  ap- 
was  still  further  discussed  by  the  Senate,  but  proved  and  certified  to  the  State  of  Iowa  under 
the  amendment  can  not  proceed  without  the  the  several  grants  of  Congress  is  8,000,000  acrei, 
action  of  the  next  Legislature.  A  report  of  or  nearly  one  fourth  of  the  entire  State.  Of 
the  expense  of  the  system  from  all  the  coun-  this  amount  about  4,400,000  acres  were  appro- 
ties  of  the  State  except  nineteen  had  been  made  priated  to  the  State  to  aid  in  the  conatniction 
to  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  compiled  by  him.  of  railroads  and  the  improvement  of  the  Des 
It  showed  the  annual  expense  in  these  counties  Moines  River ;  1,660,000  acres  for  tho  support 
to  be  $92,219 ;  and  he  estimated  the  total  for  of  public  schools;  204,000  acres  for  the  Agri- 
the  State  at  $110,663.  cultural  College ;  46,000  acres  of  saline  ]and^ 
^  The  subject  of  temperance  was  extensively  the  unsold  portion  of  which  was  transferred 
discussed,  but  no  addition  was  made  to  the  to  the  State  University  by  an  act  of  the  Gen- 
nresent  law,  except  the  passage  of  a  bill  pro-  eral  Assembly,  approved  March  26,  1864;  and 
nibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors,  ale,  1,670,000  acres  of  swamp  lands,  inclu<ling  those 
wine,  or  beer,  within  a  distance  of  two  miles  lands  for  which  cash  and  land  indemnity  has 
of  any  town  or  city  where  such  sale  is  prohib-  been  allowed.  The  State  has  convey^  to 
ited,  or  while  an  election  is  held.  At  the  Con-  companies,  counties,  and  individuals  entitled 
vention  of  Supervisors  already  mentioned  the  thereto,  about  6,000,000  acres,  leaving  some 
following  statistics,  taken  from  oflScial  reports  2,000,000  acres  to  be  conveyed  in  the  future, 
for  1877,  were  presented  as  showing  the  public  The  following  table,  prepared  by  the  Audi- 
expense  of  the  use  of  intoxicating  liqaors  in  tor  of  the  State,  shows  the  live  stock  assessed  in 
Iowa :  the  State  for  eleven  years : 


TUlL. 

Vt.1 

Hr.'l 

N..  tf»riH 

iir: 

8<1T,W4 
1.119,011 

i.iM>4 

84UW8 
mi.UM 

S3 

i,uoa,flii 

i;»»>M 

iU^lM 

41,1T1 

Thi*  shows  an  average  increase  in  these  claBS- 
eiof  the  itandanl  stocks  of  10  per  cent,  per  an- 
num. Bat  the  following  table  shows  a  gradual 
d««re*M  in  valae  per  head  for  the  entire  eleven 


lUl. 

i 

'^' 

) 

It  seems  that  the  diseases  of  swine,  the  chief 
of  which  is  called  hog  cholera,  have  been  very 
destnictive  in  the  State.    The  Iosp  has  been 

e«limat«d  in  the  aggregate  at  $6,600,000. 

the  State  Auditora  of  several  States  report 
the  nnmber  of  swine  assessed  for  1878  as  fol- 


BTA-m. 

N«>- 

Vita. 

13ti,«ii 
■w  report 

Iowa  fields  the  first  place  to  Illinois,  and 
tikra  the  third  in  rank,  on  swine. 

Iq  ISTT  about  $20,000,000  was  lost  to  breed- 
(Tsand  farmers  through  hog-cholera,  of  which 
Iowa  coatrihated  nearljr  (3,500,000.  There  is 
but  little  abatement  of  the  disease.  The  hogs 
picked  in  Iowa  in  18T6-'TT  amonnted  to  419,- 
M3;  in  1877-78  to  48fl,860. 

The  namber  of  sheep  in  Iowa  in  1867  was 
1.698,836;  1875,724,304;  1877,818,489;  1878, 
288,228— a  decrease  from  186T  of  1,309,998, 
directlf  attributable  to  dogs. 

The  oat  crop  was  of  fine  qnalitj  and  large 
iDqaaotit;;  bnt  damaging  storms  came  and 
larjielj  reduced  it  when  nearly  readj  for  har- 
lert.  In  18T7  the  area  was  1,100,000  acres; 
ilie  product  46,750,000  bushels.  For  1878 
tight  coontiee  report  an  average  yield  of  39} 
tnihels  per  acre,  which  will  give,  with  the 
uu  of  1877,  a  product  of  48,450,000  bushels, 
>  decrease  from  18TT  of  8,800,000  bashels. 
His  average  price  was  13  cts.  per  bushel,  a 


Vol.  I 


—89    A 


FA.  449 

deoreaae  of  6  eta.  ^ty-five  per  cent,  will  be 
required  for  home  coDsuniptlon,  which  leaves 
16,207,000  bushels  fur  export,  producing  a 
revenue  of  |!, 976,976. 

Barley  is  the  most  uncertain  of  all  oereals 
in  Iowa.  The  crop,  which  promised  well  early 
in  the  season,  with  extraordinary  yield,  was. 
by  bad  weather  in  June,  largely  decreased  in 
quantity  and  quality.  The  aggregate  yield  wa* 
6,400,000  bushels,  valued  at  $1,940,000.  Tlie 
highest  price  paid  was  80  cts.,  the  lowest  11 
cts.     Average  yield,  37  hnshels  per  acre. 

Bye  is  well  adapted  to  Iowa,  and  seldom 
fails.  With  all  the  unfavorable  weather  for 
the  season,  the  product  was  but  little  uffected. 
The  area  is  placed  at  48,000  acres ;  yield,  90U,- 
000  bushels;  value,  $807,020.  Average  yield, 
21  bushels  per  acre ;  average  price  pud,  84 
cts.  Highest  price,  75  cts. ;  lowest,  26  cts. 
Highest  yield,  40  bushels;  lowest,  8  bushels. 

The  average  area  devoted  to  flax  was  72,984 
acres;  the  product  was  629,880  bushels  cf 
seed,  amouDtiug  at  |1.26  to  (662,295. 

It  is  estimated  that  6,100,000  acres  were 
planted  in  com  in  the  State  during  the  year. 
The  reports  of  84  counties  give  an  average 
yield  of  40  bushels  per  acre,  making  a  total 
product  of  204,000,000  bnsliels,  being  an  in- 
crease of  20,000,000  over  the  crop  of  1877. 
The  sorplus  is  estimated  at  24,000,000  bushels, 
which  at  17  cts.  per  bushel  would  bring  $4,- 
080,000. 

The  area  of  wheat  sown  was  8,260,000  acres, 
OS  against  8,220,000  in  1877.  The  intense  heat 
of  July  ]2Ih  greatly  iifjured  the  wheat  crop  of 
the  State;  yet  even  with  this  depreciation  It 
surpasses  tbat  of  any  other  State.  Thus  there 
was  a  depreciation  in  quality  and  a  difference 
in  price.    Of  the  84  counties  reporting,  only  8 


was  60  cia^iuiuiu(^  u  .  .  .  - , 

875,000.  The  surplus  was  15,000,000  bushels, 
prodncing  an  income  of  $7,500,000. 

The  sde  of  sho^^horned  cattle  for  1678 
amounted  to  722,  value  $171,906. 

The  af^egato  debts  of  the  railroads  in  Iowa 
are  estimated  at  (64,744,4 18. 62.  Of  this,  (8,- 
401,661.19  is  fioaUng  and  $61,342,767.83  bond- 
ed debt,  or  an  average  of  $16,574.80  per  mile. 
The  stock  and  debt  amoant  to$168,601,784.47, 
or  (36,949.80  per  mile.  If  the  Iowa  roads  are 
not  remunerative,  one  reason  for  it  is  that  they 
represent  largely  more  in  capital  than  they 
would  had  they  been  eoouomically  built.  The 
capital  and  debt  per  mile  of  the  narrow-gauge 
roads  are  reported  at  $6,779,  (8,600,  (8,925,  and 
$6,746,  showing  a  much  leas  expenditure  per 
mile  than  the  standard  gauge.  These  narrow 
gauges  are,  however,  cheaply  built  and  but 
poorly  furnished.  The  entire  earnings  of  Iowa 
roads  were :  Passengers,  mail,  and  express,  $5,- 
173,624.02;  freight  and  miscellaneons,  (15,685,- 
872.05— a  total  of  $20,714,496,07.  The  earnings 
from  passenger  trains  per  mile  run  vary  from 
$1.62  to  66  cts.  The  earnings  from  freight 
trdns  per  mile  ran  vary  from  $3.54  to  (1.09. 


460  IOWA. 

The  total  operating  expenses  of  the  roads  in  the  Besolvtd  by  the  Libera/  League  of  the  State  of  lowa^ 

State  are  $12,565,960.88,  varying  from  $1.44  in  ConpenUon  oeeemiM : 

per  train  mile  run  to  75  c4  Vh^ifference  be-  ^^Jo^'^^Tno^^Zl^'ufAr^^^^ 

tween  the  operating  expenses  and  the  earnings  the  Constitution  of  Iowa,  which  reftds  m  follows: 

is  $8,148,545.84.      The   expenses  of  six  roads  **  The  General  Aaaemblj  nhall  not  ^nmt  to  aoj  citl- 

exceed  their  gross  earnings.     Fifteen  roads  «®n.  o'  oIa«»  <>**  oitizena  righta,  privileges,  or  immu- 

nhrtw  ATI   PTPAQfl  nf   AAminira   nftor  dAdnrtinff  cities  which  siiall  not  upon   the  same  terou  b« 

snow  an  excess  or  eammp  aicer  aeaucung  ^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^   ^  citizens." 

operating  expenses,  interest,  taxes,  and  rental,  g.  That  the  exemption  of  church  property  from 

amounting  to  $4,928,687.81;  the  other  roads  taxation  is  unconstitutional  under  the  provisions  of 

a  deficit  of  $508,636.40 ;  net  income,  $4,415,-  the  Federal  and  State  Constitutions,  which  provide 

001.41,  add  to  which  the  rent  of  leased  roads  '^|^  .^^  person  shall  he  compeUed  to  support  aoy 

2^^;o\  i^?hT''    etc.,  $1,180,172.40     making  't^lJLuheTaL^^ 

$5,595,173.81,  a  net  earning  per  mile  on  the  and  void,  and  are  impossible  of  execution,  being  op- 
entire  lines  in  the  State  of  $1,845.98.  The  posed  to  natural  law:  that  no  one  should  he  com* 
total  amount  of  taxes  paid  is  $594,912.65.  pelled  to  labor  or  not  labor  on  any  day. 
The  companies  own  2,958-88  mUes  of  road  run  f  .That  a  repubUc  should  never  create  by  law  a 
v«.  ^.v *^  1  oAo.o>r  «-!v  i.v«-«^  ««^  «„«  ^«:^i«>  privdepfed  class,  for  the  reason  that  pnvdeffed  class- 
by  them;  1,203-27  are  leased  and  ran  naainly  J^  ^^J     y^^^^^^  tyrannical,  and  it  is  the  duty  of 

by  foreign  corporations.     1  he  total  number  of  a  republic  to  make  all  its  citizens  equal  before  the 

miles  of  steel  rails  laid  on  roads  is  905*54.  law. 

The  total  number  of  wooden  bridges  is  1,219,  .  6-  That  we  would  most  scrupulously  rtjspeot  the 

the  length  being  189,552  feet;  of  iron,  64,  in  ?fi^^'  °^  church-ffoers  to  enjoy  their  worship  at  any 

1     _xv  io  AJA  i*    *       Jx      i.1        J     '1     u  -j'  tune  unmolested;  and  that  we  demand  that  they 

length  18,942  feet ;  of  trestle  and  pile  bridges,  equally  respect  the  right  of  those  who  do  not  with 

5,886,  in  length  527,904  feet ;  of  stone  bridges  to  join  them  to  ex^oy  themselves  with  equal  freedom 

and  culverts,  888,  the  length  5,596  feet.    The  at  all  times. 

total  number  of  miles  of  fence  built  is  8,890 ;  ^'  TJiat  the  Bible  being  regarded  as  a  book  of  ss- 

the  number  required,  2,788.    The  number  of  J?^,  character  and  rehwous  authority  by  only  a  part 

vuw  uutui/oi     o4«u  w,  «,  I  WW.     X  i^  uiAuiwwi  VL  of  the  people,  it  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  sec- 

locomotives  used  is  976,  four  fifths  of  them  tarian  book :  therefore  we  protest  against  its  um  in 

weighing  over  40  tons.    The  total  number  of  the  public  schools. 

passengers  carried  in  the  year  was  7,511,770 ;  Heeoked,  That  we  deny  the  right  of  any  civil  offi- 
carried  one  mile,  280,274,228 ;  tons  of  freight  f "» •»  "uoh,  to  take  any  notice  of  any  reUgioua  days, 
carried  6,804,888 ;  carried  one  mile,  1,614,988,-  '''^i^^; ^''^rthl^^^^  of  chaplains,  aa 
462.  Uf  this  tonnage,  31  per  cent,  was  grain,  such,  and  the  pajrment  for  their  religious  services  by 
5  per  cent,  flour,  1  per  cent,  provisions,  8  per  the  civil  authorities,  and  at  the  cost  of  the  public,  is 
cent,  animals,  18  per  cent,  lumber  and  forest  hut  an  adroit  evasion  of  the  Federal  and  State  Con- 
products,  10  per  cent,  coal,  1  per  cent,  salt,  2  per  "titutions,  which  forbid  the  compelhng  of  citizens  to 
i:^  *  •  Jl  J  4.  1  o  *  *  jV  •  V  support  rehgioua  services  against  their  will, 
cent,  iron  and  steel,  2  per  cent,  stone  and  bnck,  rr          e                   ns 

1  per  cent,  manufactured  articles,  and  20  per  xhe  National  Greenback  State  Convention 

cent,  merchandise.    The  average  rate  of  trans-  assembled  at  Des  Moines  on  April  10th,  and 

portation  of  paivsengers  is  8  cts.  per  mile,  organized  by  the  election  of  E.  N.  Gates  aa 

During  the  year  17  passengers  were  killed  from  President.     The   nominations   of  candidates 

causes  beyond  their  control,  8  from  their  own  ^ere  as  follows:  For  Secretary  of  State,  J.  B. 

careleasness ;  0  employees  from  causes  beyond  Welsh;  for  State  Treasurer,  M.  L.  Devin;  for 

their  control,  23  from  their  own  carelessness;  Auditor  of  State,  G.  V.  Swearingen;  for  Reg- 

of  others  there  were  8  killed  at  stations  and  igter  of  Land  Office,  M.  Farrington ;  for  A^ 

highway  crossings,  22  walking  on  track  and  torney-General,  0.  H.  Jackson ;  for  Judge  of 

trespa^ng  and  6  stealing  ndes.    Total  nura-  the  Supreme  Court,  J.  0.  Knapp.     ThI  fol- 

ber  killed,  80 ;  injured,  228.    The  Iowa  roads  lowing  platform  was  unanimously  adopted : 
have  received  from  land  grants  by  Congress  to 

aid  in  their  construction,  4,069,942*56  acres.  Whereat,  Throughout  our  entire  country  the  value 

A  new  State  Capitol  has  been  in  course  of  ?Il!*!i«*«*i;f!J'  K,?f«^h^;^J''l"!S5J  P*"^^"*^' 

^^^^4. 4.:^      i"                                   T*             i.    i.  trade  depressed,  busmess  meome  and  vr aires  re- 

oonstruction  for  some  years.  Its  greatest  ^uced,  unparalleled  distress  inflicted  upon  t^  poor- 
length  will  be  263  feet,  and  its  greatest  width  er  and  middle  ranks  of  our  people,  the  buid  filled 
246  feet.  It  is  estimated  to  cost  not  far  from  with  fraud,  embezzlement,  bankruptcv,  crime,  suf* 
$2,000,000.  The  sums  expended  on  it  have  fering,  pauperism,  and  storvation:  and 
l^n  as  foUows :  during  the  fi^t  T^r  of  c  ^,^,^^^^,^^1^^  ttTreshVa^S  S^ 
Btruction,  and  up  to  December  81, 1878,  $874,-  by  money-lenders,  bankers,  and  bondholders ;  and 
825.88;  in  1874,  $264,524.26;  in  1875,  $210,-  Whereat,  The  limiting  of  the  legal-tender  Quality 
649.86;  in  1876,  $275,000;  in  1877,  $225,000.  of  greenbacks,  the  changing  of  currency  bonds  into 
Thus  far  the  total  expenditures  have  been  $1,-  T"^  ^"^^f;  the  demonetizing  of  the  silver  dollar, 
jjMQ  OQ1  t7A  ^"0  ezompting  of  bonds  from  taxation,  the  oontrao- 
440,001. /4.     ^                        ^           Ox  4.     T-L      1  tion  of  the  circulating  medium,  the  proposed  forced 

A  convention  to  organize  a  State  Liberal  resumption  of  specie  payments,  and  the  prt>diffal 

League,  to  cooperate  with  the  National  Liber-  waste  of  the  public  lands,  were  crimes  against  the 

al  League,  assembled  at  Des  Moines  on  March  people,  and  so  far  as  possible  the  results  of  these 

18th.    Twelve  counties  were  represented.    A  0™-^*."**'"°^         "°**"°^   ^^        """^^ 

constitution  was  approved,  officers  were  chosen,  i.  ^e  demand  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the 

and  the  following  resolutions  adopted:  specie  resumption  act  of  January  14, 1875,  and  the 


IOWA.  451 

abandonment  of  the  present  snicidal  and  destrao'  ter  of  the  State  Land  Office,  T.  8.  Bard  well: 

tiTepoUcyofoontraction.         ,     ^.      , .     ,         ,  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Judge  J.  C. 

iwedemand  the  abohtion of  national  banks, and    ir^^^^. %^«  A*f^«««5  no^-yv-^i    iTu^  niui. ^ 

the iuae  of  a  fuU  leeal-tender  paper  money  by  the  J°*PP    '^f  Attoraey-Genera^  John  Gibbona. 

Government,  reoeivaole  for  all  auea,  public  ana  pri-  Ane  toUowing  platform  waa  adopted  : 

▼tte.  We,  the  Democracy  of  Iowa,  in  oonvention  asaem- 

3.  We  demand  the  remonetization  of  the  eilver  bled,  congratulate  the  country  upon  the  restora- 
dollar,  making  it  a  fall  legal  tender  for  the  payment  tion  of  home  rule  to  the  South  and  the  era  of  peace 
of  all  coin  bonds  of  the  Government,  and  for  all  brought  about  in  response  to  the  demands  of  the 
other  debts,  public  and  private,  and  that  the  coin-  Kational  Democracy,  and  make  thU  declaration  of 
age  of  silver  iihall  be  placed  on  the  same  footing  aa  principlea : 

that  of  gold.                    ^         ^  1.  In  favor  of  a  tariff  for  revenue  only ;  honest  and 

4.  Congress  shall  provide  said  money  adequate  to  eoonomioal  home  rule  \  the  supremacy  of  civil  over 
the  fall  employment  of  labor,  the  equitable  distri-  military  power ;  the  separation  of  the  church  and 
butioD  of  its  products,  and  the  requirements  of  bust-  state :  the  equality  of  all  citizena  before  the  law ;  op- 
D^^'  position  to  granting  by  the  General  Government  of 

5.  we  demand  that  Congress  shall  not,  under  any  subsidies  to  any  corporation  whatever, 
circarostanoes,  authorise  the  issuance  of  interest-  2.  We  believe  the  financial  system  of  the  Bepubli- 
bearing  bonds  of  any  kind  or  claas.  can  party  has  been  one  of  favor  to  the  moneyed  mo- 

6.  The  adoption  of  an  American  monetary  s^s-  nopoUes,  of  unequal  taxation,  of  ezeroptiona  of  class, 
tern,  as  proposed  herein,  will  harmoniae  all  difler-  and  of  a  remorseless  contraction  that  has  destroyed 
enoes  in  regard  to  taritt  and  Federal  taxation,  dis-  every  enterprise  which  gave  employment  to  labor ; 
tribute  eqnitablr.the  joint  earnings  of  capital  and  la-  and  therefore  we  denounce  it,  its  measures,  and  its 
bor^  secure  to  the  producers  of  wealth  the  results  of  men,  as  responsible  for  the  flnanciid  distress,  miit- 
tlieir  labor  and  skill,  muster  out  of  service  the  vast  ery,  and  want  which  now  afflict  the  nation. 

umy  of  idlers,  who,  under  the  existing  system,  8.  Labor  and  capital  have  an  equal  demand  upon 
grow  rich  upon  the  earnings  of  others,  that  every  and  equal  responsibility  to  the  law. 
mau  and  woman  may  by  their  own  efforts  secure  a  4.  Public  officials  should  be  held  to  strict  account- 
competence,  so  that  the  overgrown  fortunes  and  ex-  ability ;  defaulters  should  be  severely  punished,  and 
trsme  poverty  will  be  seldom  found  within  the  lim-  riot  and  disorder  promptly  suppresse<^ 
its  of  our  republic.  6.  We  deprecate  the  fiiading  of  our  non-interest- 

7.  The  Government  should,  by  general  enact-  bearing  debt,  and  insist  that  our  bonded  debt  be  re- 
meot,  encourage  the  development  of  our  agricultu-  ftmded  at  a  rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  four  per 
ral,  mineral,  meobanical,  manufacturing,  and  com-  cent. 

merdal  resources,  to  the  end  that  labor  may  be  fully  6.  We  favor  an  equal  reooffnition  of  gold,  silver, 

and  profitably  employed,  but  no  monopolies  should  and  United  States  notes  in  the  discharvo  oi  public 

be  legalised.  and  private  obligations,  except  where  otherwise  pro- 

6.  The  public  lands  are  the  common  property  of  vided  by  contract,  and,  to  the  end  that  the  same  be 

the  whole  people,  and  should  not  be  sold  to  specu-  secured,  we  favor  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the 

Istors,  nor  granted  to  railroads  or  other  corporations,  resumption  act  and  the  coinaire  of  silver  on  equal 

bot  should  be  donated  to  actual  settlers  in  limitea  conditions  with  gold.    We  oppose  sny  further  retire- 

quantities.  ment  of  the  United  States  notes  now  in  circulation, 

9.  It  is  inconsistent  with  the  genius  and  spirit  of  and  favor  the  substitution  of  United  States  Treasury 

popolsr  government  that  any  spedes  of  private  or  notea  for  national-bank  bills, 

corporate  property  should  be  exempt  fh>m  bearing  7.  We  declare  it  as  our  opinion 'that  it  is  the  duty 

itsjost  share  of  the  public  burdens.  of  the  Government  to  take  immediate  steps  to  im- 

1'^.  That  while  the  interests  of  the  labor  and  pro-  prove  our  mat  Western  rivers,  and  that  tne  means 

dpdng  clasaes  throughout  the  nation  are  indentical,  provided  should  be  commensurate  with  the  impor- 

Korth^  South,  East,  and  West;  and  while  it  is  an  tanoe  andmaffnitudeof  the  work, 

hijtono  fact  that  the  war  of  the  rebellion  was  inau-  '   8.  Thorougn  investiffation  into  the  election  frauds 

^orated  in  the  interests  of  a  class  kindred  to  that  of  1876  should  be  made,  the  frauds  should  be  ex- 

vhich  oppresses  us :  therefore  we  declare  that  the  posed,  the  truth  vindicated,  and  the  criminals  pun- 

GoTemment  of  the  United  States  shall  never  pay  ished  in  accordance  with  law  wherever  found. 

nj  part  or  portion  of  what  is  known  as  the  Confed-  9.  The  management  of  our  State  institutions  by 

erate  or  rebel  debt.  Bepublican  officials  haa  been  and  is  notoriously  oor- 

11.  We  demand  a  oonstitotional  amendment  fix-  rupt  and  a  disgrace  to  our  i>eople ;  we  therefore  de- 
uig  the  eompenaation  of  all  State  officers,  including  mand  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  same,  and  the 
mfmbers  and  employees  of  the  General  Assembly,  punishment  of  all  partiea  who  have  betn^ed  their 
We  demand  a  general  reduction  of  all  county  and  trust. 

e^art  expenses,  with  a  reduction  of  offices,  to  lessen  Maohtd^  That  we  accept  and  reaffirm  the  doctrine 

oppressive  taxes.  of  Mr.  Tilden  upon  .the  war  claims  as  a  proper  ad- 

12.  We  demand  that  all  just  and  legal  means  shall  Justment  of  the  national  policy  concerning  that  class 
he  used  for  the  suppreasion  of  the  evils  of  intem-  of  claims  upon  the  public  Xreaaury. 

peranoe 

We  invite  the  considerate  judfrroent  of  our  fel-  The  Republican  State  Convention  aseembled 

low  cttixena  of  all  political  parties  upon  these,  our  at  Defl  Moinee  on  June  19th,  and  was  organized 

principles  and  purposes,  and  solicit  the  co<>peration  by  the  election  of  George  G.  Wright  as  Presi- 

«f  aU  men  in  the  furtherance  of  them,  as  we  do  be-  ^^^t.     The  nominations  made  were  as  follows : 

n«ve  that  upon  their  acceptance  or  ngection  by  the  .  ^  a«— ^♦«-<.,  ^^  Cf«*«>   tat  ii«ii  .  #«•   a* 

people  Uie  weal  or  woe  o/our  beloved  country  de-  ^^^  Secretary  of  State,  J.  A.  T.  HaU ;  for  At- 

penda.  torney-General,  F.  McJnnkin  (renominated) ; 

The  Demooratic  state  CoDTention  assembled  S?'  ^***®  ^^''''**'  ^\S^*"""?5  'S'  ^^^ 

,,  p^r^  D    jj    -_  vr     WrlZ    -A  TTir  •  Ij  Treasurer,  George  W,  Bemis ;  for  Supreme 

t^.^"^  T?^IT'^%^^^'^.  Court  Judge,  J.  H.  Rdthrock  (renombkted). 

^J  the  appointment  of  Edward  Johnson  as  »m,«  Ax1i«-,;«J-  ..i^fiv..^  ««-  ^a^*^  , 

President  The  following  candidates  were  nom-  The  foUowmg  platform  was  adopted 

iMted:  for   Secretary  of  State,  T.  O.  Walk-  ^ThjK«|«thouap«tyofIow.,ii.8t«.ConTeiitaon 

«;  for  Auditor  of  State,  Colonel  Eiboeck;  i.  tj,,  iJnUed  States  of  Amsriea  is  •  nrtion-not 

■or  Treasurer  of  State,  E.  D.  Fenn ;  for  Begis-  •  leagna.  By  the  oombiDed  workings  of  the  national 


452  IOWA. 

and  State  goveroments,  under  their  respective  con-  party  from  any  other  ttandpoint,  manifests  incape- 

atitatioDA,  the  liifhtB  of  every  citizen  ithoald  be  se-  city  to  understand  palpable  facta,  and  will  be  o?er- 

cured  at  home  and  protect-ea  abroad,  and  the  com-  whelmed  with  disaster. 

mon  welfare  promoted.    Atiy  failure  on  tbe  part  of  6.  That  tbe  soldiers  who  fooght  the  battles  of 

either  the  national  or  State  governments  to  use  every  the  republic  are  entitled  to  '^special  credit**  for 

possible  oonstitutionul  power  to  afford  ample  proteo-  the  heroism  which  thev  displayed,  for  the  hard8bi]» 

tlon  to  their  citizens,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  is  a  which  they  endured,  ror  their  unselflsh  devotion  to 

oriminfll  neglect  of  ttieir  higliest  obligation.  liberty  and  order,  and  for  the  great  fact  *^tbat  the 

2.  Against  the  SHsaults  of  traitors  and  rebels  the  war  turned  out  as  it  did" ;  and  discredit  in  like  d«- 
Bepublican  party  has  preserved  these  governments,  gree  attaches  to  the  traitors  and  rebels  who  foaght 
ana  they  represent  the  great  truths  spoken  to  the  to  destroy  the  nation.  W  hoever  fails  to  appreciau 
world  by  the  Declaration  of  Independeijce,  that  ^^  all  these  facts  U  derelict  in  the  duty  he  owes  to  the  Ik- 
men  are  created  equal " ;  that  they  **  are  endowed  publicttn  party. 

by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights.  7.  That  the  Republican  party  is  the  party  of  order, 

among  which  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  ot  and  is  opposed  to  all  lawlessness  in  whatever  qusr- 

happiness ;  that  for  the  attamment  of  these  ends  ter  the  same  may  arise,  or  in  whatever  form  it  maj 

goveriinienta  have  been  instituted  among  men,  de-  appear. 

riving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  gov-  a.  Thut  the  wisdom  of  the  financial  policy  of  the 

erned,"  wliich  consent  is  evidenced  by  a  majoriiv  ot  Bepublican  party  is  made  manifest  by^  its  merits,    h 

the  lawful  eufirages  of  the  citizens,  determined  in  has  brought  specie  and  paper  practically  together 

pursuance  of  law ;  and,  in  order  that  this  end  may  be  months  before  the  date  fixea  by  law  for  tbe  resump- 

justly  and  fullv  reached,  the  Republican  party  of  tion  of  specie  payment  by  the  Government ;  it  hts 

Iowa  demands  "  that  every  qualified  elector  in  every  given  to  all  classes  money  of  the  same  value ;  it  hu 

State,  South  and  North,  Democrat  or  Republican,  placed  our  nation  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  otb«r 

black  or  white,  shall  be  permitted,  undisturbed  by  great  nations  of  the  world  in  all  matters  of  financial 

force  and  unawed  by  fear,  to  vote  at  all  elections  at  concern ;  it  has  promoted  the  reftinding  of  tbe  ca- 

the  place  prescribed  by  law,  and  nowhere  else,  just  tional  debt  at  a  low  rate  of  interest ;  it  baa  main- 

onoe  and  no  more  than  once ;  and  that  every  vote  so  tained  the  national  credit;  and  an^  change  in  this 

oast  shall  be  honestly  counted,  and  that  every  per-  policy  which  will  tend  to  obstruct  it  in  its  work  of 

son  chosen  by  such  votes  to  any  office  shsll  be  freely  rastoring  specie  payment,  whereby  paper  currencv 

iiiducted  into  it,"  and  effectively  supported  in  the  becomes  aosolutely  as  valuable  as  gold  and  silver 

discharge  of  its  duties ;  and  every  well-mformed  per-  atandard  coin,  of  reviving  business,  promoting  id* 

son  knows  that  with  such  freedom  of  elective  action  dustry,  and  maintaining^  we  public  credit,  is  herebT 

and  honest  administration  as  are  herein  demanded,  denounced  as  wholly  evil  ana  icjurious  to  the  beet 

at  least  five  of  the  Southern  States  are  Republican  by  interest  of  the  country. 

large  m^gorities,  and  that  thev  are  now  in  the  han<u  9.  That  the  organized  raid  on  the  Treasury  by  the 

of  the  Democratic  party  solely  through  foroe^  fraud,  Southern  Democratic  members  of  Congreas  for  tbe 

intimidation,  and  failure  to  enforce  the  pnnciples  payment  of  hundreds  of  millions  of  doUara  of  reWl 

herein  set  forth.             ^  war  claims  is  an  unparalleled  impudence,  and  a  "ptts- 

^  8.  The  permanent  pacification  of  the  Southern  seo-  ent  danger,  a^nst  the  success  of  which  the  triumph 

tion  of  the  Union,  and  the  complete  protection  of  of  the  Republican  party  is  our  only  security, 

all  its  citizens  in  all  their  civil,  political,  personal,  10.  That  we  favor  a  wisely  aoUusted  tarifi'  for  reve- 

and  property  rights,  is  a  duty  to  which  the  Republi-  '  nue. 

can  part^  stands  sacredly  pledged.    In  order  to  re-  U.  In  the  matter  of  the  faithful  administration  of 

deem  tins  pledge  it  placed  the  recent  amendments  the  public  funds,  the  Republican  party  challenges 

in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  upon  the  closest  scrutiny,  and  invites  comparison  with  any 

the  righteous  basis  of  said  amendments  it  will  go  and  all  other  agencies  in  public  or  private  affiiir». 

forward  in  the  work  of  pacification  until  peace  shall  Notwithstanding  the  vast  sums — amounting  to  thou- 

coma  through  right  doing  and  contentment  through  sands  of  millions  of  dollars — collected  and  disbursed 

justice.  by  Republican  administrations,  the  percentage  of 

4.  Tbe  new  Democratic  dogma  of  "home  rule,"  Joss  is  less  than  can  be  shown  by  any  other  political 
which  seeks  to  shut  out  from  participation  in  the  party  that  has  ever  been  intrusted  with  the  control 
political  affairs  of  the  Southern  States  all  citizens  of  public  affairs,  or  bv  individuals  in  their  own  pri- 
who  oppose  the  Demooratic  party  and  are  not  na-  vate  business,  thus  showing  that  tho  chai^  of  c.r- 
tives  of  said  States,  and  in  ooedienoe  to  the  spirit  ruption  made  against  the  Republican  party  is  as 
of  which  every  man  from  the  North,  of  Republican  groundlessly  impudent  as  was  the  effort  of  tlie 
sentiments,  is  termed  a  **  carpet-bagger,"  is  hereby  Southern  Democracy  to  destroy  the  Union  wantonly 
denounced  as  the  worst  phase  of  State  rights  yet  de-  wicked  and  atrociously  cruel, 
veloped ;  and  we  demand  for  the  people  of  Iowa  ab-  12.  The  title  to  the  current  Presidential  term  was 
■olate  freedom  to  f^o  w hithersoever  they  may  please,  definitely  and  finally  aettled  by  the  Forty-fourth  Coo- 
within  the  limits  of  the  nation,  with  perfect  ei^oy-  gress,  and  any  attempt  to  reopen  it  is  dangerous, 
ment  of  their  rights  as  citizens,  to  utter  their  senti-  illegal,  snd  unconstitutional ;  and  the  Republican 
ments,  by  speech  or  prass,  upon  all  subjects  touch-  party  of  Iowa  will  resist  all  efforts  not  founded  on 
ing  their  interests,  and  all  matters  of  public  con-  the  Constitution  and  existing  laws  to  displace  the 
oern.                                     ^  present  possessor  of  said  title :  and  it  is  a  cause  of 

6.  That  the  armed  conflict  between  the  traitors  sincere  congratulation  that  the  firm  attitude  assumed 
and  rebels  who  sought  to  destroy  the  republic,  and  -  by  the  Republican  party  of  the  country  in  this  regard 

the  patriots  who  defended  it  and  preserved  it,  was  forced  a  minority  of  the  Democratic  members  or  the 

moro  than  a  mere  trial  of  phvaical  force  between  House  of  Representatives  to  disavow  the  real  but 

"  Greeks."  ^  It  Was  a  struggle  of  right  against  wrong,  covert  purpose  of  the  so-called  Potter  inveatigatioo. 

of  a  true  civilization  against  a  false  one,  of  ^ood  gov-  18.  That  the  efforts  of  the  Democratic  party  in 

ernment  against  anarchy,  of  patriots  against  trai-  Congress  to  cripple  and  render  inefficient  tne  ermj 

tors,  wherein  the  Republican  part^v  was  the  defender  and  navy  of  the  United  States  is  most  eamestlv  c*>r.- 

of  right,  the  champion  of  a  true  civilization,  the  pro-  demned  ;  and  all  efforts  looking  to  a  present  feduc- 

moter  of  good  government,  and  in  whose  ranks  pa-  tion  of  the  same,  with  s  view  to  a  future  reorganiza- 

triots  marched  against  and  overcame  traitors ;  and  tion  whereby  the  offlcial  stations  may  be,  in  whole 

whoever  fails  to  regard  the  Republican  party  from  or  in  part,  supplied  by  officers  who  engaged  in  the 

this  standpoint  and  in  this  light  fails  to  comprehend  rebellion  against  the  nation,  who  hold  to  the  df>o- 

its  character,  it^  achievements,  its  purposes,  and  its  trine  of  secession,  and  who  acknowledge  primarr 

duties;  and*  whoever  treats  with  the  Demooratic  allegiance  to  a  State,  are  hereby  denounoed  as  dazt* 


IOWA. 


453 


^rooi  to  the  peaoe  of  the  country  and  to  the  per- 
manence of  the  Union. 

R  That  it  is  not  only  the  right  hut  the  duty  of 
•very  good  oitizeu,  at  tlie  party  oaucuBeH,  in  the  party 
coQveutiona,  and  at  the  pk>Ub,  to  use  hia  heat  enorts 
toaecure  the  nonaination  and  election  of  good  men  to 
places  of  official  trust;  and  we  disapprove  of  all  In- 
tert'tfrence  with  the  ^rfect  freedom  ot  action  of  any 
citizen  in  the  exercise  of  said  right  and  in  the  dis- 
charge of  said  duty. 

15.  That  personal  temperance  is  a  most  commend- 
able virtue  in  a  people ;  and  the  practical  popular 
movement  now  active  throughout  the  State  for  the 
promotion  of  temperance  has  our  most  profound  re- 
apect,  sympathy,  and  approval. 

16.  That  we  demand  the  most  rigid  economy  in 
all  departments  of  the  puhlio  service,  and  rigid  re- 
trenchment in  all  public  expenses  in  aU  possible  di- 
rectioQB,  and  the  nduction  of  taxation  to  the  lowest 
limits  coii4istent  with  elflcient  public  service.  In 
the  direction  of  such  economy  and  retrenchment  we 
heartily  commend  the  action  of  the  last  Republican 
LegialiUttre  in  reducing  the  expenses  of  the  State  in 
the  sum  of  ^00,000,  and  this  example  set  by  the 
State  should  be  followed  in  all  other  departments 
of  oar  Qovomment. 

17.  That  the  Uepublioan  part7  of  Iowa  demands 
an  honest,  fitithful,  careful,  ana  efficient  discbarge 
of  duty  by  all  officers,  whetner  Federal,  State,  coun- 
ty, or  municipal,  and  requires  a  full,  fair^  impartial, 
lod  searching  investigation  into  the  official  conduct 
of  all  officials  and  the  business  of  all  officers,  with- 
oDt  regard  to  party  or  personal  association ;  and 
whenever  or  wherever  fraud  and  dishonesty  are  dis- 
covered the  Republican  party  of  Iowa  demands  the 
prompt  punishment  of  tue  guilty  parties.  *'  Let  no 
gnilty  man  escape.'* 

The  State  election  was  held  on  October  8th. 
Totes  were  cast  at  this  election  for  members 
of  CoDgresB,  State  ofiBcers,  and  members  of 
the  State  Legi:«latnre.  As  the  time  for  the 
election  approached  a  diversity  of  opinion  be- 
gan to  manifest  itself  in  relation  to  the  time 
when  members  of  Congress  should  be  elected. 
The  law  of  Congress  requires  the  election  to  be 
held  on  the  same  day  in  all  the  States,  viz.,  on 
the  Tnesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber. Bat  this  law  idso  contains  an  exception 
relative  to  States  whose  Constitution  provides 
otherwise,  so  that  a  change  in  the  Constitution 
of  a  State  is  necessary  to  make  the  general 
election  of  State  officers  conform  to  the  rules. 
The  Constitution  of  Iowa  only  fixed  the  day  of 
the  first  general  election  of  State  officers  in 
October  of  the  year  1857,  for  a  part,  and  1868 
for  a  part,  so  as  to  determine  the  beginning  of 
official  terms  and  harmonize  them,  consequent 
tipon  the  abolition  of  the  prior  August  and 
April  elections.  It  did  not  go  beyond  1859, 
or  fix  any  d^te  beyond  that.  The  question, 
therefore,  is  whether  the  Constitution  thereby 
fixed  the  day  of  general  elections  in  the  future, 
or  intended  that  the  Legislature  should  do  it. 
The  Constitution  says  in  one  place  that  the 
General  Assembly  and  Governor  and  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor shall  be  elected  in  October, 
except  in  the  year  of  Presidential  election, 
when  it  shall  be  in  November.  In  another 
place  it  says  the  first  election  for  these  offices 
»hall  be  in  1857,  an  odd  number  year,  so  that 
the  election  of  Governor  does  not  come  in 
the  Presidential  year  at  all    After  fall  con- 


sideration of  the  subject.  Governor  Gear  de- 
cided to  call  only  the  election  in  October,  and 
the  opinion  of  a  migority  of  bis  legal  advisers 
sustained  this  decision.  The  question  presents 
a  different  aspect  from  the  case  of  Colorado 
(see  Colorado),  and  arises  from  an  ambiguity 
in  the  State  Constitution,  which  was  adopted 
many  years  before  the  passage  of  the  act  of 
Congress.  The  decision  of  the  Governor  was 
also  that  he  would  not  call  an  extra  session  of 
the  Legislature,  as  the  Constitution  required 
but  one  election,  and  that  it  be  held  in  Octo- 
ber in  all  years  except  when  a  President  is  to 
be  chosen.  Each  of  the  three  parties  presented 
a  candidate  for  Congress  in  each  district  ex- 
cept the  6th  and  7th,  and  the  result  of  the  elec- 
tion was  as  follows : 


DISTRICT. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

.    IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 


BvpuUku. 

Danoemtk. 

12,706 

7,946 

18^87 

9,fi0» 

18,728 

10,886 

17,184 

6,288 

14,205 

t»7 

14.806 

16,546 

•  •  •  •  • 

16,848 

7,4fi6 

16,488 

1,202 

Matlonal. 

6,606 

8,960 

6,406 

^742 

12.011 

16,866 

16,474 

7,780 

12^888 


Seven  Republicans  and  two  Nationals  were 
elected. 

Previous  to  the  election  for  State  officers  a 
consolidation  of  the  Democratic  and  Green- 
back tickets  was  made,  by  which  the  candi- 
dates were  as  follows :  for  Secretary  of  State, 
E.  M.  Famsworth,  Greenback;  for  Auditor, 
Joseph  Eiboeck,  Democrat ;  for  Treasurer,  M. 
L.  Devin,  Greenback;  for  Register,  M.  Far- 
rington.  Greenback ;  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  J.  C.  Knapp,  Democrat ;  for  Attorney- 
General,  John  Gibbons,  Democrat;  for  Clerk, 
Alexander  Runyon,  Democrat;  for  Reporter, 
John  B.  Elliott,  Democrat  The  residt  of  the 
election  was  as  follows : 

SICRXTART  or  8TATK. 

HaD,  BepnbUcan 184.644 

Famsworth,  Fusion 128,677 

Walker,  Democrat 1,802 

AUniTOB  OF  STATS. 

Sberman.  Bepoblloan 184,067 

Elbocck,  Fusion 119,228 

Bwearingeo,  Democrat «...      7,676 

TREASURXR  OF  STATE. 

Bemls,  BepabUcan 184,279 

Devln,  Fnston 128,641 

Femi,  Democrat I48OO 

RSOISTBR  OF  LAND  OFFICE. 

Powers,  Bepabllcan 184,767 

Farrington,  Funlon 124,M2 

Bardwell,  Democrat 1,277 

A1TORN£T-OEKlRAL. 

M&TnnkiD.  BepnbUcan 184,056 

Gibbons,  Fnston 118,860 

Jadkson,  Democrat 7,467 

JUDGE  OF  SUPRKIIE  COUBT. 

Bothrock,  BepnbUcan 184,888 

Knapp,  Fusion 126,889 

CLERK   OF  8T7FBEXE  COURT. 

Holmes.  BepnbUcan 181,829 

Bnnyon,  Fusion 120,844 

Gannon,  Democrat 1,145 


^54 


ITALY. 


BEPOBTIB  OF  BUPBXinS  COURT. 

Bannella,  B«pabUean 181,297 

ElMott,  Fusion 114^89 

Bntherford.  Democrat 7,604 

The  Legislature  of  the  State  is  divided  as 
follows : 


The  eztraordinarj  receipts  amonnted  to  16,- 
626,246  lire,  and  special  revenue  from  TarioQi 
sources  to  220,617,849  lire,  making  the  totsl 
revenue  1,426,688,966  lire. 

The  expenditures  were  as  follows : 


PARTIES. 

Biif 

HOON. 

R«pnbH«in»  ....  ....      ...... 

8S 
12 

•  • 

71 

Democrata 

GreenbM^era. 

26 
8 

BepQbHcan  m^rity. 

26 

42 

ITALY,  a  kingdom  of  southern  Europe. 
King  in  1878,  Humbert  L,  bom  March  14, 1844, 
who  succeeded  his  father,  Victor  Emanuel  11., 
January  9,  1878.  He  married,  April  22,  1868, 
Margaretha,  daughter  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Savoy,  Dake  of  Genoa.  Heir  apparent,  Victor 
Emanuel,  Prince  of  Naples,  born  November  11, 
1869. 

The  following  table  gives  the  area  of  the. 
larger  territorial  divisions  (€ompartim&nH\ 
with  the  popalation,  male  and  female,  of  each, 
according  to  the  census  of  1871,  and  the  total 
population  at  the  close  of  1876,  according  to 
an  official  calculation : 


OribMry. 

KSWOfSBSI^t 

1.  Ministry  of  tbe  Treaamy . . 

2.  Mlniatxy  of  Juatke    and 

PabUe  Worabip 

8.  MlnlatiT  of  Foreign  Aflkira 
4.  Mlniatrr  of  Pablk  Inatrac- 

tlon 

769,868,8n 

27,498,626 
6,061,2«1 

86,10S,7S1 
64367,661 
&5,016,794 

178.717,879 
42,068,476 

118,478,870 

19,tiOi,066 

261,940 
148,000 

1481.898 

4,157,894 

6&,9ei,8B5 

t7,206,6C0 

6.  Mlniatiy  of  the  Interior. . . 

6.  Miniitry  of  PnbUc  Works. 

7.  Ministry  of  War 

8.  Ministry  of  tbe  Nary 

9.  Minlstiy  of  Finance 

2,287.885 
^  1,99«.740 

Total 

1,269,870,609 

142,612,167 

TERRITORIAL 

SqamBllM. 

iHnABrrAMTa,  1871. 

Inhabttuito 

DIVISIONS. 

Md*. 

FOMk. 

•ktlM  dON 

of  18TS. 

Piedmont 

UgnxiB. 

Lombardy 

Venetia 

Emilia. 

Umbria 

TheMarcbea... 

Tuscany 

Borne 

11,806 
2,066 
9,085 
9,060 
7.921 
8,720 
8,746 
9,287 
4,601 

6,677 
6,942 
8,689 
4,122 
6,668 
11,291 
8,899 

1,460^7 

419,919 

1,766,640 

1,884,864 

1,078,686 

288,674 

449,648 

1,096,652 

449,846 

626,547 
1,866,567 
708,514 
249,220 
698,829 
1,284,861 
827,078 

1,449,207 

428.898 

1,706,279 

1.809.448 

1,086^142 

267,027 

46^87l 

1,045,878 

867,858 

657,486 
1,888,(«5 
712,878 
261,828 
612,478 
1,299,668 
809,587 

8,027,606 

874,616 

8,669,627 

2,769,604 

2,174,679 

667.181 

986,186 

2.192,292 

841,140 

1,81M97 
2,884.982 
1,468,218 

622,772 
l,240,n2 
2,786,545 

668,479 

The      Abrazzo 
andMollse... 

Campania 

ApnOa. 

BasiUcata. 

Calabria 

BIclly 

8armnla 

Total 

114,416 

18,472,268 

18,823,892 

87,769,476 

The  aggregate  of  the  ordinary  and  extraor- 
dinary expenditures  amounted  to  1,412,683,266 
lire,  leaving  a  surplus  of  12,900,699  lire. 

The  totu  deht  of  the  kingdom  in  1875 
amounted  to  a  nominal  capital  of  9,888,589,226 
lire.  The  interest  of  the  national  debt  and  its 
management  are  summarized  under  the  head- 
ing of  Ministry  of  Finance.  Included  in  this 
branch  of  expenditure  is  the  annual  dotation 
of  the  Pope,  amounting  to  8,225,000  lire.  Leo 
XIII.,  like  Pius  IX.,  continues  to  refuse  Uie  ac- 
ceptance of  tills  allowance. 

The  value  of  the  different  articles  of  import 
and  export  in  1877  was  as  foUows,  tbe  transit 
trade  being  included  in  both  the  imports  and 
exports : 


ARTICLES. 


The  receipts  in  the  budget  for  1878  were  as 
follows : 

Lin.* 

1 .  Inooma  from  GoTemment  property 28,811,426 

2.  Direct  taxes. 

Ground  tax. 125,726,401 

Boikllngtax 6^600,000 

DntToninlndlng 81,000,000 

Other  taxes 184,922,406 

447,247,806 

8.  Indirect  taxes : 

Registration 66,000,000 

Btamptax. 89,000,000 

Cnstoms 116,000,000 

Tobacco  and  salt  monopoly. . .   181,194,891 
Others 187,469,057 

629,668,948 

4.  Lottery 72,100,000 

6.  Postal  department,  state  raflroads,  and  tele- 
graphs    90,068,000 

6.  Betums  of  payment 16,246,692 

7.  Mlscellsneons  receipts 4,887,500 

Total  ordinary  reTenne 1,188,540,871 

*  The  lira  ia  of  the  same  Tains  aathe  French  Ihmc,  equal  to 
V'Seenta. 


Grain 

Seeds  and  fruit. 

Colonial  goods 

Tobacco 

Wine,  beer,  ale,  etc 

ALimals  and  food  ibr  animals 

1.  Articles  of  Ibod 

Fuel 

Axes,  etc. 

Metals,  rsw 

Hair,  hides,  and  leather , 

Spinning  materlala , 

wood aind earring  materials..., 

2.  Baw  materials 

Glass  and  pottery  ware 

Yams 

WoTcn  goods  and  articles  of  cloth- 
ing  , 

Manoikctnres  of  different  kinds. . 
Paper,  books,  etc 

8.  Haaafkctared  goods.... 

Manure 

Dmgs  snd  cbemieal  prodnots. . . . 
Besin,  Ihts,  and  oils. 

4.  ^scellsneoas  goods .... 

6.  Precious  metals 

Total 


Xmpflfte. 


94,000,000 
15,000,000 
108,000,000 
27,000,000 
14,000,000' 
64,000,000 


70.00Q.0M 

60,000,000 

8,000,000 


18,000.000 
115,000,000 


822,000,000 


48,000,000 
9,000,000 
68.000,000 
48,000,000 
125,000,000 
46,000,000 


884,000,000 


16,000,000 
82,000,000 

170,000,000 

112,000,000 

7,000,000 


886,000,000 


M1,000,000 

6.000,000 
86.000,009 
22,000,600 
19,000,000 
162,000.0(10 
11,000.009 


266,000,000 

6,000,000 
IIC^OOQ^OOO 

28.000.000 

i2Q.ooa,Qr« 

7,000.000 


172,000,000 


2,000,000 
82,000,000 
64,000,000 


98,000,000 


14,000,000 


2,000,000 

49,000,000 

109,000,000 


160,000,000 


19,060,000 


1,164,000,000 


967,000,000 


The  movement  of  the  special  foreign  tradei 
from  1871  to  1877,  was  as  follows: 


ITALY. 


455 


1"«71 

1ST4 

1ST6 
IsTI 


OmCIAL  TALCTL 


OOlfMKBOtAL  TALim. 


880,100,000 

1,189,800,000 
1,184,600,000 
1,861,700,000 
1,880,000,000 
1,864,800,000 
1,880,700,000 


756s600,000 
1,106,800,000 
l,088,50a000 
1,088,400,000 
1,158,800,000 
1,886,000,000 
1,044^900,000 


Import*. 


968,700,000 
1,186,600,000 
1,886,700.000 
1,805,000,000 
1,815,400,000 
1,887,800,000 
1,154,800,000 


Xzpofti. 


1,086,500,000 
1,107,800,000 
1,188,800,000 

965,500,000 
1,084,000,000 
1,816,800,000 

966,500,000 


The  commercial  value  of  the  imports  from  and  exports  to  the  different  countries  in  1876 
and  1877,  was  as  follows  (in  lire) : 


CODNTaiES. 

lmpoKt»,Wn. 

Xmperti,  ISrr. 

KipMti^UTI. 

Ks9ort^,l«n. 

Fnnoe 

488,800,000 
809,400,000 
865,80a000 
88,100,000 
84,900,000 
49,500,000 
40,100,000 
87,800,000 
68,40a000 
66,500,000 

888,100,000 
896,500,000 
887.500,000 

83,ooaooo 

88,400,000 
89,9004)00 
85,800,000 
50,800,000 
5^600,000 
60,800,000 

547,800,000 

188,900,000 

167,600,000 

151,500,000 

84,600,000 

80,600,000 

80,600,000 

48,700.000 

6,100,000 

78,000,000 

416,900,000 

Eiybnd 

185,700,000 

185,000,000 

P-itwrtand 

181,500,000 

BossU 

80,000,000 

Ualt«d  8tat«t 

87,800.000 

Gemunj. 

16,600,000 

Booth  Aintrtoft 

48,500,000 

Torfcej 

8,fi00,000 

OtbireouitrfM 

89,600,000 

Total 

1,887,800,000 

1,154,800,000 

1,816,800,000 

966,500,000 

The  movement  of  shipping  in  1876  is  ezMhited  bj  the  following  table : 


VP^^^f  4  AWM 

TOTAL. 

LADIir. 

VOYAOnb 

VMMla. 

TbM. 

TMMla. 

TVnm. 

VMMla. 

T«M. 

'l2Kr^= 

10,873 
5,648 

1305,889 

8,889,116 

8,689 
5,075 

1,147,448 
8,068345 

889 

8,448 

467,746 
1,694368 

Foralgn. 

Total  long  vojBge 

15,980 

8,584,405 

18,704 

8,810337 

8388 

8,168,099 

2.  Short  Tojrage: 

luHaa.T. 

81,178 
8,660 

6,668,044 
8,168,669 

68.141 
8,044 

5,886,588 
1,990,081 

18,445 
8,800 

4380361 
8,008,717 

Fonign 

Total  short  voyage 

84,888 

8,886,706 

65,185 

7,986,618 

16385 

6389,868 

Total 

100,748 

18361,158 

78.889 

11,087,000 

19,667 

8,701361 

OLXABSD. 

1.  LeagTOfiyre. 

16*498 
84,510 

8,819.855 
8354358 

18,4i« 
65380 

8,887,960 
7,689318 

8397 

16,025 

8,888388 
6358,189 

ISbortTOTage 

Total 

101,006 

18374,808 

n,788 

10,477,878 

19,688 

8;«743n 

The  strength  of  the  Italian  army  on  Sep- 
tember 30,  1877,  was  as  follows: 

laftatiy  of  the  liM 849318 

Mitttuj  districts 81^517 

Companies  of  the  Alpe 7,551 

Bera^leri 48,567 

CavaJrf 28,818 

ArtUlery 09,988 

Eacteeers. 11,883 

Geodaimes  (carUneers) . . . 

Military  sehools 

fisaltary  eompaolea. 

Veterans 

Btad  dep<^ 


•••••< 


16368 
8,728 
8.909 
1,175 


^         .  288 

Disdplliiary  rom|Malefl 1.895 

FmallnstltatioDS 1,905 

11,428 
8,058 


OffloBia  la  secTlce 
Other  oSoen 


VBKKLS. 

No. 

Qmm. 

w 

RoffM- 

Men-of-War : 

Ironclads.. 

IS 
19 
10 

188 

117 

46 

97.548 
28.216 
10,166 

68.881 

17,070 

7,186 

Berew-stearaers  ... 
Wheel-steamen. . . . 

Total  men-of-war. . . . 

47 

895 

189,944 

88,187 

TVansports: 

Screw-steamers.... 
Wheel-steamers. . . . 

18 
6 

44 

•  • 

16*457 
944 

9,079 
854 

TMal  transports 

19 

44 

17301 

9,996 

Total  nayy. 

66 

889 

147345 

98,061 

1.  standing  armj 609,615 

1  ProTlDclal  mmtia 860,825 

&  Ofllom  of  reaerre 8,167 

1  TanltoKlal  miUtIa 890318 

TotaL 1,818,680 

The  navj  was  composed  as  follows  in  1876 : 


See  "Annual  Ojclopaedia"  for  1877,  for  an 
account  of  the  commercial  navjr. 

At  the  close  of  1876,  there  were  7,864  kilo- 
metres of  railroad  in  operation,  604  in  process 
of  building,  and  768  prelected.  The  gross  re- 
ceipts in  1876  amounted  to  162,427,749  lire, 


466  ITALY. 

and  the  cost  of  oonstrnction  up  to  December  knew  how  to  inspire,  even  amid  the  earnest  enmlar 

Q1    1  fiTA  o  Q09  1 Q1  ftHA  Ui^  lation  of  parties  and  in  the  inevitable  conflict  of  cir- 

V:     1    ^u   'i  ri^ilk  i:   .-  i«  1QTT  -,.-  cumstances.    Sincerity  of  purpose  and  concord  of 

The  length  of  telegraph  lines  m  1877  waa  patriotic  love  will  acoompanv  me,  I  am  sure,  in  the 

23,788  kilometres;  of  wires,  80,609;  of  sab-  arduous  way  which  we  are  about  to  tread,  at  the  end 

marine  cables,  178 ;  and  of  government  stations  of  which  I  only  aspire  to  deserve  this  praise :  "  He 

in  1877,  1,292.    The  number  of  dispatches  in  ^^  worthy  of  his  father." 

1877  was  6,680,402,  of  which  6,047,336  were  The  Chambers  were  then  adjourned  until 

private,  286,681  official,  106,694  service,  and  March  7th,  when  they  were  opened  by  Kiog 

191,792  transit  dispatches.  Humbert  in  person.    In  his  speech  from  the 

The  naval  estimates  for  1879  amount  to  44,-  throne  he  sketched  the  programme  of  le^sk- 

000,P00  lire,  of  which  12,600,000  lire  are  to  be  tion  that  he  desired  to  effect    First  in  impor* 

applied  to  the  construction  and  completion  of  tance  he  placed  the  question  of  electoral  refortn, 

new  ships.    According  to  the  scheme  for  the  which  had  been  counseled  by  his  father.    He 

reorganization  of  the  navy  prepared  by  Admi-  also  promised  a  transformation  of  the  system 

ral  Brin  and  sanctioned  by  the  Chambers  in  of  taxation  which  would  alleviate  the  burden? 

1877,  the  sea-going  fleet  is  to  consist  eventn-  of  the  poorer  classes,  and  a  bill  to  settle  the 

ally  of  16  first-class  men-of-war,  10  men-of-  question  of  ecclesiastical  property.    Referrini; 

war  of  the  second  class,  20  of  the  third  class,  to  the  Eastern  question,  he  stated  that  his  Gov- 

and  a  few  smaller  vessels,  making  in  all  72  ernment,  while  maintaining  most  friendly  and 

ships,  costing  a  total  sum  of  276,000,000  lire,  cordial  relations  with  all  foreign  states,  had 

The  reorganization  is  to  be  completed  in  ten  adhered  to  the  religious  observance  of  treaties, 

years.  and  followed  without  suspicious  precaotioDs  a 

Italy  met  with  a  serious  loss  by  the  death  confident  neutrality.    The  Government  had, 

of  its  first  King,  Victor  Emanuel  II.,  which  oc-  therefore,  consented  to  take  part  in  a  confer- 

curred  on  January  9th,  after  a  short  illness,  ence  of  the  Powers,  wishing  to  secure  a  per- 

g»ee  ViOTOR  Emanuel.)    His  oldest  son,  Prince  manent  peace  for  Europe.    "  Oar  sincere  im- 

umbert,  immediately  issued  a  proclamation  partiality,"  he  said,  ^^  will  add  weight  to  onr 

to  the  people,  announcing  that  he  had  ascend-  counsels,  and  the  example  of  our  recent  histor; 

ed  the  throne  as  Humbert  I.    The  Chambers  will  avail  us  as  an  argument  to  uphold  the 

met  on  January  16th,  and  resolved  to  go  into  solutions  most  conformable  to  jastice  and  to 

mourning  for  six  months.    On  the  19th  King  the  rights  of  humanity."    He  finally  alluded  to 

Humbert  took  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  Con-  the  death  of  '^  the  late  lamented  and  venerated 

stitation  before  a  large  assemblage  in  the  Par-  Pope,"  after  a  pontificate  of  thirty -two  years, 

liament  House.    The  oaths  were  then  admin-  ana  the  election  of  his  successor,  naming  Dei- 

istered  to  the  Senators  and  Deputies,  after  ther,  but  stating  that  the  rites  of  the  Conclare 

which  the  King  read  the  following  address :  were  freely  observed  without  disturbance  to 

The  words  which  in  the  ilret  moments  of  sorrow  the  ta-anquiUity  of  men's  minds. 

I  addreBsed  to  my  people  I  oome  now  to  repeat  to  The  position  of  the  Ministry  at  the  opening 

their  representativeB.   I  feel  encouraged  in  reaBBum-  of  Parliament  was    very    precarious,    owing 

ing  the  duties  of  life  by  Beeing  how  the  mourain^  chiefly  to  the  scandal  afloat  about  Signor  Crispi. 

of  my  house  haa  found  a  amcere  echo  in  aU  parts  of  j^f i^ister  of  the  Interior,  to  the  eflfect  that  he 

our  country,  how  the  blessed  memory  of  the  Liber-  ^  :,    izl     «               ."  v  i!v           ^'^yvv  uj«b 

ator  Kinff  has  made  of  all  Italian  houBeholds  one  bad  virtually  committed  bigamy,  witliont  com- 

family.    Bo  great  a  unanimity  of  feeling  was  also  ing  within  the  pale  of  the  law.     When  the 

very  BoothiDK  to  the  heart  ofmy  beloved  oooBort,  Honse  elected  Signor  Cairoli,  the  leader  of  the 

Queen  Margaret,  who  will  educate  our  well-beloved  opposition,  its  President,  the  Ministry  resigned, 

aon  to  follow  the  glorious  example  of  bis  great  grand-  ^  •'s  r««5«^i:  «,«-  i«».».*12^  ^i*\>  «Ka  Ax»»,^f^»n 

fiither.    Nor  was  it  a  minor  consolation  to  ualn  our  ^^  Cairob  was  mtrusted  with  the  formation 

sudden  sorrow  the  sympathy  of  all  Europe,  the  con-  or  a  new  Cabmet,  whicn  was  composed  as  foi- 

courseofaugust  foreign  princes  and  illustrious  per-  lows:  Cairoli,   President,   without   portfolio; 

Bonages  which  lent  a  solemnity  and  Bignillcance  to  Count  Corli,  Foreign  Affairs:  ZanardeU\  In- 

^l^A^r^^ l^hL'^^UA^^^^^  t«"or;  Seismit-Doda,  Finance;  Conforti,  Jus- 
kmffaom.  These  pledffes  of  respect  and  sympathy  ..  V  •  •  Tk  li*  Txr  i  -r^  o  x- 
whSh  reconsecrate  Italian  rights,  and  for  which  i  Uce;  Baccanni,  Public  Works;  I)e  Sanctis, 
must  express  my  profound  mtitude,  strengthen  the  Pnbuc  Instruction;  Bmzzo.  War;  Brochetti. 
eonviction  that  free  and  united  Italy  is  a  guarantee  Marine.  On  March  26th  bignor  Cairoli  re- 
of  peace  and  nromss.  It  is  for  U8  to  keep  our  coun-  ported  the  new  Ministry  to  the  Parliament, 
iJ^Ti""  ?.•  high  destinies  We  are  not  new  to  ^  ^  ^  ^^  ^  ^  ^^  j^  atatement 
the  diniculties  of  public  life.  These  last  thirty  years  "" "  ,.  «'"^, «'"«',  ""^*  *««««  a  "*'*"  ~^"; 
of  our  national  history  are  summed  up  in  alternate  of  policy,  in  which  he  enumerated  the  bills  the 
trials  of  undeserved  misfortunes  and  of  well-pre-  Oovernment  intended  to  bring  forward  during 
pared  successes.  This  is  the  thought  which  encour-  the  session.  He  made  few  pledges,  but  en- 
ages  me  in  takinflr  up  the  duties  imposed  upon  ine.  ^^^^  ^^  mamtain  the  prestige  of  parliaments- 
Italy,  which  well  knew  how  to  understand  Victor  z„„^„^^^^„a.  ^f  v^^I  „„^  •-a^^rv^JT*.  «««*—!;»» 
Emiiuel,  proves  to  me  to-day  what  my  ^eat  father  ^7  goveiTinaent  at  home  and  respect  neutrahly 
never  ceased  to  tell  me— that  the  religious  obser-  abroad,  and  to  maintain  the  lately  e6tablisne<l 
Vance  of  free  institutions  is  the  best  safeguard  balance  between  revenue  and  expenditure. 
ajTMust  all  dangers.    This  is  the  faith  of  my  houae;  The  Government  would  propose  an   inqnirr 

£l'j|}?A\SJrTJ\?f^in?^^^  in*»  the  condition  of  railways,  bring  in  biUs 

nil  to  the  national  will,  will  aia  me  m  the  first  steps  «      .i              .  .       ,                    "^  -    «  vr  _.l  t<.  i 

of  my  reiffn  with  that  loyalty  of  intent  which  the  ]0T  the  pronsional  management  of  North  Jtei 

glotiouB  King,  whose  memory  all  men  celebrate,  lan  lines  and  idT  an  electoral  reform,  atd  refer 


ITALY,  457 

to  Parfiament  the  question  relating  to  the  re-  000,000  lire  per  annum ;  hat  he  would  oalon- 

oent  abolition  of  the  Ministry  of  Trade  and  late  on  11,000,000  lire  for  1879.    To  this  he 

Agriculture.  would  add  4,000,000  lire  increase  on  the  huild- 

The  Chambers  adjourned  on  April  15th  for  ing  tax,  6,000,000  through  the  new  treaties  of 
the  Easter  holidays,  and  reassembled  on  Maj  commerce  or  the  application  of  general  tariffs, 
1st  On  that  day  Signor  Oairoli  contradicted  and  10,000,000  from  tobacco  duties.  He  cal- 
the  reports  respecting  the  mediation  of  Italy  oulated  also  on  8,000,000  lire  from  savings, 
in  the  Eastern  question.  Oount  Gorti,  the  He  demonstrated,  finally,  that  as  in  1879  there 
Foreign  Minister,  said  that  the  course  followed  would  be  a  diminution  in  the  extraordinary 
by  the  Government  would  be  in  conformity  expenditure  of  15,000,000  lire,  and  an  increased 
with  the  wishes  of  the  people ;  that  is,  it  would  income  of  59,700,000  lire,  from  which  it  would 
keep  aloof  as  far  as  possible  from  all  foreign  be  necessary  to  deduct  14,200,000  lire  for  in- 
complications.  Signor  Oonforti,  liOnister  of  creased  ouUay  in  1879,  a  surplus  of  45,600,000 
Justice,  replying  to  questions  put  to  him  in  lire  might  be  expected.  Of  this  he  would  set 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  stated  on  May  6th  off  10,000,000  against  eventualities,  12,000,000 
that  he  intended  shortly  to  lay  before  the  he  would  devote  to  lessening  the  treasury  de- 
House  the  penal  and  commercid  codes ;  that  ficit,  and  28,000,000  he  assigned  to  the  dimir 
he  personally  was  in  favor  of  the  abolition  of  nution  of  taxes.  This,  he  said,  was  the  first 
capital  pnni^ment;  and  that  with  regard  to  the  time  Italy  had  been  able  to  look  forward  to  so 
qu^tions  of  marriages  celebrated  in  churches  large  a  surplus.  Perhaps  the  whole  ought  to 
only  and  the  redistribution  of  ecclesiastical  be  devotea  to  diminishing  the  treasury  debt, 
property,  it  would  be  necessary  to  await  the  which  amounted  to  1,168.866,016  lire;  but 
result  of  the  inquiry  that  had  now  commenced  against  this  considerable  aebt  the  state  was 
into  these  matters  before  presenting  any  bills  not  unprovided  with  disposable  property.  £nu- 
on  the  subject.  The  Minister  of  Finance,  in  merating  it,  he  gave  the  total  as  674,000,000 
concert  with  the  Minister  of  War,  presented  a  lire.  Of  this  28,000,000  would  be  consumed 
bill  on  May  15th  asking  for  a  supplementary  in  1879.  The  burdens  to  be  nassed  on  to  f  u- 
vote  of  ten  millions  for  war  estimates.  This  ture  years  consisted  of  the  railway  obligations, 
additional  outlay  was  described  as  urgently  re-  but  against  these  was  the  progressive  diminu- 
qaired,  and  as  having  been  circumscribed  with-  tion  of  the  redeemable  debt  The  year  1882 
in  the  narrowest  limits;  1,500,000  was  for  the  would  give  a  diminution  of  81,000,000  lire, 
forage  of  8,000  horses  above  the  regulation  and  each  f ollovring  year  a  larger  amount,  until 
number;  4,000,000  on  account  of  the  larger  in  1892  the  diminution  would  be  91,000,000 
sum  to  be  asked  for  works  of  fortification,  it  lire  in  twelve  months.  The  Minister  then 
being  indispensable  that  the  (Government  should  went  on  to  speak  of  the  diminution  and  aboli- 
in  the  mean  time  have  this  amount  at  its  dis-  tion  of  taxes  proposed  to  take  effect  from  Jan- 
poeal ;  1,200,000  for  additional  cannon  of  sev-  nary,  1879.  They  were  a  quarter  of  the  grist 
en  centimetres;  1,800,000  for  ammunition;  tax,  which  would  amount  to  20,784,000 lire, 
1,000,000  for  military  buildings ;  500,000  for  the  abolition  of  some  export  duties  on  agricul- 
cavalry  pistols,  and  other  minor  things.  tural  products,  1,400,000  lire,  with  the  aboli- 

On  May  18th  Signor  Baccarini,  the  Minister  tion  of  all  navigation  duties,  and  river,  lake, 

of  Public  Works,  brought  in  a  bill  for  the  con-  and  canal   tolls,  1,400,000  lire.      He-  hoped 

struetion  of  new  railways  to  the  extent  of  eventually  to  be  able  entirely  to  abolish  the 

abont  4,000  kilometres,  at  a  total  cost  of  about  grist  tax.    The  Minister  spoke  also  in  a  confi« 

830,000,000  lire.    The  expenditure  for  national  dent  tone  of  being  able  shortly  to  commence 

lines  is  wholly  to  be  borne  by  the  state,  while  the  exianction  of  the  forced  currency, 
to  the  local,  provincial,  district,  and  interpro-        On  October  22d  Signor  Csiroli  presented  to 

vinoial  lines,  the  Government  will  contribute  the  King  the  resignations  of  Count  Oorti,Minis- 

in  various  proportions.  ter  of  Foreign  Affairs,  General  Bruzzo,  Minis- 

On  June  8d  Signor  Seismit-Doda,  the  Minis-  ter  of  War,  and  Admiral  di  Brochetti,  Minis- 
ter of  Finance,  presented  the  financial  state-  ter  of  the  Navy.  At  the  same  time  he  stated 
ment  to  the  House.  The  treasury  account  of  that  tlie  whole  Cabinet  wished  to  resign.  The 
1877  as  compared  with  1876,  he  said,  showed  Xing  protested  warmly,  and  declared  that  even 
an  improvement  of  18,000,000  lire.  He  ex-  if  the  whole  Cabinet  retired  from  office,  he 
pressed  the  conviction  that  the  treasury  deficit  would  again  charge  Signor  Cairoli  wiUi  the 
would  be  reduced  ten  or  twelve  million  lire  formation  of  a  new  ministry.  A  solution  was 
within  the  year.  The  happy  prospects  of  an  finally  reached  by  which  Signor  Depretis  as- 
abundant  harvest,  as  demonstrated  by  reports  sumed  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Gen- 
from  aU  the  sixty-nine  prefects  of  nrovinces,  eral  Bonelli  that  of  War,  the  former  Minister 
and  the  beneficial  results  which  mignt  be  ex-  of  War  that  of  the  Navy,  and  Professor  Pes- 
pected  from  the  deliberations  of  the  Congress,  sina,  an  eminent  writer  on  political  economy, 
were  additional  reasons  for  calculating  upon  the  that  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce.  Profes- 
financial  progress  he  anticipated.  As  regards  sor  Pessina  accepted  the  appointment  on  con- 
the  provisional  budget  for  1879,  he  demon-  dition  that  he  was  not  to  enter  upon  his  office 
<trated  that  from  the  year  1878  to  1877  there  for  several  weeks. 
had  been  a  steady  increase  of  income  by  80,-       The  Chambers  assembled  on  November  26tb* 


458                       ITALY.  IVORY,  ARTIFICIAL. 

The  principal  theme  of  discassion  was  the  so-  tions  in  those  cities.  Nomerous  arrests  were 
oialist  qaestioD,  raised  by  the  attempted  as-  made,  and  as  many  of  the  persons  were  foand 
sassination  of  the  King.  On  December  8d  the  to  belong  to  the  International  Society,  all  tbe 
debate  on  this  question  was  opened.  Accord-  Barsanti  clnbs  in  Italy,  about  thirty  in  hiiil- 
ing  to  the  opposition,  complete  order  reigned  ber,  were  closed.  Signor  Depretis,  in  present- 
in  Italy  until  the  Left  came  into  power.  Ac-  ing  the  members  of  the  new  Cabinet  to  tbe 
cording  to  those  who  spoke  in  favor  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  December  20th,  said 
Government,  the  throwing  of  bombs,  the  Bar-  that  the  Ministry  would  maintain  public  order 
santi  clubs,  the  Italian  communists,  and  other  with  the  aid  of  existing  laws,  without  displuT- 
evils  with  which  they  were  credited,  were  in-  ing  weakness  or  having  recourse  to  arbitr&n 
heritances  they  had  received  from  past  admin-  measures.  The  seizure  at  about  the  same 
istrations.  On  the  following  day,  the  4th,  Si-  time  in  Venice  of  a  banner  inscribed  with  tbe 
gnor  Minghetti  made  a  speech,  which  was  lis-  words  "  Italia  Irredenta,"  was  interpreted  m 
tened  to  with  the  closest  atteoition.  He  had  an  indication  of  the  Government's  intentaon  to 
heard,  he  said,  that  some  of  the  Barsanti  clubs  act  with  more  decision  toward  the  a^tatioDS 
had  been  closed,  but  he  wished  to  know  if  the  of  the  aggressive  party, 
action  taken  respecting  them  would  also  be  The  action  of  the  Berlin  Congress  gave  mc 
put  in  force  against  the  Republican  associa-  to  considerable  popular  agitation  in  Italy.  A 
tions.  He  knew  well  that  a  great  difference  large  meeting  was  held  in  Rome  on  July  28th, 
exists  between  Internationals  and  Republicans,  which  passed  resolutions  condemning  the  tIo- 
but  he  would  ask  the  Ministers  if  associations,  lation  by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  the  principle 
whether  to  divide  Italy  once  again  into  firag-  of  nationalities  and  popular  sovereignty,  tod 
ments,  to  place  dispossessed  princes  on  their  reminding  Italy  that  there  still  exist  Italian 
thrones,  or  to  establish  a  republic,  were  permit-  countries  subject  to  foreign  domination.  TLe 
ted  by  Law?  Were  Ministers  disposed  to  pro-  Government  showed  a  tolerant  spirit  toward 
ceed  against  them  as  they  had  done  against  such  demonstrations,  carrying  out  a  policy 
Barsanti  clubs  ?  The  theme  of  his  speech  was,  which  it  seemed  to  have  decided  upon  some 
in  short,  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the  Ministers  time  before,  as  if  in  anticipation  of  public  ex- 
to  repress  all  manifestations  not  in  accord  oitement.  On  the  6th  of  May  the  Minister  of 
with  the  established  form  of  government,  the  Interior,  in  reply  to  an  interpellation  io 
The  debate  on  the  policy  of  the  Government  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  respecting  a  repub- 
was  brought  to  a  close  on  December  10th.  lican  congress  which  had  recently  been  held 
The  vote  of  confidence  was  defeated  by  268  to  at  Rome,  had  said  that  no  importance  atucbed 
189.  Of  the  opposition,  106  belonged  to  the  to  the  meeting,  and  that  a  little  improper  Ian- 
Right,  the  remainder  to  various  groups  of  the  guage  here  and  there  could  not  disturb  public 
Left.  The  Cabinet  immediately  tendered  its  order  or  affect  Italy's  relations  with  foreign 
resignation,  which  was  accepted  by  the  King,  powers.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  Ministrj  not 
After  consultation  with  various  political  lead-  to  infringe  the  right  of  public  meetmg,  and 
ers,  the  King  intrusted  Signor  Depretis  with  Italy  was  in  such  a  position  that  it  could  allotr 
the  formation  of  a  new  Cabinet.  As  proposed  the  greatest  liberty  to  reign  wjthout  fear  of 
it  consisted 
and  was 
ident 

and  temporarily  for  Foreign  Affairs ;  Magliani,  had  made  an  offensive  demonstration  against 
Finance ;  Mezzanotte,  Public  Works ;  Coppino,  tbe  residence  of  the  Austrian  consul,  the  Min- 
Instruction ;  Majorana,  Agriculture ;  Maze  de  ister,  clearing  the  Venetian  people  from  com- 
la  Roche,  War;  Ferracoini,  Navy;  and  Tiyani,  plicity  with  the  offense,  said  that  *Mt  was  the 
Justice.  work  of  a  few  foolish  persons,  who,  never 
On  November  17th,  as  King  Humbert  was  having  done  anything  for  their  country, 
entering  the  city  of  Naples,  a  man  who  was  thought  to  show  their  patriotism  in  this  rep- 
among  the  trade  associations  which  were  rehensible  manner."  The  Government,  how- 
drawn  up  with  their  banners,  and  who  also  ever,  made  renaration  to  Austria  for  the  out' 
carried  a  flag,  suddenly  lowered  it,  and  made  rage.  The  policy  of  the  Government  after  tb^ 
a  thrust  at  the  King,  wounding  him  slightly  in  close  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin  was  understood 
the  arm  with  a  dagger  with  which  he  had  to  be  to  permit  the  meetings  which  vere 
armed  the  head  of  the  staff.  The  King  instant-  called  for  the  purpose  of  censuring  the  silence 
ly  drew  his  sword  and  struck  the  assassin  on  of  the  Italian  representatives  in  the  Con^'esi 
the  head,  and  Signor  Cairoli,  who  accompanied  on  the  cession  of  Cyprus  to  England,  without 
the  King,  sprang  to  the  ground  and  caught  the  compensation  to  Italy  on  the  side  of  Trent  or 
man,  receiving  at  the  same  time  a  wound  in  Trieste.  The  Ministry,  it  was  said,  regardfd 
the  thigh.  The  assassin  was  t^en  secured,  these  gatherings  as  safety-valves  for  the  outlet 
His  name  is  Giovanni  Passanante,  a  cook  by  of  the  general  irritation  which  existed  on  tbe 
trade.  This  attempted  assassination  was  fol-  subject.  Under  this  policy  the  excitement  sub- 
lowed  during  the  next  day  by  the  throwing  of  sideid. 

Orsini  bombs  among  the  crowds  in  Florence  IVORY,  ARTIFICIAL.    Numeroos  patents 

and  Pisa,  on  the  occasion  of  loyal  demonstra-  have  been  granted  in  the  United  States  witbiu 


IVORY,  ARUFIOIAL.  459 

twenty  yean  for  compositions  to  be  used  as  material,  suoh  as  coral,  tortoise-shell,  amber, 
sQbstitates  for  ivorj.  The  compounds  were  Jet,  rubber,  horn,  ivorj,  etc.  It  is  of  a  light 
v&riooslj  composed  of  caontohono,  sulphur,  gel-  yellowish-brown  color  in  its  crude  state,  and 
atine,  baryta,  albumen,  camphor,  and  other  sub-  resembles  a  transparent  gum.  Although  con- 
stances,  treated  by  a  variety  of  chemical  pro-  taining  gun-cotton,  it  is  said  to  be  inexplosire, 
cesses,  and  often  colored  with  admixtures  of  nor  is  it  subject  to  other  dis^tegration.  Yet 
white  substances.  Welling  made  an  imitation  it  is  slowly  combustible  and  inflammable  when 
of  ivory  of  white  shellac,  acetate  of  lead,  ivory  held  in  direct  contact  with  a  flame, 
dast,  and  camphor.  A  substance  similar  in  Such  a  material  might  be  expected  to  rapidly 
composition  to  genuine  ivory  has  been  pro-  win  its  way  and  to  find  a  large  employment  in 
daced  by  dissolving  India-rubber  in  chloroform,  the  industrial  arts ;  and  indeed  in  the  whole 
saturating  the  solution  with  amrooniacal  gas,  history  of  inventions  there  is  scarcely  an  ex- 
and  mixing  phosphate  of  lime,  after  evaporat-  ample  of  a  new  material's  acquiring  so  impor- 
ing  the  chloroform.  Billiard  balls  have  been  tant  a  place  so  suddenly.  The  raw  celluloid  con- 
made  of  paper  pulp,  sulphate  of  baryta,  and  sumed  in  the  United  States  is  produced  in  a 
gelatine.  The  commonest  substitute  for  ivory,  single  factory  in  Newark.  It  is  hardly  ^7e 
however,  has  been  made  with  pyroxyline  or  years  since  it  was  first  manufactured  in  its  pres- 
gun-cotton.  Hyatt  invented  a  process  of  work-  ent  manageable  form,  and  the  consumption  is 
ing  this  explosive  substance  in  porous  molds,  already  very  large.  The  Celluloid  Company 
by  expressing  all  the  moisture  by  pneumatic  disposes  of  the  material  to  a  number  of  other 
pressure  in  closed  vessels.  In  1870  he  received  manufacturing  companies,  each  of  which  is  re- 
ft patent  for  a  composition  of  ground  pyroxy-  stricted  to  the  production  of  its  own  special 
line  mixed  with  comminuted  gum  camphor,  articles.  The  price  per  pound  varies  fcom,  two 
melted  and  compressed  together.  In  1871,  to  four  or  five  dollait,  according  to  the  uses  to 
with  his  brother,  he  took  out  a  patent  for  den-  which  it  is  put  or  the  cost  of  the  material 
tal  plates  of  celluloid,  made  in  the  way  Just  which  it  is  designed  to  replace ;  besides  which 
described.  The  patent  of  Hyatt  &  Hyatt  of  the  original  comnany  receives  a  royalty  on  the 
November  19,  1872,  describes  a  process  and  net  sales  of  the  nnished  products.  Its  intrinsic 
apparatos  for  manufacturing  celluloid.  The  properties  of  plasticity,  durability,  hardness, 
mixture  of  pyroxyline  and  gum  camphor  is  and  elasticity  account  for  its  large  and  growing 
pressed  into  cakes  and  then  pressed  in  a  pile  use,  rather  than  its  superior  cheapness;  ana 
with  layers  of  paper  between ;  after  which  the  some  of  the  substances  lor  which  it  is  used  as 
combined  materials  are  pressed  in  a  heated  a  substitute,  for  instance  rubber,  are  less  ex- 
cjiinder  by  a  plunger,  then  dissolved  and  dis-  pensive.  It  possesses  in  so  perfect  a  degree  the 
charged  in  a  continuous  rod  or  sheet  from  a  qualities  of  ivory,  and  can  be  made  to  resemble 
nozzle.  Later  patents  granted  to  the  same,  it  so  closely,  that  it  may  be  hailed  with  grati* 
in  1874,  describe  a  process  of  dissolving  pyr-  fication  as  a  substitute  for  that  important  com* 
oxyline  in  camphor  and  alcohol,  which  re-  modity,  whose  utility  not  less  than  its  beauty 
mains  latent  undl  heat  is  applied ;  another  for  has  given  it  so  high  a  position  in  commerce 
subjecting  to  mastication  previous  to  heating  and  art  that  its  gradual  but  certain  exhaustion 
and  eonversion ;  and  a  third  for  making  arti-  has  been  regarded  with  regret  and  misgivings, 
ficial  ivory  by  combining  ivory-  or  bone-dust.  Celluloid  has  found  suoh  a  demand  as  a  substi- 
pyroxyline,  camphor,  and  nitric  ether.  Since  tute  for  ivory  that  there  has  been  a  competi- 
then  a  namber  of  patents  have  been  granted  to  tion  in  price,  which  can  only  result  in  the  di»- 
the  same  inventors  for  processes  and  apparatus  comfiture  of  the  ivory  merchants.  It  is  often 
for  working  celluloid;  for  obtaining  it  in  its  un-  preferred  to  ivory  for  keys  to  musical  instm- 
mannfactnred  state  in  various  forms,  as  sheets,  roents,  billiard  balls,  fine  combs,  and  omamen- 
b&rs,  etc. ;  for  cutting  it ;  for  coating  other  tal  and  other  purposes,  as  it  is  more  durable 
articlea  with  it ;  for  using  it  as  a  composition  and  does  not  discolor  with  age ;  as  handles  to 
for  emery  wheels,  etc.  Celluloid  was  the  name  table  cuUery,  it  is  not  crackcii  nor  turned  yel- 
given  originally  to  the  material  resulting  frpm  low  by  hot  water.  It  is  preferred  to  India- 
heating  pyroxyline  or  gun-cotton  with  pnlver-  rubber  in  pencil-cases  and  other  articles  which 
ized  gum  camphor,  by  which  process  the  gun-  are  trimmed  with  alloyed  gold,  as  it  contains 
cotton  was  dissolved.  The  subsequent  com-  i^o  sulphur  to  tarnish  the  metal;  in  artificial 
bination  of  this  substance  with  fine  tissue  pa-  teeth  it  is  also  preferred,  because  it  can  be  dyed 
per  greatly  improved  its  qualities  as  a  material  a  perfect  flesh-color.  As  a  substitute  for  tor- 
for  manofacturing.  Celluloid  is  a  substance  toise-shell,  coral,  and  other  like  materials  em- 
of  very  remarkable  properties.  It  is  so  plas-  ployed  in  jewelry  and  fancy  articles,  its  use  is 
tic  in  its  raw  state  that  it  can  be  molded  in  very  common ;  it  is  also  employed  as  the  ma- 
rery  delicate  and  perfect  forms;  and  when  terial  for  flutes,  flageolets,  and  drum-sticks, 
hard  it  is  almost  infrangible.  It  is  so  hard  and  and  instead  of  amber  in  the  mouthpieces  of 
smooth  that  dirt  will  not  accumulate  nor  stains  pipes  and  musical  instruments.  In  thin  sheets 
remain  on  its  surface.  It  is  one  of  the  most  it  is  used  instead  of  parchment  for  drumheads, 
elastic  materials  known.  It  can  be  colored  as  not  being  affected  by  the  moisture  of  the  air. 
through  its  mass  and  wrought  into  a  perfect  The  rims  and  frames  of  eye-glasses  and  optical 
imitation  of  any  polished  or  semi-transparent  instruments  are  extensively  made  from  it ;  also 


460 


JAPAN. 


protecting-tips  for  sboea,  thimbles,  hat  sweat- 
bands,  and  a  multitude  of  other  articles.  One 
of  its  latest  and  most  remarkable  uses  is  in 
sheets  coating  a  foundation  of  linen  for  collars 
and  cuffs,  which  are  very  durable,  and  when 
soiled  can  be  cleaned  in  a  minute. 


The  right  to  manufacture  celluloid  in  Europe 
has  been  acquired  by  a  company  established  in 
France ;  so  that  neither  the  crude  article  nor  i^ 
manufactures  are  exported  across  the  Atlantic; 
but  considerable  quantities  of  the  finished  good^ 
are  sent  to  Cuba  and  South  America. 


JAPAN,  an  empire  in  Eastern  Asia.  Mika- 
do (Emperor),  Muts-Hito,  bom  at  Tokio,  Sep»- 
tember  22, 1852 ;  succeeded  his  father,  Komei- 
Tenno,  1867 ;  married  December  28,  1868,  to 
Princess  Haruko,  bom  April  17, 1850,  daughter 
of  Prince  Idchidgo.  There  is  no  regular  law 
of  succession,  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  abdi- 
cation of  the  Mikado,  the  crown  does  not  gen- 
erally devolve  upon  his  son,  but  upon  either 
the  eldest  or  most  distinguished  member  of  the 
Shi  Shinn6,  the  four  imperial  families  of  Japan. 
These  families  are  the  Eatzura,  Arisogawa, 
Fushimi,  and  Kannin.  The  Mikado  is  theo- 
retically an  absolute  sovereign,  who  reigns  and 
governs ;  but  the  work  of  government  is  car- 
ried on  by  the  Great  Council,  which  is  divided 
into  three  sections,  center,  right,  and  left.  The 
center  is  composed  of  the  Prime  Minister,  Vice 
Prime  Minister,  and  five  advisers.  The  left  is 
made  up  exclusively  of  the  Council  of  State, 
the  functions  of  which  are  imalogous  to  those 
of  the  French  Conseil  d'£tat,  so  far  as  the  prep- 
aration and  discussion  of  laws  is  concerned. 
The  right  includes  all  the  ministers  and  vice- 
ministers  of  the  eight  departments  into  which 
the  administration  is  divided.  The  ministers, 
either  individually  or  united  in  a  cabinet,  de- 
cide all  ordinary  questions ;  but  points  of  very 
great  importance  are  reserved  for  the  Great 
Council,  presided  over  by  the  Mikado. 

The  foreign  states  represented  in  Japan  in 
1878  by  ambassadors  or  consuls  were  Austro- 
Hungary,  Belgium,  Denmark,  France,  Ger- 
man Empire,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Pern,  Por- 
tugal, Russia,  Sweden  and  Norway,  Switzer- 
land, Spain,  and  the  United  States. 

The  following  table  gives  the  area  of  the  sev- 
eral islands,  according  to  an  official  calculation 
made  in  1877,  and  the  population  in  1874: 


RECEIPTS. 

1.  Ground  tax $SS.5^.T>1 

8.  Tax  on  ftlcoboiic  liquors t,4l%v^ 

8.  Mining  ciues,  atamp  da^a,  patent  dace,  poat- 

ag«  stampa,  etc IIOT-.TT'! 

4.  CuBtoms  duties l,'(u.\>i 

6.  Income  tax tv.iH 

Tobacco  tax. &ti.z- 

Tribate  of  the  Liukla  Islands iC^f^i 

Taxes  on  the  products  of  the  northeni  rroT- 

Inoea iTl.n 

Receipts  from  mines. Vy<iA.^ 

Eallroads bux: 

Telegraphs S^>^.^rs• 

Qeoelpta  from  varions  manalactures,  etc 8T7.T<.iT 

Mint Tio  H-J 

Pablle  lands. tS-M"< 

MlscoUaneoua  rsoeipta 8T7J<Ci 

From  sums  dne  to  the  Government 1.14l.t .C 


6. 
7. 
8. 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
1& 


Total $&l;id€49 


EXrCXDniTRES. 


1.  On  account  of  public  debt. , 


S. 

8. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
IS. 
18. 
14. 
16. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
80. 
81. 
82. 
8& 

84. 
86. 


44 
44 


41 


t» 


CivU  Use,  appanages 

Pen»lobS 

Council  of  State 

Senate  and  Provlnctal  Assemblies 

Mlnistiy  of  Foreign  AHUrs 

of  the  Interior 

of  Finances. 

ofWar 

of  the  Navy 

of  £ducation 

itf  Public  Works 

"        of  Joatioe 

"        of  the  Imperial  House 

Colonization 

Land-tax  reform 

Provincial  administration 

Postal  admlnlstraUon 

PtoUce 

Police,  templea 

Public  bnllalngs.  canals,  etc 

Ambassadors  and  consuls 

For  the  support  of  the  poor  and  the  promo- 

tion  of  Induatry 

Miscellaneous 

Unforeseen  expenses 


|17vS?1.W« 

I*....:"! 

l.&ii.lw 
I.IT".""*'* 

1,^*V»^> 
2Ut-> 

i.i.'i;.!  ■« 

14&«4 

I.!-*.**! 

8.oui,:4« 

lM(.fri^ 

1JJ6<^N" 


ISLANDS. 


Kipbon 

Kinshla. 

Bhlkoku 

Ikl,  Tsushima,  Awadjl,  Okl,  8ado. 


Japan  Islands. 

Jesso  and  Knrllea.. 
Linkin  Islands.... 
Bonin  Islands 


Adjacent  Islands 

TotalJapanese  Empire, 


Sqt 


mUat. 


86,778 

14,956 

7,086 

1,008 


109,767 


86,006 

»08 

82 


86,846 


146,618 


PopOUtlOD. 


85,478,884 

4,9fA,618 

2,4$4,688 

802,177 


Total  expenditure $51,8%439 

The  puhlic  deht  on  July  1,  1877,  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

1.  Home  debt: 

Bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent. .  $11,460.950 1 

6  **     ..    46,174,166 
•*              "         6        *•     ..    87,066,195 

7  "     ..  109,464,106 

8  "     ..     16,204,726 


44 
4i 


41 
it 


88,812,168 


10 
Bearing  no  interest 


8218,903,10 


8,668,876  J 


144.069 

167,078 

76 


9  t^CsLiO 
Paperinoney 12l!oH'^ 

$84»jttl.<(l 
1M99.01A 


811,817 


Foreign  debt : 

Bearing  interest  at  9  per  cent. . .  $2,440,000  I 
•'  "         7        "...  10,950,016  f 


88.628,879 


The  budget  for  1877-78  was  as  follows:* 

*  The  Japanese  yon.  In  which  these  statistics  are  given,  is 
almobt  exactly  equivalent  to  a  dollar— 0  *  997. 


Total  public  debt •ses.iSi.s:: 

From  this  amount  should  be  deducted 

Reserve  ftand |89,0S:^ 

Outstanding  loans K«<7.aj 

Debt  not  provided  Ibr. $816J2<6M 


JAPAN. 


461 


The  Japanese  army  in  1878  comprised  14 
brigades  or  28  regiments  of  infantry,  8  regi* 
iDdQts  of  cavalry,  18  battalions  of  artillery,  10 
battalions  of  engineers,  6  companies  of  commis- 
sary troops,  and  9  companies  of  marine  artil- 
lery. According  to  the  law  of  1872,  the  lia- 
bility to  bear  arms  is  nniversal,  bnt  in  1878  the 
order  had  not  yet  been  carried  oat.  The  army 
is  divided  into  six  divisions,  corresponding  to 
the  six  military  districts  of  the  empire.  The 
strength  of  the  army  on  a  peace  footing  is  81,- 
6$J,  and  on  a  war  footing  46,850.  The  navy 
ia  1878  comprised  16  steam- vessels,  of  an  ag- 
gregate of  6,820  horse-power  and  with  78 
goas.   Three  ot  the  vessels  are  ironclads.    The 


fleet  is  manned  by  1,900  men,  indnsive  of  200 
officers. 

The  foreign  commerce  in  the  years  1868  to 
1876  was  as  follows : 


TEABS. 


1878. 
1S75. 
1874. 
1878. 
1868. 


Importt. 


$28,964,678 
89.975,627 
88,461,814 
28,107,890 
10,698,071 


Kzpoitk 


|27,711,A27 
18,611,110 
193l^064 
21,682,140 
15,008,412 


xzcns  or 


Inpotta. 

bportb 

iii,864^5i7 
4,146,750 
6,475,250 

$8,746,849 
*4,'s6b;467 

The  imports  and  exports  of  the  ports  opened 
to  foreign  commerce  for  the  year  ending  Jnne 
80,  1877,  were  as  follows : 


Imports  . . . . 
ExpartB  .... 


$19,878,000 


$8,747,000 
8,809.000 


$428,000 
11^000 


$1,058,000 
1.752/)00 


$15,000 
480,000 


$1,000 
24,000 


$25,127,000 
27,508,000 


The  movement  of  shipping  in  the  year  1876  -'77  was  as  follows : 


TOXOOAMA. 

KOBB. 

HAQABAXL 

BAKODAHL 

TOTAL. 

SMIPPCfO. 

VMMb. 

TVnm. 

VmmIi. 

Toot. 

YmmU. 

Tmu. 

y«nb. 

Too*. 

V«Mdi. 

T^ 

AmeticMi 

89 

110 

ii 

24 

■  • 

10 

120,879 

186,466 

42,000 

7,072 

«  ft  •  •  • 

8,268 

1 
18 

•  • 

4 

•  • 

m  • 

884 

9,052 

•  •  •  •  ■ 

944 

89 

108 

7 

10 
46 
88 

8,448 

00.101 

8,088 

am 

66.578 
18,801 

6 
12 

•  • 

1 
8 
6 

1,426 

4,940 

■  •  •  •  • 

200 
161 

2,082 

84 
818 
84 
88 
49 
49 

196,070 

ED!»:Uh 

200,500 

Frrach 

4^oe8 

Genaui 

11,887 

Jiataroa 

86,789 

OtW 

18,051 

ToUL 

214 

800,178 

18 

10,880 

288 

160,227 

28 

8,809 

498 

489,044 

Tlie  following  table  exhibits  the  imports 
from  and  exports  to  the  principal  foreign  conn- 
tries  represented  in  the  trade  with  Japan : 


Great  Rritaln  . . . 
Britiriieoloiitos.. 

<*liu. 

ralt«d  SUtM. . . 

Pnaea 

lUly   

Otraaoj 

Other  eoaotiles. 


ImpftfU. 


$12,291,000 

$7,768,000 

9.791.000 

1.621,000 

4.99:i,000 

2,959,000 

1.289,000 

^441,000 

8,154,000 

7.462,000 

44.000 

1.662.000 

495.000 

22.000 

474,000 

in,ooo 

The  aggregate  length  of  railroads  in  opera- 
tion is  105  kilometres.  Eight  lines  of  electric 
telejn^pb  have  an  aggregate  length  of  2,984 
kilometres.  The  number  of  post-offices  on 
Jane  30,  1877,  was  8,744.  The  number  of  let- 
ters forwardeid  was  22,912,838;  number  of 
P'>3ttil  cards,  6,764,272 ;  number  of  free  letters, 
856,637;  number  of  newspapers,  7,466,582; 
samples  of  merchandise,  books,  etc.,  322,642; 
total  88,821,971,  against  80,162,614  in  1876. 
Receipts,  $697,846 ;  expenditures,  $794,843. 

The  civil  war  with  which  Japanese  affairs 
were  distarbed  in  1877  ended  in  the  fall  of 
that  year,  and  the  three  great  rebel  gener- 
als were  killed  in  the  final  battle.  So  far  as 
ojtward  manifestations  were  concerned,  the 
empire  enjoyed  peace  at  the  beginning  of 
18Ti».  Nevertheless,  affairs  were  in  a  very  un- 
satisfactory condition.  Trade  was  depressed 
and  political  discontent  was  rife.  The  revolu- 
tion had  entailed  a  heavy  expenditure  on  the 
public  treasnry,  and  had  shaken  the  confi- 


dence of  the  people  in  the  Government.  The 
Mikado  was  believed  to  have  concluded  that 
he  had  gone  too  for  in  the  way  of  I^eform 
and  of  concessions  to  foreign  powers  for  the 
convenient  maintenance  of  pleasant  relations 
with  his  subjects.  Measures  were  set  on  foot 
for  the  revision  of  the  treaties,  and  were  shaped 
particularly  to  the  end  of  promoting  a  revival 
of  the  native  industries,  which  had  suffered 
greatly.  A  demand  was  set  up  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  protective  tariff  and  the  abolition 
of  extra-territorial  jurisdiction.  At  the  same 
time  it  was  proposed  to  give  more  freedom  to 
foreign  trade  by  opening  the  harbors  so  as  to 
afford  the  greatest  possible  facilities  for  the 
exportation  of  the  productions  of  the  country. 
Industrial  exhibitions  had  already  been  opened 
in  the  principal  towns  with  the  object  of  en- 
larging the  trade  of  the  interior;  and,  to  provide 
a  more  convenient  currency,  the  coinage  had 
been  assimilated  to  the  American  standard,  and 
new  coins  corresponding  to  this  standard  had 
been  struck  during  the  past  three  years  to  the 
amount  of  $77,496,226.  A  national  loan  of 
$12,500,000,  receivable  and  payable  in  paper, 
was  announced  in  April,  to  be  raised  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  beneficial  industries, 
increasing  the  productions  of  the  country,  and 
developing  foreign  trade,  and  was  taken  up  in 
a  short  time.  The  proceeds  of  the  loan  were 
expended  on  railways,  mines,  and  harbors. 

The  Government  began  early  in  the  year  to 
consider  the  means  for  giving  the  people  some 
voice  in  the  affairs  of  the  country.    An  assem- 


462  JAPAN. 

hlj  of  proYincial  governors  waa  convened  at  Another,  Oknma,  the  Finance  Minister,  is  de- 

Tokio  in  April,  to  discuss  plans  for  local  im-  scribed  as  a  man  of  great  ability,  remarlubU 

provements,  the  expediency  of  representative  for  his  clear  head  and  prodigious  memory.  The 

parliaments,  and  other  topics.    In  September  Japanese  officers  often  say  that  he  is  never  to 

the  establishment  of  a  provincial  parliament  be  seen  with  a  pen  in  his  hand  or  papers  be- 

was  announced,  with  a  low  property  qnalifi^  fore  him ;  bnt  he  directs  the  finances  of  tbe 

cation  for  electors,  a  ballot,  and  biennim  elec-  empire  very  soundly,  and  knows  every  detail 

tions  held  under  the  control  of  the  prefects  of  connected  with  them, 

the  provinces,  under  a  system  similar  to  that  A  serious  mutiny  of  soldiers  took  place  at 

in  force  in  France.  Tokio  on  the  nights  of  the  2dd  and  80th  of  Au- 

Modifications  of  the  press  laws,  agreed  upon  gust.    A  part  of  the  regiment  of  the  Imperial 

in  June,  comprehend  the  abolition  of  imprison-  Guards,  dissatisfied  with  the  awards  of  decora- 

ment  of  journalists  and  the  substitution  of  fines  tions  for  services  during  the  rebellion  of  1877, 

instead,  and  establish  regulations  considerably  formed  a  conspiracy  to  seize  their  arms  aod 

more  moderate  than  those  which  existed  pre-  leave  their  barracks.    The  plot  was  discovered, 

viously,  although  one  or  two  arbitrary  features  and  suitable  precautions  were  taken  to  guard 

were  suffered  to  remain.  against  the  danger.  The  rioters,  who  numbered 

A  decree  was  passed  in  June  conferring  deco-  about  one  hundred  men,  succeeded  in  forcing 

rations  on  deserving  common  soldiers  and  sail-  their  way  out  of  their  quarters,  after  murder- 

ors  of  the  army  and  navy.    Hitherto  only  offi-  ing  one  colonel  and  two  officers  of  lower  rank, 

cers  had  been  thus  distinguished.    The  Japan-  but  found  themselves  confronted  by  an  OTer- 

ese  navy  has  been  increased  during  the  year  powering  force,  and  were  speedily  reduced  to 

by  the  gunboats  Kongo  Kan,  Fuso  Kan,  and  submission.    The  second  rising,  on  the  80th, 

Hiyei  Kan,  built  in  England,  and  a  fourth  gun-  was  less  serious  and  only  partially  suoceegfiiL 

boat,  the  first  built  in  the  country,  which  was  It  consisted  in -an  attempt  to  set  free  the  mu- 

launched  in  July.  tineers  arrested  on  the  first  occasion,  and  was 

The  prevailing  political  discontent  led  to  the  quelled  without  loss  of  life.  A  €ourt-martial 
assassination  on  the  public  streets  of  Tokio  in  was  held  for  the  trial  of  the  mutineers,  and  sat 
open  day,  May  14th,  of  Okubo,  Minister  of  the  during  an  extended  period.  All  possible  means 
Interior.  The  act  was  a  political  one,  was  were  used  to  induce  the  prisoners  to  make  a 
planned  to  produce  a  sen^tional  effect,  and  full  confession  of  their  motives,  accomplicea, 
was  carried  out  in  a  dramatic  manner.  Pre-  and  instigators — even  torture,  it  is  alleged,  bav- 
vious  to  committing  it,  the  assassins  sent  a  pa-  ing  been  employed  for  the  purpose — bat  all 
per  to  the  Mikado  avowing  their  aim,  and  set-  in  vain.  The  court  met  October  16th  to  pro- 
ting  forth  their  reasons.  They  appear  to  have  nounce  judgment.  Fifty-three  private  soldiers 
been  a  part  of  an  association,  the  '*  Patriotism  of  the  mfantry  and  artillery  battalions  were 
Advocating  Society,"  having  for  its  object  the  condemned  to  death,  forty-eight  to  three  yeare\ 
revolution  of  the  Government,  beginning  with  seven  to  two  years*,  and  eighteen  to  one  year*i 
the  assassination  of  the  ministers.  The  minis-  imprisonment  in  various  parts  of  the  countrr. 
ters  Kido  and  Okubo  had  been  marked  out  for  Of  lesser  offenders,  twenty-three  were  sen- 
the  first  attack ;  but  Kido  died  some  time  be-  tenced  to  confinement,  and  one  to  be  fiogged. 
fore  the  execution  of  the  plan  was  begun,  and  Three  men  only  were  acquitted.  The  sentences 
only  Okubo  fell  a  victim  to  it.  The  assassins,  were  carried  out  at  once.  Thfi  condemned 
meeting  Okubo,  attacked,  overwhelmed,  and  men  were  shot  in  batches  of  fifteen  on  tbe 
dispatched  him,  wiped  their  blades  on  his  morning  following.  The  executioius  lasted  foor 
clothes,  then  went  to  the  palace  of  the  Mikado,  hours. 

saying,  ^' We  have  kiUed  the  Minister  of  the  In-  A  singular  disturbance  took  place  in  Yoko- 

terior,  the  traitor  I — take  us  prisoners."    The  hamainJune.    Two  Buddhist  priests  declanKl 

murdered  minister  left  only  $140  of  property,  that  the  sun  moves  and  the  earth  stands  etill. 

having  recently  mortgaged  his  private  residence  Some  students  ridiculed  the  assertion,  and  were 

for  the  sum  of  $8,000,  which  he  had  sent  Just  set  upon  by  a  mob  and  mortally  wounded, 

before  his  death  to  Satsuma  for  the  support  of  One  of  the  chief  stimulants  ol  the  political 

the  schools,  and  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  uneasiness  in  the  empire  is  the  discontent  of 

by  the  civil  war  of  1877.    Six  of  the  assassins  the  disbanded  Samurai,  or  soldier- retainers  of 

were  beheaded  in  July,  and  fifteen  others,  their  the  old-time  daimios,  now  called  Shizoku,  with 

accomplices,  received  lighter  sentences.    The  their  present  condition.    They  were  possessed 

son  of  Okubo  and  the  son  of  Kido  were  pro-  of  power  and  infiuenoe,  and  were  able  to  live 

moted,  shortly  after  the  assassination  of  the  at  ease;  now  they  are  without  employment  and 

former,  to  the  class  of  hereditary  nobles.    Of  without ,  means.    Their  condition  and  more- 

the  four  ministers  left  from  among  the  twenty  ments  are  well  described  in  the  report  of  the 

who  supported  the  Mikado  at  the  great  politi-  missionary  of  the  American  Board  at  the  Kob« 

cal  reformation,  under  the  operation  of  which  station,  made  in  June,  1878.   "  Many,"  he  says, 

the  empire  has  entered  upon  a  new  life,  one,  *^  have  tried  business,  but  have  found  them* 

Iwakura,  has  been  spoken  of  as  weak  from  old  selves  unable  to  cope  with  the  long-trained 

age.    He  is,  however,  still  under  sixty,  and  was  merchants,  and  so  have  lost  their  alL    Others 

auite  recently  in  full  vigor  of  mind  and  body,  are  but  little  disposed  to  work  in  any  capacit/ 


JAPAN.  KANSAS.                     463 

bat  the  majority  desire  to  secnre  a  living  for  profit.    He  then  published  Chinese-Japanese, 

themseves  and  their  families  in  some  easy  way.  Japanese-English,  and  Japanese-French  die- 

Comparatively  few  of  the  Shizoku  are  as  yet  tionaries,  and  wrote  a  history  of  the  revolution 

adjusted  to  the  new  order  of  things.    Many  of  1863  which  opened  the  country  to  Western 

are  living  on  their  pensions  and  spending  their  enterprise  and  culture.    The  rapid  develop- 

time  in  play;  others  are  eking  out  a  living  by  ment  of  diplomatic  and  commercial  relations 

various  little  enterprises ;  a  few  have  settled  between  the  empire  and  the  nations  of  Europe 

down  to  some  steady  and  measurably  satisfao-  indnced  the  Board  of  Historical  Studies  at 

tory  occupation.    The  number  actually  satis-  Tokio  to  draw  up  an  account  of  the  geography 

fied  with  their  circumstances  is  small.    A  sov-  and  history  of  Japan,  which  was  translated 

ereign  remedy  is  desired.    It  is  supposed  to  be  into  French  on  the  occasion  of  the  Exhibition 

known,  and  may  be  summed  up  as  *  popular  of  1878.    The  work  has  been  published  at 

representation  in  governmental  affairs.'    Peo-  Paris,  with  a  short  preface  by  tne  President 

pie's  righta  are  discussed  in  almost  every  city  of  the  Japanese  Commission,  under  the  title  of 

in  the  empire  by  the  Shizoku.    In  but  one  city  *^  Le  Japon  4  rE]q)osition  Universelle  de  1878." 

to  the  west  of  Kobe  is  there  a  league  composed  It  supplies  much  information  hitherto  inacces- 

o(  ordinary  citizens  only,  who  are  discussing  sible  to  Europeans. 

this  question,  while  leagues  composed  of  Shi-  Several  editions  of  the  Bible  and  parts  of 
zoku  are  foand  in  nearly  all  those  cities.  Po-  the  Bible  have  been  published  by  a  native 
litical  speeches,  some  sensible,  many  foolish  Japanese  publishing  house,  besides  the  thou- 
and  exceedingly  fiery,  are  made  to  audiences  of  sands  of  copies  of  the  editions  of  the  American 
from  30  to  600  every  week.  This  cry  for  pop-  and  British  Bible  Societies  which  are  oirou- 
nlar  representation  is  largely  the  cry  of  the  lated  through  the  missionaries.  Among  these 
raillion  and  a  half  of  ShizokuJ  One  result  is  native  editions  of  the  Bible  are  the  Gospel  by 
norest ;  w^hether  war  will  be  another,  none  can  Matthew  translated  by  Japanese  scholars  from 
tell.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  central  the  Chinese  and  English,  a  Ghino-Japanese 
Oovemment  keeps  very  close  watch  of  Tosa  in  New  Testament,  with  Japanese  notes  prepared 
Shikoko,  that  province  being  the  chief  mover  by  Japanese  scholars,  and  a  pocket  New  Tes- 
in  this  matter/^  tament  with  references,  chapter  headings^  etc. 
The  Japanese  department  of  the  Intemation-  Other  works  relating  to  the  Bible,  published 
&I  Exhibition  at  Paris  included  representations  likewise  by  a  native  house,  are  Dr.  Martin's 
of  the  best  work  of  twenty-four  of  the  most  **  Evidences  of  Christianity  *'  and  a  small  dic- 
iaflaential  companies  engaged  in  the  bronze,  tionary  of  the  proper  names  of  the  Bible.  The 
Iscquer,  and  porcelain  manufactures;  a  coUec-  American  and  British  Bible  Societies  reported 
tioQ  of  Japanese  trees  and  fiowers ;  and  seleo-  a  total  circulation  in  Japan  daring  their  last 
aons  from  the  best  museums.  The  gentleman  year  of  61,898  volumes.  The  missionaries  rep- 
:n  whose  charge  it  was  put  had  studied  during  resent  the  facilities  for  the  pursuit  of  their 
a  residence  of  nine  years  in  France  the  sub-  work  to  be  increasing,  and  mention  the  grow- 
ject  of  the  exchanges  which  might  be  advan-  ing  respect  which  intelligent  men  show  for 
tageoosly  carried  on  between  that  country  and  Christian  principles ;  but  they  still  meet  with 
Japan.  On  returning  home  he  founded  a  occasional  opposition  from  men  of  both  the 
national  school  of  agriculture  at  Tokio,  where  higher  and  lower  orders,  are  still  denied  access 
Earopean  trees  and  plants  were  cultivated,  to  the  interior  of  the  country,  and  are  in  dan- 
sad  the  Tine  and  beet-root  were  grown  with  ger  if  they  go  too  far  abroad. 


K 

KANSAS.  The  comparative  prosperity  of  dered  settlers  and  outraged  women  and  chil- 
Eausas  daring  the  last  two  years  has  been  dren  behind  them.  Large  amounts  of  prop- 
without  a  parallel  in  any  of  the  States  of  the  erty  were  carried  away,  and  the  number  of 
Union.  The  population  has  increased  at  the  citizens  killed  was  about  forty, 
rate  of  100,000  persons  per  annum ;  the  bar-  The  total  receipts  of  the  Treasury  from 
vests  have  been  most  abundant ;  the  facili-  November  80,  1876,  to  June  80,  1877,  inclnd- 
ties  of  transportation  have  greatly  increased ;  ing  balance  in  Treasury  December  1,  1876, 
the  manufacturing  interests  have  been  pros-  amoant  to  $850,064.88,  while  the  disburse- 
perous,  and  the  mineral  resources  have  been  ments  during  the  same  period  amount  to 
rapidly  developed.  Business  enterprises  have  $471,849.08,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  Trea- 
revived,  and  the  population  is  now  estimated  sury,  June  80,  1877,  of  $378,215.80.  The 
at  900,000  persons.  The  only  serious  and  total  receipts,  including  balance  in  the  Trea- 
diaafftroQs  occurrence  has  been  an  invasion  by  sury  June  80,  1877,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
a  Cheyenne  band  of  Indians.  They  were  Jane  80, 1878,  amount  to  $1,684,891.10;  while 
twenty-five  days  crossing  the  western  frontier  the  total  disbursements  during  the  same  period 
of  the  State,  leaving  a  horrible  track  of  mur-  amount  to  $1,272,910.92,  leaving  a  balance  in 


464  KANSAS. 

the  TreasQi^,  Jnne  80,  1878,  of  $811,980.18;  expiration  of  sentence — State  priaoners,  165; 
which  sum  is  made  up  of  several  funds,  as  United  States  prisoners,  28;  by  pardons- 
follows:  State  prisoners,  43;  United  States  prisoners^ 

GimendreTenne |iiT,m  «8  «'  by  Commutation  of  sentence-State  pri.- 

Sinkiiig  fond 5,871  T2  oners,  lo.    Five  pnsouers  have  been  returned 

biterertflmd JS'S?  JS  *<>  couniies  for  new  trials,  deven  transferred 

Permanent  school  ftind 80.214  97  a      ^i a      i-       r       au     t  •     u  j*  j 

Annual  M5hooi  nmd 101,442  4»  to  the  Asylum  for  the  insane,  SIX  have  died, 

Uniyeraitjr  ftind 858  00  and  two  escaped,  of  whom  one  has  been  re- 

SiSS-S^ftand::;:::::::::::::::::^^    2,?80  67  captured  and  returned  to  the  prison,  m 

Agriouitani  College  fund 228  4i  aggregate  earnings  of  this  institution,  accord- 

Normal  School  flind <<»»  "^o  ing  to  the  estimates,  embracing  a  period  from 

Total 1811,980  18  J^ily  1»  1879,  to  Junc'SO,  1881,  inclusive,  will 

be  $127,400 ;  while  the  current  expenses  for 

The  amount  of  taxes  collected  for  the  fiscal  the  same  period  are  estimated  at  $203,365, 

year  was  $705,060.    The  rate  of  taxation,  as  leaving  the  amount  of  expenses  over  AarningR 

fixed  by  the  Legislature  in  1876,  is  5^  mills  on  $76,966. 

the  dollar,  which  is  less  than  in  any  year  be-  At  the  Asylum   for  the  Blind   forty-five 

fore  excepting  1861.    The  large  amount  which  pupils  were  in  attendance  at  the  close  of  the 

it  yielded  is  due  to  the  rapid  growth  of  the  term  ending  June  7,  1878.    The  estimates  for 

State  in  population   and    taxable   property,  the  current  expenses  for  the  fiscal  years  end- 

The  personal  property  of  the  State,  excluding  ing  respectively  Jnne  80, 1880,  and  1881,  are 

raiboad  property,  is  valued  at  $26,606,163;  $13,418  and  $13,908.    This  is  exclusive  of  the 

railroad  property,  $16,625,023  ;    real  estate,  sum  of  $8,000,  which  the  trustees  and  sup^- 

$97,667,616 ;    total,    $188,698,801— which   is  inteodent  allege  is  required  to  erect  and  ffu>- 

taxed  as  follows :  For  general  revenue  fund,  nish  a  hospital  building. 

$486,446.92 ;    for  sinking    fund,  $27,789.72 ;  At  the  histitntion  for  the  Education  of  the 

for  interest  fund,  $110,959;  for  school  pur-  Deaf  and  Dumb  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled 

poses,    $138,698.76;    total  for  all  punposea,  from  November  80,  1876,  to  June  80,  1878, 

$762«843.89.    It  required  the  sum  of  $440,-  was  109.     No  death  has  occurred  in  the  insd- 

716.98  to  pay  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  tution  during  six  years. 

State  for  the  last  fiscal  year ;  $60,206.94  was  In  the  asylums  for  the  insane  860  persons 

paid  to  support  the  insane  at  Ossawattomie,  were  under  treatment  during   the    biennial 

$10,170.17  to  support  the  blind,  and  $16,-  period  ending  on  June  80,  1878.    At  the  asj- 

820.74  to  maintain  the  deaf  and  dumb;  and  fum  located  near  Ossawattomie  59  have  been 

$100,673.09  was  expended  for  the  peniten-  discharged,  restored ;  20  improved ;  17  unim- 

tiary.    The  earnings  of  the  convicts  foi"  the  proved ;   8  escaped ;   1  was  not  insane ;   30 

same  time  amounted  .to  $49,432.63,  which,  if  have  died ;   remaining  at  the  institution  on 

deducted  from  the  gross  expenditures,   will  June  80,  1878,  230.    At  that  date  164  insane 

show  the  net  cost  of  maintaining  the  peniten-  persons  were  excluded  from  the  State  asylum 

tiary  to  be  $61,240.46.     With  faoihties  for  for  want  of  room.    A  new  institution  is  about 

utilizing  all  the  convict  labor,  the  penitentiary  completed  near  Topeka,  at  a  cost  of  $108,999. 

will  be  almost  self-sustaining.  The  total  number  of  school  districts  in  the 

The  total  bonded  debt  of  the  State  on  June  State  is  6,136,  being  an  increase  since  last  re- 
30,  1878,  was  $1,181,976,  of  which  amount  port  of  271.  Number  of  school-houses  in  the 
$607,926  is  held  by  the  permanent  school  State,  4,620;  increase  since  last  report,  363. 
fund,  $94,275  by  the  sinking  fund,  $9,800  by  Value  of  school  property,  $4,627,227 ;  increase 
the  State  University,  and  $1,600  by  the  State  since  last  report,  $250,136.  Whole  number  of 
Normal  School.  The  remainder,  being  $468,-  persons  between  the  ages  of  five  and  twenty- 
375,  is  held  by  private  individuals  and  cor-  one  years.  266,576  ;  increase  since  last  report, 
porations.  From  this  aggregate  amount  of  33,701.  Number  of  teachers  employed,  6,359, 
Donded  debt  may  be  deducted  bonds  of  the  of  whom  2,861  are  males,  and  3,498  are  fe- 
State,  $94,275 ;  United  States  bonds,  $22,600;  males.  The  permanent  school  fund  at  the 
cash  in  the  Treasury  June  30,  1878,  $6,871.72,  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30, 1878,  amount- 
all  belonging  to  the  sinking  fund ;  leaving  the  ed  to  $1,449,223.87.  On  the  night  of  October 
real  balance  of  the  bonded  debt  only  $1,059,-  26,  1878,  the  Normal  School  buildings  with 
228.28.  On  January  1,  1877,  $54,000  of  the  all  their  contents  were  destroyed  by  fire.  This 
bonded  debt  of  the  State  matured  and  was  institution  was  located  at  Emporia,  on  twenty 
promptly  paid.  acres  of  land  donated  by  the  citizens.    The 

The  daily  average  number  of  prisoners  con-  State  University  is  in  a  flourishing  condition, 

fined  in  the  penitentiary  from  December  1,  The  Agricultural  College  is  also  making  satiti- 

1876,  to  June  30,  1877,  was  415 ;  while  the  factory  progress  in  all  its  departments, 

daily  average  from  June  30,  1 877,  to  the  close  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  reports  that 

of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30, 1878,  was  465 ;  and  Kansas  has  sprung  from  the  twenty-fourth  in 

the  number  of  prisoners  confined  at  the  latter  rank  among  the  States  in  the  production  of 

date  was  600.    There  have  been  discharged  wheat  in  1866,  to  nearly  the  first  in  1878,  ppo- 

during  the  period  covered  by  this  report,  by  ducing  as  she  did  over  32,000,000  bushels; 


KANSAS. 


465 


while  in  the  prodaotion  of  com  Kansas  rises 
from  thd  twenty-fifth  in  rank  in  1868  to  the 
fourth  in  1878. 

A  Comnilssioner  of  Fisheries  is  engaged  in 
snppljin^  the  rivers  with  salmon-eggs  and 
joang  shad;  and  100,000  Galifornian  salmon 
were  placed  in  them  in  1878. 

There  are  abont  2,800  miles  of  railroads  in 
the  State,  the  assessed  value  of  which  is  $15,- 
525,033.  They  are  prohibited  from  charging 
over  six  cents  per  mile  for  the  transportation 
of  passengers. 

The  State  has  an  unsettled  claim  against  the 
United  States  of  about  $500,000  for  damages 
to  her  citizens  by  the  Price  raid  in  the  late 
civil  war. 

The  caltivated  acreage  of  the  State  for  the 
years  1877  and  1878,  and  the  principal  crops, 
were  as  follows : 


Following  is  the  summary  of  an  official  state- 
ment showing  the  acreage,  product,  and  value 
of  five  principal  crops,  in  the  counties  border- 
ing on  the  Kansas  Kiver,  between  Junction 
City  and  the  mouth  of  said  river,  for  the  year 
1877 ;  also  the  aggregate  acreage  of  the  crops 
named  for  1878,  and  an  estimated  increase  of 
the  tonnage  of  said  products  from  1877  to  1878. 
The  list  of  counties  comprises  those  of  Davis, 
Riley,  Wabaunsee,  Pottawattamie,  Shawnee, 
Jefferson,  Douglas,  Leavenwor^,  Johnson,  and 
Wyandotte : 


PRODUCTS. 


KIXD  OF  CROP. 

Wintar  wheat 

Bye 

Spring  wheat 

Cora 

Btf ley 

Oats , 

BorkwheAt 

Ueh  potatoes 

Sweet  potfttoea 

SonrbuiD 

Cutor-beans 

Cottoo 

n«x 

Hemp 

Tnbaeoo 

Broom-corn 

Millet  and  HangarLan 
Timothy  meadow. . . . 

Cover  meadow 

PriMe  meadow 

Fhaothy  pasture 

Cloyer  paatnre 

Bloe-fraaa  paatare . . . 
Ptaiite  pasture 

Total 


IbrlSTT. 


ibr  1818.* 


Wheat 

Rye 

Corn 

Ba^y 

Oato 

Total 


MV543 

21,858 

442,187 

7,086 

51,516 


618,184 


Bwhcb. 


1,424,146 

422,856 

18,866,981 

167.567 

2,157,349 


Vdo*. 


11,888.080  28 

145,268  68 

4,008,988  46 

51.515  90 

855,882  07 


22,582,799    ;  $5,944,180  40 


857,126-00 

199,971-00 

206,86800 

2,568,11200 

79,704-00 

810,226-00 

4,112-87 

45,018-00 

1,726-28 

20,788-76 

50,845-25 

507-62 

27.785-87 

1,801*70 

717-86 

21,147' 14 

164,529  00 

25,212-60 

9,796-66 

608,612 -00 

4,202  26 

1,445-49 

21,299-81 

558,717-00 


6,6e5^-99 


1,297,60500 

127,842-00 

488.257-00 

2,405,482-00 

56,255- 00 

444,191-00 

4,582-66 

51,289  00 

2,266-98 

20,291-88 

80,928-75 

509-80 

87,001-70 

629-79 

658-15 

20,220-17 

144,091-00 

40,121-12 

12,429-42 

667,508-00 

8,820-00 

8,770-29 

27,876-78 

701,42100 


6,688,727-66 


The  combined  product  of  the  ^ve  crops 
named  gives  786,802  tons,  or  78,680  car-loads. 
The  increase  in  the  acreage  of  wheat  alone,  in 
1878,  over  that  of  1877,  is  74,092  acres,  or 
77*66  per  cent  Estimating  the  yield  at  20  , 
bushels  per  acre,  the  product  amounts  to  8,892,- 
680  bushels,  or  101,780  tons,  an  equivalent  to 
10,178  car-loads.  Assuming  that  the  other 
crops  named  will  hold  their  own,  the  tonnage 
of  products  of  the  ^ve  crops  entire  for  1878  is 
794,868  tons.  The  following  table  shows  the 
amonnt  and  proportion  of  cultivated  and  un- 
cultivated land  in  these  counties  for  1 877.  The 
total  acreage  of  the  ten  counties  given  in  this 
table  is  10*89  per  cent,  of  the  total  acreage  of 
the  seventy  organized  counties  of  the  State,  and 
the  cultivated  acreage  of  the  same  counties  is 
16*62  per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  acreage  of  the 
seventy  organized  counties. 


COUNTIES. 


DaTto. 

BCer 

WaSaoiuee . . . 
Pottawattamie. 

(^bawnee 

JeifersoD. 

Oooirlae 

Lraren  worth  . 

JohntOB 

Wyandotte.... 

Total.  . 


TMd  Bombw  of 


260,480 
894,880 
514,560 
542,720 
857,120 
425,600 
800,160 
991,200 
807,200 
97,920 


8,491,840 


caiavatod. 


88,422-25 

62,169-00 

46,147*20 

91,272-87 

98,420-87 

185,581  00 

186,668-75 

120397-50 

160,255-50 

89,755'26 


924,124-74 


Kol  ealtfTOad. 


827,057-76 
882,691-00 
468,412*75 
451,447-18 
856,699-68 
290,019-00 
16J),476-26 
170,802-50 
146.944-50 
58,164-76 


2,567,715  26 


fur  earn,  ealthratad 
to  whela  No. 


12-88 
15-75 
8-97 
16*89 
27-66 
81-86 
45-54 
41-85 
52*17 
40-60 


96-47 


But  nine  counties  in  the  State  show  a  de- 
crease in  the  nnmber  of  horses,  while  the  in- 
crease of  the  State  as  a  whole  is  something 
over  38,000,  or  nearly  18  per  cent.  In  1878 
the  increase  was  11  per  cent. ;  in  1874, 18  per 
cent;  in  1876,  2  per  cent.;  in  1876,  8  per 
cent ;  in  1877, 11  per  cent. ;  an  aggregate  in- 
crease in  the  seven  years  of  76  per  cent.  There 
ii  a  decresiw  of  mules  and  asses  in  but  a  single 
county,  while  the  increase  in  the  State  as  a 

*  Aetnal  lacreaae  in  acreafe  during  the  year,  948,422*86; 

16-86. 


whole  is  nearly  8,000,  or  19^  per  cent.  The 
increase  of  mules  and  asses  has  been  steady 
and  strong,  no  year  since  1872  showing  a  de- 
crease. In  1878  it  was  11  per  cent. ;  in  1874, 
19  per  cent. ;  in  1876,  Hi  per  cent. ;  in  1876, 
18  per  cent. ;  and  in  1877, 18}  per  cent. ;  an  ag- 
gregate increase  in  seven  years  of  61  per  cent. 
Eleven  counties  show  a  decrease  of  milch  cows, 
but  the  increase  in  the  other  counties  aggregates 
upward  of  27,000,  leaving  a  net  increase  of  24,- 
699,  or  8i  per  cent.  The  number  in  the  State 
has  fluctuated  somewhat  since  1372.    It  in^ 


Vol.  xvni. — 80    A 


466  KANSAS. 

oreased  steadily  from  that  year  to  1875,  when  it  jad^ent  of  ouster  against  a  member  of  the 

dropped,  and  for  a  year  showed  bat  little  change.  Legislatare,  and  it  would  be  mere  idle  cere- 

In  1878,  however,  it  is  45,000  more  than  in  1874.  mony  on  our  part  to  express  any  views  of  the 

In  1878  the  increase  was  18^  per  cent. ;   in  right,  power,  or  authority  of  the  defendant  to 

1874,  19  per  cent.;  in  1875  there  was  a  de-  actasamemoerof  the  House.    While  the  Ci>ii- 

crease  of  6|  per  cent. ;  in  1876,  an  increase  of  stitutionhas  conferred  the  general judicialpow- 

less  than  1  per  cent. ;  in  1877,  an  increase  of  er  of  the  State  upon  the  courts  and  officer 

18  percent.;  an  aggregate  increase  in  the  seven  specified,  there  are  certain  powers  of  a  jo* 

years  of  88^  per  cent.    Sixteen  counties  show  dicial  nature  which,  by  the  same  instromeDi 

a  decrease  of  other  cattle,  but  the  increase  in  are  expressly  conferred  upon  other  bodies  or 

the  other  counties  aggregates  73,666,  leaving  a  officers,  and  among  them  is  the  power  to  jiidg« 

net  increase  of  66,656,  or  11^  per  cent.    Like  of  the  elections,  returns,  and  qualiiicatioDs  of 

milch  cows,  other  cattle  have  fluctuated  in  members  of  the  Legislature.    This  power  L^ 

number^  rising  uniformly  to  1875,  then  falling  exclusively  vested  in  each  House,  and  can  not 

and  remaining  almost  stationary  the  next  year,  by  its  own  consent,  or  by  legislative  action, 

In  1878,  however,  the  number  is  greater  by  be  vested  in  any  other  tribunal  or  officer. 

upward  of  77,000  than  in  1874.    In  1878  the  This  power  continues  during  the  entire  tern 

increase  was  18i  per  cent.,  and  in  1874,  15i  of  office.    (Sec.  8,  Art  II.,  Const,  of  State. 

per  cent.    In  1875  there  was  a  decrease  of  6  State  ««.  Gilmore,  20  Kas.) 

per  cent. ;  in  1876,  an  increase  of  a  trifle  over  '*  Further,  we  have  no  jurisdiction  in  a  pro* 

1  per  cent ;  and  in  1877,  an  increase  of  nearly  oeeding  like  this  to  oust  a  person  from  his  eedt 

9  per  cent. ;  an  aggregate  increase  during  the  as  a  Kepresentative,  after  he  has  been  declarec 

seven  years  of  87  per  cent.  and  adjudged  to  be  a  member  of  the  House  bj 

The  amount  ofthe  bonded  and  floating  indebt-  the  power  and  tribunal  having  the  excIosiTe 

edness  of  all  the  counties,  cities,  townships,  authority  to  hear  and  determine  that  oaestioL 

and  school  districts  in  the  State  is  $18,000,000.  (O'Ferrall  t».  Colby,  2d  Minn.,  180 ;  llcCrarj 

Among  the  most  important  proceedings  of  on  Elections,  sec.  515 ;  Hiss  c«.  Bartlett,  Sd 

.the  last  terra  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Gray,  468;  People  «f.  Mahoney,  13th  Midu 

Court  m  1878  were  the  motions  by  the  bond-  481.  V 

holders  of  Leavenworth  City  and  County  and  The  Republican  State  Convention  assembled 

Douglas  County  against  the  officios  of  those  at  Topeka  for  the  nomination  of  8tate  officen 

corporations  respectively,  to  attach  them  for  on  August  28th,  and  was  organized  by  the  ap- 

oontempt  for  not  making  a  tax  levy  to  pay  the  pointraent  of  W.  R.  Biddle  as  President   The 

i'udgments  obtained  on  the  coupons  of  their  nnal  adjournment  did  not  take  place  until  the 

>ond8.    Writs  were  ordered  against  them,  but  third  day.    Seventeen  ballota  were  taken  for 

they  appeared  voluntarily,  and  previous  to  an-  Governor,  when  the  vote  stood — St  John,  156; 

swering  the  contempt  they  suggested  through  Martin,  128.    Ex-Governor  Anthony,  the  third 

their  counsel  that  but  one  legd  firm  was  using  candidate  on  the  previous  ballots,  had  been 

extreme  measures  against  them ;  that  the  grea^  dropped.    The  other  nominations  were  as  foi* 

er  number  of  their  creditors  were  disposed  to  lows :  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  L  U.  Bam- 

oompromise  the  indebtedness.   These  creditors,  phrey;  for  Secretary  of  State,  James  Smith; 

it  was  averred,  under  the  ad  vice  of  their  respec-  for  State  Treasurer,  John  Francis ;  for  AQdit<)r, 

tive  oonnsel,  were  willing  to  wait  nntU  uiey  P.  I.  Bonebrake ;  for  Attorney-General,  ^11* 

eonld  procure  legislation  necessary  to  compro-  lard  Davis ;  for  School  Superintendent,  A.  fi. 

mising  and  funding  the  indebtedness.    Judge  Lemmon ;  for  Chief  Justice,  Albert  H.  Hortoo. 

Dillon  thereupon  said  that  he  would  not  dis-  The  following  platform  was  adopted: 

charge  the  attachments,   but,  if  the  officials  The  Bepablicans  of  Kansas,  in  delegate  cootod- 

wonld  enter  into  bonds  conditioned  that  they  tion,  declare— 

would  be  present  in  Topeka  at  an  adjourned  l-  The  United  SUtes  of  America  le  a  nation  lod 

term  in  March  ensuing,  and  meanwhile  not  re-  "^f*  •  §^«™^»?P-    All  power  is  i"»'««^°Vn  the  pec- 

^.^   k«  «,^.^i.i  *^««.iJ!L\v  *u^  ^  *A          *•!  iv  i.  pie-    The  national  Ooverument  baa  the  conrtita- 

mgn,  he  would  continue  the  matter  until  that  {ionri  power,  and  it  ia  its  sworn  duty  to  enforee.  in 

time,  and  m  the  interval  there  would  be  oppor-  tvery  section  and  every  State,  recoirnition  of  \if 

tunity  to   procure  the  necessary  legislation,  rights  of  every  citixen.    Any  fidlure  to  enforce  tli^ 

This  arrangement  was  acceded  to,  and  the  constitutional  obligation  is  a  criminal  neglect  of 

bonds  were  given  '7™  he  Sipubllcan  party,  by  ita  loyalty  to  liberty 

A  case  came  before    the  Supreme  Court,  andlaw,ha8  preserved,  and  promises  upon  the  com- 

which  was  an  attempt  by  proceedings  in  the  mon  altars  of  a  oountrv  redeemed  and  saved  by  iu 

nature  of  a  qjio  warranto  to  try  the  tide  of  the  sacrifloes  and  fealtv  to  the  rights  of  «ll  men  to  pe^ 

defendant  to  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Repre-  P?'.'?*H*?**^'S^i?'i^?i'^P^"*®^^'**'!'^*^^^^ 

•A*if  of;«TA<>  is9  ^\^^  T^^'oio»».^  s.f  TT--^-*-      'ri,  of  the  fiithers,  "  that  all  men  are  crested  equal ;  w» 

sentatives  of  the  Legislature  of  Kansas.    The  ^hey  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  oirtain  is- 

Court  dismissed  the  action,  saying:  **The  at-  alienable rigfau,  among  which  are  life,  liberty, m 

iMDpt  to  determine  the  title  of  the  defendant  the  pursuit  of  happiness;  that  for  the  atuiumeot  of 

M  a  member  of  the  Legislature  in  this  manner  these  ends  governments  have  been  instituted  tmoif 

we  can  not  and  ought  not  to  take  jurisdiction  jorfty  of  the  fawful  suflhtges  of  the  citiiens,  deier- 

of  the  case.     We  are  powerless  to  enforce  any  mined  in  pursuance  of  law.    Until  these  truths  s-'* 


KANSAS.  467 

aniTenally  reoognized  and  oheerAiU^  obeyed,  the  the  electors  of  Kansas  to  be  earnest  in  securing  the 
work  of  the  Kepublican  party  i&  unflnisbed,  ana  the  election  to  all  positions  of  publio  trust  of  men  of 
Btipublicao  party  of  Kansas  will  stand  by  its  colors  honesty  and  conacieuoe,  who  will  faithfully  admin- 
ana  fl/ht  the  good  fight  to  the  end.  ister  the  laws :  to  the  Legislature,  men  who  will  ret)> 
3.  The  permanent  pacification  of  Southern  sections  resent  upon  all  questions  the  best  sentiment  of  the 
of  the  Union,  and  complete  protection  of  all  citizens  people,  and  who  will  labor  earnestly  for  the  enact- 
io  th«  free  enjoyment  of  ail  their  rights,  is  a  duty  to  ment  of  such  laws  as  the  best  interest  of  society, 
woich  the  Kepublican  party  stands  sacredly  pledged,  temperance,  and  good  order  shall  demsnd. 
Tba  power  to  nrovide  for  an  enforcement  of  the  12.  That  we  rejoice  in  the  honorable  name  of 
priaciples  embodied  in  recent  constitutional  amend-  Kansas ;  that  we  are  proud  of  the  State's  achieve- 
msDtfl  is  vested  by  those  amendments  in  the  Con-  ments,  of  the  degree  ef  purity  with  which  its  public 
gress  of  the  United  States ;  and  we  declare  It  to  be  affairs  have  been  conducted,  and  of  the  soundness  of 
the  solemn  obligation  of  the  legislative  and  ezecu-  its  credit  at  home  and  abroad ;  and  we  pledge  to  do 
tive  departments  of  the  Government  to  put  in  imme-  whatever  may  be  done  to  preserve  unsullied  the  repu- 
diate and  vigoroas  exercise  all  their  constitutional  tation  of  the  State. 
power  for  removing  any  just  causes  of  discontent  on 


4  S-     r?    M  •     ^a"^      •"'  poimcai,  ana  puono  organized  by  the  appointment 

njfhts.     To  this  end,  we  imperatively  demand  of  « "^T^          ^^    vy  "'^'^^     /  ii 

CoQtfress,  and  of  the  Chief  Executive,  a  courage  and  *  ®^^^  «"  President     The  following  nomjna- 

fiioiity  to  these  duties  which  shall  not  falter  until  tions  were    made :    for    Governor,  John  R. 

thd  results  are  placed  beyond  dispute  or  recall.  Godin ;  Lientenant-Govemor,  George  Umme- 

i.  The  public  credit  should  be  Baorediy  main-  thum ;    Secretary  of   State,   G.   W.  Barton ; 

tained,  and  all  the  obhgations  honestly  discharged ;  Treiwiirpr    D    O    THapIc*   Aftnm^v.QMi^rtii   J 

»Dd  we  denounce  the  issue  of  an  irredeemable  ^  ab-  i'^®*?^'^®'^»  ^'  ^\  ^    f '  Attomey-Uenerai,  J . 

soluts  money,"  legal-tender  scrip,  as  a  species  of  ''•    ^ox;    bapermtendent   of   iniblic  Instruc- 

repadiation,  which  would  ruin  the  credit  of  the  nap  tion,  O.  F.  McKein ;  Ohief  Jastice  of  Supreme 

tisD  and  the  business  interests  of  the  country.  Court,  R.  M.  Baggies;  Auditor,  Osbnn  Shan- 

J-  w^'  experience  has  shown  the  greenback  cur-  n^n.     The  following  platform  was  adopted : 

roncT  (the  creation  of  the  Republican  party,  and  un-  ^  ^                             ^ 

Ait  Whose  fostering  care  it  has  been  brought  to  a  1.  That  the  induction  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

par  with  coin)  to  be  admirably  adapted  to  the  wants  into  the  ofSce  of  President,  notwithstanding  tbe 

ot  tnuie;  and  to  the  end  that  there  majr  be  but  one  election  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden  thereto,  was  a  high 

disa  of  paper  currency,  we  favor  the  withdrawal  of  crime  against  free  government,  which  nas  not  been 

the  aatioaal-bank  notes,  substituting  therefor  green-  condoned  and  will  not  be  forgotten.     The  same 

back  oarrency,  issued  directly  by  tne  Government,  spirit  of  patriotism  which  forbore  contest  upon  the 

aa  the  sold  paper  currency^  of  the  country.    And  we  first  offense  will  resist  and  punish  any  attempt  at  a 

demwd  that  it  be  issued  in  sufficient  volume  to  fully  second. 

meet  the  wants  of  business  without  depreciating  its  2.  That  the  declaration  to  reform  the  civil  service 
value,  and  that  it  shall  be  received  in  payment  of  idl  which  has  been  proclaimed  by  the  present  Adminin- 
debts  and  dues,  public  and  private,  except  as  other-  tration,  is,  like  its  adopted  Southern  policy,  a  con- 
viae  specified  bv  contract;  that  we  are  in  favor  of  feasion  of  the  fiulure  ofradicalism,  anda  just  tribute 
SD  honest  greenback,  that  shall  always  be  worth  its  to  Democracy,  which  has  long  and  earnestly  de- 
face in  coin,  and  that  it  be  issued  in  the  largest  vol-  manded  the  overthrow  and  punishment  of  corrupt 
vme  that  can  be  kept  afloat  at  par  with  coin,  to  officials. 

whioh  end  we  favor  a  hi  w  of  Congress  by  which  the  8.  A  cheerful  obedience  to,  and  the  rigid  enforce- 

Tolame  of  greenback  currency  in  circulation  shall  ment  of,  the  forms  of  law,  are  inseparable  from  a 

alwaysobey  the  natural  law  of  suppl]^  and  demand,  stable  condition  of  society  and  due' protection  of 

S.  That  as  we  believe  a  double  coin  standard  of  private  rights. 

▼aloea  is  preferiible  to  a  single  standard,  we  are  in  4.  That  we  accept  the  admonition  of  Jackson  in 

Cavor  of  pLaoing  the  coinage  of  gold  and  silver  on  an  saying,  concerning  standing  armies  oa  dangerous  to 

eq'aslity,  giving  to  neither  an  advantage  or  prefer-  free  government  in  time  of  peace,  **I  shall  not  seek 

«nce.                       ^  to  enlarge  our  present  establinhment,  nor  disregsrd 

7.  That  we  heartily  endorse  and  approve  of  the  the  salutary  lesson  of  political  experience,  which 

late  decision  of  the  Secret.iry  of  tbe  Interior,  restor-  teaches  that  military  should  be  held  subordinate  to 


giilstion  ia  necessary  to  confirm  and  ratify  the  same,  the  sovereiifn  rights  of  States,  will  receive  the  con- 

ve  nrga  our  Congressional  delegation  to  do  all  in  tinned  earnest  opposition  of  the  Democracy  ()f  this 

their  power  to  secure  this.  State. 

^.  That  railways  are  the  creatures  and  exist  by  5.  That  the  enforced  idleness  of  hundreds  of  thou- 

the  breath  of  legislative  enactment ;  that  as  servants  sands  of  heretofore  industrious,  honcHt,  and  patri- 

^f  the  people  they  should  be  compelled  to  do  their  otia  laboring  men,  and  the  threatened  npread  of  a 

hiiilin^,  and  obey  the  wholesome  requirements  and  dangerous  spirit  of  communism  in  this  country,  is 

Testrictiona  of  the  law ;  and  we  demand  of  the  Lc-  the  le;;itimate  outgrowth  of  the  vicious  financial 

jp>Utare  the  establishment  of  8uch  passenger  and  legislation  of  the  Republican  party, 

freight  tariffa  as  shall  advance  the  interests  and  pro-  6.  That  as  Congress  has  sole  power  to  coin  money 

mote  the  iadustries  of  the  people.  and  regulate  the  value  thereof  under  the  Constitu- 

9.  That  the  investment  oi  capital  in  this  State  tion,  it  should  also  exercise  the  sole  power  to  provide 
'hiold  be  encoura'/ed  by  wise  and  liberal  legisla-  a  paper  currency  to  be  used  as  money ;  that  such 
t'f>a ;  but  we  condemn  the  polio;^  of  granting  sub»i-  money  be  issued  in  sufficient  volume  for  the  conve- 
<il^  at  the  puhllo  expense  to  either  individuals  or  nient  transaction  of  business  at  all  times,  and  stimu- 
corporitioQs  for  their  private  use.  late  enterprise,  secure  a  fair  recompense  to  labor  and 

10.  Thst  we  demand  the  most  rigid  economy  in  its  products,  and  promote  a  due  development  of  the 
ail  depanments  of  the  Government,  and  that  taxa-  vast  agricultural,  material,  and  mechanical  resources 
ton  be  limited  to  the  actual  wants  of  publio  ezpen-  of  the  country. 

ditures.  7.  That  we  favor  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the 

U.  Thst  we  hold  it  to  be  a  solemn  obligation  of  resumption  act  of  1876,  the  full  remonetization  of 


468 


KANSAS. 


KENTUCKY. 


silver  and  removal  of  all  restrictions  on  iU  ooinaffe, 
retirement  of  national-bank  notes  and  substitution 
of  Treasury  notes,  commonly  called  g^enbaolu,  in 
their  place. 

8.  That  we  favor  a  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

9.  That  upon  the  jealous  preservation  of  the  right 
of  local  self-government  to  State  and  municipality  in 
all  matters  of  a  local  import,  free  from  dictation  or 
interference  by  Federal  authority  in  anj^  form,  po- 
litical or  judicial,  depends  the  perpetuity  of  our 
form  of  government  as  a  democratic  republic. 

10.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  in  the  protec- 
tion of  society  against  convicted  criminals,  and  in 
performing  its  duty  in  teaching  them  useful  voca- 
tions and  fitting  them  for  future  usefulness,  to  pro- 
vide for  the  protection  of  mechanical  labor  against 
the  damaging  competition  involved  iu  the  present 
system  for  the  employment  of  convict  labor,  and  to 
provide  that  the  profits  arising  from  such  labor  shall 
inure  to  the  State  and  not  to  corporations  or  associa- 
tions. 

11.  That  as  a  measure  essential  to  the  protection 
of  the  agricultural  and  commercial  interests  of  the 
State,  the  Legislature  should  at  its  next  session 
enact  a  law  regulating  the  rates  of  charges  for  trans- 

Sortation  and  travel  on  all  railroads  within  the 
tate. 

13.  That  for  the  purpose  of  developing  the  agri- 
cultural interests  or  the  Westj  and  insuring  to  the 
producer  the  just  reward  of  his  industry,  we  are  in 
favor  of  all  proper  measures  for  the  improvement  of 
our  Western  rivers. 

15.  We  demand  the  repeal  of  the  anjust  and  op- 
pressive act  of  Congress  of  March  8,  1875,  which 
compels  citizens  of  our  State  to  travel  hundreds  of 
miles  from  their  homes,  at  great  expense,  to  attend 
oases  in  the  Federal  courts,  when  the  same  oases 
could  be  tried  in  the  State  courts,  and  in  the  county 
where  the  defendant  resides. 

16.  We  do  hereby  declare  the  Democracy  of  Kan- 
sas to  be  in  favor  of  liberty  of  individual  conduct, 
unvexed  by  sumptuary  laws. 

17.  The  action  of  the  Democratic  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  Forty-fourth  and  Forty-fifth  Con- 
gresses is  entitled  to  tlie  highest  commendation  for 
wise  and  economical  legislation,  whereby  many  mil- 
lions of  dollars  were  saved  to  the  people  of  the  na- 
tion at  large. 

The  National  candidates  were  as  follows: 
for  Governor,  Mitchell ;  for  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  Alfred  Taylor;  for  Secretary  of 
Stat«,  T.  P.  Leach ;  for  Auditor,  A.  B.  Cor- 
nell; for  State  Treasurer,  A.  G.  Wolcott;  for 
Attorney-General,  Frank  Doster;  for  School 
Superintendent,  J.  P.  Foot;  for  Chief  Justice, 
H.  P.  Vroonian. 

The  election  was  held  on  November  5th,  and 
the  result  was  as  follows :  Governor — St.  John, 
R.,  74,020;  Godin,  D.,  87,208;  Mitchell,  N., 
27,057.  Lieutenant-Governor— Humphrey,  R., 
76,242;  Ummethum,  D.,  85,447;  Taylor,  N., 
26,785.  Secretary  of  State— Smith,  R.,  77,- 
784;  Barton,  D.,  84,420;  Leach,  N.,  26,286. 
Auditor — Bonebrake,  R.,  76,708 ;  Shannon,  D., 
84,958;  Cornell,  N.,  26,168.  Treasurer— Fran- 
cis, R.,  76,815;  Black,  D.,  84,991;  Wolcott, 
N.,  25,941.  Attorney-General — Davis,  R., 
76,482;  Cox,  D.,  68,417;  Doster,  N.,  4,259. 
School  Superintendent — Lemmon,  R.,  76,854; 
McKein,  D.,  84,741 ;  Foot,  N.,  26,438.  Chief 
Justice— Horton,  R.,  76,752 ;  Ruggles,  D.,  84,- 
953 ;  Vrooman,  N.,  26,503. 

The  vote  for  members  of  Confess  was  as 
follows : 


DISTRICT. 

Rapoblku. 

Dnoentk.  '    Kui^fakL 

I 

80,457 
19,029 

14,91$ 
18,827 

M09 

6,T16 

11 

9»e2 

m 

ll.tifi 

The  members  of  the  State 
politically  divided  as  follows : 

Legislature  ar^ 

Stnato.           IIisM. 

Bepablicans 

DemocratA « 

8T                 S7 
2                  S5 

Kfttionnls.  , 

1                  IT 

Total 

40        1        1« 

1 

EENTUCEY.  The  last  session  of  the  L^ 
gislature  of  this  State  commenced  on  JanusrT 
14th.  One  of  the  first  acts  passed  related  to  the 
call  of  a  State  Constitutional  Convention.  It 
provided  for  the  submission  of  the  question  to 
a  vote  of  the  people,  which  was  fixed  to  take 
place  at  the  general  election  in  August  ensuing. 
This  vote  is  not  by  ballot,  but  the  statute  di- 
rects that  **  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  clerks  (*r 
judges  conducting  the  said  general  election  to 
propound  distinctly  to  each  voter  the  foIlowiDg 
mterrogatory :  *  Do  you  vote  for  calling  a  con- 
vention or  not  ? '  and  if  he  answers  in  the  af- 
firmative, his  name  shall  be  recorded  as  havicc: 
voted  for  calling  a  convention. '' 

Another  act  established  six  per  cent,  as  the 
legal  rate  of  interest ;  and  all  contracts  at  a 
greater  rate  than  the  legal  interest  shall  be  void 
as  to  the  excess  over  the  legal  rate. 

Another  act  forbids  the  sale  by  a  licensed 
person  of  any  spirituous,  vinous,  or  malt  liquors 
by  the  drink  or  otherwise,  or  giving  knowing^ 
to  any  person  who  is  an  inebriate,  or  in  the 
habit  of  becoming  intoxicated  or  drunk  by  tic 
use  of  any  such  liquors,  or  to  suffer  or  permit 
any  such  person  to  drink  any  of  such  liquorsi. 
or  the  mixture  of  either,  in  his  bar-room,  sidoou, 
or  in  or  upon  any  tenement  or  premises  in  bis 
possession  or  under  his  control.  The  penalty  is 
a  fine  of  fifty  dollars  and  a  forfeiture  of  license. 
In  addition  the  guilty  person,  with  the  soreties 
on  his  bond,  is  made  liable  to  a  civil  action  for 
damages  by  the  wife,  or  the  father,  or  the 
mother,  or  the  child  of  such  inebriate,  or  per- 
son so  in  the  habit  of  becoming  intoxicated  or 
drunk,  in  which  punitive  damages  may  be  a«i- 
sessed.  To  establish  this  liability,  however, 
there  must  have  been  served  upon  the  per&iio 
a  written  notice  forbidding  sucn  sale. 

Another  act  creates  a  State  Board  of  Health, 
which  shall  consist  of  six  members  and  a  Si-c- 
retary,  appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the 
consent  of  the  Senate.  The  Board  has  the  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  interests  of  the  health 
and  life  of  the  citizens  of  the  State ;  shall  study 
the  vital  statistics  of  the  State,  and  endeavor  to 
make  intelligent  and  profitable  use  of  the  col- 
lected records  of  deatns  and  sickness  amon^  the 
people.  They  shall  make  sanitary  investiga- 
tions and  inquiries  respecting  the  causes  of  dis- 
ease, and  especially  of  epidemics,  the  causes  vt 


KENTUCKY.  469 

mortality,  and  the  effects  of  localities,  employ-  each  railroad  company  of  the  amount  of  its 

meat,  conditions,  food,  water  supply,  habits,  assessment  for  taxation  for  State  purposes, 

and  circumstances  on  the  health  of  the  people,  and  for  the  purposes  of  such  county,   city, 

They  shall  when  required,  or  when  they  deem  town,  or  precinct.    And  all  existing  laws  in 

it  best,  advise  with  officers  of  the  government,  this   State  authorizing  the    assessment    and 

or  with  other  State  Boards,  in  regard  to  the  taxation  of  the  property  of  railroad  companies 

location,  drainage,  water  supply,  disposal  of  by  counties,  cities,  or  incorporated  towns  are 

excreta,  heating  and  ventilation  of  any  public  hereby  repealed,  and  no  ooimty,  city,  or  inoor- 

institution  or  building.    They  shall,  from  time  porated  town  in  this  State  shall  hereafter  as* 

to  time,  recommend  standard  works  on  the  sess,  levy,  or  collect  any  taxes  on  the  property 

Bobject  of  hygiene  for  the  use  of  the  schools  of  of  railroad  companies  of  this  State  except  as 

the  State.  provided  by  this  act.'* 

The  new  county  of  Leslie  was  constructed  A  bill  for  the  reSstablishment  of  the  whip- 

from  parts  of  the  counties  of  Perry,  Olay,  and  ping-post  was  considered  in  both  Houses  of  the 

Harland.  Legislature.  The  people  of  Fayette  County  held 

Another  act  prescribes  the  mode  of  ascer-  a  public  meeting  to  stimulate  the  action  of  the 
taining  the  value  of  the  property  of  railroad  Senate  on  the  bUL  In  the  preamble  of  the  res- 
companies  for  taxation,  ana  for  taxing  the  same,  olutions  adopted,  the  following  reasons  are 
It  requires  the  president  or  chief  officer  of  each  urged  to  show  the  necessity  of  tiie  whipping- 
company  in  the  State,  in  the  month  of  July,  to  post :  *'  Whereas  the  penitentiary  of  this  State 
retarn  to  the  State  Auditor,  under  oath,  the  and  the  jails  of  many  counties  are  overcrowded 
total  length  of  such  railroad,  inclnding  the  with  persons  guilty  of  petty  larceny  and  other 
length  thereof  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State,  minor  offenses,  to  the  great  burden  of  tax- 
and  designating  its  length  within  the  State,  and  payers,  and  in  many  instances  presenting  spec- 
in  each  county,  city,  and  incorporate  town  tacles  revolting  to  humanity ;  and  whereas  the 
therein,  together  with  the  average  value  per  incarceration  of  such  offenders  oftentimes  en- 
mile  thereof,  for  the  purpose  of  being  operated  tails  misery  and  want  and  beggary  and  vice  and 
as  a  carrier  of  freight  ana  passengers,  including  crime  upon  the  wives  and  children  of  those  so 
engines  and  cars  and  a  list  of  the  depot  grounds  confined ;  and  whereas,  in  our  opinion,  impris- 
and  improvements,  and  other  real  estate  of  the  onment  with  or  without  hard  labor,  and  espe- 
company,  and  the  value  thereof,  and  the  re-  oially  where  all  classes  of  criminals  are  confined 
spective  coanties,  cities,  and  incorporated  towns  in  the  same  prison,  is  not  a  suitable  punishment 
in  which  the  same  are  located.  If  any  one  of  for  minor  offenders,  but  tends  to  make  hard- 
the  railroad  companies  owns  or  operates  a  rail-  ened  villains  out  of  petty  thieves ;  and  whereas 
road  or  railroads  out  of  the  State,  but  in  con-  it  is  the  undoubted  right  and  privilege  of  the 
nection  with  its  road  in  the  State,  the  president  people  to  meet  and  express  their  views  upon 
or  chief  officer  of  such  company  is  only  re-  all  matters  of  public  policy,  and  especially 
quired  to  return  such  proportion  of  the  entire  where  the  same  nas  an  immediate  effect  upon 
Talue  of  all  its  rolling  stock  as  the  number  of  their  interests,  but  most  especially  upon  mat- 
miles  of  its  railroad  in  the  State  bears  to  the  ters  affecting  their  social  well  being:  therefore 
whole  number  of  miles  operated  by  the  com-  we  desire  the  speedy  enactment  of  the  bill,'* 
pany  in  and  out  of  the  State.  A  Board  of  etc.  One  of  the  advocates  of  the  bill  in  the 
Eqaalization  then  estimates  the  valuation  of  House  urged  the  following  among  other  oon- 
the  Auditor,  and  equalizes  it  where  necessary,  siderations : 

The  act  then  proceeds  to  direct  the  manner  of  -  ^, .  ,   .,    , .,,      .           . ^     *t      •  .   *i    i 

Lkcvtn<»  tfiA  ♦/»  fKiia.  uTU^  •«imA  «^fA  /^#  *^^^  I  think  the  bill  under  oonsideration  is  in  the  in- 

kvying  the  tax,  thus:    'The  same  rate  of  taxa-  ^ereat  of  humanity,  morality,  and  religion,  and  is 

Uon  for  btate  purposes,  which  is  or  may  be  in  not  a  step  backward,  as  the  gentlemanliaa  aaid.    I 

any  year  levied  on  other  real  estate  in  this  heartily  concur  in  all  that  haa  been  said  by  the  die- 

Commonwealth,  shall  be,  and  is  hereby,  levied  tinguished  gentleman  from  Gnves,  that  crime  has 

upon  the  value  so  found  by  the  said  Board  of  ^^f?  °°  *^«  increase  since  the  passage  of  the  pres- 

the  railroad,  rollinj  stock,'and  real  estate,  of  Jfe^Tn  W^tlrtMe^;;^^^^ 

escn  company;  and  the  same  rate  of  taxation  citizens  5  and  join  with  him  in  saying  that,  for  the 

for  the  purposes  of  each  county,  city,  town,  or  prevention  of  crime,  our  criminal  law  should  have 

precinct  in  which  any  portion  of  any  railroad  ™  "^P®  •*  ®"®  ^^^  *^^  '^®  ^'^  **  *^*  other.    The 

b  located,  wUch  18  or  may  be  in  any  year  ley-  nS^««„^S?S?iTL^.f.  2!?m!lI^nVflS'm  »7.™ 

:,  1    _     ^v           1     AX    xi_       •       1-  11  1-         J  .  a  reduction  or  jail  expenses  IS  oominff  up  irom  every 

led  on  other  real  estate  therein,  shall  be,  and  is  quarter  of  tlie  grand  old  Commonwealth  by  her  tax- 
hereby,  levied  on  the  value  of  the  real  estate  ndden  people :  and  the  expenses  of  criminal  prose- 
of  a^d  company  therein,  and  of  the  number  of  outions  have  oeen  increased  to  an  aliuming  extent 
miles  of  such  road  therein,  reckoned  as  of  the  ^'^  ^^«  ^"*  *^°  y«*"»  'P<^  ^«  '"'>•*  ^^  something  to 
raiue  of  the  average  value  of  each  mile  of  such  Tfin7f"omU^^'dL>  report  for  1877,  that  the 
r.ulroad  with  its  rolling  stock,  as  ascertained  as  jniieni'  fees  for  feeding  and  keeping  the  felons  in 
aforesaid.  And  immediately  after  the  said  Kentucky  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  $120,- 
Board  shall  have  completed  its  valuations  each  0^-    These  are  State  prisoners,  at  seventy-flve  cents 

year,  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  shall  noti-  ^"^  i^^'  ,^Sf »  ^'•.  8p«»k«^  ^J  •".  know  thjt  the 

>•  *u^  ^1^.1.  ^tf^u           *.          Lli?*i-                i.  counties  at  the  various  courts  of  claims  have  to  pay 

rv  the  clerk  of  each  oonnty  court  of  the  amount  ^.^e  jailers  at  the  rate  of  sixty  cents  per  day  for  diet 

so  atseased  for  taxation  in  his  county,  and  ing  petty  thieves,  and,  in  my  judgment,  it  amounU 


470  KENTUCKY. 

to  between  $60,000  and  $60,000  annually—*  tax  to  tection  in  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties." 
bepaid  by  thejfood  people  of  a  county  for  the  benefit  Thus  this  section  is  repealed,  and  under  iLe 
and  support  ot  the  bad.  This  taxation  upon  the  peo-  ,««^-«.  „«♦  «^  ^-.^  :-  «wx*»«{^^<i  4-^  k^.*  ^r.,. 
pie  Ubeooming  alarming,  and  the  county  I  have  the  ^^^^^^  f^?^  ^^®  >»  permitted  to  bear  con- 
honor  to  represent  demands  the  repeid  of  the  new  cealed  deadly  weapons,  as  it  is  no  defense  to 
and  the  reenaotment  of  the  old  law,  and  restoration  plead  that  one's  life,  or  family,  or  property  w&e 
or  the  whipping-post.  ,...,,,  in  danger,  or  that  the  person  bearing  them 
I  am  glad  to  hear  the  distinguished  and  accom-  .^^  gj^  officer 

plished  young  gentleman  from  dimp^on  relate  a  * :„*:*«  «,«_.,  ^^a^  *.^ ^4^ *v. 

iircumstinoe  of  a  petty  thief  that  stol^  $7,  and  was        AppfODriations  were  made  to  contmne  the 

confined  in  his  county  jail  under  this  humane  law  geological,  topographical,  and  botamcal  soryeTs 

for  twelve  months,  and  that  his  confinement  cost  of  the  State. 

his  county  $900.    I  will  have  to  relate  a  circumstance        Contractors  on  public  works  of  the  State  are 

that  occurred  in  my  county.    A  white  man  stole  a  anthorized  to  employ  at  their  own  expense  the 

brace  and  bits  worth  $2.75,  and  was  confined  some  «•*•"'"* '*«~'^  ^»"*'»"/«**' j^^^"  Y""  v*p««o^*  ^ 

eight  or  nine  months,  at  a  cost  of  some  $200  or  $800,  number  of  five  hundred  of  the  penitentiary 

which  hud  to  be  levied  at  the  court  of  claims  on  the  convicts  whose  terms  will  expire  within  fire 

good  citizens  of  my  county.  We  have  a  clever  jailer  years,  under  suitable  regulations  for  their  care 

m  my  county,  that  feeds  well,  and  we  also  have  a  ^nd  protection 

to  eat  than  they  have  or  get  at  home ;  therefore,  divided  into  two  classes,  known  as  tlie  vowd- 
putting;  them  in  jail  is  no  punishment  to  them,  and  teer  militia,  or  Kentucky  State  Guard,  and  the 
they  will  commit  small  thefts  in  order  to  be  put  in  militia  of  the  reserve.  The  State  Guard  con- 
jail,  to  be  fed  at  the  expense  of  the  county,  there-  ^^^^  ^f  twenty  companies  of  all  arms,  makiw 
fore,  I  shall  support  the  bill.  ^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^  2^  ^^/    ^U  able-bodied  per«)ns 

He  was  appUuded  at  the  close  of  his  speech,  between  eighteen  and  forty-five  years  are  eli- 

and  the  bill  passed  the  Hoase  by  88  to  21.    In  gible.    The  military  of  the  reserve  consist*  of 

the  Senate  the  vote  was  a  tie,  17  to  17,  and  bM  other  persons  between  the  same  ages,  and 

the  bill  was  lost  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  i^ot  exempt  from  military  duty. 
Lieutenant-Governor.  One  fourth  of  all  the  proceeds  of  any  lasd? 

An  act  appropriating  $10,000,  to  be  applied  t^ftt  may  be  donated  to  Kentucky  by  any  act 

toward  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  the  mem-  of  Congress  is  to  be  applied  to  the  further  en- 

ory  of  the  late  John  0.  Breckenridge,  was  dowment  of  the  Agricultural  and  MechaDtcal 

passed  by  the  House.    In  the  Senate  it  also  College  of  Kentucky,  or  for  the  establishment 

passed,  and  as  the  roll-call  was  about  to  com-  aiid  maintenance  of  a  university  of  which  socb 

mence.  Speaker  Underwood  arose  and  said,  college  shall  be  one  of  the  coUegea. 
'^Senators,  I  think  it  proper  that  we  should       The  following  joint  resolution  relative  to  the 

rise  and  remain  standing  as  a  mark  of  our  acourge  known  as  yellow  fever,  and  requestlDg 

respect  to  the  memory  of  the  deceased  hero."  the  Representatives  in  Congress  to  urge  the 

This  was  accordingly  done,  and  the  measure  passage  of  a  quarantine  law,  was  adopted : 
adopted — yeas  27,  nays  5.  Whereat^  The  tropical  scourge,  yellow  fever,  mikei 

Tiie  following  act  in  reference  to  concealed  almost  annual  visits  to  some  portions  of  theUniteii 

deadly  weapons  was  also  passed :  States,  carrying  with  it  desolation  and  death;  ssd 

'f         tr  *r  whereas,  by  reason  of  constantly  increasing  rsilroM 

Ah  Act  to  amend  artUsU  29,  Napier  V»  qf  the  General  facilities,  the  disease  is  liable  to  be  conveyed  to  toy 

StaiuUi,  entitled  "^  CHmee  and  PwOehmmur  part  of  the  country  where  heat  rises  to  80<>,  the  fict 

SxcTioN  1.  Beit  enatUdhy  the  General  Aetembly  of  neing  well  established  that  yellow  fever  haB  viiitdd 

the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky^  Thai  section  6,  of  Passage,  Maine,  once ;  Hartford,  Connecticut,  ODce; 

article  29,  chapter  29  of  the  General  Statutes  be,  and  Quebec  once ;  I^ew  York  fourteen  times;  PhUsdel- 

the  same  ia  hereby,  repealed,  and  the  exemptions  in  pnia  thirteen  times ;  Norfolk,  Virginia,  oooe ;  tod 

said  section  shall  not  nereafter  be  allowed  as  mat-  Qallipolis,  Ohio,  once ;  and  the  fact  also  beiog  veil 

ter  of  defense  in  any  prosecution  for  carrying  con-  known  that  yellow  fever  in  1858  appeared  atNevO^ 

oealed  deadly  weapons.  leans  as  earW  as  May,  thus  showing  that  tbs  cn]^ 

Approved  March  6, 1878.  sure  mode  of  keeping  off  the  dreadful  scourge  ia  t 

It  should  be  stated  in  explanation  that  the  '!?S*l"1"?*''?^^V®"S^%f^^'^£-'^"i*il^ 

_^ 1.     «   J  «  4.v^ 8 *^i        s  Ji»  of  West  India  islands  and  Other  infected  places  ;ina 

penalty  under  the  previous  law  for  carrying  whereas,  the  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  proper  in- 

concealed  a  deadly  weapon,  other  than  an  or-  thorities  to  afford  our  citizens  the  neoessaxy  protec- 

dinary  pocket-knife,  was  a  fine  of  not  less  than  tion  has  resulted  in  great  loss  of  life  and  propcitj. 

twenty.flve  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  ^^  addition  to  seriously  impairing  the  oommerail 

and  imprisonment  in  the  county  jaU  for  not  less  gSwfoK?t°"*"'"'  welHocated  towns  and  cuts, 
than  ten  nor  more  than  thirty  days,  in  the  dis-        fymdved  by  the  General  AnemUy  of  the  Commc^' 

cretion  of  the  jury.   Section  6,  which  excepted  wealth  of  Kentucky^  That  our  Senators  in  CongnM 

the  persons  who  may  cony  concealed  weapons,  be  directed,  and  our  Hepresentatives  in  Congress  U 

was  as  follows:  "  Carrying  concealed  deadly  J^qpested,  to  devise  an^  urge  such  measmes  s. jj 

weapons  shall  be  lawful  in  fhe  following  cases^  atXrolThf  i^aS'^f 'c^Sr^s"*^^^^^  aT' 

1.    When  the  person  has  reasonable  grounds  tional  quarantine  law  that  will  effectually  preveiit 

to  belieye  his  person  or  the  person  of  some  of  the  spread  of  yellow  fever  within  the  limiu  of  tb« 

his  family,  or  his  property,  is  in  immediate  dan-  United  States ;  and  that  a  committee  of  three  be  sp- 

ger  from  violence  or  crime.    2.  By  sheriffs,  P?V°»f*^^~"PT4  ""^  '''**  f^?*^""  "Y^  *\^  n  *£^ 

^,v«-*«vi i.i-.i:-.^  J    i.v         •  of  'be  House  of  Bepresentatives,  who  shall  be  re- 

constables,  marshals,  policemen,  and  other  mm-  quested  and  directedto  memorialize  Congress  in  con- 

isterial  officers,  when  necessary  for  their  pro-  formity  to  this  resolution,  and  that  they  be  stlthc^ 


KENTtJOKT.  471 

iied  to  iDTMtiflfate  and  report  to  this  body  anj  mea-  pie,  as  evidenced  b^  the  paralysis  of  trade  and  oom- 

sara  whioh  they  may  deem  neuessary  to  protect  the  meroe,  the  destruction  oi  confidence  among  the  peo- 

lives  of  the  citizens  of  this  Commonwealth  against  pie  financially,  the  closed  doors  of  the  machine  and 

this  disease.  manufacturing  ebtablishmenta  throughout  the  coun- 

,ni^     ^  .,      .               1   . .           1  X*      X    j.1.  try ;  the  distress  and  hunger  incident  to  this  deplora- 

The  foUowmg  resolution  relative  to  the  re-  ble  condition  of  affairs  makes  it  proper  that  we,  the 

dactioQ  of  the  tobacco  tax  was  adopted:  Bepresentativesof  the  people  of  this  Commonwealth, 

Wh^reoM,  It  satisfactorily  appears  that  in  round  "^o^W  make  known  to  the  Federal  Government  our 

numbers   the  annual  tobacco  crop  in  the  United  ▼»«'^»  touching  the  great  questions  which  are  now 

Sutes  U   about  560,000,000  pounds,  of  which  the  grinding  the  life-blood  out  of  a  brave  constituency  : 

State  of  Kentucky  produces  about  156,000,000  pounds,  P^^'^^f  *S 


the  entire  tax  collected  on  tobacco  comes  from  the  «•  Tjiat  we  are  m  favor  of  making  silver  the  equsl 

proioct  of  Kentucky  soil ;  and  whereas  it  appears  ^^^Jfoji  »<>  f"  "  ^Vr}^i  private  and  public  dues, 

that  the  revenue  tax  for  the  year  1877  amounted  «•  That  we  are  in  iavor  of  paying  the  bonds  of  this 

to  the  sum  of  $11,106,646;   and  whereas  it  seems  country  scoordinjf  to  the  provision  of  the  law  under 

strange  that  the  farmers  of  the  United  States  should  ^^^w**  t^«7  ^^^^  "*"®<^'  believing  that,  if  the  cur- 

suffer  a  government  which  they  in  part  control  to  so  ^^^^7  ©^ '^e  country  is  good  enough  to  pay  the  pen- 

desi>oti<»lly  tax  them  and  their  kbor,  in  order  to  f^o^  o?tJ»«  ^^^ow  and  orphan  of  the  dead  soldier,  it 

raise  mUlions  of  doUsrs  every  year  from  their  hard-  i«  ?ood  enough  to  pay  the  bondholders  or  any  other 

earned  labor,  to  be  bestowed  upon  high-salaried  offl-  «^m  against  the  Federal  Government.    That  while 

eers.  standing  armies,  useless  navies,  pet  national  ^«  appose  repudiation,  and  are  for  the  honest  dis- 

banks,  and  bondholders :  now,  therefore,  be  it  charge  of  our  bonded  debt,  according  to  the  provi- 

Ba»lt>€d  bv  tk€  General  AmmUy  of  ths  Comnym^  fwn  of  the  law  under  and  by  which  the  bonds  were 

wniik  of  KMtuckv,  That  our  Senaton  in  Congress  Iwned,  we  denounce  ss  uiyust  to  the  people  sll  Isws, 

be  instraoted,  and  our  Representatives  requested,  to  **»?  effect  of  which  is  to  make  any  bonds  payable  in 

use  all  the  means  withm  their  power  to  have  the  tax  ooi^  which,  by^  the  act  under  which  they  were  issued, 

on  tobaooo  reduced  at  least  fifty  per  cent. ;  and  that  were  payable  m  the  currency  ot  the  country. 

his  Kxcellency  the  Governor  of  this  Commonwealth  ^  *•  J^*'  ^^^  Governor  of  this  Commonwealth  is 

eause  to  be  transmitted  to  each  of  said  Senaton  and  hereby  requested  to  send  certified  copies  of  these 

Representatives  copies  of  this  preamble  and  reso-  reeolntions  to  each  of  the  membere  m  the  Federal 

lotion.  Congress;  and  that  oar  Senaton  and  Kepresenta- 

tives  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  are  re- 

The  following  resolation  relative  to  the  con-  quested  to  use  an  honorable  means  to  procure  the 

stmction  of  the  Texas  and  Pacific  Railway  wa9  passage  of  an  act  in  conformity  with  the  foregoing 

adopted :  resolutions. 

Vf%«rea#.  The  power  ofthe  General  Government  to  The  value  of  taxable  property  in  the  State 

promote  the  construction  of  great  national  Imes  of  belonging  to  white  persons,  and  the  amoant  of 

eooununioation  between  the  two  ocomis  has  long  ^^^  ^n  the  same  for  1877  and  1878,  were— 

ceased  to  be  a  question  of  political  division ;  and  «  •»«    «         *   •  •  «       *    i   ,  »» 

whereas  experienoe  has  demonstrated  the  necessity  Totol  value  of  property,  1877 ^!S?'21!!'2! 

of  another  transcontinenUl  raUroad,  both  for  th4  Total  vslue  of  property,  18T8 «^01g^gT6 

commercial  and  social  convenience  of  the  people,  Deorasse                                     tS8.9O8.O0O 

sod  aa  a  check  to  the  monopoly  incident  to  a  single  — 

road;  and  whereas,  farther,  the  official  reports  show  TSz,lS7T |1JS8S,0M  M 

thst  of  the  $104,705,168.48  expended  by  the  General  Tsx,lS78. 1,418,078  70 

Government  between  1789  and  1878  for  railroads.  ^ r^rr: 

wagon-roads,  and  canals,  the  sixteen  Southern  ana  Deoresse f  iiO,9Ts  S4 

V>rder  States  received  only  $6,981,982.90,  while  the  The  value  of  the  same  belonging  to  blacks, 

Northern  and  western  States  and  remtones  have  «„  j  au^  ^^^n^.^.  «.#  4-^^^^  a*,  ^o.  o.>«nx»  4-;».I^ 

received  $97,085,761.70,  exclusive  of  land  grants:  »"^  the  amount  of  taxes  for  the  same  time, 

RmoUtd^  bg  the  General  AnenMy  of  the  Ommon"  were  as  follows : 

vtiltA  of  KnUuehjfy  That  our  Senaton  in  Congress  Total  value  of  property,  1877 $8,641,869 

be  inntmeted,  and  onr  Representatives  requested,  to  Total  value  of  property,  1878 8^,887 

use  all  proper  means  to  secure  the  passage  of  such  ^ ""r 

bill  or  bills  b^  Congress  as  will  promote  and  secure  Decrease. _j*»'^'" 

the  eoustruction  of  the  Texas  and  Paoiflc  Ballwav  as  ^^x.  1R77                                             $1^986  16 

a  competing  line  to  the  Union  and  Central  Paoillo,  Tax,  ISTs!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!'!.!  !.!     14,818  61 

and  aa  a  corresponding  artery  for  Southern  trade  

and  travel.  Decrease $1,067  65 

The  following  resolution  in  regard  to  the  re-  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  decrease  in  the 

peal  of  the  resumption  act  and  other  financial  assessed  value  of  property  in  1878  was  $29,- 

matters  was  also  adopted :  228,092,  while  the  decrease  in  taxes  to  be  re- 

Beoognising  the  truth  and  power  of  the  time-hon-  ^^^^  was  $117,029.89.            ,      ,      —          , 

ored  maxim  that** eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  The  number  of  prisoners  in  the  Kentucky 

liberty  •' ;  and  whereas  the  highest  and  greatest  penitentiary  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  990, 

duty  of  Uie  Representative  is  to  plav  the  part  of  sen-  ^jji^h  is  Bteadil V  and  slowly  increasing.     The 

^L^tJS^pIoXi^f  rhi*^^^^^^^^  bealth  of  the  c^victs  has  /een  excelled  and 

and  all  attempts,  either  covert  or  open,  to  undermine  there  have  been  no  deaths  irom  levers,  and  no 

•be  principles  of  our  institutions,  and  to  subvert  and  unusual  change  in  the  prison  alfairB. 

trample  apon  the  rights  of  the  citisen ;  and  whereas  The  State  Board  of  Equalization  of  the  value 

It  If  apiMTent  to  thia  General  Assembly  that  the  Fed-  f  railroad  property,  organized  under  an  act 

eral  legiabtion,  for  the  last  several  years,  has  been  J  A~  t     .  i  1-*^    iT    "*o*»"'2'^  j  „j    *v!v:« 

m  the  interest  of  the  money  power  bf  the  country,  j'  ^^^  Legislature  above  mentioned,  made  their 

to  tha  deatrootion  of  the  honest  industry  of  the  peo-  first  report  as  follows : 


472 


KENTUCKY. 


NAUE  OF  ROAD. 


Bt.  LoulB  &  SoatheAstern  Railroad 

Mempbifl,  Paducah  &  Northern 

Faducah  A  Elizabethtown 

Mobile  AOblo 

Chicago,  Bt  LoaisA  New  Orleans 

8t.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  J^  St  Louis 

Oweusboro  &  Nashville 

Louisville  &  Nashville  (main  stem) 

Louisville  ds  Nashville  (branches) 

Louisville,  Cincinnati  A  Lexington  (main  stem). . 
Louisville,  Cincinnati  A  Lexington  (l!in.  tomcn). 
Louisville  Bail  way  Transportation  Company. . . . 

Elizabethtown,  Lexington  A  Rig  Sandy 

Eliiabethtown.  Lexington  &  Big  Sandy,  E.  divia. 

Eastern  Kentucky  Railway 

Southwestern 

Louisville,  Harrod's  Creek  A  Westport 

MouDt  Sterling  Coal  Boad 

Kentucky  CentraL 

Memphis  A  Louisville  (northern  division) 

Memphis  A  Louisville  (southern  division) 

dnelnnatl  Southern 


No.«rnilki. 

TaloMtloB 
pvmilt. 

Jf^Vk 

$5,000 

6,000 

'S?ll» 

8,960 
8,500 

41-76 

&0O0 

um 

8,000 

7 

8,500 

85 

8,000 

189-68 

S0,000 

208  8A 

8,100 

96  6« 

15.000 

8U-94 

6,600 

4  18 

^000 

88-78 

7,500 

1608 

11,600 

84-15 

8,600 

4AU 

6,000 

11 

7,000 

19-85 

2.000 

SO 

14,000 

49-40 

9,000 

19 

12,000 

158- 14 

15,000 

TotelvalMoTiwa. 

Otbar  fvopei^. 

A«^ 

$490,498  10 

$82,186  60 

$512.634  60 

2M,400  00 

19,575  00 

808^976  €0 

78i»,572  75 

84,669  00 

76W61  T5 

167,195  00 

28,295  00 

199.490  60 

884,080  00 

6,860  00 

8»»,«)9  00 

11^7  00 

&»  00 

1I.«^4  00 

50,500  00 

50.500  00 

105,000  00 

105,0U0  14 

2,792,600  00 
8,052,400  00 

86a,i46  66 
868,146  00  ' 

6,218,146  CO 

1,404,800  00 
6^7,990  00 

195,154  00 
195,154  00  : 

8,287,444  00 

20,650  00 

•■••      ««••« 

20,660  00 

258,975  00 

6,008  00 

8»<.97$00 

196,888  00 

7,600  00 

208.SWJ  M 

65,875  00 

41,284  00 

126.6(19  00 

85,082  78 

25,(»2iTi 

77,000  00 

4(i6  66 

77,400  00 

88,500  00 

160  00 

8%6dU00 

1,180,000  00 

68.925  00 

1,188,9:^00 

444.600  00 

7,100  00 

4M,7(i«  00 

828,000  00 

14,1<I0  00 

842,100  00 

8,878,100  00 

17,875  00 

S,8b9,476  00 

The  prejent  rate  of  State  taxation  is  forty 
cents  on  the  hundred  dollars*  worth  of  property. 
Of  this  forty  cents,  only  fifteen  is  revenue 
proper ;  the  remaining  twenty-five  is  set  apart 
as  school  money.  The  rate  of  fifteen  cents  is 
probably  as  low  as  that  of  any  State  in  the 
Union  for  maintaining  the  State  government. 
This  rate  of  taxation  at  forty  cents,  being  a 
reduction  of  five  cents  from  the  previous  rate, 
went  into  effect  in  1877,  and  has  hardly  as  yet 
been  tested.  The  balance  in  the  Treasury  on 
October  10,  1877,  when  the  last  report  was 
made,  was  $588,894 ;  but  among  the  items  of 
extraordinary  receipts  for  that  year  were 
$70,484  from  the  Federal  Government,  on  ac- 
count of  claims  growing  out  of  the  war,  and 
$100^877.76  back  taxes  from  the  Louisville, 
Cincinnati,  and  Lexington  Railroad,  as  the  re- 
sult of  a  lawsuit. 

The  following  is  a  carefully  prepared  es- 
timate of  the  production  of  whisky  in  the 
State,  in  gallons : 


DISTRIOT. 


II. 
V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 


187«->r7. 


706.869 
8.886.460 
8,878.209 
1,407,127 

251.271 
78,884 


8,148,879 


i8r»-*r8. 


406,868 
8,848,678 
8,818,045 
1,018,818 

848,429 
79,953 


«i,409,674 


Decrease,  1,788,606  proof  gaUoma,  or  40,488  barrels. 

The  crop  of  wheat  grown  in  Kentucky  in 
1877  was  the  largest  harvested  since  the  war. 
It  amounted,  according  to  the  assessors*  returns, 
to  7,645,604  bushels.  The  crop  grown  in  1878 
is  not  over  5,500,000  bushels,  owing  to  the 
ravages  of  the  Hessian  fly  and  rust  in  the  chief 
wheat-growing  counties  of  the  southern  and 
western  parts  of  the  State.  The  crop  of  bar- 
ley grown  in  1878  was  the  largest  yet  har- 
vested in  the  State,  and  was  not  less  than 
600,000  bushels.  The  yield  of  com  in  1877 
was  59,693,146  bushels.  The  drought  in  many 
neighborhoods  in  1878  was  so  great  as  to 
out  down  the  crop  20  per  cent,  below  1877. 


The  yield  of  hemp  in  1878  is  10  per  cent,  less 
than  in  1877,  when  13,752,268  pounds  were 
produced  in  the  State.  The  yield  of  oats  and 
rye  is  about  the  same  as  in  1877,  when  it  was 
as  follows :  oats,  6,888,405  bushels ;  rye,  1,277,- 
278.  The  entire  crop  of  tobacco  grown  in 
the  State  in  the  summer  of  1876  wan  146,186,- 
796  pounds;  in  1876,  126,809,244  pounds;  in 
1877,  191,492,148  pounds ;  in  1878  it  will 
reach  not  over  115,000,000  pounds.  This  will 
make  the  yield  from  65  to  70  per  cent,  of  an 
average.  Hay  and  grass  did  well  in  1878,  con- 
sidering the  dry  summer.  It  is  stated  that 
there  are  in  the  State  71,000  acres  in  neach 
orchards,  which  in  1878  produced  within  a 
fraction  of  6,000,000  bushels  of  peaches.  There 
are  in  round  numbers  250,000  acres  of  applo 
orchards,  which  produce  annually  over  21,000,- 
000  bushels  of  apples.  The  increase  in  sheep 
and  hogs  shows  that  the  farmers  are  pajing 
more  attention  to  these  animals  than  for  ser- 
eral  years  after  the  war.  The  sheep  have  in- 
creased from  about  1,000,000  in  1876  to  1,123,- 
956  in  1878,  and  hogs  from  1,142,568  in  1876 
to  over  1,600,000  in  1878.  Poultry  has  also 
grown  to  be  an  article  of  great  value.  The 
number  of  chickens  in  the  State  is  now  6,381,- 
100,  and  of  other  fowls  2,860,550.  The  value 
of  eggs  and  poultry  used  in  Kentucky  yearly 
is  nearly  the  same  as  of  the  tobacco  crop. 
Bees  also  have  become  a  source  of  consider- 
able profit.  There  are  now  reported  to  be  in 
the  State  157,870  bee  colonies  or  hives  in  good 
working  order,  and  the  product  of  honey  in 
1878  was  4,728,100  pounds. 

A  production  called  chufa$  is  a  new  crop  in 
the  State,  and  much  prized  by  fanners  for  the 
fattening  of  hogs,  as  equal  if  not  superior  to 
com.  Some  confound  the  chufas,  the  gras^- 
nut,  with  the  nut-grass,  but  it  is  entirely  dif- 
ferent in  habits  of  growth  and  value.  The 
chufas  will  produce  from  80  to  125  bushels  on 
any  moderately  rich  land,  but  is  peculiarly 
adapted,  like  the  ground  peas,  to  sandy  loani 
soils.  When  ripe,  hogs  will  gather  and  eat 
them  just  as  they  do  ground  peas,  and  will 


KENTUCKY. 


473 


prefer  them  to  all  other  food,  even  com.  An 
act  for  the  propagation  and  protection  of 
food  fish  in  the  waters  of  Kentucky  was  passed 
hy  the  General  Assemhly,  and  approved  March 
26,  1876.  A  commission  of  ten  persons  was 
appointed  to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  Oom- 
missioner  of  the  United  States  in  stocking  the 
waters  of  Kentucky  with  fish,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  build  a  hatching-house  in  which  to 
propagate  such  young  fish  as  they  might  be 
able  to  obtain.  Since  that  time,  the  Oommis- 
sioners  have  been  busy  at  work,  and  have 
placed  thousands  of  the  young  Oalifornia  sal- 
mon in  the  streams  of  the  State. 

The  geological  survey  has  brought  to  light 
some  very  vidnable  clays  in  the  western  part 
of  the  State.  Contiguous  are  also  valuable 
deposits  of  brown  cosd,  and  an  unlimited  sup- 
ply of  white  sand  suitable  for  plate  glass,  and 
as  an  admixture  with  clay  for  tne  manufacture 
of  porcelain. 

The  reports  of  the  State  charitable  and 
other  institutions  are  made  biennially.  (See 
''Annual  Cyclopaadia,"  1877.) 

On  November  29th  a  serious  disturbance 
took  place  at  Jackson,  the  county  seat  of 
Breathitt  County.  A  mob  attacked  the  sheriff, 
althoagh  accompanied  by  twenty-five  guards, 
while  bringing  a  prisoner  charged  with  murder 
to  court.  Severai  shots  were  nred ;  the  guards 
fled,  and  one  of  them,  being  the  County  Judge, 
was  killed.  The  Circuit  Court,  then  in  session, 
was  broken  up,  and  the  Judge  withdrew. 
These  things  formed  the  outbreak  of  some  old 
feuds  which  had  been  attended  with  constant 
violence.  Scenes  of  bloodshed  followed  for 
many  dajs,  and  a  military  force  was  sent  for 
a  short  time  by  the  Governor  to  maintain  order. 

The  election  in  Kentucky  on  November  5th 
was  for  members  of  Congress.  The  vote  was 
much  below  that  of  1876,  and  the  resdt  was 
as  follows : 


nsmuCT.       I      BcpaUtaB. 

DMuocnlle. 

NatloDAl. 

I 

IL 

4w989 
8,902 
4,616 
5,508 

■  •  «  a 
•  •  •  • 

ia766 
8^892 
2,645 

Mil 

8,828 
9J54 
8,969 
9,115 
6,901 
a.689 
11588 
10,784 
7,296 

•6,878 
2.051 

IIL 

2,889 
204 

IV 

V 

7,808 
1,877 

VI 

VIL 

8,548 

VIIL 

IX. 

279 

i 

1,244 

•  Independent  Democnt 


The  state  of  parties  in  the  Legislature  was 
as  follows  .* 


8-.^ 

HOOM. 

IHnbllfaat 

1 

87 

18 

Maaocnta ...^ 

87 

Totrf. 

88 

100 

A  change  took  place  during  the  year  in  the 
organization  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  Chief 
Justice  Lindsey  retired  by  reason  of  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term,  and  Judge  W.  S.  Pryor, 


having  the  shortest  term  to  serve,  became  Chief 
Justice.  Thomas  H.  Hines,  of  the  Fourth  Ap- 
pellate District,  was  elected  to  the  vacancy  by  a 
vote  of  89,558,  against  594  for  James  Stewart. 
A  case  came  before  the  Court  of  Appeals 
during  the  year  in  which  the  point  at  issue 
was  the  right  of  a  court  to  try  an  extradited 
prisoner  for  a  non-eztraditable  offense.  Hawes, 
the  prisoner,  had  been  brought  from  Canada  un- 
der the  extradition  treaty  upon  three  charges 
of  forgery,  all  of  which  were  tried,  and  Hawes 
acquitted.  It  was  undertaken  to  hold  and  try 
him  under  a  charge  of  embezzlement.  This 
the  Court  decided  to  be  an  offense  under  which 
he  was  not  extradited,  and  he  was  dismissed. 
The  Court  of  Appeals  held  that  this  ruling  wat. 
correct.  The  case,  "The  Commonwealth  vs. 
Smith  N.  Hawes, ^'  was  carried  up  from  the 
lower  Court  by  the  State.  Chief  Justice  Lind- 
sey, in  delivering  the  opinion  of  the  Court  on 
April  17th, considered  two  questions:  1.  How 
far  the  judicial  tribunals  or  the  Federal  and 
State  governments  are  required  to  take  cog- 
nizance of  and  in  proper  cases  give  effect  to 
treaty  stipulations  between  our  own  and  for- 
eign Governments;  2.  Tlie  true  construction 
of  the  tenth  article  of  the  treaty.  The  first 
question  is  answered  by  that  clause  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  which  makes  all  treaties  un- 
der it  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  "is 
consequently  to  be  regarded  in  the  courts  of 
justice  as  equivalent  to  an  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, whenever  it  operates  of  itself  without 
the  aid  of  any  legislative  provision."  In  con- 
sidering the  second  question,  the  Court,  with 
great  research  and  ability,  brings  out  the  dom- 
inant principle  of  modem  extradition.  The 
Chief  Justice  says: 

The  tenth  article  of  the  treaty  of  1842  is  as  follows : 
^  ^^  It  is  a£^eed  that  the  United  States  and  her  Britan- 
nic Majesty  shall,  upon  mutual  requisitions  by  them, 
or  their  ministers,  officers,  or  authorities,  respec- 
tively made,  deliver  up  to  justice  all  persons  who, 
being  charged  with  the  'orime  of  murder  or  assault 
with  Intent  to  commit  murder,  or  piracy,  or  arson, 
or  robbery,  or  forgery^  or  the  utterance  of  forged 
paper,  committed  withm  the  Jurisdiction  of  either, 
shall  seek  an  asylum,  or  shall  be  found  within  the 
territories  of  the  other :  Brovided^  That  this  shall 
only  be  done  upon  such  evidence  of  crimlnslity  as, 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  place  where  the  fui^itive 
or  person  so  oharj^ed  shall  oe  found,  would  justify 
his  apprehension  and  commitment  for  trial  if  the 
orime  or  offense  had  there  been  committed :  and  the 
respective  judges  and  other  maffistrates  or  the  two 
Governments  snail  have  power,  jurisdiction,  and  au- 
thority, upon  complaint  made  under  oath,  to  issue  a 
warrant  for  the  apprehension  of  the  fugitive  or  per- 
son so  charged,  that  he  may  be  broufj^ht  before  such 
judges  or  other  magistrates,  respectively,  to  the  end 
that  the  evidence  of  orimiaality  may  be  heard  and 
considered ;  and  if,  on  such  hearing,  the  evidence 
be  deemed  sufficient  to  sustain  the  charge^  it  shall 
bo  the  duty  of  the  examining  judire  or  magistrate  to 
certify  the  same  to  the  proper  executive  authority, 
that  a  warrant  may  issue  for  the  surrender  of  such 
furtive." 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  trial  and  punishment  of 
the  surrendered  fugitive  for  crimes  otner  than  those 
mentioned  in  the  treaty  is  not  prohibited  in  terms, 
and  that  fact  is  regarded  as  of  controlling  importance 
by  those  who  hold  to  the  view  that  Hawes  was  not 


474  KENTUCKY. 

entitled  to  the  immnnit;^  awarded  him  by  the  Court  asjlom  for  religioQB  refugees.   The  public  Bestiment 

below.    But  if  the  prohibition  can  be  fairly  implied  of  both  countriee  made  it  unneceaiiary.    B«twetii 

from  the  language  and  general  scope  of  the  treaty,  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  it  was  not  sny- 

considered  in  connection  with  the  purposes  the  con-  posed  on  either  side  that  guaimntees  were  required 

tracting  parties  had  in  Tiew,  and  the  nature  of  the  of  each  other  against  a  thing  inherently  impoesibUf 

subject  about  wliioh  tbev  were  treating,  it  is  entitled  any  more  than  by  the  laws  of  Solon  was  a  puniBb- 

to  like  respect,  and  will  be  as  sacredly  observed  as  ment  deemed  necessary  against  the  crime  of  psnicide. 

though  it  were  expressed  in  dear  and  unambiguous  which  was  beyond  the  possibility  of  contem^latjoo."^ 

terms.  But  President  Tyler,  under  whose  administratiob 

Public  treaties  are  to  be  fairly  interpreted,  and  the  the  treaty  of  1842  was  concluded,  evidently  tbougtt 

intention  of  the  contracting  parties  to  be  ascertained  that  the  guarantees  of  immunity  to  political  refu^eti 

by  the  application  of  the  same  rules  of  construction  were  to  be  implied  from  the  treaty  itself,  and  not  \tfl 

and  the  same  course  of  reasoning  which  we  apply  to  to  rest  alone  on  the  public  sentiment  of  the  two  eonn- 

the  interpretation  of  priyate  contracts.    By  tne  enu-  tries.    In  communicating  the  draft  of  the  treatr  to 

meration  of  seven  weil-deflned  crimes  for  which  ex-  the  Senate  for  its  ratification,  speaking  of  the  subject 

tradition  may  be  had,  the  parties  plainly  excluded  of  extiadition,  he  said :  **  The  article  on  the  subject 

the  idea  that  demand  might  be  made  as  matter  of  in  the  proposed  treaty  is  carefully  confined  to  Budi 

right  for  the  surrender  of  a  fugitive  charged  with  an  offenses  as  all  mankind  agree  to  reeard  as  heiDooi 

offense  not  named  in  the  enumeration,  no  matter  how  and  destructive  of  tlie  security  of  life  and  proi)ertj. 

revolting  or  wicked  it  may  be.    By  providing  the  In  this  careful  and  specific  enumeration  of  crime, 

terms  and  conditions  upon  which  a  warrant  for  the  the  object  has  been  to  exclude  all  political  offeneef, 

arrest  of  the  alleged  fugitive  may  be  issued,  and  con-  or  criminal  chains  arising  from  ware  or  intestice 

fining  the  duty  of  making  the  surrender  to  oases  in  commotions.    Treason,  misprision  of  treason,  libth, 

which  the  evidence  of  criminality  is  sufiloient.  ao-  desertion  fh>m  militaiy  service,  end  other  ofl'eoiee 

cording  to  the  laws  of  the  place  where  such  fugitive  of  similar  character,  are  excluded.*'    This  interpre- 

is  found,  to  justify  his  commitment  for  trial,  the  tation  was  contemporaneous  with  the  treaty  it»«lf^ 

right  of  the  demanding  government  to  decide  finaJlv  and  deserves  the  higher  consideration  f^om  the  Act 

as  to  the  propriety  of  the  demand,  and  as  to  the  evi-  that  it  was  contained  in  a  paper  prepared  by  Uietbeo 

dencesofguiltf  is  as  plainly  excluded  as  if  that  right  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Webster,  who  represcoted 

had  been  denied  bv  express  language.    It  would  the  Government  of  the  United  Statea  in  the  negotii- 

scarcely  be  regarded  an  abuse  of  the  rules  of  eon-  tions  from  which  it  resulted.    It  seenas,  also,  tbit 

struction,  iVom  these  manifest  restrictions,  unaided  the  extradition  article  of  the  treaty  was  understood 

bj  extraneous  considerations,  to  deduce  the  conclu-  in  the  same  way  by  the  British  Parliament  in  1643^ 

Bion  that  it  whs  not  contemplated  by  the  contract-  The  act  of  Parliament  of  that  year,  paaaed  for  tbe 

ing  parties  that  an  extradited  prisoner  should,  under  purpose  of  carrying  it  into  effect,  directed  that  eoek 

any  circumstances,  be  compelled  to  defend  himself  persons  as  should  thereafter  be  extradited  to  th« 

against  a  charge  other  than  the  one  upon  which  he  is  United  States  should  be  delivered  **  to  such  perMn 

•urrendered,  much  less  against  one  for  which  his  ex-  or  persons  as  shall  be  authorized,  in  the  name  of  i};e 

tradition  could  not  be  demanded.  United  States,  to  receive  the  person  ao  committed. 

The  consequences  to  which  the  opposite  view  may  end  to  convey  him  to  the  United  Statea,  to  be  tried 

lead,  though  oy  no  means  conclusive  against  it,  are  for  the  crime  of  which  such  person  shall  be  accused." 

nevertheless  to  receive  due  and  proper  weight.    It  The  precise  purx>ose  for  which  the  fugitive  is  to  b< 

would  present  a  remarkable  state  of  things  to  have  surrendered  is  set  out  in  exact  and  apt  iaDguage,£i:d 

one  Government  saying,  in  substance,  to  the  other :  the  act  negatives,  by  necessary  imphcation.  the  n^t 

**  You  can  not  demand  the  surrender  of  a  person  here  claimed,  that  the  person  surrendered  mar  tw 

charged  with  embezzlement.    My  judges  or  other  tried  for  an  offense  different  from  that  for  whicn  he 

magistrates  have  no  right  or  authority,  upon  such  a  was  extradited,  and  one  for  which  his  siurender  could 

demand,  either  to  apprehend  the  person  so  accused,  not  have  been  demanded. 

or  to  inquire  into  tne  evidences  of  his  criminality ;        The  American  Executive  in  1842,  and  the  Britiih 

and  if  they  should  assume  to  do  so,  and  should  find  Parliament  in  1848,  seem  to  have  been  impressed 

the  evidence  sufficient  to  sustain  the  charge,  the  with  the  conviction  that  the  treaty  secured  to  pe^ 

proper  executive  authority  could  not  lawfully  issue  sons  surrendered  under  its  provisions  an  immunitT 

the  warrant  for  his  surrender.    But  you  may  obviate  from  trial  for  political  offenses  far  more  stable  ssd 

this  defect  in  the  treaty  by  resting  your  demand  upon  effectual  than  tne  public  sentiment  of  the  two  cocd* 

the  charge  of  forgexr,  and  if  you  can  make  out  a  tries.    Experience  had  taught  them  that  in  times  cf 

9rima  facU  case  against  the  fugitive,  you  mav  take  intestine  strife  and  civil  commotions  the  most  ec- 

nim  into  custodv,  and  then,  without  a  breach  of  faith,  lightened  public  sentiment  may  become  warped  sr.d 

and  without  violating  either  the  letter  or  spirit  of  our  perverted,  just  as  it  has  tsught  that  man  is  some- 

treatv,  compel  him  to  go  to  trial  upon  the  indictment  times  oopsDle  of  committing  the  unnatural  crime  of 

for  tne  non-extraditable  offense  of  embezzlement.*'  parricide,  although  such  a  crime  seemed  impossible 

And  if  this  indirect  mode  of  securing  the  surrender  to  the  great  Athenian  law^ver.    And  this  view  msi 

of  persons  guilt v  of  other  than  extraditable  offenses  adhered  to  by  Congress  m  1848,  when  the  genenl 

may  be  resorted  to,  or  if  the  demand,  when  made  in  law  providing  for  the  surrender  of  persons  cfasi|^d 

the  utmost  good  faith,  to  secure  the  custody  of  a  with  crime  to  the  various  governments  with  which 

criminal  within  the  provisions  of  the  treaty,  can  be  we  had  treaty  stipulations  on  that  subject  waa  passed, 

made  available  to  bnng  him  to  justice  for  an  offense  After  setting  out  the  necessary  preliminary  steps,  it 

for  which  he  would  not  have  been  surrendered,  then  was  protided  by  the  tliird  section  of  that  act,  **  tbtt 

we  do  not  very  well  see  how  either  Government  could  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Secretary  of  State,  under 

complain  if  a  lawfully  extradited  fWitive  should  be  his  hand  and  seal  of  office,  to  order  the  person  fo 

tried  and  oonvictcd  or  a  political  offense.    Prosecu-  committed  to  be  delivered  to  such  person  or  perfoos 

tions  for  the  crime  of  treason  are  no  more  provided  as  shall  be  authorized,  in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of 

against  by  the  treaty  than  prosecutions  for  tne  crime  such  foreign  government,  to  be  tried  for  the  criois 

of  embezzlement,  or  the  offense  of  bribing  a  public  of  which  such  person  shall  be  accosed."    This,  like 

officer.  the  act  of  Parliament,  declares  the  purpose  of  tlis 

Mr.  Fish,  in  his  letter  of  May  22, 1876,  to  Mr.  Hoff-  surrender  to  be  that  the  alleged  offender  mav  "  be 

man,  in  reference  to  the  extradition  of  Winslow,  tried  for  the  crime  of  which  such  person  shall  be  se- 

attempts   to   meet   this   difficulty  by  saying   that  cnsed."    The  maxim,  "  expressio  unius  est  exclusio 

^^neitner  the  extradition  clause  in  the  treaty  of  1794,  alterus,"  may  with  propriety  be  fppiied  to  each  of 

nor  in  that  of  1842,  contains  any  reference  to  immu-  these  acts ;  and,  read  in  the  light  or  that  maxim,  tbej 

nity  for  political  offenses,  or  to  the  protection  of  are  persuasive  at  least  of  the  construction  which,  up 


KENTUCKY.  475 

tolS48)  th«  two  contracting  parties  bad  placed  on  of  the  oases  of  Caldwell  and  Lawrence  (dth  and  18th 
the  tenth  article  of  the  treaty.    The  act  of  Gonffress  Blaichford's  Reports),  and  of  the  case  of  Laffrove 
Is.  In  one  view,  more  important  than  the  British  act  (69th  New  York).    And  if  the  cases  of  CaldweU  and 
011843.    It  does  not  rest  alone  on  the  proper  inter-  Lawrence  could  be  freed  from  the  complications 
preUition  of  a  particular  treaty,  and  may  be  regarded  arising  out  of  the  residence  of  the  prisoners  within 
as  s  legislative  declaration  or  the  American  idea  of  the  territorial  limits  of  the  British  Crown,  and  the 
the  fundamental  or  underlying  principles  of  the  in-  fact  that  we  received  them  from  the  authorities  of 
temstional  practice  of  eztnidition.  the  British  (4overuroent  in  virtue  of  and  pursuant 
The  ancient  doctrine  that  a  sovereign  state  is  to  treaty  stipulations,  it  would  be  sound  doctrine 
bound  by  the  law  of  nations  to  deliver  up  persons  and  inaisputable  law.     But  did  Caldwell  or  Law- 
charged  with  or  convicted  of  crimes  committed  in  rence  come  within  the  reach  of  the  arm  of  our  law  t 
aQother  country,  upon  the  demand  of  the  state  whose  They  were  surrendered  to  us  by  a  foreign  sovereiffQ 
laws  they  baTo  violated,  never  did  permanently  ob-  to  be  tried  for  specified  crimes,  and  were  foroiiny 
tain  in  tne  United  States.    It  was  supported  by  ju*  brought  for  the  purposes  of  those  trials  within  the 
rists  of  distinction,  like  Kent  and  Story,  but  the  jurisdiction  of  our  courts;  and  the  point  in  issue 
doctrine  haa  long  prevailed  with  us  that  a  foreign  was  not  whether  the  prisoners  had  secured  immu- 
governmeot  has  no  right  to  demand  the  surrender  of  nity  by  flighty  but  whether  the  Court  could  proceed 
a  violator  of  its  laws  unless  we  are  under  obligations  to  tir  them  without  disregarding  the  good  faith  of 
to  make  the  surrender,  in  obedience  to  the  stipula-  the  Government,  and  vio^tiug  the  *'  supreme  law." 
tioQs  of  an  existing  treaty.    (Lawrence's  Wheaton  The  legal  ri^ht  of  a  judicial  tribunal  to  ezerciae 
on  lutemational  Law,  page  288,  and   authorities  jurisdiction  in  a  given  case  must,  fVom  the  nature 
cit«d.)    As  said  by  Mr.  Cushing,  in  the  matter  of  of  things,  be  open  to  question  at  some  stage  of  the 
Hamilton,  a  fugitive  from  the  justice  of  the  State  of  proceeding;  and  we  find  it  difficult  to  conceive  of 
Indiana,  *^  It  is  the  established  rule  of  the  United  a  person  charged  with  crime  being  so  situated  aa 
States  neither  to  grant  nor  to  ask  for  extradition  of  not  to  be  permitted  to  challenge  the  power  of  the 
criminals  as  between  us  and  any  foreign  government,  court  assuming  the  right  to  try  and  punish  him. 
unless  in  cases  for  which  stipulation  la  made  by  ex-  The  doctrine  of  the  cases  of  Caldwell  and  Lawrence 
press  eonvention."    (**  Opinions  of  Attomey'Gen^  has  been  sanctioned  by  several  prominent  British 
erals,"  voL  vi.,  i>age  481.)    From  the  treatise  of  Mr.  ofHcials  and  lawyers,  and  has  seemingly  been  'acted 
Clark  on  the  subject  of  extradition,  we  feel  author-  upon  by  some  of  the  Canadian  courts,  and  in  one 
izdd  to  infer  that  this  is  the  £ngii»h  theory ;  but  instance  (that  of  Heilbronn)  by  an  English  court, 
whether  it  la  or  not,  that  (^vemment  certainly  would  We  say  seemingly,  for  the  reaaon  that  in  Great 
not,  in  the  absence  of  treaty  stipulations,  surrender  Britain  treaties  are  regarded  as  international  com- 
foffitives  to  a  government  which,  like  uura,  would  pacts,  with  which  in  general  the  courts  have  no  con- 
refose  to  reciprocate  its  acta  of  comtty  in  thst  respect,  oern.    They  are  to  be  carried  into  effect  by  the  ex- 
The  right  of  one  government  to  demand  and  receive  eoutive,  and  the  proceedings  in  the  courts  are  sub- 
from  another  the  custody  of  an  offender  who  haa  jeot  to  executive  control  to  the  extent  necessary  to 
sooght  asvlum  upon  its  soil,  depends  upon  the  ex-  enable  it  to  prevent  a  breach  of  treaty  stipulation  in 
istence  or  treaty  stipulations  between  them,  and  in  oases  of  this  kind.    Hence,  when  a  party  charged 
all  eases  ia  denved  from,  and  is  meaanred  and  re-  with  crime  claims  immimity  iVom  trial  on  account 
stiicted  by,  the  provialons,  express  and  implied,  of  of  the  provisions  of  the  treatv  under  which  he  baa 
tha  treaty.  been  extradited,  he  must  apply  to  the  executive  to 
The  fugitive  Hawes,  by  becoming  an  inhabitant  interfere,  through  the  law  omoers  of  the  Crown,  to 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  placed  himself  under  stav  the  action  of  the  court ;  otherwise  it  will  not, 
the  protection  of  Britiah  laws,  and  we  could  demand  at  his  instance,  stop  to  inquire  aa  to  the  form  of  bia 
his  surrender  only  in  virtue  of  our  treaty  with  that  arrest,  nor  as  to  the  means  by  which  he  waa  taken 
GoTemment ;  and  we  held  him  in  custody  for  the  into  custody.    But  a  different  rule  prevails  with  ua, 
purposes  contemplated  by  that  treaty,  and  for  no  becanae  our  Government  is  differently  organixed. 
other.    He  waa  surrendered  to  the  authorities  of  Neither  the  Federal  nor  State  executive  could  in- 
Kentucky,  to  be  tried  upon  three  several  indict-  terfere  to  prevent  or  suspend  the  trial  of  Hawes. 
meets  for  forgerv.    The  Canadian  authorities  were  Neither  the  CommonwealtVs  attorney  nor  the  court 
of  opinion  that  tne  evidencea  of  his  orinunality  were  if  as  to  anv  extent  whatever  subject  to  the  direction 
lufficient  to  justify  his  oommitment  for  trial  on  said  or  control  either  of  the  President  of  the  United 
three  chsrges.     One  of  the  charges  the  Common-  States  or  the  Governor  of  this  Commonwealth.   But 
wealth  voluntarUy  abandoned.    He  was  tried  upon  the  treaty  under  which  the  alleged  immunity  waa 
the  remaining  two,  and  found  not  guil^  in  each  asserted  "being  part  of  the  supreme  law,  the  Court 
case  by  the  jury,  and  now  stands  acquitted  of  the  had  the  power,  and  it  was  its  duty  if  the  claim  waa 
crimes  for  which  he  was  extradited.    It  ia  true  he  well  founded,  to  secure  to  him  its  full  benett. 
wa^  in  court,  and  in  the  actual  ouatody  of  the  offlcera  The  question  we  have  under  oonsideration  haa  not 
of  the  law,  when  it  waa  demanded  that  he  should  been  paaaed  on  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
he  oompeUed  to  plead  to  the  indictment  for  embez-  States,  and  it  therefore  so  far  remains  an  open  one 
xlement.    But  tne  specific  puiposes  for  which  the  that  we  feel  free  to  decide  it  in  accordance  with  the 
protection  of  the  British  laws  had  been  withdrawn  results  of  our  own  investigationa  and  reflections. 
from  him   had  been  fully  accomplished,  and  he  Mr.  William  Beach  Lawrence,  in  the  fourteenth 
eiaimed  that,  in  view  of  that  fact,  Uie  period  of  hia  volume  (paffe  96)  of  the  **  Albany  Law  Journal,'* 
extradition  had  been  determined;  that  hia  ftirther  on  the  authority  of  numerous  European  writers, 
detention  was  not  only  unauthorized,  but  in  viola-  said :  **  All  the  right  which  a  power  asking  an  ex- 
tioQ  of  the  stipulationa  of  the  treaty  under  which  he  tradition  can  possibly  derive  from  the  surrender 
«as  surrendered ;  and  that  the  Commonwealth  could  must  be  what  ia  expressed  in  the  treaty,  and  all  rulea 
i^t  take  advantage  of  the  cuatody  in  which  he  waa  of  interpretation  require  the  treaty  to  be  strictly 
then  wron^fhlly  neld,  to  tiy  and  punish  him  for  a  construed ;  and,  oonaequentlj.  when  the  treaty  pre- 
&on.«ztraditable  offenae.  scribes  the  offenses  for  which  extradition  can  be 
To  all  this  it  waa  answered  that  "  an  offender  made,  and  the  particular  testimony  to  he  reouired, 
^suoft  the  justice  of  his  country  can  acquire  no  the  sufficiency  of  which  must  be  certified  to  tna  ex- 
n^hts  by  defrauding  that  justice '' ;  that  **  between  ecutive  authority  of  the  extraditing  country,  the 
bim  and  the  justice  he  haa  offended,  no  rights  accrue  state  receiving  the  fugitive  has  no  j unsdiction  what- 
to  the  offender  bv  flight.    He  remaina  at  all  times  ever  over  him,  except  for  the  specified  crime  to 
*})d  everrwhere  liable  to  be  called  to  answer  to  the  which  the  testimony  applies.'*    This  is  the  philoso- 
Uw  for  bis  violations  thereof,  provided  he  comes  phy  of  the  rule  prevailing  in  France.    The  French 
*tthm  the  reach  of  ita  arm.**    Such  is  the  doctrine  Minister  of  Justice,  in  his  circular  of  April  16, 1841, 


476                   KEM-UCKY.  UOHENS. 

said,  **  The  extradition  declares  the  offense  which  Hawes  placed  himself  under  the  gnardlanship  of 
leads  to  it,  and  this  offense  alone  oufj^ht  to  be  in-  the  British  laws,  by  becoming  an  inhabitant  of  Cmsi' 
quired  into/'  The  rule,  as  stated  by  the  German  ada.  We  took  him  from  toe  protection  of  those 
author  Ueffcer,  is,  that  "the  individual  whose  ex-  lawsunderaspecialagreement,aud  for  certain  named 
tradition  has  been  granted  can  not  be  prosecuted  nor  and  designated  purposes.  To  continue  him  in  cos- 
tried  for  any  crime  except  that  for  wnioh  the  extra-  tody  after  the  aooomolishment  of  those  pur|K>8es, 
dition  has  been  obtained.  To  act  in  aD^  other  way,  and  with  the  object  of  extending  the  criminal  jurls- 
and  to  cause  hitu  to  be  tried  for  other  crimes  or  mis-  diction  of  our  courts  heyond  the  terms  of  the  special 
demeanors,  would  be  to  violate  the  mutual  principle  af  reement,  would  be  a  plain  violMtion  of  the  faith  of 
of  asylum,  and  the  silent  clause  contained  by  impli-  the  transactioQ,  and  a  manifest  disregard  of  the  eoo- 
oaiion  in  every  extradition.''  And  when  President  ditions  of  the  extradition.  He  is  not  entitled  to  peT> 
Tyler  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  treaty  of  1842  sonal  immunity  in  consequence  of  his  flight.  We 
could  not  be  used  to  secure  the  trial  and  punishment  may  yet  try  him  under  each  and  all  of  the  indict- 
of  persons  charged  with  treason,  libels,  desertion  ments  for  embezzlement,  and  for  uttering  forced 
from  military  service^  and  other  like  offenses,  and  paper,  if  becomes  voluntarily  within  the  Juriadictioo 
when  the  British  Parliament  and  the  American  Con-  of  our  laws,  or  if  we  can  roach  him  tnrouj^h  the 
ffressaasumed  to  provide  that  the  persons  extradited  extradition  clause  of  the  Federal  Comttitution,  or 
by  their  respective  governments  should  be  surren-  through  the  comity  of  a  foreign  government.  Bat 
dered  *^tobe  tried /or  the  crime  of  which  euch  nereon  we  had  no  right  to  add  to  or  enlarge  the  conditions 
shall  be  »o  aceueed^^^  this  dominant  principle  oi  mod-  and  lawful  consequences  of  his  extradition,  nor  to 
em  extradition  was  both  recognizea  and  acted  upon,  extend  our  special  and  limited  right  to  hold  him  in 
This  construction  of  the  tenth  article  of  the  treaty  custody  to  answer  the  three  charges  of  forgery,  fcr 
is  consistent  with  its  language  and  provisions,  end  the  purpose  of  trying  him  for  oSensea  other  than 
is  not  only  in  harmony  with  the  opimons  and  mod-  those  for  which  he  was  extradited, 
em  practice  of  the  most  enlightened  nations  of  £u-  We  conclude  that  the  Court  below  correctly  re> 
rope,  and  just  and  proper  in  its  application,  but  fhsed  to  tr^  Hawes  for  any  of  the  offenses  for  which 
necessary  to  render  it  absolutely  certain  that  the  he  stood  indicted,  except  for  the  three  charges  of 
treaty,  can  not  be  converted  into  an  instrument  by  forgery  mentioned  in  the  warrant  of  extradition,  and 
which  to  obtain  the  custody  and  secure  the  punish*  that  it  properlv  discharged  him  from  custody.  The 
ment  of  political  offenders.  order  appealed  from  is  approved  and  affirmed. 


LIOHENS.  The  position  of  lichens  in  the  many-celled  spores  of  the  Endoearpim  with  the 
vegetable  kingdom  given  them  bj  Schwende-  miorosoope,  and  noticed  that  many  of  the  hy- 
ner  and  De  Bary  has  been  the  sabjeot  of  an  ph»  attached  themselves  to  these  gonidia  and 
animated  controversy  amon?  botanists  of  late  closely  enveloped  them,  and  that  thereupon 
years,  the  result  of  which  has  been  a  strong  the  gonidia  grew  rapidly  larger  and  took  on  a 
inclination  towards  the  acceptance  of  Schwen-  hrighter  green,  until  they  resembled  in  every 
dener^s  bold  theory.  According  to  his  dedac-  respect  the  active  gonidia  of  the  fdU-grown 
tions,  lichens  are  not  simple  organisms  which  plant.  This  conjunction  of  the  budding  h  jpbie 
occupy  an  Intermediate  place  between  the  alg»  and  the  undeveloped  gonidia  goes  on  antil  the 
and  the  fangi,  but  ai*e  true  ascomyoetous  fungi  complete  compound  plant  is  built  np,  which 
Rowing  in  some  species  of  algee,  although  not  in  turn  generates  spores.  The  alga  is  thus 
in  the  manner  of  an  ordinary  parasite,  since  only  enabled  to  acquire  its  full  strengrth  and 
the  two  plants  are  mutually  necessary  to  each  activity  when  invested  by  filaments  of  the  fun- 
other  and  interdependent ;  the  hyphsd  of  the  gns,  while  it  nonrishes  the  latter  in  positions 
fungus — the  colorless  tissue  of  the  lichen  thai-  where  the  ordinary  food  proper  to  fungoid 
lus--giving  protection  to  the  algsd,  while  the  plants  is  not  foand.  BtahPs  greatest  discovery 
green  gonidia  of  the  latter,  by  virtue  of  their  is  that  of  a  sexual  process  in  the  lichen  of  the 
ohlorophy],  furnish  the  nutriment  of  both  same  nature  as  that  observed  in  other  dis- 
plants.  StahPs  recent  investigations  into  the  oomyoetous  fungi.  The  prodnction  of  thdr 
structure  and  sexual  system  of  these  plants  receptacles  is  accomplished,  as  has  been  known 
would  seem  to  remove  the  objections  of  those  to  botanists,  througn  the  coi^agation  of  two 
naturalists  who  thought  they  had  observed  the  specidly  modified  nyph®.  Although  it  had 
gonidia  springing  out  of  the  colorless  hyphas.  been  suggested  that  the  minute  spore-like  bod- 
He  establishes  the  fact  that  the  hyphee,  or  the  ies  found  in  the  thidlus  called  spennatia,  which 
fungoid  part  of  this  double  plant,  proceed  are  contained  in  the  receptacles  called  sper- 
only  from  the  spores  of  the  lichen,  and  the  be-  magonia,  might  be  quiescent  antherozoids, 
fore  unknown  process  of  reproduction  is  en-  from  their  resemblance  to  those  organs  in  the 
tirely  unconnected  with  the  gonidia.  The  red  seaweeds,  yet  no  one  had  found  any  evi- 
spores  of  lichens  are  contained  in  asci,  or  deuce  of  that  fact  before  Stahl^s  observations, 
spore-cases,  which  are  separated  from  one  He  noticed  that  a  twisted  filament  appears  in 
another  by  layers  of  hyphaa,  in  which  are  of-  the  thallus  anterior  to  the  formation  of  the 
ten  found  the  gonidia  called  hymeneal,  which  apothecium  or  receptacle  of  the  ascna,  and 
are  smaller  and  paler  In  color  than  the  others,  that  the  end  of  this  filament  straightens  itself. 
When  the  spores  are  emitted  from  the  asci,  and,  growing  out  to  the  surface,  projects  as  a 
these  gonidia  are  seen  surrouoding  and  affixed  papiUa  This  constitutes  the  female  genera- 
to  the  walls  of  the  latter.    Stahl  observed  the  tive  organ  of  the  thallus;  the  curled  interior 


LITERATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROGRESS  IN  1878.  477 

portion  is  called  by  St&hl  the  ascogoniam,  and  designs  in  binding  have  been  '*  noticed  "  as 
the  straight  protruding  portion  the  trichogyne,  new  books.  The  works  of  standard  authors 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  growth  of  that  have  been  reproduced  in  the  usual  variety  of 
name  in  the  Floridia,  To  the  triobogyne  forms.  Original  works  now  first  published 
spermatia  adhere  and  gradually  fuse  together  formed  a  less  than  usual  proportion  of  all  that 
with  them,  and  their  junction  is  followed  by  were  printed ;  and  when  these  are  examined, 
aa  extensive  development  of  the  ascogonium,  with  however  considerate  and  lenient  an  esti- 
while  the  triohogyne  is  seen  to  wither  away;  mate,  a  doubt  arises  how  many  of  tbem  have 
hypluD  are  then  seen  to  bad  forth  from  the  as-  a  chance  of  being  read  ten  years  from  date, 
oogonium,  which  swelling  at  their  ends  form  But  it  is  for  us  to  record,  not  to  prophesy, 
the  asci  of  the  new  apothecium,  while  a  fresh  Pobtbt. — The  ^' Works"  of  Bryant  are 
growth  of  the  ordinary  hyph»,  which  surround  "complete."  Tbey  were  completed  but  little 
the  ascogonium,  follows  indirectly  from  the  sooner  than  hb  life,  which  went  suddenly  out, 
act  of  impregnation,  and  these  form  the  tissue  sparing  him  the  liability  to  bodily  and  mental 
of  the  rest  of  the  structure.  There  can  thus  be  decay  happily  escaped  by  him  up  to  and  be- 
no  doubt  that  this  operation  is  the  true  repro-  yond  fourscore  years.  He  left  no  line  which 
dnctive  process,  and  that  the  spermatia  are  the  dying  he  would  wish  to  blot,  and  many  which 
antherozoids,  and  the  spermagonia  form  their  the  world  will  be  in  no  haste  to  forget.  If 
antheridia.  The  experiments  and  observations  we  err  in  this  belief,  so  much  the  worse  for 
were  made  on  three  species,  the  Bndocarpan  the  world.  A  younger  poet  has  likewise  com- 
jmrillum^  Thelidium  minutulumy  and  Polyhtai-  pleted  his  works,  though  not  in  his  own  inten- 
tia  regulosa.  In  a  few  months  he  succeeded  tion  or  in  the  hopes  of  his  many  friends, 
in  producing  new  peritheoia  and  spores  in  the  Bayard  Taylor  was  a  poet  of  culture  rather 
Endcearpon^  by  cultivating  the  spores  with  than  of  original  power.  But  he  was  not  with- 
the  hymeneal  gonidia ;  and  also  raised  peri-  out  "  the  vision  and  the  faculty  divine,"  and 
thecia  and  spores  of  the  Theltdium  by  the  cul-  earnest  culture  enabled  him  to  body  forth  the 
tore  of  its  spores  with  its  hymeneal  gonidia.  issue  of  his  imagination  in  forms  of  true  poetio 
Then,  as  a  final  proof  of  the  Schwendenerian  art.  His  poem  "Prince  Deukalion"  had  just 
theory,  he  attempted  to  produce  a  thallns  by  appeared,  and  was  receiving  the  meed  of  a 
CQltivating  the  spores  of  one  species  with  die  welcoming  criticism,  when  his  career  was  end- 
gonidia  of  the  other,  and  succeeded  in  raising  ed  by  death.  It  is  now  read  with  the  advan- 
a  thallus  of  Thelidium  with  gonidia  of  Endo-  tage  derived  from  the  pathetic  interest  felt  in 
tarpon  by  placing  the  roores  of  the  latter  with  the  author^s  memory,  and  is  perhaps  more  val- 
the  gonidia  which  had  been  discharged  with  ued  than  it  will  be  when  his  personality  shall 
tbem  in  water,  in  which  the  gonidia  became  have  faded  from  view,  and  the  poem  is  left  to 
scattered  ;  then  he  placed  spores  of  Ttulidium  stand  or  fall  on  its  own  sole  merits.  It  can 
in  the  same  water,  which  when  they  germi-  never  be  popular,  however  it  may  satisfy  the 
nated  attached  themselves  to  the  gonidia  of  the  more  thoughtful.  The  collected  writings  of 
Endoearpon,  When  Rees  and  Bonnet  sue-  the  late  Mrs.  Sarah  Helen  Whitman  include  a 
ceeded  m  making  ColUma  hyphod  grow  in  small  number  of  poems  much  prized  by  a  lim- 
Dostoca,  the  opponents  to  the  Schwendeneri-  ited  circle,  and  not  to  be  read  without  admira- 
an  theory  did  not  accept  it  as  a  normal  ger-  tion  of  the  genius  and  character  they  reveal, 
mination,  as  no  fruit  was  formed.  StahPs  She  is  remembered  from  her  relations  with 
success  in  growing  a  complete  thallns  from  Edgar  A.  Poe,  whose  memory  she  ever  cher- 
hjphflB  of  one  species  and  gonidia  of  another  ished  and  was  ready  to  vindicate.  A  pensive 
is  a  strong  proof  of  the  algo-fnngoid  theory,  interest  attaches  to  a  little  volume  entitled 
which  can  hardly  be  explained  on  any  other  '^  For  Thy  Name^s  Sake,  and  Other  Poems,  by 
hypothesis.  In  Germany  lichens  are  .already  MiUie  Oolcocd,  with  a  Memoir."  The  life  de- 
being  classified  in  botanical  publications  as  a  scribed  is  that  of  a  happy,  pious  childhood^ 
sobdivinon  of  ascomycetes,  instead  as  of  a  dis-  and  the  poems  are  the  spontaneous  utterance 
tinct  group  between  algss  and  fungi.  of  such  a  child,  unaffectedly  simple  and  joyous, 

LTFE-SAYING  SERVICE.     See  Sbbvios,  and  having  the  light  and  glow  of  poetical  vi- 

Lfft-8AviHa.  tality — whether  enough  to  have  developed  in- 

LITER ATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROG-  to  decided  imaginative  power,  had  her  life  been 

RBS3  IN  1878. — Judged  by  certain  superficial  permitted  to  reach  maturity,  can  now  only  be 

indications,  it  might  be  thought  that  there  had  conjectured. 

been  during  the  past  year  a  very  considerable       Mr.  LongfeUow,  still  happily  spared  to  us, 

sciivity  in  literature.     The  number  of  new  has  collected  his  recent  poetical  compositions 

publications  was  not  small ;   considering  the  into  a  volume  entitled  '*  Eeramos,  and  Other 

long-continued  and  still  but  partially  relieved  Poems."    Some  of  his  later  pieces,  especially 

baaneas  stagnation,  it  might  appear  large.  But  his  sonnets,  are  among  the  most  richly  poetio 

^tne  of  the  books  announced  as  new  were  in  and  artistically  perfect  of  all  his  works.   There 

f&ct  reissues  of  old  ones.    Business  changes  for  is  a  charm  and  a  mature  power  in  what  he  has 

the  last  two  years  had  caused  an  extensive  fancifully  called  the  aftermath  of  his  poetical 

transfer  of  stereotype  plates.    From  some  of  harvest  that  g^ve  him  a  firmer  hold  than  ever 

^^  new  impressions  witli  new  date  and  firesh  upon  the  admiration  both  of  his  numerous 


478  LITERATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROGRESS  IK  1878. 

read  era  and  of  the  ladicions  few.  "  The  School-  hood  with  nnmistakahle  indications  of  genius ; 
hoj,"  by  Oliver  WeDdell  Hulmes,  shows  the  but  whether  destined  to  expand  and  grow 
mellow  richness  of  matured  power  and  ezpe-  strong  and  prodnctive,  it  would  be  now  pre- 
rience.  Less  frolicsome  and  more  given  to  mature  to  venture  an  opinion.  B^^sides  these, 
oalm  and  tender  meditation  or  reminiscence,  a  number  of  new  candidates  for  public  recog- 
jet  preserving  the  identity  of  his  genius,  which  nition  as  poets  have  come  forwu^  with  pro- 
is  shown  by  numberless  inimitable  graces  of  ductions  having  various  degrees  of  merit,  but 
expression,  Dr.  Holmes  is  a  master  in  the  not  of  such  decided  excellence  as  to  reqoira 
poetry  of  society  and  for  special  occasions,  mention  in  this  general  survey. 
He  is  one  of  the  few  poets  of  our  time  who  Of  collections  of  poetry,  two  or  three  should 
have  complete  mastery  of  the  English  heroic  be  referred  to.  Mr.  Longfellow  has  completed 
verse,  the  measure  of  Dry  den,  Pope,  and  Gold-  his  poetic  circunmavigation  of  the  globe,  and 
smith—a  measure  discredited  by  the  endless  his  latest  "  Poems  of  Places  "  relate  to  bis  own 
echoes  of  imitators,  but,  in  the  hands  of  a  poet  country.  Some  excellent  anthologies  of  Eng- 
who  is  at  once  original  and  well  cultured,  hav-  lish  and  American  verse,  selected  with  care 
ing  large  resources  of  effectiveness.  Mr.  Joa-  from  the  best  authors,  and  some  more  extend- 
oum  Miller's  ^^  Songs  of  Italy ''  neither  Justify  ed  series  of  complete  or  of  select  works  of  \h» 
tne  hopes  of  those  who  hailed  his  advent  as  principal  poets  that  have  adorned  the  English 
that  of  the  long-desired,  genuine,  original,  not  language,  have  done  their  part  to  encourage  a 
to  say  aboriginal  '*  American  poet,"  nor  refnte  taste  for  choice  reading  ana  the  cultivation  of 
the  censures  of  less  appreciatmg  critics.    Cui-  a  pure  taste. 

ture  will  not  make  a  poet,  but  has  a  good  deal  Histort  and  Bioobapht. — ^A  second  volume 
to  do  in  the  making  of  poetry — such  poetry  as  of  "  A  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,^ 
has  in  it  ^^the  promise  and  potency  of  life.'*  ascribed  to  the  joint  authorship  of  William  Gal- 
The  art  poetical  is  the  servant  of  genius,  but  len  Bryant  and  Sidney  Howard  Gay — esaen- 
one  whose  service  genius  can  not  dispense  with,  tially  composed,  no  doubt,  by  Mr.  Gay,  with 
save  to  her  irreparable  loss.  Mr.  R.  W.  Gilder  the  counsel  and  revision  of  his  venerable  asso- 
has  come  a  second  time  before  the  public,  date — ^advances  in  so  leisurely  a  fashion  thtt 
**  The  Poet  and  his  Master ''  is  a  volume  with  the  four  volumes  originally  proposed  will  hard- 
some  very  good  things  in  it,  but  it  leaves  us  in  ly  suffice  to  bring  the  narrative  down  to  the 
the  same  perplexity  as  his  earlier  volume  pro-  era  of  the  civil  war.  It  will  be  a  valuable  his- 
duced,  a  haunting  doubt  how  much  of  it  is  poe-  tory,  no  doubt,  but  is  in  danger  of  becoming 
try  and  how  much  merely  expresses  a  love  for  too  bulky  to  be  really  popular.  That  epithet 
poetry.  We  might  possibly  feel  more  sure  if  may  be  applied  with  entire  propriety  to  a  "  Hi*- 
the  author  were  a  trifle  less  so,  and  did  not  set  tory  of  our  Country,"  by  Abby  S.  Richardson,  in 
so  high  a  value  as  he  seems  to  do  upon  his  own  one  volume.  '*  The  Early  American  Spirit  and 
productions,  whether  large  or  small.  Mrs.  the  Genesis  of  it ;  The  Declaration  of  Indepep- 
Louise  Ohandler  Moulton  has  excited  a  livelier  dence  and  the  Effects  of  it,"  two  historical  dis- 
interest and  a  more  decided  admiration  in  Eng-  courses  by  Dr.  Richard  S.  Storra,  at  once  throv 
lish  critical  circles  than  in  her  own  country,  a  clear  light  on  our  historic  past  and  draw 
and  a  volume  of  her  poems  entitled  '^  Swallow  thence  a  true  patriotic  inspiration.  A  much- 
Flights  "  has  appearea  in  London.  It  has  been  needed  work,  and,  if  completed  as  it  has  been 
said  that  the  opinion  of  intelligent  foreigners  begun,  a  work  so  well  done  that  it  will  not 
ought  to  come  to  us  as  a  not  unlikely  premo-  soon  need  doing  again  or  modifying  except  b; 
nition  of  the  judgment  of  posterity.  If  so,  let  continuing  it  to  a  later  period,  is  Professor 
ns  hasten  to  do  justice  to  a  female  poet  to  Moses  Ooit  Tyler^s  **  History  of  American  lit^ 
whom  le!?s  than  justice  (on  the  theory  referred  erature,"  of  which  two  volumes  have  appeared, 
to)  has  been  done.  Mrs.  Oelia  Thaxter  has  devoted  to  the  ante-revolutionary  period.  The 
collected  a  volume  of  her  recent  verse  which  intellectual  life  of  our  colonial  ancestry  is  in- 
she  calls  ^*  Drift  Weed,"  a  name  suggesting,  terpreted  with  an  insight  and  just  appreciation 
and  doubtless  suggested  by,  her  love  for  the  not  often  brought  to  the  exposition  of  literarr 
sea,  the  aspects  of  which  are  to  her  an  inex-  history.  A  work  of  more  limited  scope,  but 
haustible  resource  of  illustration  and  allusion,  within  its  range  very  well  executed,  is  ^^A 
Mr.  William  Winter's  "  Thistle  Down,"  if  it  Century  of  American  Literature,"  by  Professor 
does  not  materially  raise,  will  certainly  not  Henry  A.  Beers.  ^^  Four  Years  with  General 
depress  the  reputation  he  won  by  previous  ef-  Lee,"  by  Walter  H.  Taylor,  is  an  interesting  con- 
forts.  Mrs.  Zadel  B.  Guslafson,  in  *'Meg,  a  tribution  to  the  history  of  our  sad  civil  straggle 
Pastoral,"  has  well  caught  the  tone  proper  to  and  of  the  *Most  cause."  *^  The  Conquest  of 
the  style  of  poetry  in  which  she  writes.  This  New  Mexico  and  California,"  by  P.  St.  George 
and  the  other  poems  included  in  her  volume  Cooke,  recalls  into  memory  a  war  of  less  proper- 
were  received  with  mu«h  and  deserved  favor,  tions,  but  one  that  became  the  occasion  of  con- 
Another  volume  of  child-poetry,  tiie  unforced  troversies  out  of  which  arose  as  by  a  fatal  ne- 
product  of  spontaneous  poetical  invention,  bears  cessity  the  attempted  disruption  of  the  Union, 
the  felicitous  title  of  "  Apple  Blossoms."  The  The  "Memoirs  of  John  Brown,"  by  F.  C.  San- 
authors,  two  sisters,  Elaine  and  Dora  Goodale,  bom,  narrates  one  of  the  more  immediate  pre- 
exhibit  the  delightf  al  unconsciousness  of  child-  ludes  of  the  civil  war,  and  fixes  some  of  the  mat- 


LITERATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROGRESS  IN  1878.  479 

ter-of-fact  outlines  of  what  at  one  time  threat-  the  admirahle  '^  Popular  Astronomy  "  of  Pro- 
ened  to  become  a  sort  of  mythologio  legend,  feasor  Simon  Newcomh,  in  which  the  thorough 
The  **  Memoirs  of  William  Francis  Bartlett,"  mastery  of  the  material  is  not  more  marked 
bj  F.  W.  Pidfrey,  commemorates  the  character  than  the  skill  with  which  the  treatment  of  the 
and  career  of  a  brave  and  generous  soldier  in  subject  is  adapted  to  the  apprehension  of  read- 
the  war  for  the  Union^  who  after  he  sheathed  ers,  deserves  the  unqualified  commendation  it 
hb  sword  sct&d  in  a  purely  peaceful  spirit,  and  has  received.  The  '*  Elements  of  Geology,^' 
whose  early  decease  was  a  loss  to  his  country,  by  Professor  Joseph  Le  Gonte,  in  addition  to 
The^^Lifeof  John  Lothrop  Motley,"  by  Oliver  its  general  merits,  which  are  very  great,  is 
Wendell  Holmes,  not  only  does  justice  to  the  valuable  from  the  place  that  is  given  to  the 
memory  of  one  who  was  an  honor  to  his  coun-  geology  of  the  American  Gontinent. 
try  and  to  her  literature,  but  itself  has  literary  In  zoology  and  physiology,  "  Our  Gommon 
merits  entitling  it  to  recognition  among  the  Insects "  are  treated  of  by  the  competent  pen 
choice  books  of  our  time.  '^  Gharlotte  Gush-  of  Professor  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.  *^  The  Epoch 
man :  her  Letters  and  Memories  of  her  Life,'^  of  the  Mammoth,  and  the  Apparition  of  Man 
bj  Emma  Stebbins,  will  preserve  the  memory  upon  the  Earth,"  by  James  G.  Southall,  LL.  D., 
of  a  remarkable  life  and  career.  ''Home  Rem-  is  the  work  of  an  earnest  advocate  of  the  be- 
iniflcenoes  of  John  Randolph,"  by  Powhatan  lief  in  man's  recent  origin  by  creation,  a  the- 
Bonldin,  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  a  man  worth  sis  which  he  defends  with  ability.  "  Gompar- 
knowing  abont,  whom  the  present  generation  ative  Psychology ,  or  the  Growth  and  Grades 
haa  nearly  forgotten.  **  Bible  Heroines :  Nar-  of  Intelligence,"  by  President  John  Bascom, 
ntlve  Biographies  of  the  Prominent  Women  of  the  State  University  of  Wisconsin,  treats  of 
in  Hebrew  History,"  by  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe,  is  animal  in  its  relation  to  human  intelligence, 
of  coarse  interesting,  but  will  not  add  mate-  from  the  point  of  view  and  in  the  interest  of 
rially  to  the  author^s  reputation.  The  Rev.  the  Intuitional  Philosophy,  of  which  he  is  an 
James  Freeman  Glarke's  '*  Sketches,  Memorial  eminent  and  a  resolute  asserter.  He  is  a  writ- 
and  Biographical,"  were  severally  called  forth  er  of  subtile  analytic  power  and  no  small  dia- 
by  the  decease  of  their  subjects  or  commemora-  leotical  ability,  but  has  treated  too  many  sub- 
tile occasions,  but  are  free  from  the  one-sided-  jects  to  give  aldequate  length  and  severity  of 
nesH  and  unshadowed  radiance  of  customary  study  to  any  one.  In  the  higher  departments 
enlogy.  They  are  studies  of  character.  Of  of  philosophy  not  much  has  been  produced, 
contemporary  biography  and  autobiography,  "Ontology,  or  the  Philosophy  of  Knowing 
the  '^  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,"  by  Kich-  and  Being,"  by  H.  N.  Day,  has  the  merits  of 
srdMalcom  Johnson  and  William  Hand  Browne,  his  previous  works  in  the  same  general  line  of 
revives  the  memorr  of  "  Whig  "  politics  before  topics.  He  expounds  neatly  rather  than  in- 
the  war,  and  casts  light  on  "  Gonfederate"  pol-  quires  fruitfully.  One  finds  in  his  books  a  lucid 
itics  during  the  war.  "  The  Golored  Gadet  at  setting  forth  of  material  that  is  mainly  corn- 
Vest  Point,"  by  Lieutenant  Henry  O.  Flipper,  mon  to  him  and  to  the  school  to  which  he  be- 
r.  S.  A.,  is  an  account  by  "  the  colored  cadet "  longs,  exhibiting  more  novelty  in  forms  of  state- 
of  his  life  in  the  Military  Academy,  which  was  ment  than  newness  of  thought.  His  latest 
not  as  full  of  mevances  as  was  popularly  imag-  treatise,  however,  deals  with  an  order  of  topics 
ined.  Mr.  M.  F.  Sweetser  has  continued  his  se-  remote  from  the  common  apprehension  and 
riesof"  Artist  Biographies  "with  undiminished  from  the  more  trodden  ways  of  speculation, 
interest;  and  Mr.  William  D.  Howells  is  still  and  will  therefore  mark  an  advance  in  his 
bringing  out  "  Ghoice  Antobiographies,"  edit-  work.  Mr.  Joseph  Gook's  **  Lectures  on  Gon- 
ad, with  introductions.  science  "  combine  a  tenuous  subtilty  of  think- 
SciBKCK  AND  Philosofht. — In  the  depart-  ing  with  such  a  breadth  and  freedom  of  illus- 
ment  of  physical  science,  a  noticeable  work  is  tration  as  to  succeed  better  than  might  have 
Dr.  J.  W.  Draper's  *^  Scientific  Memoirs :  being  seemed  possible. beforehand  in  exciting  popn- 
£zperimental  Gontributions  to  the  Knowledge  lar  interest  in  his  high  themes.  But  the  rhet- 
of  Radiant  Energy."  Dr.  Draper  has  won  oric  that  is  so  successful  on  the  lecture  plat- 
nniversal  honor  as  an  investigator  and  experi-  form,  when  faithfully  reported  in  print,  will 
meuter,  and  it  is  interesting  to  retrace  with  not  always  bear  criticism — ^not  to  say,  as  some 
him  some  of  the  investigations  that  have  critics  have  declared,  that  the  rhetorician  oc- 
marked  his  scientific  career.  The  qualified  re-  casionally  gets  the  better  of  the  logician  in  his 
■pect  felt  for  his  more  ambitions  generalizations,  efibrts.  It  is  certain  that  his  continued  popu- 
uid  the  dissent  provoked  by  the  pronounced  larity  is  scarcely  more  remarkable  than  the  snp- 
aoti-tbeological  bias  of  his  writingis,  have  not  port  he  receives  from  men  of  various  tenden- 
availed  to  diminish  aught  from  his  renown  as  cies  of  opinion  in  the  educated  class  of  society, 
s  scientist  A  new  edition  of  Professor  J.  D.  Passing  to  the  class  of  topics  provisionally 
Dana's  "Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Li  thology,"  grouped  under  the  title  of  social  science,  we 
and  the  "Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy,  find,  as  might  be  expected,  greater  activity  of 
with  an  Introduction  on  Blow-pipe  Analysis —  discussion.  The  uiiprosperous  condition  of  the 
Uing  the  Determinative  Part  of  Dana's  Min-  country  has  awakened  not  only  vague  discon- 
eralogy,"  need  only  be  mentioned.  Of  roanu-  tent,  and  led  to  such  chaotic  movements  as 
tU  for  school  use  and  for  the  general  reader,  blind  passion  might  be  expected  to  originate. 


480  LITERATURE  AND  LTTERART  PROGRESS  IN  18T8. 

but  has  developed  social   phenomena   novel  the  Deration  of  Fotare  Ponishment,"  bj  Pro- 

among  as,  presenting  problems  for  the  states-  fessor  W.  S.  Tyler,  of  Amherst  College.    Thd 

man,  the  philosopher,  and  the  philanthropist  same  subject  is  discussed  in  ''  The  Valley  of 

to  solve  or  attempt  a  solution.    *^  Socialism,"  the  Shadow,''  sermons  by  Rev.  C.  H.  Hall,  D.  D. 

by  Professor  Rosvrell  D.  Hitchcock,  D.  D.,  pre-  A  special  view  is  presented  in  "  Conditioiul 

sents  in  small  compass  a  thougthful  and  discrim-  Immortality,"  by  W.  R.  Huntington,  D.  D.; 

inating  view  of  the  subject,  which  is  adapted  to  while  a  restatement  of  the  Universalist  position 

do  good,  not  so  much  oy  definite  suggestion  of  in  the  light  of  recent  discussions  is  given  in 

remedy  for  the  evils  pointed  out,  as  by  aiding  an  *'  Old  Forts  Taken :  Five  Lectures  on  Endless 

enlightened  appreciation  of  the  nature,  forms,  Punishment  and  Endless  Life,"  by  A.  A.  ^i- 

and  aims  of  socialism,  some  of  the  ends  of  which  ner,  D.  D. ;  and  a  treatise  by  Professor  L  T. 

he  considers  legitimate  and  not  provided  for  by  Townsend,  in  his  well-known  popular  style, 

the  ordinary  social  machinery.    Some  political  on  *^  The  Intermediate  World,"  calls  attention 

problems  are  courageously  dealt  with  m  "  The  to  a  point  in  esohatology  in  which  the  ifaeolo- 

Oommonwealth    Reconstructed,"    by    0.  P.  gical  mind  in  this  country  has  shown  a  rek- 

Clark,  M.  D.    Fundamental  questions  in  poll-  tively  slight  interest 

tics  are  those  which  are  discussed,  and  in  a  Mr.  Joueph  Oook,  besides  the  volume  noticed 
suggestive  manner,  in  "  The  Elective  Franchise  under  the  previous  head,  has  put  forth  a  vol- 
in  the  United  States,"  by  G.  D.  0.  McMillan,  ume  of  lectures  on  ^'  Orthodoxy,"  which  was 
and  in  ^*  The  Electoral  System  of  the  Unit-  the  occasion  of  a  more  polemic  excitement  tbu 
ed  States,"  by  David  A.  McEnight ;  while  a  was  roused  by  those  in  which  he  discussed  the 
special  feature  of  the  subject  is  expounded  in  a  relations  of  science  with  metaphysics.  "  Cath- 
monograph  on  **  Snflfrage  in  Cities,"  by  Simon  olicity  in  its  Relations  to  Protestantism  and  Ro- 
Stem.  The  last-named  essay  is  one  of  a  series  manism,"  by  the  Rev.  F.  0.  Ewer,  represeDte 
of  "  Economic  Monographs,"  including  discus-  another  type  of  ^^  orthodoxy,"  that  of  Angli- 
sions  on  ^^  Our  Revenue  System  and  the  Civil  canism,  with  an  ability  and  outspoken  direct- 
Service  "  and  related  topics.  Other  economical  ness  of  utterance  adapted  to  command  respect, 
questions  are  treated  in  ^'  Railroads,  their  Ori-  if  not  to  compel  conviction.  Still  another 
gin  and  Problems,"  by  Charles  Francis  Adams,  "orthodoxy,"  that  of  Calvinistio  Presbyterim- 
Jr.,  whose  ample  knowle<lge  of  the  subject  ism,  is  ably  and  authoritatively  set  forth  in  the 
makes  him  an  authority ;  "Money."  by  Fran-  "Outlines  of  Theology"  (rewritten  and  en- 
cis  A.  Walker ;  "  Free  Ships,"  by  Captain  John  larged),  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander 
Codman ;  and  "  Seamen,  Past  and  Present,"  Hodge ;  who  has  also  introduced  to  the  pob- 
by  Robert  B.  Forbes.  A  plea  for  country  liv-  lie  "  Discussions  in  Church  Polity,"  by  his 
ing,  and  a  volume  full  of  suggestion  for  the  im-  honored    father,    lately  deceased,  the   R«t. 

I>rovement  and  elevation  of  rural  life,  is  "  Vil-  Charles  Hodge,  D.  D.,  selected  from  articles 

ages  and  Village  Life,"  by  Nathaniel  Hillyer  contributed  by  him  to  the  "  Princeton  Review/' 

Egleston :  it  is  withal  a  book  the  literary  charm  and  arranged  by  Rev.  W.  Durant.    "  Ims^p 

of  which  is  enough  to  create  an  interest  in  a  and  Reviews  "  of  Dr.  Charles  Hodge  on  v&ri- 

less  worthy  subject.     "  The  Armies  of  Asia  ous  subjects,  contributed  to  the  same  Review, 

and  Europe,"  by  General  Emory  Upton,  is  a  have  also  been  published.    On  the  opposite 

contribution  of  valuable  materials  for  military  extreme — ^that  of  rationalism — we  have  *^  Tha 

science.    And,  serving  a  humbler  department  Rising  and  Setting  Faith,"  discourses  by  0.  B. 

of  human  life,  but  one  of  prime  importance  Frothingham;  "What  is  the  Bible? "  by  J.  T. 

and  eminently  worthy  of  notice,  are  "Lessons  Sunderland ;  and  "  The  Bible  of  To-day,''  \>J 

in  Cookery:  Handbook  of  the  National  Train-  J.  W.  Chad  wick. 

ing  School,  South  Kensington,"  edited  by  Eliza  Dr.  Schaff's  edition  of  Lange^a  "  Cornmen- 
A.  Toumans,  and  "  The  Principles  of  Diet  in  tary,"  the  successive  volumes  of  which  have 
Health  and  Disease,"  by  T.  E.  Chambers,  M.  D,  been  for  some  years  issuing  from  the  press, 
Reugion  and  Thsoloot. — ^The  publication  is  at  last  completed,  the  whole  forming  a  mass 
of  a  somewhat  exaggerated  report  of  a  sermon  of  critical  and  exegetical  learning,  the  work 
by  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  of  Westminster,  on  of  numerous  German  and  American  scholars, 
the  subject  of  punishment  in  the  future  life,  with  which  there  is  nothing  to  be  compared 
drew  pulpit  and  press  into  a  discussion  running  in  the  English  language.  The  plan  is  open  to 
through  several  months,  and  led  to  the  issue  criticism,  and  the  bulk  of  the  volumes  is  swol- 
of  several  publications  of  more  than  ephemeral  len  by  some  things  of  small  value.  But  it  is  • 
interest.  Dr.  Edward  Beecher^s  "  History  of  storehouse  of  material  for  the  use  of  preach- 
Opinions  on  the  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Retri-  era,  for  whom,  indeed,  the  work  was  designed, 
bution  "  is  a  work  of  labor  and  research  not  Dr.  Sohaff,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  M.  B.  Kid- 
to  be  adequately  characterized  in  a  brief  notice,  die  and  several  gentlemen  actively  connected 
Critics  differ  in  their  estimate  of  it,  as  they  with  the  revision  of  the  English  Bible  now  go- 
dilBTer  in  their  judgment  of  the  conclusions  ing  forward  under  the  auspices  of  an  Anglo- 
proper  to  be  drawn  from  study  of  the  extensive  American  committee,  has  undertaken  a  popa- 
literature  of  the  subject.  A  small  production,  lar  commentary  on  the  New  Testament,  one 
but  weighty  from  the  authority  of  the  writer  volume  of  which  has  appeared.  "  The  Hook 
as  an  exegete,  is  "  The  Teaching  of  Christ  on  of  Job :  Essays  and  a  Metrical  Parapbrsae," 


LITERATUBE  AUD  LITEBABT  PSOGSESS  IS  1878.  481 

hj  R.  W.  Rajmond,  Ph.  D.,  shows  an  insight  ing  familiarity  with  the  life  and  writings  of  the 
into  that  ancient  poem  nnusaal  in  a  Liyman  poet,  and  has  made  them  mntnallj  illnstratiye. 
engaged  in  active  pursnits,  and  is  adapted  to  (It  is  cnrious,  by  the  way,  that  Wordsworth  is 
aid  Sie  general  reader  in  understanding  the  the  only  English  poet,  unless  Shakespeare  he 
book.  The  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott^s  **  Oommen-  an  exception,  the  study  of  whose  writings  is 
tarjT  on  the  Grospels  "  will  deservedly  take  high  inculcated  by  his  admirers  as  not  merely  a  lit- 
rank  among  popular  commentaries  on  the  erary  but  a  moral  acquisition ;  the  poet  is  mag- 
Scriptures.  "  Daniel,  the  Beloved,''  by  the  nified  into  a  prophet.  This  is  not  meant  as  a 
Rav.  W.  M«  Taylor,  D.  D.,  is  a  worthy  contin-  description  of  Mr.  Calvert's  essay,  which  is 
nation  of  a  series  of  volumes  upon  Scripture  one  of  the  best  things  of  the  kind  in  recent 
characters,  which  have  the  interest  of  biogra-  Wordsworthian  literature.  Perhaps  it  should 
phf  with  the  practical  suggest! veness  of  wise  be  added  that  we  have  no  incli nation  to  dis- 
teaching.  *  parage  the  poet.)  **  Literary  Essays,"  by  Pro- 
Sereral  volumes  of  sermons  have  appeared,  fessor  William  G.  T.  Shedd,  D.  D.,  appeared  in 
of  more  than  ordinary  interest  and  value,  different  periodicals,  or  as  introductions  to  the 
Those  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Morgan  Dix,  Rector  of  works  of  the  men  who  are  their  subjects,  and 
Trinity  Church,  New  York,  and  those  of  the  their  collection  and  republication  are  a  boon  to 
Kev.  Phillipa  Brooks,  Rector  of  Trinity  the  cause  of  good  letters  and  sound  education. 
Cfaordi,  Boston,  ^e  one  representing  con-  The  wealth  of  thought  and  reading,  the  eleva- 
aerrative,  the  other  a  more  *^  broad  "  church-  tion  of  purpose,  the  austere  purity  of  senti- 
manahip,  are  both  very  able  in  their  several  ment  and  of  diction,  the  virile  strength  of  rea- 
Btjles,  and  have  commanded  the  attention  of  soning  and  of  style,  make  Dr.  Shedd's  writings 
thepablio  at  large.  **Two  Great  Command-  worth  any  man's  study,  and  their  successful 
menta,"  by  the  venerable  Orville  Dewey,  D.  study  would  be  in  important  respects  an  edu- 
D^  shows  no  paling  of  the  fires  of  his  elo-  cation.    '*  Oratory  and  Orators, '  by  William 

2Qenoe.    Another  pulpit  veteran,  the   Rev.  Mathews,  LL.  D.,  is  the  title  of  a  fresh,  lively, 

[enry  A  Boardman,  D.  D.,  has  published  anecdoticid  volume,  by  one  whose  memory  is 

some  admirable    sermons    under   the    title  seemingly  inexhaustible  in  its  stores,  while  a 

*^  Earthly  Suffering  and  Heavenly  Glory."    A  nice  and  appreciative  taste  presides  over  his 

Tolnme  of  *^  Discourses  "  by  the  late  Rev.  work  and  preserves  him  from  yielding  to  the 

George  Putnam,  D.  D.,  of  Boston,  will  give  to  temptation  common  to  such  great  memories — 

a  Urger  circle  an  idea  of  what  he  was  to  his  the  temptation  to  merge  a  scanty  morsel  of 

immediate  parishioners  through  a  protracted  original  thought  in  a  measureless  profusion  of 

ministrjr.  quotations  and  stories  that  illustrate  or  darken, 

Other  works,  which  we  must  be  content  as  chance  may  befalL     ^*  The  Library  Compan- 

merely  to  mention,  are,  **  The  American  Epis-  ion,"  by  F.  B.  Perkins,  is  a  book  about  books, 

copate,"  by  the  Rev.  Herman  Griswold  Bat-  convenient  and  useful  to  readers  who  need  an 

terson,  D.  D. ;  **  The  Atonement,"  by  the  Rev.  adviser. 

George  W.  Samson,  D.  D. ;  ^^  Concessions  of  Of  books  on  art,  few  have  appeared.    We 

Liberalism  to  Orthodoxy,"  by  the  Rev.  Dan-  notice  a  "Primer  of  Design,"  by  Charles  A. 

id  Dorchester,  D.  D. ;  "  The  Double  Witness  Barry,  a  "  Primer  of  Pianoforte  Playing,"  by 

ofthe  Church,"  by  the  Rt  Rev.  W.  Ingraham  Franklin  Taylor,  and  "Color  as  a  Meana  of 

Kip,  D.  D. ;  "  Homiletical  Index :  Handbook  of  Art,"  by  Frank  Howard ;  also  "  The  South 

Texts,  Themes,  and  Authors,"  by  J.  H.  Pettin-  Kensington   Museum,"  by  Charles   P.  Taft. 

f,  A  M. ;  "  St.  Paul  within  the  Walls,"  by  "  Home  Interiors,"  by  E.  C.  Gardner,  and  "  The 

J.  Nevin,  D.  D. ;   "  The  Comprehensive  Old  House  Altered,"  by  George  0.  Mason,  are 

Church,"  by  the  Rt  Rev.  Thomas  H.  Vail,  D.  among  the  suggestions  for  bringing  domestic 

D^  LL  D. ;  **  Aspirations  of  the  World,"  by  architecure  and  furnishing  more  under  the 

L  Maria  Child.  control  of  cultivated  taste  and  less  under  that 

£8SAT8  AKD  CiiinoiBV.— Our  veteran  essay-  of  a  stolid  conventionalism, 

ist  Emerson,  in  his  lecture  on  '*  The  Fortune  Tbavxl. — Mr.  Charles  Dudley  Warner's  de- 

of  the  Republic,"  has  come  before  the  widened  scriptions  of  life  *'In  the  Wilderness"  have 

cirde  of  his  r^ers  with  a  wonderfally  fresh  the  inimitable  humor  that  is  his  unique  quality 

ezprMsion  of  a  mind  that,  though  ripened,  has  and  claim  to  universal  welcome.     **  Bits  of 

not  aged;  it  bears  no  trace  of  senility.    Mr.  Travel  at  Home,"  by  ".H.  H.,"  have  an  eoually 

Henry  James,  Jr.,  has  been  honored  by  an  Eng-  characteristic  charm ;  they  are  choice  **  bits." 

Itsh  republication  of  several  of  his  magazine  Mr.  B.  F.  Taylor's  ''Between  the  Gates"  is  a 

tttides  under  the  title    *'  French  Poets  and  series  of  brilliant  sketches  of  travel  in  Oali- 

NovelistB " — a  title  which  covers  only  a  part,  fomia.    Mr.  Taylor  is  a  poet  and  a  humorist, 

though  the  larger  part,  of  the  contents  of  the  and  whether  he  writes  in  prose  or  verse  the 

toIqiiml    The  artides  deserve  to  be  thus  re-  scintillations  of  his  genius  are  continually  visi- 

called  to  notice.    Himself  a  novelist  of  weU-  ble.    *'  Field  Paths  and  Green  Lanes,"  by  Louis 

^ftned  distinction,  he  is  a  sympathetic  as  well  J.  Jennings,  fulfills  the  refreshing  promise  of 

as  an  aooomplished  critic.    '^  Wordsworth,"  by  the  title.    ^*  Canoeing  in  Kanuckia,"  by  C.  L. 

George  H.  Calvert,  is  a  biographical  and  a  Norton  and  John   Habberton,  mingles   fact 

critical  study,  the  work  of  one  who  has  a  lov-  and  fun,  and  has  the  advantage  of  describing 

Vol.  xvui. — 81    A 


462  LTTERATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROGRESS  IN  1878. 

an  nnhackoeyed  conrse.  "On  the  Frontier:  is  a  make-weight  for  sensation.  ^^AnAmer- 
Reminiscenoes  of  Wild  Sport,  Personal  Adven-  ican  Oonsal  Abroad,**  bj  Lnigi  Monti,  u 
tares,  etc.,  in  our  Western  Country,"  by  J.  S.  "founded  on  faot,"  and  entertaining.  "The 
Campion,  leads  the  reader  into  stiU  more  an-  Cadet  Button,"  by  Captain  Fred.  WhitUker, 
conventional  life.  "  Amy  and  Marion^s  V oy-  has  a  professional  bent,  bat  military  sogges- 
age  around  the  World,"  by  Sarah  B.  Adams,  tions  are  a  taking  color.  "  From  Different 
is  not,  as  one  might  suspect  from  the  title,  Standpoints,"  by  "  Pansy "  and  Faye  Huntiog- 
a  work  of  fiction,  bat  describes,  and  in  very  ton,  attempts  the  difficult  and  abnormal  fett 
good  style,  a  veritable  ciroumnavi^tion.  "  The  of  two  minds  making  one  book,  and  thst  s 
Greeks  of  To-day,"  by  Charles  K.  Tuckerman,  tale.  The  success  of  Erckmann  and  Chatriao 
preserves  the  results  of  observations  made  dur-  in  this  fashion  of  joint  composition,  complete 
ing  a  residence  abroad  which  gave  ample  op-  as  it  seems  to  be,  will  not,  it  is  to,  be  hoped, 
portanity  of  observation,  and  was  improved  to  set  a  fashion.  "  From  Different  StandpoinU^ 
good  purpose.  is  not  so  brilliant  a  success  as  to  do  much  ham, 
FiOTioir. — Of  the  one  or  two  works  of  the  we  trust,  in  that  respect.  "  The  Cossacks," 
year  which  take  rank  in  the  higher  ranges  of  translated  by  Eugene  Schuyler  from  the  Rud- 
fiction,  "  The  Europeans,"  by  Henry  James,  sian  of  Count  Tolstoy,  is  a  power^l  picture  ol 
Jr.,  perhaps  claims  the  first  place.  Mr.  James  Russian  life.  Among  novels  having  a  didactic 
spares  no  labor ;  he  is  a  conscientious  literary  intent,  a  high  place  belongs  to  ^'  The  Crev  of 
artist  He  excels  in  the  conception  and  delin-  the  Sam  Weller,"  by  John  Habberton.  The 
eation  of  character.  His  characterization  is  strain  upon  probability  involved  in  the  work- 
true  to  his  ideal  conception,  but  whether  his  ing  out  of  a  duly  edifying  conclusion  is  no 
ideal  is  true  to  real  life  may  be  questioned,  greater  than  one  may  sometimee  discover  in  t 
He  shows  a  subtile  insight  into  human  motives,  most  se<lQlar  and  purposeless  story,  and  the 
More  warmth  of  atmosphere  and  more  forcible  humor  is  excellent.  "  Bluffton,"  by  the  Rer. 
play  of  action  would  increase  his  power  over  M.  J.  Savage,  is  a  polemic  story  in  Uie  intere^ 
readers.  "  Poganuo  People,"  by  Mrs.  Harriet  of  the  Liberal  schooL  As  a  story  it  is  well 
Beeoher  Stowe,  is  a  tale  delineating  that  Tan*  conceived  and  told ;  its  moral  aim  will  be  ra- 
kee  village  life  which  is  the  staple  of  her  best  riously  viewed  according  to  one's  point  of 
works,  with  the  exception  of  her  "  Uncle  view.  *^  Ernest  Quest,"  on  the  other  hand,  b 
Tom's  Cabin,"  of  which,  by  the  way,  a  luxu-  a  controversial  orthodox  novel,  ambitious  in 
nous  edition  has  just  appeared.  Her  last  work  its  antagonisms  and  verging  on  the  sensatioDil 
may  not  add  to  her  fame,  but  it  will  not  de-  in  plot.  ^*  Mrs.  Gainsborough's  Diamonds,"  a 
tract  from  it.  She  will  be  high  authority,  a  story  by  Julian  Hawthorne,  shows  his  pecuJiir 
generation  or  two  hence,  for  the  features  of  bent,  but  is  less  elaborate  and  less  abnonna! 
two  vanished  states  of  society.  "  Roxy,"  by  than  some  of  his  books.  ^^  A  Law  unto  Her* 
Edward  Eggleston,  in  the  estimate  of  some  self;"  by  Rebecca  Harding  Davis,  and  "His 
critics  not  predisposed  to  exalt  it,  ought  to  Inheritance,"  by  Adeline  Trafton,  are  superior 
rank  among  the  very  first  novels  of  the  year,  to  the  average  work  of  our  minor  novelists. 
The  plot  is  not  pleasing,  but  it  is  well  sua-  Juvxniles. — ^The  number  of  writers  engaged 
tained.  *^  Drift  from  Two  Shores,"  by  Bret  in  catering  for  young  readers  was  never  so 
Harte,  recalls  but  will  not  add  to  the  fame  of  great,  and  the  character  of  their  productions 
his  earlier  achievements.  A  vivid  picture  of  was  never  in  the  average  so  high.  The  old 
college  life,  not  unworthy  of  a  place  near  the  style  of  goody  story,  of  saintly  candidates  for 
famous  *^  Tom  Brown "  books,  is  **  Hammer-  an  early  grave,  is  nearly  extinct ;  or,  if  not, 
smith,  his  Harvard  Days,"  chronicled  by  Mark  there  are  plenty  of  better  books  to  be  bad. 
Sibley  Severance.  Another  phase  of  academic  The  shafts  of  satire  are  still  frequently  shot  at 
experience  is  related  in  an  interesting  manner  Sunday-school  libraries ;  but,  if  these  continoe 
in  ^'  An  American  Girl,  and  her  Four  Tears  in  to  deserve  what  is  said  of  them,  the  cause  is  to 
a  Boys*  College,"  by  "  Sola."  Another  volume  be  sought  rather  in  the  poor  taste  and  jndg- 
of  stories  by  **  Saxe  Holm  "  reveals  an  unex-  ment  of  those  who  select  them,  than  in  the 
hausted  vein  of  genius,  which  critics  are  not  lack  of  suitable  books.  Miss  Alcott  still  holds 
agreed  whether  to  call  original  or  only  eccen-  her  own  as  a  favorite  with  the  yonng  people, 
trio,  but  which  is  one  of  undeniable  power.  She  is  sure  of  her  audience  on  either  side  of 
The  mystery  of  the  authorship  is  not  yet  pene-  the  Atlantic.  Her  **  Under  the  Lilacs  "  shoirs 
trated.  ^'  A  Year  worth  Living,"  by  William  no  falling  off  in  her  peculiar  power.  ^'  Nellj's 
M.  Baker,  does  not  fulfill  the  expectations  en-  Silver  Mine,"  by  '*  H.  H.,"  is  pleanng  as  a 
tertained  ofthe  author  of  **  The  New  Timothy"  story,  and  gently  suggests  a  moral  ^?ltj 
and  one  or  two  succeeding  books.  He  gets  Days,"  by  Sarsdi  O.  Jewett,  awakens  expects- 
together  materials  for  a  fabric  that  one  feels  tions  which  it  does  not  falfiU ;  that  is  to  saj, 
ought  to  be  better.  His  characters  are  better  its  place  among  Juvenile  books  is  not  as  bigb 
as  single  studies  than  as  elements  of  a  ploL  as  the  place  of  **  Deephaven  "  among  books  for 
^^Agamenticus,"  by  E.  P.  Tenney,  departs  maturer  minds ;  but  perhaps  that  should  not 
from  the  conventional  type  of  the  novel  in  be  insisted  on.  Looked  at  apart  from  such  a 
ways  that  may  not  gratify  the  average  novel-  standivd  of  comparison,  it  belongs  to  the  bet- 
reader,  but  wiU  repay  those  to  whom  thought  ter  literature  for  the  young.    "  Good-for-No- 


LITERATURE  AND  LITERARY  PROGRESS  IN  1878.  483 

tiling  PoDj,^*  by  Ella  Farman,  and  "BuDch  Porter,  President  of  Yale  College,  published 

and  Joker,  and  other  Stories,"  by  Mrs.  £.  T.  seyeral  years  ago  a  volume  entitled  ^^'loeAmer- 

Corbett  and  Mrs.  A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  deserve  ican  Colleges  and  the  American  Public,"  in 

like  honorable  mention.      ^^ Overhead:  what  which  questions  respecting  the  organization, 

Harry  and  Nelly  discovered  in  the  Heavens,"  courses  of  study,  and  discipline  of  our  coUeges 

agreeably  mingles  work  and  play,  recreation  were  reexamined  in  the  light  of  recent  cnti- 

and  astronomy.     Some  translations  deserve  cisms  upon  tliem.   The  position  which  was  ably 

mention :  "  Story  of  a  Cat,"  by  T.  B.  Aldrich,  and  inteUigently  argued  was  that,  while  there 

from  the  French  of  Emile  de  la  BedoUi^re ;  is  room  for  valuable  improvements  in  our  col- 

6rimm*s  and  Hans  Christian  Andersen's  fairy  legiate  system,  yet  in  its  essential  characteris- 

talea,  newly  translated  by  Mrs.  H.  B.  Paull,  tics  it  is  a  legitimate  outgrowth  of  American 

with  the  original  illustrations;  and  *^ Little  society,  and  is  adapted  to  our  circumstances 

Miss  Mischief  and  her  Happy  Thoughts,"  by  and  wants.    A  new  edition  is  now  issued,  wi^ 

Ella  Farman,  from  the  French  of  P.  J.  Stiahl.  considerable  additions,  treating  questions  that 

Text-Books. — In  higher  education  there  is  have  risen  into  prominence  in  recent  years, 
manifest  an  increasing  tendency  to  diversify  '^  American  Colleges,  their  Students  and  their 
inatmction,  in  more  precise  adaptation  to  the  Work,"  by  C.  F.  Thwing,  embodies  a  large 
mental  predispositions  or  purposes  in  life  of  amount  of  information  respecting  the  methods, 
the  pupus.  (optional  courses  are  multiplied  in  incidents,  and  cost  of  a  college  course  of  study, 
colleg^  Fewer  general  scholars  trained  on  a  A  more  elaborate  and  sumptuous  volume  is 
fixed  onrriculum,  and  more  specialists  aiming  **  The  College  Book,"  edited  by  Charles  F.  Rich- 
at  mastery  of  particular  brancnes  of  study,  are  ardson  and  Henry  A.  Clark,  in  which  a  group 
the  product  of  this  tendency.  Whatever  may  of  colleges  representing  different  types  and  lo- 
be tne  balance  of  advantage  or  disadvantage  to  calities  are  severally  described,  their  history 
tbe  cause  of  education,  it  is  one  good  result  sketched,  and  their  inner  life  and  character 
tJiat  the  quality  of  text-hooka  is  improved,  exhibited,  by  alumni  who  have  shown  a  be- 
Wben  a  science  was  studied  as  a  mental  gym-  coming  filial  pride  in  them, 
nastic  merely,  it  was  not  material  that  it  should  Some  books  on  specialties  in  education  may 
have  entire  iustice  done  it  in  the  text-book  be  here  mentioned.  '^  What  our  Girla  ought  to 
used.  But  if  a  student  desire  to  become  thor-  Know,"  by  Mrs.  Mary  J.  Studley,  is  a  title  that 
onghly  proficient  in  mathematics  or  physics,  should  cover  a  large  work  or  many  of  them, 
for  their  own  sake  and  for  their  future  uses.  It  treats  of  physiology,  and  the  rules  of  health- 
hn  text -books  must  be  both  accurate  and  ful  living  suggested  by  that  science.  ^^Hand- 
thorongh.  This  need  ia  recognized,  and  a  book  of  Nursing,  for  Family  and  General  Use," 
comparison  of  the  books  for  schools  recently  published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Connecticut 
pQbtished  with  Uiose  in  use  not  very  long  Training  School  for  Nurses,  New  Haven,  is  a 
since,  will  ahow  that  a  higher  standard  of  book  of  a  kind  that  needs  to  be  widely  circu- 
adaptedness  has  been  set  up.  If  fewer  per-  lated  and  read.  "  The  Necessity  and  Advan- 
sons  give  their  minds  to  the  Greek  and  Latin  tage  of  Popular  Education  in  Church  Music," 
classics  than  formerly,  or  to  the  pure  mathe-  by  Rev.  C.  C.  Hall,  is  a  title  expressing  a  thesis 
matics,  or  to  the  problems  of  the  higher  phi-  that  can  not  well  be  denied  as  long  as  the  larger 
losopby,  it  may  be  a  compensating  fact  that  part  of  the  population  sustain  the  relation  to 
those  who  do  pursue  those  studies  respectively  the  churches  they  do  in  our  older  States, 
will  do  so  from  such  a  partiality  for  them  as  to  *^  The  Sensible  Etiquette  of  the  Best  Society," 
make  their  proficiency  proportionally  greater,  by  H.  O.  Ward,  bears  an  assuming  title,  but 
The  dasaical  text-books  indicate  a  purpose  on  which  does  not  very  much  exaggerate ;  the 
the  part  of  their  authors  and  of  those  who  rules  and  suggestions  of  the  book  do  perhaps 
use  them  to  insure  the  possession  of  means  all  that  written  rules  can  to  exhibit  the  canons 
adequate  to  the  production  of  solid,  well-  of  good  breeding,  but  that  is  not  much.  The 
nooriahed  classical  erudition.  good  manners  that  are  not  bred  in,  and  made 

It  Ib  a  coincidence  worth  remarking  that  by  habit  spontaneous,  are  in  danger  of  being 

three  college  text-books  on  rhetoric  appeared  forgotten  when  most  required.    A  deeper  strain 

almost  abreast  of  each  other ;  and,  what  is  stiU  is  touched,  for  the  behoof  of  college  graduates, 

more  significant,  each  was  on  an  independent,  in  '^  What  Career?  Essays  on  the  Choice  of  a 

origiual  plan,  no  two  of  them  setting  Uie  same  Vocation,"  by  Edward  Everett  Hale— essays 

limits  to  the  subject,  and  each  offering  to  do  marked  by  sound  sense  and  right  feeling, 
for  the  pupil  something  that  the  others  did       Some  nsefol  works  not  easily  classified  mav 

not    These  peculiarities,  indeed,  are  not  of  be  here  named:  *^The  Waverley  Dictionary," 

^err  great  importance  in  themselves,  but  they  modeled  on  "  The  Dickens  Dictionary,"  and 

are  signs  of  a  tendency,  and  of  a  movement  on  furnishing  the  reader  with  a  valuable  reference 

the  part  of  instructors  to  shape  their  work  guide  to  the  characters  and  contents  of  Scott^s 

▼ith  reference  to  the  tendency.  novels;   *' American  Navigation,"  by  Henry 

KisoQiAVBoiis. — ^In  connection  with  the  sub-  Hall ;  **  The  Witchery  of  Archery,"  by  Maurice 
iect  of  the  last  preceding  paragraph,  three  Thompson,  introducing  the  young  to  a  health- 
hooks  on  our  colleges  and  the  means  of  educsr  ful  and  inspiriting  pastime ;  an  ^^Encyclopeedia, 
tion  they  famish  deserve  mention.    Dr.  Nof^  Dictionary,  Gazetteer,  and  Atlas  of  the  World,'* 


484    LITERATURE,  ETO^  IN  1878.  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  187a 

all  in  one,  by  L .  de  Golange ;  as  well  as  ^*  Mother  American*  literatare  can  regard  with  indiffer- 

Goose  Masqoerades,"  *^  shooting  Stars,*'  by  W.  ence  the  question  of  international  cupyright 

L.  Alden,  and  other  provocatives  of  mirth.  Authorship  among  as  will  never  do  the  work 

A  change  has  come  over  onr  periodical  liter-  or  achieve  the  honors  that  are  possible  to  it, 

atnre.     With  the  exception  of  a  few  theologi-  while  defrauded  of  the  rewards  which  are  its 

oal  pablications  or  periodicals  of  interest  to  due  by  the  necessity  of  competing  with  Itoob 

other  professions — ^having  regard  to  literature  that  need  cost  their  publishers  only  the  expense 

alone— the  quarterly  review  may  be  said  to  of  printing,  binding,  and  selling.    The  cuonec- 

have  disappeared.    Those  we  had  became  first  tion  between  money,  or  the  want  of  it,  and  lit- 

bi-monthly,  and  are  now  monthly  publicatiuDs.  eratnre,  has  been  forcibly  described  by  Mr.  GUd- 

But  the  increased  frequency  of  publication  is  stone.    *^  in  the  train  of  this  desire  or  need  of 

the  smallest  part  of  the  change.    A  review  money,''  he  says,  ^^  comes  haste  with  its  long 

was  once — ^in  fact  is  now,  in  Great  Britain —  train  of  evils  summed  up  in  the  general  scamp- 

the  recognized  oi^an  of  a  party  or  school  in  ing  of  work ;  crude  conception,  slip-shod  exe- 

politics,  religion,   or  philosophy.     We  know  cution,  the  mean  stint  of  labor,  suppres»on  of 

what  political  doctrines  will  be  favored  by  the  the  inconvenient,  blazing  of  the  insignificant, 

**  Edinburgh,"  the  ^*  Quarterly,"  or  the  ^'  West-  neglect  of  causes,  loss  of  proportion  in  the  pres- 

minster  Review."    But  a  review  among  us  entation  of  results."    Onr  leading  publishers, 

now  publishes  the  views  of  every  party  in  turn,  with  a  truly  honorable  feeling,  have  voluntari- 

or  simultaneously,  upon  a  given  topic,  each  ly  given  to  foreign  auUiors  some  of  the  substan- 

writer  being  severally  and  solely  responsible  tial  benefits  of  copyright;  but,  as  there  is  no 

for  his  own  article.    The  word  ^^  syraposinrn,"  law  to  secure  themsdves  against  competition 

taken  not  in  the  classical  but  in  a  more  inteU  they  can  not  do  the  Justioe  the}  w^ould.    It 

lectual  sense,  as  meaning  a  comparison  of  vari-  can  not  lj»e  said  that  any  observable  pro^e^ 

ant  opinions  on  a  topic  of  discussion,  has  be-  has  been  made  toward  the  desired  reform  in 

come  a  frequent  feature  of  the  review  *^  of  the  our  copyright  system.     But  discussion  and 

geriod."    The  review  has  become  a  magazine,  comparison  of  views  are  doing  their  work,  and 

ome  reviews,  moreover,  do  little  or  no  review-  there  is  less  divei-gence  of  opinion.    The  inter- 

ing,  and  the  function  of  criticism  is  remitted  ests  of  authors  and  publidiers  are  more  and 

to  daily,  weekly,  and  fortnightly  papers ;  such  more  seen  to  be  identical,  and  we  need  not  de- 

critical  '^  notices "  as  the  magazine  includes  spair  of  seeing  the  time  when  the  interests  of 

being  in  no  essetitial  respect  superior  to  those  readers  shall  no  longer  be  supposed  to  be  irreo 

of  first-class  newspapers.    The  causes  of  this  oncilable  with  those  of  the  producers  of  books, 

change  in  the  conduct  and  contents  of  our  re-  Enlightened  public  opinion  will  demand  and 

views  are  not  in  every  case,  perhaps,  the  same,  secure  appropriate  legidation.     The  British 

but  it  is  generally  a  symptom  of  changes  in  the  Cupy right  Oommission  has  reported  in  favor 

temjper  of  thoughtful  men»    While  party  dis*  of  allowing  oopyright  on  all  books  first  pab- 

ciplme  and  party  watchwords  are  as  constrain-  lished  within  the  realm ;  and  it  would  be  as 

ing  as  ever  upon  what  are  called  **  practical "  useful  to  our  own  as  just  to  foreign  aathors, 

politicians,  thinking  men  and  men  of  liberal  were  the  principle  to  be  accepted  by  the  United 

culture  are  but  slightly  affected  by  them.   The  States.    The  difficulty  is,  in  the  urgency  of  po- 

class  of  men  needed  to  give  by  their  ability  and  litical  debate,  to  get  a  hearing  upon  the  ques- 

knowledge  the  highest  respectability  to  a  peri-  tion. 

odical,  are  the  men  who  can  not  be  sorted  out  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1878. 

and  labeled  by  party  badges.    Beliefs,  both  A  notable  fact  connected  with  the  literatare 

political  and  religious,  are  more  loosely  held  of  late  years  is  the  national  activity  in  poetry, 

than  formerly.    There  are  more  open  ques-  in  thought  and  historioal  research,  and  in  a 

tions  than  were  recognized  a  few  years  ago.  lesser  degree  in  science,  developed  among  tbe 

It  seems  not  unnatural,  at  such  a  time,,  to  see  nations  of  the  north,  the  east,  and  the  sooth  of 

in  one  periodical  a  subject  looked  at  from  sev-  Europe,  which  have  been  used  to  receive  their 

eral  distinct  and  opposite  points  of  view.    But  mental  nourishment  firom  the  great  centers  of 

why  do  party  reviews  survive  in  Great  Britain,  thought.    The  following  report  of  the  more 

while  here  they  are  dying  out?  For  one  thing,  noteworthy  literary  productions  of  the  year  is 

perhaps,  because  the  literary  class  is  larger  based  on  the  annual  review  of  the  London 

there  than  among  us.    There  is  room  and  pa-  ^*  Athennum  " : 

tronage  for  the  symposia!  by  the  side  of  the  old-  Bbloixtm. — A  number  of  laborioos  memoirs 

fashioned  reviews,  and  neither  excludes  the  relating  to  the  history  of  this  country  have  ap- 

other.    Whether  the  present  is  a  temporary  peared  during  the  year.    EingLeopold's prixe 

fashion  in  our  periodical  literature,  or  repre-  has  been  awfu^ed  to  M.  Alp.  Wauters,  for  hi^i 

sents  a  tendency  that  is  to  go  on  indefinitely,  book  entitled  ^^  Les  Libert^s  Gonmranales,''  an 

depends  on  the  further  question  whether  the  essay  on  their  origin  and  early  development  in 

habits  of  mind  out  of  which  it  arises  are  a  tem-  Belgium,  in  the  north  of  fVanoe,  and  on  the 

porary  phase  of  opinion  and  feeling,  or  some-  banks  of  the  Rhine.    Th^od.  Juste  has  related 

thing  more  permanent.    But  on  this  larger  the  lives  of  three  Belgian  statesmen,  Eugene 

question  we  forbear  to  vaticinate.  Defacqz,  Joseph  Forgeur,  and  Baron  liedta, 

No  one  who  is  concerned  for  the  future  of  and  has  written  an  account  oL  the  revdution 


LITERATURE,  OONTDnSNTAL,  IN  1878.  486 

of  1789  in  Belgium  and  Li^ge.    MM.  Feys  and  Midtpnnkt,^'  picturing  the  opposition  between 

Vande  Oasteele  have  completed  their  excellent  new  and  old  ideas.    Two  successful  dramas 

*'  Histoire  d'Ondenbonrg.*'    M.  Alp.  Vanden-  are  ^^  Ambrosius,''  by  Professor  Molbech.  a 

peereboom  has  issued  docnments  concerning  pleasant  picture  of  the  manners  of  the  last 

YpresL    M.  Gam.  van  Dessel  has  revised  M.  century,  and  the  opera  '*  Drot  og  Marsk,"  pre- 

Schayes's  '*  La  Belgiqne  et  les  Pays  Bas  avaiit  et  senting  tlie  tragic  story  of  King  Erik  Clipping, 

pendant  la  Domination  Romaine."  M.  Nap.  de  by  Ghr.  Richard,  which  owes  its  success  to  the 

raow  haa  published  the  **  Conspiration  d^Ande-  fine  music  of  P.  Heise.    Kr.  Arentzen  has  fin- 

narde  en  1842.*^   M.  Oh.  Potvin  has  compiled  a  ished  his  exhaustive  treatise  upon  the  poets 

biography  of  Ohilbert  de  Lannoy,  a  traveler,  Baggesen  and  OeblenaclilSger.     The  literary 

natoraiisty  and  diplomatist  in  the  service  of  and  political  life  of  the  fourth  decade  of  this 

Philip  the  Good  and  Charles  the  Bold.  M.£dm.  century  has  been  dealt  with  by  Otto  Borch* 

Poallet  haa  commenced  publishing  the  ^'  Oorre-  senius,  under  the  title  of  ^^  From  the  Forties  " 

spondaDce  dn  Cardinal  Granvelle  (1565-1585)."  (of  this  century).    Georg  Braudes  takes  Esaias 

In  the  domain  of  ancient  history,  **Le  66nat  Tegn^r  for  the  theme  of  a  notable  book,  in 

eons  la  R^pnblique  Romaine,"  by  Prof.  P.  which  this  critic  displi^s  his  usual  insight  and 

Willema,  of  Louvain,  has  been  well  received  in  power  of  exposition.    A  book  by  the  same 

Germany.    M.  G.  de  Harles  has  produced  the  author  about  Lord  Beaconsfield  has  just  ap- 

tbird  volame  of  his  translation  of  the '^  Zend-  peared.    Johannes  Steenstrup  has  written  a 

Avesta."  treatise  on  '*  The  Expeditions  of  the  Danes 

The  volmnea  of  French  yerae  worthy  of  men-  against  Western  Europe  in  the  Ninth  Cen- 

tioD  are  ^^Anx  Champs  et  dans  PA  teller,^'  tury."    In  philosophy  and  religion  the  most 

by  an  artisan,  M.  F41ix  Frenay,  poems  full  of  important  production  is  the  *^  Christian  Eth- 

feeling  and  inspiration,  and  the  '^Romania**  ics"  of  Bishop  Martensen,  in  which  he  en- 

of  MUe.  Marie  Nizet    A  noteworthy  novel  is  deavors  to  effect  some  sort  of  reconciliation 

'^Le£)irecteurMontaque,"byD.  Keiffer.  M.  F.  between  the  spirit  and  demands  of  orthodox 

liiQrent  has  juat  finished  bis  celebrated  ^*  Prin-  Cliristianity  and  of  purely  secular  culture  and 

cipes  du  Droit  Civil.*'    In  philology  may  be  the  movements  which  arise  out  of  it.    It  has 

meotioned  the  **  Grammaire  Pratique  de  la  oalled  forth  several  answers,  the  most  impor- 

Langne  Saosorite,"  by  C.  de  Harlez,  and  the  tant  of  which  is  a  comprehensive  work,  *'  Foes 

**Dictionnaire  £tymologiQuede8  LanguesBo-  of  the  Talmud,'"  by  the  Copenhagen  Rabbi 

manes,"  bj  Diez,  reviaea  by  Ang.  Scheler.  Wolff,  a  defense  of  Judaism  against  the  asser- 

""Les  Banquea  Popnlaires  et  les  boci^t^s  de  tions  of  Martensen  and  other  ciergymeo,  which 

Cr^t  en  Belgiqne,'^  by  M.  Jnlien  Scbaar,  ia  a  has  in  its  turn  given  rise  to  a  hot  controversy 

Qsef q1  memoir  on  tJiose  inatitntions.  that  ia  still  raging. 

Flemiah  literatore  coonts  a  new  prose  writer,  Fbakge. — In  the  French  literature  of  the  past 

who  uses  the  pseudonym  of  '*  Wazenaar  " ;  his  year  philosophy,  history,  philology,  natural  sci- 

firat  book,  called  ^^Een  Vlaamsche  Jongen,'*  enoe,  have  ail  a  rich  harvest  of  excellent  works, 

is  truly  original,  containing  most  snocesaful  The  only  representatives  of  eclectic  spiritual- 

aketchea  of  Flemish  manners.  ism  are  M.  Caro,  M.  Fouill^  M.  Martin,  and  M. 

MM.  Max.  Booses  and  J.  Vanden  Brande  Janet.  The  ^^RevnedeaDenxMondes"  opens 
have  this  year  begun  publishing  their  prize  es-  its  pages  equally  to  M.  Jules  Soury's  bold  dec- 
says  on  the  "  History  of  the  Antwerp  Bchool^  lamationa  against  religion,  and  to  M.  Carols 
of  Paiotera.''  searching  critique  of  modem  freethinkers,  *^  Le 

BoBCMiA.— The  publications  of  1878   «m-  Pessiraismeaa  AlX' Si^e."    M.  Fouill^e  had 

brace  several  worka  of  poetry  by  Verehlicky  devoted  a  remarkable  volume  to  an  inquiry  in- 

ftod  others,  which  are  not  without  grandeur  to  the  principles  ol  ii0/«rmt»iim ;  he  now  takes 

and  fire,  and  a  number  of  interesting  colleo-  np  the  question  from  the  historical  rather  than 

tioQs  of  folk-lore.  A  new  history  of  Prague  is  a  from  the  theoretical  point  of  view,  and  after 

ralaable  work ;  also  worthy  of  note  is  the  rela-  explaining  ("  Lld^e  Modeme  du  Droit  en  Alle- 

tioB  of  J.  Holecek,  who  fought  against  the  magne,  en  Angleterre  et  en  France ")  how  the 

Torks  in  the  reeent  war.  leading  nations  of  Europe  understand  the  no- 

DimiABK. — ^There  has  appeared  an  attrae-  tion  of  right,  he  endeavors  to  show  that,  by 
ti?e  collection  of  Hans  Christian  Andersen^s  harmonizing  and  blending  together  three  one- 
letters,  written  during  a  long  series  of  yec^rs  to  sided  theories,  a  satisfactory  e^us  doetrinm 
all  sorts  of  people.  Holger  Drachmann  has  might  easily  be  obtained.  M.  Joly^s  work, 
isBued  thifl  year  ^*  Paa  Sdmanda  Tro  og  Love,"  ^^  Psychologic  Comparde,  FHomme  et  TAni- 
ft  series  of  sketehea  of  the  life  of  Danish  fish-  mal,^'  is  more  especially  written  from  the  stand- 
crmeo,  remarkable  for  fidelity  to  nature  and  point  of  metaphysics;  Dr.  Clauffard^s  *^  La  Vie, 
ttlutic finish;  and*' SangevedHavet," original  £tudea  et  Probldmes  de  Biologic  G^o^rale" 
deacripciona,  partly  of  the  Danish  coast  scenery  starts  from  physiology,  but  is  even  more  de- 
isd  partly  of  Venice,  in  bold  and  yet  melodious  ddedly  antaiconist  to  evolutionist  viewa.  Oth- 
rhjtbms.  Drachmann*s  *^  Derovre  fra  Graond-  er  remarkable  books  are  M.  Magy^s  '*  La  Rai- 
MD  ^  was  the  first  attempt  to  deal  poetically  son  et  TAme  "  and  Dr.  Foumi4*s  ^^  La  B6to 
vith  the  Bdileawig-Holstein  war.  One  of  the  etTHomme."  M.  Lef&vre,  io '' La  Philosophic," 
most  remarkable  novels  ia  Schandorph'^  ^^  Uden  inveighs  against  Malebranche  and  all  metaphy- 


Ad6  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1878L 

fiiciaDs  ancient  and  modern.  M.  Wnrtz^s  chem-  of  Lonis  XIV.  is  written  fronoi  an  Ultramon- 

ical  dictionary  is  now  completed.    M.  Bail-  tane  standpoint.    On  the  reign  of  Loois  XV. 

Ion's  botanical  lexicon  promises  to  be  a  stand-  there  are  interesting  duodecimos  of  MM.  de 

ard  anthority.    Writers  on  the  history  of  phi-  Gonoonrt  (^^  Madame  de  Pompadoor,"  '^La 

losophy  are  M.  Guyau  on  Epicnrns,  a  charao-  Dnbarry  ")  and  the  Dnke  de  Broglie^s  *^^  Secret 

teristic  account  of  the  whole  Epicurean  school,  du  Roi,"  where,  with  the  help  of  family  pa- 

and  M.  Marion  on  the  relation  of  Locke  to  the  pers,  the  author  has  been  able  to  complete  the 

development  of  modem  thonght.    In  Oriental  details  given  by  the  late  M.  Bootaric  several 

studies  there  are  M,  Gustave  Dergat's  histo-  7^^^  a^  on  the  occult  policy  of  Loots  XV. 

ry  of  Mussulman  philosophy,  the  Elzevirian  With  the  Revolution  is  associated  M.  Taine  s 

**  Bibliothdque  Orientale  *'  of  M.  Ernest  Lerouz,  *'  Origines  de  la  France  Contemponune,''  the 

and  the  Abb6  Ancessi's  interesting  monograph,  first  volume  of  which  has  so  irritated  the  Roy* 

"  L'£gypte  et  le  Livre  de  Job.*'    The  Gatholio  alists,  while  the  second  has  equally  diaapoint- 

party  and  the  Liberal  school  have  each  its  re-  ed  the  Republicans ;  also  the  book  by  M.  Jo- 

spective  periodical,  tlie  ^'  Revue  des  Questions  bez  on  Louis  XVI.,  and  more  partienlalj  on 

Historiques '*  and  the '* Revue  Historique,''  and  Turgot^s  reforms;  M.  Vuitry's  *'£tade8  sor  le 

both  groups  are  represented  by  men  of  ability  Regime  Financier  de  la  France  avant  la  R^vo- 

and  erudition.  lution  " ;  and  the  memoirs  of  Coont  de  Fer- 

In  ancient  history,  M.  Duruy's  *^  Histoire  des  sen.    M.  Vielcastel  has  at  last  finisbed  his  hift- 

Romains  "  is  not  yet  finished,  but  has  already  tory  of  the  Restoration.    The  Second  Repob- 

obtained  the  honor  of  an  illustrated  edition,  lie  has  found  in  M.  Victor  Pierre  an  iinpardal 

M.  Henri  Bandrillart,  treating  a  subject  con-  judge.  M.  Victor  Hugo's  **  Histoire  d'nn  Crime," 

nected  with  political  economy  (*^  Histoire  da  M.  Mazime  Ducamp^s  *'  Convulsions  de  Paris.'* 

Luxe  Public  et  Priv6  "),  is  led  to  study  the  civ-  and  M.  Jules  Simon's  ^^  Gouvemement  de  M. 

ilizations  of  Judea,  Assyria,  Egypt,  PhcBnioia,  Thiers "  are  the  most  effective  works  on  re- 

and  Greece.     M.    Francois    Lenormant    has  cent  history. 

treated  ^*  LaMonnaie  dans  1' Antiquity  " ;  M.  Du-  In  philology,  MM.  Maisonnenve  and  Leronx 

pont,  the  Roman  magistracies  during  the  Re-  are  editing  grammars  of  the  Zend,  the  Canube, 

public ;  and  M.  de  la  Berge,  the  Emperor  Tra-  the  modern  Greek,  and  other  languages,  and 

Jan.  translations  of  Sanskrit,  Hindustani,  reraisxi, 

M.  Desjardins,  in  his  work  on  the  geography  and  Arabic  texts ;  and  M.  Gidel  traces  the 
ot  Roman  Gaul,  may  be  said  to  have  revolu-  progress  of  Hellenic  thought  to  oar  own  day 
tionized  ancient,  as  M.  Reclus  has  modem,  m  nis  '^  £tudes  sur  la  Litt^rature  Grecqoe 
geography.  M.  Auguste  Longnon's  **  Gr^ogra-  Modeme."  M.  Schwab  continues  his  aono- 
phie  de  la  Gaule  an  VI«  Si^de,"  is  a  commen-  tated  translation  of  the  Talmud  of  Babyloo. 
tary  on  the  geography  of  Gregorins  Turonen-  M.  Michel  Br^al's  '*  Melanges  de  Mythologie 
sis.  M.  Ulysse  Chevalier  has  begun  to  publish  a  et  de  Linguistique  "  shows  deep  learning  and 
useful  ^^  Repertoire  des  Sources  Historiques  du  clear  Judgement.  The  supplement  to  M.  Lit- 
Moyen  Age."  The  history  of  the  Hussite  wars  tr6's  French  lexicon  brings  to  a  conclusion  the 
M.  Ernest  Denis  has  treated  with  success,  and  greatest,  perhaps,  among  the  literary  nnder- 
his  work  is  composed  not  from  second-hand  takings  of  the  age ;  and  the  Acad6mie  Fran- 
authorities,  but  from  original  documents.  The  c^ise  publishes  a  new  edition  of  ita  own  die- 
history  of  Florence  by  M.  Perrens  brings  the  tiouary.  M.  Ch.  Anbertin  discusses  the  whole 
subject  down  to  the  death  of  Henry  VII.  of  subjeet  of  medisaval  literature  in  two  volumes. 
Germany  in  1813.  In  modem  history,  M.  In  poetry  M.  Victor  Hugo'B  *^Le  Pape," 
Ram  baud's  history  of  Russia  is  worthy  of  note,  notwithstanding  many  splendid  passages,  is 
M.  Wiesener's  history  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  equal  neither  to '^L' Art  d'etre  Grand-P^" 
early  life  is  based  on  a  study  of  Simon  Re-  nor  to  the  "L^ende  des  Slides."  M.  Cop- 
nard's  MS.  correspondence  and  other  impor-  p6e,  in  his  '^  Recite  et  £l6gie9,"  maintains  the 
tant  documents.  The  eighth  volume  of  Merle  qualities  of  his  sober,  clear,  and  exact  style. 
d'Aubign6's  "  History  of  the  Calvinist  Refor-  ^*  Les  Fourohambault,"  one  of  M.  Aagier*s 
mation,"  completing  the  work,  and  M.  Roget's  best  plays,  was  the  chief  dramatic  noveltj. 
^*  Histoire  du  Peuple  de  Geneve  depuis  la  R6-  M.  Octave  FeuiUet's  *^  Journal  d'one  Femme " 
forme  jusqu'd  I'Escalade,"  treat  of  the  reli-  was  one  of  the  novels  most  remarked.    Ms- 

?ious  movement  of  the  sixteenth  century,  dame  Henri  Gr^ville  continues  her  aketcbes  of 
he  memoirs  of  La  Huguerye,  just  published,  Russian  life  (*^  Ariadne  '^) ;  M.  £mile  ZoU's 
give  a  key  to  the  secret  and  diplomatic  history  '^  Pages  d' Amour,"  coming  after  ^^L'Assom- 
of  the  R^orinatiop  in  France.  The  history  of  moir,"  reads  like  an  idyl;  and  M.  Panl  F^ral, 
Protestantism  is  also  illustrated  by  the  diary  of  converted  to  Catholicism,  displays  in  his  re- 
Charlotte  Am^lie,  Comtesse  d'Altenburg,  and  cent  tales  (^*Jean,"  ^^La  Premiere  Comma- 
a  volume  on  Jeanne  d' Albret,  mother  of  Hen-  nion")  all  the  zeal  of  a  neophyte,  blended  with 
ry  of  Navarre ;  also  by  the  publication  by  M.  his  well-known  talent  for  describing  sensa- 
Berthold  Zeller  of  dispatches  preserved  in  the  tional  scenes. 

Florence  State -Paper  Office,  "Henri  IV.  et  Germany. — Two  old  masters  in  poetry— the 

Marie  de  M^dicis,  d'aprds  des  Documents  Nou-  author  of  "  Wlasta,"  Carl  Egon  Ebert,  and 

teaux."    M.  Gaillarain'fl  volaminous  history  the  author  of  "Liedereines  kosmopoliiiaohen 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1878.  487 

Nacbtwficbter^a."  Franz  Dingelstedt  —  have  and  one  of  Joachim  Murat,  both  drawn  from 
both  during  the  coarse  of  the  year  issued  a  new  sources.  A  treatise  by  Poesche  deserving 
coUe<^on  of  their  works.  In  Austria  Soho-  of  notice  is  his  **Arier*';  he  supposes  the 
penhaner's  pesiiimism  has  affected  Alfred  Ber-  Aryans  to  have  come  from  the  marshes  of  Les- 
ger*8  otherwise  terse  and  powerful  verses,  ser  Russia,  between  the  Baltic  and  the  Black 
Stefan  Milow,  in  his  new  poems,  ^^  In  der  Son-  Sea,  and  not,  as  hitherto  assumed,  from  Upper 
Deowende,"  displays  a  manly  and  calm  resig-  Asia.  Von  Hellwald  and  Beckys  work,  *^  Ueber 
oation.  Friedrich  Marx's  volume  of  poems,  die  heutige  Ttlrkei,"  gives  a  clear  picture  of 
entitled  **  OemQth  und  Welt,"  is  distinguished  the  country  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  Balkan 
by  elevation  of  language  and  vivid  descriptions  Peninsula.  K.  £.  Franzos  has  in  *-  Vom  Don 
of  the  Austrian  Alps.  A  fourth  Austrian,  the  zur  Donau  "  made  Roumania  and  the  new  king- 
well-known  dramatist  and  pseudo-Turk,  Mu-  dom  of  Bulgaria,  as  well  as  Lesser  Russia,  the 
rad  Effendi,  retains  his  Oriental  mask  in  his  chief  scenes  of  his  new  pictures, 
poems  entitled  **  Ost  und  West."  Since  the  publication  of  Goethe's  correspon- 
Wilbrandt  appeared  this  year  with  a  trage-  denoe  on  scientific  subjects  by  Professor  Bra- 
dy, **Erimhild,"  a  piece  called  **  Natalie,"  and  tranek,  the  attention  of  the  poet's  commenta- 
two  comedies,  *'  Auf  den  Brettern  "  and  ^^  Der  tors  has  again  been  turned  toward  his  scientific 
Thorm  in  der  Stadtmauer."  The  subject  of  work.  Waldemar  Freiherr  von  Biedermann's 
Xiseers  newest  drama,  "  Agnea  von  Meran,"  treatise,  entitled  **  Goethe  und  das  Erzgebirge," 
is  the  separation  of  Philip  Augustus  of  France  gives  an  account  of  Goethe's  knowledge  of 
from  his  first  wife^  Ingeborg,  and  his  mar-  geology  and  mining  affairs  in  Saxony  and  Thu- 
riage  with  the  fair  Meran.  Anzengrnber's  latest  ringia.  Another  treatise  by  S.  Kalischer, 
piece,  '^Die  Trutzige,"  transplants  Shake-  *^  Goethe's  Verh&ltniss  zu  den  Naturwissen- 
gpeare'a  ^*  Taming  of  the  Shrew  "  among  the  schaften,"  discusses  Goethe's  connection  with 
Aoatrian  Alps.  Among  the  novels  is  Aner-  Mr.  Darwin's  theory,  and,  in  a  readable  man- 
bach's  ^^  Landolin  von  Reutershofen,"  a  psy-  ner,  his  works  on  botany,  astrology,  zo51ogy, 
ehological  story  of  crime.  The  '^Homo  Sum  "  mineralogy,  and  geology.  As  a  geologist,  Goethe 
of  Ebers  describes  the  struggle  between  ascet-  was  a  Neptunist,  but  by  his  opinion  of  the  slow 
ic  monkhood  and  art-loving  paganism.  A  I-  transformation  of  the  earth's  surface  was  a 
fred  Meiftener's  *'  Feindliche  Pole "  is  a  poliU-  precursor  of  Lyell,  and  by  his  supposition  of 
co-social  noveL  '*  Der  neue  Hiob,"  by  Sacher-  a  former  glacial  period  a  precursor  of  Agassiz. 
Masoch,  gives  a  picture  of  the  oppression  en-  Gwinner  has  issued  an  enlarged  edition  of 
dared  by  the  Ruthenian  peaaantiy  under  the  his  life  of  Schopenhauer.  Otto  Busch  in  his 
sway  of  the  Polish  landed  proprietors.  *^  Beitrag  zn  einer  Dogmatik  der  Religions- 
Novels  of  domestic  life  are  Otto  Roquette's  losen,"  discusses  Schopenhauer's  theories,  as 
pleasing  story,  "  Im  Hause  der  V&ter,"  and  also  does  Paul  Deussen  in  **  Die  Elemente  der 
6.  zn  Putlitz's  ^*  Oroquet."  Among  novelettes  Metaphysik."  Hartmann's  *'  Philosophic  des 
the  most  important  are  Gottfried  Keller's  "  Zft-  Unbewussten  "  has  been  followed  by  an  attempt 
richer  Novellen,"  Ferd.  Ktlmberger's  **  Novel-  in  moral  philosophy,  under  the  title  of  **  Ph&no- 
len,"  Thedor  Storm's  new  "Novellen,"  and  raenologie  des  ethischen  Bewusstseins."  Ju- 
Panl  Lindan's  ^^  Yier  Novellen."  lius  Bahnsen  appeared  with  an  ingenious  but 
Two  interesting  biographies  by  Johann  Hein-  pessimistic  treatise  on  ^^  Die  tragische  Weltord- 
rich  Loewe  relate  to  the  religions  and  roman-  nung  als  Weltgesetz  und  das  Wesen  des  Hu- 
tidst  movement  of  the  beginning  of  this  cen-  mors."  Ludwig  Noir^'s  philosophical  cate- 
tary ;  they  recount  the  lives  of  Sister  Angus-  chism  ('*  Aphorismen  zur  monistichen  Philoso- 
tine  or  Amalie  de  Lassanlx,  and -of  that  remark-  phie  ")  recapitulates  the  main  doctrines  of  Kant, 
able  and  noble  man  Emanuel  Veith.  Suphan  Schopenhauer,  Darwin,  R.  Mayer,  Haeckel,  ana 
has  poblished  a  critical  edition  of  J.  G.  von  the  late  L.  Geiger.  Zollner,  known  as  an  as- 
Herder.  tronomer,  affirms  the  possibility  of  the  phe- 
To  the  oorrespondence  betwe^i  Rahel  and  romena  of  modem  spiritualism  on  the  suppo- 
Varnhagen  has  been  added  another  volume  by  sition  of  space  with  four  dimensions.  He  is 
Ladmilla  Assing,  entitled  **  Aus  Rahel'a  Her-  confronted  by  J.  H.  Fichte,  tje  representative 
zeneleben."  The  **  Letters  of  Freiherr  von  of  idealism,  in  his  protest  entitled  "  Der  neue 
We»enberg  to  Isfordink-Kostnitz,"  and  the  Spiritual ismus,  sein  Werth  und  seine  Tau- 
^^  Memoirs  of  Prince  Mettemich,"  announced  sohnngen." 

for  publication,  are  important  contributions  to  Holland. — Of  works  on  the  history  of 
f«cent  history.  The  latter  is  said  to  be  written  Holland,  the  most  important  are  De  Jonge's 
bj  Prince  Richard  Mettemich,  the  son  of  the  collection  of  documents  relating  to  the  history 
miDister.  Moritz  Busch's  recent  publication,  of  the  Dutch  power  in  the  East,  and  Van  Vlo- 
^'  Bismarck  und  seine  Leute,"  is  a  cnrions  and  ten's  "  History  of  the  Netherlands."  The 
Adre  account  of  the  Ohancellor's  life  during  diplomatic  correspondence  of  Anton  Reinhard 
the  war,  in  which  the  minutest  details  of  his  Faick  contains  valuable  materials  for  the  his- 
priTate  life  and  conversation  are  recited  with  tory  of  Europe  at  the  period  of  the  French 
iiraocent  and  admiring  fidelity.  Restoration.  Scheurleer's  essay  on  the  char- 
Baron  Helfert,  the  Austrian  historian,  has  acters  of  the  painter  Wiertz  and  the  composer 
pvbliabed  a  life  of  Queen  Caroline  of  Naples,  Berlioz  ("  Twee  Titanen  der  19*  £euw  ")  is  an 


488  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL.  IN  1878. 

able  stndj.  E.  de  Cbantelenx,  a  poet  of  a  Another  yietiin  of  Aostria,  who  was  confined 
strong  but  erratic  ffenias,  has  pablished  a  drama  in  the  fortress  of  Joeephstadt,  was  the  amiable 
iD»  blank  verse  called  "  Chandosse."  Among  Veronese  poet  Aleardo  Aleardi,  who  died  this 
the  romances,  the  most  remarkable  is  *'  In  Da-  year  of  a  stroke  of  apoplexy.  Bonghi  has  pub- 
gen  van  Stryd,^'  an  historical  novel  of  the  time  fished  a  volume  of  ^^  Ritratti  Gontemporanei" 
of  the  Eighty  Years'  War,  written  by  a  young  (Oavour,  Bismarek,  ThiersX  and  one  on  tbe 
lady  who  employs  the  pseudonym  of  A.  S.  0.  treaty  ctf  Berlin.  The  ^^LettereMeridionali*^(f 
Wallis.  Villari  are  terribly  eloquent,  and  have  called  the 

HuNOART. — A  collection  of  ancient  Mag-  attention  of  Italians  to  the  sodal  question  aod 

yar  songs  by  Toldy,  and  a  life  of  R^vay  the  the  necessity  of  improving  matters.    Of  the 

grammarian  by  Dr.  B4n6ezy,  are  valuable  con-  important  *'  Storia  aella  Litteratora  Italiamr 

tribntions  to  the  early  literary  history  of  the  Professor  Adolfo  Bartoli  has  brought  oot  tL« 

country;  also,  two  bibliographical  cyclopeedias  first  volume.    In  *^ Prologomeni  alia  Modena 

of  Hungarian  literature,  one  of  general  bib-  Psicogenia'*    Professor   Pietro   Siciliani  ex- 

liography  extending  from  1484  to  1711  and  pounds  the  doctrines  of  Messrs.  Darwin,  Spen- 

containing  1,793  different  works,  and  the  other  cer,  and  Bain. 

a  catalogue  of  scientific  publications  down  to  Nobwat. — The  Bishop  of  Ohristiansand, 
1875,  and  embracing  8,912  books  and  2,884  JOrgen  Moe,  poet  and  comparative  mytholo- 
periodicals.  A  large  number  of  laborious  works  gist,  has  published  his  complete  works. '  From 
on  Hungarian  history  have  appeared  during  BjOmson^s  pen,  a  novel  (**  Magnhild  ^')  is  no- 
the  year.  Pulszky  has  an  interesting  mono-  ticeable  for  its  leaning  towai^  the  realistic 
graph  on  the  Celts  in  Hungary.  The  poetry  school  Among  historical  worka,  the  most 
of  the  year  is  filled  with  melancholy  and  pes-  notable  is  the  second  volume  of  J.  E.  San'i 
simism.  Maurice  J6kai  has  issued  two  new  ^^  Outline  of  Norse  History,"  which  proceed! 
novels,  one  of  the  time  of  the  Napoleonic  in-  from  the  death  of  Olaf  the  Saint  to  Msgnos 
vasion,  and  one  whose  plot  is  taken  from  Po-  LagabOter.  Among  scientific  publications,  tboee 
lish  history.  Among  the  other  books  of  fiction  of  most  importance  have  been  ^'  MoUusca  Re- 
is  a  psychological  novel  by  Charles  Yadnay.  gionis  Artic»  Norvegiess"  and  the  ^^Inverte- 
A  comedy  by  Gregorious  Csiky  depicts  the  brate  Fauna  of  the  Mediterranean,''  by  G.  0. 
vanity  of  a  coxcomb  who  fancies  himself  irre-  Bars,  and  Blyatt's  great  "  Flora  of  Norway/' 
sistible  in  love.  which  is  now  at  last  concluded. 

Italy. — In  poetry  two  rival  schools  are  PoBTnoAL.-^An  exoeedin^y  valuable  mono- 
struggling  for  the  palm.  The  realists  are  rep-  mentof  Provencal  literature  has  been  published, 
resented  by  Dr.  Guerrini,  who  takes  the  pseu-  the  ^'  Candoneiro  Portuguez  "  of  the  Vatican 
donym  of  Steochetti,  by  Carducci,  and  numerous  Library;  it  contains  1,205  songs,  and  it  can 
others.  Zendrini  at  Palermo,  Gnoli  at  Rome,  safely  be  said  that  in  no  collection  in  the  libra- 
Guerzoni  at  Padua,  Giovanni  Rizzi  and  Farina  ries  of  Europe  is  there  a  Canci(meiro  of  eqnU 
at  Milan,  Bersezio  at  Turin,  uphold  with  cour-  merit,  or  one  so  rich  in  the  traditional  and 
age  the  claims  of  poetry  to  the  ideal,  and  deal  popular  element.  A  coUeotion  of  popular  fairy 
from  time  to  time  damaging  blows  at  the  new  tales  by  F.  A.  Coelho  is  an  invaluable  contri- 
school.  Of  novels  may  be  specified  *'  L'Oro  bution  to  the  study  of  comparative  literature. 
Nascosto"  of  Salvatore  Farina,  "Lutezia,"  Senhor  Ramalho  Ortigao  continues  the  pabli- 
by  A.  G.  Barrili,  and  ^'  Notti  Insonni,"  by  R.  cation  of  the  *'  Farpas,"  a  review  of  manners 
Stuart.  Among  the  volumes  of  verse,  besides  and  customs,  besides  containing  general  criti- 
the  **  Iside"  of  Prati  and  the  Elzevir  editions  oism.  Poetry  abounds,  but  unfortunately  it  is 
of  the  school  of  Carduoci  and  Stecohetti,  may  founded  on  the  school  of  Baudelaire.  ^'  Primo 
be  specified  Rizzi's  ^^  Un  Grido."  The  elegant  Bazilio  "  is  a  romance  descriptive  of  Lisbon 
translation  of  Shakespeare  by  Carcano  has  life  by  E^de  Queiroz,  a  worthy  pupil  of  Zola, 
reached  the  seventh  volume.  Among  the  most  and  quite  capable  of  competing  with  him. 
noteworthy  historical  works  are  the  '^  Storia  Russia.— In  Russia  we  must  expect  that  tbe 
della  Monarohia  Piemontese,"  from  1792  to  dullness,  the  lack  of  production,  which  marked 
1798,  by  Nicomede  Bianchi,  and  the  new  edi-  the  year  of  the  war,  will  continue  nntil  soin^ 
tion  of  the  important  monograph  of  Domenico  event  within  the  country  awakens  hope,  stin 
Berti  on  the  prosecution  of  Galileo.  A  young  enthusiasm,  and  incites  to  patient  effort,  and 
Boloffuese  historian,  Edoardo  Alvisi,  has  pul^  the  inherent  vitality  of  &e  national  spirit  re* 
lished  a  new  volume  on  Cesare  Borgia,  and  exerts  itself.  It  is  impossible  not  to  note  the 
prints  in  it  several  highly  interesting  docu-  falling  off  in  literary  production  in  Russia, 
ments  hitherto  in  edited.  Professor  Ciampi,  of  One  visible  way  in  which  the  war  affected 
the  University  of  Rome,  has  put  forth  a  mono-  Russian  literature,  which  showed,  too,  the  in* 
graph,  enriched  with  new  documents,  on  Inno-  terest  taken  in  the  war,  was  the  impulse  given 
cent  X.  and  bis  court.    B.  E.  JIaineri  has  to  the  newspaper  press,  while  the  eireulation 

Srinted  the  correspondence  between  Daniel  of  the  literary  reviews  and  journals  fell  off. 

[anin  and  Giorgio  Pallavicino.    Pallavicino,  The  **  Annals  of  the  Fatherland,"  the  organ  of 

who  died  this  year,  was  one  of  the  fellow*  the  radical  doctrinaire  school,  tried  for  two 

sufferers  of  Silvio  Pellico,  only  the  place  of  his  years  to  ignore  and  to  deny  the  deep  interest 

imprisonment  was  Gradisca,  and  not  Spielberg,  which  tbe  Russian  people  took  in  the  events 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  18T8.  LITERATURE,  ENGLISH.        489 

of  the  East,  and  barelj  alluded  to  the  war,  bat  has  produced  a  deep  impression  in  theatrical 

devoted  its  vrhole  strength  to  the  stndy  of  so-  circles;  it  belongs  to  the  French  realistic  school. 

cial  problems  and  the  internal  condition  of  the  Works  of  fiction  of  the  present  jear  are  mostlj 

conntrj.    At  last  one  of  its  trnsted  contribn-  second-rate;    two,  however,  by  Valera  and 

tors,  Mr.  Engelhardt,  in  his  ^^  Village  Letters,''  Galdos,  are  worth  reading.    Books  on  moral, 

showed  by  convincing  testimony  the  feeling  political,  and  natural  science  give  hcpefol  signs 

of  the  peasants  even  in  remote  provinces,  their  of  progress  in  a  branch  of  literatnre  hitherto 

readiness  to  bear  sacrifices  and  make  contribu-  little  cultivated  in  Spain, 

tions  for  the  sake  of  the  country  and  the  cause,  Among  the  best  productions  of  the  year 

and,  above  all,  the  Interest  which  they  took  in  which  treat  of  social  sciences  are  Azcarate's 

the  events  of  the  day.    Newspapers  have  pen-  *^  Oonstitucion  Inglesa  "  and  "  La  Politica  del 

etrated  during  the  last  two  years  into  social  Oontinente."    The  most  important  work  on 

strata  throughout  the  country  where  before  the  natural  sciences  of  the  year  is  ^*  Prinoipios 

thej  were  almost  or  entirely  nnknown.    In  the  de  Geologia  y  Paleontologia,"  by  Landerer, 

literary  journals  foreign  writers  take  the  lead,  with  examples  from  the  geology  of  Spain. 

The '* European  Messenger"  and  the  ^'Russian  Oliver's  **Historia  del  Derecho  en  Catalnfia, 

Messenger "  are  full  of  original  articles  by  Mallorca,  y  Valencia,"  is  a  model  of  soientifio 

French  writers,  with  Zola  and  Tissot  as  regular  exposition   on   political,  administrative,  and 

coatribatora.    The  best  of  the  war  literature  civil  law.    The  volume  of  *^  Cartas  de  Indias " 

19  the  '^  Campaign  Letters,"  by  Prince  Alexis  is  a  fine  folio  edition,  illustrated  with  facsimile 

Tseretelef.    The  death  of  Nekrasof  at  the  very  letters  and  old  maps;  108  letters  are  given  of 

beginning  of  the  year  has  left  Russia  without  important  persons  connected  with  the  oonqnest 

a  great  poet.    Count  Golenistchef-Eutuzof,  in  of  America  and  the  Philippine  Islands  in  the 

bis  ^  Calm  and  Storm,"  shows  mnch  promise,  sixteenth  century,  commencing  with  Colnmbas 

The  great  dramatic  success  of  the  year  was  and  Amerigo  Vespucci.    These  letters  afford 

'*The  Marriage  of  Bielughin,"  by  a  new  writer,  a  vivid  picture  of  the  conflicts  which  existed 

N.  Solovief.     Among  new  novels  there  are  between  the  religious  and  civil  South  Ameri- 

three  of  unusual  merit,  though  signed  by  none  can  authorities.    Arteche  has  brought  out  the 

of  the  great  names:  ^' A  Quarter  of  a  Century  third  volume  of  his  *'  Guerra  de  la  Indepen* 

Back,"  by  B.  M.  Markevitch ;  '*  The  Stone  of  dencla,"  a  very  valuable  contribution  to  the 

Sisjphns,"  by  K.  N.  Leontief,  a  story  of  life  in  literature  of  the  Peninsular  War.    In  *^  Histo- 

Epirus;  and  "  Youthful  Victories,"  by  A.  Po-  ria  Politica  y  Literaria  de  los  Trovadores,"  by 

tiekhin,  a  tale  of  peasant  life  of  great  interest  Balaguer,  the    noetry  and  language  ox  the 

Russian  historical  studies,  so  noticeable  of  late  Troubadours  ana  their  influence  on  European 

Tears,  continue.     Professor  Solovief,  besides  countries  are  critically  studied.     Saavedra's 

the  twenty-eighth  volume  of  his  '^  History  of  **  Discurso  "  on  entering  the  Spanish  Academy 

Rossia,"  concerned  with  the  reign  of  Cath-  is  an  excellent  monograph  on  the  literature 

arine  IT.,    has   published    a   separate  work  a^miada  of  the  Spanish  Moors. 

on  **  Alexander  I.,  his  Policy  and  Diploma-  Swbdbit. — Carlson,  relieved  of  his  ministe- 

cj.''    '^New  Letters  of  Pushkin,"  including  rial  duties,  will  be  able  to  complete  his  history 

seFentj-five  letters  to  the  poet's  wife,  are  of  of  Sweden.   In  theology,  Billing's  "  Confession 

great  importance  to  an  accurate  estimate  of  his  of  the  Lutheran  Church  "  attempts  to  recon- 

life.    The  book  on  ^*  Landed  Property,"  pub-  cile  science  and  religion.    An  anonymous  book, 

IL^hed  more  than  a  year  ago  by  Prince  Vassil-  **  What   we   Enow,  What  we  Believe,  and 

tchikof,  has  given  rise  to  a  very  hot  discussion,  What  we  Will,"  reflects  the  prevailing  skepti- 

from  which  Tcbitcherin  and  Professor  Guer-  cal  idealism.    Lysander's  study  of  the  author 

rier  have  borne  off  the  palm  in  their  ^*  Russian  Almqnist,  as  well  as  that  of  Brandos  on  Teg- 

Bilettantism."    The  whole  number  of  publica-  n6r,  attracted  much  attention.     Treatises  on 

tions  of  all  kinds  in  Russia  was  8,655  for  the  local  geology  and  botany,  and  on  natural  his- 

year  1877.    For  the  first  ten  months  of  1878,  tory,  have  been  published  by  Angelin,  Na- 

to  far  as  is  known,  there  were  4,188  separate  thorst,  and  Thomson.    In  polite  literature,  the 

pablications,  including  109  issues  in  Lettish,  stories  of  A.  Strindberg  are  original  and  mer- 

Sl  ia  Esthonian,  198  in  Polish,  78  in  Jewish,  itorious,  as  well  as  his  drama  "  Master  Glof." 

23  in  Tartar,  18  in  Arabic,  besides  a  few  in  LITERATURE,  ENGLISH.    The  pathetic 

Kirghiz,  Jagatai,  Georgian,  Armenian,   Fin-  refiection  is  often  indulged  that  among  us  the 

&»b,  German,  French,  and  most  European  Ian-  men  of  thought  and  cultivation  withdraw  them- 

gnages.  selves  from  attention  to  public  affairs.    From 

Spinr. — An    epic  poem,    ''La  Atlantida,"  the  standpoint  of  literature  in  England  there 

▼ritt«a  in  the  Catalontan  dialect  by  Yerda-  does  not  seem  to  be  room  for  this  complaint. 

g^er,  and  accompanied  by  a  translation  into  Of  the  large  number  of  books  and  occasional 

Spaoiih  by  Palau,  deserves  attention  on  ac-  publications,  a  very  considerable  if  not  the 

eount  of  the  lofty  ideas  it  contains  and  its  ex-  largest  part  is  composed  of  productions  called 

(ellent  versification.    The  only  dramatic  works  forth  by  questions  of  the  day,  political,  eoo* 

of  importance  are  "  En  el  pilar  y  la  Oruz,"  by  nomical,  theological,  and  the  like,  and  com- 

Eehe^aray ;  *'  Ck>nsnelo,"  by  Ayala ;  and  a  dra-  paratively  few  that  aspire  to  permanent  recog^ 

ma  by  Gano,  ''La  Opinion  Ptiblica."   The  last  nition ;  and  men  of  the  highest  powers  are 


490  LITERATURE,  ENGLISH. 

found  in  t)ie  ranks  of  the  contestants.    Per-  antiquarian  and  a  new  political  interest,  and 

haps  they  do  only  their  duty  to  their  time  and  is  intrinsically  very  interesting.    Arcbbi^op 

country;  all  the  same,  the  eye  that  surveys  Trench's  ^^Mediseval  Church   History"  was 

the  sum  of  literary  ventures  for  a  year  is  com-  written  for  the  pleasure  and  profit  of  some 

pelled  to  pass  over  the  most  as  necessarily  young  lady  pupils.    It  might  have  been  made 

ephemeral  and  phenomenal.    And  yet  it  will  a  more  valuable  work  for  the  general  pablie  if 

be  conceded  that  there  is  no  lack  of  ability,  the  materials  had  been  recast;  but  the  proverb 

information,  and  earnestness  in  the  writers,  which  forbids  looking  a  gift-horse  in  the  mootb 

and  that  their  writings  are  excellently  adapted  has  its  application  in  its  utmost  force  to  the 

to  their  ends.  publication  of  a  book  by  Dr.  Trench.    ¥e  an 

HiSTOBT. — Although  no  historical  work  of  thankful  for  comparatively  small  favon  from 

the  first  class  has  made  its  appearance,  several  him.    A  new  edition  of  Finlay's  *^  History  of 

have  been  published  of  decided  value.    Among  Greece,  from  its  Conquest  by  the  Romans  to 

these  may  be  mentioned  Mr.  W.  E.  H.  Lecky's  the  Present  Time,"  recalls  public  attention  to 

^^  History  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen-  a  work  that,  while  it  records  but  too  faithfully 

tury."    It  is  rather  an  historical  essay  or  series  the  author's  prejudices,  fills  most  worthily  a 

of  essays  than  a  proper  history ;  but  the  thor-  place  for  which  there  is  not  even  a  chdmant 

ough  research  and  sagacious  judgment  and  besides.    The  *^  War  Correspondence  of  the 

dear  exposition,  by  which  the  author  is  honor-  Daily  News  "  brings  down  the  history  of  the 

ably  conspicuous,  give  more  than  ordinary  in-  Eastern  war  to  the  fall  of  Ears,  and  is  a  Dam- 

terest  to  his  representation  of  what  is  generally  tive  that  deserves  the  more  permanent  form  in 

esteemed  the  least  picturesque  and  least  spir-  which  it  is  published.    "  China :  History,  Laws, 

itual  era  of  English  history.     **  Democracy  in  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  People,"  by  John 

Europe,"  by  Sir  T.  Erskine  May,  while  labor-  Henry  Gray,  is  a  timely  book.    Since  Dr.  S. 

ing  under  the  disadvantage  of  a  certain  inde-  Wells  Williams  published  his  adnurable  work, 

terrainateness  in  the  conception  of  the  subject,  "  The  Middle  Kingdom,"  not  only  has  a  fuller 

and  a  corresponding  defect  in  its  treatment,  is  knowledge  of  China  become  possible,  but  the 

on  the  whole  not  unworthy  the  author  of  the  empire  has  passed  through  changes  needing  to 

continuation  of  Hallam's  ^^  Constitutional  His-  be  authentically  recorded.    Mr.  Gray 'a  work 

tory  of  England."     A  third  volume  of  the  is  as  good  for  the  present  time  as  that  of  Dr. 

^*  Constitutional  History  of  England,"  by  Wil-  Williams  was  thirty-  years  ago. 
liam  Stubbs,  carries  forward,  with  undimin-        In  literary  history  two  or  three  works  daim 

ished  evidence  of  large  learning  and  excellent  notice.    The  "  History  of  Roman  Literature," 

judgment,  a  work  that  is  worthy  to  stand  in  as  by  Charles  T.  Cruttwell,  is  happily  adapted  to 

intimate  relations  to  Hallam's  as  does  Sir  T.  produce,  as  it  is  evidently  the  fruit  of,  accurate 

E.  May's  continuation.     Mr.  J.  B.  Green*s  knowledge  and  sympathetic  appreciation  of  the 

*^  History  of  the  English  People,"  of  which  subject.    As  much  may  be  said  of  *^  The  TroQ- 

two  volumes  have  appeared,  is  an  expansion  badours :   Histoir  of  Provencal  Life  and  Lit- 

of  his  popular  **  Short  History,"  having  the  erature,"  with  the  further  advantage  of  being 

merits  and  some  of  the  defects  of  that,  but  on  a  less  familiar  line  of  research.    "  History 

bids  fair  to  prove,  when  completed,  deserving  of  English  Humor,"  by  the  Rev.  A.  G.  L'£s- 

of  the  widespread  approval  his  previous  work  trange,  though  on  a  subject  which  the  author 

raceived.    Professor  Masson's  ^^  Life  of  Mil-  had  pretty  much  to  himself,  and  of  which  the 

ton,"  so  entitled,  of  which   two   additional  materials  are  abundant,  is  a  work  the  exist- 

▼olames  have  appeared,  is,  in  fact,  a  history  of  enoe  of  which  need  not  deter  a  more  compe- 

England  in  the  seventeenth  century,  with  the  tent  writer  from  doing  it  over  again, 
figure  of  Milton  in  the  foreground.    The  plan        Bioobapht. — ^Every  man,  it  has  be^  said, 

of  the  work  is  faulty,  but  there  can  not  be  any  lives  at  the  center  of  a  world  of  his  own,  a 

question  of  the  ability  with  which  it  is  exe-  world  to  which  his  life  is  of  special  conse* 

cuted,  or  of  its  value  as  a  contribution  to  our  quence ;  and,  when  his  world  is  sufficiently 

knowledge  of  an  important  epoch  of  English  extensive,  his  life  is  likely  to  be  written.  Bi- 

history.    Mr.  J.  Gairdner's  ^^  History  of  the  Life  ography  is  thus  a  large  department  of  book- 

and  Times  of  Richard  lU."  is  a  monograph  show-  making.     Bnt    comparatively   few    are  the 

ing  sound  judgment  on  a  subJAct  upon  which  *^ Lives"  that  in  a  literary  point  of  view  can 

writers  have  so  often  given  way  to  extreme  be  said  to  have  a  lasting  value.    For  the  light 

views.     '^  History  of  the  Church  of  England,  which  they  cast  on  the  politics  of  England  in 

from  the  Abolition  of  the  Roman  Jurisdiction,"  the  reigns  of  George  IV.  and  William  IV.,  and 

as  the  title  suggests,  is  the  Work  of  a  oonser-  the  earlier  years  of  Victoria's,  the  **  Memoirs 

vative  churchman,  and  is  conscientioudy  and  of  the  Second  Viscount  Melbourne,"  by  W.  M. 

ably  done.    *^  Carthage  and  the  Carthaginians,"  Torrens,  M.  D.,  are  valuable.    They  emhody 

by  R.  Bosworth  Smith,  deals  with  an  obscure  materials  of  history.    It  is  to  be  regretted  that 

subject  on  which  the  details  of  history  are  scant,  the  skill  of  the  editor  has  fallen  below  hia  op- 

but  makes  the  most  of  them,  and  is  an  addition  portunity.    A  third  volume  of  Mr.  Martin's 

to  onr  stock  of  serviceable  works  on  the  his-  ^'  Life  of  the  Prince  Consort,"  in  which  the  pe- 

tory  of  the  ancient  world.    "  Cyprus,"  by  Gen-  riod  of  the  Crimean  war  is  largely  illnstrat«d, 

0ral  di  Cesnola,  has  the  advantage  of  a  revived  had  a  less  favorable  reception  than  its  prede- 


LITERATURE,  ENGLISH.  491 

cMBon,  from  the  snspicion  that  its  issae,  at  a  pen.    Mr.  Nassau  Senior^s  '^  Gonyersations  " 

time  when  there  was  a  prevailing  apprehen-  with  Thiers,  Guizot,  and  other  eminent  French 

sion  of  a  design  to  press  an  anti-Russian  policy,  statesmen,  though  casting  little  new  light  on 

was  meant  to  add  the  infiuence  of  the  Oourt  the  causes  of  events,  disclose  states  of  opinion 

to  that  of  the  Gahinet.    Bat,  leaving  the  pre-  which  have  a  curious  interest  after  the  event 

jadices  of  oontemporHrjpolitica  aside,  the  vol-  Some  brief  biographical  essays  on  ^*  English 

ume  is  adapted  to  raise  the  public  estimate  of  Men  of  Letters  '*  are  themselves  so  choice  ex- 

the  Prince,  and  to  relieve  him  of  some  imputa-  amples  of  literary  art  as  to  have  the  promise 

tions  that  were  at  that  period  of  his  life  very  of  enjoying  a  durable  place  in  public  estima- 

geoerally  believed.    Mr.  Edward  Smith's  biog-  tion.      *^  Johnson,''  by   Leslie   Stephen,  and 

raphj  of  William  Gobbett  is  a  fit  memorial  of  **  Scott,"  by  R.  H.  Button,  may  be  particularly 

a  remarlcable  though  not  in  all  respects  admi-  mentioned.    The  appearance  of  two  lives  of 

rable  man.    Recurring  to  an  earlier  time  in  Leasing,  one  by  Mr.  James  Sime  and  one  by 

English  history,  we  have  a  weU-ezecuted  **  Life  Helen  Zimmem,  caused  the  subject  to  be  much 

of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,"  by  Louise  Greighton ;  bewritten  in  the  reviews,  if  not  largely  read 

ftod  Mr.  Peter  Bayne  has  given  to  the  ^^  Ghief  about 

Actors  in  the  Puritan  Revolution  "  the  benefit  Fiction.  —This  department  of  literatnre  has 
of  his  thoughtful  and  effective  literary  treat-  come  to  engross  more  and  more  the  activity  of 
ment.  ^* William  Harvey:  a  History  of  the  writers  and  the  interest  of  readers,  until  it 
Discovery  of  the  Girculation  of  the  Blood,"  by  now  leads  all  others  in  the  number  of  works 
R.  Willis,  M.  D.,  is  at  once  a  good  biography  produced,  if  not  in  the  solid  content  of  print- 
sod  a  satisfactory  vindication  for  its  distin-  ed  paper.  It  were  much  to  be  wished  that  the 
guiahed  subject  of  the  honor  of  which  un-  quality  improved  in  proportion.  But  the  ranks 
friendly  criticism  has  sought  to  deprive  him.  of  the  novelists  are  swelled  by  a  crowd  of 
The  *^  Memoirs  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Hodg-  young  aspirants,  who  press  into  this  as  the 
wn,  B.  D.,"  by  his  son,  the  Rev.  James  T.  most  promising  field  of  authorship,  and  whose 
Uodgson,  while  preserving  "  the  memory  of  a  crude  attempts  would  depress  the  average 
man  of  worth,"  derive  their  chief  interest  f^om  quality,  even  if  the  best  writers  equaled  or  im- 
hU  relations  with  Lord  and  Lady  Byron,  and  proved  upon  the  best  of  their  previous  work — 
the  light  they  throw  upon  the  character  of  the  which  unhappily  they  do  not  Mr.  William 
ooble  and  unhappy  poet,  and,  negatively,  upon  Black's  latest  poem  (as  it  might  after  the  Qer- 
the  caases  of  his  separation  from  his  wife— es-  man  manner  be  fitly  called),  *^  Macleod  of 
tablishing  a  strong  pre:nimption  against  the  Dare,"  is  an  advance  upon  its  immediate  pred- 
sbocking  interpretation  for  which  an  Ameri-  ecessor,  and  comes  within  the  inner  circle  of 
can  authoress  a  few  years  ago  made  herself  his  best  work ;  but  it  is  not  on  the  whole 
responsible.  Very  little  biographical  value  or  equal  to  his  ^^  Princess  of  Thule,"  of  which  the 
interest  can  be  ascribed  to  the  ^*  Letters  of  reader  is  forcibly  reminded.  It  exhibits  a  tragic 
John  Keats  to  Fanny  Brawne,"  and  it  is  diffi-  power  beyond  anything  he  has  before  given  us, 
colt  to  see  a  snfiicient  reason  for  their  pnblica-  but  in  other  respects  is  less  fortunate.  Mr. 
tion.  The  poet's  memory  is  preserved  to  better  Thomas  Hardy  has  shown  a  more  steady  prog- 
purpose  and  in  a  far  tnore  agreeable  way  in  ress  in  his  art,  and  is  working  his  way  to  the 
''Recollections  of  Writers,"  by  Gharles  and  front  rank  of  English  novelists.  His  *^  Return 
Hary  Cowden  Glarke — a  volume  rich  in  anec-  of  the  Native  "  is  a  striking  production,  which 
dote,  and  which,  though  frequently  on  the  would  perhaps  be  improved  by  a  quicker  move- 
point  of  gushing,  is  on  the  whole  an  exceeding-  ment  of  the  story,  but  makes  a  strong  impres- 
Ijpleasant  introduction  into  a  brilliant  society,  sion  of  character  and  powers.  Mrs.  Ollpbant 
The  ^'  Life  and  Letters  of  Sydney  Dobell "  will  is  another  example  of  a  steady  working  out  on 
render  a  service  to  the  memory  of  one  whom  the  lines  traced  by  her  well-tested  capacity. 
the  lovers  of  good  literature  should  not  will-  She  relies  for  freshness  of  impression  not  up- 
iogly  suffer  to  be  forgotten.  The  "  Life  of  on  anything  artificial  or  sensational,  but  upon 
Oeorge  Gombe,"  by  Gharles  Gibbon,  is  a  good  an  inexhaustible  fertility  of  imagination.  She 
secount  of  a  man  whose  infiuence  on  popular  weaves  new  plots,  conceives  of  new  types  of 
opinion  has  been  very  great  *^  Memoirs  of  character,  ana,  though  making  no  pretensions 
Anna  Jameson,"  by  Gerardine  McPherson,  de-  to  the  first  rank  among  novelists,  keeps  her 
Kribe  a  character  and  a  career  that  command  high  place  in  the  second  rank  with  no  token 
•dmiration  and  sympathy.  The  same  may  be  of  diminishing  power,  and  with  all  her  original 
ttid  of  ^^  Robert  Dick^  of  Thurso,  Botanist  and  simplicity  of  style.  Her  ^^Tonng  Musgrave" 
^logist*'  by  Samuel  Smiles.  Mr.  John  Mor-  had  hardly  been  k>ng  enough  in  hand  to  be 
lej  continues  his  elaborate  biographical  por-  read  and  approved  before  there  were  reports  of 
traitnres  of  men  representing  the  irreverent  another  soon  to  be  forthcoming.  There  must 
tendencies  of  thought  in  the  eighteenth  oen-  come  an  end,  of  course ;  but  it  is  seldom  that 
tary,  by  the  publication  of  two  volumes  on  so  many  successive  ventures  are  made  with 
'*  Diderot  and  the  Encydopssdists."  Mr.  Ham-  so  uniform  a  standard  of  recognized  merit 
erton's  "Modem  Frenchmen:  Five  Biogra-  "Scotch  Firs,"  by  Sarah  Tytler,  shows  the 
pbies,''  tfl  marked  by  the  charm  of  style  which  same  insight  into  human  nature  of  the  Scotch 
nskes  it  a  pleasure  to  read  anything  from  his  variety  that  her  previous  works  have  exempli- 


493  LITERATURE,  ENGLISH. 

fied,  and  her  nnmeroas  readers  have  been  de-  tive,  reverent,  and  though tfal,  thongh  noflatli* 

lighted  with.  factory  to  any  but  those  who  with  the  aoUior 

Thsoloot  and  Religion. — ^This  has  hereto-  credit  less  than  half  the  record, 
fore  been  the  most  namerous  class  of  pnblioa-  Scienob  ahd  PmLoeopHT. — ^The  coDtribn- 
tioDs.  It  now  yields  the  precedence  to  fiction,  tions  to  these  departments  of  investigation  ar« 
Though  a  less  nnmerons,  it  may  be  a  larger  not  numerous  nor  ^ery  weighty.  Profesc: 
class;  but  out  of  the  mass  of  didactic  and  con-  Huxley  has  given  us  ^'Physiography:  Intro- 
troversial  books,  only  a  few  claim  more  than  duotion  to  the  Study  of  Nature.'^  He  is  sore 
a  passing  recognition  from  the  literary  critic,  of  his  audience  whenever  he  speaks.  Mr.  Nor* 
The  ^*  Essays,  Historical  and  Theological,"  of  man  Lookyer  expounds  for  the  general  remicf 
the  late  Canon  Mozley,  in  respect  to  power  of  '^  Star-gazing,  Past  and  Present.*'  In  ''  TLe 
thought  and  solid  energy  of  style,  are  among  Voyage  of  the  Oballenger,"  by  Sir  G.  Wrville 
the  most  important  works  of  tbeir  class.  They  Thomson,  some  of  the  results  of  sucoessful  saV 
are  historical  in  more  than  ooe  sense ;  com-  marine  exploration  are  exhibited  in  an  interest- 
posed  at  intervals  during  the  author's  career,  ing  way. 

from  his  university  graduation  to  the  close  of  In  political  and  economical  science  sevenl 

life,  they  indicate  the  progress  of  liis  mind — a  productions  deserve  mention.    '^  Social  Fdi- 

mind  of  more  compass  and  force  than  was  fully  tics,"  by  Arthur  Arnold,  discusses  important 

recognized  before  his  work  here  was  done,  problems  in  a  fearless,  intelligent  way,  ftom  s 

We  read  him  always  with  admiration,  scarcely  liberal  standpoint.    *'The  Political  Writing 

less  when  compelled  to  differ  from  him  than  of  Richard  Oobden  "  have  been  collected,  aod 

when  we  feel  ourselves  borne  along  with  him.  make  a  fresh  impression  of  his  power.    *'  Frtt 

**  History  of  the  Ohristian  Church  during  the  Trade  and  Protection,"  by  Henry  Fawoett, 

First  Ten  Centuries,"  by  Philip  Smith,  is  a  good  M.  P.,  ably  maintains  the  accepted  doctriae  of 

manual  for  the  general  student;  ^^  History  of  economists  against  a  growing  tendency  to  M 

the  English  Church,"  by  G.  G.  Perry,  is  a  work  back  into  the  protectivo policy.    Another  woii 

of  particular  interest  to  Anglican  churchmen ;  in  the  same  field  of  thought  is  '^  Cbapten 

and  ^*  Religion  in  England  under  Queen  Anne  in  Political  Economy,"  by  Professor  Bodsict 

and  the  Georges,"  by  John  Stoughton,  is  a  Price. 

work  that  will  commend  itself  to  readers  of  Turning  to  matters  less  eonneoted  with  ma- 
different  shades  of  belief  by  the  evidence  it  terial  interests,  **  The  Natural  History  of  AtLe- 
gives  of  a  broad  charity  that  consists  with  in-  ism,"  by  Professor  J.S.  Blackie,  in  a  literair 
telligent  discrimination.  Two  or  three  impor-  point  of  view  has  much  to  oomm^id  it.  The 
tant  Biblical  works  have  appeared.  A  ^^  New  author's  strong  individuality  stamps  every  page. 
Testament  Commentary  for  English  Readers,"  The  style  is  vivid  and  racy.  But  of  how  modi 
edited  by  Bishop  Ellicott,  more  full  in  exposi-  value  it-  is  as  a  specimen  of  philosophizing  is 
tion  than  ^*  The  Speaker's  Commentary,"  and  another  question,  as  to  which  it  might  be  va- 
exacting  less  from  the  reader  than  the  commen-  turesome  to  speak  confidently.  Yet  it  is  a 
tariesfor  professional  use,  fills  an  unappropriated  book  that  will  be  read,  and  by  thoee  who  read 
place  in  our  libraries.  Professor  E.  H.  Plump-  it  enjoyed^  We  note  also  **  Discoveries  at 
tre,  one  of  the  writers  in  Bishop  EUicott's  se-  Sinai  in  Arabia  and  of  Midian,"  by  Charlei 
ries  of  volumes,  has  put  forth  an  '^  Exposition  of  Beke,  and  ^^  Lectures  on  Assyrian  PLilologr/' 
the  Epistles  to  the  Seven  Churches  in  Asia."  by  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Sayoe. 
A  posthumously  pablished  **  Commentary  on  Tbavxl. — The  English  never  tire  of  trsTtl 
the  Greek  Text  of  the  Episties  to  the  Thessa-  and  adventure,  and  this  national  trait  shows 
lonians,"  by  John  Eadie,  D.  D.,  will  take  a  itself  in  the  current  literature.  But  out  of  the 
place  beside  the  respected  author's  works  be-  numerous  printed  memorials  of  the  pasaioD 
fore  published,  as  favorable  examples  of  the  for  roving,  few  call  for  reference  here.  ^  On 
more  conservative  method  of  interpretation.  Horseback  through  Asia  Minor,"  by  F.  Bonu- 
Out  of  numerous  volumes  of  sermons,  mention  by,  is  an  entertaining  narrative  of  personal  ad- 
should  be  made  of  *'  Some  Difficulties  of  Be-  venture.  In  regard  to  the  opinions  and  senti- 
lief,"  by  the  Rev.  T.  Teignmouth  Shore ;  "  Hu-  ments  of  the  writer,  one  feels  that  it  is  necet- 
man  Life  and  its  Conditions,"  by  R.  W.  Church,  sary  to  make  allowance  for  an  anti-Ras»an 
D.  C.  L.,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's ;  ^*  Eternal  Hope,  feeling  so  strong  as  to  give  him  the  air  of  an 
andotberSermons,"  by  Canon  Farrar;  and  the  apologist  for  the  Turk.  Tliere  is,  of  conne. 
Rev.  Charles  Eingsley's  posthumous  volume,  no  conscious  misinterpretation  of  fiacts,  bat  tU 
^^  AH  Saints'  Day,  and  otner  Sermons."  Mr.  reader  soon  learns  to  suspect  the  author's  lean- 
Thomas  Hnprhes  asks  and  ^ks  to  answer  the  ings  and  to  make  allowance  for  them.  Tvo 
question,  ^*  The  Old  Church :  What  shall  we  Do  striking  contrasts  are  presented  in  ^^  The  Thir^- 
with  it  ?  " — pleasant  reading,  like  everything  Land,"  by  Parker  Gilmore,  and  "  The  Great 
that  comes  from  his  pen,  but  of  not  much  Frozen  Sea :  Personal  Narrative  of  the  Voya^ 
weight  as  argument.  *^  Philochristus  "  is  an  of  the  Alert."  Another  Arctic  experience  is 
ingenious  attempt  to  construct  a  new  gospel,  related  in  "  The  Shores  of  the  Polar  Sea :  Nar* 
It  assumes  to  be  a  view  of  the  life  of  Jesus  by  rative  of  Arctic  Expeditions  in  1875-''76/'  ^7 
a  disciple ;  the  materials  are  the  first  three  £.  L.  Morse.  ^*  Art  and  Art  Industries  in  Ja- 
gospels,  the  miracles  excepted.    It  is  sngges-  pan^"  by  Sir  Rutherford  Alcod^  will  excite  a 


LITERATUBE,  ENGLISH.  LONG,  OHABLES  0.            493 

higher  appreciation  of  the  oivUization  of  that  Pobtbt. — No  new  candidate  for  the  lanrel 
Oriental  '^  wonder-land."    Mr.  Anthony  Trol-  has  appeared,  of  suflScient  promise  to  make  a 
lope,  the  Doyeliat,  in  his  hook  on  ^*  Sonth  Af-  sensible  impression  upon  critical  minds  or  on 
rica,"  embodies  bis  views  of  the  condition  and  tbe  more  susceptible  apprehension  of  ordinary 
needs  of  that  portion  of  the  British  dominions,  readers,  while  the  established  favorites  of  the 
The  graphic  pen  of  the  practiced  writer  ex-  poblio  have  made  no  demonstration.  Mr.  Swin- 
hibits  to  good  advantage  the  observations  of  barneys  **  Poems  and  Ballads  ^^  include  some 
the  fresh  eye.    Mr.  Angustns  J.  0.  Hare,  in  pieces  that  compare  with  his  best  work ;  but 
his  ^'  Walks  in  London,"  does  for  his  country's  the  larger  part  of  the  volume  consists  of  pro- 
metropolis  what  he  has  done  with  pen  and  dnctions  that  can  not  add  to  his  fame.    They 
pencil  for  Borne  and  its  environs,  and  for  the  show,  indeed,  his  sovereign  mastery  over  lan- 
cides  of  northern  Italy.    *^  The  English  Lake  guage  and  meter.    In  condensed  energy  of  ex- 
District,  as  interpreted  in  the  Poems  of  Words-  pression  no  poet  since  Byron  can  compare  with 
worth,"  by  Professor  William  Knight,  came  of  him,  and  the  melody  of  his  verse  is  something 
a  happy  suggestion.    The  landscape  of  the  lake  marvelous.    But  one  feels  that  these  gifts  are 
•district  is  present  in  nearly  all  of  Wordsworth's  too  often  expended  on  sentiments  that  are 
poetry,  and  those  in  which  it  is  not  directly  scarcely  worthy  of  such  investiture,  and  which 
visible  as  furnishing  the  pictorial  element  are  give  to  some  of  his  sweetest  verse  a  joyless 
steeped  in  its  atmosphere,  and  the  poems  are  expression.    Mr.  Browning's  latest  production 
almo*^  a  guide-book  to  the  district.    Professor  is  one  that  will  be  regarded  as  equally  *^  rich 
Knight  is  at  home  in  both.    He  is  lovingly  and  strange"  with  the  generality  of  his  produo- 
familiar  with  the  poems,  and  has  for  himself  tions — *^  rich  "  to  his  admirers  and  in  their  view 
traced  out  their  local  allusions,  and  read  them  altogether  admirable,  and  to  others  '^  strange," 
in  the  scenes  in  which  they  were  born.    Their  amorphous,  and  altogether  ^^  unspeakable."    A 
mutually  interpretative  character  could    not  seeming  negligence,  an  occasional  departure 
have  a  more  accomplished  expounder.    In  their  (for  good  reasons)  from  the  regulation  move- 
*' Pictures  and  Legends  from  Normandy  and  ment  of  verse,  like  a  judiciously  introduced 
Brittany,'^  Thomas  and  Katharine  Maoquoid  discord  in  music,  has  its  legitimate  place  and 
continue  a  series  of  observations  and  recoUeo-  effect.    But  music  in  which  discord  is  the  rule 
tions  that  it  is  safe  to  say  hare  a  higher  charm  and  harmony  the  exception,  or  verse  the  struc- 
than  other  eyes  would  disoover  in  the  scenes  ture  of  which  is  a  perpetual  stumbling-block 
they  describe.    Not  only  from  the  mingling  of  to  the  reader,  requires  a  taste  educated  into 
fiction  with  fact,  but  there  is  ^*  speculation  in  the  capacity  of  approval.    A  volume  of  *^  Prose 
these  eyes,"  which  look  as  it  were  through  an  and  Verse  "  by  Thomas  Moore,  edited  from 
idealizing  atmosphere,  and  fact  and  feeling,  de-  his  MSS.,  contains,  as  might  have  been  ex- 
seription  and  legend,  together  give  more  pleas-  pected,  little  to  reward  the  reader's  attention, 
are  to  the  reader  than  most  observers  would  Moore  was  not  likely,  through  excess  of  mod- 
bring  to  or  bring  from  a  personal  survey  of  esty  or  for  any  other  reason,  to  withhold  from 
their  route  of  travel.    Mr.  H.  Hussey  Vivian,  the  press  anything  that  was  worth  printing. 
M.  P.,  made  a  three  months'  tour  in  the  United  What  he  published  would  have  been  the  better 
States  in  1877,  and  has  published  the  results  for  sifting ;  tbe  shreds  and  patches  of  his  liter- 
of  his  observations.    He  traveled  under  such  ary  workshop  were  not  worth  collecting.    In 
special  advantages,  and  made  such  good  use  of  **  Lautrec,"  by  Mr.  John  Payne,  whose  produc- 
his  opportunities,  that  he  gathered  a  consider-  tions  are  coming  to  be  recognized  by  a  widen- 
sble  mass  of  valnable  information,  which  does  ing  circle,  confirmation  is  read  of  the  promise 
Dot  lose  any  of  its  freshness  or  interest  from  seen  in  his  previous  productions.    Not  by  su- 
the  style  in  which  it  is  commnnioated.    Nor  perficial  graces  or  sacrifices  to  the  passion  for 
does  he  lack  an  appreciation  of  the  merits  of  new  sensations  in  the  realm  of  taste,  but  by  the 
vhat  he  observed,  and  hia  comparatively  un-  eonsdentious  working  out  of  ideals  worthy  of 
stadied  ^^  Notes  "  are  more  instmetive  to  those  elaboration,  he  seems  to  be  building  up  a  repu- 
for  whom  he  wrote  than  many  more  preten-  tation  that  may  become  fame, 
tious  works,  while  Americans  will  be  favorably  LONG,  Chaslbs  GnAiLLfi.     Colonel  Long, 
impressed  with  the  nervading  good  feeling  that  late  of  the  Egyptian  army,  who  has  distin- 
ehiracteriaea  the  volome.    Other  works  might  guished  himself  by  daring  military  expeditions 
be  named,  for  the  literature  of  travel  shows  no  in  the  service  of  the  Khedive,  and  still  more 
signs  of  contraction,  but  tbe  above  may  suffice  by  important  geographical   investigations  in 
S9  among  the  more  noticeable.  More  than  once  equatorial  Africa,  was  born  in  the  town  of 
has  the  feeling  found  expression  that,  though  Princess  Anne,  in  Maryland,  in  the  year  1842. 
the  survey  of  the  globe  is  not  scientifically  Destined  for  the  legal  profession,  he  was  called 
complete,  yet  for  the  pleasure  of  travel  or  the  away  from  bis  studies  by  the  outbreak  of  the 
pnmt  and  delight  of  readers  little  more  re-  war  of  secession.    Enlisting  as  a  common  sol- 
muaed  to  be  explored ;  but  every  year  gives  dier,  he  won  successive  promotion  up  to  the 
proof  that  discovery  is  not  at  an  end,  that  ad-  rank  of  captain,  serving  in  the  11th  Maryland 
venture  has  not  become  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  regiment  and  subsequently  on  the  staff  of  a 
that  for  g9od  books  of  travel  a  legitiniate  mar-  brigade   commander.     At  the   close  of  the 
^  still  remains.  American  war,  although  recommended  for  a 


494  LONG,  CHARLES  0.  LOUISIANA. 

oaptainoy  in  tbe  regular  army,  his  inclination  LOUISIANA.  An  information  was 
for  an  active  military  life  led  him  to  apply  for  against  the  Retnming  Board  of  the  State,  in 
an  appointment  in  the  serrice  of  the  Viceroy  consequence  of  the  instructions  of  the  gniMi 
of  Egypt,  whose  army  was  then  deprived  of  jury  of  Orleans  Parish,  on  July  6,  1877.  It 
officers  by  the  recall  of  the  Frenchmen  at-  charged  WeUs,  Anderson,  Casanova,  and  Een- 
taoLed  to  the  Egyptian  army.  Long  acquired  ner,  members  of  the  board,  with  utteriis 
the  appointment  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  forged  and  counterfeit  returns  from  the  paruh 
dyrfds  Pintendanee,  The  scheme  of  the  Khe-  of  Vernon  of  an  election  held  November  7, 
dive  for  throwing  off  the  Turkish  yoke  was  1876,  for  Presidential  electors,  by  which  the 
defeated  by  the  diplomatic  interference  of  votes  for  the  Hayes  electors  were  increased 
England,  so  that  for  some  years  after  Long's  from  2  to  180,  and  those  for  the  Tilden  electon 
entrance  into  tlie  Egyptian  service,  in  the  be-  decreased  from  864  to  469.  The  accused  plead- 
ginning  of  1870,  he  was  disappointed  in  his  ed  not  guilty,  and  one  of  them  was  brought  to 
hopes  for  an  active  military  life.  In  tlie  com-  trial  in  January,  1878. 
mencement  of  1874,  upon  the  appointment  of  The  case  of  the  State  ts.  Thomas  C.  Ander- 
Colonel  Gordon  as  successor  to  Sir  Samuel  son,  as  this  trial  was  named,  was  commeDC(;d 
Baker  in  the  governor-generalship  of  the  on  January  28th.  In  evidence  the  public  rec- 
Equatorial  Provinces,  and  the  organization  of  ord,  the  subject  of  tbe  charge,  the  confloli- 
an  extensive  expedition  into  the  regions  of  the  dated  statement  of  the  parish  of  Yenionin  its 
upper  Nile,  Long  was  detached  at  his  own  re-  altered  condition,  was  exhibited  to  the  jury. 
quest  and  sent  to  join  Gordon  at  Gondokoro  Its  genuineness  as  having  been  the  origuul 
in  the  quality  of  chief  of  staff.  For  three  true  record  and  subsequendy  altered  was  dear- 
years  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  expedi-  ly  proved.  It  was  proved  that  in  its  origioAl 
tions,  full  of  adventure  and  rich  in  geographi-  condition  it  was  an  honest,  true  statemeot  or 
cal  results,  which  revealed  much  that  was  record  of  the  votes  cast  by  the  voters  of  the 
unknown  of  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  of  the  parish  of  Vernon  for  Presidential  electors,  it 
Niam-niam  and  pygmies  west  of  the  White  the  generd  election  in  November,  1876 ;  that 
Nile,  and  of  the  countries  on  the  east  coast,  it  was  in  its  true  condition  placed  in  an  enre- 
His  experiences  have  been  recounted  in  a  book  lope,  sent  to  the  board  of  returning  officers  la 
named  ^'Oentral  Africa:  Naked  Truths  of  New  Orleans,  reoeived  at  the  office  of  tbe 
Naked  People."  His  first  expedition  left  Gon-  board,  opened  by  one  of  its  members  in  the 
dokoro  in  April,  1874,  very  ill-provided  with  presence  of  the  accused,  Thomas  G.  Anderson, 
supplies,  and  destined  to  endure  great  hard-  who  commented  thereon,  and  it  was  fonnd  to 
ship ;  he  penetrated  to  the  seat  of  M^tse,  the  be  in  its  original  and  true  condition.  It  wai 
monarch  of  Uganda,  navigated  and  surveyed  proved  that  after  the  statement  had  been  ex- 
for  the  first  time  the  Victoria  N'yADza,  and  posed  to  view,  a  party  at  the  time  then  pres* 
discovered  the  connection  of  that  lake  with  ent  took  it  into  his  possession,  and  for  ideoti- 
the  Albert  N'yanza  and  the  Nile ;  he  also  dis-  fication  placed  thereon  two  private  marks. 
covered  the  considerable  body  of  water  called  Said  marks  were  observed  on  the  altered  stat^ 
Lake  Ibrahim,  north  of  the  Victoria  Lake,  ment  when  shown  to  the  jury,  being  pointed 
The  Khedive  rewarded  the  explorer  with  the  out  by  the  witness  who  had  placed  them  npop 
rank  of  colonel  and  the  title  of  bey.  In  1875  it.  It  was  shown  that  such  papers  as  cossoli- 
he  commanded  a  military  expedition  into  the  dated  statements,  tally-sheets,  affidavits,  etc^ 
Makaraka  and  the  country  of  the  Niam-niam,  pertaining  to  a  parish,  were  placed  in  a  pack- 
and  encountered  specimens  of  the  remarkable  age,  sent  to  the  chief  derk^s  office,  and  therein 
pygmy  race,  one  of  which,  a  woman,  he  deposited  for  safe  keeping  and  for  fotare  re- 
brought  back  with  him.  In  September,  1875,  quirements,  the  papers  of  each  parish  in  i 
he  was  dispatched  with  sealed  orders  ftom  the  compartment  by  itself.  It  was  shown  th&t  all 
Khedive  at  the  head  of  a  force  of  800  men  find  action  on  consolidated  statements  or  re- 
on  a  maritime  expedition  to  the  port  of  Kis-  turns  of  the  election  taken  by  the  returning  of- 
maya  in  the  dominions  of  the  Sultan  of  Zan-  fleers  was  in  what  was  termed  secret  sesEioo, 
zibar.  They  captured  the  three  ports  of  being  in  contradistinction  to  the  other  regnl&r 
Brava,  Kismaya,  and  Ras  Hafoon.  While  wait-  sessions.  It  was  shown  that  no  one  wss 
ing  for  further  orders,  Long  explored  the  Tuba  expected  or  permitted  to  be  present  with  the 
River.  In  the  mean  time  the  Sultan  of  Zan-  returning  oflaoers  during  the  secret  sesaon, 
zibar  had  appealed  to  the  English  Govern-  except  the  attorney  for  the  Returning  Board; 
ment  for  protection,  and  at  their  intercession  that  the  Returning  Board  law  regards  the 
the  Khedive  receded  from  his  position,  deny-  board  complete  with  five  members,,  one  of 
ing  his  responsibility  for  the  occupation  of  the  them  to  be  of  what  is  called  the  opposite  partr; 
conquered  country  under  the  plea  of  an  ^^  ex-  that  only  four  members  participated  in  tbe 
cess  of  zeal  *'  on  the  part  of  his  officer.  The  action  of  the  board,  all  being  of  the  stfos 
occupation  was  not,  however,  entirely  without  political  party;  that  although  repeated  appii- 
resultfi^  since  the  extension  of  the  Egyptian  cations  had  been,  made  to  the  board,  incon* 
dominion  as  far  as  Ras  Hafoon  on  the  Indian  plete  as  it  existed,  to  have  the  vacancy  filled, 
Ocean  has  since  then  been  recognized  by  the  said  application  being  in  behalf  of  that  portion 
Britiah  Government.  of  the  people  not  connected  with  the  political 


LOXnSIANA.  496 

partT  to  which  the  four  members  of  the  board  where  gives  to  this  ooniolidMed  statement  uaj  effl- 

were  attached,  it  was  never  done.    When  the  J*°y  <>'  ^'i"®  "  evidence  of  the  resalt  of  the  eleo- 

_...^. ^oilL—  ^^^^  i^  .^..-^4.  ^^<.«!^^  :«.  — «-  tioQi  nor  does  it  edv where  direot  or  pormit  it  to  be 

Mtormng  officers  were  in  secret  session,  it  was  ^.^  j  „  ^  ^^^  of  Mcertaining  such  result.    The 

shown  that  a  messenger,  in  accordance  with  returning  omceiB  aie  not  required  to  use  it.  The  in- 

their  instractions,  wonld  bring  from  the  chief  struments  or  doouments  they  are  required  to  canvass 

clerk's  office  into  an  apartment  thej  occupied  *''•  *he  origiual  returns  of  the  commiftsionera,  and 

th.oon|«lidated  statomenta  of  woh  parish^  as  ^^»  '&??ltud:?r.S:LT5  T^^'"?^ 

thej  ealled  for.    These,  m  the  absence  of  aU  pervisor  of  registration  "  is  of  so  litUe  account  that 

witnesses  save  the  attorney  of  the  board,  were  its  preservation  among  the  archives  of  either  parish 

then  acted  upon,  and  the  result  of  the  board's  or  state  is  not  commanded.    The  clerk  of  court  is 

decision  was  written  on  the  back  of  the  con-  »<>*  furnished  with  a  dyplioate,  as  he  is  of  the  com- 

M^iiA^^^  <i4.4.«,n/»«f    -rv»  nn^rwn  «  aUw^  ^t  •vn.^A.  missioncrs'  returns.    There  is  no  ofacer  who  is  au- 

sohdated  statement,  or  upon  a  slip  of  paper  ^^^^^^  ^j  1.^  to  give  a  certified  copy  of  it  for  use 

tbereon  placed.    The  same  messenger,  as  in-  ^  evidence,  or  for  any  other  use.    The  clerk  is  di- 

Btnioted  by  the  board,  would  receive  trom  it  rected  to  certifv  it  as  correct,  and  this  appears  to 

the  Gonsoiidated  statements  thus  acted  upon,  have  been  required  so  that  it  may  be  known  to  con* 

showing,  in  the  board's  opinion,  the  result  of  p"?  to  the  duplicate  list  of  commissioners'  returns 

fk*  «i-2li^«   ^^A  .^^i;„^.  4.k^».  «.o.  fk^  «k;^^  In  his  office ;  and  after  It  IS  so  certified  the  suporvisor 

the  eleo&on,  and  redeliver  them  to  the  chief  transmits  it  to  the  returning  oUioers  along  with  the 

eldrk  s  office.    Olerks  in  the  latter  office  would  original  returns  sent  him  by  the  commissioners,  and 

then  produce  from  the  consolidated  statements,  from  the  latter  alone  they  compile  the  vote. 

sabject  to  any  changes  noted  thereon  by  the  .  I^,*be  supervisors  of  rejristratlon  of  every  parish 

Ret«n.i^  Boari  the  proper  flgares  to  repre-  i"uSS.»'v°r  i':S."^'3"o;7^^i^'5^ 
sent  ito  final  result  of  the  election.  These  fig-  ^Qd  transmit  them  thus  altered  and  forged  to  the  re- 
ores  were  then  placed  upon  a  tabulated  state-  turning  officers,  and  these  officers  should  canvass 
meot  showing  at  a  glance  the  result  of  the  ^^ud  compile  the  votes,  as  the  statute  requires,  not 
election  throughout  the  State,  as  thus  deter-  ''">™  ^^%*^  consolidated  sutements,  but  from  the 
fnmik.1  k.  »i,Ak^<>.^  Tk;-  A^^n^^^i-  kA^<>r»A  Unaltered  commissionen*  returns,  no  injury  wonld 
mmed  by  the  board.  This  document  became  ^  ,^^„d  by  any  individual  or  by  the  bid/ poUtic 
oneof  theState  records,  was  shown  to  thejury,  Xhe  supervisors'  consoUdated  statement  is  not  made 
sod  npon  it  were  seen  figures  purporting  to  rep-  by  the  sutute  the  basis  of  the  final  canvass  and 
re^nt  the  result  of  the  election  in  the  parish  of  oompilation  of  the  vote,  as  the  original  returns  of  the 
Vernon,  and  corresponding  in  number  to  those  fmmissionore  are,  and  hence  the  alteration  and 
ffmj^A  ««««  ♦kA  auJ.^  ««T»^^a»4^  <iAo^.:k^  ;„  forgery  of  all  of  them,  the  returns  of  the  commis- 
foand  upon  the  altered  statement  dMcribed  in  .loSere  remaining  unaltered,  would  not  change  the 
we  charge  against  the  accused.  Baid  state  result  of  the  election  in  any  parish.  To  constitute 
record  was  certified  as  true  and  correct  by  the  forgery,  the  forced  instrument  must  be  one  which, 
fonr  members  of  the  Returning  Board,  as  evi-  if  genuine,  may  injure  another,  and  this  must  appear, 

deaoed  by  their  signatures,  Thomas  0.  Ander-  fu       ^™  «he  deacription  of  the  instrument,  or  by 

•A.       *'J  *"""  "•o""."**'"'*  *""^*f  ^' '^"V^'''  the  averment  of  matter  o/tvni^.    Where,  from  aught 

son,  the  accused,  being  one  of  the  number,  that  appeare  in  the  information,  the  instrument  was 

i  be  then  official  newspaper  was  exhibited  to  ^  ntidum  paeium^  or  of  no  effect,  forgery  can  not  be 

the  jnry,  containing  the  result  of  the  election  predicated  upon  it.    (People  vt,  Tomlinson,  S5  Cal., 


-— —  "^  «».v»»    ^mm^  ..vw.w^.  ..■w'...  «.  »w  wv  .W.WW  Boiiuai«u  FBi^urDB  oi  tno  saperYinor  oi  regiecrauon, 

the  consolidated  statement  of  the  votes  of  the  without  the  clerk'A  certificate,  is  or  is  not  a  public 

parish  of  Vernon,  and   none  to  show  who  record,  susceptible  of  forgery.    It  is  sufficient  to 

placed  on  the  State  record  above  described  JJ^fk  that  thepsper  offered  in  evidence  is  not 

fiimpAa  <i»».^»^n^:M»  ♦^  f-k^aik  -rv«  -«;,!  «iU»»^<i  thc  Instrument.  the  utterance  of  which  as  forged  v 

ngares  corresponding  to  those  on  said  altared  oharffed  upon  the  defendant. 

'~J®***^'it.  After  conviction  a  motion  in  arrest  of  judgment 

The  jarj  after  a  short  absence  brought  in  a  was  msde,  because  it  was  not  charged  in  the  mfor^ 

verdict  of  Guilty,  with  a  recommendation  to  mation,  either  in  ito  original  form  or  as  amended. 

SEh'^^'S'S:^  J''^t"^t.'r  -dfJ^eSTni^rSm^e'nra^^^ 

m  been  thus  convicted,  was  sentenced  to  two  any  official  capacity,  either  as  one  of  the  returning 

Tetfs'  confinement  in  the  penitentiary,  from  offlcen  or  in  any  capacity  other  than  as  an  Individ- 

which  he  appealed.    The  decision  of  the  8u-  ual,and  that  such  offense  could  only  have  been  com- 

preme  Court  of  the  State  was  rendered  on  fitted  in  an  official  capacity  to  operate  an  iigury  t» 

biKl'^^'-^'f.i'^''  M*-^^^w^^  ^'  ?e^r?^Thru^«7n3rp'uli^s^^^^^  ^^ 

Mite  the  yerdict  of  the  jury  against  Thomas  person,  or  by  a  pereon  in  any  public  capwlty,  other 

^-  Anderson,  and  discharged  the  prisoner  from  than  that4>f  returning  officer  of  elections,  could  not 

CQ^tody.    It  removed  the  necessity  for  a  new  have  ix^nred  or  defrauded  anv  one.    Suppose  tha^ 

trial,  and  implied  that  the  first  should  have  fourpresidentsofasmany  banks  in  this  city  had  ut- 

fMnlttt^i  ;..  •« ^..:4.4.«i   ^^t.  k^»..«^  ♦k^ 4.  terea  and  published  as  true  altered  and  forged  con- 

XZ^  ^^  "^  acqmttd,  not  because  the  act  .olidated  statementa  of  votes  of  any  parish  at  an  elec- 

ctiirged  was  not  committed,  but  because  when  tion,  as  made  by  the  supervisor  of  registration,  and 

<^mmitted  it  constituted  no  crime  known  to  had  caused  the  same  to  be  printed  in  the  official 

the  laws  of  the  State.    The  Chief  Justice  said :  ionrnal  under  their  signatures  as  presidents  of  the 

,.,    .  banks,  wonld  they  have  been  inaiotable  therefor 

Toa  instniment  charged  in  the  amended  informa-  under  the  statute  t    And  why  not  1    Simply  becnuse 


496  LOUISIANA. 

ifl  presumed  to  know  the  law,  and  therefore  to  know  The  other  ground  alleged,  viz.,  that  the  acts  o& 

that  the  pereone  thua  altering  and  puhlithing  were  which  the  charge  of  making  false  returns  is  buec 

without  authority  to  do  that  particular  act.  and  that  were  done  bj  the  petitioners  in  pursuanoe  of  the  tL> 

it  was  void  and  of  no  effect  when  done.    Hence  it  ia  foroement  lawa  of^  the  United  States,  is  more  to  t)  e 

the  essence  of  this  crime,  that  it  should  have  been  purpose.    The  difficulty  ie  an  eotirt)  one  of  spedi* 

committed  by  a  public  officer,  whose  function  it  waa  cation  of  the  acta  referred  to.    This  may  be  011.14 

to  prepare  and  publish  the  true  canvass  and  oompi-  to  the  fact  that  no  specification  is  made  in  the  iofor* 

lationof  Yotes;  and  the  averment  that  he  uttered  '            «   — -•          .«  .    .  _        .           .   .,  .  , 
and  published  the  false  canvass  and  com] 
his  official  capacity,  and  under  color  of                 , 

is  essential  in  an  information  to  support  a  conviction  j  non.  of  an  election  for  Presidential  cle'ctors.   ^bi; 

and  justify  a  judgment  thereon.    The  information  evidence  will  be  presented  in  support  of  the  cbirgt 

has  not  such  averment.  does  not  appear.    It  mar  have  no  respect  to  the  tfj 

The  charge  of  the  Judge  below,  which  is  admlra-  of  the  petitioners  done  oy  them  in  pursuance  cf  \h 

ble  for  its  judicial  tone  and  temper^  though,  as  we  acts  of  Congress.    The  charge  does  not  neeeKtriiv 

have  seen,  erroneous  on  the  questions  of  law  we  or  presumptively  imply  this.    The  petitionen  etD 

have  reviewed,  proceeds  throughout  on  the  idea  or  only  ooi^'ecture  that  it  will  be  so.    In  moiij  taei 

assumption  that  the  act  charged  in  the  information  there  would  not  exist  any  doubt  as  to  the  specift 

as  criminal  was  done  in  the  defendant's  official  ca-  acts  complained  of,  and  the  defendants  would  bire 

Sacity.    Even  the  instructions  asked  by  the  defen-  no  difficulty  in  affirming  the  authority  under  vbicA 

ant's  counsel  are  based  on  that  idea*    It  waa  no-  they  were  done.    A  revenue  officer  makinf^  Mimt, 

where  so  charged.  for  example,  and  being  prosecuted  for  taking  tbe 

,                  ^  party's  goods,  could  with  reasonable  oeitaintT&ia 

On  February  1st,  pending  the  trial,  an  ap-  what  goods  he  was  charged  with  taking,  and  goou 

plication  was  made  by  T.  0.  Anderson  and  the  "a^elv  and  with  certainty  allege  the  authoritj  h 

indicted  members  of  the  Returning  Board  to  ^h«;h  ]»«  did  the  acts  complained  of  and  thus  U 

T»a4^{^<»  Uy^^A]^^  ry4  ♦i.o  TT«u«^  af«*L  a™^Jl  enabled  to  remove  the  cause  to  the  Federal  Coot 

Justice  Bradley  of  the  United  States  Supreme  go  if,  in  obedience  to  the  enforcement  act,  an  office 

Court  for  a  writ  of  naoeai  carpus  eum  eausay  to  of  election  receives  the  votes  of  unrcgL^tered  pence.' 

remove  the  case  from  the  State  Oourt  to  the  not  allowed  to  register  on  accouLt  of  color,  and  ie  i£* 

United  States  Circuit  Court.    The  petition  re-  dieted  for  receiving  unlawful  votes— to  wit,  tberotf  j 

views  the  powers  of  the  late  Returning  Board  ^^  4* »»  »»4pi  sneciiled  by  name,  or  even  withota 
J  u  A  iu  w"«  x»vw  xv«vui**.*ig  ^vw***  g^pjj  ^  specification— he  could  very  properly  aim 
and  what  they  considered  their  duty  under  the  what  particular  acta  he  was  indicted  for,  aiid  cculc 
law.  It  holds  that  in  the  returns  made  and  in  have  no  difficulty  in  removing  his  cause.  But  in  lit 
the  promulgations  they  were  justified  by  the  present  case  the  charfe  is  for  publishing  a  false  re- 
laws  of  the  United  States  which  have  for  their  5^™  <>/  "^  election  h^d  at  a  pwticular  place.  Tl* 
^k«/.a4.  4-^^  ^*<>^4.;^«i  »«/».»^^^«>4.  r.*  ♦i.^  «««*!  defendants  can  not  allege  that  the  return  vas  nuc 
Object  the  pract  cal  enforcement  of  the  equal  ^^^^^  ^„  ^^^  ^^  CongSss.    It  was  not.  But  iktj 

civil  and  political  nghts  of  citizens  of  the  Unit-  suspect  that  it  will  be  attempted  to  make  out  ig^^i 

ed  States.     In  the  first  instance  they  hold  that  them  the  falsity  charged  by  proving  certain  afj 

they  were  United  States  ofiScers,  and  secondly  which  they  did  under  the  enforcement  act.  Thu, 

were  upholding  the  provisions  of  the  fifteenth  JSJfJf'iJ^^?  Sev^d*olnowTthl?h^^^^ 

amendment,  wherefore  a  writ  of  habeas  corpu$  ^^^  ^l  ^^ta,  or  dLa  of  acts,  w  hid.  they  auppoTw 

was  applied  for,  to  be  directed  to  the  Clerk  of  be  the  basui  of  the  charges,  so  that  the  Court  m^j 

the  Superior  Criminal  Court-,  and  that  the  case  see  with  sufficient  clearness  that  the  ca»e  is  one  tbt 

be  removed  to  the  United  States  Circuit  Court.  i»  removable.                                 _  .   .     ... 

A  f^^^  KAviAnrfn.*  fiiA  4^nr/%  Tvr.{*ifii  4«t  ♦>./»  r^o*?  "  sccms  to  mo,  thereforc,  that  no  suffieientcasc « 

Af t»r  reviewing  the  two  pmnts  hi  the  peti-  ^^^^^^  fo,  ^  p^^oval  of  the  cause.   To  entiti*  to 

tion,  the  Justice  decided,  "Upon  due  consid-  J  removal,  the  case  must  be  shown  to  be  viUiin  th# 

eration  of  the  foregoiog  petition  I  am  of  opin-  category  of  removable  causes.    The  general  assir- 

ion  that  it  can  not  be  granted,  and  it  is  accord-  tion  of  the  party  that  it  is  so,  or  any  general  tun- 

infflv  denied  *'  tion  that  does  not  enable  the  Court  to  see  that  in* 

TK/»  i.^«a^'».  ^A^^^^^A  u^  ur^  r^^M^^n^^A  eo,  is  not  sufficient.   But  the  petitioners  are  not  wiih- 

The  reasons  advanced  by  Mr.  Justice  Brad-  out  remedy.    If  on  the  triatit  should  be  aiteapt. 

ley  for  this  decision  were  as  follows:  ed  to  sustain  the  charge  by  acta  of  the  pftitionep 

The  right  of  removal  was  daimed  under  section  done  by  them  in  pursuance  of  the  acts  ofCoDgrt^, 

848  of  the  United  States  Revised  Statutes,  and  under  they  can  then  claim  the  benefit  of  those  actp,  and,  ^ 

that  clause  of  the  section  which  authoriies  a  removal  "fused  by  the  Court^  can  carry  their  case  to  U»e  be- 

whenever  any  civil  or  criminal  prosecution  is  in  a  V^^f^  Court  of  the  Umted  States  by  a  wntof  «nor. 

State  oourt  against  an  officer  of  the  United  States  or  „,,,.,              *    t      o.                   ^.^  a 

other  person  on  account  of  any  act  done  under  the  The  Legislature  of  the  State  assembled  on 

provisions  of  the  "  elective  franchise,"  or  on  account  January  8th.     There  were  in  the  Senate  36 

of  any  right,  title,  or  authority  under  any  of  aaid  members,  of  whom  20  were  Democrat*  and  16 

provisions.    To  entitle  the  petitioners  to  the  remo-  "p^,^„ki:^«fl  *\^^  oaa4-  rv#  ««/*  /^^  f>tn  PAnnWirins 

val  sought,  the  petition  should  show  that  the  prose-  fep^bhcans,  the  seat  of  ooe  of  the  RepubUcin^ 

cutlon  aeainst  them  is  for  some  act  done  as  United  being  contested ;  m  the  House  there  were  w 

States  officers.  Democrats,  62  Republicans,  and  2  Indepen- 

The  claim  of  petitioners  that  in  acting  as  members  dents,  while  returns  from  two  parishes  bad  sot 

of  the  Beturninpr  Board  they  were  United  States  offi-  been  received.    The  right  of  six  of  the  Bepnb- 

cers  18  not  tenable.    They  were  State  officers,  ap-  i;l!"  *r!r*KliJ„^-*l  «^^  J»^«*^*l^ 

pointed  under  a  State  law  ind  acting  under  the  State  ^^^  to  their  seats  was  contested, 

authority.    The  claim  that  the  correctness  of  the  re-  The  views  of  the  Legislature  and  of  tnepop- 

turns  was  adjudicated  by  the  Electoral  Commission  ular  majority  on  the  course  of  the  Federal 

was  oqually  untenable.    The  Electoral  Commission  Administration  were  soon  made  manifest.  On 

t^.i^ctt'^Vd'1^^^^^^^^^^^^  January  11th  ^be  ^Howlng  concurre^^^^^^^ 

this.    Tlicse  grounds  of  removal,  therefore,  are  not  tions  were  presented  in  the  Senate  by  benaior 

founded  on  facto.  Burch : 


LOUISIANA.  497 

WiiTUi^  One  WUliam  E.  Chandler,  a  prominent,  gallj  elected  Senator,  and  it  was  the  part  of 

inftaratUl,  and  weU-intbimed  member  of  toe  Nation-  wisdom  to  ackno  wledi^  the  fact 

il  RepubUoan  Committee,  baa  in  a  recent  open  letter  ^    j          .     reply  to  Mr.  Hahn,  said  that, 

mide  some  serioua  oharffea  aa  to  corruption  in  re-  /m    v    jvl»  *"  *''l'V   vm^^,  ^»^f  «*»**  "'-j 

oeiving  the  electoral  vote  of  the  Sute  of  Looiaiana  while  he  did  not  admire  the  method  Dj  which 

•t  thelast  Preaidential  election :  and  Mr.  Hayes  became  President,  he  wished  to  give 

Wktnat^  Said  WiUiam  E.  Chandler  dles^ea  that  him  credit  for  performing  what  he  (the  speaker) 

MTeral  thouaand  votes  oast  in  the  last  Presidential  considered  his  simple  duty  in  regard  to  Louisi- 

elMtion  m  this  State  were  changed,  m  order  that  the  ^^^   -^^  ^«- «Vo*«ir.;««  4CL,«  fi^^o/^  oofo  «rii;<»k 

electoral  vote  of  the  Stote  of  Louisiana  might  be  caat  ^^  »°d  ^Pl  abstaining  from  those  acts  which 

for  the  present  occupant  of  the  White  House ;  and  nave  tarnished  the  record  of  his  predecessor  for 

Wkenat,  It  b  asserted  that  on  aoooant  of  the  charge  even     The  policy  which  has  permitted  the  peo- 

or  ilU^on  contained  in  said  Chandler'a  letter  a  pie  of  the  State  to  assume  control  of  the  govem- 

raaohtion  will  be  introduced  m  Congress  at  an  early  ^  ^^  called  into  being  at  the  ballot-box  should 

dsj,  inquirmg  whether  any  »•  uijjust  or  lUegal  mea-  ,     «„^orfled  no  matter  bv  what  title  Mr  Havea 

lores  bsTe  been  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  fraud-  oe  enoorsea,  no  mawer  oy  wnaL  wue  jur.  nayes 

aleatly  presentmg  to  it  certiflcatea  upon  which  ita  held  his  seat.     He  found  this  policy  opposed 

action  was  baaed  in  deciding  ibe  election  of  Presi-  ^*  by  the  men  who  stole  the  Yote  of  Louisiana, 

dent  ofthe  United  States" :  therefore,  be  it  ^ho  were  the  principal  actors  in  the  oonsum- 

i/u!^^^M^^  ™*^^°  ^'  ^^"^  «^^**  ^^*^^'  ^*"^  ^^'^  ™^^*^*'  ^' 

our  Senators  and  Bepresentatives  in  Congre'ss  be  ^r^  ^^  a^ter  the  election  disturbed  the  Gov- 

tnd  ire  hereby  requested  to  cast  their  votes  in  favor  of  ernment;  by  the  men  who  sought  to  impose 

•a/ resolution  that  may  be  presented  in  either  branch  upon  Louisiana  a  similar  fraudulent  govem- 

ofCongress  looking  toward  thelnvestiffation  of  any  ^ent  to  the  one  they  had  imposed  upon  the 

:!S^'t2nffiS";ro?J'o?'SnS>?.''te'°F^^-  nation."    Mr  Jonas  denied  that  8.  B.  Packard 

dent  ofthe  United  States.    Be  it  further  was  ever  elected  Governor.    There  was  only 

Siiohmly  That  a  copy  of  this  preamble  and  reaolu-  one  government  then  ;  the  men  imprisoned  in 

tion  be  forwarded  to  each  one  of  our  Senators  and  the  State  House,  waiting  for  the  tramp  of  Fed- 

Bepresentativea  in  Congress,  properly  certified.  ^^^1  troops  coming  to  their  assistance,  did  not 

Oq  January  15th  the  following  resolution  constitute  a  government.    That  Legislature  as- 

was  offered  by  Mr.  Zacharie  as  a  substitute  for  sembled  in  the  State  House,  and,  with  barri- 

thd  above:  caded  doors,  went  through  the  farce  of  elect- 

Whena*,  CerUin  evU-diaposed  persona,  with  the  ing  a  United  States  Senator.    If  the  Leg^la- 

object  of  creating  turmoil,  in  order  that  they  may  ture  had  been  a  dejure  Legislature,  the  mem- 

proftt  thereby,  are  avidling  themselves  of  the  differ-  bers  should  have  died  before  surrendering  their 

eLcesexUtmg  at  the  time  of  the  count  of  the  electoral  richts.    The  speaker  described  the  events  at- 

Totei  to  asperse  the  PwBident,  of  the  Umted  States,  ^^^ing  the  election  of  Kellogg  by  the  Packard 

and  to  sroose  asainat  hia  admmistration  an  opposi-  "^"^"e  i»**c  ^awvuivu  vj.  u.o<i«^5e  ^j  «.«  *  a^*M^^^ 

Uoa  based  sol3y  upon  the  constitutional  and  wise  assembly,  the  capture  of  a  Democratic  Senator, 

course  pursued  by  him  in  restoring  local  self-fTovem-  who  refused  to  vote,  and  the  swearing  in  of 

meat  in  the  Southern  Statea,  and  endeavoring  to  raiae  other  persons  who  were  not  elected,  in  order 

'^i^*****'Sf!!"^"^i*'*^I'^2?7''^A"'^:      1    V  to  make  the  semblance  of  a  quorum.    No  ao- 

vitteSwSSr:n1%^^;^^^^^^^  tion  of  the  United  SUtesSen^^^^^^       deprive 

pewe,  oonctliation,  and  justice  which  has  been  in-  the  people  of  the  right  of  protestmg  against  the 

sQgnnted,  and  which  haa  already  given  such  benefi-  seatmg  of  William  P.  Kellogg. 

«^frttij»  '•     .        ,   ^        «..     ,       „      ^  ^  The  amendment  of  Mr.  Hahn  was  laid  on  the 

P.2S:r»i;:iS^'oSi;.S^t2,\^^^  t«We  and  the  resolution  oonourred  in-yea.  72. 

lusrtj  approval,  and  that  in  the  continued  execution  1*78  «7.            .^  ,    ,     ^         .^.            ^  ■■      . 

thereof  aa  well  as  in  hia  efforts  to  allav  sectional  On  January  17th  the  Committee  on  Federal 

dUoord,  and  to  reform  the  dvil  aervice  or  the  Gov-  Kelations  in  the  House  reported  the  following 

emment,  tiie  President  should  receive  the  hearty  substitute  to  a  resolution  relative  to  the  admis- 

S^^iJ^  w  to'ftliSon^  8^^^  ^'  ^-  P-  ^®^1«8«  to  a  seat  in  the  United 

1  That  a  oopy  of  thia  resolution  be  transmitted  to  States  Senate : 

This  substitute  was  adopted,  yeas  28,  nays  8.  ii^ustice  done  to  the  State  by  the  action  of  a  minority 

In  tile  House  of  RepresentiUives,  on  January  ^^^^^  Senate  of  the  United  States  on  the  Wth  of  N^ 

IfttK    «kA  ».><.o.i»4.:^no  nPi^i.A  ^.iIm<>«^i       uti  vember.  1877,  in  rejecting  the  Hon.  Henry  M.  Spof- 

ISth,  tiie  resolutions  were  considered.     Mr.  ^^,^^  ^f,^  y^^  been  ohos?n  a  Senator  from  Louisiana 

nann  moved  as  an  amendment  to  insert,  aiter  \>y  this  General  Asaembly  io  aooordance  with  theCon- 


u^  was  elected  Gk>Temor,  and  be  did  not  under-  tional  and  irresponsible  body,  which  never  exercised 

stand  the  reference  in  the  resolutions  to  local  any  legislative  authority,  waa  never  regarded  by  the 

KlfiTOveniment    The  only  local  self-govern-  people  of  the  State  as  representing  a  branch  of  the 

ment  was  estoblished  by  the  overturning  of  the  State  government,  and  dissolved  by  its  own  vohtion 

Packard  government  by  armed  forces.    He  re-  js,  Ufwiker  r49ohed,  That  when  the  United  Statea 

lerred  to  Mr.  Kellogg,  who  he  said  was  the  le-  Senate  so  aoted,  thia  General  Aaaembly,  and  the 
Vol.  XVIII. — 82    A 


498  LOUISIANA. 

Governor  and  Lieotenani-Govemor  deolared  by  it  to  yide  for  a  State  OonventioiL  to  amend  tLe 

have  been  elected  according  to  Uw.  together  with  Constitution,  which,  however,  failed  to  pas. 

the  appointees  thereof,  constituted  the  only  govern*  rpu^  4Vxn^-r;««.  ;-  i.i»^  «,iv-;— .^^    r^^xr 

ment  reoogniied  by  the  United  States,  or  ahy  branch  ^^^  toUowing  is  the  sabstanoe  of  the  pro- 

of  the  ffovemment  thereof,  as  representing  Louisi-  posed  amendments: 

ana  in  the  Federal  Union,  or  woepted  by  the  oourU  ^^  Submits  the  question  of  loeaUon  of  State  mi. 

^^?of„?^nE^n^H  W^^^^^                    tL'' w!f2fv«'  tal-B«ton  Bouge  ?r  New  Orlean^                      ^ 

^J^^lTL^iu^^nthl^!^^        fltS^'n-S  2.  Provides  that  BeDresentatives  shall  be  tbc^n 

?Ka^\on  i^t^^o^^^^  ^^  'I'  fi"^  Tuesday  aLr  the  first  Monday  in  Kc 

Tjadiment                ""»w"i  wimwuK  roDWMuio«  vr  &ui  vember,  every  two  vears,  and  be  elected  on  one  div ; 

%  ^  X'm^jl^  m^m^UisA  Tii-f  *Vi«  «.*^»;.s^»  ««  ♦!,-•  *^«  General  Assembly  to  meet  on  the  first  Mondiy 

Cotstit^^Tn^^f^'ullJ^^^^^  '^^i^^J^--^^^  -1--  -  <«ff«-^  <^y  ^ 


i'nJf  ?w  Kv  t^?Jimr..?«i  ;V  WiTui^;;  p**;  VIiT:;^  *•  F««>  ^»  «*1«7  of  members  of  the  Qi 

and  that  by  the  admission  of  William  Pitt  Kellogg  ^^j      ^  i^^^        ^     .      ^f  ninety  davs. 

said  requirement  not  only  remains  unfulfilled,  but  %    iI-^mku;  ♦%.«  ?rr«lX*i  a-.^^Vi-  i!^^.  «-«:.. 

the  Senlte  of  the  United  States  has  committed  a'dan-  ^±^  ^^  ,^^1;^  uSS  «W^n^^ 

gerous  infraction  of  the  rights  of  the  States  in  reoog-  Jl^SJs  etc^                  changing  venue  m  cnmiiul 

eare^vflVtSilta^'^^^^^  J^  ^--  the  salary  of  ttie  Governor  at  f.m  . 

^?n?.  ll'i^^r^I  *®*^'°*  '  pretencTer,  who  misrep-  ^  ^,  p.^^  ^^e  salary  of  the  Lieutenant-GoverD^r 

resents  her  people.  .^  ^^^1,1^  ^j^^^  ^^ ^  Assemblyman. 

After  debate  the  resolutions  contained  in  this  ®*  Relates  to  the  veto  power,  and  authorixes  tbt 

report  were  passed— yeas  60,  nays  89.    In  the  propriStTnl^Jo^^^^^^ 

Senate,  on  January  28th,  the  joint  resolutions  ^  9.  Prohilits  a  sSaried  officer  from  having  few. 

were  passed— yeas  21,  nays  7.  10.  Bektes  to  the  judicial  power,  and  creates  % 

The  bill  before  Oongress  at  this  time,  popn-  Supreme  Court,  district  courts,  and  justices  of  tU 

larly  known  as  the  "Bland  Silver  bill,^'  the  P«?f%.      ,,       ,      ^^,.    ^,.  -  ,  ^.      ,^,., 

r»K<Ay>4-   rs*  «fK;^k   «raa   ♦**  ^oir/^  «:i.,».  i^:.«   -  H-  FixcB  the  sslaiT  oftho  Chief  Jufit ICC  at  |TA"0 

object  of  which  was  to  make  silver  com  a  »  year,  and  of  the  assocUtes  at  $6,600. 

legal  tender,   was  strongly  recommended  by  'ia.  Authorizes  the  General  Assembly  to  diride 

the  passage  of  the  following  concurrent  resolu-  the  State  into  judicial  districts,  which  shall  be  cl- 

tions:  changed  for  four  years,  with  a  judge  learned  in  the 

■ari mv     «.A       i.  A             'A  *!.    n                *  la^t  *o  1>®  elected  by  a  plurality  of  votes,  and  lie 

♦^  ^**!^^H'*rTi?*  *^.«°P°?^*  *>?  Government  ^^^y,^^  ^f  districts  to  be  not  less  than  tLiity  ncr 

Eoi'iS?.^  k/"  r^'Ji.'"?'^®  ^H  ^•T'^i!°S-''^Sf  !X  1«-  Fixes  the  salary  of  the  district  judges  at  not 

3"s*^?"^f^*^       Ki^®  law.  and  without  the  slightest  exceeding  $5,000  a  year  in  New  OrlianSTwd  mt 

devution  from  public  morahty  or  national  faith,  to  j^ss  than  $2,000  nor  more  than  $a,000  in  other  ptrts 

discharge  these  obligations  m  silver  com  of  the  weight  ^f  ^j^^  State 

and  fineness  provided  for  by  Uw  at  the  time  the  14.  AboUshes  the  office  of  District  Attorney,  ind 

bonds  were  Issued,  can  have  no  other  design  than  to  establishes  a  State's  Attorney  in  lieu  of  it. 

augment  the  profita  of  the  creditors  of  the  Govern-  15,  ^here  the  judge  may  be  recused,  and  when 

ment  at  the  expense  of  the  industiy  and  the  labor  of  he  is  not  personally  iEterested  in  the  matters  m  con- 

the^untry :  *ad  testation,  he  shall  select  a  lawyer,  with  qnaliilc*- 

WhertM,  To  persist  m  the  futile  attempt  to  enforce  ^^^  described,  to  try  such  caaes. 

the  8<M»Ued  resumntion  act  would  entail  upon  the  le.  Provides  against  the  evils  of  an  intemffniHD, 

countrv  unparalleled  suffering  and  universal  com-  ^^  fixes  the  tun?  when  the  new  system  shall  take 

meiouu  and  industrial  disastar:  therefore,  effect 

B^U  ruoUed,  ttc.,  That  our  Senator  in  Congress  17,  Abrogates  Article  182  of  the  Constitution  of 

be  instructed  to  vota  for  and  use  eveij  effort  to  as-  ^3^3           ^ 

sure  the  pusage  through  the  Senate  of  the  bill  pro-  ig.'  Provides  a  sakiy  of  $8,600  for  the  Superinten- 

m^'^fl^^  the  remonetization  of  silver  known  as  the  aent  of  Public  Education. 

Bland  bill,  Mid  of  the  bUl  to  repeal  the  ao-ealled  re-  19.  Prohibita  a  license  tax  by  the  State,  psrish,  or 

sumption  act.       ._,    ^        «^vj4.-.ji  municipal  authority  on  any  mechanical  tansoe,  nianii- 

A  a  r^vid,  He  .That  our  Senator  be  instructed  factoryf  or  factory,  except  such  as  may  roqulA  poliM 

and  our  Benresentatives  in  Congress  be  requested  to  regulation  in  towils  and  cities.           ^    ^       »^ 

vote  for  and  to  use  every  effort  to  assure  the  adopji^^  5o.  Authorizes  the  LegUlature  to  exempt  from 

of  the  resolutions  defining  the  relations  of  the  Gov-  taxaUon  household  goods  not  exceeding  $600. 

emment  toward  tiie  bondholders  on  the  question  of  gl.  Provides  for  maintaining  the  university,  to  be 

payment  of  the  bonds  and  interest  thereon  m  ooin,  composed  of  a  law,  a  medioil,  and  an  acadJmicil 

known  aa  the  liatthewB  resolutions.  department:  the  Jaw  and  medical  to  be  in  Kev 

They  were  introduced  into  the  Senate  on  OrUns,  and  the  academical  and  other  elaewhere  in 

January  19th,  and  passed  the  21st — yeas  24,  " 

nays  2.    In  the  House  they  were  passed  after  The  regular  session  of  the  Legislature  closed 

discussion — ^yeas  51,  nays  87.  on  March  Yth  ;  but  it  was  convened  in  extra 

The  following  amendments  to  the  State  Con-  session  on  the  next  day  by  a  prodamatioii  d 

stitution  were  reported  by  a  joint  committee  the  Governor,  and  finally  aqjoumed  on  the 

of  both  Houses,  and  adopted  by  a  large  minor-  19th.    The  most  important  legislation  for  tk« 

ity.    It  was  also  provided  that  they  should  be  State  related  to  the  retrenchment  of  ezpendi- 

submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  for  approvd  tures  in  every  department    A  statement  of 

or  rejection,  at  the  next  State  election.    At  the  following  retrenchments  was  made  in  the 

the  same  time  when  the  amendments  were  Senate:     "$6,000  in  the  Qovemor^s  office: 

adopted,  a  bill  was  before  the  House  to  pro-  $86,740  in  the  Auditor^s  ofiSce ;  $2,000  in  the 


LOUISIANA.  499 

TreasQrer'B  office;  $15,000  In  the  Attorney-  By  the  provisions  of  the  faoding  law,  State 

General's  office;  $6,000  in  the  State  Depart-  consols  were  anthorized  to  he  issaed  to  the 

ment;  in  the  Land  Office,  $2,000;  in  the  Jndi-  extent  of  $15,000,000,  or  so  mnoh  thereof  as 

cial  Department,  $64,000.    The  expenses  of  the  might  he  necessary,  payable  forty  years  from 

Legislature  for  1878  were  $200,000  less  than  the  1st  day  of  January,  1874,  to  bear  interest 

for  any  year  since  reconstrnction ;  the  annaal  at  the  rate  of  7  per  cent,  per  annom,  payable 

expenses  in  future  will  be  reduced  $85,000.  semi-annually  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and 

A  saving  is  effected  in  the  assessment  and  col-  New  Orleans^  on  the  first  days  of  July  and 

lection  of  taxes  of  $60,000  in  the  country,  and  January  in  each  year,  interest  coupons  being 

$35,000  in  the  city;    in  the  department  of  annexed  to  the  bonds.    The  provision  made 

education  there  is  a  saving  of  $29,100 ;  in  the  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  and  interest  of 

system  of  registration  and  election  of  $44,000 ;  these  bonds,  thus  authorized  to  be  issued,  was 

and  an  annual  saving  of  $200,000  in  the  ex-  a  tax  of  five  and  a  half  mills,  to  be  annually 

pense  of  public  printing.    By  the  legislation  levied  on  the  assessed  value  of  the  property, 

for  the  country  parishes  a  retrenchment  in  real  and  personal,  in  the  State.    The  language 

parish  administration  of  $517,000  is  assured,  of  the  statute  is  as  follows: 

nnd  by  legislation  for  the  city  a  saving,  accord-  That  a  tax  of  five  and  a  half  mills  on  the  dollar  of 

ing  to  calculation,  of  $1,581,412.^'  the  aasessed  value  of  all  real  and  peraonal  prooerty 

The  finances  of  the  State  were  in  an  em-  i°  the  State  is  hereby  annually  levied,  and  shall  be 

barrasaed  condition  during  a  part  of  the  year.  ««!J«<!*«^»  5ll*^*  P'^TJS*!  °/jP'^"?  ^*'®  *°^«"»*.  ■'1,^ 

np?    T^^^  ^.vu^.^Jlw«  ««i  ui|}  a  |/ai  •  vt  «  ^/ ,"«» •  pnuciDal  of  the consolldated  Bonds  herein  autborixed. 

The  income  of  the  Treasury  was  not  sufficient  ^od  the  revenue  derived  therefix)m  is  hereby  set 

to  meet  the  demands  upon  it.    The  epidemic  apart  and  appropriated  to  that  purpose,  and  no  other; 

caused   the  collections  to  be  slow  by  the  de-  and  that  it  snail  be  deemed  a  felony  for  the  Fiscal 

rangement  of   business  which    ensued.    But  Agent  or  wiyoffloer  of  the  State  or  Board  of  Llqui- 

o\n^»^  {m*^/^wfa««f  j^^r^a^  w»^a  ♦!»/»  A/.f;<%*i  ^#  fk^*  datofs  to  divert  the  same  from  its  legntimate  channel, 

a  more  important  cause  was  the  action  of  the  „  provided,  and  upon  conviction  the  said  party 

Legislature  m  reducmg  the  general  fund  tax  .hall  be  liable  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 

from  four  to  two  and  a  half  mills,  without  mak-  ten  years  nor  less  than  two,  at  the  discretion  of  the 

ing  a  corresponding  reduction  in  the  appropri-  Court.    If  there  shall,  during  any  year,  be  a  surplus 

ations-  A  reduction  was  also  made  in  licenses  T^'^^.^T  ""^^  ^  »^'  P»y»°|f  ?"  *'''®''«5*/'^"iS« 
#«.-  ♦K^  «n«n..<^  T*  «,«o  ^«^A«4>^wi  4i«»*  ♦!»«.  due  m  that  year,  such  surplus  snail  be  used  tor  the 
for  the  future.  .  It  was  expected  that  the  purchase  ani  retirement  ofbonds  authorized  by  this 
revenue  to  be  derived  from  the  act  commonly  act,  said  purohases  to  be  made  by  the  said  Board  of 
known  as  the  ^'Moffett  register  law"  would  Liquidation  f^om  the  lowest  offers,  after  due  notice ; 
supply  all  deficiencies.  This  act  has  never  provided,  that  the  total  tax  for  interest  and  all  other 
been  put  into  execution,  from  the  fact  of  an  State  purposes,  exwpt  the  support  of  public  schools. 
K^AM,  |^««  *.*w  «Aj^»t»v<^  \,i  *««w  «»  «"  shall  never  hereaaer  exceed  12i  mills  on  the  dollar, 
injimction  proceeding  bemg  taken  against  the  The  interest  tax  aforesaid  shall  be  a  continuhig 
Auditor,  which,  although  decided  m  favor  of  annual  tax  until  the  said  consolidated  bonds  shall  be 
the  State  in  the  lower  court,  is  yet  finally  un-  paid  or  redeemed,  principal  and  interest ;  and  the 
determined.  By  this  faUure  of  the  expected  »*»d  eppropriation  shall  be  a  continuing  annual  ap- 
.^».^^  «#  .A^A^.,/^  4>K^  ^^w^-m^^^^^^w*^  w^m^jii  propriation  during  the  same  period,  and  this  levy 
source  of  revenue,  the  appropriations  predi-  ind  appropriation  shall  authoVize  a^d  make  it  the 
cated  upon  its  success  have  been  necessarily  duty  of  the  Auditor  and  Treasurer  and  the  said 
without  prompt  means  of  payment.  Thiscondi-  board,  respectively,  to  collect  said  tax  annually, 
tion  of  things  has  been  aggravated  by  the  mis-  ^u^d  pav  said  interest,  and  redeem  the  said  bonds, 
apprehendon  which  seems  to  have  existed  on  «n*il  ^^«  »»nie  "ball  be  fully  diwsharged. 
the  subject  of  the  '^  State-House  fund.'^  At  the  The  statute  was  accompanied  with  constitu- 
time  of  the  passage  of  the  revenue  bill  of  1878  tional  amendments,  limiting  the  debt  to  $15,- 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  had  decided  000,000,  making  its  provisions  a  part  of  the 
the  act  providing  for  the  settinff  aside  of  one  Oonstitution,  and  providing  **  that  the  revenue 
half  mill  from  the  general  fund  to  the  State-  of  each  year  derived  from  taxation  upon  real. 
House  fund  to  be  unconstitutional ;  but  the  personal,  and  mixed  property,  or  from  licenses, 
decree  was  pending  on  a  rehearing,  and  was  shall  be  devoted  solely  so  the  exx>enses  of  the 
subsequently  reconsidered  and  the  validity  of  said  year  for  which  it  shall  be  raised,  except- 
the  act  sustained.  The  general  fund  was  thus  ing  any  surplus  remaining,  which  shall  be 
not  only  deprived  of  the  revenue  consequent  directed  to  the  sinking  of  the  public  debt.'* 
on  the  expected  execution  of  the  ^*  Moffett  After  the  passage  of  this  law  and  the  adop- 
register  law,"  but  also  of  one  half  a  mill  not  tion  of  the  amendments  connected  with  it,  the 
apparently  contemplated  at  the  time  of  the  rate  of  taxation  was  as  follows :  Interest  and 
enactment  of  the  revenue  and  appropriation  principal  of  public  debt,  ^ve  and  a  half  mills ; 
bills  of  1878.  levees,  three  mills;  general  fund,  four  mills; 
The  bonded  debt  of  the  State  now  amounts,  schools,  two  mills.  The  fiscal  arrangement 
in  consolidated  bonds,  to  $11,724,800;  esti-  had  hardly  been  effected  when  it  became  oh- 
mated  amount  yet  to  be  founded,  $488,100;  vious  that  the  provision  of  five  and  a  half 
ffeneral  fund  warrants,  $188,720.92.  The  col-  mills  was  inadequate,  upon  the  then  basis  of 
lection  of  revenue  from  the  ^ve  and  a  half  assessment  and  collections  thereunder,  to  pro- 
mills  tax  not  having  been  adequate  to  the  pay-  vide  promptly  for  the  payment  of  the  interest 
ment  of  the  interest  coupons  due  on  the  1st  on  tne  consolidated  debt.  An  amount  of 
of  January,  1879,  they  have  remained  unpaid.  $805,474  is  thus  due  to  the  Fiscal  Agent  for 


600  LOUIS 

advaooM  of  inUreit,  and  which  it  waa  onwill- 
iog  to  continue.  Amonit  the  cansea  of  embar- 
raaBment  other  than  tiiose  already  stated, 
there  is  the  inanffieiency  of  the  lawa  regarding 
the  asseBsment  of  property  and  coUecHoD  of 
taxes.  The  aanie  aefecta  eiiat  in  the  laws  for 
these  objects  in  Lonisiana  ai  in  ao  many  other 
States  of  the  Union. 

The  reports  of  the  condition  of  ttie  chari- 
table inHtitntlona  and  of  the  public  achools 
sboir  them  to  be  qnite  anccessful. 

The  most  important  crops  of  the  State  are 
cotton,  sagar,  and  rice;  of  theae  (^tton  and 
angor  are  nearly  equal  in  valne.  The  details 
of  the  amonDt  of  cotton  grown  in  the  State  are 
loat  in  the  immenae  receipts  at  New  Orleans 
from  all  parta  of  the  Sonthweat.    Sugar  ia 

Secaliarly  a  product  of  the  State.  The  crop 
>r  187T-'7S  was  ISS.IOO  hogabeadB,  ogatDst 
168,887  for  1876-'TT,  or  abont  24  per  cent.  leas. 
This  diminntion  is  ascribed  to  a  violent  efni- 
nootial  atorm  which  viaited  a  large  portion 
of  the  Bute  on  September  leth,  ITth,  and  IBtb. 
The  cane  was  nearly  all  laid  flat  on  the  ground. 
This  was  followed  on  the  SSth  and  8Dtli  of  No- 
vember by  a  severe  frost,  when  not  half  the 
orop  had  beea  made,  while  that  which  was  al- 
raady  cat  was  so  mnoh  frozen  that  planters 
were  compelled  to  snspend  grinding,  and  the 

Krtion  left  standing  was  killed  to  the  groond. 
e  disostroaa  eflect  of  tbia  frost  was,  more- 
over, increased  by  a  warm  rain  on  December 
8d.  The  damage  was  even  estimated  as  high 
aa  83^  per  cent.  The  actual  product  of  augar 
in  the  State  since  1885-'80,  forty-three  years, 
from  the  "Price  Current's"  aagar-hook  and 
other  recorda,  has  been  as  follows,  including 
the  years  previous  to  18S1  in  the  amount  of 
that  year : 


caor  raut. 

fm^ 

as. 

«,-- 

aSRK 

M 

OO 
00 
M 
M 
DO 

m 

OO 
00 

00 

OO 

1M0O 
MSM 

in  u 

IMOO 
188  00 
IHM 

wu 

as  00 

BSOO 

MM 
WOO 

WO.ion.wo 

J.TSO.OOO 

t.ut,mo 

E,soo.nao 
iijf%«oa 
10.WOOO 

iS 

IST^'TS 

1B,«4«J)00 

».oot,ooo 

Ui«,tis8,im 

•49M81.000 

While  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  yield  of 
sngar,  an  Increase  toot  place  in  the  product 
of  molasses.  Owing  to  the  frost,  the  whole 
available  crop  on  msny  plsntationa  was  made 
into  nrnp.  Thna  the  increase  in  molosiiee  was 
fhlly  16  per  eent.,  orno  less  than  S8,Ma  barrelii. 
The  total  yield  was  3S8,S47  barrels,  which,  at 
a  gallons  per  barrel,  gives  18,670,874  gallons. 


ag^nst  S64,69S  barrels  or  1I,11Y,1M  gaUois 
in  1878-'77.  This  gives  109'98  gallons  m 
hogahead,  which  is  the  largest  on  record.  Tlf 
ratio  of  molasses  to  sagar  bas  matetiaD;  'i- 
ried.  It  wa  formerly  generally  compuUd  ti 
70  gallons,  bat  in  1867,  owing  to  eitraordiur; 
riohneBS  of  the  cane,  and  coneeqaently  em;et 
production  of  sugar  with  proportionately  li« 
of  molasses,  it  was  only  60  gallona  to  tLe  hoc- 
head.  In  1874-'76,  from  opponte  cauaea.  ^ 
jSeld  of  molasses  was  101  gulons  to  the  bof* 

The  romarkable  extension  of  the  rice  cd- 
tare  in  Louisiana — from  30,978  barrels  ai 
sacks  in  18e6-'68  to  161,694  in  1876-'7T-tB 
attracted  attention ;  and  although  there  v»k 
large  falling  off  in  1877-78,  it  conld  berudilj 
accounted  for  by  the  equinoctial  stonn  of  S*]- 
tember,  which  waa  supposed  at  the  limt  ti 
havecnt  down  tbecropQO  percent.  lueteadot 
this,  however,  the  actual  redaction  wm  do) 
quite  18  per  cent.  The  crop  amoontod  lolW- 
7SS  barrels  of  clean  rioe.  It  is  asserted  ibl 
the  area  of  rice-flelde  will  be  extended  dm  oiif 
by  the  enlargement  of  the  fields  of  the  old  rat- 
planters  and  the  opening  of  new  ones  alMtg'Jt 
river,  but  also  by  the  operations  of  the  tonia- 
ana  Land  Beclamation  Company,  which  ll  ii 
expected  will  transform  extensive  and  ilmif! 
impassable  swamps  into  prolificrice-fieldiTifi^ 
ing  eioberont  crops.  The  importsnce  oi  tli: 
matter  was  folly  explained  in  a  contribui<K 
made  by  Mr.  Edward  Hickey  to  the  rerent  Ei- 
position  of  the  Fru it-Growers'  Association.il 
which  he  maintained  that  the  lower  bitiod 
the  delta  of  the  Atohafalaya,  In  theparishr^cl 
St  Mary  and  Terrebonne,  poeaessea  an  innia 
sic  value  as  the  natural  rice  lands  of  iheSiait 
and  all  the  elements  essential  to  the  »aa*iit 
and  economical  production  of  the  staple,  ii 
this  view  he  was  supported  by  the  generil  (5 
mate,  the  fertile  soil,  and  the  amplt  supplr  o 
water  for  irrigation.  He  pointed  out,  more 
over,  that  the  value  of  theae  lands  was  uidbiI 
ly  increased  by  tl)e  rich  deposita  from  tbt  fif 
River  floods,  and  that  their  reclamation  aouL 
be  rondered  mora  practicable  by  recent  im 
provements  in  hydranlic  dredges  and  mtch^ 
ery.  In  illustration  of  the  importance  of  tU 
subject  he  furnished  a  ptv  forma  statera«iit  a 
the  cost  of  a  rice  plantation  in  the  district  n 
ferred  to,  with  fnll  details  of  the  expeDM»« 
field  work,  steam  plowing  and  dredging,  etc 
ahowing  that  from  a  plant  of  (38,188  in  luni 
improvemeota,  and  machinery  the  net  proctcd 
ft-om  rough  rice,  all  expenses  of  caltiva(i«c 
freight  to  New  Orleans,  and  commivaon.'  if 
ducted,  would  be  $67,840,  showing  a  net  ftvt 
of  134,706  ;  or,  if  cleaned  on  the  planters'  »r 
count,  aad  estimating  the  price  at  4^.  I'' 
pound,  a  net  profit  of  t3G,84a.  Theae  est imua 
DBving  been  submitted  to  a  committee  of  ci 
perienoed  rice-planters,  they  awarded  the  ci'H 
tribation  a  first  diploma. 

The  orange  crop  of  Louisiana  is  yeirlj  n 
Boming  more  and  moro  imporionce,  bidilii<, 


LOUISIANA. 


501 


iir  to  become  at  no  far  distant  date  sabordi- 
latd  only  to  those  of  sagar  and  cotton  in  valae, 
od  ma/  possibly  rival  the  latter,  if  the  lands 
rhich  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  coltare 
hoald  be  exclusively  devoted  to  it  Few  parts 
I  the  world,  it  is  stated,  can  produce  a  better 
laality  of  this  popular  and  wholesome  frait 
ban  the  southern  parishes  of  Louisiana ;  and 
H  that  is  needed  to  give  the  production  the 
ank  it  deserves  in  all  the  great  commercial 
enters  of  the  coantry  is  an  increase  of  it,  and 
Qore  careful  and  skillful  marketing  and  ship- 
ing. 

The  commercial  year  at  New  Orleans  closed 
ti  the  midst  of  the  yellow-fever  epideuiic,  on 
September  1st.  The  following  table  shows 
he  receipts  from  the  interior  of  the  leading 
jticles  of  trade,  with  the  increase  or  decrease 
)om pared  with  the  previous  years : 


IRTICLESw 


kxtoo-aaed 

Nnr,hof«lMads. 

ColiMei 

Uw.  bsmit. .... 


OVpCMb 

IUe« 

loii,tetei. 

Mktk«,aaek«... 
Uiiia,btfreb.... 
MftUof  torp.. . 
UftdM.M 

ICiT<«.M. 

bSkfw 

VoollMle*. 

kf*. 

robaoeo.  hbds... 

rVrar.bamlB..  . 

Torn  meal 


^«ni,  Mcki,  bosh. 

3«t),baik 

DttiHcU. 

Bru.  Mckfl 

lUy.balM 

B^btfrek... 
Pflrk,biiwto.... 
keoa,cttkib.... 

keoa,bQXM 

lic>>Q.bainft. 

iinraiiMstt 

k<barreto 

Btnter,  padufpM. 
CkM«e,bosM.... 

UnLtiemt 

^keg. 

yWfkf 

Applet,  bnrela.. 

Jieoiur. 

■•^•-roM 

cwjttL 

|>lbiiTtk..... 

OiSMware 

l»ae,b«T«b.... 

fflbtott. 

J**f.  b«TeUL.... 

Mipi,  bftlM 


ISTT-nS. 

l«7«-nT. 

!«««.. 

1,S89.488 

1,889,774 

899,709 

l,88ft,978 

1,170,785 

660,187 

12M00 

168,887 

•••••• 

18,574374 

11,117,190 

8,459,184 

1«^S7S 

167,810 

•  •  ■  •  •  • 

6«,0O9 

58,961 

18,187 

8891,889 

877,151 

8,668 

18,006 

•  •  «      •  • 

881,678 

178,627 

148,051 

8a,9W 

47,047 

8,576 

4,187 

8,910 

10,888 

^8M 

^I6a 

•••••• 

A,856 

1,686 

8,688 

86,057 

88,858 

1,90» 

17,960 

IM^ 

6,787 

li,178 

9.817 

4,855 

09,587 

68,806 

689,804 

681,608 

7^668 

1,048,857 

110,561 

988,896 

108,198 

108,685 

••■•«• 

8,909,944 

8,768,027 

41,917 

4,846,494 

8,860,917 

8,585,507 

481,899 

417,881 

4,478 

149,668 

140,584 

9,104 

176,554 

198,806 

88,748 

8,681 

1,784 

887 

66,785 

78,096 

7,aH 

18,140 

15,218 

15.201 

is 

80,851 

•-  3^! 

6,004 

88y008L886 

18,510,685 

58 

897,761 

167 

109 

4,989 

8,981 

951 

40,814 

89.968 

866 

44,886 

41,162 

88,817 

84,889 

•••••• 

84,186 

81,685 

8,501 

89,449 

4^579 

58,599 

89,564 

•••••• 

19,588 

15,887 

4,145 

1,688 

1,268 

864 

86,846 

89,481 

•••••« 

8,715,000 

^^JS 

1,728,000 

9,018 

14,978 

•  •  •      •  • 

08^66 

09,984 

83,648 

Mk 

1,947 

87,057 

86,028 

11,085 

8,678 

8,808 

•••••■ 

88,588 

184M5 

10,598 

981,900 

188,218 

88.741 

97,808 

60X)99 

7,704 

•8,600 

60,810 

8,890 

18,878 

68,487 

10,881 

•  •  •  •   •  a 

88,787 

■  •  •  ■  •  • 

82,188 

51,818 
8,848 

11,148 

1,151 

928 

89 


•  •  •      •  • 

84,879 
50,448 


6,841 
8,466 


176 
8,678 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

6,180 
89,905 


8,685 

•  •  •  ■  « 

6,960 
6,868 


For  the  details  of  the  epidemic  in  New  Or- 
1^803,  see  Fetku,  Yeixow.  At  a  public  meet- 
in);  held  on  December  6th  in  New  Orleans  on 
the  BQbject  of  the  suffering  caused  by  the  yel- 
V)v  fe?er,  and  to  give  an  expression  of  grati- 


tude for  the  aid  contributed,  an  address  was 
made  by  Chief  Justice  Manning,  and  a  series 
of  resolutions  was  adopted,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  an  extract : 

Bi9olvedy  by  the  PWpU  of  New  OrUanty  in  man 
mtding  a§MimbUd^  That  the  aonals  of  human  Buffer- 
ing^ and  human  sympathy  show  no  parallel  to  the 
active  benevolence  exhibited  by  all  olae«es  of  fellow 
countrymen  toward  the  city  of  l^ew  Orleans  in  h«r 
late  affliction.  Not  merely  were  the  naked  clothed, 
starving  fed,  and  sick  and  dying  ministered  to,  but 
our  darkness  was  cheered  and  our  sinking  spirits 
sustained  by  a  charitv  which  descended  like  some 
heavenly  messenger,  oringing  healing  on  its  wings 
to  them  that  were  ready  to  perish. 

The  first  wall  of  distress  nad  hardly  gone  up  from 
our  terror-stricken  community  before  the  agonising 
cry  for  help  was  answered  across  the  broad  expanse 
of  a  vast  continent,  from  north  and  south  ana  east 
and  west.  The  tributarjr  streams  of  beneficence 
rallied  in  one  unebbinff  tide  of  overflowing  gener- 
osity into  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of  death,  in  which 
we  walked ;  it  poured  its  life-givinff  waters  f^esh 
from  the  gusbinff  srrinffs  of  human  affection.  Never 
had  any  people  hexoreDeen  recipients  of  such  great 
devotion  and  nnsurpassing  love,  of  whose  depth  and 
sincerity  the^  gave  this  highest  proof,  that  they  laid 
down  their  lives  for  us. 

Betolvedj  That  to  those  friends  in  foreign  lands 
whoso  f^ely  contributed  to  the  relief  of  our  people, 
whether  of  kindred  or  alien  nationalities,  our  most 
fervent  thanks  are  due  and  are  hereby  tendered. 

Jis§oh€dy  That  to  all  societies,  corporations,  and 
companies,  as  well  as  to  communities  and  individ- 
uals unnamed,  who,  in  our  great  distress,  aided  us 
by  word  or  act,  the  ^ople  of  New  Orleans  as  with 
one  heart  feel  a  gratitude  unspeakable. 

^  During  the  year  some  disturbance  both  of  a 
civil  and  political  character  took  place  in  the 
State.  In  the  summer  three  men  charged  with 
crime,  two  of  them  with  the  murder  of  a  white 
man,  and  one  convicted  of  the  killing  of  a  col- 
ored man,  were  forcibly  taken  from  the  jail  at 
Monroe  and  killed.  The  men  so  killed  were 
colored  men.  The  mob  is  supposed  to  have 
been  made  up  either  entirely  or  mostly  of  white 
men.  Later,  a  man  by  the  name  of  St.  Martin, 
confined  in  the  parish  jail  of  St.  Oharles  Parish 
on  a  charge  of  murder  of  a  colored  man,  was 
taken  therefrom  by  a  large  number  of  men  and 
murdered.  The  mob  in  this  instance  were  col- 
ored men  and  the  victim  a  white  man.  Both 
of  these  cases  received  investigation  from  the 
grand  juries  of  the  respective  parishes,  and 
nothing  has  resulted  from  the  investigation  in 
either  case.  In  one  instance  the  officials  were 
Bepublican,  in  the  other  Democratic. 

A  disturbance  of  a  more  serious  nature  and 
attended  with  unusual  excitement  occurred  in 
Tensas  and  Ooncordia  parishes^  and  became 
the  subject  of  investigation  by  a  committee  of 
Oongress.  It  is  asserted  by  Governor  Nichols, 
who  also  made  an  investigation  of  the  affair, 
that  the  proximate  cause  of  that  trouble  was 
the  going  at  night  of  a  party  of  men  number- 
ing from  twenty  to  twenty-five  to  the  house 
of  one  Fairfax,  a  colored  political  leader  in 
Tensas  Parish,  which  act  resulted  in  the  killing 
of  Peck  (who  seems  to  have  been  the  leader  of 
the  party),  and  the  wounding  by  Peck^s  com- 
panions of  three  colored  men  who  were  in 


502  LOUISIANA. 

Fairfaz^s  hoase,  one  of  whom  afterward  died.  Fairfax,  who,  it  was  suppoied,  liad  passed  into  Cos. 

The  Governor  then  says :  oordia,  entered  the  parish  for  the  pnrpoee  of  the  exe- 

^  oution  of  the  warrant,  and  while  there  some  «igLt « 

The  Tisit  of  these  men  to  Fairfax  was  utterly  nine  colored  men  were  killed.    On  the  return  of  thi 

wrong— in  mj  opinion,  utterly  without  justifiostiou :  men  from  the  adiaoent  parishes,  who  had  gone  tt 

and  while  attempted  to  be  justified  upon  the  ground  the  assistance  of  the  whites,  quiet  was  gradiuUj  n- 

that  they  went  in  the  interest  of  peace  to  expostulate  itored  and  everything  became  peaceable, 

against  a  rumored  proposed  attempt  of  the  colored  The  snccess  of  the  efforta  to  increase  the 

grSose^^h'Tam^'A^^^^^^  ^epth  of  water  on  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the 

pose,  but  that  it  had  a  political  object.    I  do  not  Mississippi  has  been  so  great  as  to  lead  to  toa! 

think  the  purpose  was  to  Kill  or  barm  Kahrfux.  but  I  conviction  that  the  triumph  will  be  complete, 

do  believe  it  was  to  influence  his  course  and  the  lo-  The  term  "  pass  "  is  applied  to  all  the  outleti 

oal  campaip  in  the  parish.    The  kUling  of  Pe<*  and  ^f  the  Mississippi  from  the  point  where  tb« 

the  wounding  of  the  colored  men  was,  m  my  opmion,       . a\^a      x^:  mviui,  fi*icici«* 

totaUy  unexpected  and  attended  by  results  whicll  "^®^  divides  into  numerous  branches  or  out- 

none  of  the  parties  contemnlated.  and  from  which  l^ts  to  their  termination  in  the  Gnlf.    Tb« 

political  considerations  utterly  disappeared.    Just  aa  improvements  under  the  direction  of  CspUis 

soon  as  these  men  were  killed  and  wounded,  re-  Eads  have  been  made  in  the  Sonth  Pass.   TTie 

^^u^h'  ^e1.rS.?£?lTXV.n1"narS^^5  ««>t^t  with  CspUln  E.djH-it  h^g  «.  «, «[ 

bodies  of  colored  men,  evidently  organised  prior  Congress  approved  March  8,  1875— proviCcd 

thereto,  moved  from  ever^  direction  to  the  scene  or  for  the   construction  of   jetty-work   at  UsA 

the  occurrence.    While  this  wsb  taking  place  the  Par-  mouth  of  South  Pass,  in  order  to  secure  mdi 

ili,f^fcL^T2"^ir!*'''i^^-**''*^°™*^''*V^  maintain  a  navigable  channel  from  the  p^rf 

oircumetttncee  ot  Peck's  death,  issued  a  warrant  for  a-^.^  |.i,-  n.,!^^^  iS^^^^     i*  .^^»:.^  k:»,  ♦^VT 

the  arrest  of  Fairfax,  who  was  charged  with  having  ^^Y^  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.    It  reomred  him  to  oU 

killed  him.    Instead  of  either  leaving  the  parish,  &  tain  a  channel  20  feet  deep  and  200  feet  wide  r. 

he  believed  himself  about  to  be  wronged,  or  at  once  bottom  within  thirty  months  from  the  p&sssp; 

surrendering  to  the  authorities,  who  were  pursuing  of  the  act,  upon  which  a  payment  of  $500,('(h 

numbTof  mJf  w^^n'XiS^J^^^^^        ^'^^    r  ^"^  ^ould  bo  made;  and  upon  obtaining  chtnnel^ 

numoer  of  men  wno  nad  assembled,  some  of  whom  ^m  a,       ^    j,    jj«4.«       \  s    ^\.       'xi.                 j 

were  making  the  most  horrible   threats.     These  ?'  ^^?  ^^*  additional  depth,  with  correspotC- 

threats  produced  a  feeling  of  terror  and  apprehen-  mgly  mcreased  widths  at  bottom,  until  a  de[tt 

sion  in  the  parish,  and  with  the  events  which  fol-  of  80  feet  and  a  width  at  bottom  of  850  feet 


idingly  sparse  white  and  very -l        -    «  j  , 

population,  the  proportion  being  nearly  as  ten  to  Government  up  to  that  period  would  amoofit 

one  in  favor  of  the  latter,  and  that  the  bodies  of  to  $4,260,000,  with  a  million  dollars  additicDid 

armed  colored  men  parading  throuffh  the  parish  were  earned  by  the  contractor,  to  be  retained,  ho«r- 

vanously  estimated  ftrom    one  thousand    to    two  ^-^p  .v     i.v^  OovAmmpnt  a  oi^rtMin  npriod  &3 

thoussnd  men,  whUe  the  whites  seem  to  hsve  been  ^^^^^  .^^  ;J?®  government  a  certain  penoa  &.' 

totally  unprepared.    The  fears  entertoined  by  the  Afcunty  that  the  jetty-works  would  mauitam 

latter  of  general  bloodshed  and  pillage,  I  am  satis-  the  channel  secured.    Thus  the  total  cost  oi 

fled,  were  Ailly  justified  by  appearances,  and  were  the  80-foot  channel,  with  width  of  bottom  of 

beyond  question  thoroughly  real.    Their  completely  860  feet,  to  the  Government,  would  be  $5,250.. 

the  situation,  and  also  the  fact  that  it  was  unex-  ^^al  payment  of  $100,000  to  Captam  Eads  tor 

}>ected.    I  can  not  conceive  that  men  could  wanton-  a  penod  of  twenty  years  for  keeping  the  works 

V  and  deliberately  place  the  lives  and  property  of  in  repair  and  maintaining  tlie  channel.    At  the 

fn  ^I-J'ir  "^'^''1"*  *°  «^<^5.P**?^  "if^lfLT®"  **'?'  close  of  the  year  Captain  Eads  had  received 
In.  AsBistanoe  was  immediately  called  from  neigh-  *v,^^  ,^,^i„,v*„„^^„r.  ^#  Arnn  n/^  ^..^k  fir^ 
boring  parishes,  and  when  it  came  it  found  the  peo-  ^'^^^^  regular  payments  of  $600,000  each--tvo 
pie  of  TensaA,  white  and  black,  almost  solidly  ar-  payments  for  the  20-  and  22-foot  channels,  un- 
rated against  each  other.  It  needed  but  a  spark  der  the  provisions  of  the  contract,  and  the  hsi 
to  ignite  the  train,  and  it  was  given  by  the  firing  of  payment  under  a  modification  of  the  coDtract, 

M/^^r^^r/WKd-We'l^'eS  madeat  Ae  sejjrion  of  Congn»s  of  18J7-> 
demonstration.  This  fire  waa  returned,  and  from  Captain  Eads  has  also  received,  under  these, 
the  best  information  I  can  receive  several  persons  just  mentioned,  the  sum  of  $80,000  for  certsio 
were  wounded,  but  not  killed.  The  return  fire  caused  monthly  expenditures  made  in  the  progress  of 
the  negroes  to  disperse.  In  the  mean  time  a  negro  the  work,  making  the  total  amount  rec^iTeil 
:S'nfr„7s^eV"eiV'^^^^^^^^^^^^  by  him  to  January,  1879,  $;, 680,000  He  hsd 
that  this  was  a  preconcerted  nignal  for  a  general  expended  and  mcurred  obligations  in  the  prog- 
rally  of  the  colored  people.  This  man  was  after-  ress  of  the  work  over  $4,000,000  up  to  tb«t 
ward,  by  some  persons  unknown,  found  and  killed,  date.  Before  the  jetty- works  were  commenctJ 
This,  together  with  the  killing  of  another  negro,  ^here  existed  an  immense  bar  of  sand  or  sOt, 
also  by  persons  unknown  and  for  a  cause  unknown,  !i;!i/ J^  j^Jl*!:  ^J  lt!i!l  o  <u^*  % -.  rl  kT^-ro-n 
were  the  only  lives  taken  at  that  time  that  I  have  ^»^^  »  ^«Pj^  o|  ^^}j^  ^^^  ?^  water,  het ween 
beard  of.  the  channel  m  South  Pass  and  navigable  wateR 
The  strife  thus  recklessly  originated  in  the  parish  of  the  Gulf.  There  was  at  the  close  of  the  jesr 
of  Tensas  spread  to  the  parish  of  Concordia.  Large  a  ^ide  and  ample  channel  of  28i  feet,  and  for 
^ZtT4L^°'^,'"Al^^V^tri^^l^  the  greater  len^h  of  the  ch«.Belbetw«»tk 
in  various  parts  of  the  parish.  An  armed  body  of  Jetties,  over  or  through  this  same  bar,  a  channel 
white  men,  acting  under  a  warrant  for  the  arrest  of  of  28  to  86  feet  in  depth.    The  main  jetties  ar& 


LOUISIANA*  503 

nearly  complete,  except  at  the  sea  ends,  where  head  of  the  passes,  2*8  feet ;  and  at  the  Gnlf, 
the  least  depth  of  channel  (28)  feet)  exists.  zero.    The  highest  point  of  the  water  ahove 
These   improvements   in  their  incomplete  the  month  of  the  Arkansas,  in  the  spring,  is 
gtate  have  aronsed  an  nnnsual  interest  in  the  usaallj  attained  in  the  month  of  March.    The 
States  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  River.   The  river  then  subsides  nntil  the  arrival  in  Jane  of 
demand  now  is  for  the  improvement  of  the  the  Rocky  Mountain  rise,  swelled  by  the  early 
river  itself^  so  that  it  shall  become  the  ontlet  for  summer  rains  of  the  lower  Missouri  and  the 
the  immense  crops  on  its  banks  and  those  of  eastern  Mississippi  basin.    It  then  falls  till  Oc- 
its  tribataries.    The  nature  of  these  improve  tober,  when  the  lowest  point  is  reached.    Soon 
ments  consists  in  constructing  and  maintaining  it  again  rises  more  rapidly  than  at  any  time  un- 
embankments  or  levees  along  the  river  and  its  til  checked  by  the  freezing  and  diminution  of 
tributaries,  wherever  the  same  may  be  needed  rain  in  the  upper  rivers, 
to  prevent  crevasses  and  the  inundation  of  the  In  the  year  1874  there  were  thirty  crevasses 
people  whose  houses  and  fields  are  endangered;  or  breaks  in  the  Louisiana  levees  alone,  and 
and  to  deepen  the  channels  of  the  tributaries  these  occurred  at  intervals  along  the  whole  dis- 
80  as  to  afford  easy  and  uninterrupted  transpor-  tance  from  the  Arkansas  line  to  Point-&-la- 
tation  at  low  water.    In  the  basin  called  the  Hache,  about  fifty  miles  below  New  Orleans. 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  the  waters  which  fall  The  number,  in  fact,  was  much  greater,  be- 
upon  an  area  of  more  than  a  million  square  cause  in  some  cases  two  or  four,  and  in  one 
miles  descend  from  the  Alleghany  Range  on  case  as  many  as  eleven,  breaks  occurred-  at  sep- 
the  east  and  the  immense  barrier  of  the  Rocky  arate  but  neighboring  points,  and  afterward 
Moantains  on  the  west,  and  are  gathered  into  combined  into  one.    A  crevasse  in  the  levees 
a  single  channel  which  drains  thb  wide-extend-  of  this  river  may  be  at  first  a  slender  thread  of 
ed  tract,  and  conducts  its  surplus  waters  to  the  water  percolating  through  a  crawfish-hole,  or 
sea  at  a  point  more  than  four  thousand  miles  a  slight  abrasion  in  the  upper  surface  caused 
distant,  by  the  course  of  the  streams,  from  the  by  the  waves  set  in  motion  by  a  passing  steamer 
sources  of  the  Missouri.   The  area  of  the  conn-  or  by  a  sudden  storm ;  but  in  a  few  hours  the 
try  drained  by  this  magnificent  river  system  is  seemingly  innocent  rill  is  swollen  to  a  resistless 
more  than  eqnid  to  all  of  Europe,  exclusive  of  torrent,  the  great  wall  of  earth  has  given  way 
Russia  and  Scandinavia.    Its  extent  is  more  before  the  tremendous  pressure  of  the  mighty 
than  sixteen  times  that  of  France,  and  more  river,  and  the  waters  rush  through  the  open- 
than  eleven  times  that  of  the  British  Islands ;  ing  with  a  force  which  soon  excavates  it  to  a 
and  more  than  two  thirds  of  it  is  capable  of  depth  of  thirty  or  forty  feet,  with  a  great  roar 
supporting  a  population  as  dense  asthat  which  and  a  velocity  suflScient  to  draw  an  incautious 
is  embraced  witnin  the  limits  of  the  most  pop-  steamer  into  the  boiling  vortex.    The  effect  is 
ulous  commonwealths  of  Europe.     In  exact  not  simply  that  of  an  overfiow,  which  may  sub- 
figures,  the  drainage  area  of  the  Mississippi  is  side  in  a  day  or  two.    Tbe  level  of  the  river 
1,244,000  square  miles;  demean  annual  aown-  at  its  fiood  is  above  that  of  the  surrounding 
Call  of  rain  is  80'4  inches ;  the  annual  discbarge  country ;  and  consequently,  when  the  embank- 
is  21,300,000,000  cubic  feet,  and  the  mean  dis-  ments  break,  it  is  as  if  an  ocean  were  turned 
charge  per  second  is  675,000  cubic  feet.    From  upon  the  land.    In  a  short  time  the  neighbor- 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  to  the  Gulf  there  is  ing  country  is  converted  into  a  sea.    Oattle  and 
a  fall  at  high  water  of  416  feet.    The  average  horses  are  swept  away  and  drowned,  or  forced 
width  of  the  river  between  its  banks  from  to  seek  refuge  on  the  few  dry  spots  which  re- 
Cairo  to  Memphis  is  4,470  feet;  from  Gaines's  main  among  the  seething  waters;  the  crops  are 
Landing  to  Red  River  Landing,  4,080  feet ;  destroyed,  and  the  people  are  in  many  cases 
from  Baton  Rouge  to  Donaldsonville,  8,000  forced  to  abandon  their  homes.    Sometimes, 
feet ;  from  OarroUton  to  the  head  of  the  pass-  indeed,  the  land  itself  is  greatly  injured  by 
M,  2,470.    The  depth  at  high  water,  takuig  the  these  inundations ;  for,  while  the  floods  which 
flood  of  1858  as  a  standard,  is  96  feet  at  Oolum-  come  from  the  Red  River,  or  the  Ohio,  or  even 
hus,  119  feet  near  Randolph,  83  feet  at  Mem-  tbe  Arkansas,  bring  some  compensation  in  the 
phis,  88  feet  below  the  mouth  of  tbe  Arkansas,  fertilizing  character  of  the  deposits  which 
87  feet  at  Lake  Providence,  120  feet  seven  they  leave  behind,  those  of  the  Missouri,  being 
miles  above  Yicksbnrg,  111  feet  at  New  Car-  charged  with  sand  and  alkaline  earths  swept 
thaffe,  118  feet  at  Natchez,  126  feet  at  Red  Riv-  down  from  the  great  deserts  of  tbe  West,  have 
er  Landing,  108  feet  at  Baton  Rouge,  128  feet  a  pernicious  and  sometimes  even  a  ruinous 
just  below  Flaquemine,  180  feet  below  Bonnet  effect  on  the  lands  which  they  invade.    The 
Carre  Ohurch,  82  feet  below  the  Bonnet  Carre  overflow  of  1874  inundated  in  Arkansas  the 
crevasse,  188  feet  seventeen  miles  above  New  counties  of  Chicot  and  Desha ;  in  Mississippi, 
Orleans,  137  feet  at  Oarrollton,  and  151  feet  at  the  counties  of  Tunica,  Coahoma,  Bolivar,  San- 
Fort  St.  Philip.    The  range  between  high  and  flower,  Washington.  Issaquena,  and  Warren ; 
lov  water  is:  at  Cairo,  51  feet;   at  Memphis,  and  in  Louisiana,  the  parishes  of  East  Car- 
^  feet;  at  Natchez,  51  feet;   at  Red  River  roll, West  Carroll, Madison,  Tensas,  Concordia, 
Unding,  44*8  feet ;  at  Baton  Rouge,  81*1  feet ;  Morehouse,  Richland,  Ouachita,  Franklin,  Cald- 
at  Donaldsonville,  24*8  feet ;    at  Oarrollton,  well,  Catahoula,  Avoyelles,  Pointe  Coupi^e,  St. 
H'4  feet;  at  Fort  8t  Philip,  4*5  feet ;  at  the  Landry  (in  part).  East  Baton  Rouge  (in  part), 


504  LOUISIANA. 

West  Baton  Rouge,  Iberville,  St  Martin,  Iberia,  eDterpriie  produce  wealth  should  be  Meore  in  iu  en. 

St  Mary,  Terrebonne,  Aaaumption,  St  James,  K^T?**  •  ^""i  ''•™«1*  •P^P*^^  "♦!?***"***!  ^r 

aT  '^^'r/J  *''**^"""rr»  ^r^T^     1  ^T  %  J-TiT  the  laboring  clsMeswho  h*ve  been  thrown  out  of 

St  John  the  Baptist,  St  Charles,  Laroarcbe,  employment  by  the  niinons  financUl  policy  and  im- 

Orleana,  Jefferson,  St  Bernard,  and  Plaqae-  just  legislation  of  the  Bepabliean  party,  and  we 

mines — thirty  counties  and  parishes.  pledge  the  Democntic  part^  to  a  revenal  of  thU 

It  is  the  opinion  of  engineers  that  the  im-  RoJ^J  "d  to  a  roatormaon  ol  the  righu  they  an  ea- 

^.^«r»»«o,r.«>  r^S  fi^A  i^A  ^♦JiA  «{«rAf.  #^»  Ti«»;  titled  to  upon  Its  acoesaion  to  power, 

provement  of  the  bed  of  the  nver  for  navi-  jBewfe«2;  That  the  Loulsian£l)emoc«cyd«mandi 

gallon  requires  as  a  preliminary  the  construe-  that  the  national  banking  system  should  be  aboli»)i€<l 

tion  of  better  levees.    Otherwise  the  thriv-  and  national-bank  notea  retired,  and  in  lien  thereof 

ing  fields  on  its  banks  will  soon  be  laid  waste  that  the  Qovemment  of  the  United  Sutea  ahould 

entirely.  Even  under  the  present  circumstances  {"»«  •»  «l*"l  ™o»p*  <>'  '5"""7  '^S*^'  oommoiaj 

♦k^-^  i.„^^4i^^^  *.-^  ^^*  V...A.^^„»«4.  i^  rw.^„.  known  as  greenbacks :  and  we  also  demand  the  un- 

these  overflows  are  not  nnfrecraent  m  occur-  conditional  repeal  of  faws  imposing  a  tax  upontbe 

rence  or  limited  m  duration,  but  happen  at  droulation  of  State  banks.   We  demand  also  the  iiD> 

least  live  out  of  every  eight  years,  and  endure  mediate  and  unconditional  repeal  of  the  resumption 

for  days  and  weeks  and  months.    The  cost  of  ao*»  "Jd  •«  unalterably  opposed  to  the  ruinous  polici 

repairing  existing  levees,  as  estimated  by  the  SSf^nf  th  J  i!!^?« J?v  ^llT^f^^ 

TT  '^  J]  csl  A     n          •    •        A-n     •             ji^orro  ume  Of  the  Currency  hss  been  oontractea  far  below 

United  States  Commission  of  Engineers  of  1878,  ^h^  business  requirements  of  the  country,  and  &il- 

above  Louisiana,  is,  for  the  nght  bank  4,000,-  ures,  depression  of  business^  soanaty  of  labor,  acd 

000  cubic  yards,  and  for  the  left  bank  867«000  pauper  wages  have  been  entailed ;  that  it  ia  the  scum 

cubic  yards,  giving  a  total  of  4,867,000  yards—  oj  ^^^J^^?""^^^},^^  t^»*  •H  *¥"^^  ^^  oblvatiow 

««■  OK  I^^i^cTlv^.  ^JLa  *i  oi  a  TKfk      tk;o  onK^A^  of  the  National  Government  should  be  paid  in  th« 

at  20  cents  per  yard,  $1,216,760.    This  subject  ,eggi.tcnder  greenback  notes  of  the  United  Ststet, 

was  one  of  the  most  important  topics  consid-  except  where  it  is  otherwise  provided  in  the  ori«[ir.ai 
ered  by  the  Oommercial  Convention  in  New  law  under  which  they  were  issued ;  we  fiirthsr  de- 
Orleans  during  the  last  month  of  the  year.  mand  the  repeal  of  all  laws  passed  subsequent  to 

The  Democratic-Oonservative  party  of  the  S«  ongmal  law  creating  the  public  debt,  by  *hic:. 

State  assembled  in  convention  at  Wn  Rouge  *„ereui^ 

on  August  6th.    Major  E.  A.  Burke  was  norai-  Buoli^,  That  we  remember  with  mUtude  th« 

nated  for  State  Treasurer  after  numerous  bal-  heroic  and  patriotic  efforts  of  General  F.  N.  Ogdexu 

lots,  and  the  following  platform  was  adopted :  •?<!  the  oitiaen  soldiers  of  Louisiana  under  him.  ic 

'  the  establishment  and  mamtenance  of  the  people  9 

The  preamble  recites  that  the  Democratic- Con-  government  of  this  State, 
servative  party  of  the  State  of  Louisiana  in  conven-  Buohed^  That  the  vote  of  Louisiana  at  the  elec- 
tion assembled  do  hereby  reiterate  all  the  pledges  tion  in  the  year  1876  was  oast  for  Samuel  J.  Tildeo 
contained  in  the  party  platform,  adopted  in  July,  for  President,  and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  for  Vict- 
1876,  and  particularly  the  following:  President,  by  a  mdority  of  over  8,000,  and  vu 

Biaolvtd^  That  we  hereby  pledge  our  partv  to  the  fraudulently  oountea  for  Butherford  B.  Hayes  acd 
satisfaction  of  all  the  legal  oDltgations  issued  by  the  William  A.  Wheeler,  under  the  pretense  that  the  re- 
State  of  Lomsiana ;  to  the  most  strenuous  effbrts  in  suit  was  accomplished  by  intimidation  and  whoie 
the  direction  of  reform  and  an  economical  adminis-  sale  murder:  and  that  the  failure  of  the  SepnblksD 
tratloa  of  the  government,  and  especially  to  the  party  to  produce  witneases  to  sustain  these  chariot, 
abolition  of  all  unnecessary  public  ofBces ;  the  re-  when  invited  to  do  so  by  the  Potter  Committee,  is  i 
duotion  of  the  fees  and  salaries  of  office  to  the  oonfession  of  tlieir  inabflitv  tomuntaiu  theirallega- 
standard  of  a  fair  remuneration,  and  the  conse-  tions  and  of  the  falsity  or  the  chai^ges  themseive?, 
<^uent  reduction  of  taxation  to  the  lowest  possible  and  that  the  result  of  the  investigation  by  the  said 
limit  commensurate  with  the  necessary  expenses  of  committee  is  an  afflrmstive  proof  that  there  was  no 
the  government ;  the  preservation  of  the  public  foundation  for  those  £dse  and  unjust  charges  siid 
faith,  and  the  curtailment  of  the  dangerously  large  allegations, 
patronage  of  the  Chief  Executive  of  the  State.  J&tolvedy  That  the  recent  admission  of  W.  P.  Kel- 

Sesolved^  That  Francis  T.  Nicholls,  by  his  prudent  logg  as  a  Senator  from  this  State  was  an  abuse  <( 

and  statesmanlike  management  of  the  many  delicate  partisan  power  for  a  transient  partisan  end,  and  a 

issues  growing  out  of  the  success  of  the  par^  in  breach  or  the  Constitution,  which  assorea  to  etch 

1876,  and  resulting  in  the  firm  establishment  of  the  State  two  Senaton,  to  be  chosen  by  the  Iiegisliitun 

people's   government   in   Louisiana^  deserves  the  thereof;  that  long  before  Kellogg's  admission  it  had 

gratitude  of  all  Louisianians ;  that  his  wisdom,  jus-  been  conclusively  settled  that  the  General  Aseemlh 

tioe,  and  moderution  in  the  administration  of  his  known  as  the  Kicholls  Assembly  was  the  true  and 

high  trust,  in  strict  accord  with  the  principles  an-  thesoIeLegislatureof  Louisiana;  that  in  the  opinion 

nnunoed  by  him  in  aocepting  the  nomination  for  of  this  Convention  it  was  beyond  the  competency  of 

Governor,  have  won  for  him  the  respect  of  all  as  the  United  States  Senate,  by  a  eott-morUm  rec«^- 

the  Governor  of  the  whole  people  of  Louisiana,  and  nition,  to  galvanize  into  life  ana  legislative  power 

entitled  him  to  the  support  of  all  who  love  good  another  Assembly,  of  whose  ezistenoe  there  is  no 

government.  token  upon  the  statute-books  of  the  State,  ssd 

J&MoJeftj,  That  it  is  the  sense  and  judjnnent  of  this  which  dissolved  before  gaining  reoognition  aov* 
Convention  that  the  Legislature  of  this  State  at  its  where;  and  that  in  view  of  the  unprecedented  char- 
next  session  should  provide  for  the  calling  and  as-  acter  of  the  case  a  revision  by  the  Seoiate  of  its  se- 
sembliog  of  a  convention  at  the  earliest  practicable  tion  on  this  subject  is  due  to  j[uBtiee. 
time  thereafter,  to  frame  and  establish  a  new  Con-  Buolvtd^  That  we  regard  with  serious  dissatiafee* 
stitution  for  the  State  of  Louisiana.  tion  the  indiiferenoe  and  oppositioo  of  the  members 

Betolved^  That  in  favoring  a  call  for  a  Constitn-  of  the  National  Congress  to  a  system  of  internal  im- 

tional  Convention  it  is  not  purposed  to  displace  or  provements  to  develop  the  industries  and  restore  the 

interfere  with  the  incumbent  officials  in  the  State  prosperity  of  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  Statec, 

government.  and  we  urge  our  Senaton  and  Representativea  to  u»c 

iSMO^i,  That  the  intereatofthe  industrial,  wealth-  their  utmost  endeavon  to  secure  sudi  unity  of  ac- 

producing  daases  is  of  paramount  interest  to  the  tion  as  will  load  to  a  speedy  completion  by  the  aid 

people  of  the  United  States ;  those  whose  labor  and  of  the  National  Government  of  the  Tezaa  and  Pa- 


LOUISIANA.  LUTHERANS.                606 

^fle  Bailroad,  on  or  near  the  thirty-second  parallel,  amendment — for,    28,862 ;     against,    51,888* 

and  a  system  of  leveea  to  protect  the  aUurfal  landa  Eighteenth  amendment— for,  27,969  :  against, 

vhieh  measurea  are  national  in  importance  and  be-  ag&inst,  40,988.    Twentieth  amendment — for, 

jond  the  control  of  the  respective  State  governments.  82,718 ;  against,  41,228.    Twenty-first  amend- 

lUtolvtd^  That  we  cordially  endorse  the  memoriid  ment — ^for,  25,802;  against,  46,725. 

ui^^  ^r^H^  M  Commeroe  of  New  Orleans  in  The  Democratic  candidates  for  Congress  were 

behalf  of  the  South  American  and  Brazilian  steam-  „    ,      «»-wx.*imi*w «€»««»«««««  ^-^^  .  e*^"    j  Ni 

■tip line,  and  caU  upon  our  Beprosentatives  in  Con-  ^  H^^  «»  follows:  First  District,  Randall 

^reas  to  urse  for  said  line  the  mail  contract  via  New  L.  Gibson;   Second  District,  £.  John  LUis; 

OrleaDi,  ana  a  anhsidy  in  such  amount  as  haa  been  Third  District,   Joseph    H.  Acklen ;    Fourth 

called  for  to  enable  them  to  open  this  trade  of  such    District,  Joseph  B.  Elam ;  Fifth  District, 

a,"Stkr4'"at;W^^^  King;^ixth  Wrict,  Edw^^^^^  Robertson 

of  our  surplua  grain,  flour,  and  other  products,  and  Jhe  only  change  in  the  list  of  Congressional 

biioging  in  return  the  articles  and  products  of  South  Representatives  is  King  in  the  place  of  J.  G. 

America,  of  which  one  alone,  cofree,  is  a  trade  of  Toimg.    For  State  Treasurer,  £.  A.  Burke  was 

mooh  interest  to  this  State.  elected  by  a  large  m^ority  over  John  8.  Gard- 

A  Republican  Convention  was  held  in  New  ner.  Republican.     In  the  Senate  of  the  State 

Orleans  on  September  18th.    A  series  of  reso-  Legislature,  seventeen  Senators  held  over,  of 

lations  was  aaopted,  declaring  the  adherence  whom  ten  were  Democrats  and  seven  Repub- 

of  the  Republican  party  of  Louisiana  to  the  lioans.    The  result  of  the  election  was  such  as 

natiooal  Republican  platform ;  approving  strict  to  make  a  large  Democratic  minority  in  the 

htrd-money  principles  and  a  protective  tariff  Senate  and  House. 

end  advocating  internal  improvements;  and  LUTHERANS.    The  statistical  tables  given 

eharf^ng  the  JJemooracy  with  opposition  to  by  the  foar  principal  Lutheran  almanacs  differ 

pablio  flKshooIfl  affording  equal  aavantages  to  widely  as  to  the  number  of  communicants  m 

the  youth  of  the  State  regardless  of  color.    A  the  church,  and  even  as  to  the  number  of  syn- 

call  of  a  State  Constitutional  Convention  was  ods,  as  appears  from  the  following  compara- 

condemned,  a  reduction  of  salaries  demanded,  tive  summary  of  their  footings : 

and  other  resolutions  adopted  relating  to  local    

afaire.    The  Convention  made  no  nomination,  authoritxis. 

but  .the  National  oandidate  was  supported.  

The  number  of  registered  voters  in  the  State,    «  cbaroh  Almanac  "  (Genersi  ConncH) 

according  to  the  returns  of  the  assessors  of  the  **  Lathersn  Almanac  "*  (Kurta^s,  General  By- 

•eTeralpMiahes  made  in  1878,  is  166,108    The  «KJtatb;rii.beKaiiid;r"(ij^^^^^ 

nomber  of  native-born  is  188,648 ;  number  of    General  Oonndl—Oerman  Almanao 

white  voters  who  write  their  names,  62,888 ; 


number  of  white  voters  who  make  theur  mark,  The  discrepancies  regarding  the  number  of 

18,936;  number  of  colored  voters  who  write  communicants  are  explained  by  the  fact  that 

theirnames,  10,890 ;  number  of  colored  voters  the  compilers  of  the  tables  followed  different 

who  make  their  mark,  68,800.  methods  in  obtaining  their  statistics.    The  dif- 

The  State  cdection  was  held  on  November  ferences  in  the  number  of  synods  appear  to 

5tb.   A  vote  was  to  be  given  on  the  constitn*  arise  from  the  system  of  numbering  them  in 

tional  amendments,  members  of  Congress  were  the  order  of  their  organization.    Synods  No. 

to  be  chosen,  and  a  State  Treasurer  and  the  19  and  46  have  been  dissolved,  but  the  num- 

State  Legialatiire.    The  following  was  the  vote  hers  of  the  later-organized  synods  are  retained 

on  the  oonstitationnl  amendments :  For  locap  in  Brobst's  Almanao  as  they  would  be  if  those 

tion  of  capital— at  New  Orleans,  21,628 ;  at  synods  still  existed. 

Baton  Rouge,  27,967.    First  amendment— for,  Brobst^s  Almanao  gives  to  the  General  Syn- 

11^650;  against,  18,966.    Second  amendment  od  28  synods,  801  ministers,  1,240  churches, 

—for,  26,084;  against,  60,648.    Third  amend-  and  118,688  communicants;   to  the  General 

mait— for,  29,706 ;  against^  46,946.     Fourth  Council,  10  svnods,  with  2  synods  (the  Iowa 

amendment  —  for,    37,200;    against,    48,218.  German  and  the  Norwegian  Augustana synods) 

Fifth  amendment — ^for,  26,686 ;  against,  49,-  not  yet  officially  attached  to  it,  with  a  total 

394.   Sixth  amendment— for,  80,218 ;  against,  for  the  twelve  of  741  ministers,  1,412  churches, 

45,016.     Seventh    amendment — ^for,    81,161 ;  and  206,747  communicants;   to  the  General 

tninst,  48,816.    Eighth  amendment— for,  88,-  Synod  South,  6    synods,  98   ministers,  168 

1^;  against,  42,149.    Ninth  amendment — ^for,  churches,  and  18,474  communicants;  to  the 

33,M8;  against,  40,668.    Tenth  amendment —  Synodical  Conference,  7  synods,  1,140  minis- 

H  19,766 ;  against^  66,794.    Eleventh  amend-  ters,  1,869  churches,  and  291,229  communi- 

meat— for,  80,947;  against,  44,676.    Twelftii  cants;  with  10  independent  synods,  having, 

amendment— for,    19,462;     against,    66,646.  including  86  independent  pastors,  281  minis- 

Thifteeath  amendment — ^for,  20,671 ;  against,  ters,  603  churches,  and  49«890  communicants ; 

H544.    Fourteenth  amendment— for,  20,698 ;  total,  67  synods,  with  8,011  ministers,  6,282 

'f^at,  64,429.     Fifteenth  amendment — ^for,  churches,  and  679,728  communicants. 

Sa,565 ;  against,  47,218.    Sixteenth  amendment  The  '^  Lutheran  Almanac  "  (Kurtz's)  for  1879 

"^or,  21,190 ;  against,  68,681.     Seventeenth  gives  the  following  table  of  synods : 


1 


506 


LUTHERANS. 


8YK0D8. 


GBXVRAL  BTXOD. 

Synod  of  New  York  and  New  Jertey 

Hsrtwtok  Synod  (New  York) 

Fnnckean  Synod  (New  York) 

Synod  of  East  Pennsylvania 

Susquehanna  Synod 

Synod  of  West  Pennsylvania 

Synod  of  Cental  Pennsylvania 

Allegbeny  Svnod  (Pennsylvania).. . . . 
Pittsburgh  Dynod  (Pennsylvania) .... 

Synod  of  Maryland 

East  Ohio  Synod 

Wittenberg  Synod  (Ohio) 

Miami  Synod  (Ohio) 

Synod  of  Northern  Indiana. 

Olive  Branch  Synod  (Indiana) 

Synod  of  Northern  Illinois. 

Synod  of  Southern  Illinois 

Synod  of  Central  Illinois. 

Synod  of  Iowa. 

Synod  of  Kansas. 

Synod  of  Nebraska 

Swedish  Ansgarl  Synod 

Gennaa  Wartburg  Synod  (Illinois).. 


Twenty-three  synods. 


OXKBBAL  OOUKCIL. 

New  York  Ministerlum 

Synod  of  Pennsylvsnla 

nttsbnrffh  Synod  (Pennsylvania). . . . 

English  District  Synod  of  Ohio 

Synod  of  Indiana 

Synod  of  Michigan 

Swedish  Augnstana  Synod 

Synod  of  Texas 

Svnod  of  Canada 

Uolston  Synod  (Tennessee) 


Ten  synods. 


aSnEAL  BTXfOO  BOUTK. 


Synod  of  Ybrglnia. 

Synod  of  Southwestern  Virginia. 

Synod  of  South  Carolina. 

Synod  of  Georgia 

Synod  of  Mlssisslppt 


Five  synods. 


8TH0DICAL  COHnOBllCX. 

Joint  Synod  of  Missouri,  etc  (7  dis- 
tricts)  

Joint  Synod  of  Ohio  (e  districU) 

Synod  of  nUnois 

Synod  of  Wisconsin  (8  districts) 

Synod  of  Minnesota 

Synod  for  Norwegian  Lutiieran  Cih.  in 
America  (8  districts) 

English  Conference  of  Missouri 


Seven  synods. 


XKDKFBUPSKT  STKODS. 

Svnod  of  Iowa  (German) 

Tennessee  Sjmod 

Svnod  of  North  (^ut)11na 

Hangers  Norwegian  Synod  bi  America 

BuflUo  Synod,  Grabau's  (New  York) 

Conference  for  N(Hwegian  -  Dsnlsh 
Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Swedish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mis- 
sion Svnod  (Northwest) 

NorwegUn  Augustan  Synod  (North- 
west)  

German  Synod  of  Maryland 

Immanuel  Synod  (Northwest) 

Danish  Church  in  America 

German  Augsburg  Synod  (Ohio) 


Twelve  synods.. 
Tntnl.  5T  svnod  B. 


Minta- 

GhaiGb- 

tan. 

M* 

46 

87 

81 

88 

26 

84 

78 

98 

88 

60 

Gft 

no 

80 

90 

49 

1£5 

M 

62 

70 

bO 

44 

87 

4S 

66 

28 

84 

44 

65 

n 

88 

8S 

42 

21 

27 

85 

28 

28 

24 

26 

24 

15 

2S 

26 

20 

88 

88 

ESS 

1^9 

71 

66 

192 

879 

68 

127 

84 

70 

14 

46 

25 

87 

128 

802 

29 

80 

28 

50 

18 

24 

698 

1,181 

28 

65 

28 

44 

88 

58 

9 

12 

7 

9 

100 

178 

651 

805 

184 

828 

27 

41 

83 

152 

27 

86 

167 

490 

6 

9 

1,140 

1,860 

148 

220 

20 

76 

28 

48 

21 

85 

19 

94 

64 

272 

13 

20 

17 

66 

9 

9 

7 

11 

20 

68 

6 

9 

867 

691 
5,801 

8,040 

CcHimnai" 
caoU. 


6,901 
4,102 
8,196 

18,719 
6,406 

16,994 
7,541 

11,474 
2,650 

11,489 
6.090 
6,679 
8,411 
8,750 
1.800 
2,150 
1.400 
2,000 
1,250 
700 
1,600 
1,800 
4,000 

119,698 


25,000 

78,781 

11,8(»7 

6,628 

2,104 

6,600 

89,560 

4,550 

6.296 

1,654 

181,829 


8.902 
2,681 
6,066 
1,161 
848 

78,152 


182,867 
47,500 

4,978 
88,825 

5,650 

64,195 
840 

290,840 


16,660 
7.500 
4.603 
^500 
8,200 

17,966 

1,260 

7,000 
2,710 
1,878 
8,588 
896 

70,090 

676,509 


The  ^^  Chorch  Almanac  "  g^iyes  a  list  of  fif- 
teen orphans'  homes,  schools,  and  farm  schools, 


eight  immigrants'  missions  and  homefl,  two  d«- 
gro  missions  (at  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  UlxU 
l^ock,  Ark.)t  one  institution  for  deaf  mnt^ 
and  foor  infirmaries,  hospitals,  etc    The  Geiw 
eral  Synod  has  a  Board  of  Home  Missioni  at 
York,  Pa.,  a  German  Board  of  Home  Misions 
at  Baltimore,  Hd.,  a  Board  of  Foreign  Mittioos 
in  New  York  City,  and  a  Board  of  Church  Ex- 
tension at  York,  Pa.     The  General  Coiuieil 
has  an  Executive  Committee  of  Home  Missioct 
at  Pittshnrgh,  Pa.,  an  Executive  Committee  of 
Foreign  Missions  at  Reading,  Pa.,  and  a  Board 
of  Church  Extension  at  Phfladelphia,  Pa.  The 
list  of  periodic^s  comprises  6  English,  1  l^or- 
wegian,  and  8  G^erman  weekly  newspapers;  d 
German,  8  Norwegian,  and  2  Danish  semi- 
monthly puhUcationa ;  10  Engliah,  15  GermaE, 
5  Swedish,  1  Danish,  and  4  Norwegian  month- 1 
lies;  1  (German)  bi-monthly  paper;  an  Eng- 
lish and  a  Norwegian  quarterly ;  and  8  EngM  i 
and  8  German  almanacs.    The  list  of  edaca- 
tional  institutions  includes  16  theological  sem- 
inaries and  departments,  18  colleges,  12  dasi- 
oal  schools,  and  7  seminaries  for  young  womei). 
Kurtz's  *' Almanac"  gives  24  English  publica- 
tions of  all  kinds,  82  German,  9  Norwegian,  d 
Swedish,  1  Icelandic,  and  8  Danish  periodicals: 
17  theological  seminaries  and  departments,  17 
colleges,  20  academies,  10  seminaries  for  jonng 
women,   18  general   benevolent   associatiom 
(which  include,  besides  the  Missionary  and 
Church    Extension    Boards   named    by  the 
*'  Church  Almanac,"  the  Education  Society  of 
the  General  Synod  at  Gettysburg,  Pa. ;  a  Swed- 
ish  Missionary  Association  for  the  Easten 
States;  the  Children's  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
ciety, Baltimore,  Md. ;  the  German  Pnblics- 
tion  House  at  Chicago,  111. ;  the  Board  of  Pub- 
lication, Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  the  Pastors'  Fund 
Trust,  Germantown,  Pa.;  the  Ministers'  Mq- 
tual  Insurance  League,  Baltimore,  MdL ;  and  tbe 
Historical  Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa.) ;  and  32 
eleemosynary  institutions. 

The  Synodieal  Conference  met  at  Fort  Wajne, 
Ind,,  July  I7th.  AH  of  the  six  synods  beloog- 
ing  to  the  body  were  represented,  and  manr 
pastors  were  present  as  advisory  members 
Professor  W.  F.  Lehraann  was  chosen  Pred- 
dent.  Tlie  chief  subject  of  discussion  was  a 
series  of  theses  on  the  question  of  the  lawful- 
ness of  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's  sis- 
ter. Upon  this,  the  Conference  decided  tbat 
the  Mosaic  prohibitory  laws  in  Lev.  xriil 
and  XX.  are  not  ceremonial  or  political,  bat 
moral  laws  which  are  binding  upon  the  con- 
sciences of  all  men,  and  that  they  pertain  not 
only  to  the  persons  who  are  expressly  men- 
tioned, but  to  all  who  stand  in  the  same  degree 
of  relationship.  Further,  after  references  to 
the  specific  texts  which  give  light  upon  tbe 
subject,  they  declare  that,  **as  those  who 
would  contract  a  marriage  with  a  deceased 
wife's  sister  certainly,  in  view  of  these  proofs, 
lack  a  clear  word  of  God  to  show  that  such 
marriage  does  not  yet  belong  to  the  forbidden 
degrees,  such  as  are  not  convinced  that  it  is 


LUTHERANS.  507 

forbidden  in  Lev.  zviii.  and  xz.  sbonld  still  satisfaotoiy,  bat  wonid  neTertbeless  accept  tbe 
refrain  from  it ;  because  whatever  is  done  in  overture  of  fraternity,  and  send  a  delegate  to 
doubt,  and  thus  is  not  of  faith,  is  sin^  accord-  the  next  meeting  of  Uie  General  Synod  North, 
ing  to  Kom.  ziv.  28  " ;  and  that  "  the  question  The  attention  of  the  churches  was  called  to 
whether  all  alliances  formed  contrary  to  Lev.  the  subject  of  preaching  the  gospel  to  the  col- 
ZTiiL  and  zz.  piust  necessarily  be  dissolved,  ored  people,  and  a  committee  was  appointed 
pertains  to  the  practical  application  of  the  doc-  to  look  after  the  religious  interests  of  the  col- 
trine,  and  is  thus  a  casuistical  auestion  which  ored  race  in  the  South,  with  especial  reference 
most  of  oor  orthodoz  teachers  nave  affirmed,  to  the  establishment  of  Lutheran  churches  and 
bat  which  some  d  equal  repute  have  answered  educational  and  charitable  institutions  among 
in  the  negative,  and  which  therefore  requires  them, 
tbe  most  conscientious  consideration."  The  mission  of  tbe  General  Synod  in  India 

The  report  concerning  the  mission  which  had  at  the  end  of  1877  stations  at  Goontoor  and 
bad  been  undertaken  among  the  freedmen  dur-  Palnad,  with  8  ordained  foreign  missionaries, 
log  the  year  was  encouraging  in  every  respect  2  ordained  native  pastors  and  87  other  assis- 
except  Uie  financial  one.  The  Conference  re-  tants,  1,800  communicants,  8,540  members  in- 
Boked  to  carry  on  the  work  with  vigor,  and  eluding  children,  8  Sunday  schools  with  165 
decided  to  establish  two  monthly  periodicals,  pupils,  and  26  schools,  including  one  Anglo- 
one  of  which  should  be  in  the  German  and  the  vernacular  high  school  and  8  caste  girls^  schools, 
other  in  the  English  language,  to  further  its  with  82  teachers  and  468  pupils, 
interests.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  pre-  A  second  Lutheran  Dree  Diet  (the  first  having 
pare  a  new  edition  of  the  smaU  catechism  in  been  held  in  December,  1877)  was  held  in 
English,  with  the  object  of  providing  a  uni-  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  November.  The  object 
form  English  tezt  throughout  the  jurisdiction  of  these  assemblages  is  to  afford  opportunity 
of  the  (inference.  The  Ck>mmittee  on  Eng-  for  the  free  discussion  by  prominent  members 
lish  Readers  reported  progress,  and  arrange-  of  the  different  Lutheran  bodies  of  the  ques- 
ments  were  made  to  have  a  first  and  second  tions  which  divide  the  bodies,  as  well  as  of 
reader  ready  for  publication  before  the  nezt  those  subjects  in  which  all  Lutherans  have  an 
meeting  of  the  Conference.  One  of  the  synods  interest  in  common.  The  idea  of  holding  them 
having  decided  adversely  to  the  project  for  es-  was  conceived  after  other  measures — such  as 
tablishing  a  general  theological  seminary,  the  tbe  proposition  of  the  General  Synod  for  an 
farther  consideration  of  the  subject  was  left  to  ezchange  of  fraternal  delegates,  and  that  of 
the  synods  which  favored  the  proposition.  The  the  General  Council  for  a  colloquium — had 
co!umitt«e6  of  these  synods  held  meetings  dur-  failed.  It  was  then  proposed  to  nave  an  in- 
\nx  the  session  of  the  Conference,  which  re-  formal  meeting  held,  at  which  the  questions 
salted  in  Uie  appointment  of  a  sub-committee  under  concern  should  be  considered  in  papers 
to  draw  up  a  plan  of  a  seminary  to  be  laid  be-  prepared  by  persons  duly  invited  beforehand 
fore  the  various  synods.  to  do  so,  ana  selected  as  men  whose  views 

The  Evangelical  Lutheran   General  Synod  would  command  attention,  and  who  possessed 

SfnUh  met  in  its  eleventh  convention  at  ]Sew-  the  confidence  of  their  several  branches  of  the 

berry,  S.  0.,  May  2d.    Four  of  the  five  dis-  Church,  but  who,  engaging  in  the  discussion, 

trict  synods  were  represented.    The  Rev.  D.  should  commit  no  one  but  themselves.    The 

^.  Gilbert,  of  Winchester,  Ya.,  was  chosen  diet  of  1877  attracted  the  generd  attention 

President.     The  Synod  had  recently  estab-  of  the  Church,  was  approved  by  the  mass  of 

lished  fraternal  relations  with  the  C^eneral  members  and  ministers,  and  in  its  character 

Oooncil,  and  for  the  first  time  received  an  and  results  gave  nearly  universal  satisfaction, 

official  visiting  delecrate  from  that  body.    Fra-  The  Rev.  Dr.  E.  Greenwald,  of  Lancaster,  Pa., 

temal  relations  had  not  yet  been  established  who  presided  over  the  second  diet,  remarked 

vith  the  General  Synod  North,  the  movements  in  his  opening  address  that  the  Lutherans  were 

to  that  end  having  been  impeded  by  discussions  not  so  far  apart  as  was  supposed,  and  ezpressed 

reUtmg  to  the  attitude  of  the  two  bodies  to  the  opinion  that  such  meetings  would  result 

each  other  during  the  civil  war.    The  General  in  the  rectification  of  erroneous  impressions, 

Synod  North  had  nroposed  an  ezchange  of  the  removal  of  prejudices,  and  the  clearing  up 

delegates,  but  the  (General  Synod  South  had  of  difficulties.    The  first  paper  was  by  the  Rev. 

ask(^  the  Northern  body  as  a  prerequisite  to  W.  S.  Harkey,  of  Illinois,  on  the  difficulties 

fioch  a  step  to  rescind  certain  resolutions  which  the  Church  had  to  contend  with  and  its  ground 

it  had  passed  during  the  war.  which  were  re-  of  hope.    Other  papers  were  on  "  The  Con- 

f^arded  as  condemnatory  of  tne  Southern  syn-  servatism  of  the  Lutheran  Church,"  hj  Pro- 

oda  and  muiisters.    This  had  not  been  done,  fessor  S.  A.  Repass,  of  Virginia ;  '^  W  hat  is 

although  the  Northern  Synod  had  continued  embraced  in  a  true  and  reasonable  subscrip- 

to  express  a  desire  for  IViendly  intercourse,  tion  to  the  Confessions  ? "  by  Professor  Mar- 

RwolatioDB  were  adopted  declaring  that,  while  tin ;  ''  The  Losses  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in 

it  reciprocated  the  fraternal  ezpressions  and  the  United  States,"  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  6.  Sadtler ; 

spirit  of  the  General  Synod,  the  synod  did  not  and  on  other  subjects  of  a  narrower  denomi* 

fegard  its  action  touching  the  resolutions  as  national  interest 


508  MAINE. 


M 

MAINE.    The  Legislature  of  Maine  assem-  ing  the  recess  and  ^*to  ascertain  whether  aQ 

bled  on  January  2d,  and  continued  in  session  forms  of  individnal  and  corporate  propertj 

fifty-one  days,  adjoaming  on  February  22d.  within  the  State  are  now  bearing  their  equal 

It  passed  178  acts  and  99  resolves,  and  appro-  shares  of  the  public  burdens ;  also  to  suggest 

priated  $1,295,662.    This  is  less  than  the  ap-  new  sources  of  revenue  to  the  State,  and  to 

gropriations  of  the  previous  year  by  $64,84B.  recommend  to  the  next  I^egislature  some  plan 

ome  of  the  measures  adopted  were  important,  of  legislation  by  which  the  assessment  of  the 

although  chiefly  of  a  local  nature.    One  of  the  State  tax  may  be  made  equitable.    It  did  not 

first  bills  considered  related  to  tramps.    A  con-  succeed  in  the  lower  House,  altiiodgh  the  snc- 

vention  of  the  sheriffs,  -jailers,  and  county  com-  cessful  action  of  Massachusetts  and  the  impor* 

missioners  of  the  State  had  previously  discussed  tance  of  the  matter  were  urged  in  its  support 

this  and  other  subjects,  and  adopted  the  fol-  A  resolution  instructing  the  Kepresentative&m 

lowing  resolutions :  Congress  from  Maine  to  support  the  resumption 

Beaolved.  That  the  diotBtei  of  huxnimity  and  of  a  ^{  spec^e  payments  was  passed  in  the  SeDsle 

proper  civilization  demand  that  a  professedly  Chris-  with  only  one  dissenting  vote.     The  vote  in 

tian  people  should  properly  care,  not  only  forthevir-  the  House  was — yeas  117,  nays  21.     Of  tho(« 

tuoui  poor,  but  for  the  vagrant  or  vagabond  cUaiei.  voting  in  favor  of  the  resolve,  91  were  classed 

J»S9M>«a,  That  the  nuxnber  of  vaff rants  or  profes-  ««   P^*^nKi««.«Ti<i    .>«^    oa   «-   n^-..^^.^*-     nt 

sional  tiumpa  in  Maine  has  increasik  in  the  list  few  f*  Republicans,  and  26  as  Democrats.    Of 

years,  and  from  present  indications  there  will  be  those  voting  against  it,   17  were  classed  as 

little  or  Qo  abatement  of  the  evil  only  as  it  may  come  Democrats,  2  Republicans,  and  2  Independents, 

through  the  wisdom  of  our  people  in  dealing  with  An  insolvency  bill  was  passed  by  tne  Legis- 

*^  BwlSSf^Jpu  *  •..  *!.       •  •      ^#  *ut   /I         4-  lature,  which  constitutes  the  probate  courts  is 

£tti>lv4d.  That  m  the  opmion  of  thia  Convention  -^..^J  ^#  5«b«i„««->-'  ^^a  ^v^  1*«^.^«  ^^a  «.-:- 

it  U  expedient  tbatour  State  Legislature  should  enact  9^^^  ^  msolvency,  and  the  judges  Md  regis- 

a  law  b^r  which  suitable  provision  shall  be  made  in  ^^  1°  ^he  former  are  the  same  m  the  latter, 

connection  with  our  largest  county  jails  whereby  It  is  similar  to  the  law  of  Maasachusetts,  which 

tins  oIms  of  men  can  be  secured  and  properly  oared  has  been  in  force  since  1888.     Involuntarr 

bli^^lZl^tt^SZ^JS:^^^  ^'^  proceeding,  .re  provided  for  as  foUow.:      ' 

waolvid^  That  this  Convention  recommend  that  When  two  or  more  creditors  of  a  debtor  shall 

for  the  welfare  of  these  unfortunate  men,  as  well  as  make  application  under  oath,  by  petition  b^  them 

for  the  protection  of  society  generally,  a  change  be  signed,  to  the  judge  of  the  oounty  within  which  tb« 

made  in  our  statutes  so  that  our  present  thirty  days*  debtor  resides,  setting  forth  that  they  believe  their 

penidty  against  vagrancy  aball  be  not  lens  than  six  aggregate  debta  provable  under  thia  act  amount  to 

months,  and  sixty  days  shall  be  not  less  than  one  more  than  one  fourth  part  of  the  debts  provgbla 

year,  and  for  all  subsequent  offenses  two  years  for  against  such  debtor,  and  that  they  further  beUeve 

each ;  and  that  the  expense  of  said  confinement  and  And  have  reason  to  believe  that  said  debtor  is  io»cl- 

support  be  paid  by  the  State.  vent,  and  that  it  is  for  the  best  interesta  of  all  the 

^,          .      ^      t      -r     .  «  .             «               «  creditors  that  the  asaeto  of  auch  debtor  ahould  he 

Ine  act  of    the  Legislature   subsequently  divided  as  provided  by  this  act,  and  it  shsU  be  mC- 

passed  contained  the  following  provisions :  isfaotorily  made  to  appear  to  the  judge  that  the  iJle- 

SionoK  1.  No  person  not  a  nsident  of  this  State  Jffll'^J^.S^jJS^tl  A??,^^^^^^^ 

shall  travel  from  town  to  town,  or  fW)m  pUuse  to  S''."^®^  ^^^^^  is  insolvent,  it  shall  be  the  dntr  of 

pUce  in  any  town,  begging  for  fiod  or  shelter;  nor  *^«  J"^  ^  J"l«  ^u*/'™'*  "**  ^^'S  ^"^^1 

shall  such  person  s  eep  or  lodge  in  any  bam  or  ither  FojeedTnga  to  be  had  as  u^  provided  m  secnoa 

building  wfthout  the  ^nsent  of  the  owner  thereof.  ^"rfu*'^  ""^  ^^  •?'„  ^P^°  ^*  .r^f  ^^  *"^  ''*': 


talned  not  exceeding  twenty-four  hours  until  such  '"**  ^^^^  *"®**  allegations  are  proved. 

warrant  can  be  obtained ;  and  upon  trial  and  convic-  Some  bills  were  introduced  into  the  Lcgida- 

he  shall  be  sent  by  said  justice  or  court  to  the  near-  •°<'®  '^'^^  »>"*  ^^  change  was  made  in  them, 

est  county  jail  having  a  workshop  attached,  to  be  The  ice  market  of  the  Btate  has  become  so 

there  confined  at  hard  labor  not  less  than  four  months  important  that  the  first  act  of  the  sesdon  wtf 

for  the  first  offense,  and  for  any  subsequent  offense  to  provide  airainst  iniunr  to  that  article,  as  fol- 

not  less  than  six  months.  lows*            ©          "^     ^                         ^ 

A  resolution  was  passed  in  the  Senate  di*  Whoever  willfully  and  malidoosly  ests,  iijaRf, 

recting  the  Joint  Standing  Committee  on  Fi-  mara  or  otherwise   damages  or  destroys  so^  ic« 

nance  to  consider  the  expediency  of  the  an-  nponanywatara  within  thia  State,  from  which  ice  i« 

pointment  of  a  commission  consisting  of  five  ^lTv'yJ'l.''''t?l!l'?«*'i?•''^5'''?•~^1f"'^rf*^^ 
CvAXi^^..  ^^^\. ^^  Av>.  AT  ".  1  j_  by  the  taking  thereof  is  hindered  or  the  value  there- 
persons,  members  of  the  present  Legislature  of  diminished  for  that  purpose,  or  whoever  willfUly 
or  otherwise,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  sit  dur-  and  maliciously  incites  or  procures  another  so  to  do, 


MAINE.  609 

•ball  be  pnnislied  by  fine  not  ezoeedingfiye  bimdred  Riyen.    On  tbis  tract  tbere  eitber  bare  been, 

doiUn,  or  bjr  imprbonmeat  not  ezoe«ding  one  year,  ^^  ^^e  now,  at  intervals  extensive  forests  where 

or  both,  aooordm^  to  the  Mtare  and  aggravatwn  of  ^^    hemlock  largely  predominates,  in  some 

the  offenae :  and  in  any  indictment  for  aaid  offenae  "***'   "w*"»vu^  *^B^J  J,     ..""t""^^  JT^  Tl    " 

It  »haU  not  be  neoeaaary  to  allege  or  prove  the  title  cases  remarkably  heavily  tmibered,  the  trees 

orownenhipoftheiceBoont,iigared,maiTed,dam«  standing  thick  and  growing  to  a  magnificent 

•gad,  or  deatroyed.  size,  measnrinff  from  two  to  fonr  feet  in  diam- 

By  another  act  tlie  manner  of  determining  eter  and  reaching  60  to  80  feet  in  height, 

the  result  of  any  election  by  ballot  was  thas  There  are  now  folly  800  men  employed  m  the 

pr^cribed-  tanneries,  and  $2,750,000  capital  invested  be- 

In  order  t^  detennine  the  reanlt  of  any  election  by  «df  ^J«  ^f^^^  'ft^^^^^.^^'^?''^!^ 

ballot,  the  number  of  persona  who  voted  at  anch  of  bark  and  manufacturing  9,000  tons  of  leath- 

•lection  ahall  lint  be  aeoertained  b^*  oonnting  the  er  annually.    Cue  firm  do  more  than  one  half 

vhole  number  of  aeparate  ballota  nven  in,  which  of  tbis  amount  of  business,  and  besides  during 

•hall  be  diaiinctjy  atated.  recordecT  and  returned,  ^j,^  p^^  year  manufactured  900  tons  of  hem- 

Noperaon  ineliffible  to  the  office  ahall  be  declared  i^^u  «.*Jl^x  „„j  io  aaaaaa  <ii«4««»iAfl  ««■  tt.>«i 

eloot^^d :  bat  votea  caat  for  auch  peraon  shall  be  }^^  ^^^^  ^^  12,000.000  shingles  at  Houl- 

ooonted  to  determine  whether  any  peraon  baa  re-  ton.     The  peeling,  yarding,  haulmg,  boating, 

c«ived  the  neoeaaary  number  of  all  the  votea  caat.  and  otherwise  handling  90,000  cords  of  bark 

In  caae  of  Bepreaenutivea  to  Congreaa  and  to  the  require  the  labor  of  many  men  and  teams;  a 

iiii:  o^rif e^Sprtta^ditt  ^^^  ^  i^^gj  ff^^rf bn"'  '^r'f^TA™^;:; 

•cribed  in  the  Coiiatitution,  the  peraon  or  peraSns,  Probably  the  labor  and  supphee  amount  to 

not  exoeedtng  the  number  to  be  voted  for  at  any  one  fully  three  <}uarters  of  its  value.    The  freight- 

tima  for  any  such  ofiloe,  having  the  higheat  number  ing  of  the  hides  for  9,000  tons  of  leather  from 

of  Totea  ffiven  at  auch  election,  ahall  be  declared  to  Boston  and  of  the  leather  in  return,  where  in 

?h«^^**lf*v»t'iLonf?w«  o,  mo^Tf  fhif ;^?^  many  cases  they  have  to  be  drawn  with  teams 

taereox.    IT,  bv  reaaon  oi  two  or  more  of  tne  peraona  «      •^  ^      x    ^         >i      «         a.x,       •!       ^  ^    ^i. 

having  the  higheat  number  of  votea  receiving  an  from  five  to  ten  miles  from  the  railroad  to  the 

•anal  nnmber,  the  election  of  the  requiaite  number  tanneries  and  return,  makes  an  additional  item, 

oroffioenoannot  be  declared  without  deolarinff  more  The  peeling  of  hemlock  makes  it  available  as 

than  the  requiaite  number  elected,  no  one  of  thoae  lomber :  the  removal  of  the  bark  and  season- 

hsTmg  an  equal  nnmber  of  votea  ahall  be  declared  to  *^  ^*  U^  k««««.  4.:»«Ka.  ?«  ^«*»  ^.^^^^^  i^a»^a 

bfl  eijctedTln  all  other  caaea  no  peraon  ahall  be  1?«  ^^  *.^«'  *»«*V.  ^™^,^  ^^  ^^^  ^f^^^J^^^^ 

deemed  or  declared  to  be  elected  who  haa  not  re-  the  specific  gravity  nearly  one  half,  so  that  it  is 

eeived  a  mijoiity  of  the  whole  number  of  votes  count-  easily  handled  and  fioats  as  well  as  spruce, 

ed  aa  aforeaaid.  In  the  winter  of  1877,  18,000,000  feet  of  hem- 

The  law  governing  the  sale  of  railroad  tick-  lock  were  hauled  into  the  Penobscot  and  nearly 

ets  is  most  liberal  to  the  passenger  and  just  to  m  large  a  quantity  into  the  St  Oroix  waters, 

the  companies.    As  amended  at  tliis  session  it  The  bnnness  has  grown  materially  since  1870 

provides  as  follows  *  — the  whole  leather-tanning  business  in  the 

No  nulroad  company  ahall  limit  the  right  of  a'  ^^^Jl}}^  IV^  .^^°£  \^^  "^^  ^?iPW^ 

ticket-holder  to  anv  given  train,  but  Buoli  ticket-  $1,606,740  capital  invested,  paymg  $286,882 

holder  ahall  have  the  right  to  travel  on  any  train,  wages,  and  using  68,470  cords  of  bark.    This 

whether  reffolar  or  ezpreaa  train,  and  ahall  have  the  amount  was  divided  among  128  establishments. 

?hI'^!V; wSrh*t  tV(^^.n^^^^^  The  amount  now  invested  in  Eastern  Maine 

tne  line  of  tne  road  at  which  auon  traina  atop ;  and  j    xi.*    v  ^u  . mv  ^  j  h 

sach  ticket  ahall  be  ffood  for  a  naaaage  aa  above  for  exceeds  this  by  more  than  one  mUhon  ^dollars. 

six  yeara  from  the  day  it  waa  ftrat  used :  provided,  More  than  28,000  barrels  of  pickled  fish  were 

that  railroad  oompaniea  may  aell  apecial  ticketa  at  inspected  by  the  State  Inspectors  during  1877, 

leia  than  the  regiUw:  nitea  of  fare,  to  be  uaed  only  aa  of  which  22,167  barrels  were  mackerel  4,194 

proTided  on  the  ticket.  herring,  and  2,186  codfish. 

Another  act  of  the  Legislature  gives  to  the  The  State  military  force  is  comprised  in  the 

person  who  labors  at  cutting  and  peeling  hem-  first  regiment,  containing  ten  companies,  three 

lock  bark  a  lien  for  the  amount  due  for  his  unattached  companies,  and  one  company  of 

personal  services,  which  shall  take  precedence  artillery,  and  over  800  officers  and  enlisted 

of  all  other  daims  and  be  enforced  by  attach-  men.    There  are  several  cadet  organizations 

ment.     The  occasion  for  such  an  act  arises  in  schools,  which  have  promoted  good  resultSr 

from  the  immense  tanning  interest  of  the  State.  In  1877  there  was  a  surplus  of  $800,000  in 

The  manufacture  of  sole  leather  is  carried  on  the  State  Treasury,  and  the  State  tax  for  that 

qoite  extensively  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  year  was  three  mills  on  the  dollar.    For  1878 

State— in  Penobscot  Oounty,  the  northern  parts  it  was  raised  to  five  milla    The  annexed  state- 

of  Hancock  and  Washington,  and  the  soutnem  ment  will  show  the  rate  of  State  taxation  on 

psrt  of  Aroostook  Oounties.    That  portion  of  each  doUar  of  the  valuation,  from  1866  to  1876 

the  State  most  heavily  timbered  with  hemlock  is  inclusive:  1865,15  mills;  1866,  7i;  1867,6; 

ft  tract  of  land  extending  some  65  miles  north-  1868,  5 ;  1869,  7 ;  1870,  6 ;  1871,  6 ;  1872,  5f ; 

eriy  and  southerly  and  some  90  miles  west-  1878,  5 ;  1874,  5 ;  1876,  4 ;  1876,  8}. 

«rlj  from  the  east  line  of  the  State,  the  south-  The  Land  Agent's  report  appeared  in  April. 

ern  boundary  of  this  tract  being  some  25  to  85  During  the  year  there  have  been  conveyed  to 

miles  from  the  coast-line,  and  embracing  near-  persons  holding  certificates  as  settlers  on  the 

ly  one  fifth  of  the  area  of  the  State,  watered  State  lands  16,464'98  acres;  to  Swedish  im- 

prindpaUy  by  the  Penobsoot  and  St  Oroix  migrants  1,968*69  acres;  for  cash  262.86  acres; 


510  HAIKfi. 

and  nnder  resolves  of  the  Legislature  1,624*78  tons^  or  more  than  the  joint  tonnage  of  all  the 

acres.   There  still  remain  certificates  outstand-  Soatbem  seaboard  States,  excluding  Louist- 

ing  in  cases  where  the  parties  are  at  work  per-  ana.    The  valae  of  vessels  owned  in  Uie  6tat« 

forming  their  settling  duties,  covering  112,805  is  set  down  at  $30,000,000.    Ship-building  it 

acres,  of  which  8,865  acres  were  oertiAcated  one  of  its  largest  inaastrial  porsnits. 

daring  the  year,  besides  8,104*96  acres  condi-  The  funded  debt  of  the  State  at  the  end  of 

tionallv  conveyed  to  actnal  settlers  in  Perham  the  year  was  $5,849,900 ;  from  which  deduct- 

plantation.    There  still  remain  unsold  and  un-  ing  the  sinking  fund  of  $1,082,995,  the  balance 

certificated  19,567  acres,  some  part  of  which  is  is  $4,817,905.    The  resources  of  the  State  are 

understood  to  be  taken  up  and  not  yet  report-  as  follows : 

ed  to  the  oflace,  but  the  hirger  part  of  which  is    cwh  in  the  tnuarj,  Jaaaurj  i,  1879. tm^M  » 

of  a  character  but  poorly  adapted  to  the  pur-    Baianoe  doe  on  state  uses «8S,ii9eT 

pose  of  settlement  The  Swedish  colony  formed    ^S&J^^icirLiCA'aiii^: vm^a 

ft*          4.    i*         CI       J             J      j.^1   3       •  Decantles  in  toe  jUhki  Offloe : 

by  immigrants  from  S weden,  and  settled  pnn-         buib  receivable $8,tm  o% 

cipally  in  the  plantation  of  New  Sweden  and         Bchooi  ftmd s,8<7  48 

its  neighborhood,  continues  to  thrive,  and  bids  ii^^ 

fair  to  become  permanent.    They  are  a  very  Total $1,989^6$ 

industrious,  temperate,  and  well-<&sposed  peo-  mi.    v  vi*x«               ^  n 

pie,  and  a^ery  useful  and  valuable  SddSioVto  ^«  liabihties  are  as  follows : 

the  population.    Having  become  acclimated  to    5??^^?^^  f?  v  ^^  '**°* tSiStt^  a 

theh*  new  homes,  they  seem  happy  and  con-  TSjOTSTtattf^ioJrftiidi;^^:^^                 ^fiwJSS 

tented,  and  their  efforts  are  being  abundantly  Amoontdae  for  coantjtaxea  collected  in  16T8        9^  a 

repaid  by  the  results  of  a  rich  harvest  and  ^^^                                      tajmMin 

other  favorable  effects.    Their  crops  have  been  •«•""» 

good  and  satisfactory.  Amon^  the  receipts  of  the  State  are  the  fol- 

The  Agricultural  College,  farm,  etc.,  has  lowing  items:  Tax  received  from  savingB 
cost  the  State  $198,468,  and  it  has  in  bonds  for  banks,  April  27,  1878,  $110,821.67;  OctoW 
money  received  for  government  lands  $184,496.  26,  $94^168.15.  Cash  received  from  Land 
The  expense  is  about  $150  a  year  for  each  stu-  Agent,  $14,278.12.  The  State  lands  have  all 
dent.  It  has  received  101  students  in  1878  for  been  disposed  of,  and  the  receipts  from  this 
the  frill  four  years'  course.  The  students  are  source  will  hereafter  be  small.  The  school 
from  all  parts  of  the  State.  A  small  beginning  fund  has  amounted  to  $118,465.80 ;  mill  tax, 
in  shop  instruction  has  been  made  on  the  Rus-  $224,480.94;  total,  $842,946.24;  State  tax, 
sian  plan.  The  students  have  supplied  their  $880,007.84.  The  receipts  from  all  sources 
own  tools  and  material  to  work  on.  Interest-  for  the  year  (less  temporary  loan  of  $150,000) 
ed  parties  assisted,  and,  the  lumber  being  pro-  have  been  $1,050,100,  and  the  expenditures  for 
Tided,  the  students  made  their  own  bencnes.  the  same  time  were  $1,278,876,  showing  a  de- 
An  instructor  was  obtained  from  the  Boston  ficienoy  of  revenue  to  meet  the  ordinary  expen- 
School  of  Technology.  Finally,  the  students  ses  of  the  State  of  $228,276.  The  average  rate 
erected  a  building,  have  extemporized  forges,  of  taxation  upon  real  estate  and  farm  property 
and  have  placed  a  small  steam-engine  in  the  for  a  series  of  years  has  not  been  less  than  one 
building.  Skilled  workmen  will  always  be  and  a  half  per  cent.  During  the  same  time  a 
wanted.  The  Russian  system,  which,  after  very  large  proportion  of  the  accumulated  cap- 
Massachusetts,  Maine  is  the  nrst  to  adopt,  ital  of  the  State  has  been  virtnallj  exempt 
promises  to  come  into  use  at  a  most  opportune  from  all  assessments.  Probably  more  than  one 
time.  Its  entire  practicability  and  eminent  hundred  millions  of  its  accumulated  wealth  is 
capacity  for  usefulness  have  been  demonstrated  invested  in  mortgages,  railroad,  municipal, 
both  in  Massachusetts  and  Maine.  An  expen-  county,  and  State  bonds,  or  deposited  in  sav- 
diture  of  a  few  thousand  dollars  judiciously  ap-  ings  banks;  and  it  would  seem  but  an  act  of 
plied  to  the  construction  and  equipment  of  the  justice  to  enact  such  laws,  if  practicable,  as 
necessary  shop  would  be  of  great  advantage.  will  compel  the  holders  of  such  property  to 

The  total  length  of  railroads  within  the  State  bear  their  just  proportion  of  the  public  bar- 
is  1,006*88  miles ;  whole  length  of  main  line  dens.  The  tax  imposed  upon  railroad  stocks 
operated,  8,091*18.  There  is  about  one  mile  of  by  the  Legislature,  some  two  or  three  years 
railroad  in  the  State  to  each  48  square  miles  since,  is  wholly  inoperative  so  far  as  the  real 
of  territory,  to  each  $281,000  of  property,  and  owners  of  the  railroads  are  concerned.  As 
to  644  of  population.  the  matter  now  stands,  the  assessment  made 

It  appears  by  the  statement  of  the  Bureau  upon  railroad  stocks  is  simply  an  assessment 

of  Statistics  that  Maine  stands  second  in  the  upon  the  right  of  redemption, 

ownership  of  the  mercantile  marine  of  the  The  number  of  savings  banks  now  organised 

country ;  her  amount  is  682,000  tons.    New  and  doing  business  in  the  State  is  fifty-nme,  a 

York,  being  first,  owns  1,078,000  tons,  while  decrease  of  five  since  September  27,  1875. 

Massachusetts  owns  868,000  tons,  and  Pennsyl-  These  have  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  reeeiv- 

vania  868,000  tons.    Waldoboro\  Maine,  owns  ers,  being  the  only  ones  so  placed  since  the  or 

121,000  tons,  which  is  more  than  is  owned  in  ganization  of  the  system  in  the  State.     The 

Baltimore ;  and  Belfast  is  credited  with  84,000  deposits  and  profits  of  the  fifty-nine  banks  do- 


MAINE. 


611 


iog  bafliness  on  ibe  4tli  day  of  November,  1878, 
were  $28,178412.22.  Tbe  assets,  as  compared 
with  1877,  are  as  follows: 


loTMtad   In  United   States 

boodi 

InT«sted  In  Stats  of  Maine 

booda. 

la  other  Stata,  eoontj,  and 

mimleipal  booda 

loTMted  In  railroad  bonds 

and  ftoeka 

lovested  In  tenk  stodc 

laregted  In  real  estate 

iBTested    In    mlsoeUaneons 

Loiat  on  real  eatate 

LcttBioDooUatanls,ete. 

CailL 

Total 


is?r. 


982,860  47 

97,218  60 

8,948,607  10 

8,058.888  81 

1.018.042  86 

80%009  84 

77fi,2l7  12 
7,498.441  70 
8,168,896  12 

683,068  06 


$28,893,482  78 


isrs. 


$1,978,284  62 

80,456  00 

7,420^019  40 

2,477,187  40 
976.044  88 
906^788  90 

688.048  16 
61.281,686  88 
1,988,006  82 

607.688  84 


$28,178,112  22 


This  statement  shows  a  decrease  in  tbe  de- 
poflits  and  profits  of  tbe  banks  during  tbe  year 
ending  November  4^  1878,  of  $8,725,820.54. 
The  decrease  of  tbe  depositors  for  tbe  same 
period  is  10,688.  The  whole  number  is  77,978. 
The  avera^  to  each  depositor  is  $297.  The 
decrease  in  the  deposits  and  profits  of  the  banks 
Iq  1878  is  $2,804988.60  more  than  in  1877 ; 
the  decrease  in  depositors  8,723  more;  the 
ftTerage  to  each  depositor  $6  less.  The  total 
amoiint  of  net  deposits  on  November  5, 1877, 
was  $25,092,872.65 ;  OQ  November  4,  1878, 
121,318,826.85,  a  decrease  in  the  net  deposits 
in  1878  of  $3,779,046.80.  This  decrease  em- 
braces $1,036,481.08,  the  redaction  of  deposits 
in  tbe  thirteen  banks  that  have  had  their  de- 
posit accounts  reduced  bj  decrees  of  court  un- 
der section  86  of  tibe  bank  act  of  1877.  This 
redaction  added  to  the  $21,818,826.85  would 
make  the  actual  net  deposits  $22,849,807.38, 
making  the  aotual  decrease  of  deposits  in  1878 
by  withdrawals  $2,743,565.27,  being  $1,110,- 
267.20  more  than  in  1877.  Five  banks  only 
have  increased  their  deposits  in  1878. 

Some  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  the  State,  which  are  shown  by 
the  following  facts.  While  the  total  school 
popuktion  has  decreased  2,620  witbin  a  year, 
being  now  214,797  against  217,417  in  1877,  the 
whole  number  of  scholars  registered  in  the 
schoob  is  165,150  agahist  155,428  in  1877,  a 
decrease  of  only  878.  Bat  the  improvement 
in  the  sentiment  of  the  people  regarding  the 
value  of  eduoaljon  is  shown  by  contrasting  the 
attendance  at  the  schools  in  1878  with  that  in 
1868.  In  the  latter  year  the  school  population 
of  the  State  was  225,200, 10,408  larger  than 
now,  but  the  per  cent,  of  attendance  was  only 
42,  against  51  for  the  past  year.  There  is  also 
ao  increase  in  the  amount  of  schooling.  In 
1868  the  average  length  of  tbe  summer  schools 
was  nine  weeks  and  two  days ;  now  it  is  ten 
weeks  and  two  days.  The  winter  schools, 
which  in  1868  averaged  nine  weeks  and  one 
day,  are  now  eleven  weeks  in  length.  In  1868 
tbere  were  8,719  school-houses  in  the  State; 
aow  there  are  4,125,  an  increase  of  594.    The 


number  built  in  1878  was  82.  The  estimated 
value  of  school  property  in  1868  was  $2,168,- 
409,  which  has  been  swelled  to  $8,068,480  in 
1878,  an  increase  of  $900,000.  The  number  of 
male  teachers  employed  is  2,554,  and  of  female 
5,929,  a  very  slight  change  from  1877.  The 
average  wages  of  males  is  now  $82.68  per 
month,  including  board,  and  of  females  $8.98 
per  week.  In  1868  a  male  teacher  got  on  the 
average  $29.50  a  month,  which  is  bat  $8.18 
smaller  than  now,  and  the  female  $2.94  a 
week,  but  $1.04  less  than  now.  For  the  past 
ten  years  there  has  been  a  steady  increase  of 
the  money  expended  on  schools.  The  average 
amount  raised  per  scholar  in  1868  was  $2.65, 
while  last  year  it  was  $8.86,  an  increase  of 
$1.21.  The  amocmt  expended  for  schools  last 
year  was  $986,648,  against  $951,877,  a  decrease 
of  $15,229.  Of  tbe  counties,  Cumberland 
raises  the  hurgest  amount  of  money  per  scholar, 
viz.,  $2.91,  and  Aroostook  the  least,  $1.52. 
The  total  amount  expended  for  common  schools 
in  all  the  counties,  from  April  1, 1877,  to  April 
1,  1878,  was  $986,648,  and  there  was  an  unex- 
pended balance  of  $90,205.  The  amount  ob- 
tained from  the  State  was  $887,802,  from 
towns  $660,086,  and  from  local  funds  $19,872. 
Governor  Garcelon,  in  his  message  to  the 
Legislature,  lays  before  that  body  some  grounds 
on  which  opposition  is  made  to  the  schools. 
He  says : 

The  Constitution  of  tbe  State  enjoins  upon  the 
Legialature  the  duty  "  to  require  the  aevenu  towns 
to  make  euitable  provision,  at  their  own  expense,  for 
the  support  and  maiatenance  of  our  public  schoolB," 
and  also  **  to  encourage,  and  suitably  endow,  f^om 
time  to  time,  as  the  circumatances  of  the  people  may 
.authorize,  all  academies,  colleffes,  and  seminaries  of 
learning  within  the  State."  Under  and  in  oompli- 
anoe  with  this  provision  of  onr  fundamental  law,  the 
annual  aasessment  of  our  people  in  all  the  towns  and 
cities  throufrhout  the  State  for  the  support  of  our 

1>ublic  schools  has  become  a  matter  of  statute  regu- 
ation.  These  primary  institutions  have  become  the 
pride  of  our  people,  and  they  will  willingly  bear  any 
reasonable  assessment  for  their  support^  providing 
that  asaessment  is  made  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Constitution.  Tlie  tax,  however,  lev- 
ied by  the  State  upon  the  entire  population,  to  be 
doled  out  by  way  of  bounty  to  snob  towns  as  are  able 
to  establish  what  are  termed  f^ee  high  schools,  meets 
with  decided  opposition  in  many  quarters.  In  the 
flrot  place,  it  is  claimed  that  in  no  sense  are  they 
free  schools  except  so  far  as  the  towns  themselves  in 
which  they  are  located  are  concerned.  Sparsely 
settled  and  impecunious  towns,  so  situated  that  they 
are  unable  to  establish  such  schools,  althoujgfb  con- 
tributing to  the  support  of  snob  as  are  established  in 
more  favored  places^  have  no  claims  upon  the  latter. 
Another  obiection  urged  with  much  force  is  that 
practically  toese  high  schools  are  very  expensive, 
and  that  the  children  of  the  more  favored  clasaea 
are  those  who  receive  the  benefito  of  their  establish- 
ment. The  introduction  of  the  study  of  the  dead 
lanj(uages  and  abstrune  sciences  into  these  schools 
is  of  very  Questionable  utility.  The  object  of  our 
common  scnools  is  the  education  of  the  masses 
within  certain  limito.  Bevond  these  we  have  our 
academies  and  colleges,  where  those  who  have  the 
ability  and  disposition  can  avail  themselves  of  their 
advantages  at  their  own  expense,  as  in  duty  bound. 

The  Industrial  School  for  Girls  is  very  ben*- 


613  MAINE. 

eficial.    The  nnmber  in  the  school  December  pears  that  nothing  satisfactory  can  be  argaec! 

6,  1877,  was  88 ;  December  4,  1878,  81 ;  aver-  either  way  from  these  statistics.    One  hundred 

age  nnmber  for  the  year,  81.    Number  received  and  nine  sentences  to  connty  jails  haye  lyeen 

by  commitment  during  the  year,  11 ;  returned  imposed  during  tl^  year.    The  sum  (tf  $57r 

fVom  homes,  5 ;  returned  from  Maine  Hospi-  472.60  has  been  naid  for  the  support  of  prooo- 

tal,  1 ;  married,  2 ;  dismissed  as  unsuitable,  1.  era  in  county  jails. 

The  whole  number  committed  to  the  school  At  the  commencement  of  the  year  there 

from  the  commencement,  January  1, 1876,  is  82.  were  416  patients  in  the  Insane  Hospital— 816 

Of  these  88  are  now  in  comfortable  homes,  of  males  ana  200  females ;  admitted  during  tba 

whom  4  have  been  adopted  into  excellent  fam-  year,  188 — 106  males  and  88  females;  msking 

ilies,  and  4  are  at  work  for  wages.    Of  the  82  a  total  under  treatment  of  604 — 821  males  aiui 

girls  committed  to  the  school,  8  only  have  been  288  female.    There  have  been  discharged  dnr- 

dismissed  as  incorrigible  and  7  or  8  ouly  have  iug  the  year  186^106  males  and  81  ^maies; 

a  decidedly  bad  record.    All  the  rest,  so  far  as  leaving  in  the  hospital  at  the  close  418  padenti. 

the  officen  of  the  school  can  judge,  are  in  a  The  condition  of  those  discharged  was  as  fol- 

fair  way  to  become  useful  meraben  of  society,  lows :  recovered,  66 — 29  males  and  27  femsles: 

The  number  in  the  State  Reform  School  at  improved,  46—24  males  and  21  females ;  hb- 

the  close  of  the  year  was  141,  of  whom  82  were  improved,  87 — 21  mdes  and  16  females;  died, 

received  during  the  year  and  24  discharged.  82  males  and  16  females.    One  patient  coid- 

There  are  provided,  for  three  classes  of  hoys,  mitted  by  order  of  court  nroved  not  insane. 

three  schools,  three  workshops,  three  play-  and  was  removed  for  trial.    Of  the  56  di«- 

yards,  and  so  on  through  all  the  departments ;  charged  recovered,  88  were  on  the  first  admit- 

each  class  is  kept  entirely  separate  from  the  sion,  16  on  the  second,  6  on  the  third,  1  on  the 

other  classes.    The  inmates  of  the  correctional  fourth,  and  1  on  the  fifth.    The  causes  of  death 

department  have  no  intercourse  with  the  others,  were  as  follows:  general  paralysis,  14;  cob- 

The  earnings  of  the  State  Prison  in  1878  sumption  11 ;  chronic  insanity,  8 ;  ezhaofldTd 
were  $16,712.24,  and  the  expenses  (82,211.89,  mania,  6;  paralysis,  2;  marasmus,  2;  heart 
leaving  a  balance  of  $16,499.66  against  the  disease,  1 ;  epilepsy,  1 ;  old  age,  1 ;  dropsj,  I; 
prison.  The  number  of  convicts  on  l>ecember  apoplexy,  1 ;  suicide,  1.  The  number  of  deatba 
1,  1877,  was — ^male8  208,  females  4;  total,  207;  varies  but  little  from  that  of  previous  jem. 
average  for  the  year,  188.  The  number  on  De-  Nearly  one  third  of  all  who  have  died  had  that 
cember  80,  1878,  was — ^males  216,  females  6;  fataldisease,  ^wieraZ/MmilyMa,  abramandDer- 
total,  221 ;  average  for  the  year,  211 ;  average  vous  disease  which  is  alarmingly  on  the  in- 
increase  over  previous  year,  28.  The  number  crease.  Consumption  is  the  next  prolific  canfe. 
of  commitments  to  the  prison  was  two  less  The  hospital  has  been  in  operation  since  Octo- 
than  in  1877.  Crimes  committed  in  1878 :  lar-  her,  1840.  since  which  time  6,160  patients  hare 
ceny,  80;  breaking  and  entering,  12;  rape,  6;^  enjoyed  its  benefits  and  4,742  have  beendii- 
adultery,  4;  murder,  8;  counterfeiting,  8;  in-'  charged.  Of  these,  2,086  recovered,  912  im* 
cest,  2 ;  manslaughter,  2 ;  assault  and  battery,  nroved,  798  were  unimproved,  and  997  fas^e 
2 ;  forgery,  1 ;  burglary,  1 ;  receiving  stolen  oied. 

goods,  1 ;  robbery,  1 ;  arson,  1 ;  abortion,  1 ;  The  crops  in  the  State  were  fair.    Com  was 

polygamy,  1 ;  assault  to  rob,  1 ;  attempt  to  com-  an  average  one  of  thirty  bushels  to  the  acre, 

mit  arson,  1 ;  total,  72.    In  fifteen  and  a  half  "Wheat  also  was  about  an  average  crop,  which 

years,  the  earnings  exceeded  the  expenses  for  is  fifteen  bushels  to  the  acre.    That  sown  on 

eight  and  a  half  years  by  $84,864.98  in  the  ag-  naturally  dry  land  showed  the  effects  of  the 

gregate,  but  during  the  remaining  seven  yeara  drought  in  a  short  head  and  small  sunken  ker- 

there  has  been  an  aggregate  deficit  of  $64,-  nel.     The  potato  crop  was  a  failure.    The 

489.67,  showing  an  average  annual  deficit  of  previous  year  potatoes  were  abundant  and  sold 

$1,268.62 ;  and  as  the  average  number  of  con-  lor  40  cents  per  bushel.    The  farmers  became 

victs  for  the  whole  time  has  been  160,  the  discouraged  and  planted  less  than  usual  m  1878; 

amount  divided  would  show  an  average  of  but  the  main  cause  of  the  reduction  of  the  crop 

$8.42  as  the  net  cost  to  the  State  of  each  con-  was  the  dry  weather.     Hay  ^nd  June  were 

vict  for  his  transportation  to  prison,  support  wet;  Julywasintenselyhot,  with  hardly  a  drop 

while  there,  and  outfit  when  discharged  there-  of  rain ;  August  came  without  rain ;  by  this 

from.    The  number  of  prisoners  in  connty  jails  time  the  usually  hardy  potato  vine  was  ydlow, 

is  18  less  than  last  year,  being  but  282  in  all,  parched,  and  withered.    Instead  of  findhsg  as 

and  making  an  aggregate  of  468  persons  now  usual  a  dozen  large  tubers  in  a  hill,  the  hm& 

confined  in  the  State  Prison  and  the  thirteen  found  a  few  small  scabby  specimens.    To  cap 

county  jails.    During  the  three  years  since  the  the  climax  came  the  potato  rot,  destroying  in 

abolition  of  the  death  penalty,  there  have  been  many  fields  one  sixth  of  the  crop.    The  avera^ 

^ye  convictions  in  cases  heretofore  capital,  yield  was  forty  bushels,  the  lai^est  crops  being 

During  the  three  years  1878-76,  just  prior  to  raised  on  moist  land.    Farmers  who  were  for- 

the  abolition  of  the  death  penalty,  there  were  tunate  in  raising  a  good  crop  of  potatoes  held 

four  convictions.     In  1867,  under  the  death  them  at  90  cts.  and  $1  per  bushel.    The  appl« 

penalty,  there  were  six  capital  trials  and  three  crop  was  enormous.    C^der  apples  were  abns- 

oonvicUons  and  death  sentences.    Thus  it  ap-  dant  at  12  cts.  per  bushel,  and  cider  at  10  cts. 


MAINE.  513 

per  gallon.     Winter  apples  were  harvested  in  for  their  own  profit  intozicating  li(^aor8,  whether 

exceUent  condition.    Greenings,  Baldwins,  and  ^^f^  o«"  unmixed,  under  the  guiaeot  medicine,  ouu 

Bellfiowerssoldatllperbarr^.    The  hay  crop  SSe"?^  ^Ah^e^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

was  rather  more  than  an  average  one,  tJie  wet  And  a  l«w  like  the  one  proposed— which  legifizee  u 

weather  of  May  and  June  having  given  to  the  large  number  of  places  of  sale  in  every  city,  which 

grass  the  moistnre  necessary  for  its  develop-  ©xacte  no  bond  of  the  persons  so  authorized,  which 

inent    Kever  was  the  crop  secured  in  better  do«»  ^^S*^]?''  **^«  withdrawal  of  any  license  by 

,...          m,          .       ..      '^           ji   3  _      AiA  municipal  officers,  which  requires  no  registration  of 

condition.    The  price  it  commanded  was  $10  ^^^  o'^^n  ^  p^bfio  inspection,  which  cbnt^mplates 

and  $12  pner  ton.     Barley,  oats,  and  rye  have  no  analysis  b^  a  State  assarer  of  liquors  sold,  and 

been  sparingly  sown,  wheat  having  been  sub-  above  all  which  makes  it  for  the  i)ecuniar7  interest 

BtitQted  for  them.     Oats  have  yielded  thirty  of  every  druggist  to  seU  all  that  his  Gonsoienoe  will 

hnahi»l«  n^r  Arrfl  permit— Will  eventually  injure  the  Standing  of  drug- 

DQsneis  per  acre.                                        r^.    ,    .  giats,  and  open  this  State  to  dram-shop  evils  from 

On  May  7th  the  German  steamer  Cimbna,  ^hid  u  has  largely  escaped  after  forty  years*  fight 

with  a  large  number  of  Russian  naval  officers  against  King  Aloobol. 

„d  jeamen,  anchored  in  the  harbor  of  EUa-  ^    ^^           ^^    g^^^^  Legidature,  then  in 

worth,  where  she  remained  over  five  months,  «^.„i^^  „„»  »a^,.*^a  «ri.:^k  ^,.^o^«»n  Ji.^  «*o*> 

aj.d  then  depa^  for  Philadelphia.    Thiswai  ^rri.nXl?nMhe"^n'bSt  o^^^^^^ 

at  the  time  when  there  was  a  prospect  of  hos-  ^^  4-       .          .  .^^  ftdvooatea.  and  the 

tilities  between  Great  Britain  and  ftnasia.    The  ^Z^^  ^^0^7  dJdre  to  CeSoJSSl  by 

offie.™  «»d  men  finally  toolc  charge  of  steam-  S^ritw^itolTowsT         '                  ' 
ers  bought  at  Fhiladelpbia. 

The  State  Temperance  Convention  was  held  ^%^  ffT^*  *^  LsguU^r^  of  Maim : 

•  uvv/uBwv  xwiay/w*»uv«  v/vuTviiwva*  wao  UW4V*  r^^^  %xnXA  Tempcranoe  Convention,  now  in  ses- 

at  Augusta  on  January  23d.     The  Governor  .ion  at  Augusta,  most  respectfully  represents  that 

of  the  State  was  chosen  President  ox  the  Con-  the  effort  made  in  Maine  to  redeem  the  State  and 

Tention,  and  the  following  resolutions  were  people  from  the  fearful  curse  of  intemi>erance  is  one 

adopted  unanimously:  o^  ™  n»oei  important  movemenU  of  this  or  any 

'                           ''  other  age  for  the  promotion  of  the  welfare  and  hap- 

St»ol9id^  That  the  friends  of  temperanoe  in  Maine,  piness  of  the  human  family  in  every  relation  of  lite. 

In- mass  convention   assembled,  render  thanks  to  As  the  evils  of  intemperance  in  many  ways  are 

Almii^hty  God  for  the  large  measure  of  success  which  greater  than  those  coming  from  all  other  sources  of 

has  attended  the  efforts  to  banish  from  the  State  the  evil  combined,  so  the  emancipation  from  those  evils 

ligantioeviisarislngfrom  theuse  andsaleof  intozi-  will  be  Uie  greatest  blestting  that  can  be  bestowed 

eating  liquors.    To  the  various  secret  and  opentem-  upou  any  people. 

penuiee  organisations,  to  tbe  temperance  reform  This  purpose  oan  never  be  accomplished  ezoept 

elabs  which  have  done  so  ffrandawork  within  a  few  bv  putting  away  the  cause,  to  wit,  the  traffic  in  in- 

7Mn,  to  the  churches  and  ministers  of  the  State,  tozioatine  liquors.     With  this  view,  more  than  a 

and  to  the  hosts  of  temperanoe  workers  and  temper-  quarter  of  a  century  ago  the  people  of  Maine,  through 

aoos  friends,  a  debt  of  gratitude  is  due  for  tneir  their  Lo^lature,  abolished  the  policy  of  license  and 

•imtat  and  self-saorificing  labors  to  advance  a  cause  adopted  that  of  prohibition.    From  that  day  to  our 

10  olosely  identifled  with  the  well-being  of  the  peo-  time  several  additional  laws  have  been  enacted,  all 

pU.  in  the  direction  of  ereater  stringency  and  severer 

SeuUtd,  That  the  too  prevalent  belief  that  intozi«  repression.  The  result  has  been  to  banish  the  liquor 

eating  liquors  are  not  only  indispensable  as  a  remedy  traffic  entirely  from  all  the  rural  districts  of  the  State, 

ia  terioas  diseases,  but  also  beneficial  as  a  reittora-  and  from  the  smaller  towns  and  villages ;  but  it  lin- 

tive  in  alight  indisposition,  is  one  of  the  most  seri-  gers  yet  to  some  extent  in  the  cities  and  larger  towns, 

oasobstaciea  to  the  complete  triumph  of  the  temper-  where  it  is  carried  on  secretly,  and  almost  entirely 

lace  movement.     We  rejoice  to  know  that  so  many  by  the  lowest  and  vilest  part  of  our  foreign  populo- 

•mioent  medical  men  are  coming  to  the  oonclusion  tion.    It  ia  impossible  for  any  one  who  has  not  seen 

that  the  cases  in  which  alcohol  can  be  administered  them  to  form  any  lust  notion  of  the  degradation  and 

t3  adrantaze  are  so  few,  and  the  abuses  to  which  it  the  wickedness  or  the  men  who  are  now  eneaged  in 

a  ■abjectea  in  its  use  as  a  medicine  as  well  as  a  the  unlawful  sale  of  liouor.    They  are  only  to  be 

beverage  are  so  many,  that  it  ought  to  be  adminis-  restrained  hy  shaip  ana  stringent  penalties,  which 

t^rsd  aa  oautiooMly  as  any  other  poison,  even  if  not  they  will  hesitate  to  incur  for  the  sake  of  the  profits 

diicarded  entirely  from  the  list  of  remediea  in  die-  to  be  derived  from  that  horrid  trade.  One  of  our  lead- 

«a»ea:  and  we  appeal  to  physicians  and  all  others  ing  judges  recently  remarked,  in  open  court,  that 

vho  aesire  the  triumph  of  the  temperance  oanse^  to  the  men  who  deal  in  liquor  now  do  it  deliberately. 

^ve  the  weight  of  their  influence  m  the  formation  with  a  calculation  as  to  the  profit  on  one  side  ana 

of  an  improved  public  sentiment  in  this  direction.  the  penalty  on  the  other,  and  the  balance  they  aup- 

Baolwtd^  That  whenever  a  preponderating  public  pose  to  be  on  the  side  of  taking  the  risk  of  detec- 

UQtiment  ngarda  alcoholic  liquors  as  indispensable  tion  and  punishment. 

as  a  medicine,  and  it  is  thought  necessary  to  pro-  The  Convention  represents  that  there  was  never 

▼ile  for  their  legal  sale  for  such  purpose,  no  provision  a  time  when  public  opinion  in  Maine  was  so  thor- 

tan  bo  devised  liable  to  so  few  abuses  as  the  system  oughly  aroused  or  so  firmly  set  against  the  liquor 

of  town  agencies,  by  which  only  one  place  of  sale  is  traffic  as  now.    Both  the  great  political  parties  of 

filbwcd  in  any  town,  and  this  under  the  manage-  the  State  have  declared  againM  it  in  their  annual 

^ent  of  an  aseot  appointed  by  the  municipal  officers,  State  oonventions,  in  the  moat  formal  and  nolemn 

&nd  removable  by  them  whenever  he  abuses  his  manuer,  and  the  people  are  fully  prepared  for  any 

trust,  without  any  pecuniary  interest  in  the  profits  measure  which  may  oe  necessary  to  extirpate  the 

ofiales,  and  required  to  keep  a  record  of  every  aale  liquor  traffic  f^om  the  State.    The  Convention  r^ 

op«ii  to  pahl'uD  inspection.  resents  that  all  English-speaking  people,  the  wofVd 

Betoktd^  That  we  earnestly  protest  amtinst  the  over,  are  looking  to  Maine  and  watching  with  the 

pasiaip  of  the  bill  now  before  the  Legislature,  au-  greatest  interest  and  anxiety  the  progress  of  the 

thorizing  dnigiriats  to  sell  malt  and  intoxicating  struggle  h ere  afirainst"thegi frantic  crime  of  crimes '' 

uqmn  for  medical  purposes.     No  law,  however  Every  snooessfhl  move  in  this  State  is  hailed  with 

parded,  which  authorizes  any  class  of  men  to  sell  joy  by  them,  and  they  are  inspired  by  it  with  re- 

VoL.  xvui. — S8    A 


i,14  MAINE. 


n 


newed  hope  and  incited  to  fresh  efforts  to  aooomplish  per  money  that  sball  be  the  peer  of  coin,  so  tbe  \c\- 

for  tbemHelves  the  great  deUverttnce  to  which  we  ume  shall  not  change  to  changepricea.    ^'e  don'i 

have  so  nearW  attained.     Like  wiae  men  bent  on  want  the  poor  or  rich  robbed.    We  want  Qub  law  of 

the  aocomplisoment  of  a  ffreut  work  for  Gk>d  and  supply  and  demand  to  rule. 

fcJlf'cJ^^aJf^iLr  A^r^Mu^U^^^^^^  The  resoktions  aBopted  were  «  follows: 

plete  it.    With  that  view,  we  respectfully  and  ear-  The  National  Greenback  party  is  ui  Independent 

neatly  entreat  the  Legislature  now  to  adopt  such  fur-  party,  forced  into  existence  by  the  exigeuciei^  of  tie 

tber  measures  of  repression  as  shall  be  deemed  times,  and  intended  to  restore  to  the  country  iiti 

needful  for  the  absolute  suppression  of  the  liquor  purity  of  administration  and  wiadom  of  IcgiBlatico 

traffic  in  this  State.  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  ciTilisation  and  in- 

^                ^                  X  1 .      XL      1.  .    ^  telligenoe  of  the  nineteenth  century.    Tbe  Natioml 

Governor  Conner,  on  taking  the  chair  to  pre-  Greenback  party  of  Maine  endorse  the  platform  kid 

Bide  over  the  Convention,  said  :  down  by  the  Toledo  Convention  February  22,  l^:*, 

We  may  well  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  prog-  «^d  briefly  enunciate  the  policy  of  the  Greenback 

resB  which  has  been  made  the  past  year  in  all  mat-  P"^y^^  ^»?«  ^  the  following  propoaitoona : 

ters  pertaining  to  temperance,  an<i  on  the  good  1-  WedeoUre  our  fealty  to  the  AmencM  moaetar 

grounds  we  hSve  to  hope  for  the  further  advance-  »7  aJ^tem,  the  abohUon  of  all  bank  lasuea,  Um  fiee 

ment  of  the  reform.    Tlie  laws  in  regard  to  the  unlimited  oomage  of  jold  and  Mlver,  and  the  »s« 

illeKal  sale  of  Uquors  have  been  vigorously  enforced,  ^7  ^^  S°^/™™«?*  °^  ^^}  ^^«^-J^^^^^^  ?,*5*lf'**^t 

ancftheir  efficiency  has  been  greatly  heightened  by  receivable  for  all  dues  ud  payable  for  all  aebts,  pB^ 

the  amendments  of  them  which  were  made  by  the  1«»  »pd  private,  maooordance  with  existing  ccmojct* 

LegisUture  of  last  winter.     W  bile  the  officers  of  the  f^^ }"»  amounts  sufficient  to  meet  the  wanu  ol  trade, 

law  have  been  active  in  bringing  to  justice  the  vio-  *<>  give  employment  to  all  labor  and  to  enaUe  th* 

lators  of  the  law,  the  friends  Sf  temperance,  by  pub-  People  to  do  a  cash  businew,  and  to  relieve  tb«n 

Ho  meetings,  through  the  reform  clubs  and  other  ^T  ^^  debt  system  which  has  made  the  mdnatml 

or^janizations  devoted  to  this  beneficence,  have  been  and  commercial  classes  the  shivee  and  drndgeaof  tte 

busily  at  work,  keeping  alive  the  public  interest,  dis-  oreditmongers  of  the  world. 

suadJng  men  from  the  drinking  habit,  and  fortifying  ,  2:.^rd!S*»"  ^'^  opposition  to  evwy  m«asin« 

the  yoSng  against  temptation.                            '    *  lookmg  to  the  resumption  of  specie  payment^ibe 

There  is  nS  reaction  iVom  the  sentiment  which  haa  monarchical  system  of  finance  which  puta  ail  the  ij- 

for  so  many  years  pervaded  the  great  body  of  the  *e/2f^^*  mdustiy,  trade,  and  commerce  in  the  hands 

people  of  this  Sute.  It  continues  to  be  one  of  strong  of  *^«  ^^''^  »?**  v?"  v"?*  *  *°^i°P**li  ^J  ^"^^^  ^'^ 

itnd  growing  antagonism  to  the  sale  and  use  of  etrocUve  of  the  highest  material  good  of  aociety. 

liquors,  of  approvaf  of  the  laws  that  have  been  en-  ,  «•  W«  proclaim  our  unoompromiaing  hoaUhty  to 

a^d  Ar  the  total  suppression  of  the  one,  and  of  *^5  perpetuation  of  the  system  of  government  lotted 

sympathy  with  the  efforts  that  are  being  put  forth  ludeUedness  which  la  calculated  to  burden  nnbora 

to  d&oountenance  the  other.  There  is  abunSant  rea-  jrenerations,  and  declare  that  the  Goveminent  should 

son  on  every  hand  to  labor  on  hopeftiUy  and  to  wait  «"  ^^[^^"^  ^^^^i  ^^  Wded  for  reaumpUon  pm. 

patiently  until  the  whole  State  shall  be  as  free  from  P0?«%^ P»y  "J<ifan«^ outatMiding  bonds, 

the  crimes  and  shames  which  alcoholic  drink  entaUs  *•  .^^o  contraction  policy  now  being  pursued  u 

aa  many  of  our  communities  now  are.    But  for  the  f'^'^^,  •^P^"»  *°  ^^/^^^!^!^  *^''^^""  v?!  ^ 

final  success  here  we  are  dependent  in  great  mea-  industrial  interests  of  the  country,  and  ought  to  be 

sure  upon  the  cooperation  of  our  fellow  citizens  in    ^^^^  \m  j  *i.  i.   «  i«  •-!  *• v^n  v    ^^  ..^ 

other  States  and  our  fellow  men  in  other  countries.  i' .^^<*^™^?^  .*^.»5  «» je^^^t^^^  •^•^  ^,  «>  ^ 

If  nowhere  else  did  this  cause,  which  is  as  broad  as  »cted  and  so  adminiateredaato  »ecure  to  each  il6l, 

humanity,  awaken  interest  ancl  receive  support,  the  "nearly  aa  practicable,  the  juat  rewards  of  his  oub 

•truggle  We  would  be  well  nigh  »  hopeless  one.  ^^Jor^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^      ^^  Communism,  im. 

The  subiect  of  the  national  finances  was  re-  PJ^ed  from  Europe,  which  asks  for  an  equal  diviaicn 

._j-j  —ill 1  i-x J.  T ^ i.' ^M  of  property. 


the  Federal  Government.    The  questiona  relat-  bold  to  a  dose  apcounubiUty. 

inff  to  labor  appear  to  have  awakened  less  in-  ™*^^J**®  abolition  of  all  uaeleas  offloca. 

:  *  vv  «c»^v«  c»|^^v»i  yv  xicTw  »    »'^'^*^^*  .«oo  i«  g^  ^^  ^^^  opposcd  to  thc  nominatiou  lor  office  of 

terest.     A  Greenback  (so  caUed)   Convention  ^j^j  politicians,  especially  thoae  who  have  been  for 

was  held  at  Lewiston  on  Jane  5tb  to  nominate  a  long  time  and  are  now  In  the  employ naent  of  tbe 

candidates  for  State  oflSoers.     The  number  of  Government ;  but  we  are  in  fifivor  of  the  nominatioo 

delegates  present  was  782.    Mr.  Solon  Chase,  of  new  men,  repreaonting  the  induatrial  and  bnii- 

of  Androscoggin,  was  made  President.    On  "T  wTfkvor  biennl.1  sessions  of  the  LegisUtu«, 

taking  the  chair  he  said :  the  reduction  of  all  aalaries  to  a  reasonable  amoutt. 

We  are  going  to  throw  a  vote  next  fall  that  will  and  abolishment  of  imprisonment  for  debt. 

»o';:JS,^I^?.  'S!,:kttt"/f  "r "pilfj^^t^  Mr.  snow  of  Oxford^  presented  a  ««.h.tio. 

we  see  men  like  James  G.  Blaine  rocking  the  rag-  asking  for  the  repeal  of  all  laws  which  make  a 

baby.    Inflate  the  currency,  and  jou  raise  the  price  distinction  between  the  sexes  in  regard  to  the 

of  my  steers  and  at  the  same  time  pay  the  public  right  of  ballot.    The  resolation  cansed  oonsid- 

debt.    Resumption  means  falling  prices  and  shrink-  ^^able  commotion,  and  was  voted  down  almost 

ageofwapres.    I  say  stop  hoarding.    We've  got  so    .^ ,         t™wvV    "or    Cw.:«^k    «,-.-   «>v«,i 

n^w  that  the  fsrme^s  grass  grows  backward.    Wn  Bnanimou.^y.     Joseph   W.  Smith   was  norai- 

we  get  to  specie  payment  we  have  a  system  resting  nated  for  Governor  on  the  first  oallot.     lie  is  ft 

on  8,000  years,    tinder  that  system  we  have  fluotu-  respectable  and  snccessfol  man  of  business, 

atirig  values,  and  money  kings  can  riae  or  fall  at  ^ho  has  been  an  active  politician.    He  was  a 

^t'lL^^5"lr-    !![®P'?P'***rl?PS^'!?T'l"\?°*  Democrat  till  1856,  and  afterward  a  Republi- 

not  by  doubling  the  value  of  the  bonds  by  shrinking  ■^^"*^^*  "*•  .*'  "  *"  "i  "*  ,«»«  v                       «.k^» 

valueJ.    We  want  to  repeal  the  rascalities  of  Con-  can ;  and  in  1872  and  1878  he  was  a  member 

greaa  enacted  by  the  money  power.    We  want  a  pa-  of  the  State  Senate. 


MAINE.  516 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  assembled  Tiie  following  resolation  was  laid  on  the  ta- 

at  Portland  on  Jnne  18th.    Mr.  Charles  W.  ble  by  a  vote  of  181  ayes  to  167  noes: 

Larrabee  was  made  both  temporary  and  perma-  ^e  oppose  aU  Uws  whioh  are  uDJatt  or  onequal 

neat  rresident.    Un  taamg  the  chaur  he  spoke  in  their  operations,  and  espeoiallv  those  that  oppre^- 

at  some  length,  allading  to  the  counting  in  of  sively  afflict  the  poorer  and  humDler  ciasaes  of  sod- 

Uaye&  and  saying  that  we  intend  to  abide  by  ®^y>    The  existing  legislation  in  Maine  relative  to 

the  result,  bat  lauding  the  present  investigation  *^«  ,"i?  °'  Uquors  as  now  executed  work,  wrong  and 

.        , .  u  *v^  .     ii              uu     1-     v**  hardship.    Amendments,  we  believe,  are  necessary 

by  which  the  truth  may  be  known  hereafter.  .^  that  the  suppression  of  an  evil  in  society  may  Ws 

He  thought  all  these  questions  should  be  set-  promoted  without  violation  of  the  rights  of  any 

tied  within  the  Constitution.    The  action  of  oitisens. 

'i!  Ejector.!  OommiBBioij  wa.  the  natarid  out-  j,    ^         Garoelon  was  nominated  as  the 

growth  of  Grant's  admmistration,  m  which  a'/Z   ^     o      -!™  k!^-     Z*!r!l^oiA      * 

the  Soathern  States  were  kept  in  a  state  of  *^t'^***  '**'  Governor  by  a  vote  of  210  ont 

vassalage.    The  day  is  past  when  aU  Qoestions  «  .^  t^Republican  State  Convention  assembled 

«n  be  answered  by  wa^g  the  blooay  shirt  ^  Pordaid  on  July  80th,  and  908  delegates 

Hehonoredtme8oldier8,butde8pisedbnmmer8.  ^J,  ™^t     Mr  liwS  B«^ker  wm  SSe 

DemooraU  demand  an  administration  of  the  T^tl^!^„l!f^i^I!t„^^^LJAL!^A 

STe^e^'cIS Ve  S^  bjrl^ntco  ~  ^'^    The  foUowing  plaLrm  wL  adopted : 

pensation  for  their  labor.    The  following  reso-  The  Republicans  of  Mune  in  convention  assem> 

lutiona  were  adopted:  hied,  as  an  exposition  of  their  poUtical  aims  and 

'^  prmcipies,  declare  as  follows : 

Stiotged^  That  we  still  hold  to  the  principles  of  After  twenty-two  years'  control  of  the  State  Gk>v^ 

the  national  Democratic  party  as  announced  in  its  emment,  they  invite  the  most  rigid  scrutiny  into  the 

conventions  and  supported  by  its  press  for  the  last  manner  in  whioh  their  ^reat  responiiibilities  have 

ten  years,  and  wherein  we  demand —  been  discharged,  and  point  with  satisfaction  to  the 

1.  Payment  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  United  fidelity,  economy,  and  success  with  which  the  puV 

States  as  rapidly  as  possible.  lie  affairs  of  the  State  administration  have  been  con- 

i.  No  further  Issue  of  Government  bonds  whereby  ducted,  snd  the  material  and  moral  interests  of  the 

equal  taxation  with  the  other  property  of  the  country  people  cared  for. 

is  avoided,  for  we  believe  that  equal  taxation  of  ^verr  Temperance  among  the  people  may  be  greatly  pro- 
Bpectes  of  property  according  to  its  real  value,  inclua-  moted  ny  wise  prohibitory  legislation,  as  well  aa  by 
log  Government  bonds,  is  due  sUke  to  the  moneyed  sll  those  moral  ageooies  which  have  secured  so  benefl- 
sQd  labor  interest  of  the  oountiv  and  consistent  with  cent  results ;  and  it  is  a  source  of  congratulation  that 
the  Democratic  principles,  which  abhor  privilege  and  the  principle  of  prohibition,  always  upheld  by  Re- 
know  no  class,  condition,  or  section.  pubUcans,  is  now  concurred  m  by  so  large  a  minority 

S.  That  ws  are  opposed  to  an  irredeemable  our^  of  the  people,  that  it  is  no  longer  a  party  question, 

^ncy,  but  believe  m  currency  for  the  Government  the  Democrats  for  several  years  having  decllDed  to 

tnd  people,  the  laborer  and  officeholder,  the  pen-  contest  and  dispute  it. 

»;ooer  and  soldier,  the  producer  sod  bondholder.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  declares 

We  are  opposed  to  the  present  national  banking  ays-  that  "  the  oitisens  of  each  State  are  entitled  to  all 

tern,  and  favor  the  (jpaduaisabstitution  of  greenbacks  privileges  and  immunities  of  citisens  in  the  sev- 

Ut  national-bank  billa.  eral  States,"  and  we  hold  it  to  be  the  primary  and 

4.  We  fally  endorse  the  action  of  the  minority  of  sacred  duty  of  the  national  Government  to  protect 

the  members  ofthe  House  ofRepresentatives  in  their  and  maintain  the  exercise  of  all  those  civil,  politi- 

iave»tigation  of  the  election  frauds  by  whioh  the  oal,  and  public  rights  by  every  citisen  of  the  United 

ooantry  was  cheated  and  robbed  of  the  honest  and  States.    As  Repuolicans  we  srs  solemnly  pledged  to 

rijcbtful  poesession  of  the  offices  of  President  and  maintain  thsse  principles ;  and  until  they  are  cheer- 


unremitting 

eited,'  and  a  repetition  of  the  like  offense  be  made  efforts  not  only  to  iecurethe  legitimate  results  of  the 

impoMible.  war.  the  sovereignty  of  the  Union,  the  equsl  rights 

L  We  dsmand  that  all  legislation  shsll  be  so  onset-  of  all  citizens,  and  the  free  and  untrammeled  right 

M  and  so  administered  as  to  secure  to  esoh  msn  as  of  suffhige,  but  also  to  redeem  the  pledges  which  the 

r.:;arlj  as  practicable  the  just  rewards  of  his  own  Government  made  to  those  who  furnished  the  means 

Ubor.  or  gave  their  services  to  save  the  Union ;  whether 

S.  Annoal  slsotions  and  annual  sessions  of  the  these  pledges  are  in  the  form  of  bonds  or  greenback 

Legislature  are  nnnecessa^.    It  is  the  duty  of  the  notes,  we  insist  that  both  forms  of  the  debt  of  the 

Ltgiiilatiirs  to  submit  to  the  people  for  ratification  nation  shall  be  paid  with  tlie  ssme  fairness  and  in* 

the  amendments  recommended  by  the  late  Constitu-  tegrity  with  winch  the  honest  man  seeks  to  psy  his 

tionsl  Commission  ohsnging  the  elections  and  ses-  individual  debts. 

lion  of  the  Legislature  to  biennial,  alao  changing  We  demand  honest  money  for  the  people.    Our 

the  time  of  elections  to  November,  uid  also  aborist^  currency  must  be  made  as  good  as  coin,  ana  redeem* 

*Qg  the  Executive  Council.  able  in  it.    The  Government  promised  this ;  the 

Kuolctd^  That  fourteen  years  of  misgovsmment  Republican  party  has  legislated  to  perform  it ;  and  in 

by  the  Bepnhliean  party  since  the  close  of  the  war  the  course  of  resumption,  now  nearly  accomplished, 

n)ir  finds  every  industry  of  the  ooantry  prostrate  there  must  be  no  steps  sidewsys  or  baokwara. 

and  labor  seeking  in  vain  for  employment.    It  has  We  congratulate  our  fellow  oitisens  on  the  unmls* 

been  s  rule  of  ricgs  in  the  interest  of  officeholders  takable  evidence  that  the  near  approach  to  a  stable 

tod  monopoliats,  aud  there  is  no  hope  of  prosper-  currency  is  preparing  the  wa^j^  for  an  earlr  perma* 


Uemoency.  rsncy  is  most  prominent,  and  greatly  aggravated  by 


516 


MAINE* 


MARYLAND. 


miBobievoas  agitation  of  demaf^g^eB  In  and  out  of 
CongreoB  for  measures  which,  ii  adopted  as  tiie  pol- 
icy of  the  Goverument,  would  briog  permanent  dis- 
order and  ruin  to  business,  discreuit  and  dishonor 
upon  thd  nation,  and  tend  to  subvert  many  of  those 
principles  which  are  fundamental  to  the  ezistenoe 
of  civilized  society. 

The  evident  purpose  of  the  Demooratio  party,  if  it 
should  come  into  mil  power,  to  pay  the  hundreds  of 
milliontt  of  suspended  war  claims  of  disloyal  pien 
already  presented  to  Congress,  or  awaitiug  the  fa- 
vorable moment  for  presentation,  makes  it  doubly 
important,  now  that  the  Senate  is  to  pass  under 
Democratic  control,  that  the  House  of  Keureseuta- 
tives  to  be  chosen  in  the  coming  elections  snould  be 
under  Kepublican  control. 

The  navigation  laws  which  were  enacted  in  the 
infancy  of  the  republic  have  proved  their  wisdom 
by  long  and  varied  experience.  They  embody  the 
matured  judgment  of  three  generations  of  commer- 
cial men.  Any  radical  ohan^e  in  these  laws,  efspe- 
cially  in  regard  to  the  enrollment  of  shipping,  would 
be  detrimental  to  the  highest  interests  of  American 
commerce,  and  a  damaging  blow  at  the  naval  inde- 
pendence of  our  country. 

Governor  Selden  Connor  was  renominated 
for  the  same  office  by  acclamation. 

The  popular  election  on  September  9tb  was 
for  the  choice  of  Governor  and  State  officers, 
and  members  of  Congress  and  of  the  State 
Legislature.  The  following  was  the  vote  given 
for  members  of  Congress: 


DI8T. 

lUpoblko. 

DoBOcntfe. 

KatloML 

I 

II 

III.... 
IV 

V 

Beedt      18,488 
Frye,       11,484 
Lindaey,  11,878 
Powers,  10,095 
Hale,         9,911 

Anderson,  9,888 
Belcher,     8,88S 
Smith,        ^696 

Martni'i'm 

Oove,          6,848 
Chase,        8,479 
Phllbrick,  8.857 
Ladd,        12,921 
March,      11,858 

The  Committee  of  the  Legislature,  after  can- 
yassing  the  votes  for  Governor,  reported  the 
result  as  follows :  The  whole  number  of  votes 
was  126,169.  Of  these,  Selden  Connor  had  56,- 
664,  Joseph  L.  Smith  41,871,  Alonzo  Garcelon 
28,218,  J.  L.  Smith  2,  Samuel  Jordan  1,  Joseph 
Smith  2,  Frederic  Robie  17,  scattering  14.  Thus 
there  was  no  choice  by  the  people. 

The  State  Legislature  was  divided  as  fol- 
lows: 


PARTDES. 

Republicans 

Democrats 

Nattonsls 

TotsI 


HooMk 


65 
22 
64 


151 


The-  Legislature  assembled  on  January  1, 
1879.  J.  Manchester  Haynes,  of  Augusta,  was 
elected  President  of  the  Senate,  and  Melvin  P. 
Frank,  Speaker  of  the  House.  As  there  was 
no  Governor  elected  bj  the  people,  it  became 
the  duty  of  the  House  to  go  into  the  election 
by  ballot  of  two  persons  from  the  four  having 
the  highest  number  of  votes  on  the  list  for. 
Governor,  and  make  return  thereof  to  the  Sen- 
ate. On  the  8d  this  election  was  held,  and  re- 
sulted as  follows :  Whole  number  of  votes,  149 ; 
necessary  to  a  choice,  75.  Joseph  L.  Smith 
and  Alonzo  Garcelon  had  each  85  votes ;  Sel- 
den Conner  amd  Frederic  Kobie  had  each  64 


votes.  On  the  same  day  the  two  names  having 
the  largest  number  of  votes  were  reported  to 
the  Senate.  In  that  body  the  whole  nuiobtT 
of  votes  was  81 ;  necessary  for  a  choice,  16. 
A.  Garcelon  had  21  votes  and  J.  L.  Smith  10. 
Mr.  Garcelon  was  therefore  deckred  to  be 
elected  Governor  for  the  ensuing  year.  Sub- 
sequently the  following  State  ofiicers  wer« 
elected:  Secretary  of  State,  Edward  U.  Gove, 
of  Biddeford;  State  Treasurer,  Charles  A. 
White,  of  Gardiner ;  Attorney  General,  Wul 
A.  McLellan,  of  Belfast;  Adjutant  Gcaienl, 
Sumuel  D.  Leavitt. 

The  following  amendments  to  the  State  Coc- 
stitution  were  also  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the 
people : 

No  person  shall  vote  at  any  election  Id  this  State, 
unless  he  has  paid  a  poll-tax  withiu  two  years  pre- 
cediDtf  the  election  in  wbioh  he  propoBes  to  vote, 
provided  said  tax  has  been  legaUy  ajMeaaed  nf-oL 
him. 

No  city  or  town  shall  hereafter  create  any  debt  « 
liiibUitv,  which,  singly,  or  in  the  aggre«it«  with  pre- 
vious debts  or  liabilities,  shall  exceed  5  per  cent,  cf 
the  last  regular  valuation  of  said  city  or  tow  n  ;  pro- 
vided, however,  that  the  adoption  of  tbis  uticle  alull 
not  be  construed  as  applying  to  any  fiind  reoeivtd  il 
trust  by  said  city  or  town,  nor  to  any  loan  for  li  e 
purpose  of  renewinff  existing  loans,  or  for  war,  or  to 
temporary  loans  to  oe  paid  out  of  money  raided  Ij 
taxation  during  the  year  in  which  they  are  made. 

The  vote  on  the  former  w*as:  for,  20,530; 
against,  26,242 ;  and  it  was  rejected.  1  he  kt- 
ter  was  adopted :  for,  89,800 ;  against,  5,882. 

MARYLAND.  The  regular  sesaon  of  tbe 
State  Legislature  assembled  at  Annapolis  on 
January  2d.  The  Senate  elected  Edward  Lloyd 
as  President ;  and  the  House,  Fetter  S.  Uobilt- 
zell  as  Speaker. 

One  of  the  earliest  proceedings  in  tbe  House 
was  the  presentation,  by  Montgomery  Blair,  of 
the  following  resolutions  and  acoumi»anyiDg 
memorial : 

Betolvtd  by  the  Eouh  of  DeUgaUt^  the  SenaU  etm- 
curring^  That  the  following  memorial  be  signed  by 
the  President  of  the  Senate  and  Speaker  of  the  Hoom. 
and  copies  thereof  be  transmitted  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States  Senate  and  to  the  Speaker  of  t^e 
House  of  Representatives. 

2.  Betohed^  That  onrSenators  and  Representatives 
in  Congress  be  and  are  hereby  instructed  and  re- 
quested to  favor  the  object  of  the  memorial,  and  that 
copies  of  the  same  be  forwarded  1^  theoi. 

The  following  is  the  memorial : 

To  the  SmaU  and  Mowe  of  B^rtutdoJUrm  in  Cba- 
gresB  atumibUd :  Your  memorialists,  the  Oeneral  As- 
sembly of  the  State  of  Jdaryland,  repraaent  aa  fol- 
lows: 

By  the  terms  of  the  act  of  the  Foity-lburth  Con- 
gress establishinff  the  Electoral  Commission,  it  wa» 
provided  that  no  decision  of  the  Presidential  election 
under  that  act  should  preclude  a  judicial  deciaion  of 
the  question. 

Toe  obvious  intent  of  this  provisioD  waa  to  aaiqire 
the  people  that  the  question  should  be  determined 
on  its  merits,  by  the  proper  judicial  tribunal,  an  Use 
event  that  the  Commission  snoaldhold  itaelf  incom- 
petent to  render  such  dedsion. 

By  its  proceedings  it  ftiUy  appears  that  said  Com- 
mission  neld  that  it  was  incompetent  to  inqnire 
whether  the  formal  returns  of  the  several  Stateaw 
which  were  submitted  to  it,  were  true  or  ikhse. 


MARYLAND. 


617 


In  ooQseqaenee  of  this  deoUlon,  the  prefent  inoam- 
beu(  of  the  Fresiddutial  ohair  was  seated  by  virtue 
ofretorns  whioh  were  noturioasly  false  and  fraud- 
uldDt,  and  were  so  in  eflfeot  admitted  by  Justice 
Stroagf  whose  vote  seated  him,  and  also  by  the  in- 
cumbent himself,  in  disregarding  those  returns  ub 
T-ipeetA  State  officers  whose  titles  to  office  were  also 
ba-sed  up  m  them,  aud  were  in  every  respect  identi- 
cal with  his  own. 

While  the  repudiation  of  these  returns  by  the  in- 
curnbaat,  for  all  purposes  save  his  own  election,  is  an 
clmission  that  it  was  a  fraud  to  use  them  for  that 
purp9<ie,  the  motives  which  induced  thia  partial  re- 
pudiation greatly  aggravate  his  offense. 

Br  the  pa')liahud  statement  of  Mr.  John  Toung 
BroWa,  which  has  rem  lined  uncontradicted  since 
April,  1877,  it  appears  that  this  repudiation  was  a 
oooditioa  iinposea  by  said  Brown  and  his  associates. 
then  holding  the  balance  of  power  in  the  House  or 
Sipreseatatives,  upon  whion  alone  the  incumbent 
w^ald  be  allowed  to  be  counted  into  the  office  upon 
tbeM  false  relarns.  This  condition  waa  accepted 
Ur  the  inouoibant  by  Messrs.  Stanley  Matthews 
sod  Charles  Foster,  then  and  since  the  President's 
ebtest  friends. 

Said  Brown  and  his  associates  had  been  elected  as 
the  adversaries  of  the  incumbent,  but  separated  Arom 
tho  great  body  of  their  political  associates  in  the 
Iloase  of  Kepresentatives  to  carry  into  effect  said 
irrangement.  At  the  time  of  entering  into  it  they 
wtre  the  leading  advocates  of  a  bill,  tlien  pending 
io  said  House,  to  grant  a  large  subsidy  to  the  Texas 
Fieiiie  R^lroad  Company,  to  which  the  President 
el»:t  (Tilden)  waa  known  to  be  opposed ;  and  it  is  a 
j  iii  inference  from  all  the  circumstances  that  while 
ihij  were  willing  to  defeat  his  inauguration  for  thia 
reason,  they  could  not  venture  to  act  with  their  po- 
liiied  oDponenta  for  that  obieot  if  such  codperation 
inrolred  also  a  surrender  or  the  local  governments 
of  tbe  States  in  question,  as  well  as  their  electoral 
rotes,  to  their  political  opponents ;  and  to  remove 
obstacles  it  was  atipulatedf,  in  effect,  that  the  inoum- 
bmt  should  treat  tne  returns  as  fraudulent,  so  far  as 
tbjy  affected  the  local  governments  of  said  States, 
by  withholding  the  United  States  troops,  the  pres- 
eoes  of  which,  it  is  knowu,  alone  gave  them  any 
force. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  conatitntional  question, 
so  lively  and  elaborately  debated  in  Congress, 
bjfore  the  Commission,  and  in  the  public  preas, 
i*  the  question  on  which  the  Presidential  contest 
hinged,  and  with  which  the  public  mind  was  long 
ezereised,  had  no  part  whatever  in  determining  the 
C'^est ;  but  that  it  was  in  fact  determined  bv  a  bodv 
of  men  elected  by  one  party,  but  openly  actm^  with 
their  opponents,  in  the  interest  or  certain  railroad 
e9rpo»tions,  at  the  decisive  moment. 

Krery  interest  of  the  country  is  greatly  prejudiced 
lai  its  moat  vital  interests  are  put  in  jeopardy  bv 
»;iiferiag  the  people  to  be  superseded  as  the  politi- 
cal power,  and  subntitutin?  for  them  such  moneyed 
ornnizationA  as  will  pay  for  defrauding  them. 

li)  the  opinion  of  your  memorialists,  the  continued 
proitra:ion  of  the  business  of  the  country  is  largely 
<iae  to  the  fjot  that  the  oonddence  of  the  people  in 
the  conduct  of  public  officers  is  shaken,  and  that  an 
irresponsible  executive  administration  has  been  in- 
■talled  which  has  not  the  support  of  the  country  or 
of  either  of  its  great  political  parties— a  thing  in  con- 
flict with  the  wnole  theory  of  our  institutions  and  of 
tbne  of  other  countries.  To  carry  on  the  govern- 
nient,  the  incumbent  must  s^ek  support  from  those 
el?«t«<l  at  his  opponents.  This  relation  is  in  itself 
corrupting.  It  is  shown  by  reason  as  well  as  by  ex- 
p'lriene)  that  no  useful  public  service  can  be  ren- 
dered by  an  administration  whose  title  to  power 
reiU  apon  fraudulent  election  returns,  manufactured 
br  its  own  partisans,  and  made  effeciual  hy  an 
•zreement  with  subsidy  and  jobbing  men  of  the  op- 
pMiog  par^.    The  indiapensable  first  sten  to  any 


reform  of  the  public  service  is  to  restore  the  govern- 
ment to  the  people. 

It  is  only  by  the  men  who  have  been  elected  by 
the  people^  and  who  are  free  from  all  entauglintf 
alliances  with  the  jobbing  interebts,  from  which  aU 
the  great  abuses  have  sprung,  that  any  reform  can 
be  effected. 

Your  memorialists  therefore  pray  that  needful 
legislation  may  be  adopted  to  ascertain  judicially 
who  was  elected  President  at  the  recent  election, 
and  to  give  effect  to  the  will  of  the  people,  and  will 
ever  pray,  etc. 

A  motion  to  lay  the  whole  on  the  table  was 
lost — yeas  13,  nays  54.  It  was  then  referred  to 
the  Oommittee  on  Federal  Relations. 

The  above  memorial  was  based  on  the  sixth 
section  of  the  bill  providing  for  the  creation  of 
the  Electoral  Commission,  as  follows : 

Skc.  6.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  held  to 
impair  or  affect  any  right  now  existing  under  the 
Constitution  and  laws  to  Question  by  proceeding  in 
the  judicial  courts  of  the  United  States  the  right  or 
title  of  the  person  who  shall  be  declared  elected,  or 
who  shall  claim  to  be  President  or  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States,  if  any  such  right  exists. 

On  Febmary  8tb  tbe  Committee  on  Federal 
Relations  presented  two  reports,  both  nnfavor- 
able  to  the  memorial  The  majority  report  was 
simply  nnfayorable  without  giving  any  reasons. 
The  minority  report,  presented  by  George  H. 
Williams,  set  forth — 

That  after  a  careful  consideration  of  the  memorial 
with  due  regard  to  the  gravity  of  the  matters  there- 
in charged,  and  while  he  had  not  and  can  not  have 
any  sufficient  evidence  of  the  correctness  of  the  facts 
stated,  and  as  the  whole  country  has  accepted  the 
result,  he  is  not  aware  of  any  special  duty  incumbent 
upon  this  State  to  solicit  that  an  attempt  should  be 
made  to  undo  that  which  he  is  satisfied  will  not  now 
be  undone,  and  which  this  State  alone  could  not  prC' 
vent  were  a  repetition  of  it  to  be  attempted.  That 
in  common  with  a  large  mass  of  his  fellow  citizens 
he  is  painfully  conscious  that  for  a  period  of  now 
nearly  twenty  years  so  manv  and  such  great  perver- 
sions and  encroachments  of  power  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  Government  have  been  made  as  may  well 
■tartle  all  thinking  persons,  and  cause  serious  appre- 
hensions for  the  future.  The  Federal  Government 
during  this  time,  commencing  with  the  pretexts  of 
"military  necessity*'  and  "to  save  the  life  of  the 
nation,"  have  trodden  under  foot  with  impunity  the 
sacred  writ  of  habtat  carpuSj  selecting  the  Stat«  of 
Maryland  for  the  gross  sacnflce,  whi^,  with  many 
other  outrages,  has  been  cheerfully  acquiesced  in 
and  willingly  endorsed  bv  a  majority  of  the  nation, 
that  migority  not  being  wholly  comjtosedof  the  pres- 
ent Bepublican  partv,  so  that  our  present  political 
condition  is  not  sucn  as  our  forefathers  either  in- 
tended or  contemplated.  Those  who  have  sown 
the  wind  can  not  now  complain  of  the  whirlwind, 
and  we  on  our  part  mast  content  ourselves  with  our 
innocence  in  not  having  participated  therein,  nor 
having  in  any  manner  sanctioned  them.  So  far  as 
this  State  is  concerned,  the  outrages  set  forth  in  the 
resolutions,  gross  as  they  undoubtedly  are,  yet  are  not 
as  bad  as  the  imprisonment  of  her  Legislature  with- 
out cause  in  the  year  1861,  and  against  which  the 
General  Assembly  has  never  yet  been  invited  and 
has  never  deemed  it  necessary  to  make  remonstrance, 
nor  worse  than  many  other  high-handed  abuses  ancl 
outrage's  which  it  is  now  fruitless  either  to  discuss  or 
refer  to.  So  that  should  the  State  of  Maryland  in 
any  manner  attempt  to  do  what  the  reaolutions  call 
for,  she  would  not  only  be  powerless  in  the  'matter, 
but,  to  the  mortificotion  and  distress  of  all  her  true 


518  MARYLAND. 


cuTtt  in  the  UDfavorable  report.  which  excused  that  measure,  explain  and  fix  th«  rt- 

y-k    n  V            11x1  -kr     rr                            i         «  BpoDflibiUty  alike  lor  the  rtsort  to  the  ElectofilCiEj- 

Un  J^eoruary  11th  M.r.  llonston,  a  member  of  mission  and  for  the  continued  acquiescence  in  its 

tiie  Oommittee  on  Federal  Relations,  wiio  had  result. 

Bigned  the  mijjority  report,  asked  leave  to  pre-  j^^^  ^^  accompanied  by  a  speedi  from  ilr. 

sent  a  minority  report.    This  expressed  a  dis-  3,^^     ^^^^^  ^^  ^^3  ooncladed : 

approval  of  the  manner  of  procedure  by  which  -arx       .                   ^-     *            * 

the  result  attained  by  the  Electoral  Commis-  ,irr.t'\S7d:^?^,t^"S.:^^rpSr.l,ttn^? 

sion  was  reached,  bat  deprecated  further  agita-  Mr.  David  Dudley  Field,  and  the  Supreme  Court  de- 

tion  of  the  subject.     Referrmg  to  the  position  oides  that  Mr.  Tilden  is  President,  and  the  Chief 

assumed  by  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  Justice  administers  to  him  the  oath  of  office!  U 

on  the  Commission,  the  report  said :  ^ny^'lri?*  ''*''*"/"  t^  ^^!  ^  ^^^'^i^'^wi  -^  ^^' 

'             '^  will  of  the  people.    The  ^ints  upon  which  thiseist 

That  while  willing  to  concede  that  a  decision  in  would  turn  under  that  bill  were  all  conceded  in  tbe 

favor  of  either  view  of  the  constitutional  questions  argument  before  the  Electoral  Commissionf  scd  it 

involved  is  entirely  reconcilable  with  the  most  ex-  was  only  because  that  Commission  held  it  could  net 

alted  judicial  virtue,  yet  by  the  decision  of  sudElec-  get  at  tuem,  that  even  the  eight  by  seven  decided 

toral  Commission  the  shameful  and  alarming  spec-  against  Tilden.    There  is  not  a  dispnted  &ct  dot  a 

tacle  was  presented  to  this  republic  of  three  judges  doubtful  point  of  law  involved  in  the  proeeediog  qb- 

of  its  Supreme  Court  concurnng  in  the  same  oa^e,  der  Mr.  Field's  bill  to  seat  Mr.  Tilden.    His  pchti- 

and  that  case  involving  the  welfare  of  44,000,000  cal  adversaries  now  desire  to  give  him  his  seat.  Bis 

people,  that  they  were  oonoluded  by  tlie  official  re-  so-called  political  friends  only  stand  in  the  W87,scd 

turns  of  two  States  and  estopped  by  the  Constitution  they  fail  to  assert  his  title  and  vindicate  the  ri^bu 

from  an  ioquiiy  into  their  verity,  but  bad  full  power  of  the  people,  because  thej  now  enjoy  patronage 

under  that  Constitution  to  inquire  into  the  verity  of,  And  power  under  Hayes,  which  they  i^prebend  the; 

annul  and  set  aside  for  another,  the  regularly  autnen-  would  not  enjoy  unoer  Tilden. 

ticated  electoral  return  of  a  thi rd  State  of  the  Union ;  ^ 

that  such  decision  is  cnlculated  to  unsettle  the  very  After  a  lengthy  debate  the  above  resolctioos 

foundations  of  our  institutions,  and  to  bring  them  were  adopted  as  a  substitnte  for  the  report  of 

into  disrepute  ainong  the  enlightened  nations  of  the  the  Committee— yeas  37,  nays  82.    Under  a 

earth  ;  and  that  by  such  prostitution  of  the  Ameri-  gngnension  of  the  rnle^  tlie  rpjioliitinn*;  wew 

can  ermine  to  the  demand  of  faction  in  the  most  f  J^pension  ot  ine  rules  liie  reaoiutiODS  were 

august  and  exalted  cause  ever  yet  adjudicated  by  a  '**^°  r®*"  *°<*  re)ected-— yeas  84,  nays  87. 

human  tribunal,  a  severe  shock  has  been  given  to  On  March  18th  Mr.  Blair  offered  the  follow* 

the  morals  of  the  present  generation  of  Americans,  ing  resolution,  which  on  his  motion  was  re- 

and  a  heritage  of  shame  to  their  remotest  posterity,  ferred  to  the  Judiciary  Committee : 


thA  rannrf  •  ^^^  expediting  the  action,  to  exhibit  a  bill  in  the  Su- 

WW  repori .  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  United  States,  on  behalf  of  the 

^  the  Ho%m  of  DeUgaU^^B^ltid^  That  the  in-  State  of  Maryland,  with  proper  parties  thereto,  Kt- 

stallment  of  a  person  as  Pref«ident  of  the  United  ting  forth  the  fact  that  due  effect  has  not  been  fi^^ 

States  who  was  not  elected  to  that  office,  by  count-  to  the  electoral  vote  cast  by  this  State  on  the€tbdax 

ing  for  him  the  electoral  votes  of  several  States  upon  of  December,  1876,  by  reason  of  lYaudulent  retuins 

returns  obtained  by  the  use  of  military  force,  and  made  from  other  States  and  allowed  to  be  counttd 


as  a  flagrant  usurpation.  declare  the  returns  fh>m  the  States  of  Lovisium 


Begolvfd^  That  d^  acquiescence  in  this  usurpation,  and  Florida,  which  were  oounted  for  Rutherford  B. 

and  in  the  dei>oeition  of  the  President  elected  by  the  Haves  and  William  A.   Wheeler,  fraudulent  ud 

^rreatest  majority  ever  oast  by  the  men  whose  fathers  voi*d,  and  that  the  legal  electo  al  votes  of  said  8tit« 

founded  this  jrovemment,  by  failing  to  supply  the  were  cast  for  Samuel  J.  Tilden  as  Fresident  ind 

legislation  required  to  enforce  the  judicial  investiga-  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  as  Vice-Preeident,  snd  thit 

tion  of  this  fraud,  contemplated  by  the  electoral  bill  by  virtue  thereof  and  of  184  votes  cast  by  other 

itself,  or  otherwise  to  provide  for  the  peaceful  asser-  States,  of  which  eight  were  oast  bv  the  State  of  Ma- 

tion  of  the  rights  of  the  people,  the  Congress  sane-  ryland,  the  said  Tilden  and  Hendricks  were  dnly 

tions  and  invites  its  repetition  in  the  future,  and  en-  elected ;  and  praying  said  Court  to  decree  aecoro* 

dangers  the  peace  of  the  country  and  the  stability  ingly. 

of  republican  institutions,  and  continues  an  admin-        -,,  ,  ,.        .      .        .  .  -1  v    u 

istratlon  which,  by  reason  of  the  wsnt  of  confidence        The  resolution,  having  been  reported  back 

of  all  parties  in  it,  has  not  the  power,  if  it  has  the  to  the  House,  was  on  March  28th  adopted-- 

disposition,  to  correct  the  abuses  of  government  to  yeas  46,  nays  28.     In  the  lower  Bou:^e  of  Con- 

which  the  present  paralysis  of  industry  and  wide-  trrt^^a  if  wiua  nrPOPntAd  hv  UTr   Swnnn  nf  Miiri- 

spread  bankruptcy  are  due,  and  thereby  endorse  the  F^f  "7     57^^}]^%^^  Mr  fewann  ot  JJiarj 

continuance  and  agmvatiin  of  these  evils.  ^^^^y  referred  to  the  Committee  on  the  Judi- 

Besolvfd,  That  it  is  manifest  that  this  acquiescence  ciary,  and  ordered  to  be  printed,    ho  furtlter 

is  sttributable  to  the  same  causes  which  led  to  the  es-  action  has  been  taken, 
tablishment  of  the  Electoral  Commission,  bv  which        An  act  was  passed  to  appoint  a  State  Tax 

iari";J,^nT,a7C«d±dT^^  Con,n.ls,ioner  Jo  hold  his  oice  for  fo.r  jejr. 

that  measure ;  and  the  presence  of  a  Democrat  in  the  ^^  «  "lade  his  duty  to  assess  for  State  purposes 

Oabinetof  the  beneficiary  of  that  f^aud,  andtherela-  the  shares  of  capital  stock  in  all  banks,  St«to 


MABYLAND.  519 

or  nationa]^  bankiDg   associations,  or   other  Hospital  loan ;  10  cents  to  aid  in  the  support 

iocorporated  institutions  or  companies  incor-  of  the  pablio  schools,  to  be  distributed  among 

porated  under  the  authority  of  the  State,  or  the  several  counties  and  the  city  of  Baltimore ; 

located  and  doing  business   therein,  whose  and  1}  cent  to  meet  the  interest  and  create. a 

shares  of  capital  stock  are  liable  to  assessment  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the  Trea- 

and  taxation  by  tlie  laws  of  the  State.    Ue  is  sury  Relief  loan.    The  early  completion  of  a 

also  required  to  perform  all  the  duties  in  ref-  branch  canal  from  the  Ohesapeake  and  Ohio 

erence  thereto  which  have  heretofore  devolved  Oanal  to  the  city  of  Baltimore  was  regarded 

bj  law  apon  the  OomptroUer ;  to  report  the  as  a  matter  of  great  importance  to  the  pecu- 

assessioent  of  such  shares  of  the  capital  stock  niary  and  material  interests  of  the  State  and 

to  the  Comptroller,  subject  to  appeal  and  re-  of  the  city.    To  advance  its  construction  at  a 

vision;  also  to  report  the  amount  of  the  basis  moderate  cost,  the  Managers  of  the  House  of 

of  assessment  for  State  purposes  in  the  several  Correction  were  authorized  to  hire  to  the  Canal 

eoanties  and  the  city  of  Baltimore,  with  his  Company  such  able-bodied  convicts  as  the  com- 

sQggestions  in  regard  to  the  same,  to  the  Gen-  pany  might  desire,  and  to  receive  in  payment 

eral  Assembly  at  each  regular  session  thereof,  for  their  services  the  stock  of  the  company. 

The  appropriations  made  to  the  various  char-  An  act  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  ani- 

itable,  educational,  and  other  institutions,  for  mals  was  aJso  adopted.    Another  act  author- 

the  nine  months  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  Sep*  ized  the  appointment  of  Commissioners  to  ad- 

tember  30, 1878,  were  as  follows:  to  the  Deaf  just  and  settle  the  boundary  line  between  the 

and  Damb  Asylum,  $18,750 ;   to  St  Mary^s  States  of  Maryland  and  West  Virginia.    An- 

lodastrial  School,  $6,000 ;   to  the  Marylsjid  other  act  creates  an  Insurance  Department  and 

kdastrial  School  for  Girls,  $2,250 ;    to  the  provides  for  the  appointment  of  an  Insurance 

Maryland  Agricultural  College,  $4,500 ;  to  the  Commissoner,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  four 

Board  of  Directors  of  the  Maryland  Institution  years. 

for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind,  $11,250;  for  A  memorial  about  three  hundred  feet  in 

the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  length,  weighing  fifty  pounds,  and  containing 

colored  children  of  the  State,  $6,875 ;  to  the  about  ten  thousand  signatures,  was  presented 

Lying-in  Hospital  for  Indigent  Women,  $2,250;  to  the  Legislature  on  February  19th,  in  oppo- 

to  the  House  of  Befuge,  $11,025 ;  to  the  House  sition  to  a  local-option  law.    One  portion  of 

of  Reformation  and  Instruction  for  Colored  the  memorial  is  worthy  of  notice :  it  sets  forth 

Children,  $7,500 ;    to  the  Managers  of  the  the  magnitude  of  the  interest  involved  in  the 

Maryland  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $11,250;  to  selling  of  liquor.    It  says : 
the  Maryland  Institute  for  the  Promotion  of 

the  Mechanic  Arts,  $2,250;   for  beating  and  The  taxable  oapiul  invested  by  liquor  dealers  in 

cooling  ^p.«*«m  water-upply  oiBtems  «.d  gi:,~S;/Sf  ZTuS'Sl^r.Sra^^i  hi! 
drums,  gas-supply,  and  furniture  for  the  House  tela,  whose  liquor  trade  amounts  to  $600,000  per  an^ 
of  Correction,  $74,000 ;  for  the  support  of  the  num,  and  without  whioh  they  would  not  prove  re- 
Maryland  Penitentiary,  $7,600 ;  to  the  several  munerative  investments,  and  would  have  to  be  aban- 

coonties  of  the  State  and  the  city  of  Baltimore  ^^"^^i*  ^P"*f  J'JS^rS.*'"  |^»^»^^<>-  ^aloons  repre- 

f^p  iko  m^^^^^  ^9  ♦K^  »nVi;^  ^^kX^i.  nri^u^  .»^  "ciit  another  $5,000,000.    T  he  grocery  trade  depends 

for  the  support  of  the  pubho  schools,  white  and  ^^      ^  ^  ^^^  ^^^  extent,  on  x\k  sale  of  Wines 

colored,  and  for  the  State  Normal  School  and  and  liquors,  thete  sales  agmgatioff  over  $2,00Q,000 

the  State  Board  of  Education,  $875,000,  and  annually.    The  various  others  to- oe  affected,  suoh 

wch  other  sums  as  may  be  received  to  the  ••  the  drug  and  canned-goods  trade,  and  tobacco 

credit  of  the  free-aohool  fund  from  tax  on  the  2i°l'"S!irthJl«rfuVi flt2?.Vi'n  riSfL^™^,!" 

-:-^  ii.»         ^^i_        ji»         xi-«j.        M.  strinirs.wniletneysweil  the  narures  $10,000,000  more. 

arcuUtion  of  banks  and  from  the  interest  on  The  mkltsters  have  $2,600,000  it.vestid.    Thus,  in 

stock  standing  to  the  credit  of  said  fund,  togeth-  dealing  with  those  directly  to  be  affected,  we  find  a 

er  with  the  snm  of  $34,069.36  to  be  placed  to  basis  for  taxation  of  over  $60,000,000.  netting  the 

the  credit  of  the  free-school  fund,  provided  that  5J!l5?A*.*K?T*°!.''*^  ^^^*  ?®°**  on  the  $100)  over 

.h«  «.n.  of  $2«,000  of  the  receipt,  for  publio-  JiJ  W  S^^d^.^'lS  './"p^i^nf  leS^  'ftlS 

wbool  tax  shall  be  distributed    for  colored  Uoense  feen,  making  the  loss  over  $250,000,  which 

sehools,  after  deducting  the  amount  payable  to  alone  would  raise  taxation  6  oents  on  the  $100,  with- 

the  Colored  Normal  School,  and  the  balance  for  out  taking  into  coDsideration  the  decline  in  that  class 

white  schools,  the  State  Normal  School  for  of  property  now  occupied  bv  the  liquor  men  and  the 

whit^    ..^   *k->   a4^<.4.^   n,^«.^    t^f  i?^r.^«4^:^»  'o'»  "O™  trade  in  general.    This  would  increase 

whites,  and  the  State  Board  of  Education.  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  25  ^^^  o„  tl,e  $100.   In  addition  to 

mere  was  also  appropriated  $575,000  for  in-  thiu,  over  20,000  legal  voters  and  tax-payers,  manv 

tereston  the  public  debt.    The  amount  of  the  with  families  to  support,  would  be  thrown  out  of 

sanual  tax  for  1878  was  181  cents  on  each  emplovment  and  add  to  the  already  larjre  number  of 

ttoa    It  was  assessed  for  the  foUowhigpu^  JelSi  hlr\\i:^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

poses:  6(  cents  to  meet  the  mterest  and  create  taxation  rate  from  $1.76  to  $2.26,  and  the  counties 

s  unking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the  defense  will  be  sffected  in  the  same  proportion.  The  capaci- 

or  boont J  loan ;  tbree-fonrthsof  a  cent  to  meet  tvof  our  diBtlUeries  is  4,000  bushels  of  grain  per 

the  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund  for  the  re-  ^^^\^J'\^%^''^^\  «>n»"mption  2^0  bushele, 

H«mnt;/v»  «.#  ♦I.--.  T\^».f  ««^  rkr..»v  A»«in.«.  i^««  .  equal  to  600,000  bushels  per  anntim.    Our  breweries 

jemption  of  the  Deaf  wid  Dumb  Asylum  loan ;  2^,%\i  600,000  basi.els  of  malt  and  barley  per  year, 

I  oent  to  meet  the  interest  and  create  a  sink-  and  6,000  bales  of  hops.    What  will  be  the  VeeuU  of 

Uig  fond  for  the  redemption  of  the  Maryland  driving  from  our  State  these  great  oonsumers  of 


520  MARYLAND. 

agrioultoral  prodacte?  Either  a  glut  of  fn'ftix^  hor«,  744.12.  Tbe  current  expenses  of  white  schools 
and  oonaequent  depression  of  prices,  or  the  necessi-  in  Baltimore  amounted  to  $542,266.61,  and  of 
ty  of  shipping  it  at  a  loss  for  freights.  Warehouses  ^n}nrt>A  u^hmAn  tfiT  71  fi  1 1  Thfl  ATnoTioM  far 
will  be  idle  and  not  rent  for  the  amount  of  taxes  on  J^l???^  scnools  f07,710.11.  ine  expenses  lor 
them.  The  Baltimore  Warehouse  Company  derives  DUiIding  and  repairs  of  wiiite  schools  amount- 
one  half  of  its  receipts  from  the  storage  of  liquors,  ed  to  $55,682.83;  colored,  $22,811.97.  Tbe 
Shall  we  retrograde  after  trying  so  hard  to  cope  with  amount  received  from  C4»unty  taxation  in  1878 
New  York  and  FhibMielphiiil  ^^8  $385,651.66,  and  in  1877  $39ft,637.17,  a 

On  January  18th  the  Legislature  in  joint  con-  decrease  of  $7,985.61.    The  total  expendiaire 

vention  elected  ex-Governor  James  B.  Groome  for  public-school  purposes  in  1878,  in  the  ooun- 

United  States  Senator  from  March  4,  1879,  to  ties,  was  $915,283.64,  and  in  1877  $928,225.04, 

succeed  George  R.  Dennis.    The  vote  was:  a  decrease  of  $12,941.40. 

for  Groome,  78;  for  Steiner,  Republican,  17;  The  productive  capital  of  the  Slate  on  Sep- 

scattering,  2.  tember  80,  1878,  amounted  to  $6,031,721.69, 

An  act  was  also  passed  to  settle  all  pending  and  the  unproductive  $23, 768,430. 11 ;  the  total 
controversies  between  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  funded  debt  on  which  interest  had  to  be  pro- 
Railroad  and  the  State.  The  number  of  acts  vided  was  $10,772,912.90,  as  an  offset  to  whid) 
passed  was  limited,  and  they  were  almost  en-  the  State  held  stocks  and  bonds  to  the  amount 
tirely  of  a  local  nature.  of  $4,735,824.43,  leaving  a  balance  of  $6,087,- 

A  large  revenue  is  derived  by  the  State  from  088.47,  against  which  the  State  holds  her  un- 

licenses  and  tax  on  life  insurance  companies  productivestock,  $28,762,430.11, and  $1,430,000 

doing  business  within  its  limits.    The  follow-  due  from  accounting  ofiScers  and  incorporated 

ing  aggregate  comprises  the  business  of  nearly  institutions.    During  the  fiscal  year  the  debt 

all  the  companies :  was  reduced  by  redemption  and  exchange  $479,- 

Amount  of  death  chims  on  dtizens  of  MaxyUmd  re-  777.79.    For  the  fiscal  year  ending  September 

ported  to  the  compuiies iJ'SfJSS  80, 1878,  the  total  receipts  of  the  State  Treasurv 

AmooQt  paid  without  dispute  or  contest 6,675,773  '      aa  nne  a/>o  on        iii.i.    x  ^  i^*  u                  T 

Amount  paW  after  litigstJon. 82,486  ^^re  $2,295,263.89,  and  the  total  disbursements 

Amount  suooessftiny  resisted. 27,664  $2,489,079.14,  an  exccss  of  expenditorea  over 

Amount  outstanding,  due,  «id  unsettled 82.000  receipte  of  $193,815.25.    The  balance  in  the 

The  number  of  public  schools  during  1878  in  Treasury  proper  at  the  dose  of  the  fiscal  year 

Baltimore  was  127,  and  in  the  counties  1,862 ;  1877  was  $397,981.18,  and  at  the  close  of  1878 

total,  1,989 — an  increase  for  the  year  of  83.  $204,165.88,  which,  with  special  halanoes  of 

Number  of  pupils  in  the  schools  in  Baltimore,  $2,457.60  to  the  credit  of  the  free-school  fund, 

45,951,  and  in  the  counties  110,328;   total,  and$8,215.90to  the  credit  of  the  sinking  fund, 

156,274,  an  increase  of  5,998.    The  highest  made  the  total  credits  on   September  30th 

number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  one  term  in  Bal-  $214,839.38.    The  receipts  from  the  ordinary 

timore,  according  to  the  report,  was  35,288,  sourcesof  revenue  were  $1,747,498.64,  a  falling 

and  in  the  counties  92,167;  total,  127,455—  oflf  from  1877  of  $91,017.45,  due  largely  to  the 

an  increase  of  7,169.    The  average  number  In  fact  that  the  tax-collectors  were  not  as  prompt 

daily  attendance  in  the  city  was  29,518 ;  in  in  their  payments  as  during  the  previons  year, 

the  counties,  52,311 ;  total,  81,829,  an  increase  and  a  decrease  in  the  receipts  for  licenses,  at- 

of  6,108.    The  number  of  teachers  in  the  city  tributable  in  both  cases  to  the  dullness  and 

aggregates  820,  and  in  the  counties  2,251 ;  to-  hardness  of   the  times.     Tbe  receipts  from 

tal,  3,071,  an  increase  of  175.    The  number  of  sources  other  than  ordinary  amounted  to  $547,- 

months  the  schools  were  open  in  the  city  was  765.25,  realized  from  the  following  sources: 

10,  and  in  the  counties  8  7-10,  making  a  total  from  the  sale  of  $250,000  Treasury  relief  bonds, 

of  18  7-10,  and  an  average  for  the  State  ot  with  6  per  cent,  interest  coupons  attached, 

9  7-20.    The  amount  paid  for  teachers^  salaries  authorized  by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  1878, 

in  Baltimore  was  $491,103.80,  and  in  the  conn-  making,  with  premium  on  the  same  ninoonting 

ties  $631,309.09— total,  $1,122,413.63,  an  in-  to  $12,500  (5  per  cent,  net  above  par),  $262,500 ; 

crease  of  $8,735.44.  The  amount  paid  for  build-  from  sale  of  Maryland  State  loan  stock,  $183,- 

ing,  repairing,  and  furnishing  school-houses  in  580  (applied  to  payment  of  the  overdue  sterling 

the  city  was  $102,073.79,  and  in  the  counties  debt),  from  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 

$105,588.81— total,  $207,662.10,  a  decrease  of  Company,  by  terms  of  adjustment  act  of  1878, 

$801.53.    The  amount  paid  for  books  and  sta-  $100,911.20 ;  from  the  sale  of  old  State-House 

tionery  in  the  city  was  $39,085.67,  and  in  the  ^miture,  lumber,  etc.,  $634.25  ;    and   from 

counties  $55,667.84 ;  total,  $94,953.01,  a  de-  some  unknown  person,  as  conscience  money, 

crease  of  $15,350.99.    The  amount  paid  for  $139.80.    The  receipts  from  ordinary  sources 

rent,  fuel,   and  incidentals  in  the  city  was  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  80,  1879. 

$45,712.76,  and  iu  the  counties  $42,990.18 ;  are  estimated  at  $1,938,179.94,  not  includinii 

total,  $88,702.89,  a  decrease  of  $4,529.41.    The  the  $250,000  Treasury  relief  bonds,  which  will 

total  expenditure  for  public-school  purposes  be  available  for  future  use  as  exigencies  may 

in  Baltimore  amounted  to  $677,076.02,  and  in  require.    The  probable  disbursements  for  1879 

the  counties  $915,288.64 ;  total,  $1,598,259.66.  are  estimated  at  $1,828,249.48. 

The  total  expenditure  for  public-school  pur-  The  Agricultural  College  is  free  from  debt 

poses  in  the  city  in  1877  amounted  to  $1,544,-  and  has  an  income  of  $18,288.    The  receipts 

515.54,  showing  an  increase  in  1878  of  $48,-  from  tuition  daring  the  year  were  $963.   Prep- 


partiks. 

taiato. 

HOOM. 

Democrftta 

19 

T 

6S 

Bepoblican*. 



19 

Total.. 

26 

84 

MARYLAND.  621 

arationB  are  now  in  progress  for  the  erection  son,   Repnblioan,   4,908.     Fourth    District— 

of  A  greenhouse  to  enable  the  professors  to  MoLane,  Democrat,  11,064;  Uollanil,  Repabli- 

^ve  practical  illustration  of  the  habits  of  plants,  can,  6,671;  Qaiglej,  National,  627;  Gittings, 

and  tiieir  propagation  from  seeds  and  cuttings.  Independent  Democrat,  898.    Fifth  District — 

It  is  also  designed  to  erect  workshops,  and  to  Henkle,  Democrat,  12,558;  Crane,  Republican, 

furnish  them  with  a  steam-engine  for  practical  9,677.    Sixth  District— Peter,  Democrat,  12,- 

instniction  in  mechanical  pursuits.    The  fac-  487;  Urner,  Republican,  14,168;  Resley,  Na- 

nlty  is  devoting  its  entire  energies  to  secure  tional,  1,907. 

to  the  students  a  knowledge  of  practical  agri-  The  Legislature  of  1878-79  was  divided  as 

cnltnre  and  the  sciences  immediately  connected  follows : 

with  it.    The  study  of  the  ancient  languages 

\i  left  optional  with  the  pupils.    Students  are 

daily  instructed  in  agriculture  in  the  field,  and 

some  of  them  pay  a  portion  of  their  expenses 

by  their  labor  on  the  farm. 

The  number  of  inmates  in  the  Deaf  and 
Domb  Asylum  is  90.    The  number  of  boys 
in  St  Mary^s  Industrial  School  is  882 ;  and  The  refusal  of  the  State  judges  of  election  to 
the  number  in  the  House  of  Refuge  is  288.  comply  with  the  demands  of  supervisors  who 
The  operations  of  the  Fish  Commissioner  held  their  office  under  appointment  through 
are  beginning  to  show  successful  results.    The  the  United  States  Government,  led  to  many 
tJtsl  number  of  California  salmon  hatched  and  cases  of  conflict  of  jurisdiction  in  the  city  of 
plmted  aggregates  1,644,804.    The  investiga-  Baltimore.     A  case  came  before  the  United 
tioDs  of  the  year  have  added  twelve  species  of  States  Circuit  Court  iu  January,  1879,  in  which 
fish,  making  in  all  202  species  now  known  to  two  ludges  of  the  third  precinct  of  the  Seventh 
exi^t  in  Maryland  waters.  Ward  were  tried  for  interfering  with  Super- 
Congress  at  its  last  session  appropriated  a  visor  John  T.  Biggs,  and  refusing  to  admiL 
SQiQ  of  $25,000  for  the  survey  of  a  route  for  a  though  requested  by  the  supervisor.  Special 
8hip-canal  to  connect  Baltimore  with  the  ocean.  Deputy  Marshal  Arthur  Young  into  the  poll- 
Among  Uie  various  routes  proposed  for  the  ing-room  during  the  counting  of  the  baUots  at 
Delaware  and  Maryland  ship-canal  are  the  fol-  the  Congressional  election,  November  6,  1878. 
loving :  one  which  will  make  the  Choptank  They  were  found  guilty  by  the  jury  after  in- 
RiTer.  entering  the  Chesapeake  below  Cam-  struction  on  the  law  by  Judge  Bond.    He  said 
bridge,  about  50  miles  firom  Baltimore,  a  part  it  was  not  necessary  to  set  forth  in  the  indict- 
of  the  canal  as  far  as  Indian  Creek,  from  which  ment  the  purpose  for  which  the  deputy  mar- 
point  it  shall  run  in  a  direct  line  to  the  upper  shal  entered  the  polling-room,  and  consequent- 
fork  of  the  Nanticoke,  and  then  to  Broadkiln  ly  it  was  not  necessary  for  the  Court  to  decide 
Greek,  three  miles  above  the  breakwater,  the  whether  the  deputy  marshal  could  enter  the 
whole  route  being  about  40  miles  in  length ;  room  of  his  own  motion  and  without  being  re- 
aoother,  to  strike  the  St.  Michael  River,  40  ouired  by  the  supervisor  to  do  so.    But  &  in 
miles  from  Baltimore,  at  Royal  Oak,  and  to  go  tnis  case  the  supervisor  called  in  the  deputy 
from  there  to  the  Choptank,  above  Lord's  marshal  to  assist  him  in  keeping  a  tally  list  of 
Landing,  thence  to  Cabin  Creek,  and  thence  the  voters,  then  the  Court  is  asked  to  say 
directly  across  to  Broadkiln  Creek ;  a  third,  whether  the  marshal  could  be  properly  called 
from  the  Sassafras  River  to  Deep  Water  Point,  in  by  the  sunervisor  for  this  purpose.     It  is 
making  use  of  Blackbird  Creek,  which  route  is  admitted  by  the  Attorney-General  that  the  sn- 
3.5  miles  in  length ;  a  fourth,  and  the  most  di-  pervisor  has  by  law  certain  duties  to  perform ; 
rect  route,  by  Chester  River  to  Queenstown,  and  if  the  keeping  of  the  tally  list  is  one  of 
28  miles,  and  then  straight  across  to  Broad-  these  duties,  surely  the  supervisor  could  call 
kiln  Creek  at  the  breakwater,  55  miles.    It  is  upon  the  deputy  marshal  to  assist  him  in  it  if 
claimed  that  a  canal  connecting  the  Chesapeake  he  required  his  &<%sistance  for  that  purpose. 
And  Delaware  Bays  will  shorten  the  distance  But  the  Court  is  asked  to  decide  that  this  was 
from  Baltimore  to  the  ocean  about  225  miles,  not  a  duty  of  the  supervisor,  and  not  a  duty 
thereby  benefiting  the  foreign  trade  of  Balti*  for  which  the  assistance  of  the  deputy  marshal 
more,  and  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  as  could  be  demanded,  and  consequently  his  en- 
well  trance  to  the  polling- roofn  for  tnat  object  was 
The  shipments  of  Cumberland  coal  during  unauthorized  by  law.    The  supervisor  is  not 
1878  amounted  to  1,050,682  tons,  being  an  in-  required  to  keep  a  tally  list,  but  it  is  his  duty 
crease  of  101,094  tons  over  the  amount  of  1877.  to  superintend  the  count  and  tally  list,  and  to 
The  election  on  November  6th  was  only  for  verify  the  accuracy  of  the  poll  list  kept  by  the 
members  of  Congress,  and  resulted  as  follows :  clerks.    To  this  end,  if  he  thinks  he  ought  to 
Fiwt  District— Henry,  Democrat,  11,420;  Gra-  have  the  help  of  the  deputy  marshal,  he  is  en- 
Jiara,  Republican,  10,848.    Second  District—  titled  to  have  it.    The  Court  must  tlierefore 
Talbot,  Democrat,  9,818 ;  Milligan,  Republi-  say  that  it  was  within  the  authority  of  the 
f^  7,594;  McCombs,  National,  1,271.    Third  supervisor  to  call  in  the  deputy  marshal  to  as- 
Dl$tricfc---KuDmel,  Democrat,  11,676;  Thomp-  sist  him  in  keeping  a  tally  list,  as  he  had  to 


522  MASSAOHUSEITS. 

certify  the  accnraoy  of  the  lists.    The  prayers  five  years  preceding,  the  average  was  $242,000. 

of  the  District  Attorney  were  therefore  grant-  In  1862  the  tax  was  $1,800,000 ;  in  1867  it«&i 

ed  and  those  of  the  defense  refused.    They  $5,000,000,  the  highe^t  amount  it  ever  reached; 

were  fined  $5  each,  with  costs  amounting  to  and  last  year  it  was  $1,500,000.    The  average 

$145.  from  1862  to  1876,  inclusive,  waa  $2,5d0,0uii. 

William  Hinton,  a  judge  of  election  in  the  The  special  appropriations  were  very  smsi}, 

first  precinct,  Fifth  Ward,  was  then  put  on  less  than  $100,000  in  all.    Among  the  extn 

trial  for  receiving  and  depositing  in  the  ballot-  appropriations  made  were  $10,000  for  the  pre>- 

box  the  ballot  of  Samuel  Young,  colored,  whose  ervatiou  of  the  Old  South  Church ;  $10,000  for 

name  waa  not  on  the  list  of  voters  for  that  the  Pilgrim  Monument  at  Plymouth ;  $2,5(>0 

precinct.    George  W.  Wayson,  Jr.,  supervisor,  for  the  School  for  Idiotic  and  Feeble-Mindt^ 

testified  that  he  was  present  when  Samuel  Youth;  $8,000  for  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmarr: 

Young  offered  to  vote  a  ticket  he  picked  up  Reformatory  Prison  for  Women,  $11,000;  and 

from  a  pile  of  tickets  near  the  ballot-box.  StatePrison,$18,000for  the  purpose  of  needed 

Young^s  name  was  not  found  on  the  poll  list  furnishings ;  $5,000^  to  provide  knapsacks  for 

of  registered  voters.     Hinton,  however,  said  the  militia;  $500  for  the  educational  exhibit 

he  knew  Young,  aiid  he  should  vote.    Charles  at  the  Paris  Exposition ;  and  $6,000  for  the 

P.  Erantz,  special  deputy  mandial,  testified  State  Primary  School  at  Monson.    Among  the 

that  none  of  the  judges  objected  to  Young^s  appropriations  asked  for  and  defeated  were 

vote,  but  the  Republican  judge,  William  Hep-  $60,000  for  the  Institute  of  Technology,  $40,- 

burn,  shrugged  his  shoulders.    This  closed  the  000  for  the  Worcester  County  Free  Institute, 

evidence  for  the  prosecution.     For  the  de-  $150,000  for  altering  the  State  Honse,  and 

fense  William  Hepburn,  judge  of  election,  tes-  $25,000  for  the  Agricultural  College.    As  a 

tified  that  he  was  in  his  place  near  Hinton  all  pledge  of  the  public  faith  of  the  State,  it  was 

day,  except  during  a  short  absence  at  dinner,  enacted  that  the  interest  and  principid  of  all 

and  he  did  not  see  or  hear  the  circumstances  scrip  or  bonds  of  the  State  shall  be  paid  in  gold 

testified  to  for  the  prosecution.    George  W.  coin  or  its  equivalent. 

Fay,  a  judge  at  the  same  precinct,  Charles       The  continuance  of  the  State  detective  force 

Selvage  and  George  Peters,  the  clerks,  testified  was  a  subject  of  much  discussion,  and  finallj 

that  they  saw  none  of  the  occurrences  testified  the  following  act  was  passed : 
to  by  the  Government  witnesses;  the  names       SeotiowI.  Hereafter  the  State  detective  force  fh«U 

of  all  those  whose  votes  were  taken  by  the  oonsiat  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  cor  more  than 

judges  were  put  down  by  the  clerks,  and  the  thirty  members,  including  the  chief;  mad  the  Got- 

count  tallied  with  the  list.    Several  of  these  «»"»<>''  ^^J  repoj©  J'^m  said  force  such  memUn 

witnesses  and  Robert  H  Hyde,  a  Republican  '''A^^:,^^':j^t^^^^^^^ 

deputy  marshal,  testified  that  Supervisor  Way-  each  week,  render  to  the  chief  a  written  report  of  til 

son  said  at  the  close  of  the  voting  that  every-  his  doings ;  and  the  chief,  at  the  end  of  each  month, 

thing  bed  passed  off  pleasantly,  and  the  elec-  'hall  render  to  the  Governor  a  written  report  of  the 

tion  was  fairly  conducted.    The  poll  lists  were  f  "^re^rtVSfth^^^^ 

put  in  e^dence,  and  did  not  show  the  name  of  ^sw^^S.^No  mo™eyT  aball  b^T*i*d  to  or  for  tbe  tc- 

Samuel  Young.    The  jury  found  Hmton  guilty,  connt  of  the  chief,  or  any  member  of  aaid  force,  or 

Judge  Bond  said  it  did  not  appear  from  the  any  person  employed  bv  them,  except  as  provided 

evidence  that  the  defendent  was  a  ballot-box  ^  section  6  of  chapter  16  of  the  acta  of  the  year  1675. 
stuffer.  He  would  fine  him  $25  and  costs,  ®*^-  *•  '^^'^  •^^  "^*"  *^®  ®^^'  ""^^  **•  P""«** 
which  were  paid.  The  liquor  question  was  agitated  entirely  in 

The  penalty  for  interfering  with  a  supervisor  the  lower  House.    There  were  numerous  peti- 

or  deputy  marshal  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  tioners  for  a  prohibitory  law,  including  a  large 

is  a  fine  of  not  over  $8,000,  or  imprisonment  number  of  the  clergymen  of  the  State,  and  a 

not  exceeding  two  years,  or  both ;  and  for  vot-  bill  was  reported  embodying  a  substantial  re- 

ing  illegally  a  fine  not  over  $600,  or  imprison-  enactment  of  the  old  prohibitory  law,  and  this 

ment  not  more  than  three  years,  or  both.  was  defeated  in  the  Honse  by  a  vote  of  9S  yeoa 

MASSACHUSETTS.  The  session  of  the  to  118  nays.  A  biU  was  then  presented  con- 
Legislature  was  closed  on  May  17th.  It  passed  taining  several  stringent  amendments  to  the 
284  acts  and  48  resolutions.  The  proposition  present  license  law.  Some  of  these  foood 
to  adopt  biennial  sessions  through  an  amend-  favor  with  the  Hou^e,  especially  one  to  restrict 
ment  of  the  Constitution  was  not  received  fa-  the  number  of  licenses  granted  to  one  in  evtrr 
vorably  by  the  committee  to  whom  it  was  re-  ^  1,000  of  the  population,  and  at  one  time  a  Uml 
ferred,  and  failed  to  pass.  The  subjects  acted  option  proviso  prevailed ;  but,  through  the  fact 
upon  were  strictly  of  a  local  nature,  and  all  that  the  acceptable  amendments  were  coupled 
resolutions  relative  to  national  affairs,  the  cur-  so  closely  with  those  that  were  distasteful,  tlie 
renoy,  and  the  remonetization  of  silver  were  entire  legislation  proposed  was  defeate<l.  Sob- 
laid  aside.  sequently,  three  bills  were  passed  affecting 

By  prudence  in  legislation  the  State  tax  was  this  trade :  one  prohibiting  the  transportation 

reduced  to  a  million  dollars — less  than  half  the  of  liquor  into  towns  where  licenses  are  sot 

average  amount  for  the  past  fifteen  years.    In  granted ;  another  reducing  to  a  nominal  ^nm 

1861  the  State  tax  was  $300,000,  and  for  the  the  license  fees  to  apothecaries,  who  are  to  sell 


MASSACHUSETTS.  523 

only  for  medicmalf  mechanical,  or  manufac-  granting  numey  or  other  property  of  the  State, 

turisg  purposes ;  and  the  third,  the  hill  re-  whiclf  shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Repre* 

UtuQg  to  innholders^  licenses.    The  important  sentatives  only,"  indicates  that  the  term  ^^  all 

section  of  the  act  relating  to  the  transportation  money  hills"  was  then  distinctly,  and  in  com- 

of  liquors  is  as  follows :  mon  parlance  and  hy  authority  understood  to 

SBcnoif  1.  No  person  shall  bring  into  any  town  or  $?,^«r  toa?  WWj,  mpplp  Ulh,  &nd  appropriation 

city  in  which  licenses  are  not  granted  auy  spirituoaa  Mu,  bills  both  for     raismg  and  tor  appropnat- 

or  iaioxicattng  liquors,  with  intent  to  sell  the  same  ing  money.**  The  same  authority  that  is  jealous 

himself,  or  to  have  the  same  sold  by  another,  or  ^f  t^©  power  to  lay  taxes  for  filling  the  purse, 

llfuXriT  bi'lTol^Tn^  Moro??iw1\?d":J;  P««t  be  quite  as  jealous  of  the  right  of  ^^^^^^^ 

liquor  transported  contrary  to  the  proviaions  of  this  ing  the  money  so  raised.    A  grant  by  the  State 

ac*.  ihall  be  forfeited  to  the  Commonwealth :  pro-  is  more  sacred  than  the  promise  of  the  mdi- 

tid^J^  kotpever,  that  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  the  vidual ;   and  to  suppose  that  it  was  thought 

traoaportation  of  spirituoua  liquors  through  a  town  important  to  guard  the  rfusing  of  money,  and 

to  places  beyond.  ^  ^^^  ^^xe  spending  of  it,  is  not  consistent  with 

A  law  was  passed  making  the  tickets  of  one  the  reason  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  the 

street  railway  company  in  Boston  good  on  provision  in  question.    On  the  other  hand,  by 

another.    It  went  into  effect  on  May  10th,  and  giving  to  the  House  the  sole  power  to  originate 

the  measure  proved  at  once  to  be  one  of  great  money  bills,  and  to  the  Senate  the  function  of 

courenience  to  the  public    The  tendency  has  passing  on  them  and  criticising  them,  with, 

been  to  increase  the  sale  of  tickets  and  dimin-  perhaps,  more  disinterestedness  and  oonser- 

ish  the  cash  fares.    The  words  of  the  act  are  yatism  than  if  it  also  had  the  power  of  origi- 

as  follows :  nating  them  and  of  submitting  them  in  turn 

SionoH  1.  Package  ticketa  issued  by  any  street  to  its  coordinate,  the  Senate  was  at  once  made 

railway  corporation  in  the  usual  form  oi  tioketn  sold  an  additional  check  and  safeguard  upon  the 

hj  luoh  corporation,  and  good  for  a  fare  not  exceed-  public  benevolence,  without  in  any  way  en- 

ii^/o?B^.rnraVX?V^i^^*^^^^^^^^^^  1?T«  *^^?-^^^  thereto.  Which,  With  thethen 
ruA  therein  by  aaid  corporation,  shaU  be  received  aa  lively  sensitiveness  on  the  subject  of  the  money 
good  for  a  passage  between  any  two  points  in  said  levying  and  granting  power,  was  reserved  ex- 
city  bv  any  other  street  railwav  corporation,  in  any  dusively  to  the  popular  branch.  The  Gonsti- 
cir  wWeia  a  fare  not  exceeding  six  oenta  la  re-  ^^^^^^  of  the  United  States,  in  a  simUar  article, 
ceiTable;  and  every  such  corporation  shall,  once  in  „„^^  ^»  ^  ^u«„„^  ni>;ii«  a»-  l^l^ir^^  «.<^«-o«ina  o>ioii 
a  week,  ndtem  all  such  ticketo  issued  by  it  which  ^ses.the  phrase,  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall 
shall  be  preaented  by  any  other  such  corporation,  onginate,"  etc..  which  is  a  term  more  limitea 
bj  ptyin^  therefor  at  the  rata  of  Ave  cents  in  money  than  ^^  money  bills,"  and  perhaps  adopted  be- 
f<jr  each  ticket  so  preaented.  oause  it  had  been  found  that  the  Massachn- 
Seo.  2.  Any  street  mlway  corporation  refusimj  to  ^  provision  was  too  broad  for  a  Legislature 
receive  as  above  provided  any  auoh  ticket  issued  by  ^v^-iT  v^«.u  u.^..^!.^.  ,„«.•«  rv^,.„i<i»  »^»aoa,.4- 
anj  other  such  (Corporation,  or  refhsing  to  redeem  where  both  brMiches  were  popular  reoresent- 

aa  above  provided  any  such  ticket  of  ita  own  issue,  ative  bodies.    But,  if  more  umited,  then  tne 

thall  forfeit  for  each  ticket  which  it  shall  so  refuse  term  ^*  money  bills"  includes  something  more 

the  jium  of  one  dollar,  to  be  recovered  in  an  action  than  revenue  bills.    But  it  can  not  contain  any- 

^^.'2^  ***!  ^!';;t''«'Jf.«'''P*'"''*'°  presentiuif  the  ^j^j      ^        ^^^^  j^  ^  t^^g  granting  money. 

«iae  10  hi.  or  ito  own  use.  The  Speaker  adds :  "  I  can  not  therefore  doubt 

A  disagreement   arose   between  the   two  that  the  term  in  our  Constitution,  *  all  money 

HoQses  on  the  question,  "  Is  a  bill  appropriate  bills,'  includes  bills  appropriating  money.    As 

ing  money  a  money  bill"  within  the  meaning  to  bills  directiy  or  indirectly  involving  the  ap- 

of  that  clause  of  the  Constitution  which  re-  propriation  or  expenditure  of  money,  it  seems 

stricts  the  origin  of  a  money  bill  to  the  House  to  me  that  by  bills  directly  involving  such  an 

of  Representatives!  The  Speaker  of  the  lower  expenditure  must  be  meant  bills  granting  or 

House  argued  that  it  was  simply  a  question  appropriating  money ;  and  if  so,  then,  for  the 

vhether  the  broad  term,  *^  all  money  bills,'*  reasons  already  given,  they  can  originate  only 

is  limited  to  bills  levying  money,  or  includes  in  the  House.    As  to  bills  indirectly  involving 

also  bills  granting  the  same  money  directly  out  the  expenditure  of  money,  I  take  it  the  House 

of  the  public  purse.    If  the  latter,  then  the  has  never  denied  the  power  of  the  Senate  to 

right  to  originate  such  a  bill  was  never  in  the  originate  them." 

Senate  at  aU,  and  it  yields  no  right  in  recog-       Both  branches  asked  the  opinion  of  the  Sn- 

nixing  its  own  constitution,  no  matter  what  preme  Court,  and  cited  for  their  use  all  the 

the  usage  has  been.    If  the  former,  then  the  precedents  that  could  be  found.    The  Court 

right  to  originate  such  a  bill  is  in  the  Senate,  rendered  a  decision,  in  which  they  say,  ^^The 

sad  the  House  yields  no  right  in  recognizing  power  to  originate  a  bill  appropriating  money 

the  constitution  of  its  coordinate.    He  refers  from  the  State  Treasury  is  not  limited  by  the 

to  the  elaborate  opinion  rendered  hy  Speaker  Constitution  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 

Jewell  in  1868,  and  adds  the  suggestions  that  but  resides  in  both  branches  of  the  Legisla- 

no  broader  term  could  have  been  used  than  ture." 

'*  all  money  bills,"  and  the  fact  that  one  of  the       The  proposition  to  loan  six  millions  of  State 

articles  of  the  Constitution  rejected  contained  credit  to  the  New  York  and  New  England 

the  clause  that  *^  bills  and  resolves  Inying  or  Railroad,  in  order  to  protect  the  interest  of  the 


631  UASSACHUSGTT& 

State,  which  1b  now  the  largest  itockholder,  ertj  of  the  GommoDwealth  in  the  Hcx^ae  Ton- 

was  the  anbject  of  the  moBt  e&rneBt  deb&te  uf  nel  and  the  Troy  and  GreeofleM  Railroad,  vbr 

the  eeasion.     A  m^oritj  of  the  Railway  Com-  ia  it  not  equally  neocMarj  bo  to  protect  the 

niittee  favored  it,  and  a  m^ority  of  the  Com-  titate'a  interest  in  the  Boston  and  Albany  iUi!- 

inittee  on  Finance  oppoaed  it;  and  it  na£  de-  roail  and  other  enterpriaesl     If  anything  rt- 

feated  in  the  House,  aa  waa  a  Hobaeqaent  prop-  apecting  railroads  is  to  he  put  into  the  CutD-li- 

osition  to  provide  for  the  consolidation  of  this  tntion  at  all,  it  shoaJd  be  an  article  prohibiting 

road  with  the  Boston  and  Providence.  the  Legislature  from  loaning  the  credit  of  tUf 

The  most  important  action  relative  to  the  Commonwealth  to  any  railroad  corporation  or 

BooaaoTnnnel  waa  the  paaaaga  of  the  bill  look-  in  aid  of  any  railroad   enterpHse.     Mtasarti 

ing  to  a  surrender  of  the  lease  which  the  Ttoj  ought  to  be  commenced  now  looking  to  an  li.- 

and  Boston  road  holds  of  the  Southern  Ver-  ttmate  release  of  the  Commonwealth  from  th 

mont  road,  the  only  existing  approach  to  the  ownership  in  or  connection  with  railroads, 

tunnel  from  the  west.    The  object  of  this  is  to  We  are  paying  annually  $70fl,flB8  for  intere^ 

give  the  Erie  road  access  tn  the  tunnel.     The  on  money  borroweiLfor  the  Hoosao  Tunnel  md 

debate  on  a  oonstitutional  amendment  relatjve  Troy  and  OreenGeld  Railroad,  and  (160,000 

to  retaining  the  interest  of  the  State  in  the  for  intereat  on  the  loan  to  the  New  York  aod 

HoosacTunuelfbroughtoutthefoIlowingstate-  New  England  Railroad,  or  $iB8T,000  in  roosd 

laent  from  one  of  the  members  of  the  Hoose  unmbers  in  all.    This  is  no  alight  burden  npMi 

(Barrage,  of  SaBblk) :  "  If  it  is  necessary  to  the  industry  of  the  Commonwealth.     Bat  for 

protect  by  constitutional  amendment  the  prop-  this  item  there  would  be  no  ueoessit;  for  Utt- 


ing  a  State  tax  this  year.    The  appropriation,  for  every  oSense  forfeit  a  sam  of  not  les«  iLsn 

exclusive  of  ordinary  expenses,  asked  for  this  twenty  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  for  the  uji 

year  is  (73,500.    Ibis  is  three  fonrtiis  as  much  of  the  poblic  schools  of  such  city  or  town." 

as  the  entire  net  earnings  of  last  year.    Besides,  A  bill  was  also  passed  providing  for  a  Polict 

the  manager  recommends  that  an  appropriation  CommissioD  in  the  city  of  Boston.     It  cresl«« 

he  made  for  laying  another  track  through  the  a  Board  of  Police  CommiBMoners,  in  which  »r* 

tunael  and  for  arching  under  the  central  sliaft,  to  he  vested  all  the  powers  and  duties  held  ty 

the  cost  of  which  ia  estimated  at  176,000.   The  the  Board  of  Aldermen  in  relation  to  tl*  Po- 

inevitable  result  of  State  ownership  seems  to  lice  Department,  and  those  of  the  Board  of  l.i- 

be  a  continoal  outlay  without  a  corresponding  cense  Commissioners  in  relation  to  tbealriciJ 

increase  in  the  income  from  the  investment."  exhibitions,  public  amasemeuts,  innholders,  eic. 

A  biJl  was  passed  which  provides  that  "no  An  effort  was  made  to  abolish  the  nse  of  iL'' 

child   under   fourteen   years  of  age   shall   be  gag  in  the  penal  institnticins  of  the  State,  kut 

employed  in  any  manufacturing,  mechanical,  it  failed  by  a  close  vote  in  the  House, 

or  mercantile  eatabhshment,  while  the  pnblio  Early  in  the  seasion   several  of  the  towm 

schools  in  the  city  or  town  where  such  child  snnght  some  measnre  for  relief  from  the  Iran  |> 

lives  are  in  session,  unlei's  anch  child  can  read  nuisance.      Numerous   public    bearings  were 

and  write.    Every  owner,  superintendent,  or  given  and  largely  attended,  ;he  matter  «ii 

overseer  in  any  such  establishment  who  em-  considered  and  discussed  for  a  long  bme  by  th« 

ploys  or  permits  lo  bo  employed  any  ohi-d  in  Committee  on  Public  Charitable  Institutions 

violation  of  this  section,  and  every  parent  or  and  the  reeult  waa  a  lengthy  report  whi'b 

guardian  who  permits  such  employment,  shall  orged  the  duty  of  the  t«wna  to  enforce  the  (X- 


MASSAOHUSETTS.  525 

jsting  laws  relating  to  vagranoy,  and  the  enact-  woman^s  suffrage.     On  this  broad  anestion, 

ineQt  of  a  lav  m^ing  it  tbe  duty  of  the  Oliief  whether  suffrage  and  eligibility  to  pablic  office 

of  the  State  Detective  Force  to  arrest  all  per-  shall  be  granted  to  women  upon  the  same  terms 

eona  who  are  deemed  vagrants,  and  to  enforce  as  to  men,  the  minority  say : 

or  cause  to  be  enforced  against  such  persons  we  are  urged  to  grant  it  for  the  reasouB  that  it  ia 

the  penalties  provided  by  law.  m  «  natural  right ;  (2)  a  ooustitutional  right ;  and  (8) 

A  bill  was  also  passed  which  was  intended  for  the  welfare  of  society.    By  natural,  or,  ae  Blaok- 

to  afford  temporary  relief  to  the  savings  banks  ^^^^  terms  them,  absolute  riKhts,  is  properly  meant 

under  certain  conditions.    The  first  section  of  i^^"  rJ±^Jf:i'5  ?i''?n/Lv^K^'"'f^^  ^o*!*"*-'  11 

.,        .                     j.1.     o  -2   -Din          •  every  State  of  society,  and  which  no  state  has  a  rifirl  it 

tho  act  empowers  the  Savings  BMik  Oommis-  ^  denv.    Such  are  the  right  to  life,  liberty,  and  the 

sionera,  whenever  the  seoanty  of  the  depos-  aoquiaition  of  property.   Bat  such  is  not  the  riffht  to 

itors  of  any  aavings  bank  shall,  in  their  judg-  the  ballot.    Judge  Story  declares  that  tbe  right  of 

ment,  render  it  expedient,  to  require  a  limita-  voting  has  alwaprs  been  treated  by  nations  as  a  civil 

tion  or  reflation  of  the  payment  of  deposits  "Kht,  derived  from  and  regulated  by  each  society 

I.IVU  VI  to^uA»uuu  y&  1.UO  pajiuvTUM  vj.  u^praii*.^  acoording  to  its  owu  oircumstsnces  aud  interests. 

such  as  the  mterest  of  theclepositors  shall  seem  The  minority  also  refer  to  the  case  of  Anderson  ei. 

to  demand.  -  The  second  section  provides  for  Baker,  2a  Maryland  Reports.  681,  which  was  a  deci- 

an  appeal  from  the  action  of  the  Oommission*  ^ioo  against  tne  existence  of  a  natural  right  of  suf- 

ers  to  the  Supreme  Court  by  such  depositors  as  *'™g®- .  Jhis,  decision  disfranchised  a  considerable 

m»,r  A>^i  »«!:^..^^  «f  ^.^^iT  «^4>:/>,.      T«.«  ^ui^r  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland  who  had  pre- 

may  feel  sggneved  at  such  action.    Its  chief  ^j^uHly  voted.   The  decision  wis  confirmed  by  the 

purpose  13  to  protect  the  property  of  the  sav-  decision  of  Chief  Justice  Waite  of  the  United  States 

m^j  banks  in  cases  of  emergency.     Inasmuch  Supreme  Court  in  the  ease  of  Minor  v§.  Ilappensetc, 

a^  these  banks  are  the  property  of  the  depos-  the  ouestlon  involved  being  whether  women  are  en- 

i:or3,  the  measure  is  in  the  interest  of  those  i^tef,,Y«*Sf«vlr^^^^^^ 

,    '                 •    L  1 J  u    au            a      j.1.  ^<^«o  because  tbey  are  citizens.    It  is  believed  that 

whose  money  is  held  by  them.     Another  pur-  n^  well-considered  ease  or  reoogniaed  authority  can 

pose  1$  to  secure  to  all  depositors  the  same  be  found  at  variance  with  these  principles, 

treatment.    Under  special  pressure  or  undue  lu  regard  to  tho  ground  of  supposed  rights  un- 

excitement  a  strong  bank  maybe  pushed  to  der  the  Constitution,  the  minority  contend  that  the 

W  out  so  much  of  iU  av«lable  fund,  to  the  S:»cl!rtit^l:t±o?Cl^'e^tna":^/t 

Urst  depositors  who  come  that  others  who  may  upon  women.    The  third  ground,  that  of  the  welfare 

need  money  will  be  compelled  to  wait.    If  the  of  society,  was  fullj;  considered,  and  it  was  argued 

Commissioners  deem  it  for  the  interest  of  all  that  for  women  to  give  sufflclent  time  to  the  study 

the  depositors  to  do  so,  they  can  direct  the  o^  pal>l»o  ^S'^f*,*^"*"''®.,^*^*";  effective  hi  poUtical 
m«n«^r—  ♦,*  ,v—  A^r^^J^^^^  QPc  tv^..  «^«f  ^#  affairs,  would  interfere  with  their  home  duties  and 
managers  to  pay  depositors  25  per  cent,  of  thus  be  an  injury  to  society;  or  that,  not  having  f\ill 
taeir  deposits  at  once  and  another  installment  information  on  the  matters  to  be  voted  on,  their 
in  SQch  time  as  they  may  deem  expedient.  This  political  action  would  be  of  no  advantage.  The  op- 
will  give  the  managers  time  to  raise  money  on  position  of  a  large  proportion  of  tho  women  of  the 
tbeir  mortgages  without  sacrificing  the  general  ^^^ '?  "^ff^a?®  Jor  ''omen  waa  also  urged  as  an  ar- 
:  ♦  *  ?  !u  J  *"*  .  ™*^*  T  Au  J  V  X  gument  against  the  movement. 
interests  of  the  depositors.  In  the  debate  on  •  The  report  concludes  by  saying  that  the  great  ob- 
Ihe  bill  in  the  lower  House,  Mr.  White,  of  jection  is  fundamenul.  "  Tlie  accident  of  sex,"  s 
Plymouth,  said  :  term  adopted  by  the  petitioners,  is  not  an  accident 
_  ,  ,  ^.  .  ,  ,  „.  ,  .  It  defines  and  fixes  the  conditions  and  limits  of  ha* 
,.?•  'IT  ■*  *^•  ^^^  objection  to  the  bill  the  possi-  man  society.  It  does  not  imply  a  subordination  of 
biliiy  of  Its  beinff  unconstitutional.  If  the  bill  tends  one  sex  to  the  other,  but  points  out  that  all  the  du- 
t)  impair  contracts,  it  would  be  unconstitutional,  as  ties  in  life  of  one  can  not  well  be  performed  by  the 
no  boJy  of  inen  has  the  power  to  do  that.  The  fact  other.  The  petitioners  urge  that  women  are  not 
that  the  bill  finds  so  much  favor  shows  that  it  is  not  responsible  fbr  having  been  bom  females.  This 
•ettled  in  the  minds  of  the  people  that  the  reUttone  ig  true ;  but  if  ceriain  duties  apperUin  by  nature  to 
between  a  bank  and  ito  depositors  are  a  contract,  their  sex  and  cerUin  duties  to  the  other  sex,  each  is 
He  thought  the  bill  to  be  simply  in  ths  fonn  of  a  responsible  for  the  performance  of  its  own.  Suppose 
•tay  Uw,  and  therefore  not  unoonstltutional,  aa  it  this  question  should  be  considered  in  the  liirht  of 
does  not  ignore  the  obligations  existing  on  the  part  duties  instead  of  the  light  of  rights;  will  It  not  ap- 
of  a  banlc  to  ito  depositors.  The  bill  aims  simply  to  pear  that  there  are  natural  duties,  ordained  of  God. 
Jtsnd  between  the  depositors  and  their  own  foolish  inoonsistent  and  incompatible  with  the  "rights" 
iesr«.  Ha  aaw  no  objection  to  immediate  action.  now  claimed  for  women  f  If  the  duties  and  func- 
tions of  public  life,  participation  in  public  affairs. 


tlon  to  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  Believing  that  these  measures,  in  the  consequences 

Tk;-  ^        J         <.   •«     J     A  J           ij       Ai.     •  of  which  every  interest  m  human  society  would  be 

itiis  amendment,  if  adopted,  would  authorize  involved,  propose  a  revolution  contraiy  to  the  order 

female  taxpayers  to  vote  on  municipal  aftairs.  of  nature,  in  which  the  household  and  the  family 

The  minority  of  the  committee  in  their  report  would  to  a  great  extent  be  sacrificed  to  public  dutiea 

set  forth  the  present  state  of  the  law  on  the  *"<^  political  life,  we  recommend  that  the  petition- 

mbject  very  summarily.    They  say  that  there  **"  ^*^*  ^^'^^  *^  withdraw, 

▼as  no  difference  of  opinion  among  the  mem-  Subsequently  a  bill  to  grant  municipal  suf- 

bers  of  ^e  committee  as  to  the  question  of  frage  to  women  was  rejected  in  the  House— 

moDicipal  suflfrage  accompanied  by  a  property  yeas  92,  nays  128. 

qaalification  for  women,  but  there  was  a  differ-  The  report  of  the  Labor  Bureau  of  1877 

moe  of  opinion  on  the  general  question  of  shows  that,  comparing  the  year  1877  with  1875, 


MASSAOHDBETTB. 


the  reduction  in  wages  has  been  H  per  cent., 
which  has  been  nearl;  eqaalml  by  a  general 
redaction  of  prices.  The  total  value  of  the 
State  indnstriEit  prodacts  has  increased  over  8 
per  cent.  Of  private  eBtablishmentB  there  are 
10,89fi,  and  of  corporations  S20.  The  furnier 
tamed  oat  |3GI, 000.000  worth  of  soods,  and 
the  latter  |t80,000,000.  The  former  paid  their 
laborers  a  yearly  aversige  of  $474,  while  that 
of  the  corporation  employeea  is  $883.  The 
former  produce  $3.46  for  every  dollar  invested, 
while  the  corporations  prodace  little  over  $1.28 
on  each  dollar  invested. 


The  Committee  on  Prisons,  in  their  report 
to  the  Legislatnre  before  itsadjonrnment,  stated 
that  none  of  the  prisons  were  foand  aelf-aop- 
porting  ander  the  contract  system  of  disposing 
uf  labor.  The  House  of  CorrectJan  at  East 
Cambridge  is  the  only  self-supporting  institu- 
tJon  in  the  State,  and  here  the  labor  of  the  in- 
mates is  employed,  under  the  saperintendence 
of  the  officiais,  in  the  maDafacture  of  brushes. 
In  touching  on  the  tobacco  question,  the  report 
states  that  where  no  tobacco  is  nsed  the  pris- 
ons are  models  of  neatness  and  discipline.  The 
condition  of  the  State  Prison  at  Cbarlestown 
in  the  matter  of  management  and  cleanliness 
was  foand  quite  satisfactory.  The  new  State 
Priuon  at  Concord  is  spoken  of  with  commen- 
dation as  to  the  arrangement  of  the  bnildings 
and  the  character  of  the  work  done. 

The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  was 
iasned  at  the  close  of  the  sesdon.  Some  of  fhe 
topics  of  which  it  treats  are  worthy  of  notice. 


A  paper  from  the  surgeon  of  the  Husachcsetti 
Eye  and  Ear  InSrmary,  Dr.  B,  J.  Jeffries,  tre*te 
of  color-blindnees.     He  has  detected  thirty 

color-blind  in  testing  Gil  instmctors  and  stu- 
dents of  different  department«  of  Hariard  I'ui- 
versity  and  the  Institute  of  Technology,  bttn^ 
very  nearly  one  in  twenty.  He  shows  the  im- 
portance which  this  subject  has  assumed  with 
reference  to  the  protection  of  Ufe  on  railvev 
truns  and  steamboats,  and  the  attention  wLiih 
is  directed  to  it  in  Europe,  where,  in  onecouD- 
try  alone  (Sweden),  by  the  simple  efforts  of 
one  Bcientino  man,  all  the  railroad  employei^ 
of  the  country  were  in  a  few  months  tested, 
and  laws  to  goTem  the  fnture  were  made  acii 
enforced.  Tne  writer's  conclusions  and  reoi'a- 
mendations  ore  as  follows:  I 

Ceiteinlj  one  mjl/t^,  mnch  more  probmhly  out  in 
laiHtg,  of  tbe  coiDtaunity  is  color-blind  in  gresttttr 
lesa  degree.  Of  Oils  defect  tliey  msy  even  themulxti 
be  Hhally  anaDiueiDDt.  Thii  oolor^ilindDesa  Diij 
practiulij  be  regarded  ai  rtd- frem  blaidaett  m  Utt- 
VfHof  blindneia.  Toul  color- bl in dneis  bIw  uiiU, 
TliisdefeGtiicoDseDitaL  lleiislBiDTuyingdrgrK^ 
It  1b  largaly  barediury.  It  niav  also  be  t<>iD]iom.lf 
or  perniancDtl/  onued  by  dui«ua  or  injur;,  li  it 
incunbla  wliau  oongeiiitiil.  ExereUiiig  lbs  <;i> 
With  oolora  »nd  the  eara  with  Iheir  nunu  litlpa  lit 
color-blind  to  supplement  tbeir  eyes,  but  doet  iki 
chiDgs  or  looreaae  their  coloi-perctptioii,  £ipch- 
ment  and  experience  ehov  thu  we  tie/oretd  to  e!i 
red  and  ynen  marine  lighu  to  desigiiBtc  b  thicI'i 
direction  of  motion  and  movementa,  and  at  Iral  nJ 
lights  on  railway!  to  dealgriaCe  danser.  Fnim  m- 
Blead  of  color  can  not  be  used  lor  IheBe  pnrpi^f^. 
There  are  many  peculiar  cooditioni  under  abic!! 
railroBil  employeeB  ami  mKrineragierfoTm  tbeir  da'', 
which  render  colored  algnalB,  and  especially  cok-Mi 
ligliti,  difficult  to  be  correctly  aeen.  Tfaece  aimilE 
«an  never  be  correctly  seen  by  the  color-bliad. 
There  is,  therefore,  great  danger  from  color  bli ml- 
n«Ba,  BaJlway  and  mirino  sccidenti  have  occurred 
from  it.  There  Is  no  protection  but  the  eliniinatian 
froQi  the  fMnonn*^  of  railways  and  veuala  of  aUp«t- 
aone  whose  poaition  requtrea  perfect  color-percep- 
tion, and  who  fWil  to  poiaeaa  it.  Thia  oao  noa  U 
readily  and  apeedily  done. 

Therefore,  throniha  law  of  tbeLtpalalDrp.ordirs 
from  Btate  Kailroad  ComniiBBionera,  or  by  tbe  riki 
snd  regnlstiona  of  tbe  railroad  oorporBtioni  t*-"!. 


lelves,  eaeb  and  every  employee  should  be 
(eaCed  for  color-blindness  liy  an  (    , 

.    All  defidentahoold  be  removed  fr 


refuUf 


ipet« 


poBlfl  of  danger.  Every  perat 
an  emplojec  ahanld  be  teBled  for  color- b1  in dnec 
and  reftised  if  he  baa  it.  Kvcrv  employee  "bo  bi" 
had  any  severe  illnesi,  or  who  baa  been  injnrrd, 
should  be  teated  aRain  for  oolor-blindneaa  befon  b* 
IB  allowed  to  resume  hiadntiea.  Tbe  same  eiamiu- 
tion  should  be  carried  ont  among  pilot*  and  naittra 
of  iteamera  snd  sailing  veaaels.  Theac  iBlterBfaovM 
also  be  eapeoially  inatnioted  bow  to  detect  color- 
blindnesB  among  the  ptrvmnd  of  their  commsodi. 

The  following  rales  are  recommended  in  «n- 
other  paper  for  the  prevention  of  the  sprMiJ 
of  contiigiooB  diseosee  in  pnblic  or  private 
schools : 

1.  Vaccination — a  eertiflcste  to  be  required  ofevfij 
child  entering  tbe  public  schools,  as  ia  tbe  Isw  nor 


!.  PhjBicI 


IS  to  be  required,  nndet  penalties,  te 


al  Boarda  of  Bealt'h  all  caaee  of  diD- 

g'rous  infectious  diaeaBca  observed  by  them ;  tli 
oard  to  Inform  principals  of  achools. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


687 


8.  The  existenoe  of  any  ease  of  suob  disesBes  In  a 
hoQM  to  exolade  the  inmatea  from  attendance  at 
lebools  for  a  eofficient  len^h  of  time,  the  proprietj 
of  roadmiulon  being  oertitled  to  by  a  competent 
phjticitn. 

4.  DUiofeotioD  of  premisea  and  clothing,  by  the 
Board  of  Health,  in  every  houiie  where  the  above 
dUeaMs  have  prevailed. 

6.  Medical  aathority  to  be  designated,  for  the  pur- 
poie  of  advising  teachers  and  papila,  and  pointing 
out  to  the  School  Committee  matters  in  regard  to 
wliieh  their  authority  might  be  used  to  improve  the 
Maitary  condition  of  schools. 

The  amount  of  the  State  debt  on  January  1, 
1879,  was  $33,020,464.  It  bad  been  reduced 
$200,000  during  1878.  It  is  classified  as  fol- 
lows: railroad  loans,  $17,738,996;  war  loans, 
$10,468,188;  loans  for  public  buildings,  $4,- 
813,280.  The  State  has  no  temporary  loan, 
the  entire  indebtedness  being  fiinued.  All  the 
debt  18  placed  at  6  per  cent.,  and  will  become 
due  as  follows;  1880,  $220,000 ;  1888,  $1,088,- 
000;  1888,  $3,061,300;  1889,  $3,142,128 ;  1890, 
$503,468;  1891,  $3,815,040;  1898,  $1,150,000; 
1894,  $9,980,244;  1896,  $4,840,260;  1896, 
$1,100,000;  1897,  $520,000;  1900,$3,  599,024. 
The  amount  of  sinking  funds  January  1,  1878, 
was  $10,885,690.21,  an  increase  during  the  year 
of  $382,905.63.  The  revenue  receipts  for  the 
year  were  $6,982,944.23 ;  f^d  receipts,  $4,- 
607,901.49.  The  payments  on  account  of  re  ve- 
nae were  $5,638,426.44 ;  on  account  of  funds, 
$4,046,367.42.  The  gross  receipts  were  $11,- 
540,845.72;  gross  payments,  $9,684,798.86; 
gross  balance  of  cash,  $2,21 1,376.66.  The  trust 
fonds  are  as  follows : 

KMMdnuetU  school  Ihnd $3,087,R81  H 

Todd  Nonnsl  School  ftuid 12.100  00 

Eog«r«  book  ftind 1,000  00 

AfrleoltantCoUofreftuid 860,067  40 

Harbor  eompeasttionftuid 129,886  83 

ConuDoowteslth  flsts  improyemeat  fhnd. 803,718  7S 

Totri $2,374,804  27 

The  State  tax  has  declined  from  $2,000,000 
in  1875  to  $1,000,000  in  1878,  with  such  a  pros- 
pect of  decrease  that  its  continuance  is  limited. 
A  statement  of  the  taxable  property  of  the 
Commonwealth  is  as  follows: 

BmI  ud  pofsoBsl  oststa,  ss  rstomed  by  the 

uMMon  of  ths  cities  sod  towns  to  the 

8«er0taiT  of  the  Commonweslth,  Msr  1, 

l!*T3 |1,5«8,WS,210  00 

imoant  sot  looiaded  In  the  shove,  on  so* 

oosnt  of  the  ostlunsl-beak  stooka  held  by 

son-residents  of  the  pieces  where  the 

bttks  ue  kwated 26,286,060  12 

I>«poitto  in  leiriiigs  hanks  ss  returned  hy 

tbta  KoTsmber  1, 1878. 210,461,896  48 

riopertf  of  eorporstitms,  shore  resi  es- 

ttte  and  msnhlneiy.  taxed  hi  the  dtlss 

odtonaa,  May  1,1873 74,18H,072  88 

Totel  tsnbls  pfopsrty $1,879,828,788  93 

'^0  aggregates  during  the  year  1877  were 
as  follows: 

ittUion*s«TC««to0 $1,668^226,782  00 

hationaJ-baS  stocks,  aa  above 29,187,9B1  25 

P<^P«its  in  MTtnga  banks. 248,»72,826  49 

Cofponie  oaoaas 72,586,046  75 

_    Totsl $3,018,878,186  60 

McrtMs  of  tsnble  Tsloes $184,049,896  52 


Real  estate  decreased  $78,026,005 ;  personal 
estate,  including  bank  stocks,  $29,114,478.18; 
deposits  in  savings  banks,  $33,510,929.01.  The 
corporate  excess  above  real  estate  and  machin- 
ery increased  $1,602,025.62. 

But  the  burden  of  taxation  in  the  State  is 
created  mainly  by  excessive  municipal  and 
county  expenditure ;  tbe  rate  of  State  taxation 
being  only  63*7  cents  on  each  thousand  dollars 
of  a  reduced  valuation,  while  the  average  mu- 
nicipal rate,  including  the  State  tax,  is  $12.54 
per  thousand.  The  amount,  however,  of  the 
municipal  tax  levy  is  steadily  and  materially 
decreasing.  That  amount  for  the  last  five  years 
has  been  as  follows :  1874,  $28,700,605 ;  1875, 
$27,712,760;  1876,  $24,778,803;  1877,  $33,- 
916,939;  1878,  $21,761,637;  showing  a  reduc- 
tion for  the  whole  period  of  $6,938,968,  and 
for  the  past  year  of  $2,145,802.  The  maxi- 
mum of  taxation  was  reached  in  1874,  and  the 
decrease  since  is  more  than  one  fourth  of  the 
levy  for  that  year.  The  statistics  of  this  mu- 
nicipal indebtedness  are  worthy  of  mention  in 
consideration  of  the  general  embarrassments. 
During  1878,  208  towns  diminished  their  debt, 
67  increased  it,  and  in  20  there  was  neither  in- 
crease nor  decrease.  There  are  63  towns  that 
have  no  debt,  against  54  towns  which  had  no 
debt  in  1877.  The  percentage  of  indebtedness 
has  increased  in  90  towns,  but  in  27  of  these 
it  is  due  to  a  dimioution  of  valuation.  The 
following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  aggregate  valua- 
tion by  the  local  assessors,  aggregate  net  debt 
of  municipalities,  and  percentage  of  the  same 
for  the  years  1871  to  1878  inclusive : 


TEAE. 

Agpvfrt*  vidoilka. 

Aggnfutmtt 
<kbt. 

Peretnt- 

1871 

$1,497,X51,686 
].696,fi09,969 
1,768,429,990 
1,881,601,105 
1,840,792,728 
1,709,858,481     - 
1.66S,226,792 
1,5684)88,210 

$89,421,293 
45,221,745 
53,860.118 
64,904,069 
71,784,006 
72,165,156 
72,049,685 
68,864,686 

'026 

1872 

•026 

1878 

080 

1874 

'065 

1875 

*08S 

1976 

•040 

1877 

'044 

1S78 

'048 

The  gross  interest-bearing  debt  of  the  towns 
and  cities  on  the  Ist  of  May,  1878,  was  $89,- 
601,156.  If  the  average  rate  of  interest  was 
6  per  cent,  it  wonld  amount  to  $5,376,000 ;  the 
total  diminution  of  indebtedness  was  $8,185,- 
000,  and  the  sums  raised  for  interest  and  the 
payment  of  debt  equaled  ne&Tiy  forty  per  cent 
of  the  municipal  tax  for  the  year. 

The  aggregates  of  the  several  classes  of  ex- 
empted property  are  as  follows:  Literary  in- 
stitutions, $9,594,254;  benevolent,  $803,436; 
charitable,  $9,167,520;  scientific,  $1,900,050; 
houses  of  religious  worship,  $31,934,588 ; 
agricultural  societies,  $485,549;  aggregate  of 
exempted  property  of  all  classes,  $53,855,- 
897. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of 
tons  and  passengers  carried,  and  the  total  trans- 
portation expenses  and  earnings  of  the  several 
railroad  companies  during  three  years: 


J 


528 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


TONS  OABRIXD. 


ROADS. 


Boston  and  Albanv 

Boston  and  FroTiaenoe . . . 

OldOolonj 

Fltchburg^ 

Boston  and  Mains. 

Eastern 

Union  Freight  Ridlwaj. . . . 
New  York  and  N.  England 
Boston  and  Lowell 


1818. 

i8rr. 

8,642,566 

2,601,657 

M9J51 

681,850 

081,190 

716,184 

i,ii5,ni 

UUy,771 

682,851 

098,881 

e97,W7 

704,810 

262,901 

117.054 

4Bjy,867 

850,006 

604,11:2 

668,480 

1816. 

8,641,874 

689,684 
619,668 
887,860 
701,946 
684,508 
82,600 
880,667 
661,610 


PA8SEN0E118  CARRIED. 


ROADS. 


Boston  and  Alb«nir 

Boston  and  Providence.. . . 

Old  Colony 

Fitchborg 

Boston  and  Maine 

Eastern 

Union  Freight  Bail  way. . . 
New  Toric  and  N.  England 
Boston  and  LowslL 


1878. 


6,200,641 
8,218,189 
8,9o9,028 
8,166,116 
4.564,171 
4,197,991 

1,781,685 
1,986,848 


1877. 


6,298,861 
8,197,600 
4,006,601 
8,149,890 
4,442,019 
4,978,866 

i,6oa886 
1,941,787 


187«. 

&,57S,87& 
8,476,878 
4,150,467 
8,898,787 
6,086,819 
4,796,876 

1,794^637 
1,929,616 


TOTAL  TRANSPORTATION  KXFXNSXS. 


ROADS. 


Boston  and  Albany 

Boston  and  Prondenoe. . . . 

OldCoIony 

fltchboiig 

Boston  and  Maine 

Eosteni 

Union  Fralgfat  Railway.. . 
Hew  Toric  and  N.  England 
Boston  and  Lowell 


1878. 

$4,488,997 

886,971 

1,874,887 

1,590,818 

1,440,567 

•1,853,142 

81,844 

870,280 

761,588 


1877. 


1876. 


$4,^12,766 

974,628{ 

1,464,178 

1368,676 

1,618,864 

1,708,790 

80,270 

770,684 

789,762 


$4,764,994 
1,049,450 
1,476,627 
1,587,648 
1,611,166 
1,986,668 
86,866 
1,476,627 
612,080 


TOTAL  TRANSPORTATION  EARNIK08. 


ROADS. 


Boston  and  Albany 

Boston  and  ProTldence.  . . 

Old  Colony 

Fltchbarg 

Boston  and  Maine 

Eastern 

Union  Freight  Bsilway . . . 
New  York  and  N.  Eng'luid 
Boston  sod  Lowell 


1878. 

1877. 

$6,272,067 

$6,472,904 

1,185,040,     1353,664 

2,047,500 

8,174,884 

1,794,886 

1,792,163 

2,100,741 

8,178,208 

2,397.994 

8,451,828 

49.867 

89,968 

1.009.187 

966.001 

1,071,411 

1,182,968 

1876. 

$6,828,117 
1,489.864 
8,128318 
1,718,788 
8,278,468 
2,407,141 
87.888 
048.886 
1,114301 


The  charitable  and  Boroe  of  the  refonnatorj 
institutions  of  Massaclinsetts  have  been  for  fif- 
teen years  under  tlie  charge  of  a  Board  of  State 
Obarities.  The  expenses  of  the  commissioned 
members  have  been  roiinbarsed  by  the  State, 
and  have  averaged  $520  per  annum ;  and  the 
total  expense  of  the  Board  proper  has  been 
less  than  $1,000  per  annum.  The  expense  of 
the  administration  of  the  Board  has  been  for 
the  last  five  years  $45,000  to  $60,000  per  an- 
num. In  1863  there  were  eleven  State  institu- 
tions, with  4,106  inmates;  in  1878  there  were 
twelve,  with  5,422  inmates.  The  Board  has  also 
collected,  and  thus  saved  to  the  State,  a  large 
amount  of  money.  From  1864  to  1872  the 
amount  was  $315,829,  of  which  $76,697  was 
on  account  of  pauper  support,  and  $238,682 
from  the  head-money  tax  on  immigrants ;  from 
1878  to  1878  the  amount  was  $112,468,  of 
which  $82,778  was  on  account  of  pauper  sup- 
port, and  $29,690  for  the  support  of  inmates 
m  the  State  schools. 


•  Indndlng  rent  of  lessed  roods. 


The  Governor  (Talbot),  in  bis  recent  ma- 
sage  to  the  Legislature,  recommends  the  aboli- 
tion of  this  Board,  and  the  establishment  cf 
one  with  more  extensive  duties.    He  says : 

I  reoommeDd  the  abolition  of  the  Board  of  Su!« 
Charities,  with  all  its  bureana,  and  of  the  Board  of 
Health ;  and  the  creation,  in  place  thereof,  of  a6ut« 
Board  of  Health,  Lunacy,  and  Charitv,  which  ihtW 
posieaa  all  the  powers  aud  perform  all  the  fnneticm 
of  the  discontinued  boards,  vith  auch  added  dutin 
as  the  Legislature  may  desidpate.  Included  amoci 
these  should  be  the  specifU  oreraight  of  lauitki, 
both  in  regard  to  their  treatment  aud  the  legtlitj 
and  propriety  of  their  detention.  We  should  Uc« 
have  all  the  advantages  which  could  possibly  be  de- 
rived from  a  Commission  on  Lunacy,  without  crt- 
ating  a  new  Board,  or  incurring  any' additional  tx- 
pense.  The  proposed  Board  should  have  full  ccl- 
trol  of  all  matters  relating  to  charity  and  refono, 
save  that,  in  cases  of  serious  difference  with  tie 
management  of  the  institutions,  an  appeal  might  1  e 
to  the  Governor  and  Council,  and  the  Logislaturt. 
It  should  assign  its  own  work,  select  its  own  aSt- 
oers.  and  fix  tlieir  compensation  within  the  limiti 
of  tne  yearly  appropriations.  It  should  make  bet  i 
single  annual  report,  brief,  compact,  and  free  frcm 
repetitions  of  facts  or  duplication  of  atatihtics.  }»< 
officer  or  emplovee  should  be  a  member  of  the  Bcerd. 
unless  it  should  be  deemed  best  to  make  its  ccsii- 
man  its  executive  officer,  with  a  aslary  fixed  hy  tie 
Legislature  sufficient  to  secure  the  aerxices  cf  u 
able  and  thoroughly  competent  man.  Such  a  Bodrti. 
constituted  without  reference  to  sect,  party,  or  ui^ 
and  kept  free  from  all  political  afflUationa,  would,  is 
my  juagment,  establish  and  maintain  system  scd 
subordination  throughout  its  jurisdiction,  and  secsrt 
and  retain  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  peopU, 
Its  administration  would  be  free  from  all  coqiplex- 
ity ;  and  the  consolidation  should  save  at  least  tl^- 
000  annuAlly. 

During  the  year  the  State  has  occupied  acd 
opened  five  great  institutions :  the  new  Luoitic 
Hospital  at  Worcester,  the  Asylam  for  the 
Chronic  Insane  in  Worcester,  the  Prison  fur 
Women  at  Sherbom,  the  Lunatic  Hospital  tt 
Danvers,  and  the  new  State  Prison  at  Concord 
In  general  the  various  institutions  for  the  iusuic 
were  not  so  crowded  in  1878  as  in  1877,  and 
there  was  a  slight  decrease  in  the  average  num- 
ber of  inmates  in  the  establishments  at  Lancas- 
ter and  Bridgewater;  but,  for  the  State  as  a 
whole,  the  average  population  of  the  penal  es- 
tablishments was  about  810  greater,  and  iinxi 
of  the  charitable  and  reformatory  institutioc^ 
about  260  greater,  in  the  year  ending  with  Sep- 
tember, 1878,  than  in  the  year  imm^ately  pre- 
ceding; while  the  penal  eatabliahments  dose 
the  official  year  with  271  more  inmates,  and  the 
reformatory  and  charitable  institations  with 
822  more  inmates,  than  they  had  at  the  corre- 
sponding date  in  1877.  The  number  of  patienti 
remaining  in  all  the  lunatic  hospitals  and  asy- 
lums of  the  State  on  the  80th  of  September, 
1877,  was  2,539 ;  the  number  of  cases  admitted 
to  treatment  during  the  past  year  was  1,754, 
and  the  number  of  persons  remaining  under 
treatment  on  the  80th  of  September,  1878,  uss 
2,824.  The  1,754  cases  admitted  to  treatmeot 
within  the  year  represented  1,281  persons,  the 
difference  between  these  figures  showing  tbe 
total  of  duplicationa.    As  compared  with  the 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


529 


year  next  preceding,  the  number  of  cases  was 
444  more,  though  the  aggregate  of  persons  was 
bat  21  larger.  The  whole  number  of  oases 
treated  within  the  year  was  4,293,  represent- 
ing a  total  of  3,779  persons. 

There  are  38  penal  establishments  of  one 
grade  or  another  in  the  Oommonwealth,  yiz. : 
one  State  Prison,  one  Reformatory  Prison  for 
Women,  one  State  Workhouse,  fifteen  Houses 
of  Correction,  nineteen  Coonty  Jails,  and  one 
city  House  of  Industry.  The  State  Prison  and 
the  State  Workhouse  are  the  only  penal  insti- 
tntious  with  which  the  Board  of  Public  Chari- 
ties has  any  general  official  relations.  These 
two  establishments  began  the  official  year  with 
an  aggregate  of  1,094  convict  inmates,  and 
closed  it  with  a  corresponding  aggregate  of  978 ; 
bat,  if  the  institution  at  Sherbom  is  also  includ- 
ed in  the  aggregation,  it  appears  that  there  were 
1,460  State  prisoners  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
against  the  1,094  at  its  opening.  The  gross 
expenditure  ou  behalf  of  the  three  institutions 
for  the  year  was  $214,910,  while  the  aggregate 
of  receipts  from  the  labor  of  prisoners  was 
$51,202. 

With  regard  to  the  pauper  population  of  the 
Sute,  the  statistics  show  that  228  of  the  842 
cities  and  towns  of  the  State  provided  for  their 
poor  in  almshouses ;  that  6,414  persons  were 
fully  supported  at  these  establishments,  at  an 
average  cost  of  $2.82  per  week,  a  slight  in- 
crease in  numbers  with  a  small  decrease  in  ex- 
pense as  compared  with  previous  years;  2,682 
paapers  were  supported  outside  of  almshouses 
at  an  average  cost  of  $3.62  per  week.  The 
whole  number  admitted  to  foil  support  in  the 
year  was  8,352,  exactly  100  more  than  the 
number  admitted  the  preceding  year,  and  the 
total  cost  for  full  support  was  $809,881,  against 
$797,377  for  the  previous  year,  an  increase 
which  must  be  charged  to  the  Lunatic  Hospital 
account  With  respect  to  sex,  the  persons  sup- 
ported were  classed  as  5,066  males  and  3,918 
femides,  four  sevenths  of  the  year's  increase 
being  niales  and  three  sevenths  being  females. 
This  aggregate  of  8,979  fall-support  cases  in- 
cludes 867  classed  as  idiots  or  imbeciles,  1,610 
children  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  2,286 
insane  persons ;  and  nearly  two  thirds  of  the 
yearns  increase  is  in  these  three  classes.  For 
ten  years  previous  to  September,  1878,  the 
average  number  of  persons  partially  supported 
was  a  little  below  25,000  annually.  In  the  first 
year  after  the  close  of  this  period  there  was 
an  advance  of  about  10,100  on  this  average ;  in 
the  second  year  a  still  further  advance  of 
21,500 ;  in  the  third  year  another  advance  of 
9,400 ;  in  the  fourth  year  an  additional  advance 
of  8,400.  This  is  what  the  pauper  retams  tell 
about  the  hard  times,  but  the  story  of  1878  is 
not  so  depressing.  The  average  increase  of 
iiiore  than  12,000  cases  annually  since  the  fall 
<»f  1S73  not  only  wholly  disappears,  but  there  is 
an  actual  decrease  of  about  1,900  cases  as  com- 
pared with  the  year  next  preceding.  The  net 
cost  of  pauperism  to  the  towns  and  cities  of 
Vol.  xviil — 34    A 


the  State  is  $1,484,806.  The  instatutions  not 
directly  under  the  State  control  which  were 
aided  by  special  grants  by  the  Legislature  of 
1878  are :  Massachusetts  School  for  Idiotic  and 
Feeble-Minded  Youth,  $17,500 ;  Massachusetts 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  $8,000; 
agencies  for  discharged  prisoners,  $5,500; 
Massachusetts  Infant  Asylum,  $8,000 ;  and  Dis- 
abled Soldiers'  Employment  Bureau,  $3,000. 
Total  appropriations,  $42,000,  or  $6,500  less 
than  for  the  preceding  year.  The  estimates  on 
account  of  the  charitable  department  for  the 
year  1879  amount  to  $411,000 ;  on  account  of 
the  reformatory  and  correctional  institutions, 
$415,450. 

For  the  educational  and  other  institutions  of 
the  State,  see  ^'  Annual  Cyclopsdia,''  1877.  The 
report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor  for 
the  year  1878  presents  the  following  result  of 
its  investigation  relative  to  the  number  of  la- 
borers in  the  State  unemployed  on  June  1st: 


OOUTVTISS. 


Bunatable.. 
Berkshire.. 

Bristol 

Dakes 

Essex 

FrankUn... 
Hampden.. 
Uampshlre. 
Middlesex.. 
Kantnoket . 
Norfolk.... 
Plvmoath. . 

Suffolk 

Woroester. 


The  State. 


19  dtlea . 
825  towns , 


SkUM. 

UaddUed. 

T9 

S61 

865 

686 

1,9(» 

1,848 

0 

68 

1,740 

8,651 

1S5 

808 

810 

808 

145 

280 

1,28T 

1,953 

•  •  •  •  ■ 

408 

•  ■  •  •  * 

448 

821 

484 

1,105 

8,608 

914 

1,285 

8,560 

18,868 

4,440 

7,605 

4,120 

^5^7 

To«id. 


440 
891 

8,810 
78 

4^1 
888 
518 
875 

8,845 

•  ■  ■  • 

856 

645 

4J08 
8,189 


21,818 

"l8,185 
9,677 


The  report  says : 

This  ia  a  national  question ;  and,  from  the  state- 
ment of  the  unemployed  in  MaaaachusettB,  we  are 
able  to  make  a  most  careful  eatimate  for  the  whole 
country,  although,  with  the  exception  of  New  York 
and  Pennaylvania,  Masaachusetts  has  a  greater  pro- 
portion of  unemployed  than  any^  other  State,  becauae 
her  induatriea  are  so  largely  artificial.  On  the  baaia 
g^ven,  the  unemployed  m  the  whole  United  States 
reaches  670,000 — a  number  too  vaat  altogether. 

On  August  8th  a  requisition  was  issued  by 
Governor  Hampton  of  South  Oarolina,  request- 
ing of  Governor  Rioe  of  Massachusetts  the 
rendition  of  one  Hiram  H.  Eimpton,  an  alleged 
fugitive  from  lustice  from  the  former  State. 
The  statute  of  Massachusetts  (chapter  177,  sec- 
tion 2)  provides  that  "  when  such  demand  or 
application  is  made  the  Attorney-General  or 
other  prosecuting  officer  shall,  if  the  Gk>vemor 
requires  it,  forthwith  investigate  the  grounds 
thereof  and  report  to  the  Governor  all  the  ma- 
terial facts  which  may  come  to  his  knowledge, 
with  an  abstract  of  the  evidence  in  the  case, 
and  especially  in  the  case  of  a  person  demand- 
ed, whether  he  is  held  in  custody  or  is  under 
recognizance  to  answer  for  any  offense  against 
the  laws  of  this  State  or  of  the  United  States, 
or  by  force  of  any  civil  process,  with  an  opin- 
ion as  to  the  legality  or  expediency  of  comply- 


S30  MASSAOHUSETTS. 

ing  therewith.'*    Sach  investigation  was  made,  have  oommenoed  with  the  appearance  of  Denit 

and  the  Attorney-General  of  8onth  Garolioa,  Kearney,  of  California,  at  Boston  about  Aagust 

Leroy  F.  Youmans,  appeared  in  behalf  of  that  1st    An  account  of  his  championship  of  tie 

State.     The  Attorney-General  of  Massacha-  workingmen's  cause  in  that  State  had  pr«- 

setts,  Charles  R.  Train,  then  made  his  report  ceded  him,  and  his  object  now  was  to  advocate 

to  Governor  Rice.    The  Governor,  in  a  letter  the  same  cause  chiefly  in  Massachusetts.   He 

to  Governor  Hampton,  dated  August  30th,  de-  was  duly  received,  and  Faneuil  Hall  obtAioed 

clined  to  surrender  Eimpton.    He  said :  for  his  first  public  address  on  August  5th.  The 

The  requisition  was  referred  to  the  Attorney-Gen-  resolutions  adopted  on  the  occasion  were  ts 

eral  of  this  Commonwealth,  in  oomplianoe  with  the  follows : 
statute  thereof,  to  examine  and  report  whether  the 


tion  of  the  law  and  the  facts  in  the  case,  that  the  iwpuoiican  aaa  jwemocrauc  panics  in  tne  peramoia 

practice  of  the  Executive  of  this  Commonwealth  baa  ^o*"^,  ^^  estabhshinjK  thieving  monopoliea  and  d«» 

uniformly  been  to  deny  a  requisition  when  it  ap-  privileges  that  sap  the  blood  of  the  national  mdn*- 

pears  that  the  purpose  of  the  requisition  is  other  and  *"«»  ».?  J''**  ^}  ®*°  *>®  lapped  up  by  the  vsmpiiw 

differentfrom  that  ofthe  trial  ofthe  alleged  offender  ®^  S5P**"  ♦  *?Ti ,             ^^.u.           ..     ,.  j-  ^ 

upon  the  indictment,  a  copy  of  which  is  annexed  fkertat,  All  laws  enacted  that  are  not  in  the  direct 

aid  made  a  part  of  the  requisition.    In  the  present  and  opeiwnterest  of  the  producing  and  Ulwclts^ 

the  in- 

impton 

KimptTn  fof^hTcrimroWeTagalMrilim,  but  fo?  .    Wh^ireat,  InfiwnonB  if  not  crimiDa!  da^  legUUtksi 

a  different  purpose.  "'^  ^^^  neaped  upon  the  industriea  of  the  nation 

'^    ^^    '  by  political  parties  until  the  burden  has  become  ft 

By  reference  to  the  title  Kentuokt  in  this  torture  ofthe  masses  from  which  there  is  no  escape, 

volume  an  able  decision  of  the  Court  of  An-  «xc«Pt  by  uniting  the  mutual  intereato  of  the  pro- 

p^s  of  that  state,  in  a  case  of  rendition  nndSr  ^&;^1ii^'';WPVllet^hJdS?. 

a  treaty,  will  be  found.  trol  of  State  and  national  legislaUon,  pnvilegea  d 

The  prohibitory  laws  of  the  State  led  to  a  which  they  have  been  plundered,  and  thewbj  re- 
suit  at  law  against  the  Boston  Beer  Company,  store  this  Government  to  the  just  and  lofty  parpKi 
which  was  ultimately  decided  by  the  United  for  which  it  was  instituted  by  the  patriouo  fsiben: 

States  Supreme  Court  at  Washington,     Thw  'TJ^'^Wy  the  citiaens  of  Boaton,  in  Fsneun 

Boston  Beer  Company  was  estabhshed  in  1828,  Hall  assembled,  that  it  is  in  the  highest  and  tn)e*t 

long  before  the  passage  of  any  prohibitory  laws  interests  of  all  industrial  classes  in  New  EngUcd 

was    contemplated.      In   1869   its  operations  that  they  extend  a  hearty,  cordial,  and  united  auf 

were  curtailed  by  those  laws,  although  they  Portto^enUKearney,  the  mat  and  efficient  apot- 

L ^  „• v^^ S 1  j»      ta    -.                1     i.  tie  of  the  laboring  classes  or  California,  who  oomes 

have  since  been  repealed.    Its  managers  took  among  them  for  the  noble  purpose  of  uniting  tbem, 

the  position  that  its  orgioal  charter  was  a  bar  as  he  has  united  their  brothers  in  hia  own  Bute,  in 

against  subsequent  legislation.    The  following  that  political  action  which  is  necesaary  to  rttitoK 

extract  contains  the  Hubstance  of  the  decision  this  Government  to  the  Just  and  humane  prindpUs 

ofthe  Supreme  Court:  for  which  it  was  mstitutea.  that  the  welfare  and 

«  ^^A^jKviMASj  v/vu*  V  penty  of  that  people  may  be  recalled  and  flnnlf  «§- 
Had  the  plaintiff  in  error  relied  npon  the  existence  tablished. 
ofthe  property  prior  to  the  law,  it  behooved  him  to  .               v       .  .            i*  ^r         -^              r>. 
show  that  fact.    But  no  such  fact  is  shown,  and  no  Among  the  citizens  of  Massachusetts,  Gen- 
such  point  is  taken.    The  plaintiff  in  error  boldly  eral  B.  F.  Butler  was  the  most  prominent  and 
takes  the  ground  that,  being  a  corporation,  it  has  a  distingushed  of  those  in  sympathy  with  the 

r^'r!n^U"hl'?l^*dlS/rd1St^rfU''ix?;Scf2  ??-«>  «f  '^-.  -orkinpnen,  «il  that  of  .  d.- 

which  may  occur  in  the  morios  or  the  health  of  the  **^°*^  financial  reform  by  making  the  greec 

community  requiring  such  manufacture  to  oease.  backs  or  Government  paper  the  basis  of  itf 

We  do  not  so  understand  the  rights  ofthe  plaintiff,  money  circulation,  and  thus  cutting  loose  from 

The  Legislature  had  no  power  to  confer  any  such  entangling  currency  connections  with  all  other 

nghts.    Whatever  differences  of  opinion  may  exist,  ««♦;    °       t«  *^  ^tv^1^\^  «♦  ii\aa^^^^j\   'i/«;«./k  «« 

Itls  said,  as  to  the  extent  and  Wdaries  of  the  ^*^^^°!\i?  a  speech  at  Biddrford,  Mamo,  on 

police  power  of  the  State,  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  August  10th,  he  is  reported  to  have  said: 

extends  to  the  protection  of  the  lives,  health,  and  He  came  not  to  make  a  speech,  but  to  commnw 

property  of  the  citizens,  and  to  the  preservation  of  ^ith  the  people  on  the  political  uatereets  of  the  day. 

good  order  and  the  public  morals.    Nor  can  the  Le-  He  had  left  the  old  parties.     He  had  belonged  » 

gialature  by  any  contract  divest  itself  of  the  power  to  the  Democratic  party  until  it  attempted  to  destror 

provide  for  theae  objects.  the  Union,  and  was  with  the  Bepublican  partj  tiU 

This  decirion  virtnaUy  reaffirms  tiheoptaion  l^^^^^,  t"m  «?;  B^pu'tt'^pStT-W 

of  the  Court  formerly  expressed,  that  a  State  hand  and  foot.     Hayes  haa  violated  eve^y  pledge 

has  the  right  to  regulate  or  even  forbid  any  and  betrayed  the  negroes  of  the  South.    The  affort 

branch  of  traffic  deemed  unfavorable  to  public  of  Grant's  Administration  to  strengthen  public  credit 

morals,  and  that  a  license  of  the  United  States  was  a  swindle.  Hereyiewedthehlstory  of  tbep;e«n- 

{a  Kno/kri  r.«iTr  r*«  «.i,^  A.^*  fi^n*  o  «va*<,^.«  \^  ^«  back  curreucy,  and  claimed  it  should  be  made  leg«l 

13  based  only  on  the  fact  that  a  person  is  en-  ^^^^^  ^^^  alf  Aebts,  public  and  private. 

paj?ed  m  the  liquor  traffic,  and  has  no  reference 

to  the  legality  of  his  acts.  About  this  time  numerous  requests  vrere 

The  movement  in  politics  may  be  said  to  made  to  him  to  consent  to  become  the  candi- 


MASSACHUSETTS.  631 

J:ite  for  Governor  of  those  holding  disaffected  ployment  if  they  sis^ned  it,  and  in  a  few  oases  men 

views.    His  answer  was  that  if  a  oonsiderahle  T^'^'J^^  f?  ^'^^^^  *.*  '^  ^^  "^®^  ^^  a^? '*J.^ 

^    iv..«  ^^  ^^^^^    «»».  on  /\e\t\   ^^r.^A  .^^..^^i^  the  time  which  was  their  own,  were  wrongniily  dis- 

namber  of  voters,  say  20.000,  would  request  ^^    ^  ^^^  employment  for  so  doing.*!  dfo  not 

him  in  writing  to  do  so,  he  would  become  choose  that  their  exhibition  of  confidence  in  and 

a  candidate  without  regard  to  any  conven-  friendship  for  me  shall  give  opportunity  to  a  very 

tion.   In  consequence,  the  following  document  fc^  foolish  and  cruel  men  to  coerce  the  jud^ent, 

was  printed  and  presented  by  General  Butler's  ^' *^  W'«'  ^^  inflieting  starvation  upon  his  wiie 

f  •    ^   4.^  *u    -,^*  «   «^  «..^-«  «;♦«.  ««,!  *.^, :-.  •'^d  children,  any  labonng  man  of  the  tree  exercise 

friends  to  the  voters  in  every  city  and  town  m  ^f  his  oonstitutioial  right  to  vote  as  he  pleases,  and 

the  State  :  for  whom  he  pleases.    If  the  bulldosing  of  colored 

To  GxirxBAZ,  BxN/AMiN   F.  BcTLXB— Z)«>r  Sir:  voters  in  the  South  by  the  planters  is  to  betrans- 

We,  the  undersigned,  legal  votoia  of  the .fool-  planted  here  upon  the  soil  of  MaasaehusetU,  and 

ing  the  necessity  of  a  more  economical  adminiatra*  »ppned  to  our  workuigmen,  then  indeed  is  there 

tion  of  our  Sute  government  as  well  as  of  our  na-  ^^  urgent  need  here  for  a  change  in  the  laws  and 

tional  aflairs,  and  believing  you  would,  if  elected  government  of  the  good  old  State,  to  relieve     the 

Governor  of  our  State,  use  your  experience,  influ-  people's  burdens."    I  trust  if,  lu  any  instance,  this 

eoce,  and  skill  in  public  affaiia  to  relieve  the  peo-  ?nme  shall  be  attempted  hereafter  during  the  com- 

ple'«  bordena,  and  with  your  great  energy  bring  ing  canvass  and  election,  the  name  of  the  misfiruided 

•boat  a  more  equal  and  efficient  administration  of  person  who  shall  do  it,  with  the  facts,  may  be  re- 

tli«  laws  of  thiaCommonwealth,  would  most  respect-  ported  to  me ;  for,  whether  elected  or  not,  I  do  not 

fallv  ask  the  privilege  of  using  your  name  as  an  believe  I  shall  be  without  the  meana  of  furnishing 

independent  c*ndidate  for  the  offioe  of  Chief  Magis  redress  for  so  great  a  wrong,  especially  as  a  statu^ 

trtte  of  our  State.  of  the  United  States  makes  it  a  highly  penal  of- 
fense.   In  so  doing  I  am  sure  I  shall  be  sustained  by 

In  less  than  two  weeks  the  names  of  more  the  just  Judgment  of  every  right-minded  man  in  the 

than  double  the  number  of  voters  specified  had  Commonwealth. 

ou  u^u^iv  i«j«  m«j*tut#v«  V*  Twv^**** -i^w**^  «««*  ^  ^^  j^^g  j^^  organiaation  or  platform  of  party 

been  obtained  and  presented  to  General  But-  principles,  either  Sta^  or  national  it  may  not  be 

ler.    On  August  29th  he  issued  an  address  in  inappioprtate  to  set  forth  the  principles  which  will 

which  he  consented  to  become  a  candidate  for  guide  my  political  measures,  as  well  as  the  conduct 

the  oflSce  of  Governor,  and  stated  the  objects  ®^  *^1  governmental  functions  which  may  be  intrust- 

for  which  he  shouild  contend.  An  extract  from  tJ°  ™®L,««--  .rtTT.T  t^n^r*.  »«tTAT  »»««««  »ott*t 

.,         ,,                  ...         ^n         .         ,             xi_i.*  JBiQUAIt  BIOBTS,  IQUAL  nUTXXS,  EQUAL  POWXBS,  EQUAL 

the  address  will  sumce  to  snow  tne  basis  on  burdens,  equal  pbivilsoes,  and  equal  rsoTEorxoir 

which  the  movement  rests :  by  the  lauf$  to  evekt  mah  BVBBTwaEnB  under  the 

m    ,              n-           M  -m^       9             «■•          ••  Cfovemment,  State  or  national. 

To  (h€  5^874  Fo^f  J/'  ifeM^^             hive  oAed  jf  there  are  any  principles  of  true  repubUoanUm 

n*  to  be  a  OandidaUfor  the  Offkx  qf  Governor:  <>,  xxne  democracy,  aa  applied  to  government,  not 


racQ  who  spoke  of  the  net  that  if  a  brge  claSs  of  their  effect  upon  the  laws  and  the  execution  of  them. 

meo  wished  to  vote  for  me,  and  would  write  their  Of  most  ot  them,  it  is  but  just  to  the  fair  fame  of 

aimes  to  that  wish,  to  point  out  that  still  more  men  the  Commonwealth  to  say  there  has  rarely  been  at- 

vould  80  vote,  I  would  say  yes.    My  friends  caused  tempted,  and  never  been  permitted,  open  violation. 

&  Dote  in  print,  to  which  I  write  this,  to  be  sent  into  Snch  a  law  would  be  so  abhorrent  to  tne  just  sense 

the  towns  and  wards  of  the  State,  and  shown  to  of  right  and  fair  play  that  has  always  characteriied 

men,  that  they  might  put  their  names  to  it  if  they  our  people  as  to  cause,  as  it  has  done,  instant  change. 

chase.    My  fnends  asked  how  large  must  the  sum  of  Our  Bill  of  Righto  enacte  them,  and  by  tax  the  greater 

D&mes  be;  I  said  90,000  at  least,  for  that  will  be  part  of  the  laws  on  our  statute-books  are  framed 

mora  men  than  ever  met  in  caucus  to  choose  a  ma.n  with  the  f\ill  intent  and  wish  on  the  part  of  the 

ti  ran  in  the  State,  and  I  think  that  sum  will  show  Legislature  to  sustain  them.    In  a  still  greater  de* 

the  fact  that  there  will  be  three  votes  in  the  box  for  gree,  when  any  statute  haa  been  brought  to  the  judi- 

e^ch  man  who  signs.    And  aa  these  names  are  to  cial  attention  of  our  oourte.  the  endeavor  kaa,  as  a 

tatch  me  what  1  ought  to  do,  and  what  the  men  of  rule,  been  also  to  sustain  them.    I  feel  a  |mde  in 

the  State  want,  take  care  that  no  man  signs  who  has  saying  this,  from  an  intimate  experience  of  inore 

D'lt  a  right  to  vote.    There  now  comes  tne  vast  sum  than  thirty  years  with  judicial  action. 

of  names  of  men  to  whom  I  write  this  to  thank  them  But  the  cunning  and  greed  of  self-interest  of  men, 

f'»r  their  trust  and  faith  in  me.    What  they  have  ever  active  and  far-seeing^  are  always  seeking  so  to 

doDs  it  more  to  me  and  mine  than  all  else  that  ever  evade,  manipulate,  or  break  laws,  whereby  covertlj 

big  been  or  ever  can  be  done,  and  is  worth  more  te  obtain  special  aavantages  te  themselves  over  their 

tbsQ  ill  I  have  won  or  can  win  from  all  the  thought  less  active  and  more  honest  fellow  men.    Long  con- 

vid  labor  of  a  life  of  sixty  years,  the  last  years  of  tinuance  in  power  of  any  party,  however  pure,  gives 

vhich  shall  be  used  to  do  their  work.  to  such  men,  who  always  attach  themselves  to  it,  the 

I  take  the  trust  with  all  ito  cares,  and  will  devote  requisite  knowledge  and  opportunity  to  fasten  them- 

ill  of  intelligence,  of  labor,  forethought  and  energy  selves  like  blood-suckers  upon  the  public  purse,  and 

vhich  in  me  Ilea,  and  use  all  the  power  which  they  once  there  they  form  a  league  or  **ring'*  to  keep 

ud  those  who  think  with  them  mav  give  me  to  their  hold  and  control  offices,  and  to  do  this  give  to 

'*  relieve  the  people's  buboeks  and  bring  about  a  others  of  their  kind  the  means  whereby  they  may 

more  equal  and  efRoient  administration  of  the  laws  escape  a  just  share  of  the  public  burdens  and  obtain 

of  this  Commonwealth,**  which  the^  wish.  more  than  an  equal  division  of  the  fruito  of  indus- 

At  the  namea  of  theae  whom  I  think  I  have  now  try. 

tHe  full  right  to  call  my  friends  csme  to  me  for  my  The  only  use  of  parties,  in  a  constitutional  gov- 

rnxlance  uone,  I  see  no  cause  to  print  them,  espe-  emmentj  is  that  one  party  may  wateh  the  other,  and 

'^iallv  as  many  of  those  quite  as  worthy  and  valued  expose  ito  abuses  in  government,  and  procure  a 

i>T  me  as  any  of  them  depend  upon  their  daily  toil  change  in  the  administrstiun  of  the  government  and 

for  their  daily  bread ;  and  aa  I  am  told  that  while  in  the  making  of  the  laws,  which  ooange  is  alwaya 

t^«M  names  were  being  signed  to  this  call,  in  some  healthful.    In  ordinary  times  those  changea  are  so 

cues,  men  were  threatened  with  discharge  ttom  em-  fi-equent  aa  in  themselves  to  become  the  check  and 


532  MA8SA0HnS£TTS. 

cure  for  the  evils  that  I  have  mentioned ;  but  when       Let  oe  see  if  we  do  not  find  the  evidence  of  all 

Boine  great,  overshadowing  question  xiossesses  the  classes  of  such  niinons  legislation,  nnconstitutioul 

publio  mina,  those  having  the  right  of  that  question  appointments  to  office,  dunge  of  forms  of  eoTen- 

obtain  power,  and,  as  long  as  they  can  keep  that  ment,  burdens  of  oj)pression  to  the  people  wnieh  we 

question  to  the  front,  hold  it.    fiudi  is  the  case  with  have  enumerated,  in  the  lejpslation  andgovenuDenl 

the  Republican  party  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  of  this  Commonwealth  dnnng  the  last  twraty  ycAn. 
Organised  for  tne  overthrow  of  slavery,  thereby  to        rm.       jj  a  j  j   ^ 

elevate  bbor,  so  that  no  laborer  might  call  another  ^  ,|h®  ^dress  next  proceeded  to  present  s 

man  master,  the  Bepublican  party  has  remained  in  bill  of  fifteen  partionlar  points,  which  made  ft 

power  in  this  State,  without  let  or  hindrance,  for  profound  impression,  and  closed  as  follows : 


<.u«.  equal  protection  of  all  men  by  w<«  %«vuv«M  WT-  «  .  ^  i       -            v  u       *•   ^  i    -j    •  -.a—^      / 

emment.    For  these  principles  the  war  was  fought.  Principles  upon  which  national  admmistrstiOT  of 

and  to  the  realisatioS  of  t^e  results  of  the  contest  ^^ontl  affairs  should  be  conducted,  either  in  en- 

the  great  majority  of  the  people  of  the  Common-  ?3"f^^^  °^      ,?4?  °^  ****  ??•*»  or  statement  for 

wealth,  without  regsrd  to  pirty,  have  been  and  are  ?*.$"?'*•.  ^''^  *^*••  questions  1  have  the  b.oj 

pledgek ;  so  that  during  that  time  there  never  has  f  •P'^^^l  «'>,1  '^?'55i5«  opinions,  with  dl  of  which 

been  a  contest  where  th?proper  action  of  that  party  **/?."^  **^"  probfole  the  m^or  part  of  thewoDk 

L  been  fairlv  in  isnae.  unS  9f  *^»  Commonwealth  may  not  fully  agree.    Wfcu 


politics  is  achieved— through  L 


mittee  sitting  in  permanence,  reproducing  itself       w'«J»e«^-  »      ^v  *.  *  *v       »i. . 

year  by  year,*controlling  aU  th'e  conventions  of  iu  ,  i^<>  ."<>*  "wwe  jiven  that  manyof  those  Art 

party  by  the  appointment  of  the  presiding  officer,  ^'I^  ^^^^Jt  ?«  evidence  of  their  trn^  snd  ««£• 

who  should  appoint  all  its  committSes-a  clTque,  or  f?"?  K.?**'^'fv**«"*^^r*#*^  '*r^"~*4&'*  ^  •**'!?^ 

as  the  term  \s*^  used,  a  "ring,"  has  been  foriied  ^^^  ^$«'«  ^f  people  for  thwr  suffrages  m  iti 

which  governs  the  Stite.    Men  never  devote  them-  ?^PT«  ^"^J^IS  ¥^«*"^«  <>f  ?^«  CommonwjaJtl, 

selves  assiduously,  to  the  neglect  of  other  business,  if^'J^^-  *W^^  ??lf.  •f!f!!I5"*  Z^^-"^^  ^''^^^ 

to  the  management  of  nolitiSd  affiurs,  without  they  ? ««^*  ^^  *"  "^  ?^^^'^  ^^^l  ""^  «P«»»«»"i  ^\ 

intend  in  a  greater  or  £bss  degree  to  ifve  by  politi<i  ?^,."Aw*  ^^f*  ^^'^'li^*''  ^^ZUS^l^^  k^'*"! 

-to  fasten  themselves,  their  wlstives,  their  depen-  I^'l'^^Vl?'  *^ ^  ^  *  !^  ^  ".^**  «*?f!l.^ ^*"I?! 

dents,  and  their  confederates  in  some  way  upon  the  *^.V:,*" /^>«  P?7«'»  ^>  the  capacity  aU  the  exeCTUvi 

body  politic.     Therefore,  without  making  barges  ^^f^J  ^  ^^^  have  shown  in  anv  oUier  pubhc  atato^, 

of  li/greater  degree  of  unfairness  or  dishonesty^  fl?l^T^*  ."?'*^^»  ^X^^^P  ^"*"^'^y»,5?\*^v^, 

the  Republican  party  than  any  other  as  long^  in  !?  *?%**.^"S\°i?:^*^  ^*L?,' ^♦'^r''''^^^ 

power.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  abuses  have  crept  in,  ^y^^  ^»  ^}^  things  firmly  to  the  nght  and  »  jb- 

wrongi  have  been  done,  maladministration  has  been  ^^"^V^,***^'  ^^  ^"*'»»»  whatever  shsps  eilhtf 

effected,  and  laws  have  been  manipulated,  for  the  ™tt~®* ,     , ,        ,  .       ^«.«»v.^ 

benefit  if  such  ring,  to  the  detriment  of  tlie  wl.ole  ,^Y*  i?'1??M*?'J?*^'T'  ^"^  ^^?/1  T' SiS 

people  of  the  Commonwealth.    The  wise  and  good  ^  pjetennit,  change,  or  alter  any  pohtical  opauoo 

men  who  have  taken  nart  in  the  Eepublicn  p^y,  T^'^Tfi  ""^ZJ^L  u^^^^f i\  J* r.^'^^^if^'illSO 

bound  to  it  by  their  dSvotion  to  its  principles*^  as  a  n«o«8«ty,  m  we  see  it,  of  »*relieving  the  peoi^lcj 

national  party,  have  found  themselves  utterly  pow-  J^^*?","!^  tobrii«rabouta  more  equal  and  effimt 

«,.i«..  AifW  f^C  «A«.«ot  itu  «hn.««  «•  nv««.n-«r  fV«  administration  of  the  laws  of  the  Commonwe*lih, 


Wired 

_                                      _____  UTLtB. 

of  legiRiation  will  be  to  remove  sudi  offices  farther  Wed  at  Worcester  on  September  11th.   bc- 

and  farther  from  the  people,  thus  to  evade  thejust  tween  200  and  800  delegates  were  presect. 

responsibility  of  executive  administration.    lliey  John  0.  Pitman,  of  Newton,  was  made  Presi- 

will  conceal  their  doings  and  expenditures,  and  ^^nt,   and   the    foUowing    resolutions   were 

usurp  constitutional  frovemment,  until  the  execu-  •,   ^.'^                               ®    ^^^ 

live,  elected  by  and  immediately  responsible  to,  "Qoptea. 

and  who  must  set  in  sight  of  the  people,  will  become  1.  Betohed,  That  the  Prohihitoir  muty  of  Mat- 

the  mere  fiirurehead  of  administration.    The  publio  sachusetts,  in  convention  assemblea,  ao  again  atov 

debt  will  largely  augment.     Many  sorts  of  enters  as  their  unwavering  purpose  the  Ic^iral  sopprewos 

prises  will  be  undertaken  by  the  State,  some  of  them  of  the  liquor  traffic,  a  traffic  which  is  the  moat  n^t- 

foreign  to  the  true  theory  of  the  proper  action  of  oioua  robber  of  the  rewards  of  industry,  and  wLich 

government,  Sn  which  the  State  will  be  made  a  part*,  imperils  every  interest  of  society, 

ner  to  ftimish  from  its  credit  money  needed  to  carry  S.  Jlesohed^  That  the  attitude  of  a  State  towtrd  i 

out  these  projects,  without  even  a  participation  in  traffic  so  ruinous,  snd  at  the  same  ftime  so  powerfU, 

their  supposed  profits ;  and  the  losses  paid  by  tax-  can  never  be  changed  without  an  open  avowed  pirtj 

ing  the  people.    Wastefulness  and  extravagance  In  issue;  that  no  such  issue  can  be  made  inside  of  i 

carrying  on  necessary  governmental  affairs  will  be  party  that  is  divided  between  licenae  and  probibi- 

engendered.    Taxation,  increasing  in  amount  year  tion ;  that  a  party  so  divided  can  neither  aaopt  one 

by  year,  will  become  oppressive  upon  the  individual  side  nor  the  other  without  losing  the  votes  of  th« 

snd  upon  private  enterprise.    Bv  a  skillful  evasion  minority;  thst  it  will  therefore  make  no  suchtttiiei 

of  the  law,  a  dominant  class  will  be  enabled  to  con-  that  when  compelled  to  act,  it  can  never  act  hirber 

ceal  their  property  so  it  shall  escape  its  just  share  than  its  average  sentiment,  and  must  at  the  bett 

of  the  puolic  burdens;  the  industries,  commerce,  adopt  a  weak,  wavering,  and  inefficient  policy;  tf^ 

and  prosperity  of  the  State  will  decay  and  languish,  that  for  this  reason  a  political  party  making  the 

so  that  capital  will  lose  its  just  and  full  returns,  and  suppression  of  the  liouor  tndfic  an  open,  avowed 

labor  is  underpaid,  underfed,  and  unemployed,  and  issue  is  an  indiroenssble  necessity. 

Crimea  iigainat  property  and  persons  increase.  8.  Ruolv^^  Tnat  henceforth  we  will  put  in  nom* 


MASSA0HUSETT8.  533 

iaatioQ  for  office  no  man  w^ho  does  not  recognize  tion  of  public  afTatrs  we  have  seen  our  proeperity 

(bit  necessitr.  bliffhted,  our  induBtriee  crippled,  and  our  people 

4.  Baolvta^  Tliak  the  destruction  of  the  liquor  reouoed  to  want  and  misery ;  and  whereas,  tne  old 
tralfio  in  our  oountiy  would  give  speedj  relief  to  all  political  parties  offer  do  relief,  but  are,  on  the  con- 
cUsseii,  and  especiulir  to  the  families  of  the  intern-  trary.  responBible  for  this  sad  state  of  things,  having 
pirate  poor,  and  impoverish,  if  any,  only  those  who  legislated  invariably  in  the  interest  of  the  few  at  the 
HATo  hitherto  lived  upon  the  sufferings  snd  degrada-  expense  of  the  many,  and  against  the  interest  of  land 
tion  of  the  inebriate  and  his  afflicted  family.  and  labor,  which  are  the  sources  of  all  wealth :  we 

RttoUid^  That  we  have  nothing  to  hope  from  the  call  upon  the  people  to  declare  their  independence 

election  or  a  Qovemor  whose  prohibitory  principles  from  tnese  false  guides,  and  aid  us  in  regaming[  the 

mast  either  vield  to  or  be  overruled  by  the  political  priceless  rights  bequeathed  to  us  by  our  patriotic 

necessities  of  his  party,  nor  from  a  temoerance  plank  sires.    To  tnis  end  we  invite  the  cooperation  of  every 

that  gives  us  no  pledge  of  specific  action,  nor  Arom  good  citizen,  and  offer  the  following  resolutions  enun- 

A  liquor  law  that  provides  no  machinery  for  its  eze-  ciatory  of  the  principles  of  the  National  Greenback 

catioa;  but,  on  the  contrary,  we  must  have  State  Labor  party  or  Massachusetts: 

officers  whose  party  is  pledged  to  such  a  policy  and  Retolvtd^  That  much  of  the  present  legislation  and 

lach  enforcement  of  die  laws  as  shall  make  them  aa  cost  of  government  is  a  huge  swindle  upon  the  in- 

effestive  against  the  liquor  traffic  as  they  are  against  dustries  of  the  country,  procured  and  instituted  by 

robbeiy  on  the  land  or  piracy  on  the  seas.  plunderers  to  fill  their  purses,  and  to  provide  pay  for 

5.  3(Uolv€d^  That  while  tne  Prohibitory  party  of  those  who  manipulate  the  people,  pack  the  caucus. 
MA<SAchiisetts  declares  the  suppression  of  the  liquor  and  stuff  the  ballot-boxes ;  and  that  just  and  equal 
traffic  to  be  the  leading  and  distinottve  object  or  its  laws  and  honest  and  economical  government  must, 
organixation,  it  does  not  hesitate  to  assert  its  posi-  can.  and  shall  be  established. 

tioD  in  rcj^ard  to  other  political  questions.  Aaolt>sdy  That  as  the  important  function  of  Air- 

6.  RimUei^  That  as  mtemperanoe  is  the  enemy  of  nishing  a  money  to  the  people  belongs  solely  to  the 
the  home,  it  deals  its  heaviest  blows  at  the  heart  of  nation,  and  should  not  be  delegatea  to  anv  power, 
woman ;  that  we,  therefore,  invite  her  earnest  pray-  private,  or  corporate ;  therefore  we  demand  tnat  in 
en  and  efficient  work  in  benalf  of  oar  cause,  and  we  the  future  the  Government  alone  shall  issue  the 
l')ok  forirard  with  eager  hope  for  the  day  when  sex  money  of  the  country,  and  that  said  monev  shall  be 
kball  DO  longer  deprive  of  suffirage,  and  woman  mar  a  full  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  all  debts  public 
b*  permitted  to  use  the  ballot,  as  she  surely  wUf,  and  private,  protected  and  received  by  the  Govem- 
for  her  own  protection  and  for  the  protection  or  ment  as  absolute  money,  and  the  T(^ume  thereof 
ftocietv  against  the  omel  wrongs  of  the  liquor  traffic,  maintained  at  a  fixed  rate  pfr  eaptia  by  constitutional 

7.  Itetotwd,  That  the  true  foundation  of  all  lust  amendment,  so  that  permanent  justice  may  be  done 
gotremment  is  to  provide  equal  protection  for  all  its  to  all  men  by  having  general  values  remain  the 
e  tixens,  since  ediication  and  mtelligence  are  the  same. 

sareat  safeguards  against  the  enoroaohments  of  eel*  BetolMd^  That  we  demand  the  immediate  repeal  of 

fishoesR.  the  resumption  act,  so  that  the  periodical  carnivals 

6.  Betohtd^  That  the  time  has  come  when  legis*  of  bankruptcy  may  for  ever  come  to  an  end.  and  that 
latioQ  in  this  Commonwealth  ought  to  provide  for  our  national  wealth  be  made  the  fixed  ana  reliable 
the  relief  of  property  from  the  ui^ust  burden  of  foundation  of  our  monetary  system,  for  ever  banish- 
double  taxation.  ing  from  American  finance  idiotic  propositions  of 

fii»lvedy  That  the  interests  of  labor  as  well  as  of  making  commodities  of  shifting  value  and  articles  of 

Mpital  demand  that,  whatever  elements  shall  oonsti-  merchandise  like  gold  and  silver  a  basis  for  money 

tute  our  currency,  the  Government  should  recognize  — a  basis  that  ever  has.  as  in  1815, 1887,  and  1867, 

but  oae  ultimate  atandard  of  commercial  value.  and  ever  must,  periodically,  slip  out  from  under  such 

,       ,                      *     /^                 Tt  "^  monetary  system,  thereby  destroying  it,  and  plung- 

The  nominations  were:  for  Governor,  Rev.  ing  the  country  into  ruin  and  bankruptcy;  a  basis 

Dr.  A.  A.  Miner ;   for  Lientenant-Govemor,  that  even  England  has  never  been  able  to  maintain 

George  0.  Ewing;   for  Secretary  of  State,  D.  Jje^/^  SJfo^^of  the  world"*'  ^^^^^^^  '^®  "  ^* 

B.  Garney;    for  Andi^r,  J.  H.   Orae;  for  "^W^^^,  That  the  U^itW  States  shall  never  issue 

ireasurer,  Davicl  ri.  StaUmgs;  for  Attornej-  any  more  interes^ bearing  bonds,  unless  the  same 

General,  O.  T.  Gray.    Dr.  Miner  declined  the  are  authorized  by  a  direct  vote  of  the  people,  and 

nomination,  but  after  the  adjoamment  of  the  those  issued  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion  shall  be 

Convention  accepted  it.  ^^^  "  ^"*  »«  *  u^.^'^^lu'®'.  ^'>^^^«  *<>,  *i*?vH™" 

Tk«  j^a^^^^aJL4'  n.-*^«v.»^T,  n^«.«<.«4.«^..  «.—  of  the  contract  which  authorized  and  created  that  m- 

ITie  Independent  Greenback  Oonyention  was  debtedness  of  the  people,  and  what  that  contract  is 

bdd  in  Boston  on  September  11th,  and  or-  shall  be  submitted  to  the  decision  of  the  Supreme 

panized  by  the  appointment  of  Israel  W.  An-  Court  of  the  United  States ;  snd  that  all  subsequent 

drews  as  President.     In  taking  the  chair  Mr.  '^^^  ^J*»°*»  impair  and  change  the  original  contract 

Andrews  recalled  the  circamsSmce  which  oc-  ^  ^fP'i^  denounced  as  creatures  of  corruption  and 

J  7  *'^*»",'~  wov  wiw««*ouoi*w  nuiyjMMSf^^  rcpudiatiou  thst  must  bc  repcalcd. 
corred  at  a  preyions  convention,  when  a  clergy-  jUsohed,  That  the  Labor  Bureau  should  be  sus- 
man,  who  was  asked  to  offer  prayer,  declined  tained,  its  field  of  operation  enlarged,  and  its  officers 
to  do  90  if  the  Oonvention  proposed  to  repudiate  selected  from  those  engaged  in  industrial  pursuits 
the  bonds.  With  the  remembrance  of  that  »5<1.^»;;^«  *^«  confidence  of  the  industoiaT  classes 
Ai«i»n«.^»«^  :»  i«:«  -^i^A  u^  «»»a  4«  ;ir.nK4>  ««  *^  Oi  'he  Commonwealth,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
oociurence  m  his  mmd,  he  was  m  doubt  as  to  ^ij^^le  statistics  to  form  a  basis  fof  intelligent  legiA 
whether  or  not  the  Convention  would  care  to  lation  on  labor  questions,  especially  with  regard  to 
hare  prayer.  A  motion  was  made  that  the  the  hours  of  labor,  which  should  be  reduced  in  pro- 
Rev.  J.  M.  L.  Babcock  offer  prayer,  and  the  portion  as  the  use  of  machinery  increases,  and  in 

motion  having  been  received  with  laughter,  in  ^©'rtlS^S^tTf  em^  lo^  m^nt**^'  ^^^^  ***"*^  ^***" 

which  the  gentleman  himself  joined,  the  Chair-  "^^^e^v^d,  That^^raSriind  of  equal  productive 

msn  stated  that  unless  somebody  msisted  he  eaoacity  shall  be  subject  to  equnl  taxation,  wheth<>r 

would  not  pat  the  motion.      The  following  cultivated  or  not,  to  the  end  tnat  the  land  monopo- 

platform  was  adopted :  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  future  mav  be  held  in  check,  and  that  the 

'^       *  public  domain  may  be  preserved  to  the  actual  tiller 

Whfreoif  By  the  vidous  and  reckless  administra-  of  the  soiL 


634  MASSACHUSETTS. 

B«9olvidy  That  the  gigantic  rulroad  monopolies  were  present  in  large  numbers,  and  took  posses- 

mu8t  be  broken  up.  sionof  the  hall  where  the  Convention  was  to  be 

iuXi:^:^'iti^:^'J^^^S'Sl^^k  hew,   when  the  State  Central  Connmttee  M; 

of  capital,  as  it  appears  in  the  iniamous  monopoly  realised  that  the  mends  of  Ajreneral  Uatler  bad 

known  as  the  Associated  Press,  must  be  torn  t^om  control  of  the  ball,  they  informed  the  Major 

the  throat  of  nubile  intelligence.   The  telegraph  com-  (Pratt)  of  the  state  of  affairs.    The  Mayor  went 

panics  must  be  forced  to  sell  the  daily  news  upon  ^o  the  hall,  appeared  on  the  platform  of  the 

J2me.                 any  paper  desinng  to  purchase  the  Convention,  iid  said  he  had  learned  from 

Beiohedy  That  the  payment  of  a  poll-tax  as  a  con-  members  of  the  State  Committee  that  thej 

dition  of  exercising  the  right  of  the  ballot  is  a  viola-  were  the  lessees  of  the  hall,  and  that  it  had 

tion  of  democratic  principles  and  tends  to  corrupt  been  forcibly  opened  and  occQpied  dming  the 

S^^bfh^^hlT '"""^       ''''^  ^'^'^  ^^«^^  *^^  repeated  that  tliose  present  must 

Seaolved,  That  no  person  should  be  taxed  for  that  ^^^'^^^^  ©^  ^  ejected  by  the  officere.    The  as- 

whichhe  owes;  in  other  words,  for  the  purposesof  tax-  semblage  declared  that  they  foond  the  dooR 

ation,  all  persons  shall  have  the  right  to  deduct  from  standing  wide  open  when  they  came  there,  and, 

the  value  of  their  estates  the  sum  of  the  mortgages  further,  that  the  Democratic  Stat«  Committee 

thereon,  and  said  mortgages  should  be  assessed  to  A  j     oprvftntiL  not  mfisterR.   and  ther 

the  persons  to  whom  they  are  due.  yftre  liieir  servants,  not  masters,  ana  mej 

Jieaohfedy  That  the  system  of  letting  out  convict  la-  would  take  from  their  servants'  shoulders  aL 

bor  by  contract  is  detrimental  to  the  interests  of  the  responsibility  for  the  hall,  and  wonld  DOt  be 

workiDffmeu,  and  should  be  abolished.  ejected.    Again  the  Mayor  tried  to  coropro- 

^^^,  That  the  public  lands  ^  the  property  of  ^^      ^^^  cx)uld  promise  the  Butler  men  notlilDg 

the  people;  therefore  they  should  be  reserved  for  ..  >    .         .     '^        ^v       v     j  j  !_•             ^r 

actual  settlers,  aided  to  their  settlement  by  Govern-  ajtisfactory  m  case  they  heeded  his  reqoesUw 

ment,  and  protected  in  their  possession  by  just  laws,  rmally  he  asked  them  for  the  last  time  u  mj 

woald  retire  from  the  hall,  and,  upon  their  re- 
General  Bei]|jamin  F.  Butler  was  nominated  fusal,  he  frankly  said,  ''Then,  gentlemes,  you 
as  their  candidate  for  Governor,  with  only  can  remain,  for  I  have  no  legal  power  to  f(?* 
two  dissenting  votes.  The  nominations  for  the  cibly  eject  you."  This  announcement  was  fol- 
other  State  offices  were  referred  to  the  State  lowed  oj  rounds  upon  rounds  of  cheers  for  the 
Central  Committee  to  be  made.  Mayor.  The  Mayor  then  retired,  and  informed 
The  State  Democratic  Convention  was  called  the  State  Committee  that  in  his  opinion  eaid 
to  assemble  at  Worcester  on  September  18th.  hall  '^  could  not  be  cleared  except  by  violeDc^e 
As  the  primary  meetings  began  to  be  held  for  and  perhaps  bloodshed."  The  Committee  th^^n 
the  apnointment  of  delegates  to  this  Conven-  voted  to  adjourn  the  Convention,  and  issued 
tion,  it  became  apparent  at  once  that  the  friends  the  following  address : 
of  Genera]  Butler  were  seeking  to  have  selected  Wo«cmt«b,  s^a^mhtr  it,  isTi 
as  many  delegates  as  possible  in  favor  of  his  ^^  the  DmomOa  of  MatmukuHtU .-  Whereas  •  del- 
nommation  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for  egate  Convention  of  the  Democrats  of  Hassachiuttu 
Governor.  Their  success  was  such  as  to  cause  for  the  nomination  of  candidates  for  State  oftttrs 
an  immediate  alarm  among  the  leaders  of  the  ^"  called  by  the  State  Central  Committee  of  a* 
party,  and  the  following  declaration  appeared  ^:^r^t.i^iTi^<:^TJtxU  tef'2.^ 
on  September  12th :  l^l^e  of  said  Convention,  that  MechMiica'  Hall,  lie 
At  a  meeting  of  the  ExecuUve  Committee  of  the  hall  engaged  by  the  Committee  for  holding  the  Cc^- 
Democratic  State  Central  Committee  held  yesterday  vention,  is  in  possession  of  a  mob  pablicly  anoou- 
aftemoon,  the  following  vote  was  adopted :  cing  itself  as  acting  in  the  interest  of  Benjsmic  F. 
VoUiL  In  the  opinion  of  the  Executive  Committee  Butler,  which  entered  the  hall  by  stealth  and  by 
of  the  Democratic  State  Committee,  under  the  call  force,  by  ladders  through  the  windows  andbreaki&i? 
for  the  State  Convention,  no  person,  known  by  his  down  the  doors ;  and  whereas  the  Mayor  of  Worcti- 
acts  or  declared  opinloLs  to  be  in  favor  of  nomi-  ter  informs  said  Committee  by  letter,  a  copv  of  wlicb 
nating,  through  the  Democratic  Convention,  as  a  can-  is  hereto  appended,  that  said  hall  can  not  oe  clesred 
didate  for  Governor  or  for  any  State  offlce,  a  person  and  placed  within  the  control  of  said  Committee  witb- 
who  is  not  a  recognized  member  of  the  Democratic  out  force,  and  probably  bloodahed :  now,  therefore, 
party,  is  entitled  to  sit  or  vote  in  the  Democratic  the  State  Centnd  Committee  of  the  Democratic  part; 
State  Convention.  of  Massachusetts,  believing  that  said  Convention  c^n 
_  4.  u  V  XI-  /.  11  .  ^o*  ^i*b  safety  be  held  this  day  at  "Worcester,  iisi 
in  answer  to  the  above,  the  following  ap-  declaring  the  right  of  free  and  peaceful  asfcmWafi 
peared  on  the  next  day  from  General  Butler :  of  all  deliberative  bodies  gathered  for  political  per- 

BosToir  September  18  16T3.  poses  as  the  foundation  principle  of  all  Bemocntic 

No  caucus,  no  Legislature  can  bind  a  succeeding  action,  do  hereby  declare  andnrodaim  said  Conwc- 

one.  They  can  not  delegate  a  power  they  do  not  hold.  *»on  cal^d  to  bo  holden  at  Worce^  poatjoned  to 

Every  caucus  is  a  power  unto  itself^  the  expression  "^®®*  *^  Faneuil  Hall,  in  Boston,  on  Wednesday,  Sh'I- 

of  the  people's  will.    The  powers  of  State,  city,  and  tember  25th,  at  l^_o!jJo<*_^ >*•__-,_    _,   . 

town  committees  are  simply  ministerial,  extending  ^               „       ED W ARD  AVEKY,  ChairmsiL 

only  to  the  calling  to  order  of  a  new  caucus.    Power  Godfbkt  Mobbs,  Secretary, 

rises  from  the  people,  and  does  not  descend  from  .                xi-i.ii                    jj        j/n.ij 

committees  or  conventions.    If  delegates  are  elected  At  noon  the  nail  was  crowded,  and  Lnarit^ 

b^  a  Democratic  caucus  duly  called,  they  will  be  ad-  M.  Strauss,  of  Hingham.  a  member  of  the  Stat« 

mitted.    Do  not  doubt  it.    I  will  see  that  Democrats  Committee,  read  from  tne  platform  the  notice 

as  well  as  others  have  fair  play.     B.  F.  BUTLER.  -^^^  convening  the  Convention.     Major  M. 

At  an  early  hour  on  the  day  of  the  Conven-  J.  McCafferty,  of  Worcester,  was  designated  as 

tion  the  delegates  in  favor  of  General  Butler  temporary  Chairman.  A  Committee  on  Creden- 


MASSACHUSETTS.  685 

tials,  etc.,  waa  appointed,  etc.,  etc.    Mr.  Rich-  no  adeqnare  return,  uid  Ubor  gets  no  just  eqmva^ 

ard  S.  Spofford,  of  Newbury,^rt,  was  elected  ^  a^iJSS'SfVi£'?^""mS3''LSS 

permanent  President.    The  following  nomina-  ^^^^  ^^  thoroughly  and  efficiently  reformed.    We 

tions  were  made :  for  Governor.  Benjamin  F.  therefore  reproduce  the  platform  lor  the  State  go v- 

Hatler ;  Lieatenant-Govemor,  John  F.  Arnold ;  emmeot  as  set  forth  bj  the  Democratic  party  in  its 

Secretary  of  State,  Charles  M.  Strausa;    At-  Convention  in  1876,  a  naore  extended  reference  to 

♦«-««-.  n^..A».i  {^IL\x  nr.a>.{na..  An^it/xr  T<^Kn  wWch  Is  fouud  lu  tho  addrcsB  of  our  candidate  for 

tomey-General,  Cideb  Cashing;  Auditor,  John  ck>^^„^, ^  the  citisens  who  asked  him  to  bo  a  can- 

Boyle  O'Reilly;    Treasurer,   D.   JN.   SkUlmgs.  didate,  and  in  which  he  pledged  himself  to under- 

Caleb  Cashing  and  John  Boyle  O^Reilly  sab-  uke  to  reform  all  such  abuses. 

sequently  deoUned.  Haolvwi^  That  we  deprecate  the  tendency  of  legis- 

The  foUowing  platform  was  adopted :  )«*«>»'  gw'^ij^.y^f  ^y  y**';  ^  P^!ff  '"^L*?!!?!?? 

^  *^  *^  .  in  the  way  of  the  free  exercise  ol  the  rights  of  suf- 

The  Democrats  of  the  Commonwealth,  by  their  firage  by  poor  and  laboring  men.    The  Democracy 

duly  appointed  delegates  in  Convention  assembled,  hold  the  ballot  as  an  inborn  and  inalienable  right  of 

hereby  reaffirm  and  reiterate  their  adherence  to  the  free  citizens.    All  leffisktion,  therefore,  should  tend 

time-nooorod  principles  of  the  Democracy,  enun-  to  give  them  the  fhii  enjoyment  of  this  right  ;  all 

dated  and  acted  upon  b^  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  acts  passed  to  restrict  or  hinder  its  exercise  under 

Jaokson,  and  pledge  their  best  exertions  to  make  any  pretense  whatever  are  unconstitutional  and  void 

them  effective  in  the  guidance  and  government  of  and  should  be  repealed.    By  the  Constitution  of  the 

the  nation,  so  ttiat  all  the  people  of  the  States  may  United  States  the  fact  that  a  dtizen  is  a  man  gives 

be  maintained  in  their  just  rights,  subordinated  only  him  t^prkna/aeU  right  to  vote,  and  he  should  nave 

to  the  rights  and  powers  of  the  Federal  Gk>vemment.  the  right  to  nave  his  nsme  registered  and  be  a  voter 

as  defined  and  limited  by  the  Constitution  framed  wherever  the  laws  require  registration ;  that  no  law 

by  our  fathers  and  the  amendments  thereto  which  ought  to  be  passed  requiring  the  citizen  earning  his 

sabseqaent  experience  has  found  necessary.  dauy  bread  by  his  daily  toil  to  spend  his  time  in 

RayUs-i^  That  we  condemn  and  will  strenuously  proving  his  right  to  vote,  before  anv  tribunid  wliat- 

try  to  reform  the  extravagance  in  State  expenditures,  ever.    On  the  contrary,  whosoever  aenies  that  right 

ttie  unueoessary  increase  of  officers,  the  waste  of  the  should  be  held  to  make  good  that  denial, 
pttblie  domain  which  should  not  nave  been  given        J2r«o^ei,  That  we  call  upon  all  citizens  of  whatev- 

■way  in  large  portions  as  endowments,  either  to  in-  er  political  views  to  unite  with  tho  Democracy  in  the 

dividuala  or  corporations,  but  reserved  for  the  use  of  election  of  legislative  and  executive  officers  who  will 

aotoal  settlers  only,  so  that  homes  could  easily  have  faithfully  carry  out  these  greet  measures  of  so  much 

been  obtainable  by  the  industrial  classes  upon  the  needed  reform ;  but  by  so  doing,  we  do  not  hold  them 

fiiUnre  of  profitable  employment  in  other  enterprises  pledged  to  any  further  cooperation  with  the  Demo- 

whoae  produotion  is  the  only  source  of  wealth  to  tho  oratio  party  or  bound  to  it,  save  as  they  recognize  in 

country.  all  things  the  justice  and  wisdom  of  their  principles. 

Ritotwsd^  That  with  excaeding  shame  and  sorrow 
we  have  seen  a  President  elected  by  the  yotesof  •        ^h^  Repnblican  State  Convention  assembled 
majority  of  the  people,  at  an  election  heldm  accord-       .  xxr^^^^Jl^^  r.«  c»,v4»^v^.  lOfK   «t,^  n,oa  r^^ 

ance  with theprovisloiof  theConstitution,set aside,  ^^  Worcester  on  September  18th,  and  was  or- 

and  the  people  deprived  of  his  services  in  that  hiffh  ganized  by  the  appointment  of  W ilham  Claflm 

o£oe  by  a  seriee  of  the  most  astounding  forgeries  as  President.    The  following  nominations  were 

and  perjuries,  the  possibility  of  a  sucoei^sful  exist-  made  :  for  Governor,  Thomas  T^bot ;   Lien- 

•oceof  ''h«»*t':^IV*Kl.'*ifJ®i7./^^^^^  tenant-Governor,  John  D.  Long;  Secretary  of 

repablio.    Our  grief  has  not  lessened  because  tuts  «.  ^     rr  r»   •«•  m  ^j  r>^Jls» 

monstroo*  wrong  was  done  by  the  aid  of  an  unoon-  State,  Henry  B.  Pierce ;  Treasurer  and  Receiv- 

■titutional  oommission,  which  found  it  necessary  by  er-General,  Oharles  Endioott ;  Auditor,  Jnlms 

s  party  m:gority  to  refuse  to  receive  the  evidence  of  L.  Clarke ;  Attomev-General,  George  Marston. 
the  potent  frauds  in  the  electoral  votes  in  order  to        Xhe  following  platform  was  adopted : 
eoatummate  the  act.    We  therefore  unhesitatingly  ^  '^  '^ 

declare  that  no  man  ought  to  be  permitted  to  hold        We,  the  Bepublioans  ofthe  Commonwealth  of  Mas- 

an  offioe  which  ia  tainted  with  fraud  and  corruption ;  sachusetts,  in  Convention  assembled^  resolve : 
and  if  it  can  be  done  without  rebuke  by  the  people,       .1.  That  the  Benublican  party,  inspired  by  its  pasr, 

than  indeed  we  fear  for  the  perpetuity  of  republican  gathers  increasea  courage  for  the  work  which  re- 

institutions.  mains  to  be  done ;  renews  its  allegianoe  to  the  high 


in 
m; 

nity  and  temptation  in  the  maladministration  and  *  2.  That  as  the  Bepublioan  party  is  committed  to 

peculation  ana  the  multiplication  of  salaried  officers,  the  maintenance  of  the  national  credit  and  the  keep- 

msny  of  them  unknown  to  the  Constitution,  thus  ing  of  the  public  faith  with  all  creditors  of  the  na- 

removing  the  responsibility  for  misgovernment  from  tion,  we  rejoice  that  the  resumption  of  specie  pa^* 

the  officers  elected  directly  by  the  votes  of  the  peo*  ments  has  been  so  nearly  accomplished.    We  insist 

pU«  ffiviDff  in  fact  the  administration  of  the  Cfom-  that  all  lawful  means  shall  be  taken  to  insure  suoh 

m'>nweftlth  into  the  hands  of  officers  unconstitution-  resumption  within  the  time  fixed  by  law ;  that  all  p»- 

Aily  appointed  by  the  Executive,  so  as  to  interpose  a  per  currency  shall  be  redeemable  in  coin  at  the  will  of 

commission  between  it  and  the  people  for  the  just  the  holder,  and  that  both  coin  and  currency  shall  be 

secountability  of  executive  officers  for  extravagance  kept  at  all  times  at  par  with  eold,  the  standard  of 

and  wastelhl  expenditure  of  money.    The  accumula-  the  commercial  world.    We  believe  tliat  the  Ameri- 

tion  of  unproductive  property  in  tho  hands  of  the  can  people  are  too  honest  wantonly  to  violate  their 

Suite,  the  purchase  and  care  of  which  has  been  paid  pledges ;  are  too  intelligent  to  attempt  to  ^ive  us  as 

f^r  by  the  bonded  debt  of  many  millions,  purposely  money  anything  which  has  neither  value  itself  nor 

placed  in  foreign  countries  so  that  it  might  be  held  represents  value ;  and  have  too  much  regard  for  their 

as  an  investment  free  from  taxation,  which  have  so  honor  and  prosperity  to  prefer  unredeemed  and  irre- 

burdened  the  people  with  debt.  State  and  municipal,  deemable  promises,  instead  of  money  which  shall 

to  be  pud  for  oy  a  oonstant  increase  of  taxation  and  pass  current  at  its  full  face  value  in  every  market  of 

etsetiona  upon  the  people  in  a  time  when  all  enter-  the  world, 

prisea  are  hindered,  when  industries  in  business  have  3.  That  the  refunding  of  the  national  debt  at  a 


636  MASSACHnS£TT& 

lower  rate  of  interest  Bhould  be  earned  forward  as  that  they  will  wisely,  pradenily,  and  efflcienUj  td- 

rapidly  as  possibJe :  that  the  strictest  economy  in  minister  the  govemiueut  of  the  Commonwesltb. 

expenditures  should  be  used  and  the  industries  of  mi.TN              ^i        j*           j^tt 

the  country  relieved  from  taxation  so  faros  honor,  The  Democrats  who  adjourned  from  ^oi- 

goodfaitb,  and  necessity  will  permit;  that  the  civil  cester   assembled   in  Convention  at  Faneml 

administration  should  b«  mainuiined  in  its  honesty  Hall,  Boston,  on  September  25th.     It  was  said 

and  efficiency  by  the  executive  department,  which  ^jj^^  304  ^^^^  ^^^^e  represented.     The  CoD- 

should  take  the  responsibility,  which  belongs  to  it,  ^^4.'   ^  ^  „  ^««««:_^^  vf«.  «.k^  «^.^;.*.v,^»*  w 

of  making  nominations  to  offiJe  witliout  dictotion  oi  v©ntion  was  organized  by  the  appomtment  of 

control  from  other  departments  of  the  Government,  James  S.  Whitney  as  President,  and  other  ofii- 

and  should,  in  the  exercbe  of  this  power,  use  the  cers.     The  following  nominationa  were  madt : 

same  care  and  good  judgment,  and  demand  the  same  Governor,  Josiah  G.  Abbott :  Lieutenant>GoT- 

?if«  li!L^L'iTlf?rnn''J»^^^^               nftS^'T^nS  ^^^T,  William  R,  Plunketf.  Secretary  of  State, 

the  management  of  important  bubiness  attairs ;  ana  -ri          r^  t*    >         rr>                    j-d*       /^ 

we  will  certainly  support  every  measure  which  shall  Henry  0.  E wing ;  Treasurer  and  KeceiTer-GeL- 

be  needed  to  raise  the  civil  service  to  the  high  pkne  eral,  David  N.  Skillings;  Auditor,  John  £.  Fiu- 

of  honesty  and  efficiency  demanded  by  the  Cincin-  gerald  ;  Attorney -General,  Richard  OlneT.  llit: 

nati  pUtform  aud  the  President's  letter  of  accept-  following  platform  was  adopted: 

4.  That,  mindful  of  the  condition  of  the  industries  The  Democrats  of  Massachusetts,  through  tbtir 

of  the  Commonwealth,  and  of  the  decline  in  the  delegates  assembled  in  Convention  in  Funenil  li^ 

values  of  property  and  in  the  earnings  of  labor  and  declare  that  the  national  Democratic  party  u  tie 

capital,  it  is  the  imperative  duty  of  the  town  and  party  of  the  people  and  the  Constitution ;  that  tl.« 

city  governments  and  of  the  State  government  to  purpose  of  its-  existence  and  the  bond  of  its  ucitj 

use  tlie  strictest  economy  in  the  administration  of  consist  in  its  devotion  to  the  principle  of  restxictii; 

public  affairs.     We  demand  that  the  Legislature  and  localizing  the  powers  of  government  in  biate 

shall  make  no  new  grants  of  public  moneys  in  aid  and  nation.    Applying  that  rule  to  the  present  }>«.- 

of  nrivate  enterprises ;  that  the  public  indebtedness  liiical  questions  m  which  our  people  ore  intui^u^ 

shall  not  be  increased;  that  the  reduction  already  we  resolve: 

made  in  the  public  expenditures  shall  be  vigorously  1.  That  the  conduct  and  policy  of  the  Bepublioc 

continued,  and  such  changes  made  therein  as  may  party  throughout  the  United  States  have  had  ac(*ii- 

be  for  the  benefit  of  the  CommonweaUh ;  that  the  stant  tendencv  to  centralize  the  powers  of  goven- 

system  of  taxation  shall  be  so  modified  tliat  each  meut  in  Washington.    That  party  baa  disregarded 

persoo  shall  contribute  only  in  proportion  to  what  the  admitted  rights  of  the  State  and  of  the  peofk 

ne  is  worth,  to  the  end  that  there  shall  be  a  substan*  until,  in  a  final  act  of  usuipation,  it  has  defrsuuid 

tial  relief  from  existing  burdens  of  taxation.  both  State  and  people  of  their  constitutionally  elected 

6.  We  commend  the  efficiency  and  integrity  with  Chief  Magistrate,  and  imposed  upon  the  couiitr;^ 
which  all  the  departments  of  the  State  government  President  a  man  whose  only  title  to  the  office  is  de- 
have  been  canied  on,  and  we  denounce  as  fiilse  the  rived  through  legislation  agreed  to  bv  Democratic 
charges  of  mismanaj^ement  made  against  its  admin-  members  of  Congress  and  assented  to  by  the  people 
istration.  Although  inflation  of  currency  has  caused  in  times  of  peace,  and  in  the  belief  that  a  solesiDlj 
extravagance  in  public  and  private  life,  and  has  in-  constituted  tribunal  appointed  to  carry  out  the  Itv 
fluenoed  legislation,  without  distinction  of  part;^,  to  would,  without  regard  to  party,  render  a  decisi<ii  in 
authorize  unnecessary  and  unwise  appropriations,  accordance  with  the  facts  as  ascertained  by  juaieiAl 
which  ouffht  not  to  be  repeated,  yet  the  State  has  investigation, 
been  welfaud  honestly  governed.  2.  That   the  Bepublicans  of  Maasacfausetts,  ly 

6.  That  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  lias  their  failure  to  condemn  the  ^lot  to  capture  ti^ 
prospered  for  more  than  two  centuries  because  her  Presidency,  while  that  plot  was  in  process  ofacecn> 
citizens  have  believed  that  the  interest  of  each  is  the  plishment,  and  by  their  tacit  approval  of  the  rttult 
interest  of  all,  and  have  labored  together  for  the  of  it,  and  sharing  in  the  benent  derived  from  thit 
Common we^th  :  and  when  this  union  of  interest  result,  have  shown  themselves  utterly  unfaithful  to 
and  action  which  has  endured  through  seasons  of  the  maxims  of  our  own  State  Constitution^  and  are 
depression  and  disaster  ceases,  her  prosperity  must  not  entitled  to  call  upon  any  Democrat  or  wdepes- 
cease  also.  Thev  who  would  foment  discord  by  dent  citizen  to  act  with  their  party  or  vote  for  Uieir 
falselv  teaching  that  our  community  is  composed  .of  candidates. 

hostile  classes,  whose  interests  are  antagonistic,  are  8.  That  the  disregard  of  the  just  limitatiors  cf 

public  enemies  whose  defeat  is  essential  to  the  pub-  the  powers  of  the  Government  oy  the  Bepubliun 

tic  welfare,  and  should  be  accomplished  by  the  united  party  is  shown  both  in  the  Federal  and  State  Got- 

efforts  of  all  honest  men.  omments.     The  people  have  been  taxed  bejocd 

7.  That  the  success  of  the  bold  attempt  to  place  measure  to  provide  funds  for  carrying  on  enterprises 
an  open  repudiator  in  the  chair  of  this  renowned  in  which  government  can  not  rightfully  cnibaik. 
Commonwealth  would  be  an  announcement  to  the  Both  the  nation  aud  State  have  been  made  the  tcoU 
world,  for  the  first  time  in  her  history,  that  Massa-  of  private  enterprises^  and  Congress  and  Legisls- 
chusetts  wavers  in  her  devotion  to  honest  finance,  tures  have  shaped  their  laws  to  meet  the  demscdi 
and  is  indifferent  to  the  sacredness  of  public  thereof.  Againstthis  perversion  of  the  public  fundi, 
faith.  this  concentration  of  capital  and  power  m  the  hftiid» 

8.  That  the  Republicans  of  Massachusetts  will  of  a  few,  the  Democracy  of  Maasachuactts  have  for 
keep  all  their  pledges,  and  will  stand  by  the  Pre^i-  years  protested ;  and  we  may  point  with  pride  to  tie 
dent  of  the  United  States  in  his  efforts  to  keep  his.  fact  that  whatever  progreas  baa  been  made  instajirf 
We  cordially  commend  the  purposes  and  integrity  corruption  and  extravagance  and  retrenching  tie 
of  his  administration ;  his  nrnmess  in  resisting  to  expenses  of  the  Government  has  been  largely  diie 
the  limit  of  bis  constitutional  power  all  attempts  to  to  the  efforts  of  Democrats  in  Congresa  and  tie 
depreciate  the  currency  or  to  violate  the  plighted  Legislature. 

faith  of  the  nation ;  and  his  constant  endeavors  to  4.  The  scheme  Invented  and  carried  into  effect  by 

promote  the  restoration  of  good  will  and  of  social  the  Republican  party  of  providing  a  paper  cumncj 

and  commercial  intercourse  oetween  the  citizens  ot  not  redeemable  in  coin,  and  compelling  the  people 

all  parts  of  the  country.  to  receive  the  same  in  payment  of  debta,  is  withiut 

9.  That  we  confidently  recommend  to  the  people  the  authority  of  the  Constitution.  Congress  has  D'< 
of  Massachusetts  the  nominees  of  this  Convention,  power  to  make  anything  unless  it  be  gold  and  Nh(T 
as  men  whose  character  and  ability  are  a  guarantee  a  legal  tender,     w  hatever  power  it  may  have  to  sc- 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


METEOROLOGY. 


637 


thorizQ  the  issae  of  notes  to  oiroulote  as  money, 
whether  issued  directly  from  the  Treasury  or  indu- 
reotly  fchrongh  the  banlcSj  should  be  exercised  only 
•abject  to  certain  restrictions :  first,  that  no  ezecu- 
tlre  officer  of  the  Government  should  have  a  discre- 
tion to  enlarge  or  contract  the  volume  of  currency : 
seoond,  that  the  total  amount  of  currencv  authorlzea 
thould  be  fixed  bv  law ;  third,  that  whatever  that 
amount,  it  should  be  one  that  shall  at  ever;^  moment 
be  redeemable  in  coin ;  fourth,  that  all  coins  of  the 
dame  denomination  shall  be  of  equal  value  as  nearly 
as  possible ;  fifth,  that  whatever  currency  is  issued 
by  the  Government  shall  be  receivable  by  the  6ov- 
ernruent  in  the  payment  of  public  dues  at  face  valae. 

5.  That  a  revival  of  the  g^reat  industries  of  manu- 
facture, commerce,  and  the  fisheries,  now  paralyzed 
by  unfriendly  legislation,  is  essential  to  1;,ne  future 
prosperity  of  Massachusetts,  and  that  reciprocal  free 
trade  with  the  civilized  world,  restrictea  only  by 
necessary  measures  to  provide  a  national  revenue, 
will  alone  once  more  whiten  the  seas  with  the  sails 
of  our  ships,  quicken  our  languishing  industries, 
and  relieve  the  masses  from  the  oppressive  indirect 
taiation  that  now  robs  them  of  so  large  a  portion  oi 
their  daily  earnings. 

6.  The  Democrats  of  Massachusetts  renew  their 
demand  for  the  exteuding  of  the  ri^ht  of  suffrage  to 
all  citizens  of  the  United  States  residents  of  Massa- 
ohuAstts,  without  restriction  by  constitutional  or 
U^al  enactment.  The  prepayment  of  a  poll-tax,  as 
i  qualiflcation  for  voting,  is  in  violation  of  every 
principle  of  equal  rights,  and  ought  no  longer  to  be 
required ;  and  while  we  favor  all  reasonable  regula- 
tioQs  to  protect  the  purity  of  the  ballot,  we  denounce 
tbo  laws  ^saed  bv  Sepublican  legislation  in  recent 
▼ears,  which,  tending  to  hinder  and  obstruct  the 
iDost  ample  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise  by  our 
citizens,  deserve  the  condemnation  of  all  lovers  of 
true  liberty  and  free  suflOrage. 

7.  We  demand  that  there  shall  be  no  further  in- 
crease of  the  State  debt,  and  that  measures  for  its 
?ra  iual  reduction  and  final  extinction  shall  be  rigidlj 
anforcad.  We  demand  that  constitutional  provi- 
jiooi  hi  made  to  restrain  the  State,  counties,  and 
municipalities  from  incurring  debt  in  times  of  peace. 
We  demand  the  abolition  oxgall  unnecessary  offices, 
and  the  reduction  of  the  expenses  of  the  State  ad- 
miniatration,  as  neoessary  for  the  well-being  of  the 
people. 

8.  We  demand  that  Massachusetts  shall  observe 
her  obligation M  to  other  Slates,  so  that  our  Common- 
vr-alth  fliiall  not  be  made  a  safe  asylum  for  refugees 
from  public  iustioe. 

9.  ktsolcea^  That  the  Democratic  party,  in  sus- 
tiinln^,  throughout  its  entire  historv,  the  great  prin- 
ciple of  equal  and  exact  justice  to  all  men,  has  ever 
b;:en  the  truest  friend  of  the  laboring  classes :  and 
we  demand  the  overthrow  of  monopolies,  and  the 
eoaetinant  and  execution  of  such  laws  as  shall  pro- 
tect the  rights  of  labor  as  well  as  those  of  capital, 
not  diiicriminating  against  either,  but  framed  for  the 
mutual  benefit  of  both. 

LoAtly,  That  the  platform  here  adopted  and  the 
candidates  here  nominated  are  the  platrorm  and  can- 
didates of  the  Democratic  party  of  Massachusetts, 
ia  alliAnce  with  the  national  Democratic  partv ;  and 
the  pretense  that  any  candidates  nominated  bv  any 
other  party  or  body  of  men  represent  the  DemO' 
cntie  party  ia  utterly  baseless  and  fraudulent ;  and 
ve  aammon  everj  true  Democrat  to  rally  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  candidates  this  day  nominated,  because 
tbey  alone  represent  the  principles  and  the  organize- 
tioa  of  the  timo-honored  national  party. 

^  The  State  election  took  place  on  November 
''>th.  It  was  for  the  choice  of  members  of 
CunsTfoag,  State  officers,  and  members  of  the 
^t:ite  Legislature.  The  result  on  members  of 
Congress  was  as  follows : 


IV, 


(  W.  W.  Crapo,  BepabUcan 12,975 

I.  {  Matthias  EUia,  Xatiooal  Democrat 7,888 

(  Bodney  French,  Ifrohibmonlst 21V 

Bei^amin  W.  Harris,  BepnbUosn 14,679 

TT  j  Bdward  Avery,  Democrat. 4,874 

*^  "*  Edflrar  R  Dean,  National M72 

.Thomss  J.  Lathrop,  Probiblttoolst 881 

^WaIbridge  A.  Held,  BepabUosn 10,919 
BeiOamin  Dean,  National  Democrat 10,478 
Eogene  H.  CUpp,  Prohlbittonist. 86 

^Bfartln  Brimmer,  BepubUcsn 7,654 
Leopold  MoFse,  Democrat. 11,647 
WilUam  Washburn,  Prohibitionist 78 

■y   j  Selwyn  Z.  Bowman,  BepabUcsn 16,808 

^  *  1  Nathan  Clark,  National  Democrat 10,663 

1  Oeorge  B.  Loring,  BepabUcan 10,889 

YL  i  F.  E.  Moody  Boynton,  National  Democrat. . .  10,826 
I  J.  H.  Carlton,  Democrat 2,663 

(  WilUam  A.  Lawrence,  BepabUcan 18,160 

VII.  <  John  K.  Tarbox,  Democrat 7,7<»0 

I  Samael  8.  Stevens,  National 2,881 

i  Winiam  Claflln,  BepabUcan 14.800 

YIII.  •{  Isaac  Bradford,  National  Democrat 11,768 

I  Oeoi^  W.  Staoey,  ProhibitionlBt 228 

^  WilUam  W.  Bice,  BepabUcan 18,296 
EU  Thayer,  National  Democrat 8,960 
Timothy  A.  Smith,  Prohlbittonist 266 

(  Amasa  Norcroea,  BepabUcan 18,061 

X.  •<  James  8.  Orinnell,  Democrat 8,609 

(  Wilbar  F.  Whiting,  National 6,746 

i  Oeorge  D.  Bobinaon,  BepabUcan 10^ 

XL  •<  Jarvls  N.  Danham,  Democrat 2,060 

(  Edward  H.  Lathrop,  ProhlblUonlst 7,994 

The  result  of  the  election  for  Grovemor  was 
as  follows :  Talbot,  Republican,  184,725 ;  But- 
ler, National  Democrat,  109,485 ;  Abbott,  Dem- 
ocrat, 10,162.  The  other  Republican  State  offi- 
cers were  elected  by  an  average  megority  of 
85,000. 

The  State  Legislature  was  divided  as  follows : 


PARTIES. 

Sceat*. 

HoiM. 

BepnbUcans 

84 

4 

•  • 

1 
1 

166 

Democrats 

40 

Nationals 

15 

BepabUcan  NationaL 

Democratic  National 

Total 

40 

240 

MEGAPHONE.  This  is  a  combination  of  the 
speaking-trumpet  and  the  ear-trumpet,  devised 
by  Mr.  Edison.  It  consists  of  two  large  funnels 
of  some  light  material,  as  paper,  eacb  6  feet  8 
inches  in  length  and  27f  inches  in  diameter  at 
the  larger  end,  and  terminating  at  the  smaller 
end  in  a  flexible  tube  of  such  size  as  to  fit  into 
the  ear.  These  two  funnels  are  mounted  on  a 
stand  side  by  side,  and  a  smaller  funnel — ^the 
speaking-trumpet — is  fixed  between  them. 
The  flexible  tubes  being  inserted  into  the  ears, 
it  is  possible  to  hear  distinctly  rather  faint 
sounds,  as  a  whisper,  at  the  distance  of  1,000 
feet.  The  sound  of  cattle  grazing,  or  of  a  per- 
son walking  through  heavy  grass  or  weeds, 
can  be  hesrd  at  even  greater  distances.  By 
the  use  of  two  megaphones,  the  voice  being 
uttered  through  the  speaking-trumpet,  a  con- 
versation in  the  ordinary  tone  may  be  carried 
on  at  the  distance  of  a  mile  and  a  half  or  two 
miles. 

METEOROLOGY.  Steady  progress  is  be- 
ing made  in  the  study  of  the  earth's  atmos- 
phere, in  the  practical  application  to  storm  and 


638  METEOROLOGY. 

weather  predictions,  and  in  the  development  Professor  Julias  Hann,  has  general  charge  of 

of  a  sjsteinatio  philosophical  or  deductive  sol-  all  meteorological  ohservations  made  in  this 

ence.    The  general  treatise  on  this  subject  in  empire,  and  receives  reports  from  about  275 

the   "American  Oyolopaedia,"  Vol.   XL,  pp.  stations  (26  by  telegraph  dailj);  it  publisLes 

432-448,  may  be  supplemented  by  the  follow-  a  daily  bulletin,  storm-warning  signals,  and 

ing  account  of  what  has  been  accomplished  of  annual  volumes  of  observations.    The  Austrian 

late  years,  and  of  the  present  state  and  pros-  Meteorological  Association  publishes  at  Vit:nEi£ 

pects  of  this  science.    Rational  and  theoretical  its  very  important  "  Zeitschrift."     In  Bohe- 

views  that  were  then  held  by  a  few,  but  were  mia  there  are  about  50  rainfall  stations,  which 

not  generally  accepted,  and  were  therefore  not  are  under  the  special  supervision  of  Professor 

prominently  brought  forward  in  that  article  Studnicka  of  Vienna.    A  similar  system  is  or- 

( written  in  1875),  are  now  rapidly  replacing  ganized  for  Styria  (Steyermark),  having  its 

the  unsatisfactory  explanations  that  were  for-  central  office  at  Gratz.    Marine  meteorology  is 

merly  prevalent    Such  instances  are :  1.  The  in  charge  of  the  Hydrographic  Office,  whose 

abandonment  of  Tyndall's  theory  of  the  opaci-  school  is  at  Trieste  and  observatory  at  Poll 

ty  of  aqueous  vapor  to  radiant  heat ;  2.  The  The  independent  observatories  at  Cracow  (ns- 

abandonment  of  the  theory  that  aqueous  vapor  der  Earlinski),  Prague  (under  Homstein  and 

is  disseminated  through  the  atmospnere  accord-  B6hm),  and  Vienna  (under  Littrow  and  Weist i 

ing  to  the  laws  of  the  diffusion  of  gases;  8.  publish  each  their  own  observationa.  TheCen- 

The  correct  appreciation  of  the  influence  of  tral  Magnetic  and  Meteorological  InstitutioD  for 

the  earth^s  diurnal  rotation  upon  the  motions  Hungary  is  at  Bnda-Pesth  (Dr.  Guide  Schenzl): 

of  its  atmosphere;  4.  The  substitution  of  the  it  was  founded  in  1870,  and  now  publisher 

dynamical  cooling  of  expanding  masses  of  at-  annually  the  reports  from  about  100  stations 

mosphere  for  all  the  old,  unsatisfactory  expla-  mostly  well  equipped.    A  summary  for  32  sta- 

nations  of  the  diminution  of  temperature  and  tions  in  Oarinthia  is  published  monthly  in  tbe 

the  formation  of  cloud,  rain,  and  hail.  "  Bulletin  "  of  the  Meteorological  and  Magnetic 

The  present  sketch  of  recent  progress  is  Observatory  at  Elagenfurth. 

confinea  to  a  section  on  meteorological  institu-  Australia, — ^The  several  provincial  govern- 

tions.    Observational,  inductive,  and  deductive  roents  have  maintained  the  following  systao^: 

meteorology  will  probably  be  noticed  in  the  Queensland,  5  telegraphic  stations,  under  E 

next  annual.  Macdonnell,  at  Brisbane ;  New  South  W&It^ 

Metbobolooioa^l  Institutions  and  Observ-  190  stations  (85  telegraphic),  nnder  H.  C.  Eos- 

EBS. — The  present  organization  of  meteorologi-  sell,  at  Sydney;  South  Australia,  110  stations 

cal  work  in  each  country  is  about  as  follows:  (5  telegraphic),  nnder  Oharles  Todd,  at  Ad^ 

Africa, — Besides  the  stations  in  the  large  laide ;   Victoria,  about   40  stations  (27  t^le- 

colonies,  there  are  minor  stations  as  follows :  graphic),  nnder  R.  L.  J.  EUery,  at  MelbonrB*. 

In  the  Transvaal,  published  by  the  Geographi-  AH  these  provincial  organizations  interchange 

cal  Society  of  Brussels ;  Zanzibar.  Natal,  etc.,  their  observations  by  telegraph,  and  publish 

published  by  tbe  British  Meteorologicsd  Soci-  daily  weather  bulletins  and  maps  baaed  on  about 

ety ;  Gor6e,  published  by  the  Sooi6t6  M^t^oro-  40  principal  stations.     The  individual  stations 

logique  de  France.  at  Melbourne,  Windsor,  and  Hob  art  Town  alfo 

Algeria, — In  this  province  observations  are  publish  their  own  observations  in  monthly  and 

made  under  the  direction  of  the  military  au-  annual  summaries. 

thorities  directly  reporting  to  the  comman-  Belgium, — The  Royal  Observatory  at  Bms- 

dant  sup^rieur.    A  daily  weather  bulletin  and  sels,  under  J.  0.  Honzeau,  continues  its  long 

chart  is  published  at  Algiers,  which  includes  and  valuable  series  of  physical  observations, 

observations   taken  throughout  Europe  and  and  also  receives  reports  by  telegraph  from 

northern  Africa.     The  development  of  this  four  other  stations.    It  publishes  daily  weather 

service  is  largely  due  to  the  persistent  exertions  maps  and  predictions,  annual  volumes  of  its 

of  Harold  Tarry.     About  twenty  observing  own  detailed  observations  and  of  four  Belgic  and 

stations  are  maintained  in  Algeria.    A  **  BuUe-  four  Dutch  international  and  of  35  Belgic  cli* 

tin  Mensuel  ^*  has  been  published  for  a  part  of  matologio  stations ;  also  an  "  Annuaire,^-  which 

1877  and  1878.  generally  contains  excellent  historical  articles. 

Argentine  Republic, — The  meteorological  of-  Canada  and  Neuifaundland. — The  Canadian 
flee  is  attached  to  the  astronomiod  observa-  Meteorological  OflSce,  Professor  G.  T.  King- 
tory,  and  is  in  charge  of  Dr.  B.  A.  Gould.  Dai-  ston,  Superintendent,  is  under  the  Minister  of 
ly  telegraphic  reports  and  bulletins  are  con-  the  Marine,  to  which  there  report  about  SO 
templated,  but  we  have  not  learned  that  they  first-class  (14  by  telegraph)  and  about  140  mi- 
have  as  yet  been  instituted.  Vol.  I.  of  the  nor  stations,  distributed  throughout  the  British 
annals  of  this  office,  published  in  1878,  gives  possessions.  It  issues  daily  weather  predictions 
an  elaborate  discussion  of  the  climatology  of  and  storm-warnings,  and  displays  stonn-£ig- 
the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres.  About  thirty  ob-  nals ;  also  monthly  reviews  and  full  annual 
servers  report  to  the  central  office,  all  of  whom  reports.  It  has  received  charge  of  the  system 
are  voluntary.  of  observations  formerly  maintained  by  the 

Auitria  and  Eunga/ry, — The  Oentral  Mete-  Canadian  School  Board, 

orological  Institution  at  Vienna,  now  under  Cape  Colony.— The  Meteorological  Commis- 


METEOROLOGY.  539 

non  of  Gape  Colony,  first  institated  in  1861,  ments  preserve  their  separate  meteorological 
and  reorganized  in  1874,  has  published  the  organizations.  The  observatory  at  Montsoarls 
earlier  o^rvations,  and  will,  it  is  understood,  oontinaes  in  the  Hydrographio  Office,  under 
soon  publish  some  results  of  its  recent  worlc.  the  directorship  of  Mari6-Davy.  The  Meteor- 
It  receives  reports  from  80  or  40  stations,  and  ologioal  AssooiaMon  of  France  continues  its 
expects  to  greatly  increase  the  number.  The  ovrn  stations.  The  Bureau  Central  publishes 
RoTsl  Observatory  at  Cape  Town  maintains  daily  bulletins,  weather-charts,  and  storm- warn- 
SD  independent  series  of  meteorological  obser-  ings,  and  in  conjunction  with  the  Association 
vations.  Scientifique  de  France  the    annual  volumes 

Ceylon. — The  Surveyor-General,  Colonel  Fy-  of  the  "  Atlas  M^t^rologique  de  France  " ; 

ers,  of  Colombo,  receives  reports  from  about  and  it  is  in  correspondence  with  a  large  num- 

30  stations,  which  are  now  partially  published  her  of  observers  (12  telegraphic),  but  all  of 

in  Blanford*s  "  Indian  Meteorology."  whose  observations  are  not  systematically  pub- 

Chili. — An  extensive  system  of  observations  lished^  except  in  special  cases,  in  the  ^*  At- 

hss  been  maintained  since  1867  at  the  observa-  las  des  Orages."    At  Montsouris  Mari6-Davy 

torj  at  Santiago,  under  J.  J.  Yergara,  which  publishes  his  important  "  Bulletin  Ilebdoma- 

has  abo  been  constituted  the  National  Meteoro-  daire ''  and  his  **  Annuaire."    The  Meteorolo- 

logical  Office,  and  now  receives  reports  regular-  gical  Association  corresponds  with  about  50 

\j  from  18  or  more  stations.    These  are  fully  observers,  many  of  whom  are  in  distant  por- 

poblished  annually,  and  special  memoirs  appear  tions  of  the  world ;  it  publishes  its  *'  Annuaire  " 

in  the  annals  of  the  university,  of  the  Hydro-  and  **  Nouvelles  M6t6orologiqnes."    The  Asso- 

graphic  Office,  etc.  elation  Scientifique  de  France  has  also  pub- 

China, — A  system  of  observations  and  re-  lished  since  1874  the  rainfall  of  France,  giving 

ports,  under  the  direction  of  the  Inspector-  detailed  reports  from  about  900  rain-gauges — 

General  of  Chinese  Maritime  Customs,  has  been  the  whole  edited  by  Belgrand,  of  the  D6p6t 

promised,  but  nothing  has  as  yet  appeared,  des  Fonts  et  Chanss^es.    The  stations  on  the 

Instrnments  for  equipping  20  stations  were  Pic-du-Midi  are  specially  maintained  by  Gkn- 

procared  in  1874  by  Mr.  Hart,  and  in  1876  Mr.  eral  Nansouty.    In  the  Naval  Depot  of  Charts 

J.  D.  Campbell  reported  that  he  hoped  soon  to  and  Plans  there  is  organized  a  Bureau  of  Nau- 

be^in  observations.  tical  Meteorology,  which  collates  the  logs  of 

Cotta  Rica. — A  central  office  for  statistics  all  French  vessels ;  its  results  are  published  in 

and  meteorology  is  maintained,  but  the  capi-  the  ^^  Annales  Hydrographiqnes  "  and  in  sepa- 

tal  i:4  the  only  station  known  of.  rate  charts,  such  as  that  of  !orault. 

Denmark, — ^The  Royal  Danish  Meteorologi-        Germany, — The  general  meteorological  sys- 

cal  Institute,  under  Captain  Hoffmeyer,  at  Co-  tern  of  the  German  Empire  is  in  charge  of  Pro- 

peohajren,  receives  reports  from  12  principal  fessor  G.  Neumayer,  and  has  its  headquarters 

(B  by  telegraph)  and  70  minor  stations  in  Den-  at  the  Deutsche  Seewarte  in  Hamburg.     It 

mark,  also  from  5  in  Iceland  and  5  in  Green-  maintains  about  40  stations  (27  telegraphic), 

land.    It  publishes  daily  bulletins,  annual  vol-  publishes  daily  weather  maps  and  predictions, 

omes,  and  a  very  important  daily  chart  of  the  storm- warnings,  and  monthly  weather  reviews; 

Atlantic  Ocean  with  Europe  and  North  Amer-  it  receives  a  large  number  of  logs  from  German 

ica.    It  has  lately  published  Tycho  Brahe's  me-  vessels.    The  Imperial  Commission  to  investi- 

teorological  diary,  1560-1680.  gate  the  German  seas  has  its  headquarters  at 

Egypt, — The  principal  meteorological  service  Kiel;  it  publishes  annual  volumes  in  monthly 
is  that  of  the  lighthouse-keepers,  under  Mr.  parts,  edited  by  the  Secretary,  Professor  G. 
WiUiam  Ilardoastle,  the  engineer  of  Egyptian  Earsten.  The  German  Forest  Commission, 
lighthouses,  at  Alexandria.  There  is  also  a  with  its  headquarters  at  Berlin,  maintains  sev- 
meteorologies  service  attached  to  the  staff  of  eral  stations  tor  meteorological  observations. 
General  Stone.  Observations  are  also  made  at  Among  the  numerous  subordinate  meteoro- 
the  observatories  under  Mahmnd  Bey  at  Ab-  logical  organizations  of  Germany  are  the  fol- 
bavieb,  near  Cairo,  and  under  Pirena  at  Alex-  lowing :  Baoaria,  —  The  Forest  Commission 
aodria :  they  have  also  been  taken  under  the  maintains  7  meteorological  stations,  under  Pro- 
orders  of  Lesseps  at  stations  on  the  Suez  Car  fessor  E.  Ebermayer,  of  Asohaffenburg.  Mete- 
oal,  bat  only  partially  published.  orological  observations  are  maintained  at  the 

Finland, — The  Scientific  Association  of  Fin-  Boyal  Observatory  in  Munich,  under  Profess- 

land  (Fenska  Vettenskans),  at    Helsingfors,  or  Lamont,  and  published  annually.    A  decree 

mountains  22  stations,  ana  publishes  its  own  of  December,  1878,  has  established  a  general 

reaalts.    The  observatory  at  Helsingfors  is  in-  system  of  meteorology  for  Bavaria,  under  Pro- 

dependently  maintained.    Both  are  indepen-  fessor  von  Bezold  at  Munich,  which  will  main- 

doQt  of  the  central  office  at  St.  Petersburg.  tain  84  new  first-class  stations  these  will  mostly 

France, — ^The  Meteorological  Department  of  begin  in  1879.    Baden, — The  stations  in  this 

the  Paris  Observatory,  maintained  by  Leverrier  state  are  in  charge  of  the  Statistical  Bureau, 

intil  his  deatii,  was  in  1878  transformed  into  under  Dr.  Sohncke,  of  Carlsruhe.    Prtima, — 

a  separate  organization,  called  the  Bureau  Cen-  About  30  stations  report  to  the  Royal  Prussian 

tral  de  Mmorologie,  under  the  direction  of  Meteorological  Institute,  under  the  direction 

Professor  £.  Mascart    The   French   depart-  of  Professor  Dove  at  Berlin.    Saxony, — About 


540  METEOROLOGY. 

40  Btations  report  to  Professor  Brahns,  Direct-    ty  of  Athens,  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
or  of  the  Observatory  at  Leipsio.     Wiirtem-'    0.  E.  Schmidt. 

berg, — The  system  of  this  state  is  in  charge  of       India. — ^In  this  empire  the  provinces  of  Ben- 
Professor  Schoder  at  Stuttgart.  gal,  the  Punjab,  the  Northwest,  Madras,  etc^ 
Besides  the  annual  summaries  published  by  have  maintained  and  continue  special  indepen- 
these  respective  bureaus,  they  began  in  1876  dent  systems  of  meteorological  reports;  bat  a 
to  publish  in  uniform  style,  in  accordance  with  remarkable  step  has  been  taken  by  the  establi^* 
the  recommendations  of  the  Vienna  Congress,  ment  in  1876  of  a  general  meteorolo^cal  office 
the  observations  made  at  17  selected  stations,  in  the  Department  of  Revenue,  Ajnricultnre,  and 
The  whole  number  of  well-equipped  stations  in  Commerce.    The  head  of  this  office  is  eotitled 
Germany  is  about  200,  and  slowly  increasing.  Meteorological  Reporter  to  the  Government  of 
Great  Britain, — ^The  general  meteorological  India,  and  Mr.  H.  F.  Blanford  received  thefint 
work  is  in  charge  of  the  Meteorological  Com-  appointment,  he  having  been  for  eight  years 
mittee  or  CouncU  of  the  Royal  Society,  to  which  previous  the  reporter  to  the  Government  of 
Mr.  R.  H.  Scott  is  secretary,  and  is  in  charge  Bengal.     The  provincial   officers  preyionslT 
of  their  meteorological  office  in  London.    This  enumerated,  as  well  as  the  observers  of  the  San- 
committee  wholly  maintains  7  stations  with  itary  Commissions  and  of  the  Geodetic  Sarrey 
self-recording  instruments,  receives  telegraphic  office,  still  continue  their  labors ;  and  Mr.  Blan- 
reports  from  29  British  stations,  publishes  daily  ford  has  been  able  to  unite  all  these,  together 
weather  maps,  bulletins,  storm-warnings,  and  with  additional  stations,  and  by  the  publication 
signals,  quarterly  weather  reports  with  fac-  of  his  annual  volumes  for  1875>'76  has  intro- 
simile  registers  of  the  seven  stations,  annual  duced  a  new  phase  in  the  history  of  themeteo- 
reports,  and  many  special  investigations.    It  rology  of  this  important  country.    About  300 
receives  observations  from  several  hundred  stations  report  by  mail  to  Mr.  Blanford,  and 
vessels  at  sea,  and  collates  the  data.    About  about  60  stations  contribute  by  telegraph  to  his 
80  well-equipped  voluntary  or  unpaid  observ-  daily  weather  bulletin.    The  office  has  pnb- 
ers  on  land,  and  a  large  number  of  minor  sta-  lished  a  '^  Vade  Mecum,  or  Instruction  to  Ob- 
tions,  correspond  with  the  office.    The  medical  servers,''  an  introduction  to  meteorology,  which 
department  of  the  army  maintains  numerous  is  the  best  text-book  on  the  subject  that  has 
observers  at  military  forts  throughout  the  Brit-  yet  appeared.    It  also  publishes  a  seriea  of 
ish  colonies,  some  of  which  also  report  to  the  volumes  entitled  "  Indian  Meteorological  H^ 
London  office.    The  Royid  Engineers  and  Ord-  moirs,"  and  also  annual  volumes  of  "Indian 
nance  Survey  offices  maintain  several  stations.  Meteorology,"  besides  the  daily,  weekly,  and 
The  rainfall  of  Great  Britain  is  especially  at-  monthly  bulletins  and  special  storm-warniogB. 
tended  to  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Symons,  to  whom  over  Mr.  J.  Eliot,  acting  in  Mr.  Blanford's  absence, 
1,500  rainfaJl  observers  report  monthly,  and  a  quite  successfully  foretold  months  in  advance 
summary  of  their  observations  is  published  an-  the  general  character  of  the  rain  and  weather 
nually  in  "  The  British  Rainfall"    He  also  pub-  for  1878. 

lishes  '^Symons*  Monthly  Magazine,"  which  is  Italy. — Numerous  independent  meteorolo^- 
devoted  especially  to  the  rainfall  of  Great  Brit-  cal  organizations  exist  in  this  country,  of  which 
ain.  This  great  system  of  observations  was  we  enumerate  the  following :  1.  The  Stazione 
originally  developed  by  the  aid  of  the  British  Ozonomatico-Meteoro]ogia,Oampidogiio,Rome, 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  a  private  institution  for  the  promotion  of  Ital- 
The  Registrars-General  for  England  and  for  ian  meteorology,  established  in  1846  by  Cathe- 
Scotlana  publish  quarterly  reports  from  nu-  rina  Scarpellini ;  publishes  a  monthly  bulletin, 
merous  stations.  The  Meteorological  Society  2.  The  Italian  Alpine  Club,  established  about 
of  London  publishes  a  quarterly  journal  of  me-  1863,  publishes  a  monthly  bulletin  of  obserra- 
moirs  and  containing  reports  from  26  stations,  tions  at  about  70  stations,  summarized  by  deo- 
The  Scottish  Meteorological  Society  of  Edin-  ades.  3.  The  observatory  of  Moncalieri  pnb- 
bnrgh  receives  reports  from  10  foreign  and  95  lishes  a  monthly  bulletin,  giving  a  summary  of 
domestic  stations,  and  170  rainfall  stations,  observations  at  numerous  stations  in  northern 
and  publishes  abstracts  in  its  quarterly  jour-  Italy.  4.  The  observatory  at  Turin  publishes 
nal;  it  also  furnishes  synopses  for  55  sta-  a  monthly  bulletin  of  its  own  observations, 
tions  to  the  Registrar-Gteneriu,  and  cooperates  5.  The  observatory  at  Pesaro  publi^es  month- 
with  the  Scotch  Herring-Fishery  Commission.  ly  graphic  charts  of  its  own  observations.  6. 
The  Alpine  Club  of  England  maintains  several  The  observatory  at  Venice  publishes  its  own 
observing  stations  in  the  Alps.  The  Green-  observations  monthly.  7.  The  observatory  at 
wich,  Edinburgh,  Radclifte  or  Oxford,  Liver-  Naples  publishes  monthly  ita  own  observations, 
pool  or  Bidston,  and  other  observatories,  pub-  8.  The  observatory  of  the  Roman  College  pub- 
lish their  own  observations.  The  Hydographer  lishes  the  "  Bullettino,"  which  has  been  for 
to  the  Admiralty  (F.  J.  Evans)  publishes  wind  many  years  the  best  known  meteorological  and 
and  current  charts  and  pilot  charts,  based  on  astronomical  journal  in  Italy.  It  was  founded 
numerous  observations  made  on  shipboard.  by  Seochi,  and  is  now  continued  by  his  snoeesf^ 
Greece. — ^This  country  maintains  but  one  me-  or.  9.  An  attempt  was  made  in  1863  to  decl 
teorological  observer,  who  is  in  connection  with  with  Italian  meteorology  in  a  general  way  bj 
the  astronomical  observatory  of  the  Universi-  the  establishment  of  two  meteorological  officer, 


METEOBOLOGT.  541 

one  ander  Matteucci  in  the  Department  of  the  colonies  the  most  important  meteorological  sta- 

Alarine,  the  other  under  Maesta  in  the  Depart-  tion  is  the  observatory  at  Batavia,  under  Bergs- 

ment  of  Agricaltare,  Industry,  and  Oommerce.  ma,  which  has  published  elaborate  tables  and 

The  latter,  beginning  with  1865,  has  continued  discussions  of  hourly  observations, 

to  publish  a  monthly  bulletin,  giving  in  detail  New  Zealand.— *-The  many  early  meteorolo- 

observations  at  80  selected  stations ;  for  several  gical  stations  in  this  colony  were  conducted  in 

years  it  also  published  a  bulletin  by  decades  part  by  colonial  and  in  part  by  home  organi- 

for  25  or  30  stations^  but  has  now  returned  to  zations  (tbe  British  Meteorological  Society, 

the  monthly  bulletin.    Special  memoirs  are  the  Royal  Engineers,  Registrar-General,  etc.). 

published  as  supplements.    The  former  office  The  office  of  Meteorological  Reporter  to  the  Ool- 

has  published  the  daily  bulletin,  storm-predic-  ony  was  established  in  1859,  and  Dr.  0.  Knight 

tions,  etc.    In  1877  both  tlie$^  offices  were  appointed.    Dr.  James  Hector  succeeded  him 

tran^erred  to  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruc-  in  1867,  to  whom  the  direction  of  the  G«ologi- 

tioD,  where  they  are  now  united  in  one  under  oal  Survey  was  dso  transferred.     About  20 

G.  Cantoni,  and  the  monthly  bulletin  and  me-  stations  are  now  maintained, 

moin  continue  to  be  published.    10.  In  1876  Norway, — ^The  Royd  Meteorological  Insti- 

a  call  for  the  formation  of  a  general  Italian  tute  of  Norway  (established  in  1866),  under 

meteorological  association  was  issued  by  Pro-  Professor  Mohn  at  Christiania,  receives  reports 

feasor  Ragona,  which  was  organized  in  1877,  from  10  full  stations  (7  telegraphic),  10  ligbt- 

and  has  thus  far  isi^ued  two  volumes  of  a  month-  houses,  and  a  large  number  of  minor  stations, 

\j  journal  devoted  to  the  interests  of  mete-  and  logs  of  vessels.    A  telegraphic  daily  bulle- 

orology.  tin  has  been  published  since  1861,  originally 

Japan, — ^Meteorological    observations     are  by  the  Telegraph  Buredu,  but  now  by  the  Insti- 

made  at  the  observatory  of  the  Imperial  Uni-  tute.    The  meteorological  observatory  at  the 

vereity  under  the  Department  of  Public  In-  University  of  Ohristiania  was  founded  in  1886. 

Btroction ;  idso  at  tlie  Imperial  Colleges  of  Min-  Philippine  Islands, — The  observatory  of  the « 

ing  and  of  Engineering,  under  the  Department  Jesuit  College  at  Manila,  in  Luzon,  is  the  only 

of  Public  Works.    Under  this  latter  department  station  permanently  occupied.    It  publishes  an 

also  an  extensive  system  of  records  nas  been  annual  summary  of  observations, 

kept  by  the  lighthouse-keepers.     Under  the  Portugal. — ^The  meteorological  observatory 

same  department,  and  in  connection  with  its  of  the  Infante  Dom  Luiz  (J.  0.  de  Brito  Oapel- 

telegraph  service,  it  has  been  determined  to  lo,  director),  at  Lisbon,  receives  reports  from 

eqaip  about  20  stations,  from  whose  reports  in  5  home  and  as  many  colonid  stations,  and 

the  near  future  a  daily  telegraph  bulletin  may  from  the  vessels  of  the  Portuguese  navy.    The 

be  expected.  observations  made  at  Ooimbra  and  at  Lisbon 

Mauritius. — ^The  Meteorological  Association  are  published  in  full.    It  publishes  a  daily  tel- 

of  Mauritius  was  established  in  the  year  1851.  egraphic  bulletin  (10  telegraphic  stations),  and 

It  has  published  irregular  monthly  notices,  repeats  the  storm-warnings  sent  from  London 

maintains  a  large  number  of  rainfall  stations,  and  Paris. 

and  gives  warnings  of  the  presence  of  such  Russia. — Observations  are  made  at  most  of 

storms  as  pass  near  the  island.    Mr.  0.  Mel-  the  universities,  and  are  published  in  fall  inde- 

dram,  Secretary  of  the  Society,  is  well  known  pendently  at  Dorpat  by  Von  Oettingen  and  Wie- 

bj  his  contributions  to  meteorology.  ranch,  at  Helsingfors  by  the  Finland  Govemmen  t 

Menco. — No  general  system  of  meteorologi-  Scientific  Society,  and  at  Tiflis  by  Moritz,  and 

cal  observations  existed  until  a  central  office  Moscow  by  Ostrogorsky.    The  central  mete- 

wai)  established  in  Mexico  in  1876,  under  the  orological  office  is  in  charge  of  Professor  H. 

Department  of  Public  Works.    It  publishes  a  Wild,  Director  of  the  Central  Physical  Ob- 

daily  telegraphic  bulletin  of  observations  at  servatory  at  St  Petersburg,  and  receives  re- 

aboat  30  stations,  also  monthly  sommaries,  etc.  ports  from  180  well-equipped  (50  telegraphic), 

The  Geographical  and  Statistical  Society  has  220  rainfall,  and  810  thunder-storm  stations, 

pabllihed  a  review  of  the  meteorology  of  the  distributed  throughoat   the   Russian   posses- 

citj  of  Mexico.    The  Sociedad  Andres  del  Rio,  sions,  abstracts  of  which  are  published  annu- 

rouiidedinl878bythegraduatesof  the  School  ally  in  the  ^^Annalen.''     This  central  office 

of  Engineering  in  Mexico,  includes  meteorol-  also  publishes  a  daily  telegraphic  bulletin,  dis- 

ogv  among  the  sciences  which  it  cultivates.  plays  storm-signals,  and  publisbes  volumes  of 

Netherlands. — ^The   Central   Meteorological  memoirs  and  investigations.     The  Academy 

Iptitate  of  the  Netherlands,  under  the  direc-  of  Sciences  publishes  special  meteorological 

tioQ  of  Professor  Buys-Ballot,  mfuntains  14  full  investigations,  such  as  Wesseloffsky^s  ^*  CU- 

aQd  28  minor  stations  (4k  telegraphic),  issues  mate  of  Russia,"  and  Von  Schrenck^s  *'£xpe- 

stonn* warnings,  and  publishes  important  an-  dition,"  etc.,  in  which  latter  are  given  in  detail 

nnal  volumes.    The  office  also  collects  a  great  such  observations  as  are  at  hand  relating  to 

many  marine  logs,  and  publishes  important  the  Amoor  Valley.    The  Geographical  Society 

charts  relating  to  ocean  meteorology.    A  large  has  contributed  much  to  the  advancement  of 

Domber  of  stations  for  observing  rainfall  re-  this  study. 

port  to  the  central  stations  in  Holland,  Bra-  South  America. — Besides  the  organizations 

wti  Qroningen,  Utrecht,  eto»    In  its  distant  of  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  there  are 


643  METEOROLOGY. 

OQ  this  continent  only  scattered  stations  at  Advancement  of  Science,  nmnerons  geological 

Quito,  Lima,  Rio  Janeiro,  Georgetown,  Suri-  surveys,  and  local  societies,  most  promineot 

nam,  and  Trinidad,  whose  observations  are  among  which  is  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Pbii- 

either  not  published  at  all,  or  are  contributed  adelphia,  have  also  contributed  in  innumerable 

to  the  sdentifio  periodicals.    A  systematic  or-  ways  to  meteorological  observation  and  re- 

ganization  is  promised  for  stations  in  Brazil,  search.    In  1847  the  Smithsonian  InstitotioD 

and  is  much  to  be  desired  for  Peru  and  Gui-  at  its  very  outset  began  the  work  of  fostericg 

ana.  meteorology.    In  1849  it  began  to  receive  re- 

Spain, — The  central  meteorological  office  is  ports  from  various  stations,  and  subseonent};, 

in  charge  of  A.  Aguilar,  Director  of  the  Royal  in  connection  with  the  Patent-OfBce  beput- 

Observatory  at  Madrid.    It  receives  reports  ment  of  Agriculture,  its  stations  increased  to 

from  80  home  stations,  including  Portugal  (26  several  hundred,  and  its  publications  came  to 

telegraphic),  all  of  wbich  are  published  in  an  rank  as  among  the  most  important  that  ap* 

annual  '^  Resumen."    A  daily  telegraph  buUe-  peared  anywhere. 

tin  is  published,  and  storm-waroings  are  issued  In  1841  Espy  published  his  ^*-  Philosopbj  of 

when  sent  from  Paris  and  London.    The  ma-  Storms,'^  and  in  1842  was  appointed  meteoroto- 

rine  observatory  at  San  Fernando  (Oaptain  Pu-  gist  in  the  Surgeon-General's  office  of  the  War 

jazon,  director)  publishes  its  own  observations  Department.    He  here  carried  out  his  great 

in  full.    In  the  Spanish  colonies  the  most  im-  work  of  mapping  the  weather  day  bj  dar, 

portant  meteorological  stations  are  at  Manila  which  he  had  previously  begun,    bi  his  fint 

and  Porto  Rico.  report  on  meteorology  to  the  Surgeon-General, 

Sweden,-^ Ahont  80  stations  (9  telegraphic),  dated  October  9,  1848,  he  states  that  over  50 

and  several  naval  vessels  report  to  the  Central  barometric  and  over  60  non-barometric  observ- 

Meteorological  Institute  at  Stockholm  (R.  Ru-  ers  were  already  reporting  to  him.    This,  his 

bensson,  director),  which  publishes  a  daily  tel-  first  published  *'  Report,"  contains  28  charts, 

,  egraphic  bulletin  and  annual  volumes.     At  illustrating  the  weather  and  progress  of  stonni 

Lund  and  Upsala  the  observatories  of  the  nni-  from  January  to  June,  1848,  and  constitotes 

versities  publish  their  own  observations  sepa-  by  far  the  most  important  contribution  to  onr 

rately.  knowledge  of  storms  that  had  then  been  made 

Smturland, — The  Central  Institute  for  Swiss  by  any  government  in  theworld.   Afterremain- 

Meteorology  has  its  seat  at  Ztlrich.    Wolf,  its  ing  for  some  years  in  the  Snrgeon-General-s 

President,  and  Director  of  the  Observatory,  office,  Mr.  Espy  was  appointed  to  some  similar 

publishes  in  full  the  observations  at  about  16  position  under  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  to 

stations.    The  total  number  of  reporting  sta-  whom  he  made  his  **  Second  "  and  *'  Third  Ke- 

tions  is  about  80.    The  observatories  at  Bern  port  on  Meteorology,"  dated  respectivelj  Ko- 

(under  Foster)  and  Geneva  (under  Plantamour)  vember  12, 1849,  and  January  24, 1861,  and  pub- 

also  publish  their  own  work  in  detail.     The  lished  together  (inl862?)  with  additional weath- 

central  meteorological  office  is  understood  to  er-maps  of  the  storms  in  1844  and  1846.    Hii 

be  maintained  by  the  Swiss  Association  and  *^  Fourth  Report  on  Meteorology "  was  ad- 

not  by  the  atate.  dressed  to  the  Senate  in  1864,  ^though  con- 

Syria, — Observations  are  maintained  at  the  taining  many  items  added  in  1866,  and  vss 

Syrian  College  (Protestant  Mission)  in  Bey  rout,  printed  in  1867.    It  contains  many  new  maps 

and  a  more  extended  system  is  understood  to  of  storms  from  1846  to  1862,  selected  from  tii« 

have  been  recently  organized  under  the  British  whole  number  of  1,800  that  he  had  thos  far 

and  American  "  Palestine  Exploration  "  Socio-  compiled.    In  1866  Mr.  Espy  removed  to  Cin- 

ties.  cinnati,  where  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectnres 

Turkey, — The  central  observatory  at  Con-  on  the  subject  to  which  forty  years  of  his  life 

stantinople  (A.  Conmbary,  director)  receives  had  been  devoted,  and  where  he  died  in  1857, 

reports  from  about  80  stations,  publishes  a  daily  at  the  a^e  of  seventy-two.    We  have  been  thm 

telegraphic  bulletin  of  17  stations,  a  month-  minute  m  specifying  Mr.  Espy^s  publicatioD^ 

ly  re^umSy  and  its  own  observations  in  full,  and  because  of  his  great  services  to  meteorologr. 

issues  storm- warningn.  He  may  have  dwelt  too  strongly  on  some 

United  States. — The  study  of  meteorology  points,  or  have  gone  to  some  extremes  in  otber 

was  especially  advanced  in  this  country  by  the  matters,  but  on  the  whole  his  enthusiasm  and 

establishment  of  a  series  of  observations  at  the  conviction  that  he  had  made  a  great  stride 

military  posts  by  Surgeon-Greneral  Lovell  in  in  the  study  of  storms  produced  a  quiet  acqni- 

1818 ;  these  are  still  kept  up,  and  constitute  the  escence  in  the  minds  of  thousands  throngboat 

oldest  national  series  of  uniform  meteorologi-  the  world,  that  prepared  the  way  for  further 

cal  observations  now  extant.     Similar  system-  progress.     The  daily  weathermaps  and  pre- 

atic  observations  were  maintained  or  ordered  dictions  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (1850- 

by  the  States  of  New  York  (1826-1868),  Penn-  1860)  and  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory  (1869 

sylvania  ('1886-1842),  Ohio  (1842),  and  Illinois  and  1870),  the  theoretical  work  of  Professor 

(1866),  all  which  organizations  are  now  obso-  Ferrel,  the  work  in  ocean  meteorology  at  tlie 

lete.    The  State  boards  of  health,  of  public  Hydrographic  Office  and  Nav^  Observatory 

works,  of  agriculture,  etc.,  and  the  agricultural  (GiUiss,  1888-^42 ;  Maury,  1842-'61),  all  were 

societies,  the  American  Association  for  the  more  or  less  stimulated  by  the  interest  every- 


METEOROLOGY.  543 

vrhere  excited  by  Professor  Espy^s  views,  and  and  pablishes  a  weekly  weather  chronicle,  a 
by  the  no  less  important  works  of  Redfleld.  monthly  weather  review  with  charts  of  Ameri- 
The  establishments  prosecuting  the  study  of  can  storms,  temperature,  rain,  and  ocean  storms, 
meteorology  in  the  United  States  are  at  pres-  and  an  annual  report.  It  also  prints  for  ez* 
ent  the  follou'inq^ :  1.  The  independent  ob-  change  a  daily  bulletin  of  international  simul- 
iervatories  at  Cambridge,  Washington,  Albany,  taneous  observations,  with  daily  chart  of  the 
and  New  York  Central  Park.  2.  The  State  win  is,  temperature,  and  pressure  throughout 
n-^ather  services  of  Iowa  (G.  Hinrichs,  at  Iowa  thenor&emhemispnere.  This  is  based  on  about 
City,  receives  reports  from  80  observers).  Mis-  700  reports  from  land  and  sea  contributed  by 
soari  (F.  Nipber,  at  St.  Louis,  receives  reports  all  nations  and  made  simultaneously  with  those 
fraru  100  observers),  and  Nebraska  (Professor  that  are  made  at  7h.  85m.  a.  m.  at  Washington, 
Bailey,  at  Lincoln).  All  these  publlsli  month-  or  12  h.43m.  p.  u.  at  Greenwich.  In  the  prose- 
\j  reviews  and  annual  reports.  8.  The  State  cntion  of  its  meteorological  work  and  in  order 
Boards  of  Health  for  Michigan,  New  Jersey,  to  carry  out  the  system  of  frontier  defenses, 
etc.  4.  The  State  Boards  of  Agriculture  for  II-  and  in  cooperation  with  the  Ldfe-Saving  ser- 
linols,  Ohio,  etc.  6.  The  State  Schools  of  Ag-  vice  on  the  United  States  coast,  the  Signal  Ser- 
ricultnre  at  Lansing,  Mich.,  and  Boston  and  vice  also  builds  and  maintains  lines  of  telegraph, 
Amherst,  Mass.  6.  The  Central  Pacific  Rail-  of  which  it  now  controls  about  8,000  miles  on 
road  Company  Land  Office  (receives  reports  the  Atlantic  coast  and  in  the  Southwest  and 
from  120  stations).  7.  The  Army  Engineer  Bu-  Northwest  Territories.  The  Service  employs 
reau  Lake  Survey  has  maintained  8  or  10  impor-  the  whole  time  of  about  15  officers  and  476  men, 
taut  stations  on  the  lakes.  8.  The  Geological  and  a  portion  of  the  time  of  about  160  others. 
and  Geographical  Surveys  of  Western  Terri-  West  Indies, — Numerous  stations  are  snp- 
tories  (Wneeler*s,  Hayden^s,  Powell^s,  etc.),  and  ported  in  these  islands  by  the  respective  home 
the  Cnited  States  Coast  Survey.  9.  The  Hydro-  governments.  The  United  States  Signal  Ser- 
graphic  Office  of  the  Navy  Department  which  vice  maintains  about  10  stations  during  the 
maintains  an  hourly  series  of  observations  on  hurricane  season.  The  principal  independent 
evdry  vessel  in  commission,  and  at  all  naval  sta-  stations  are :  Cuba — Havana,  Observatory  of 
tioos,  and  publishes  important  charts  relating  to  the  "Collegio  de  Belen."  Ba/rhadoe$ — mi- 
ocean  meteorology.  10.  The  Army  Surgeon-  nutely  detailed  system  of  286  rainfall  stations 
GeneraVs  office,  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  established  by  Governor  R.  W.  Rawson,  main* 
and  the  Agricultural  Department.  Of  these  tained  by  the  local  government.  Porto  Rieo 
three  the  first  continues  its  observations  and  the  — the  Observatory  of  the  Board  of  Public 
second  its  publications,  although  most  of  the  Works,  with  numerous  riunfall  stations.  Jch 
<]ita  are  transferred  to  the  Army  Signal  Office,  maiea — Kinsston.  A  scheme  is  now  being  de- 
r-.  The  Army  Signal  Office,  division  of  Reports  veloped  by  ICr.  Maxwell  Hall,  looking  to  the 
ml  Telegrams  for  the  Benefit  of  Commerce  and  establishment  of  a  central  office  at  Kingston, 
A;rnoiilture.  with  a  general  system  of  reports  and  storm- 

Tbid  last-named  organization,  whose  meteor-  warnings  for  the  whole  West  Indies. 

ological  work  began  by  order  of  Congress  in  Intbbnattoital  Oboanizations. — The  Brua- 

Pebraary,  1870,  so  far  exceeds  all  other  simi-  sels  Maritime  Conference  of  1868.  the  Leipsio 

lar  organizations  in  the  world  that  it  demands  Conference  of  August,  1872,  and  tne  Bordeaux 

more  than  a  brief  notice;  but  here  we  can  meeting  of  September,  1872,  responded  to  the 

merely  specify  the  extent  of  its  work.    It  main-  growing  desire  everywhere  felt  for  a  unity  of 

tains  166  regular,  28  sunset,  80  river,  and  about  plan  in  prosecuting  meteorological  investiga- 

10  temporary  West  India  stations.    It  also  re-  tiona.    The  cordial  unanimity  shown  to  exist 

chives  reports  from  96  army-post  surgeons,  800  at  these  conferences  gave  assurance  of  the  suo- 

Tolantary  civilian  or  Smithsonian  observers,  120  cess  of  the  First  International  Meteorological 

railroad  employees  (mostly  in  California),  about  Congress,  held  at  Vienna  in  September,  1878, 

loOobservers  through  theState  organizations  in  the  official  members  of  which  were  beads  of 

Iowa,  Miasouri,  and  Kansas,  about  40  vessels  and  bureaus,  or  otherwise  specially  deputed  by 

stations  of  the  navy,  about  20  merchant  vessels  their  respective  governments.    Eighteen  gov* 

throngb  their  respective  owners,  and  about  890  emments  were  thus  represented,  and  a  "  Jrer- 

fireign  stations  through  the  central  offices  of  manent  Committee"  was  appointed  to  repre- 

their  respective  countries.    Rfunf all  reports  are  sent  the  Congress  until  tlie  next  meeting  should 

thus  obtained  from  aboat  870  stations  within  occur.    Tliis  permanent  committee  has  met 

the  United  States.    It  publishes  a  tri-daily  annually  and  published  its  proceedings,  and 

Weather  bulletin  and  map,  with   predictions  has  been  the  means  of  farther  promoting  the 

biised  on  tri-daily  telegraphic  reports  from  interests  of  meteorology  in  very  many  ways. 

ibopt  186  stations,  and  daily  reports  from  86  The  Second  International  Congress  will  be 

afldiiional  stations ;  displays  cautionary  storm-  held  at  Rome,  in  April,  1879.    To  the  reports 

^'oals  at  about  80  coast  stations ;  bulletins  the  of  these  congresses  and  committees,  reference 

»'it^'  of  the  rivers  and  coming  floods ;  distrib-  may  be  made  for  further  information  as  to  the 

ntes  farmers'  bulletins  or  predictions  to  over  instruments  and  methods  now  in  use  by  observ- 

SJKW  post  offices ;  furnishes  special  predictions  ers  throughout  the  world. 

to  seTsral  hundred  railroad  telegraph  offices ;  Ookan  MsTEOBOLoaT. — The  interest  in  Mari- 


544  METEOROLOGT. 

time  Meteorology  was  folly  aroused  by  the  la-  sioners ;  Spain,  at  the  Marine  Observatory  San 

bors  of  RedfieloVReid,  and  those  who  preceded  Fernando.    1878 — ^Denmark,  Minister  of  the 

them  in  their  inquiry  into  the  laws  of  storms.  Marine.    Further  details  as  to  the  present  c(»o> 

Humboldt,  Dove,  Ritter,  Lenz,  Herschel,  Sa-  dition  of  Maritime  Meteorology  may  be  ob- 

bine,  E&mtz,  all  contributed  to  urge  the  neces-  tained  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  First  In- 

sity  of  meteorological  observations  on  the  ocean,  ternational  Meteorological  Congress  at  Vienna. 

In  fact,  marine  logs  had  for  centuries  contained  187S ;  of  the  Conference  on  ^Uritime  Meteor- 

the  usual  weather  notes,  and  in  the  *^  Philo-  ology  held  in  London,  1874 ;  the  reports  of 

sophical  Transactions*'  for  1728,  No.  879,  p.  the  Permanent  Committee  of  the  Vienna  G^d- 

422,  and  in  a  subsequent  number,  ^^  Mr.  Isaac  gress,  1874-*78 ;  and  the  Proceedings  of  the 

Greenwood,  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  0am-  Second  International  Meteorological  Congress 

bridge.  New  England,  gives  a  form  for  marine  to  be  held  at  Rome  in  April,  1879.    It  is  only 

observations,  and  recommends  taking  them  by  the  harmonious  cooperation  of  aU  nations  oq 

regularly."    But  the  charting  and  study  of  the  land  and  sea  that  we  can  hope  to  accumolatf 

data  contained  in  these  logs  was  an  herculean  materials  for  properly  studying  the  norm&] 

task,  that  seems  to  have  been  performed  in  a  and  abnormal  conditions  of  the  atmospbeiv, 

fragmentary  way  by  the  compilers  of  ocean  and   the   laws   that  control   storma,  flof^da, 

**  Directories"  and  *' Coast  Pilots,"  and  by  droughts,  etc. ;  and  at  the  present  time,  sorb 

the  individual  students  of  storms,  etc.,  al-  cooperation  seems  to  be  assured  from  everr 

though  the  admiralty  offices  of  European  na-  nation. 

tions  afforded  abundant  stores  of  materials,  Mbtbobological  Instbttments  and  Mete* 
and  although  the  British  Admiralty  began  such  one. — ^The  principal  recent  advances  relatire  t<^ 
work  (1795-1807)  under  Secretary  Marsden,  methods  and  instruments  may  be  briefly  noCie<*I 
who,  for  convenience,  first  divided  the  ocean  as  follows :  Wildes  memoir  on  the  temperatoit 
into  5  degree  squares.  A  considerable  degree  of  of  the  air  at  Russian  stations  strongly  orge; 
uniformity  was  secured,  as  to  the  methods  and  the  insufficiency  and  positive  errors  that  h^re 
instruments  used  by  navigators,  by  the  deliber-  been  introduced  by  too  careless  use  of  the 
ations  of  the  Maritime  Conference  at  Brussels.  Bessel  or  Fourier  functions.  These  physicists 
The  systematic  collation  of  this  material,  and  had  in  the  early  part  of  this  century  ^owc 
its  reduction  to  useful  charts,  have  been  only  re-  that  any  series  of  observations  of  natural  pbe- 
cently  undertaken  on  a  comprehensive  scale,  nomena  can  be  closely  represented  by  a  series 
M.  F.  Maury  is  generally  recognized  as  the  fa-  of  terms  of  the  form  sin.  h ;  cos.  h ;  sin.  2  b ;  cos. 
ther  of  modem  Marine  Meteorology :  his  great  2  h,  etc.,  or  equivalent  developments ;  whence 
activity  as  an  individual  from  1839  to  1844  is  it  followed  that  a  few  observations  at  regular 
only  surpassed  by  the  still  greater  official  work  intervals  could  furnish  the  means  of  det^r- 
that  he  prosecuted  from  that  date  up  to  1861,  mining  the  coefficients  for  these  terms  in  an 
while  in  charge  of  the  United  States  Naval  Ob-  equation  that  would  then  become  the  expr«^ 
servatory.  In  the  same  rank,  as  being  inde-  sion  of  a  natural  law.  Strictly  speaking,  how- 
pendent  and  equally  important,  we  must  men-  ever,  the  equation  is  simply  an  empirical  for> 
tion  Buys-Ballot,  who  commenced  in  1849,  mula,  presenting  concretely  the  actual  ob^r- 
and  since  1854  has  carried  on  a  most  extensive  vations  and  no  more ;  it  is  a  convenient  foriuuls 
work  as  director  of  the  Meteorological  Institute  for  computing  approximate  values  of  the  oK 
of  the  Netherlands.  In  a  similarly  indepen-  served  quantities  within  the  limits  of  the  range 
dent  and  indefatigable  manner,  Meldrum  has  of  observations.  But  occasionally  the  mbt^iio 
since  1851  prosecuted  the  study  of  the  storms  has  been  made  of  deducing  from  such  formol? 
and  meteorology  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  with  conclusions  to  which  the  original  observatioRf 
some  help  from  the  local  government  and  the  of  themselves  would  give  no  countenance ;  and 
Mauritius  Meteorological  Society.  The  result  of  in  this  way,  from  a  few  observations,  erroneous 
the  Brussels  Conference  of  1853  was  to  redou-  views  have  obtained  credence  l^at  would  never 
ble  national  enterprise  in  this  work,  as  shown  have  been  promulgated  had  sufficiently  nu- 
by  the  following  dates  of  organization :  1854 —  merons  observations  been  made.  Wild,  there* 
Maritime  Meteorology  officially  added  to  Buys-  fore,  urges  with  great  force  that  in  studying 
Ballot's  duties  under  the  Minister  of  Interior :  nature  we  must  adhere  to  observations ;  ths: 
Fitz  Roy  appointed  in  charge  of  Meteorological  these  can  not  be  too  frequent  and  minute,  and 
Department  of  the  London  Board  of  Trade ;  the  that  they  can  be  safely  and  easily  presented 
Portuguese  Admiralty  take  up  Ocean  Meteor-  for  study  by  many  graphic  methods,  when  the 
ology  in  connection  with  the  Observatory  of  algebraic  formulsd  would  be  misleading  and 
Infante  Dom  Luiz.  1868 — Organized  in  France  laborious.  Graphic  methods  of  presentation. 
under  the  Minister  of  the  Marine.  1867 — The  followed  by  similar  methods  of  analysis  and 
Adria  Commission  under  the  Austrian  Minis-  study,  promise  to  be  of  increasing  nsefulnc^^ 
ter  of  Interior  and  Commerce ;  the  Hamburg  in  meteorology,  especially  because  the  com> 
Seewarte.  1874 — Russia.  1875— France  reor-  plicated  problems  that  are  daily  presented  in 
ganized ;  Germany,  Hydrographic  Office  and  systematic  weather  predictions  demand  expo- 
Seewarte.  1876— United  States  Hydrographic  ditions  methods  of  resolution,  and  involve  the 
Office  reorganized  after  an  interregnum  of  fif-  consideration  of  tliat  irregular  distribution  if 
teen  years.  1877 — Sweden,  under  three  commis-  land,  ocean,  and  aqueous  vapor,  which  prom  Is.  ^ 


METEOROLOGY. 


METHODISTS. 


545 


ever  to  defy  expression  by  mathematical  f or- 
mill®.  Such  graphio  methods  as  are  frequently 
used  by  engineers,  and  are  taught  in  recent 
text-books  on  statics  and  dynamics,  offer  the 
beginning  of  a  collection  of  methods  which 
wiU  doubtless  ultimately  afford  the  means  of 
resolving  the  complicated  questions  in  the  pre- 
diction of  storms,  winds,  and  weather. 

The  mercurial  barometer  has  been  materially 
improved  by  a  device  of  Mendelieff,  who  draws 
out  the  upper  end  into  a  bent  capillary  tube, 
out  of  which  any  air  that  may  be  in  the  ba- 
rometer may  be  driven  and  be  out  off  in  the 
ordinary  method  by  the  use  of  the  blow -pipe. 
He  has  modified  and  perhaps  improved  upon 
this  by  so  arranging  the  tube  that  when  the 
air  is  driven  into  the  tube  its  return  is  cut  off 
by  a  bubble  of  mercury;  thus  the  blow-pipe 
is  diroeused  with.  The  aneroid  harameter^  as 
modined  by  Goldsohmid,  has  formed  the  basis 
of  several  further  modifications  by  Weilen- 
maun.  The  latter  has  investigated  his  in- 
strument BO  thoroughly  that  there  can  be  no 
hesitation  in  concluding  that  it  is  as  reliable 
under  fldl  circumstances  as  the  best  portable 
cistern  barometers  of  Fortin,  Greiner,  Green, 
Beck,  Oasella,  and  other  prominent  makers. 
The  instrument  invented  by  BOntgen  has,  we 
believe,  not  yet  been  so  thoroughly  tested ;  it 
sabstitutes  a  microscope,  tipping  mirror,  and 
scale  for  the  micrometer  screw,  and  is  evi- 
dently unusually  sensitive.  It  requires  to  be 
handled  very  carefully  in  order  to  derive  the 
minute  results  that  it  is  capable  of  giving. 

In  thermometers  for  ordinary  observations 
DO  important  improvements  are  noted.  Jou- 
bert's  investigations  into  the  rotatory  power  of 
quartz  give  promise  of  a  new  and  very  reliable 
pyrometer.  A  modification  of  the  Negretti 
and  Zambra  upsetting  thermometer  has  been 
made  by  them,  by  which  its  length  is  dimin- 
ished one  half;  this  is  found  to  work  very  sat- 
isfactorily when  care  is  taken  to  keep  the  tube 
standing  uprieht  when  not  in  use.  The  proper 
thickness  of  me  surface  covering  of  the  black- 
bulb  thermometer  is  approximately  fixed  by 
the  researches  of  Bosetti.  New  forms  of  acti- 
nometen  for  determining  daily  the  amount  of 
sokr  radiation  have  been  frequently  proposed, 
and  Crova,  Rosetti,  and  Yiolle  have  made  long 
series  of  observations  with  their  own  instru- 
ments. Either  form  of  apparatus  may  be  rec- 
ommended to  those  interested  in  these  impor- 
tant observations. 

In  hygrometers  attention  has  been  repeatedly 
called  to  the  fact  that  the  dry-  and  wet-bulb  ap- 
paratus will  not  give  correct  results  unless  a 
gentle  current  of  air  is  steadily  removing  the 
moist  idr  from  contact  with  the  wet  bulb,  and 
U  is  shown  that  the  whirling  psychrometer  of 
Belli  {);h^  peyehrmn^Pre  dfrcma  of  the  French) 
affords  satisfactory  results.  The  Regnault 
dew-point  apparatus  has  been  modified  and 
improved  by  Allufu^  by  substituting  a  fiat 
sarfaoe  on  which  to  produce  the  deposit  of 
dew,  and  by  providing  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
VoL.  xvui. — 85    A 


parison  a  small  contiguous  area  of  polished 
surface  nndimmed  by  dew.  The  chemical 
method  of  determining  the  atmospheric  moist- 
ure, by  weighing  the  vapor  absorbed  from  a 
definite  volume  of  air,  has  been  used  only  in 
rare  instances,  and  is  only  practicable  for  ex- 
pert physicists.  The  other  chemical  method, 
that  of  measuring  the  change  in  volume  after 
absorption  of  vapor,  promises  to  be  more  fre- 
quently practicable;  and  the  complete  appa- 
ratus for  this  purpose  has  been  arranged  by 
Professor  Schwackhdfer  in  a  very  convenient 
manner ;  the  instrumental  errors  have  been  ana- 
lyzed by  Hann,  and  the  accuracv  of  the  meth- 
od is  perfectly  satisfactory,  while  its  conve- 
nience and  moderate  cost  bring  it  within  the 
means  of  every  permanent  physical  observa- 
tory. It  is  hoped  that  8chwackh6fer*s  vol- 
ume-hygrometer will  be  widely  adopted,  as  it 
already  has  been  in  Austria.         , 

The  direction  of  the  motion  of  ehvds  has 
been  observed  by  Linz  with  his  modification 
of  the  nephoscope  invented  by  Braun. 

0.  Abbb,  U.  S.  Signal  Service. 

METHODISTS.  I.  Methodist  Episoopal 
Chubgh. — ^The  statistics  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  are  now  made  up  semi-annually, 
and  classed  under  the  two  heads  of  "  Spring 
Conferences  "  and  "  FaU  Conferences."  Under 
the  former  bead  are  included  the  Conferences 
which  are  held  previous  to  the  summer  months ; 
under  the  latter,  those  which  are  held  in  the 
later  summer  and  faJl  months.  The  following 
is  a  summary  of  the  tables  for  1878: 


SPRIXO  CONFKRZNCIS,  Travdlnf 
1878.  i»Mch«n. 


Arkansas 

Baltimore 

Central  Pennsylyanla. . . 

East  German 

East  Maine 

Florida. 

Foocbow 

Kansas 

Kentacky 

Lexingtim. . . .' 

Liberia 

little  Sock. 

Lonisiana. 

Maine 

Mississippi 

Missonri. 

Newark 

New  England 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

New  York  East 

North  Carolina. 

Northern  New  York. . . 

North  India 

North  Indiana 

Philadelphia 

Providence 

St.  Louis 

Boath  CaroHna. 

South  Kansas. 

Troy 

Vermont 

Vinrinla. 

Washington. 

Wilmington 

Wyoming. 


81 

195 

216 

48 

100 

88 

84 

185 

90 

T6 

13 

19 

79 

188 

88 

IStf 

206 

S4T 

141 

175 

SSI 

256 

46 

241 

K8 

IBl 

287 

178 

122 

84 

121 

269 

18T 

44 

122 

182 

228 


Total. 


4.688 


UmUn 

Probatkn- 

In  AalL 

•n. 

4^518 

927 

80,522 

4,872 

88,990 

6,918 

8317 

498 

9,156 

8,017 

2,218 

681 

1,285 

776 

10,540 

1,378 

1^687 

*  8,892 

8,471 

786 

1,944 

166 

■  ■  •  •  « 

8,806 

•  ■  *  •  ■ 

1,988 

12,416 

2,162 

24,691 

8,680 

16,025 

2,778 

85,267 

4,586 

28,880 

8,210 

18,049 

l.o69 

82;»4 

4,829 

48,898 

6,740 

88,590 

4,861 

8,148 

1,882 

28,046 

4,790 

1,298 

970 

87,800 

6,578 

40,660 

^964 

19,908 

8,580 

18,489 

1,921 

26,058 

6,440 

18,862 

8,271 

88,128 

6,061 

12,799 

^'*S? 

6.565 

1,785 

25,559 

8,206 

24^2 

4^62 

26,698 

4,728 

676,594    112,Sn 

Total. 

6,446 

8^894 

89,008 

8,710 

12.178 

2,894 

2,011 

12,418 

19,079 

9,257 

8,110 

10,783 
14,568 
28,821 
18,798 
89,858 
81.640 
14,918 
87,888 
49,188 
42,951 

9,526 
87,886 

2,268 
82,878 
46,624 
28,488 
15,410 
81,498 
16,688 
88,209 
14,785 

7.800 
2S609 
29,504 
81,421 

788,871 


546 


METHODISTS. 


FALL  CONFERBTCBS, 
1878. 


Alahftma, 

AuBtin 

CallfornlA. 

Central  Alabama 

Ceotral  German 

Central  lUinoia 

Central  New  York 

Central  Ohio 

Central  Tennessee.. . . . . 

Chicago  (German 

Cincinnati 

Colorado 

Columbia  Biver 

Delaware 

Dea  MoinM 

Detroit 

East  Ohio 

Erie 

Foochow 

€tenesee 

Oeoi^ 

Oermany  and  Switzer- 
land  

Holston 0 

Illinois 

Indiana. 

Iowa 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada   

North  Ohio 

Northwest  German . . . . 

Northwest  Indiana 

Northwest  Iowa 

Northwest  Swedish. . . . 

Norway 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pittsburgh 

BockBlver 

Savannah 

Southeast  Indiana 

Southern  Qdlfomla.... 

Southern  German 

Southern  Illlnola 

South  India. 

Southwest  Qerman .... 

Sweden 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Upper  Iowa 

Utah 

West  Texas 

West  Virginia 

West  Wlscooain 

Wisconsin 

Missions  outside  of  Con- 
ibrences 


Tmvdi^ 


Total, 


Total  for  all  the 
Conferences.... 


M 

10 

188 

49 

114 

210 

ISO 

IM 

48 

69 

198 

44 

25 

69 

159 

843 

255 

900 

4A 

zn 

85 

90 

102 

265 

144 

180 

287 

15T 

5 

96 

16 

161 

76 

155 

73 

88 

80 

188 

62 

168 

»U 

72 

124 

29 

25 

158 

29 

141 

53 

40 

80 

194 

7 

78 

165 

189 

190 


6,528 


lafUl. 


11,676 


5.188 

586 

8,179 

6,178 

11,822 

28,706 

20,978 

24,090 

4,408 

5.180 

8^84S 

2.0J5 

UU 

18,869 

21,110 

26,575 

43,061 

28.769 

1,855 

81,688 

2,617 

9,088 

21,448 

87,680 

80,819 

19.9  >7 

2^174 

18,500 

296 

9,6l9 

til 

22,821 

5,282 

24.178 

6,886 

8,912 

2,821 

41,607 

8,798 

80,801 

96,703 

10.804 

95,107 

1,676 

1,048 

28,808 

1,489 

10,295 

4,922 

5,196 

7,600 

91,445 

148 

6,020 

80,189 

11,901 

18,974 

9,288 


PtohirttoB- 


828,988 


1,506,677 


718 

92 

974 

779 

t084 

1,421 

2.817 

1,629 

662 

879 

2,431 

288 

868 

1.847 

1,849 

2,958 

1,909 

1,911 

660 

8,842 

896 

9,287 

2,682 

2.C67 

2,984 

1,210 

8,688 

1,867 

66 

1,175 

T8 

1,192 

1,069 

1,697 

830 

488 

666 

2,S00 

682 

1,441 

1,8S4 

8,175 

1«812 

107 

160 

9,M9 

780 

1,070 

l,b78 

950 

1,588 

1,948 

14 

687 

9,478 

1,168 

1,408 

919 


80,498 


192,706 


Total. 


6,846 

628 

9,168 

6,957 

12,856 

26,127 

28,290 

25,628 

5,090 

6,009 

87,779 

2,268 

2,077 

14,706 

22.959 

23,588 

48,970 

80,670 

2,015 

84,S75 

8,018 

11,820 

24,080 

89,697 

8a,  808 

21,197 

81.618 

15,867 

861 

10,798 

704 

94,018 

6,801 

96,875 

6,1d6 

4,850 

8,487 

44,407 

4,8^ 

83,242 

27,502 

18,479 

26,419 

1,6S8 

1,193 

26,857 


11,865 

6,800 

6,164 

9,188 

28,8SS 

162 

6.707 

82,667 

18,060 

15,877 

8,153 


000,411 


1,698,282 


Number  of  local  preachers,  12,749;  of 
cbnrches,  16,648 ;  of  parsonages,  5,514;  of  Sun- 
day schools,  19,981 ;  of  Sunday-school  scholars, 
1,531,097. 

The  ''Methodist  Advocate,''  Atlanta,  Ga., 
of  March,  1878,  published  carefully  prepared 
tables  of  statistics  showing  the  strength  and 
resources  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
in  the  Southern  States.  The  white  members 
of  this  Ohurch  in  the  South  are  included  in 
fourteen  conferences  called  white  conferences, 
and  in  the  German  districts  in  the  South  of 
two  other  conferences  which  are  not  wholly 
Southern.  The  following  footings  show  their 
total  numbers  and  resources:  Members,  178,- 
460 ;  probationers,  29,741 ;  traveling  preachers. 


1,179 ;  local  preachers,  1,824;  number  of  San- 
day  schools,  2,869 ;  of  officers  and  teachers  in 
the  same,  22,224 ;  of  Sunday-school  scholars, 
144,197.  Fourteen  colored  conferences  re- 
tum:  Members,  159,076;  probationers,  27,38*2: 
traveling  preachers,  947;  local  preachers,  2,37^ 
number  of  Sunday  schools,  2,022 ;  of  officen 
and  teachers  in  the  same,  9,860;  of  Sondsj. 
school  scholars,  96,474.  The  whole  nnmber 
of  members  and  preachers,  white  and  colored, 
was  896,007;  of  persons  in  Sunday  schools. 
272,755 ;  of  churches,  8,877.  Eight  high  scho<jj 
are  supported  among  the  white  people,  ai^l 
twenty-one  high  schools,  colleges,  and  theologi- 
cal schools,  including  one  m^cal  college,  are 
supported  by  the  Freedmen^s  Aid  Society,  pti- 
marily  for  the  benefit  of  the  colored  people. 

These  statistics  show  that  in  numericd 
strength,  or  the  number  of  communicants,  tbe 
Methodist  Episcopal  Ohurch  stands  third  ic 
the  South ;  and  more,  that  if  its  numbers  art 
divided,  and  the  white  members  or  the  coloreii 
members  alone  are  counted,  in  either  esse  it 
still  stands  third,  being  exceeded  only  bj  tie 
Baptist  churches  and  uie  Methodist  Episcopal 
Oh  arch,  South,  in  the  same  section.  Id  refer- 
ence to  Sunday  schools  it  stands  second,  tbe 
MethodistEpiscopal  Ohurch,  Sonth,  alone  being 
in  advance  of  it  en  the  Southern  territorr. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Freedmeni  Aid 
Society  was  held  in  Oincinnati,  C,  October 
16th.  The  financial  statement  showed  that 
the  receipts  of  the  Society  for  the  year  ending 
July  1,  1878,  had  been  $68,402.  Of  the  ex- 
penditures, $15,669  had  been  applied  to  pay- 
ments for  real  estate.  The  indebtedness  of 
the  Society  had  been  reduced  from  $15,000  in 
1877  to  $12,000  in  1878.  During  eleven  jetn 
the  Society  had  collected  and  disbursed  tb« 
sum  of  $715,812.  The  higher  schools  so.^ 
tained  by  it  in  the  South  were  the  same  as  i3 
the  previous  year,  viz.,  five  chartered  instila- 
tions ;  three  theological  schools ;  the  Meharrr 
Medical  OoUege,  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  and  thir- 
teen institutions  of  the  grade  of  normal  schools 
and  academies.  One  hundred  thousand  pupils 
had  been  taught  by  persons  educated  in  the 
schools  of  the  Society,  and  the  scholarship  in 
the  schools  had  been  elevated.  It  had  a  quar- 
ter of  a  million  dollars*  worth  of  school  prop- 
erty in  the  South. 

The  anniversary  exercises  of  the  ^tndAf- 
School  Union  and  the  Tract  Society  for  l^^TS 
were  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  T.,  in  January,  1879, 
when  it  was  stated  that  the  Tract  Society  vs£ 
out  of  debt,  and  had  published  during  the 
year  7,984,485  pages  of  tracts. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  General  Commit- 
tee  of  Church  Extension  was  held  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  November  8th.  The  receipts  of  the 
ooard  had  continued  to  decline  under  the  con- 
tinued financial  distress  of  the  oonntry,  while 
the  demands  for  aid  had  increased  in  numher 
and  urgency.  The  Board  had  been  obliged  to 
borrow  money  to  fulfill  its  pledges.  The  re- 
ceipts for  the  first  ten  months  of  1878  had 


METHODISTS.  547 

been :  On  general  acooont,  $74,038 ;  on  loan  and  Atlanta  branches,  which  together  retamed 

fund  account,  $27,148.      The  disbursements  2,257  anxiliarj  societies,  with  50,877  members, 

bad  been :  On  general  account,  $68,845 ;  on  and  239  life  members,  honorary  managers,  and 

loan  fimd  accoont,  $34,667,  leaving  a  balance  life  patrons.    Its  periodical  organ,  *^  The  Hea- 

of  $3,673,  against  $14,362  in  November,  1877.  then  Woman^s  Friend,"  was  sent  monthly  to 

The  apportionment  of  calls  on  the  Conferences  14,074  subscribers.    The  total  receipts  of  the 

for  contributions  for  1879  was  adjusted  to  a  Society  for  the  year  ending  February  10, 1878, 

totfll  amount  of  $137,000,  the  same  amount  were  $81,297. 

which  had  been  asked  for  for  1878.  II.  Methodist  Episcopal  CHtiBcn,  South. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Oeneral  Mission-  — The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics 

ary  Committee  was  held  in  the  city  of  New  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  for 

York,  beginning  November  1st.    The  report  1877,  as  they  were  published  by  the  Book 

of  the  Treasurer  showed  that  the  receipts  of  Editor  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  April,  1878: 

the  Society  for  the  year  ending  October  31st,  Number  of  traveling  preachers,  3,489 ;  of  su- 

for  missionary  purposes^  had  been  $551,365.  perannuated  preachers,  282 ;  of  local  preachers, 

The  expenditures  had  oeen  about  $511,000.  5,684;  of  white  members,  759,216;  of  colored 

The  indebtedness  of  the  Society  had    been  members,  1,499;   of  Indian  members,  4,622; 

diminished  $51,452,  and  now  stood  at  $117,-  total  number  of  ministers  and  members,  774,- 

000.    Appropriations  were  made  for  the  sup-  742.    Number  of  Sunday  schools,  6,597 ;  of 

port  of  the  missionary  work  as  follows :  I.  teachers  in  the  same,  53,342 ;  of  Sunday-school 

.foreign    missions  —  Africa,    $7,500;    South  scholars,  353,163.     Amount  of  collecdons  for 

America,  $7,920;  China,  $40,241;   Oermany  missions,  foreign  and  domestic,  $121,111.75; 

and  Switzerland,  $22,000 ;  Scandinavia,  $44,-  of  collections  for  conference  claimants,  $62,- 

000;  India,  $67,100;  Bulgaria,  $5,500;  Italy,  205.54.    Compared  with  the  summary  of  1875, 

$25,100;   Mexico,   $24,200;  Japan,  $28,553;  these  returns  show  an  increase  of  413  preach- 

tofcal  for  foreign  missions,  $272,114.    II.  Mis-  ers,  43,265  white  and  287  Indian  members,  and 

sions  in  Territories  of  the  United  States,  to  be  a  decrease  of  584  colored  members, 

administered    as    foreign    missions — Arizona,  The  agent  of  the  Pu^ZisAfn^iTemM  presented 

td,000 ;  New  Mexico,  $8,500 ;  total,  $13,500.  to  the  General  Conference  a  detailed  report 

111.  Doroestio   missions  —  Scandinavian   mis-  reviewing  the  operations  of  the  establishment 

rioos,  $14,350 ;    Oerman  missions,  $37,300 ;  since  1866,  when  the  General  Conference  had 

Chinese  missions  in  Calitbmia,  $11,570 ;  Amer-  resolved  that  its  business  should  be  continued, 

ican  Indians,  $3,480;   English-speaking  mis-  The  net  profits  for  the  four  years  following 

ROUS,  $165,000.    lY.  Miscellaneous  appropri-  1866  amounted  to  more  tlian  $94,000,  and  the 

ations,  $67,000.    For  the  liquidation  of  the  gains  for  1871  were  $28,195.    The  business 

debt,  $95,686.    Total,  $676,000.  continued  to  be  prosperous  till  a  part  of  the 

The  following  resolutions  were  adopted  re-  property  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  February, 

specting  the  treatment  of  Chinese  immigrants  1872.     By  a  combination  of  circumstances, 

bj  the  people  of  the  United  States :  amons  which  were  the  expense  of  rebuilding 

H^/w»,  Under  certun  treaty  regulatious  made  at  high  prices,  the  failure  of  subscriptions  and 

vith  China  and  Japan,  numbers  of  thaae  people  are  non-payment  of  obligations,  and  the  cost  of 

coming  to  our  ooantry,  and  we  are  brought  into  very  repairing  defective  structures,  the  house  had 

important  and  reaponaible.  relations  to  those  em-  been  brought  into  serious  embarrassment.  Still. 

^'wL^,  The  coming  of  those  people  to  us,  and  \^^  a™«J}P'  ^"^'1  "^J"  ^t^T-**  "^"iSl^  ™®^*  ^ 

oar  intercourse  with  them  here  and  in  their  own  the  habilities  that  troubled  it.     The  assets  of 

coontries,  very  seriously  involve  the  efficiency  and  the  house  were  valued  at  $569,095,  and  the 

•eryioes  of  our  missionary  labors  in  their  behalf,  liabilities  amounted  to  $270,509.    The  yearly 

both  here  and  there:  therefore.  ^^  for  the  past  twelve  years  had  averaged 

po^'r'ti.itoS?'Q:v\^n?^  f  0,099.    TTie  Committee  of  the  General  Con- 

good  faith  all  treaty  engaffements  with  those  ooun-  ference  on  Publishmg  Interests  revised  the 

tries,  and  seoore  to  snch  or  their  oitixens  as  oome  to  estimates  of  the  agent,  reducing  the  actual  cost 

par  country  the  peaceful  emoyment  of  all  rights  and  ^elne  of  the  assets  to  $282,460,  while  they 

T"FSir.rSt°r,l:wTf'?h^^^r^^^^^^  l^^  ^^  liabameB  to  «ponnt  to  $269,860^80 

m.de  to  have  those  treaties  modified,  and  the  fii<rt  ^^^  a  balance  stood  against  the  houw  of  $46,- 

tbat  in  a  short  time  the  treaties  themselves  will  prob-  890.    The  General  Conference  decided  to  at- 

ablj  come  before  the  various  governments  for  revi-  tempt  to  relieve  the  establishment  from   its 

iion  this  body  appoint  a  committee  of  five,  who  embarrassments  and  continue  its  business,  if 

c'lS^W..t'Srjrtr.^?rfl>::?p.1^S  possible  on  »  more  economical  ««.!«.    Beside. 

in  fotnre  treaties  all  the  righto  of  humanity  when  providmg  for  efforts  to  make  arrangements 

ther  come  to  us,  and  justice  in  our  intercourse  and  with  the  creditors  of  the  Book  Concern  for  an 

trade  with  them  in  their  own  lands.  extension  of  time  on  its  obligations,  it  decided 

The  Woman* i  Foreign  Miuionary  Society  of  to  discontinue  the  manufacture  of  books,  and 

the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  organized  in  confine  the  business  to  publication ;  ordered  all 

1869,  had  in  1878  eight  branches,  known  as  the  property  not  necessary  for  the  prosecution 

the  Kew  England,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  of  the  reduced  business,  including  three  fourths 

North  western,  Baltimore,  Cincinnati,  WesterUi  of  the  real  estate,  to  be  sold ;  and  constituted 


548  METHODISTS. 

a  Book  Oommittee  of  six  miDisters  and'  seven  factory  manner  in  which  they  diacharged  thdr 

laymen,  who  should  have  the  ultimate  direc-  delicate  and  onerous  task.^^    The  Oonfere&cd 

tion  of  the  affairs  of  the  Concern,  to  whom  the  gave  its  hearty  approval  to  the  proposal  for  an 

book  agent  should  be  responsible.     It  also  GBOumenical  conference  of  Methodist  chorchei 

provided  that  the  agent  should  be  assisted  by  and  authorized  and  directed  the  bishops  to  ap- 

a  business  manager  and  publisher,  who  should  point  a  committee  with  powers  to  arrange  sacb 

be  employed  by  himself  with  the  consent  of  a  conference  and  represent  the  Church  in  the 

the  Book  Committee,  and  should  be  a  layman,  correspondence  necessary  thereto,  and  to  sp- 

The  report  of  the  Boivrd  of  Education  to  the  point  delegates  to  represent  the  Church  in  the 

General  Conference  gave  the  number  of  ascer-  conference.    The  bishops  were  requested  to 

tained  literary  institutions  under  the  care  of  open  a  correspondence  with  the  bishops  and 

the  Church  as  87,  with  6,928  students  attend-  presiding  officers  of  aU  the  other  MethodU 

ing  them.    The  property  of  the  institutions  General  Conferences  on  the  continent,  with  rer- 

was  valued  at  $2,097,000,  and  their  libraries  erence  to  the  celebration  of  the  centenarv  of 

oontfuned  a  tot^  of  74,650  volumes.  the  organization  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 

The  eighth  General  Conference  of  the  Meth-  Church  in  America;  and  the  bishops  and  pi^ 

odist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  met  at  Atlanta,  siding  officers  aforesaid  were  requested  to  pr^ 

Ga.,  May  1st.    The  quadrennial  address  of  the  pare  a  programme  for  a  suitable  observance  of 

bishops  presented  a  review  of  the  condition  of  the  occasion  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  od 

the  Church  daring  the  four  years  that  had  the  26th  of  December,  1884.    A  commnnica- 

elapsed  since  the  preceding  General  Confer-  tion  was  received  from  the  bishops  of  the  Col-' 

ence.    The  Church  had  epjoyed  entire  peace  ored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  which  the 

and  harmony,  and  had  received  large  accessions  attention  of  the  Conference  was  oalled  to  some 

of  members  from  extensive  revivals.     New  questions  existing  between  members  of  the  C^l- 

churches  had  been  built  in  improved  styles  of  ored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  members 

architecture,  and  many  parsonages  had  been  of  the  Church  South.    The  Conference  replied 

provided.    A  more  homoffeneous  eccelesiastical  to  the  communication  that  it  was  satisfied  that 

community,  it  was  claimed,  did  not  exist  on  the  all  the  cases  in  which  the  colored  chnrches  had 

contiuent.     Although  Vanderbilt  University  failed  to  confirm  the  titles  to  church  propertr 

had  gone  into  operation  with  complete  depart*  they  clumed  were  oases  of  the  existence  of  legal 

ments,  free  from  debt  and  with  fair  prospects  defects;  that  no  case  was  known  where  prop- 

for  success,  the  educational  institutions  as  a  erty  formerly  belonging  to  colored  people  had 

whole  had  not  fiourished  "  in  proportion  to  been  sold  and  the  money  diverted  to  other  par- 

their  merits  or  the  hopes  of  the  Church.'^  The  poses ;  and  that  no  funds  arising  from  such 

foreign  missions,  in  China  and  Mexico,  and  sales  were  in  the  hands  of  the  Conference  or 

among  the  Indians  and  Germans  of  the  United  under  its  control.    All  boards  of  trustees  shll 

States,  justified  all  the  expenditures  that  had  holding  title  to  property  erected  for  the  use  of 

been  made  upon  them,  and  would  demand  colored  members  were  directed  to  transfer  the 

larger  appropriations  in  the  future.    The  mis-  title  of  the  same  to  trustees  duly  appointed  bj 

sion  to  Brazil  was  still  in  its  infancy,  but  it  the  Colored  Methodist  Episcop^  Church  in 

was  Judiciously  located  and  deserved  the  fos-  America,  whenever  it  could  be  done  withoot 

tering  care  of  the  Church.    The  District  Con*  violation  of  State  laws  or  contravention  of  the 

f  erence  had  proved  its  utility  in  promoting  the  vested  rights  of  congregations.    The  people  of 

general  interests  of  the  Church  and  developing  the  Churoh  were  advised  to  give  substuitisl 

its  social  elements.    The  success  of  the  roesr  aid  to  the  efforts  made  by  the  brethren  of  the 

sures  for  establishing  fraternity  with  the  Meth-  Colored  Methodist  Eoiscopal  Chorch  to  est^b- 

odist  Episcopal  Church  was  reported  by  the  lish  institutions  for  tne  improvement  of  their 

bishops  "  with  unfeigned  pleasure,"  and  ih^  people.    A  report  on  the  general  snbject  d 

1>roposition  of  the  General  Conference  of  the  the  education  of  the  colored  people  urged  the 

atter  body  for  the  holding  of  an  OBCumenical  importance  of  such  education  as  an  essential 

conference  of  all  the  Methodist  bodies  in  the  measure  to  increase  the  capacity  of  this  people 

world  was  approved  by  them.    The  report  of  as  political  agents  and  to  purify  the  sources  of 

the  Commissioners  on  Fraternity  (with  the  political  power,  and  as  important  for  the  reli* 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church)  appointed  by  the  gious  interests  and  eternal  destiny  oi  this  race, 

preceding  General  Conference,  embodying  the  Fraternal  delegates  or  letters  were  received 

proceedings  of  the  sessions  of  the  Commis-  from  a  larger  number  of  Methodist  bodies  than 

sioners  in  conjunction  with  the  similar  Com-  had  ever  before  exchanged  conrtesses  with  the 

missioners  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Generd  Conference.     Among  tiiem  was  the 

imd  the  agreement  establishing  fraternal  rela-  General  Conference  of  the  African  Methodist 

tions  which  resulted  from  them,  was  presented.  Episcopal  Churoh. 

with  the  statement  that  by  the  appointment  of        III.  Mbthodist  Pbotestakt  Chuboil— The 

the  Commission  the  action  was  final.    The  Con-  Bo<vrd  ofMiseioM  of  the  Methodist  Protestant 

ference  ordered  the  report  spread  upon  the  Church  met  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  Joly  2d.  The 

Journal  and  the  documents  accompanying  it  total  receipts  for  the  year  had  beeoi  $2,199, 

deposited  in  its  archives,  and  gave  thanks  to  and  the  disbursements  $1,911.  The  permanent 

the  Commissioners  for  ^^  the  eminently  satis-  fund  amounted  to  $1,610.    Resolutions  were 


METHODISTS. 


649 


adopted  in  f  atof  of  an  energetic  proseoation 
of  home-miflsion  enterprises,  and  pledging  the 
Board  to  eetabliah  a  mission  in  Japan  as  soon 
as  a  saffident  amount  of  money  is  famished  by 
the  Cbnrch,  and  a  properly  qnalified  man  can 
be  foand  to  serve  as  a  missionary.  The  Board 
has  already  undertaken  the  education  of  some 
Dative  girls  in  the  Home  of  the  Woman's  Union 
Mi:»ionary  Society  at  Yokohama,  Japan. 

lY.  Mkthodist  Episcopal  Chuboh  in  Oak- 
ad  a. — The  General  Car^eren/ce  of  the  Method- 
Ui  Episcopal  Ohnrch  in  Oanada  met  at  Belle- 
ville, Ontario,  August  27th.  The  most  impor- 
tant business  transacted  was  the  adoption  by  a 
uDSDimous  vote  of  a  measure  for  the  represen- 
tatioD  of  the  laymen  in  the  General  Oonference, 
provided  a  vote  of  the  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Ohnrch  shall  be  given  in  favor  of 
sach  representation.  The  measure  provides 
that  the  General  Oonference  shall  consist  of 
an  equal  number  of  lay  and  clerical  delegates, 
to  be  chosen  in  the  ratio  of  one  of  eacii  order 
for  every  four  members  of  the  Annual  Oonfer- 
ence. The  lay  delegates  are  to  be  elected  by 
an  electoral  college  chosen  by  the  quarterly 
meetings.  They  must  be  twenty-five  years 
of  age,  and  have  been  members  of  the  Ohnrch 
for  at  least  three  consecutive  years  preceding 
tkir  election.  A  great  increase  was  reported 
in  tbe  material  resources  and  membership  of 
the  Church  within  the  previous  four  years,  but 
tbe  receipts  for  chnrcn  extension  had  been 
meager.  A  report  was  adopted  expressing  ap- 
proval of  the  institution  of  camp  meetings,  of 
tbe  establishment  of  permanent  grounds,  and 
of  the  organization  of  Sunday-school  parlia- 
ments and  chUdren's  meetings  in  connection 
with  them.  It  was  decided  to  hold  a  Sunday- 
school  parliament  under  the  supervision  of  the 
whole  Ohnrch  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Oamp 
Ground  in  the  next  year.  A  committee,  con- 
sisting of  the  presiding  elders  in  the  several 
Conferences,  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of 
the  subject  of  a  semi-centennial  celebration  of 
the  organization  of  the  Methodist  Ohurch  in 
Canada,  and  of  the  measures  to  be  adopted  and 
fondfl  collected  in  connection  witii  tiie  same. 

V.  Mkthodist  Ohubch  op  Oanada. — The 
following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  this 
Cbnrch,  as  they  were  given  by  the  retiring  Pres- 
ident, Dr.  Ryerson,  in  his  address  to  the  Gen- 
eral Conference  of  1878 : 


COIffSRElfCK, 

Mlnla- 
tan, 

880 

sas 

890 
108 

95 
49 

MobMi. 

on 
trkL 

LoBdoD 

85,800 

88,884 

81,608 

8,968 

7,448 
8,191 

8,190 
8J08 

TwoDto , 

Moetntl 

1,884 

;oT»e<otl» 

K«w  Broatwiek  and  Prince  Edward 
JiHiaL 

978 
486 

I«w«»B4iaiMl ,        .   ....... 

1.829 

TotoL 

1,185 

118,158 

9.459 

The  Statistics  show  an  increase  of  184preach- 
cnand  20,499  members  to  have  taken  place 
nnce  1871  The  total  number  of  Sunday  schools 


was  1,782,  with  15,811  officers  and  teachers, 
and  122,157  scholars. 

The  Gen&ral  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Ohurch  of  Oanada  met  at  Montreal  September 
4th.  The  Rev.  George  Douglas,  D.  D»  LL.  D., 
was  chosen  President.  The  Oentral  Board  of 
Missions  was  defined  to  consist  of  the  President 
of  the  General  Oonference,  the  officers  of  the 
Missionary  Society,  one  minister  to  be  chosen 
annually  by  each  of  the  Oonferences,  one  lay- 
man to  be  chosen  annually  by  the  layman  of 
the  local  Missionary  Oommittee,  and  six  other 
persons,  one  half  of  whom  shall  be  laymen,  to 
be  appointed  by  the  General  Oonference,  and 
who  shall  continue  in  office  for  four  years.  A 
committee  which  had  been  appointed  by  the 
previous  General  Oonference,  to  obtain  legisla- 
tion from  the  several  provincial  Legislatures  for 
the  purpose  of  vesting  in  the  Methodist  Ohurch 
of  Oanada  the  property  formerly  held  by 
the  several  churches  now  forming  the  united 
Ohurch,  reported  that  such  legislation  had  been 
secured  in  all  the  provinces  except  Manitoba 
and  the  Bermudas. 

VT.  Weslbtan  OoNiTECTioir. — The  returns 
of  members  in  the  Wesleyan  Oonnection  for 
1877-78  give:  In  Great  Britain — ^ministers, 
1,412;  on  trial,  208;  supernumeraries,  249; 
members,  880,876;  on  trial,  24,000.  In  Ire- 
land and  the  Irish  missions — ^ministers,  minis- 
ters on  trial,  and  supernumeraries,  265 ;  mem- 
bers, 26,600;  on  trial,  506.  In  the  French 
Oonference — ^ministers  and  supernumeraries, 
26 ;  members,  1,888.  In  the  foreign  missions 
-—ministers,  288;  members,  88,969.  Totals 
ministers,  2,448 ;  members  and  persons  on  trial 
for  membership,  517,838. 

The  Conference  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Oonnection  met  for  its  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
fifth  annual  session  at  Bradford,  July  28d. 
Tlfe  Rev.  John  H.  Rigg,  D.  D.,  was  chosen 
President,  having  received  the  largest  number 
of  votes  ever  cast  by  the  Oonference  for  a  sin- 
gle candidate  for  tibat  office.  The  first  two 
weeks  of  the  session  were  occupied  in  the  pas- 
toral sessions,  when  the  ministers  sat  alone, 
nnder  the  plan  which  had  been  adopted  in  the 
previous  year  for  the  admission  of  the  laity  to 
the  Oonference,  for  the  transaction  of  the  busi- 
ness which  had  been  committed  to  them  exclu- 
sively. During  the  pastoral  sessions  Bishop 
Thomas  Bowman,  D.  D.,  and  the  Rev.  £.  O. 
Haven,  D.  D.,  Ohanoellor  of  Syracuse  Univer- 
sity, were  received  as  fraternal  delegates  from 
the  General  Oonference  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Ohurch  in  the  United  States;  and  a 
fraternal  deputation  was,  for  the  first  time, 
received  from  the  Primitive  Methodist  Oon- 
ference, in  return  for  which  the  Oonference 
resolved  to  send  a  deputation  to  the  next  Primi- 
tive Methodist  Oonference.  The  Misdonary 
Oommittee  announced  that  they  had  fitted  up 
a  room  in  the  Oentenary  Hall  to  be  used  as  a 
Museum  of  Methodist  Antiquities  and  Literary 
Records,  for  which  contributions  were  invited. 
The  statistics  of  nmnerical  returns  showed  that 


550 


METHODISTS. 


a  decrease  of  1,413  had  occurred  in  the  num- 
ber of  members  in  the  districts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  take 
into  consideration  a  communication  from  the 
General  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Ohurch  in  the  United  States,  proposing  the 
holding  in  London,  at  as  early  a  date  as  may 
be  found  practicable,  of  a  general  council  of 
the  Methodist  churches  of  the  world. 

The  special  committee  appointed  by  the  Con- 
ference to  consider  the  condition  of  the  con- 
nectional  funds,  the  best  method  of  relieving 
the  existing  embarrassments,  and  of  providing 
against  the  recurring  accumulation  of  debt, 
and  for  other  purposes,  met  in  London  during 
the  last  days  of  October,  and  decided  upon  the 
establishment  of  a  comprehensive  fund  for  the 
relief  of  all  the  connectional  departments  from 
debt,  and  for  the  initiation  and  furtherance  of 
religious  and  educational  enterprises  at  home 
and  abroad.  It  then  decided  that  the  total 
sum  of  £83,000,  being  apportioned  among  the 
several  enterprises  according  to  their  needs, 
should  be  appropriated  to  the  extinguishment 
of  the  debts  of  the  Foreign  Ifissionary  So- 
ciety, the  Home  Mission  and  contingent  fund, 
the  educational  fund,  the  schools'  fund,  the 
Connectional  Sunday-School  Union,  and  the 
Children's  Home,  and  (this  sum  not  to  exceed 
£25^00)  to  the  erection  of  a  new  branch  of 
the  Theological  Institute  in  the  midland  coun- 
ties; further,  that  the  total  sum  of  £121,000 
should  be  applied  to  the  strengthening  and 
increase  of  the  enterprises  of  foreign  missions, 
the  extension  of  Methodism  in  Great  Britain, 
home  missions,  the  school  and  loan  fbnds,  and 
a  number  of  special  enterprises.  An  executive 
committee  was  appointed  to  superintend  the 
organization  and  collection  of  the  fund,  and 
consult  with  the  local  committees  to  be  organ- 
ized to  promote  its  interests.  It  was  suggested 
that  the  arrangements  for  obtaining  contribu- 
tions to  the  fund  should  embrace  religious 
services ;  and,  finally,  it  was  decided  that  the 
fund  should  be  entitled  the  We$leyan  Methodut 
Thanhagiving  Fund, 

The  anniversary  of  the  Wealeyan  Miuianary 
Society  was  held  in  London,  April  29th.  The 
total  income  and  foreign  receipts  of  the  Society 
for  the  year  had  been  £146,017,  and  the  pay- 
ments for  the  same  period  had  been  £159,079. 
From  the  general  summary  of  the  Society's  work 
it  app3ared  that  there  were  now  632  principal 
stations  or  circuits  occupied  by  its  missionaries 
in  various  parts  of  the  world,  with  which  were 
connected  6,343  chapels  and  other  preaching 
places. 

The  union  of  the  Wesleyan  Conference  in 
Ireland  and  the  Primitive  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Connection  in  the  same  country,  which  has 
been  under  negotiation  for  severs!  years,  was 
consummated  in  the  Irish  Wealeyan  Gor^erence 
of  1878,  in  session  in  Dublin,  June  29th,  when, 
all  the  particulars  having  been  agreed  imon  by 
both  bodies,  the  Primitive  Wesleyan  CSonfer- 
ence,  which  was  in  session  in  the  same  city  at 


the  same  time,  marched  into  the  Weslejis 
Conference  room,  and  a  formal  union  of  the 
two  bodies  into  one  was  effected.  The  Bishop 
of  Eilmore  afterward  formed  an  organization 
called  the  Primitive  Church  Methodist  Societr, 
for  those  members  of  the  Primitive  Wesleym 
Society  who  might  not  wish  to  join  the  Wes- 
leyan Connection.  The  first  conference  of 
this  body  was  held  in  Dublin  in  July,  under 
his  direction,  when  he  delivered  an  addrea 
explaining  the  purposes  of  the  organizatioiL 

ThB    AUSTBALASIAN    WkSLETAK    MeTBODIST 

Chuboh. — The  Australasian  Wesleyan  Method- 
ist Church  embraces  all  of  the  Australian  col- 
onies, Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  and  the  We^ 
leyan  missions  in  the  South  Sea  Islands,  tbe 
principal  of  which  are  those  in  the  Feejee  and 
Friendly  Islands,  and  Samoa.  It  is  divided  into 
four  annual  conferences,  named  respectiTelj, 
after  the  parts  of  the  colonies  which  tbej  ^• 
brace,  the  New  South  Wales  and  Queensltfid 
(which  has  charge  of  the  South  Sea  missioiis), 
victoria  and  Tasmania,  South  Australia  (em- 
bracing also  West  Australia),  and  New  Zealand 
Conference.  These  conferences  are  associated 
in  the  General  Conference,  which  meets  every 
four  years.  The  following  is  a  sammary  of  the 
statistics  of  the  Church  for  1878,  arranged  bo 
as  to  show  the  distribution  of  members  among 
the  colonial  districts  and  the  missions : 


DISTRICTS  AND  MISBIONS. 


naure.... 


New  Bonth  Wales. 

QaeenBlaod. 

Booth  Sea  mJMloiu,  EnffUah.. 

Victoria. 

Chtneae  mlsaioii 

Taamaoia 

Sontli  AoBtralia. 

Weatern  Australia. . . . 

Kew  Zealand 

Maori  miaaioD 

BoaiMliiiaviao  mlaston. 


Total. 


Idatnnt 

u^ 

68 

fi,<8S 

IT 

HTT 

19 

•  ■  «  •  • 

74 

8Q.8QS 

99 

10,488 

8 

M 

18 

\m 

40 

4,951 

8 

ise 

50 

8.189 

7 

885 

1 

88 

4S8 

57^4 

CBbU. 

■  •  •  • 

<i$9 

l,Stt 

21 

2fl 

401 

151 
44 


9.« 


The  second  General  Cof\ferenee  of  the  Aus- 
tralasian Wesleyan  Methodist  Church  met  at 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  May  8th.  It  was 
the  first  General  Conference  held  8in(»  the 
separation  of  the  Church  from  the  British  Con- 
ference, and  was  the  first  elective  General  Con- 
ference. It  was  composed  of  96  del^:at68,  of 
whom  one  half  were  laymen.  The  Rev.  J. 
Watsford  was  chosen  President.  The  princi- 
pal question  discussed  was  concerning  a  propo- 
sition to  change  the  polity  of  the  Church  so  as 
not  to  make  attendance  upon  class  meetings  a 
test  of  membership.  A  decision  was  gi^en 
against  the  proposed  change.  This  Church, 
though  substantially  independent  of  the  Brit- 
ish Wesleyan  Church  in  government,  is  not 
wholly  separated  from  it  in  finance  and  admin- 
istration. Besides  having  taken  charge  of  the 
extensive  missions  built  up  by  the  British  Wee* 
leyans  in  the  South  Sea  Idands,  much  of  its 
own  home  work  in  the  colonies  is  mission 
work ;  and  the  two  together  require  a  larger 


METHODISTS.  MEXICO.                     651 

outlay  of  means  than  the  oolonial  and  mission  afiFairs  showed  that  the  expenditure  had  ex- 

cborches  alone  are  able  to  furnish.  ceeded  the  income  by  more  than  £800.    The 

YIL    Methodist  New    Oonneotioit. — The  622  connectional  tmst  estates  returned  an  in- 

ei^hty-second  Annual  Conference  of  the  Meth-  come  of  £16,442,  out  of  which  the  cost  of  im- 

odist  New  Connection  met  at  Ashton-under-  pro^ements,  interest,  and  other  working  ex- 

Lyne,  June  10th.  A  resolution  was  adopted  con-  penses  had  been  met,  £727  had  been  appropri- 

demning  the  continued  existence  and  snread  of  ated  to  the  support  of  the  ministry,  and  £4,769 

the  opium  trade  with  China,  on  grounds  of  its  had  been  applied  to  the  reduction  of  the  debt, 

political  and  commercial  inexpediency  and  im-  leaving  balances  in  the  hands  of  local  treasurers 

morality,  of  the  evil  consequences  which  it  amounting  to  £686.    The  profits  of  the  Book 

produces,  because  it  hinders  Christian  mission-  Room  for  the  year  amounted  to  £600. 

arj  zeal  and  enterprise  among  the  Chinese,  XI.  Independent  Methodist  Chitbohss. — 

and  because  'Mt  places  England  in  such  an  The  seventy-third  Annual  Assembly  of  the 

unenviable,  invidious  position  as  to  expose  her  United  Free  Gospel,  or  Independent  Methodist 

to  the  reproach  of  inconsistency  among  other  Churches,  was  held  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  June 

nations.^*    Measures  were  recommended  to  in-  16th  to  18th.    More  than  fifty  representatives 

flaence  public  opinion  in  opposition  to  the  were  present,   chiefly  from  Lancashire  and 

trade.    The  statistical  returns  showed  an  in-  Yorkshire.    The  President,  Mr.  A.  Donovan, 

crease  of  863  members  and  1,134  probationers,  explained  concerning  the  organization  of  the 

There  were  reported  423  Sunday  schools,  with  Union  that,  while  a  system  of  united  effort 

10,763  teachers  and  74,989  scholars.  under  a  single  designation  was  considered  ex- 

Vni.  pBiMirrvB  Methodist  Chuboh. — The  pedient  for  the  prosecution  of  the  common 

statistical  report  of  the  British  and  Colonial  work,  each  church  was  left  at  liberty  to  retain 

districts  of  tnis  Church,  exclusive  of  Canada,  its  local  name  and  entire  independence  as  to  its 

made  the  total  number  of  members  174,473,  internal  arrangements.    The  doctrines  of  the 

showing  an  increase  for  the  year  of  1,473 ;  churches  are  of  the  school  called  evangelical, 

nnmber  of  ministers,  1,122;  of  local  preachers,  and  their  forms  of  service  Methodistical.    All 

15,542;    of  class-leaders,  10,438;   of  Sunday  members  of  full  age  are  entitled  to  share  in  the 

schools,  3,946 ;  of  teachers  in  the  same,  67,374 ;  government  of  the  church,  and  the  ministry  is 

of  Sunday-school  scholars,  368,368.    The  fol-  open  and  free,  voluntary  and  unpaid.     An 

lowing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the  con-  evangelistic  agency  is  organized,  consisting  in 

nection  in  Canada :  number  of  ministers,  98 ;  the  appointment  of  brethren  to  go  from  place 

of  local  preachers,  262 ;  of  class-leaders,  339 ;  to  place,  preaching  the  gospel,  visiting  weak 

of  members,  8,174 ;  of  connectional  churches,  churches,  and  planting  new  ones.     Beports 

214 ;  of  other  preaching  places,  88 ;  of  Sunday  were  presented  concerning  the  operations  of 

ichools,  164 ;  of  teachers  in  the  same,  1,260 ;  these  evangelists,  and  also  of  the  Connectional 

of  Sunday-school  scholars,  9,098.    The  ques-  Book  Room. 

tiou  of  union  with  the  Methodist  Church  of  MEXICO  (Est ados  Unidob  de  Minoo),  an 

Canada  was  brought  up  in  the  Canadian  Con-  independent  State  of  North  America.    For  the 

ference  of  the  connection,  and  was  settled  by  proposed  discussion  of  the  bonndary  question 

the  adoption,  by  a  vote  of  64  against  22,  of  the  witn  Guatemala,  reference  may  be  made  to  the 

following  resolution :  "  That  inasmuch  as  we  article  on  that  country  in  the  present  volume ; 

believe  tibe  union  of  our  connection  with  the  and  for  statistics  concerning  population,  etc., 

Methodist  Church  of  Canada  is  impracticable,  to  the  **  Annual  Cydopasdia"  for  1874  and  for 

on  account  of  the  existing  differences  of  church  1876. 

polity  between  the  two  bodies,  and  that  our  The  President  of  the  republic  is  General 

people  are  not  prepared  for  such  a  union,  there-  Porfirio  Diaz,  inaugurated  in  November,  1876. 

fore  we  deem  it  advisable  to  cease  further  dis-  The  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following  Min- 

CQssion  on  the  subject  for  the  present.^*  isters :  of  the  Interior  (ministro  de  gobemor 

LX.  United  Methodist  Free  Chubohes. —  eiorC)^  Sr.  Don  T.  Grarcia;  of  Foreign  Affairs, 

The  statistical  reports  presented  to  the  Annual  Sr.  Don  J.  M.  Mata ;  of  Finance,  Sr.  Don  M. 

Assembly  of  1878  showed  that  the  number  of  Romero;  of  War,  General  M.  Gonzalez;  of 

members  of  these  churches  was  72,714,  indicat-  Justice,  Public  Worship,  and  Public  Instruc- 

ing  a  net  decrease  of  283  members.    Every  tion,  Licentiate  Protasio  Tagle ;  and  of  Public 

foreign  field,  however,  showed  an  increase.  Works,  Sr.  Don  Vicente  Riva  Palacio.    The 

The  number  of  chapels  had  increased  by  20,  President  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice 

the  number  of  Sunday  schools  by  24,  of  schol-  (and  conseqnently,  according  to  the  terms  of 

ars  by  2,697,  and  of  teachers  by  280.  the  Constitution,  Vice-President  of  the  repub- 

X.  Bible  Chbistiaks. — The   statistical  re-  lie)  is  Sr.  Don  Antonio  Vallarta,  and  the  mem- 

tnrnsofthis  denomination  for  1878  show  the  bers  are  as  follows:  Sres.  P.  Ogazon.  J.  de 

fallowing  results :  number  of  ministers,  297 ;  Mata  Vasquez,  M.  Alas,  A.  Martinez  ae  Cas- 

of  local  preachers,  1,825 ;  of  chapels,  932 ;  of  tro,  M.  Blanco,  J.  Ramirez,  J.  M.  Bautista,  J. 

eharch  members,  80,688,  showing  an  increase  M.  Altamirano,  E.  Montes,  L.  Guzman,  J.  E. 

of  328  during  the  year ;  of  persons  on  trial  for  Mnnoz  (Attorney-General),  and  D.  de  la  Garza 

membership,  1,842;    of  teachers  in  Sunday  y  Garza  (Procurator-General).    The  Govern- 

schooU,  9,978.     The  report   on   missionary  ors  of  the  several  States,  etc.,  are  as  follows: 


652 


MEXICO. 


Agnas  Gallentes Sefkor 

CMnpeachy ** 

Chiapas " 

Chihuahua <* 

Coahuik ** 

CollXDA. " 

Duraugo " 

Gufloajuato ** 

Guerrero. " 

Hidalgo »» 

Jaliaco. " 

Mexico *• 

Michoocan ** 

MoreloB *♦ 

Nnevo  Leon ** 

OiOaca • 

l*uebla. " 

Queretaro ** 

8an  Luis  Potoal •* 

Sinaloa •* 

Bonora •• 

Tabasco •• 

Tamaulipas ** 

TIaxcala " 

Vera  Cruz •* 

Yucatan ** 

2<acateca8 ** 

Federal  District ** 

Lower  CaUfomia  Tar.  ** 


Don  F.  O.  Homedo. 
*«    M.Ca8tiUo. 
8.  Escobar. 

A.  Trias. 
H.  Charles. 
D.  Lope. 
J.  M.  Flores. 

F.  Mena. 

B.  CueUar. 
N.  Cravloto. 
J.  M.  Camareoa. 
MiraAientes. 

B.  Patioo. 

G.  Garcia. 
0.  Pacheoo. 
H.  Meiraeiro. 
L  J.  C.  BoniUa. 
A.  Gajon. 

C.  Diaz  Gutiflrrex. 
J.  Ramirez. 
M.  V.  MariBcaL 
8.  Sarlat 
J.  Gqjon. 

Lira  y  Ortega. 

—  llier  y  Terao. 

M.  Anoona. 

T.  G.  de  Cadena. 

L.  O.  Cnrriel. 

F.  Miranda  y  Castro. 


u 


u 


u 

u 


M 


U 


U 


u 


u 
u 


The  Mexican  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  United  States  is  Sr.  Don  M.  de  Zamacona ; 
the  United  States  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Mexico  is  the  Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  and  the 
United  States  Oonsnl-General  at  the  capital 
is  Mr.  Lennox. 

The  army  comprises  21,186  men  and  1,251 
officers,  as  follows :  Foot  (20  battalions),  14,642 
men  and  765  officers ;  horse  (10  corps),  4,843 
men  and  297  officers ;  artillery  (4  brigades  of 
4  batteries  each),  1,815  men  and  148  officers; 
coast-gnard,  71  men  and  22  officers ;  and  inva- 
lids, 265  men  and  19  officers. 

The  navy  comprises  fonr  gnnboats. 

The  national  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  end- 
ing June  80,  1878,  and  the  sources  from  which 
it  was  derived,  were  as  shown  in  the  annexed 
table : 

REVENUE. 

Custom-house  (maritime  and  frontier) : 

Import  duties $10,656,644 

Exportdnties 940,581 


Custom-house  of  the  dty  of  Hezioo,  ete. 

Btamped  paper 

Direct  taxation 

Post-Offloe 

Mint , 

Public  instruction  (oU  find) 

Arrears 

National  property 

Lottery 

Sundries. 


$11,497,425 

1,109,080 

1,800,000 

525,150 

445,166 

842,014 

86,988 

82,606 

1,711 

04,769 

848,168 


Total $16,128^801 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  estimated 
amount  and  distribution  of  the  expenditure  for 
the  same  jear : 

EXFJEHUITURX. 

LedslatlTo $8,061,209 

Executtve 48,178 

Judlctai 881,823 

Hlnistiy  of  Forel^  AflUrs. 198.960 

"       of  the  Interior 2474,801 

of  Jnstlce  and  Public  Instruction 1,095,668 

of  Public  Works 8,749,280 

ofPinance 4,888,817 

»*      ofWar. a,274,89d 

Total $88,108,046 

The  national  debt,  of  which  no  official  re- 
turns have  been  published  since  1865,  was  esti- 


mated  by  a  British  writer  to  amount  to  $395,- 
500,000.  *^  In  dispatches  which  I  have  recent- 
ly sent  to  the  Department  of  State,"  writes 
Minister  Foster  in  1878,  "  I  haye  shown  ihi 
Mexico  owes  in  Europe  a  bonded  and  treatj 
debt,  with  accrued  interest,  of  say  $125,000,'- 
000,  and  in  the  United  States  of  $2,700,000. 
For  the  payment  of  the  European  debts  the 
Government  has  already  pledged  the  entire 
available  customs  receipts  of  its  ports ;  snd  it 
has  subsequently  pledged  60  per  cent  of  the 
same  customs  to  secure  the  American  debt  li 
is  true,  this  (the  Mexican)  Government  claim! 
that  it  is  released  from  the  European  pledpe 
by  the  action  of  England,  France,  and  Spaia 
in  1861-^62,  though  these  nations  do  not  con- 
cede that  claim ;  and  there  is  no  question  ht 
that  the  pledge  to  secure  the  American  debt  \i 
a  binding  obligation."  The  second  annnil 
installment  of  the  Mexican  indemnity  to  the 
United  States  was  paid  with  no  less  punc- 
tuality in  1878  than  was  the  first  in  the  pre- 
ceding year. 

Concerning  the  flourishing  public-school  sjs- 
tem  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  we  would  refer 
to  the  comprehensive  details  given  in  the 
**  Annual  CydopsBdia"  for  1876. 

In  the  absence  of  adequate  and  reliable  sta- 
tistics of  the  foreign  commerce  of  Mexico,  it 
may  here  be  mentioned  that  the  exports,  as 
calculated  from  custom-house  returns,  are  of  a 
mean  annual  value  of  $30,000,000,  and  the 
imports  $27,000,000.  But  such  is  the  prera- 
lence,  of  systematic  smuggling  that  these  re- 
turns can  never  be  regaraed  as  correct;  in- 
deed, the  whole  of  the  figures  therein  repre- 
senting the  imports  and  those  standing  for 
bullion  in  the  exports  may  safely  be  doubled. 
Among  the  commodities  most  extensively  ex- 
ported are  silver  and  gold  coin,  silver  and 
copper  ore,  cochineal,  indigo,  and  other  dye- 
stuffs,  coffee,  vanilla  beans,  hides,  timber, 
cabinet-wood,  Sisal  hemp  (henequen)y  ixtle, 
etc. ;  and  the  chief  articles  among  tbe  imports 
are  linen,  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk  fabncs,  iron 
wroQght  and  unwrought,  machinery,  hard- 
ware, provisions,  etc.  Consaderably  more 
than  one  third  of  the  exports  are  shipped  di- 
rectly to  Great  Britain,  either  for  oonstunption 
there  or  for  distribution  among  other  European 
markets ;  and  by  far  the  larjgest  share  of  tbe 
imports  are  from  England.  The  United  States 
and  France  figure  each  for  about  one  sixth  of 
the  imports,  Germany  for  one  fifteenth,  Spain 
and  the  Spanish  West  Indies  (mainly  Cuba)  for 
one  tenth,  etc.  Both  exports  and  imports  have 
sensibly  diminished  in  importance  in  the  last 
two  years,  as  may  be  observed  by  comparing 
the  amount  of  duties  collected  in  either  of 
them  and  in  any  of  the  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding. For  instance,  the  total  yield  of  the 
castom-houses  of  the  republic  in  1878  amoant- 
ed  to  but  $12,606,855,  against  $17,308,945  in 
1870,  notwithstanding  no  reduction  of  the 
tariff  occurred  in  the  intervd.  In  the  single 
State  of  Yucatan  the  trade  with  the  United 


MEXIOO.  653 

StAtes  u  larger  than  with  all  other  conntriee  tare  to  favor  mining  and  tropical  agrionltare. 

togrether ;  the  exports  of  that  State,  however,  Borne  idea  of  the  difficalties  which  intending 

Beldom  exceed  $760,000,  and  the  imports  are  exporters  to  Mexico  have  to  contend  with  in 

rarelj  over  $500,000.  this  direction  may  be  gathered  from  the  fol- 

The  general  desire   of  the  manafactnring  lowing  list  of  articles  selected  by  Minister  Fos- 

community  of  the  United  States  to  extend  com-  ter  from  the  Mexican  arancel  (tariff)  as  being 

mercial  relations  between  the  two  countries  among  those  which  American  merchants  and 

found  expression  last  year  in  the  organization  manufacturers  would  be  most  likely  to  seek  to 

at  Chicago  of  a  commission  under  the  title  of  introduce  into  that  republic : 

tbe  "  Mimnfacturers'  Association  of  the  North-  «»^«aiit  h^a  i>rvi>  ^r^my^a 

west,"  for  the  purpose  of  visiting  Mexico  with  mkxioan  tabiff  duties. 

a  view  '*  to  do  some  business  with  the  citizens  ^       ^  ^^^"^^    ^  ,               .                ^H^ 

r.f  «k«4>  .o.*.«ki:a    «a  r\v.\^^^^  n.rv/in^A/,    •»»,«.     Domestic  oottooB  nnbleaoiied,  Bouare  metre $0  09 

Of  that  republic,  as  Umcago  produces  many         «4         u     bleached,  equie  metre o  i« 

articles  consumed  there."     A  reception  was    OaUooei^  Mture  metre o  i4 

tendered  to  Sr.  Zamaoona^  to  which  Minister    '^^'^t^^^i^ 0  96 

Foster  was  invited;  but  the  latter,  unable  to  ••     Bpooi,doien!'.!!!!!!!!!!!!!*.!!!!!.'!!!!!.'!!.**.    o  u 

att^jnd,  forwarded  through  the  State  Depart-  OwitaMwe end Biiirflar^enijKMU,BqiMre metre..      1^ 

ment  at  Washington  an  elaborate  communica-  SlS^2£Sii'*u^S?'ete!;^:^                  89«  oo 

tiun  containing  his  views  on  the  present  oondi-    Bamies,eMb. 182  oo 

tion,  possibilities,  and  requirements  of  Mexico,  ^^Jj^^U^; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;  '.*.'.'■.'.';;;.***;;     ; ;   80  00 

and  what  he  regarded  as  grave  impediments  to  Harneee,  for  carriigesi  iiuo,'  groee' weijirbtl !!!!!.'.'.'.'.'.'     2  oo 

the  attainment  of  the  object  in  view.    While    5!™!^  *>f^^»«oM' kUo  groes  weight o  8tf 

_          «alvj          ^   i.'ii  i.\.^                   la  Fnmltare,  fiO  per  cant  on  liiToice  and  85  per  cent  ad- 
many  of  the  hindrances  that  he  enumerated  are  ditionai. 

more  decidedly  so  for  the  United  States  than    PianoeJkiio,  groaa  weight 048 

for  other  countries,  the  majority  of  them  are  m2t»  "-*''*"*'*';;::::::::::::::::::::::;::::  S  S 

e^nally  felt  elsewhere  as  here;  and  with  the  Bariey,  »•    "      "                                            o  oe 

abolition  ofiong  credits  and  a  high  tariff  in  Mex-  gjjjv  ^  ^    il  *::::::::::::::::::;:;:::::::  Sis 

ico,  and  the  establishment  of  overland  steam  Hama,  smoked,  kilo,  net  weight. !!!!.!!!!!!!'.!!!!!!!    o  24 

communication  between  the  capital  of  the  re-    Meata,  aait  and  smoked,  uio,  net  weight o  24 

pnbucand  the  United  States,  the  scale  would  BStor"^*'^**''''-^':::::::::::::::::::::;:::.:::  02! 

be  sensibly  turned  in  favor  of  the  latter.    **  The  Cheesel  •*    "       «     .'.*.*  .*               W.'.'.W.V.  \  \'.\    o  u 

system  of  long  credits  in  universal  practice    ^^  .^SSSe!^  *^  ^"^^^ o  1 9 

here,"  says  Mr.  Foster,  " is  a  serious  impedi-  *»      paraffine,"      •       *•    '.'.\\\\'.\\\\\V.\\'.\    o  83 

nent  to  the  establishment  of  an  extensive  trade    S"*'*?^.?®'  *^™*?  ^*?^^  v//  •  •  •  v  ■  •.■  vV 2  U 

»:»k   if^wi^^        i/A.»k<>n4-<.   ^..»,««»    A.^.«   ♦i^A     Canned  ftult,  cane  included,  kilo,  net  weight 0  fiO 

With   Mexico.       Merchants  coming    from   the  canned  meats  and  flah.  cans  included,  kUoTnet  weight     0  72 

interior  to  tbe  capital  always  buy  on  credit,    Pickiea,  jara  included,  kilo,  net  weight o  48 

which  i,  usually  fixed  at  eight  months,  with  no  ^^'^SfeSI'iuin^r^iJJ.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.oiiS 

interest  added,  and  often  runs  to  ten  or  twelve    oiasa,  common,  •»       »*       "     o  it 

months.    It  i:<  not  so  serious  an  objection  to    &"?JP^*f.''u*  j".     *L,     "     "'\'li J  ?2 

theGennau  importer,  who  has  good  oonneo-  SJt'il.S.S^^"*''^'*      •.:::::::    0  u 

tions  and  credit  in  Europe,  where  he  can  com-    clothing,  ready  made,  au  Unda,  per  cent i  89 

mand  unlimited  capital  at  very  low  rates  of  i«"»-j;«bber  ^"Jj^^wio,  gros.  weight. ...........     J  « 

interest  and  long  time;  but  to  the  American  *•        ck>th,  for  tabiea,  kilo,  groas  weight '..'.'.'.'     0  29 

merchant,  who  must  conform  to  the  shorter    ??L*S****v^^J*®^j*^*'*'"'^'^***' iJS 

credits  and  higher  rates  of  interest  prevailing  »*  *    u"*  Sf  or  mOTSSso,  doaen *!!'.!!!!.!!!!;.".  27  oo 

in  tbe  United  States,  it  will  be  found  a  serious        **     ahoea,  common,  men^a,  docen too 

objection.  There  is  also  an  inconvenience  aris-  I        I    ^**'wome"ii*i?d^n\\\V:::: ;:::::;;:   noo 

ing  from  the  want  of  the  free  transportation  of  "*        **    consmon,  women'a,  doun '. '. '.                5  so 

money  from  the  interior  to  this  city.    The  cur-     Oarpeta,  ^  and  three-ply,  square  metre 0  80 

^.    *v  ■  X*     «       'I  •    1.   1L.  J  ismaseia,  Booare  metre o  vo 

rency,  being  entirely  suver,  is  bulky,  and,  o  w-        «      Teiyet,  siuie  metre t  40 

in;!  to  the  insecurity  of  the  roads,  can  only  be    Oocoa  matting.  wKgwaa  weight o  is 

94fely  sent  in  the  «m^i/(Jto#  or  large  trains  es-  ^''S^^'JSS^^":?*^**^^: :::;;;:: ::;::;-       J  ?g 

corted  by  strong  guards  of  Federal  soldiers,  wuaky, hamia,   "    "       "    '.,..'.'.'.'.' .....WW.     0  88 

And  as  these  «m^tf0to«  only  come  from  Zaoate-    see^  bairou!***'    «    •*       -    o  lo 

cas and  intermediate  cities  every  three  or  five  « 'bottiea,        "    »»       *•    WW. .. WW. .W. . ......'.    o  90 

montiu,  the  merchants  must  await  their  arrival    Petroiemn  (cans  indnded),  kikn  net  weight o  09 

to  receive  remittances."    The  exorbitant  du-  ^^^^^^^'^'WWWW.W...W.W.WWW.....W..W     oS 

ties  laid  on  many  commodities,  especially  man-    Bait      «      »       •*     ...'. o  05 

ufwtured  goods,  ore  prohibitory  in  the  fhllest  S^^*^''*''';::::;:   •;:::••:;:;;:;    ora 
Knse  of  the  word ;  a  circumstance  all  the  more 

^i^^onishinff,  as  Mexico  is,  at  least  at  present,  by  *^  But  when  this  tariff  is  paid,  the  costs  and 

no  means  m  a  position  to  manufacture  success-  charges  only  commence.    Formerly  the  Feder- 

{qUj,  spite  of  certain  natural  advantages,*^  its  al  Government  had  four  or  five  additional  du- 

^scilities  and  advantages  being  mainly  of  a  na-  ties,  but  these  have  all  been  consolidated  into 

-~ the  tariff  (which  is  one  cause  of  its  high  rate), 

*  Set  •Annual  Cydopsdift**  for  18TI^  p.  648,  flntooinmn.  and  one  Other  duty  paid  to  the  oustom-house 


S54  HSXIOO. 

in  Ueiioo,  of  2  per  cent  on  the  tariff  rat«.  reforms  of  Mveral  articles  in  our  Urifl,  Ibe 
Bnt  there  exists  in  this  repnblio  the  evil  sjs-  necessary  rednc^on  or  sappression  of  ittaa 
tern  of  manicipal  and  State  duties  on  for^sn  on  certain  srticlee,  particuWt;  in  the  Ttriooi 
goods;  BO  that  when  thej  pass  throngh  t£a  branchesof  hardware  and  iron  industry,  ud I 
custom-hoQse  and  pay  the  tariff,  another  tai  was  happy  to  find  that  funotiooarj  periWili 
is  laid  apon  thera  by  the  mnuicipality  when  welldiapoeedtoasree  withmysoggestionji.  Tie 
they  leave  Vera  Craz;  and  when  tbej  are  tendency  of  the  Mexican  Govenunent  in  W.^ 
broORbt  into  another  State  they  have  an  addi-  its  branches — eiecntive  as  well  as  lefiiliilc«— 
tiunu  import  tax  to  pay  there.  This  latter  to  mabe  oor  tariff  regnlatians  more  liberal  hu 
tax,  being  levied  by  the  State  LegislatnTe,  va-  been  demonstraied  in  two  recent  inataiicei.  i 
rieswith  each  State.  In  the  Federal  District  it  resolation  has  jostbeenintrodaced  iothetleii- 
u  only  2  per  cent,  of  the  maritime  tariff,  bnt  can  Congress  that  the  tariffs  be  revised,  tiih 
in  the  odjoiiuDg  State  of  Hidalgo  it  is  12^  per  the  olyeot  of  simplifying  and  of  makine  ibeci 
cenL  of  mat  tariff,  and  in  others  it  is  as  high  as  more  uberal,  and  at  the  same  time  th«  Itlmftei 
S6  per  oent.  This  system  of  internal  cnatoma,  of  fiance  has  had  occasion  during  ■  rectiii 
besides  being  burdensome  ftecnniarily,  is  ex-  debate  to  express  his  ideas  regarding  i  treat; 
tremeiy  annoying  to  the  merchant,  as  in  every    of  reciprocity.    A  bill  was  nnder  disciusiiiii 

to  exempt  paper  of  ki- 
eigD  maonfoctnre  turn 
all  daty.  The  HwSt! 
of  Finance  opposed  li* 
measure,  not  for  its  on 
natare,  bnt  on  schiui 
of  its  isolated  chsradtr, 
maintaining  thit  tbii 
class  of  reforms  ahotiM 
be  the  result  of  inlf- 
national  agreements  r^ 
garding  oommercisl  ltd- 

Sirocity.      He  spoke  n 
ollows:  'I  am  of  opin- 
ion   that  the  beet  'if 
to  stimalate  prodncIiM, 
trade,     and    wealth   ia 
Ueiico   is   \o  ooarliif 
with  those  foreign  cwu- 
tries     with    which   we 
have  mercantile  relstiM! 
treatiea    of    reciprocii.' 
upon  the   tiasis  of  tt( 
treaty  between  EsglaiJ 
and   France,      ll  itonld 
be  impossible  to  *M' 
Instance  the  goods  mnst  pass  throDgh  the  local    intoBDohcompactswith  France  and  GrestBrit- 
onstom-bouse,  be  opened  and  examined,  and    ud,  sinoe  our  ofBcial  relations  with  these  I'o 
the  fees  for  handling,  etc.,  paid.    It  is  an  evil    Powers  are  intermpted.    But  we  could  treti 
recognized  and  acknowledged  by  the  enlight-    with  Germany  and  the  United  States,  vbicb, 
ened  public  men  of  the  country.    There  is  an    beaides  being  a  great  mercantile  people,  his  dit 
express  prohibition  against  it  in  the  Federal    recommendation  to  be  oar  nearest  ncigbbor. 
Constitution,  and  the  Supreme  Court  has  pro-    After  mentioning  several  instances  illaitnliiig 
nonn'ced  against  it;  but '  necessity  knows  no    the  detrimental  inflnenoes  of  lack  ofcoIIun«^ 
law,'  and  gives  vetj  little  heed  to  the  demands    cial  conveotions  to  promote  the  haniioDioiisu>- 
of  political  economy  or  of  trade.    The  States    terests  of  our  republic  and  some  forei^toii- 
and  muuicipslitieB  are  always  hard  pressed  to    tries,  the   Secreterr   said,   '  This  oDfivonhri 
raise  enougn  money  for  oorrent  expenses,  aod    situation  would  snddenly  change  if  wewonM 
in  trying  to  solve  this  problem  they  find  for-    eoter  into  reciprocity  compacts  with  wijindii*- 
eign  merchandise  one  of  the  taiables  most    trial  power  like  the  United  States.'" 
easily  reached ;  and  hence  the  State  Legisla-       Uexico  prodacea  common  grades  of  todIoi 
tnres  continue  to  set  at  defiance  the  Constito-     and  cotton  fabrics  in  qnontities  enffioieot  to 
linn  and  Supreme  Coort  of  the  country."  meet  the  entire  demand  for  home  oonsninptii'ii- 

Nor  are  native  economists  blind  to  this  nn-  We  subjoin  some  statistics  on  this  subject,  frwn 
favorable  state  of  things.  "  Even  before  I  came  an  official  list  prepared  for  the  Americsi  Hii- 
to  this  country,"  remarked  Minister  Zamacona,  ister,  and  by  him  forwarded  to  the  Stale  De- 
in  an  address  to  the  Baltimore  Board  of  Trade  partment  at  Washington :  Unblesched  cotliiU 
in  November  last,  "loalled  the  attention  of  the  factories.  6S,  prodaoing  per  annum  4.0i)C>.iX|0 
Minister  of  Finance  in  Mexico  to  the  required    pieces  of  from  30  to  88  yards,  and  12,000,00* 


MEXICO.  555 

to  16,000,000  ponnds  of  thread;  print  and  bonndarjline  with  this  country  extended  for 

calico  ketones,  9,  producing  400,000  pieces  a  distance  of  some  1,520  miles,  throngh  an  nn- 

annually ;  cassimere  and  woolen  factories,  10,  populated  territory  periodically  infested   by 

producing  2,000,000  yards  per  annum.    If  all  barbarous  Indian  tribes,  under  which  circnm- 

neoessary  data  were  obtaineid,  it  is  thought  the  stances  difficulties  should  give  no  cause  for 

production  would  be  found  to  be  much  great-  surprise ;  that  Mexico  had  suffered  from  the 

er  than  the  foregoing.    The  manufieu^tures  of  incursions  equally  with  the  United  States ;  that 

woolen  thread  and  other  woolen  goods  are  not  *'  it  can  not  be  possible,  on  any  ground,  to  at- 

here  taken.into  account.*^  tribute  the  incursions  which  the  United  States 

Imperfect  means  of  communication  and  con-  may  have  suffered  to  impotency  or  a  want  of 

sequent  enhanced  cost  of  transportation  from  will  on  the  part  of  the  Government  of  Mexico 

any  part  of  the  coast  to  the  interior  are  the  to  repress  or  prevent  them,  when  it  has  been 

most  formidable  enemies  to  the  Mexican  im-  seen  that  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 

porters*  interests ;  and  they  can  only  be  de-  with  more  elements  than  ours,  has  not  been 

stroyed  by  the  construction  of  railways,  for  able  to  prevent  the  various  invasions  which 

Mexico  is  almost  entirely  destitute  of  naviga-  have  proceeded  from  its  territory  against  the 

ble  rivers.    So  enormous  are  the  rates  of  car-  repubuc,  for  about  a  year  past,  in  open  viola- 

riage  that  even  commodities  entering  the  conn-  tion  of  the  neutrality  laws  of  the  United  States, 

try  free  of  duty  ^printed  books  for  ^ncational  and  this  at  a  time  when  the  destinies  of  the 

purposes,  agricultural  implements,  tools,  ma-  neighboring  nation  are  ruled  by  an  Adminis- 

chinery,  engines,  mining  apparatus,  etc.)  are  tration  which,  in  view  of  having  adopted  an 

introduced  to  a  comparatively  limited  extent,  unprecedented  policy  toward  Mexico,  and  in 

Freight  by  rail  from  Vera  Oruz  to  the  capital,  order  not  to  contradict  by  its  own  acts  that 

a  distance  of  268  miles,  is  as  follows :  first  which  it  asked  of  Mexico,  may  be  supposed  to 

class,  $76.05   per  ton;  second  class,  $65.18;  have  exercised  extraordinary  vigilance  in  this 

third  class,  $54.82;  by  passenger  trains,  $97.-  respect.   The  Government  of  the  United  States 

771    A  tierce  of  sugar-cured  hams,  costing  on  has  thought  that,  in  order  to  make  effective  the 

board  steamer  in  New  York  $84.65,  costs  laid  pursuit  of  the  savages  of  the  frontier,  it  would 

down  in  Mexico  Oity  $98.19;  an  invoice  of  oe  proper  that  the  forces  of  each  country  should 

nails,  amountiiig  on  board  in  New  York  to  cross,  in  their  pursuit,  to  tlie  territory  of  the 

$23.82,  figures  at  $141 .64  on  reaching  the  Meid-  other.    These  measures  have  been  proposed 

can  capital ;  a  barrel  of  fiour,  costing  $6  in  principally  during  the  period  of  the  last  two 

New  York,  stands  the  Mexican  importer  in  Mexican  administrations,  which  thought  that  it 

$29.03 ;  a  barrel  of  crackers,  $5.50,  costs  $20.-  would  be  dangerous  to  authorize  the  passage 

66  in  Mexico ;  a  barrel  of  salt,  $2,  attains  a  of  forces  to  foreign  territory,  and  did  not  go  so 

valae  of  $20,  etc.,  etc.    These  curious  and  sig-  far  as  to  solicit  the  permission  of  Congress  or 

nlficant  calculations  have  been  extracted  from  the  Senate,  in  conformity  with  the  provisions 

the  American  Minister's  communication  al-  of  our  Constitution,  in  order  to  agree  to  this 

ready  referred  to.  step;  and  on  this  point  their  views  were  in  ac- 

Railway,  telegraphy  and  shipping  statistics  cord  with  those  of  distinguished  North  Ameri- 

were  given  at  length  m  our  volume  for  1876.  can  statesmen,  as  appears  from  documents  re- 

On  April  9th  the  recognition  of  the  Diaz  oently  published  in  tne  United  States.    Unfor- 

Govemment  by  the  United  States  was  formally  tunately,  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 

announced  by  Minister  Foster,  who,  on  the  which  tnought  proper  to  allow  more  than  a 

following  day,  was  for  the  first  time  officially  year  to  pass  before  entering  upon  official  rela- 

received  by  the  I^esident.  tions  with  the  present  Administration,  issued. 

Congress  met  on  May  1st,  on  which  occasion  while  those  relations  were  suspended,  the  in- 

▼as  read  an  unusually  long  message  from  the  structions  addressed  to  General  Ord  by  the 

Executive,  conveying  the  assurance  of  con-  Department  of  War  in  Washington  on  the  1st 

tiDued  peaceful  relations  with  foreign  powers,  of  June,  1877,  in  which  he  was  authorized  to 

and  the  desire  to  see  closer  bonds  of  union  es-  order  the  passage  of  troops  of  the  United  States 

tablished  between  them  and  Mexico.  to  our  territory  in  pursuit  of  Indians  and  ma- 

The  President's  message  to  the  following  rauders,  without  the  consent  of  the  national 

Congress,  which  assembled  as  usual  on  Sep-  Government    But  as,  in  the  conception  of  the 

tember  16th,  was  of  much  greater  importance,  Government  of  Mexico  and  conformably  with 

as  containing  a  lengthy  review  of  the  present  the  precepts  of  international  law,  those  instmc- 

condition  of  the  republic,  the  material  progress  tions  constitute  a  flagrant  violation  of  the  sov- 

^  far  achieved  since  his  inauguration,  and  a  ereignty  of  the  republic,  it  was  not  thought 

sketch  of  the  probable  future  of  Mexico,  pre-  compatible  with  the  honor  and  the  rights  of 

flented  in  glowing  though  perhaps  not  unduly  Mexico  to  enter  upon  the  arrangement  for  the 

brilliant  colors.    His  remarks  relating  to  the  reciprocal  passage  of  troops  in  pursuit  of  In- 

border  question  were  unaffected  and  forcible,  dians  in  the  desert  region,  until  the  said  order 

and  the  defense  of  his  Government  in  that  par-  should  be  withdrawn,  notwithstanding  the  great 

ticnlar  was  digpoified  and  determined.    The  desire  of  the  Govermnent  for  an  agreement  with 

.  that  of  the  United  S;ates  on  this  point,  to  avoid 

•SM^AimTuiC7eioiMBdu**forme,p.548.  more  serious  difficulties  in  the  future.  .  .  •  The 


656  MIOHIQAN. 

Government  of  Mexico  will  have  the  satisfao-         Wmaiy-idiooiftiBd........... ......  ttjfMli }? 

tion  of  having  done  all  it  oould  to  avert  future         uSlffitTfi^?^."^^.^::::     2«St  u 
troubles  and  complicationB,  ha vin  g  gone  as  far         Agricaituni  college  iani 180J94  » 

aB  the  honor  and  rights  of  the  nation  wiU  per-         SSK^i'^'otSSliejiiriu:::;^  tSl « 

mit."  

MICHIGAN.    The  Treasury  is  reported  to  Totd 18.884.171  39 

be  in  a  satisfactory  condition.    The  balance  of       The  aggregate  value  of  all  the  real  and  per- 

cash  on  hand  September  80, 1877,  was  $609,-  sonal  property  of  the  State,  as  returned  by  tbd 

771.28 ;  cash  receipts  for  the  year,  $2,860,914.-  assessors,  in  1876,  was  as  follows : 

44;  cash  paymento  for  the  yew,  $2,6^^^^^^  Eede.t.to •8oa.i68.we 

balance,  September  80, 1878,  $400,840.45.    No         Penonal  property 6ft,m9»2 

part  of  this  balance  belongs  to  the  general  "S^T^^S 

fund,  which  has  been  overdrawn  in  the  sum  ^^    " 

of  $173,011.  "It  is  alleged,"  says  Governor  CrosweH, 

The  receipts  into  and  disbursements  from  "and  I  have  no  doubt  with  truth,  that  tliU 

the  State  Treasury  during  the  past  four  years  valuation  does  not  show  much  more  than  one 

have  been  as  follows :  third  of  the  real  worth  of  the  property  as- 

bxchfts.  sessed.    I  have  no  information  of  the  aggre- 

18T5. $8,208,929  u  gate  amount  of  the  assessments  for  1877  and 

1 0VA  1   TA  A  ATM.    On  ^      .  .  ... 


1878,  but  have  reason  to  believe  that  they  are 


I8T6 1J44,406  89 

18T1 1,888,82411  .  ,  ^     .  *      , 

1618. 8,800,91444    made  upon  the  same  basis.    A  clause  m  our 

State  Constitution,  which  seems  to  me  msD- 


Total 18,148,015  06 

OISBUBSmKNTS. 
1815. $8,050,09181 


datory,  declares   that  all  assessments   upon 
property  shall  be  at  its  cash  value.'* 

i8i«] '. '. '.                                   '.         *. '. '.  "ii909;6oi  49  The  number  of  acres  of  land  held  by  the  State 

1I?J:::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::  II^S  September  so,  ws^.wa.  2,737,»88.  ourfag 

_-L-j the  two  years  preceding  there  were  sold  802,- 

TotaL 18.818,009  08  290  acres.    The  value  of  State  tax  lands,  on 

Baianoo  m  TrcofliiiT  September  80, 1814 $1,010.814  88  which  redemption  had  expired  and  theSute 

£eceipu  for  four  years 8,148,015  05  acquired  a  title,  remaining  nnyld  at  the  close 

$9  218,849  81  °^  ^^^  ^^  ^^  Ootobcr,  1878,  was  $2,289,596. 

Payments  for  four  years 8^818,009  08  The  amount  Unsold  at  the  close  of  the  sale  in 

t»  1       a  .^    V    OA  ^c-Q                           m^i^aA^^M^  18'^7  was  $1,856,248 ;  showing  an  increase  in 

Balance,  September  80, 1818 $400,840  85  1378  of  $488,862.     As  the  Stite  has  acquir«l 

The  total  receipts  in  1878  for  specific  taxes  a  large  amount  (which  is  constantly  increasiiig) 

were  $686,220.51.     "  Of  this  amount,"  says  of  lands  of  this  character,  it  is  considered  high' 

the  State  Treasurer,  "  $20,566.80  was  received  ly  important  that  some  provision  should  be 

for.  mining  taxes  from  the  Upper  Peninsula ;  made  for  their  disposition, 

the  remainder,  $614,664.21,  is  an  amount  suffi-  The  new  Oapitol  at  Lsjising  was  dedicated 

oient  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  trust  funds  and  January  1, 1879.     The  corner>stone  was  laid 

on  the  bonded  debt  of  the  State,  leaving  $830,-  October  2,  1878.    The  appropriations  have  ag- 

775.50  to  be  credited  to  the  sinking  fund.    In  gregated  $1,890,000,  and  &e  building  has  been 

this  connection,  I  would  say  that  it  may  be  completed  within  this  sum. 

safely  calculated  that  the  surplus  specific  taxes  According  to  the  most  complete    returns 

paid  by  railroads,  insurance,  telegraph,  car,  and  available,  the  number  of  persons  receiving  aid 

manufacturing  companies,  after  providing  for  from  or  wholly  supported  by  the  State  and 

the  payment  of  the  interest  on  the  trust  funds  oountiee  for  the  year  ending  September  80, 

and  the  bonded  debt,  will  in  two  years  be  suf-  1878,  was  as  follows : 

ficient  to  extinguish  the  entire  bonded  debt  of         in  oonnty  pooibooses i,«i3 

the  State.    This  large  surplus  will  then,  under         Permanent  paaoers  oatside i^sas 

section  1,  article  14,  of  the  Constitution,  be  SaPpdSjB^SJL.?"*""*:;:;::::^           ^m 

added  to  the  primary -school  interest  fund.         Asyiams  for  insane .'**   i,8uo 

The  amount  paid  to  the  counties  from  this         aSSi^His^ftS''^^         *w 

fund  in  1878  was  $234,499.57,  to  which,  after  BeSSt  Howe  of  ComctioQ  \ .' .'                  !   t.o«i 

the  payment  of  the  State  debt  is  provided  for,         S,'*!®^*?''?*^'®^ H2 

add  the  surplus  of  specific  taxes,  and  we  will  cSS?  2ita!!.v.v.v;;.v;.  W" :::::::;::::;:::  w 

have  a  grand  total  of  over  half  a  million  of         city  viaviliage iodi-nps !....!...*   i,i60 

dollars  to  be  distributed  annually  for  the  bene-  f^^^^                                            %l9» 
fit  of  the  common  schools  of  our  State.*'    The 

bonded  debt  of  the  State  on  September  80,  There  is  a  deduction  from  this  aggregate  to 

1878,  was  $959,150,  there  having  been  a  reduo-  be  made  for  prisoners  in  the  jails  to  the  extent 

tion  during  the  previous  two  years  of  $488,000.  to  which  they  may  have  been  duplicated  in  tbe 

The  indebtedness  of  the  State  to  the  trust  returns,  when  committed  to  the  larger  prisons ; 

fdnds  on  September  80,  1876,  was  $8,079,846,  and  also,  for  a  portion  of  the  patients  at  Kala- 

and  on  September  80, 18fB,  $8,824,777.    The  mazoo  and  Pontiac,  who  are  not  in  receipt  of 

latter  amount  was  made  up  as  follows:  aid  from  the  State.    The  whole  number  of 


HIOmGAN.  657 

these  classes,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  work  on  the  bnildings  in  process  of  con- 

is  2,500 ;  thos  leaving  an  aggregate  of  64,665  straction  during  the  past  year,  as  well  as  a 

persons  who  are  for  a  greater  or  less  part  of  large  amount  of  grading  on  the  prison  groands, 

the  time  maintained  by  the  State.    The  aver-  has  been  done  by  the  prisoners.    No  favorable 

a;?e  noraber  maintained  daring  the  year  in  the  opportunity  for  contracting  the  labor  of  the 

sev-ersl  institutions  named  is  about  6,600.    The  men  has  offered  until  recently,  when  an  ar- 

t)tal  cost  of  this  maintenance,  assuming  that  rangement  was  made  for  employing  from  100 

the  State  Prison  and  House  of  Oorrection  are  to  200  of  them  on  permanent  paying  work  from 

self-supporting,  and  leaving  their  prisoners  out  January  1,  1870. 

of  account,  was  for  1878,  to  September  80th,  The  Reform  School  had  in  its  charge  on  Sep- 

as  follows :  tember  80, 1878,  827  boys,  being  an  increase 

for  pupen,  exdatire  of  the  raioe  o^  ^^  ov©r  the  number  of  the  preceding  year. 

ofUMkbor intbe poorhooMs...  $806,948  66  and  86  over  that  of  1876.    Although  bars  and 

fc*J?£II!J.JSl?';;';j.'«;ui:v^  sbmtibi  ^^j^^g  ^ave  been  removed,  the  escapes  have 

tod  from  poorfaooMi  .V. .  T 4,606  TT  been  few.    The  boys  have  been  organized  mto 

FwtoMijportatUm  of  psapert  to  a  military  company,  and  furnished  by  the  State 

l^^^\ii"i^u"ot"ih^'i^-    i2,iw«  with  arms  and  aocouterments.    They  drill  reg- 

sua lfifli,6r9  46  ularly.    The  Board  of  Oontrol  estimate  the  or- 

Toui  co.t  of pupib  in  A.yiam  for                ^"^^  ^  ^^^''^  expenses  for  Oie  coming  two  years  at 

Dea£  Dambw  ud  Blind $48,000  00  $88,150  per  year.    The  subject  of  a  reformato- 

Co^a^^iaiiigboywtthBB^  ry  for  girls,  to  be  placed  exclusively  under  the 

(^^t^i^'^ii^'ftt'the  direction  and  control  of  women,  has  engaged 

8ttt«  pabtte  SehooL S7«oeo  00  the  publio  attention.    In  his  message  to  the 

^i"S?d^5£iJVS»^'*      i074  80  Legislature  of  1879,  the  Governor  says:  "If 

^^                 106.0T4  90  you  shall  be  satisfied  that  the  number  of  disso- 

-.,_.,_         ..^         .   , lute  girls  in  the  State  of  a  criminal  tendency 

'";:S^1^t;^^'bSSiS^r^t^       •  ^  or  Ib  Ukely  to  be,  sufficient  to  make  snch  an 

umI  of  interest  on  the  eoi»t  of  property  in  use  institution  a  necessity,  then  steps  toward  the 

ibrtheMvenipurpoaeft $T85,8n  09  nndertaking  would  seem  wise." 

Nearly  two  thirds  of  the  whole  sum,  or  The  State  Public  School  is  a  charity  peculiar 

$551,517.66,  is  spent,  as  is  seen  by  comparison  to  Michigan,  there  being  no  institution  just 

of  the  figures,  on  the  poor  in  the  almsnouses,  like  it  in  any  other  State.    It  aims  tp  prevent 

and  for  outside  relief.  pauperism  and  crime  by  removing  children 

The  State  Prison  continues  to  be  overcrowd-  from  the  corrupting  and  contaminating  asso- 

ed.    The  number  of  convicts  on  September  80,  oiations  of  the  poorhouse,  and  placing  them 

1878,  was  804,  being  166  more  than  the  estab-  where  they  may  be  prepared  for  good  homes 

lishment  has  cells  to  accommodate.    The  daily  and  useful  lives.    It  is  situated  one  mile  north 

average  for  the  year  was  808.    The  earnings  of  Gold  water,  which  is  a  city  on  the  Lake 

for  the  past  two  years  were  $204,920,  and  the  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  about 

ordinary  expenses  $200,217,  winch  shows  a  156  miles  east  of  Chicago,  86  miles  west  of 

balance  for  the  whole  period  to  the  credit  of  Toledo,  and  115  miles  southwest  of  Detroit 

the  prison  of  $4,708.    During  the  past  year  The  buildings  consbt  of  the  administration 

the  aisbursements  have  exceeded  the  earnings  building,  with  the  ground  plan  in  the  shape  of 

in  the  sum  of  $832.    This  is  largely  due  to  the  a  cross,  having  a  frontage  of  198  feet  by  a 

general  depression  in  business,  which  has  great-  depth  of  175  feet,  in  the  central  part,  around 

Ij  lessened  the  demand  for  convict  labor,  and  which  are  grouped  eleven  others,  one  of  which 

made  it  imposnble  to  contract  for  the  work  of  is  used  for  a  boiler-house  and  laundry,  one  for 

the  prisoners  at  as  favorable  rates  as  formerly,  a  hospital,  and  the  other  nine  for  cottages. 

The  whole  number  of  convicts  in  the  prisons  All  of  these  are  warmed  with   steam,  and 

of  the  State  on  September  80th  was  1,519,  of  lighted  with  gas  brought  from  the  city.    They 

whom  134  were  females.  are  constructed  of  brick,  and  have  not  only  a 

The  State  House  of  Oorrection  at  Ionia  was  solid,  but  cheerful  and  even  elegant  appear- 

opened  for  the  reception  of  inmates  on  August  ance.    The  latest  improvements  in  steam-nea^ 

15, 1877.  The  entire  building  is  complete,  with  ing,  cooking,  laundry,  bathing,  and  ventilating 

the  exception  of  one  wing  of  cells,  and  the  in-  apparatus  l^ve  been  introduced.    The  site  is  a 

elosing  wall  constructed.    The  total  cost  of  very  commanding  one,  about  twenty  feet  above 

construction  thus  far  is  $266,029.    The  whole  that  of  the  city,  having  a  charming  prospect 

number  of  prisoners  up  to  September  30, 1878,  in  every  direction.    There  is  a  small  farm  of 

was  494,  di  whom  131  had  been  transferred  forty-four  acres  connected  with  it,  on  which 

from  the  State  Prison  at  Jackson  and  368  re-  is  a  bearing  orchard  of  300  apple-trees.    The 

ceiTed  by  sentence  of  court.    The  whole  num-  total  cost  of  the  whole  outfit  is  about  $177,000. 

her  of  prisoners  in  the  institution  on  September  The  system  is  the  funily  and  congregate  com- 

30th  was  233.    The  cost  of  maintaining  the  in-  hined.     The  ohUdren  work,  eat,  and  school 

stitQtion  from  its  opening  to  that  date  was  together  in  the  main  building,  but  in  all  other 

l'>8,443,  and  the  earnings  were  $5,892,  leaving  respects  live  as  families,  except  that  the  fami- 

uezcessof  expenditures  of  $52,651.    Much  of  lies  are  somewhat   larger,  numbering   from 


658 


MICHIGAN. 


twenty- five  to  thirty  members.  The  cottages 
are  the  homes,  over  which  preside  cultivated 
ladies,  who  care  for  the  children  as  a  mother 
is  supposed  to,  thongh,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
much  better  than  most  of  their  own  mothers 
ever  did.  The  school  receives  from  the  poor- 
houses  children  between  three  and  fourteen 
years  of  age,  who  are  healthy  and  capable  of 
receiving  instruction.  It  was  opened  May  21, 
1874,  since  which  time  669  children  have  been 
admitted,  there  being  accommodations  for  800. 
The  whole  number  of  children  in  tlie  school 
on  September  80, 1878,  was  818.  The  current 
expenses  for  1877  were  $80,988,  and  for  1878 
$88,648.  The  per  capita  cost  for  each  child 
during  the  latter  year  was  $81.67.  The  whole 
number  of  children  cared  for  during  the  year, 
either  in  the  institution  or  placed  through  its 
agency  with  families,  was  412.  This  institu- 
tion is  not  a  reform  school ;  children  are  not 
sent  there  because  found  delinquent  or  crimi- 
nal. Indigence  and  helplessness  alone  make  a 
child  eligible. 

The  Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Kalamazoo 
has  provided  treatment  during  the  past  two 
years  for  1,188  patients,  the  daily  average 
being  645.    The  number  of  inmates  Septem« 


ber  80,  1878,  was  497.  The  total  receipti 
during  the  two  years  were  $803,394,  and  the 
disbursements  $299,400.  In  July,  1876,  tk 
Eastern  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  near  Ponti&c, 
was  opened  with  accommodations  for  400  la- 
natics.  It  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $448,401.  Its 
arrangements  and  equipments  are  such  uto 
furnish  the  most  approved  means  aod  appli- 
ances for  the  treatment  of  insane  pen»oDs. 
The  land  comprises  807  acres,  and  was  giTeo 
by  the  citizens  of  Pontiac.  On  December  3L 
1878,  there  were  826  patients  in  the  iustirii- 
tion. 

In  the  institution  for  educating  the  deaf  ai^ 
dumb  and  the  blind  there  were  enrolled  daring 
the  year  257.  In  his  message  to  the  Legisl^ 
ture  of  1879,  the  Governor  says  of  this  insti- 
tution :  '*  It  comes  before  you  with  no  dd- 
ciency,  but  for  the  first  time  in  its  history  wiib 
an  overplus,  to  be  covered  back  into  theTreL«- 
ury.^'  The  trustees  reconmiend  an  appropns- 
tion  of  $10,000  for  constructing  on  the  prem- 
ises a  separate  building  for  the  use  of  the 
blind. 

The  condition  of  the  public  schools  is  sbowii 
in  the  following  exhibit  made  by  the  Superis- 
tendejit  of  Public  Instruction : 


DETAIIA. 

Nnmber  of  children  between  five  and  twenty  yean  of  age, 

Number  of  children  enrolled  In  public  Bchoola 

Percentage  jof  attendance  on  enrollment 

Approximate  number  not  attending  any  school 

whole  number  of  school  districta 

Number  of  graded  schools 

Whole  number  of  school-honsea 

Whole  number  of  teachers  employed 

Total  oost  for  Instruction  (teachers*  wages) 

Total  cost  for  all  public  schools. 

Nnmber  of  teachers*  institutes  held 

Total  enrollment  at  teachers*  institutes 

Total  expense  ibr  institutes 

Amount  of  county  Institute  tand  expended 

Aid  from  State  Treasury  to  institutes 


isrr. 


469,444 

857,189 

•T6 

108,847 

fi,947 

295 

M78 

18,001 

fl,984,»«>  88 

8«17»^76  06 

19 

744 

$1,946  68 

441  90 

L508  78 


1878. 


47i9M 

•fl 

f  l.TTiOW  »5 
4? 

is.4«oa 

8,»15  9 
1^00 


The  Agricultural  College  has  become  more 
thoroughly  identified  with  the  farming  inter- 
ests of  the  State,  and  is  growing  in  popular 
favor.  The  whole  number  of  students  in  at- 
tendance during  the  past  year  was  2S9 ;  the 
number  of  graduates  was  88.  The  managers 
ask  for  an  appropriation  of  $18,600  for  the 
construction  of  a  new  hall,  with  a  view  to  the 
admission  of  females  and  the  co-education  of 
sexes  at  the  college.  The  whole  number  of 
students  attending  the  State  Normal  School 
was  648  in  1877,  and  608  in  1878.  The  num- 
ber graduated  in  both  years  was  184.  The  es- 
timated current  expenses  for  the  payment  of 
eight  professors  and  four  teachers,  with  janitor, 
for  each  of  the  years  1879  and  1880,  are  $18,- 
795,  and  for  incidental  expenses  $5,505.  The 
interest  on  the  endowment  fond  is  estimated 
at  $4,200,  and  the  receipts  from  tuition  and 
for  diplomas  at  $1,800,  leaving  an  appropria- 
tion of  $18,800  for  each  of  the  coming  two 
years  necessary  to  meet  current  expenses.  The 
amount  asked  is  about  the  same  that  has  here- 
tofore been  allowed.    The  last  Legislature  ap- 


propriated $80,000  for  the  construction  of  an 
additional  building.  This  has  been  completdi 
atacost  of  $82,115. 

The  total  amount  of  appropriations  mm 
by  the  Legislature  in  the  last  four  years  for  the 
various  educational  institutions  are  as  follows: 


TEAR. 


1876... 
1876... 

1877... 
1878... 


Unlvvrtlty. 


$48^00 
68,000  00 

.69,000  00 
60,186  00 


Total..  $926,625  00 


Acrieoltntml 
OoU^e. 


$18,600  11 
18,867  62 
88,978  18 
96,828  48 


IfORDU  SoMMH. 


$18,091  86 
12,748  IS 
17,668  89 
68,286  01 


T<*L 


61600  « 
H)0,MT  07 

ii».i»  (i 


$88,264  28  |  $99,639  68   1406.51$  H 


These  amounts,  added  to  the  amounts  re- 
ceived for  interest,  make  a  total  expenditnre 
for  educational  purposes  by  the  State  for  tlie 
last  four  years  of  $1,527,655.76. 

There  are  forty  corporations  owning  or  op- 
erating railroads  in  Michigan.  They  represent 
a  railroad  mileage  of  5,967  miles,  of  whicii 
8,589  miles  are  within  the  State.  During  the 
past  five  years  there  have  been  built  and  pot 


HIOHIGAK.  660 

in  operation  287  miles,  of  which  44  were  bnilt  not  only  to  facilitate  trade  with  the  rich  min- 
in  1877  and  84  in  1878.  The  companies  that  ing  regions  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  bat  to  se- 
reported  officially  for  the  year  1877  show  an  cure  to  oar  people  a  fair  share  of  the  commerce 
a?{?regate  liability  of  fnnded  and  anfunded  of  that  immense  grain-prodacing  section  pen- 
debt  of  $167,271,421,  with  an  aggregate  capi-  etrated  for  hundreds  of  miles  by  the  Northern 
tal  stock  of  $146,527,662,  or  a  total  of  stock  Pacific  Railroad.  It  is  well  understood  that 
and  debt  of  $312,799,088.  There  are  no  ac-  this  great  line  of  railroad  is  yet  to  be  buUt 
curate  data  from  which  to  determine  the  pre-  eastward  from  Dulath  to  H;he  boundary  of 
cise  amount  of  this  capital  invested  within  the  Michigan,  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
Srate.  If  it  could  be  assumed  that  it  would  rior.  Now,  with  a  short  extension  of  the  line 
bear  its  relative  proportion  to  the  whole,  it  projected  from  Mackinac  to  Marquette,  we 
would  then  be  about  $187,000,000.  In  com-  shall  be  able  to  tap  it,  and  to  divert  a  large  por- 
pliance  with  the  direction  of  the  Legislature  tion  of  its  travel  and  trade  to  this  State,  and 
of  1877,  proceedings  have  been  taken  and  are  thus  open  the  way  for  direct  intercourse  with 
now  pending  to  test  the  claim  of  the  State  the  vast  extent  of  country  it  is  built  to  trav- 
against  the  I^e  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  erse.  Oommonication  between  the  Upper 
Railroad  Company  for  the  amount  of  certain  and  Lower  Peninsulas  is  now  carried  on  for 
specific  taxes  claimed  to  be  due  and  unpaid.  three  fourths  of  the  year  by  a  circuitous  route 
The  Legislature  of  1875,  impressed  with  the  through  three  other  States,  diverting  the  traf- 
importance  of  more  intimately  connecting  by  fie  of  an  important  section  of  this  State  else- 
railway  communication  the  Upper  Peninsula  where,  and  making  it  tributary  to  other  inter- 
of  the  State  with  the  Lower,  reserved  from  ests.  The  construction  of  the  Mackinac  and 
sale  1,326,965  acres  of  land,  to  be  given  to  any  Marquette  Railroad  would,  in  a  great  measure, 
company  who  might  proceed  and  construct,  restore  to  ns  this  trade,  and  bring  the  two 
within  a  specified  time,  a  continuous  line  of  Peninsulas  into  nearer  and  more  intimate  rela- 
railroad  from  the  straits  of  Mackinac  to  the  tions." 

city  of  Marquette.  This  valuable  land  grant  The  number  of  insuranee  companies  author- 
was  deemed  sufficient  encouragement  to  secure  ized  to  transact  business  in  Michigan  is  195. 
the  early  completion  of  the  proposed  railroad,  Of  these,  50  are  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
and  would,  without  doubt,  have  accomplished  this  State,  viz. :  one  life  insurance  company, 
this  result  had  not  tfie  financial  crisis  practi-  with  assets  amounting  to  over  $900,000,  and 
cally  suspended  .railroad  building  throughout  risks  in  force  to  the  amount  of  $11,641,000; 
the  country.  At  various  times  responsible  two  stock  fire  companies,  with  an  aggregate 
partiea  seemed  about  to  take  hold  of  the  en-  of  $22,000,000  at  risk ;  and  47  farmers'  mutual 
terprise  and  push  it,  but  by  reason  of  the  com-  fire  companies,  embracing  about  57,000  mem- 
mercial  depression  failed  to  do  so.  In  May,  bers  and  risks  in  force  to  the  amount  of  $107,- 
1876,  the  Board  of  Control  entered  into  a  con-  000,000.  The  stock  fire  companies  of  other 
tract  with  the  Marquette,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  States  (102)  and  foreign  governments  (15)  now 
and  Mackinac  Railroad  Company  for  the  con-  authorized  number  117,  and  during  the  year 
Btruction  of  this  road,  but  no  immediate  steps  1877  wrote  risks  here  to  the  amount  of  over 
were  taken  to  build  it.  On  May  14, 1877,  the  $186,000,000.  From  the  year  1870  to  1877, 
Legislature  further  continued  the  grant,  and  both  inclusive,  the  aggregate  of  business  done 
extended  the  time  for  the  completion  of  the  in  this  State  by  stock  fire  insurance  companies 
road  to  December  81,  1879.    Last  winter  the  is  as  follows : 

company  with  which  the  contract  was  made         Rinkt  written lt2io.t6i,886 

claimed  to  have  perfected  an  arrangement  for         PremiamB  recntved 17,071,744 

Becuring  means  for  the  immediate  construction         ^^•®'  Incarred 8.847,669 

of  the  road.     The  company  gave  the  most  During  the  same  period  these  companies 
positive  assurance  that,  with  the  opening  of  have  paid  into  the  State  Treasury  about  $500,- 
navigation,  work  would  be  begun  at  various  000  in  specific  taxes.    In  the  year  1870  there 
points  on  the  line,  and  be  vigorously  prose-  were  56 life  insurance  companies  of  other  States 
cated  until  the  road  was  in  full  operation.  The  doing  business  in  Michigan.    This  number  has 
Board  afforded  every  facility  in  its  power  to  been  reduced  to  28.    The  number  of  life  insur- 
aid  in  the  enterprise,  and  appointed  the  Hon.  anoe  policies  now  in  force  on  the  lives  of  citi- 
John  J.  Bagley  and  Hiram  B.  Crosby  trustees  zens  of  this  State  is  about  22,000,  representing 
10  receive  and  disburse  the  proceeds  of  any  insurance  to  the  amount  of  $42,000,000. 
pledges  or  securities  made  on  the  railroad  and  Michigan  ranks  among  the  great  wheat-pro- 
landa  to  obtain  the  means  for  building  it.   The  ducing  States  of  the  Union.    According  to  the 
Bo^,  having  become  satisfied  that  the  par-  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at 
ties  concern^  were  not  financially  able  to  Washington,  the  estimated  production  in  bush- 
build  it,  have  taken  steps  to  declare  the  con-  els  of  the  leading  wheat-growing  States  in 
tract  forfeited,  and  to  place  the  land  grant  so  1876  was  as  follows :  California,  80,000,000 ; 
that  it  may  be  available  to  any  other  parties  Illinois,  28,440,000;  Ohio,  21,750,000 ;  Indiana, 
who  may  contract  to  build  the  road.     **The  20,000,000;  Pennsylvania,   18,740,000;  Iowa, 
coQstraction  of  this  railroad,'^  says  Governor  17,600,000;   Wisconsin,    16,800,000;   Kansas, 
CrosweU,  "  is  an  urgent  necessity,  demanded  16,510,000 ;  Minnesota,  16,000,000 ;  Missouri, 


5,50  MICHIGAN. 

18,240,000;  Michigan,  16,170,000.    The  above-  91-78  per  cent  of  the  whole  crop.    The  aver- 

named  eleven   States   produced    211,250,000  age  yield  per  acre  ranges  from  24*06  bushels 

bushels,  or  78  per  cent,  of  the  wheat  crop  of  In  Shiawassee  to  10*41  bushels  in  Kakmszoo. 

the  whole  country.    The  same  Department  esti-  The  number  of  acres  of  Indian  com  barresttd 

mates  the  crop  of  Michigan  in  the  year  1877  in  1877  was  782,946,  of  oats  431,629,  and  ut 

as  follows:  Acres,  1,260,857 ;  bushels,  21,890,-  barley  48,589.    The  acreage  of  com  wa891,<e3 

000 ;  average  yield  per  acre,  17*5  bushels.    The  greater,  of  oats  10,271  less,  and  of  barley  1,293 

Michigan  crop  was  exceeded  in  seven  States,  less  than  in  1876.    The  number  of  producers 

viz. :    Iowa,  which  produced  87,810,000  bush-  of  wheat,  com,  oats,  and  barley,  as  reported 

els;   Minnesota,  88,824,346;  Illinois,  88,000,-  in  1878, was  100,980, against 93,768 reported m 

000;   Ohio,  26,000,000;  Indiana,  24,600,000;  1877. 

Cfdifomia,  22,000,000 ;  and  Wisconsin,  22,000,-  In  1878  there  were  produced  in  the  SUAi 

000.     These  States  produced  nearly  61  per  1,885,884  barrels  of  salt,  1,125,280  tons  of  irca 

cent,  of  the  entire  crop  of  the  country  in  1877.  ore,  and  19,885  tons  of  ingot  copper.   Other 

llie  report  of  the  State  Department  of  Michi-  important  productions  of  the  State  are  lomber, 

gan  mi^es  the  production  of  this  State  materi-  coal,  plaster,  and  slate, 

ally  greater.    According  to  this  authority,  there  The  National  Greenback  party  met  in  Stita 

were  28,798,089  bushels  of  wheat  raised  in  Convention  at  Grand  Rapids  June  5th,  and  nom- 

Michigan  in  1877,  on  1,812,852  acres,  an  aver-  inated  Henry  S.  Smith  for  Governor,  Lvsandcr 

age  of  18-11  bushels  per  acre.    As  compared  Woodward  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  Geoii^ 

with  1876,  this  is  an  increase  in  acreage  of  89,-  H.  Bruce  for  Secretary  of  State,  Herman  Goe 

140,  or  7*29  per  cent. ;  in  bushels,  of  6,907,-  schel  for  Treasurer,  and  Levi  Sparks  for  Ac- 

860,  or  40*91  per  cent.;  and  in  average  yield  ditor.    The  following  platform  was  adopted : 

per  acre,  of  4-87  bushels,  or  81-8  per  cent.   Yet  ^^  tj,^  unoonditional  repeal  of  the  Bonadltd  «• 

the  wheat  crop  m  1876  was  larger  both  m  acre-  anmption  act. 

age  and  in  the  total  yield  than  that  of  any  pre-  8.  The  issue  of  all  paper  monev  by  the  Gesenl 

vious  year  of  which  there  is  record.    In  May,  Govermnent.  the  same  to  be  a  full  legal  tendsr  fsr 

1878,  the  number  of  acres  in  wheat  was  not  "^."^^r^ff '  P^^^l?, j^."*  £l^^^^               K««^.^ftfe 

1        Li.       t  enn  a  At      rri.        x*      ^  ji     •  iji  ».  Thst  DO  tiiore  interest-Deanue  bonaa  oi  tae 

less  than  1,528,841.    The  estimated  yield  was  Government  of  any  kind  or  clsss  be  issued ;  Uxitifce 

about  28,000,000  bushels.    *^  The  unusual  gen-  bonds  now  outstanding  be  paid  as  speedily  »s  pci* 

eral  average  per  acre  the  past  two  years,"  says  aible. 

the  Secretary  of  State,  "is  doubtless  largely  ,  ^  The  enactment  of  such  laws  as  wiD  prot^rt tb 

dne  to  favorable  s««o^;  yet  the  vield  of  thirty  iTp'lrrg^^^ii'.tr^'fe.?!'"'"™' "■' '^'*°^ 

and  forty  bushels  to  the  acre,  which  has  been  5,  That  such  legislation  should  be  had,  that  tin 

by  no  means  infrequent,  must  be  at  least  in  numberofhounofdaily  toil  will  be  reduced,  girisf 

some  measure  attributable  to  better  modes  of  the  working  class  more  leisure  for  mental  imprcve- 

culture,  especially  as  upon  other  fields  in  the  "^/e^^^^/d^^f  ^J^^dJIth^  ^ 

same  locality  there  was  only  ^e  customary  ^"^^Thlt  the  Milage  of  i.hver  be  placed  upon  tte 

yield  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  bushels  per  acre,  same  footing  as  that  of  gold. 

The  large  crops  of  our  better  farmers  indicate  7.  We  demand  the  repeal  of  the  national  back* 

the  capabilities  of  the  soil  and  warrant  the  *°?^?•   ,               „    «               ,              v. 

ftonfidAnAA  of  her  nennle  thAt  Minhimm  ahonld  8.  We  deprecate  all  efforts  to  redress  wrong  tj 

oonnaence  or  ner  people  tnat  Miomgan  snouia  ^^i^^^j^  ^f  f^^  ^^^  heWeve  that  through  the  baik«- 

jtand  first  as  a  wheat-producing  State."    Oak-  box  alone  we  must  look  for  justice, 

land  heads  the  list  of  counties   m  the  total  9.  We  demand  that  Govenunentlandberesened 

yield  of  wheat,  and  is  followed  in  order  by  for  actual  settlers  only. 

Clinton,  Washtenaw,  Ionia,  and  Jackson,  each  The  Republican  State  Convention  met  in  De- 

of  which   produced  over  1,000,000  bushels,  troit  June  18th,  and  was  organized  with  «• 

Three  counties,  Calhoun,  Livingston,  and  Kent,  Secretary  Zaohariah  Chandler  as  penoanent 

produced  over  900,000  bushels  each ;   two,  President.     The  following  nominatiooB  were 

Genesee  and  Eaton,  over  800,000  each;  five,  made:  For  Gt)vemor,  Charles  M.  Croswell;  for 

Ingham,  Shiawassee,  St.  Joseph,  Barry,  and  Lieutenant-Governor,  Alonzo  Sessions;  for  Sec* 

Lapeer,  over  700,000  each;  five,  Kalamazoo,  retaiyof  State, William Jenney,  Jr.;  forTrcas- 

Hillsdale,   Lenawee,  Allegan,  and  Cass,  over  nrer,  Beigamin  D.  Pritchard;  for  Auditor,  V. 

600,000  each ;  and  three,  Berrien,  Branch,  and  I.  Lattimer ;  for  Land  Comnaissioner,  JarnwH. 

Tuscola,  over  600,000  each.    These  twenty-  Kesmith ;  for  member  of  the  State  Board  of 

three  countries  average  nearly  830,000  bushels.  Education,  George  F.  Edwards;  for  Attoroey- 

The  average  yield  per  acre  ranges  from  26-64  Generid,  Otto  Kirohner;   for  Superintendent 

bushels  in  Ontonagon  to  9  bushels  in  Ros-  of  Public  Instruction,  H.  S.  Tarbefl.  The  re»- 

common.    The  number  of  acres  of  wheat  bar-  lutions  adopted  were  as  follows : 

vested  in  the  south  four  tiers  of  counties  was  ^^^^  Republicans  of  Michigan,  after  twenty  7«tf» 

1,158,808,  or  88*80  per  cent,  of  the  acreage  of  of  unbroken  control  of  the  State  ^oTsmment  m  ill 


'v  Ui.1    1        aL     •  •     -lofT/i  au  •     *v  i.    •"«  pride  to  that  futhAil  regard  wuiwu  «—  - - 

slightly  less  than  m  1876,  the  acreage  m  that    evinced  by  the  State  AdminUtratlon  for  the  happ- 

year  being  90*25  per  cent,  and  the  bushels    nesa  and  security  of  our  citizens,  the  prosperity  of 


MIOHIGAK.  661 

the  Commonwealth,  and  the  muDtenanoe  of  publio  pretense  whatever  is  fraught  with  danger  to  repnb- 

futh.  iican  Institutions ;  and  the  Kepublicaos  of  this  state 

Bmolv^ij  That  while  we  entertain  an  undonbting  will  maintain  with  inflexible  firmneBs  tbeir  right  to 

failh  that  in  the  honest  judgment  of  mankind  the  exercise  the  flinctiona  of  their  respective  offices  until 

pttt  record  of  the  Bepublicao  party  will  fhmish,  terminated  in  a  oonstitutional  manner. 

Doth  in  its  patriotiam  and  achievements,  some  of  Bttohtd,  That  the  administration  of  Oovemor 

the  most  illustrious  pages  in  our  national  history,  Croswell  has  been  prudent,  wise,  eoonoraicai,  and 

we  pledge  to  the  future  an  unfaltering  fidelity  to  toe  honest,  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  cordial  respect 

just  and  humane  principles  which  in  time  of  great  and  oonfldenoe  of  the  people  of  Michigan, 

pablic  extremity  inspired  and  created  it.    We  reoog-  mi.     -r^              ^    a^  ^    /n           x*               i.  i  j 

niia  among  the  sacred  obligations  of  a  Government  The  Democratic  State  Convention  was  held 

f )uaded  on  these  principles  the  duty  of  securing  to  at  Detroit  Jnly  10th,  when  the  following  tick- 

tU  oitixens  a  free  and  untrammeled  exercise  of  the  et  was  nominated  :  For  Governor,  Orlando  M. 

ri^ht  of  suffrap,  and  of  protecting  every  man  and  Barnes ;  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  A.  P.  Swine- 

fulPlrf  ±SL!^?}S^^^^^                      ^r;  ^ord ;  for  Tre^nrer  Alexander  McFarlan ;  for 

wiiliia  its  reach.  Secretary  of  State,  George  H.  Murdock;  for 

BttoUtd^  That  we  oonirratulate  our  fellow  oitixens  Auditor,  W.  J.  B.  Sohermerliom ;  for  Oommis- 

on  the  onmialakable  evidence,  apparent  in  so  many  eioner  of  the  State  Land  Office,  George  H. 

dirsotions,  that  the  business  Interests  of  the  country  Lord;    for  Attorney-General,  A.   B.  Morse; 

S"or;SSfg*^n"d\'^clrs^^^^^^^  for  superintendent  ;of  PubllS  Instruction,  f! 

the  oertaintv  that  this  recovery  is  to  be  msde  en-  Tnesdale.      Ine    following   resolutions   were 

duioff  by  t ne  resumption  of  specie  payments,  now  adopted: 


world  IS  governed  too  much,  and  the  pressiM  need  ervation  of  the  natiobal  iedit  and  the  nation's  &ith, 

of  the  time  is  atabihty  upon  which  to  build^oonfl-  ^^  ^i,e  Constitution  and  the  laws,  and  for  the  great 

denoe.  •!  owing  the  natural  laws  of , trade  to  assume  ^^^  ^y,^^  ^bis  is  a  Government  of  the  people,  Acre 

!!'*flt^^*^S^  operation ;  and  that,  in  common  with  ^^  ^yj  ^f  ^^^         ,3  .^ould  rule,  doJs-fierJby  de- 

^he  best  intelligenoe  of  all  parties,  we  rejoice  in  the  ^,]^^^ ,                *^    '^                       *                    ' 

wly  adjournrnent  of  Congress  and  the  respite  it  will  ^    ^hat  we  arraign  the  Republican  party  for  ita  001^ 

sfford  from  the  reckleas  and  miMhievous  schemes  of  tj^n  in  office.  iS  unwise  legi»latiola;  aid  ita  wick- 

i^norant  legialatore  made  formidable  by  the  despot-  ©d  perversion  of  the  people's  will  as  expressed  at  the 

urn  of  a  csucus.    We  denounce  repudiation  in  every  J^     ^t  has  squanJereS  publio  funds  5md  lands  and 

dL^ifuue.    We  regard  the  plighted  faith  of  a  oommu-  Corrupted  the  bl>dy  politic;  it  bss  placed  men  in  of- 


paid 
t«^iky  with  which  the  honest  man 
individual  debte.    We  asaert  that  no 
h}  real  or  durable  that  is  founded  on 


"ii  ?»*J  the  value  of  paper  currency,  whether  is-  ^^f^  ^yj  ^^  it  completed  ita  career  of  crime  and 
sued  by  the  Governm^it  or  banks  is  derived  from  dishonor  iJy  stealing  the  Presidency  from  the  people 
it<  promise  to  pay  and  the  credit  that  promise  is     ^^^  ^^^^^  ^  fraudln  the  Presidential  chair. 


.,        "        ji."          .         *u*uv.u  8-  We  declare  that  gold  and  silver  coin  are  the 

hM  been  proved  by  experience  to  be  the  best  known  nj^^jj-  ^^ ^I^^  Constitution,  and  that  all  paper  money 

to  commerce ;  that  this  country  is  too  great  to  sub-  g^ould  be  convertible  inti  such  coin  at  the  will  of 

nut  to  a  subopdmata  place  among  commercial  nations,  ^^^  h^i^er.    We  are  opposed  to  fhrther  forcible  w- 

sad  ita  people  too  honest  to  be  content  with  unre-  juotion  of  the  volume  of  currency,  and  we  affirm  the 

diemedand  irredeemable  promises ;  snd  in  the  name  .^j^j^n  of  Congwsa  prohibiting  anoh  reduction.    We 

of  all  the  producinij  classes,  and  every  honest  work,  declare  thatthe  pr^strata  ooSdition  of  the  business 

mjraan,  we  demand  a  ourrencj  that  is  not  only  worth  interesto  of  the  country  imperatively  demands  that 

u*  fwe  value  ^1  over  the  Union,  but  will  oommand  taxation,  both  State  and  national,  shall  be  reduced 

respect  reoognition,  and  ita  full  value  m  every  mar-  ^^  ^^^  j'^,^^,^      j^^  consistent  with  the  attainment 

tetof  the  world.           .          .^,             ,       ,       ,,  of  the  objecta  for  which  such  taxes  shall  be  levied, 

fi«o/rji  Thst  we  view  with  apprehension  the  ^^  thst  Jconomy  shall  be  practiced  in  every  depart- 

iprejd  of  the  ppmiona  and  the  «owth  of  the  senti-  ^^^^  ^^  ^he  Government.    We  congratulate  the  conn- 

moots  embodied  and  proclaimed  m  the  platforms,  ^^  ^       ^  reduction  of  over  $60,000,000  in  the  na- 

!!y^5^S^^  publioationa,  and  apeechea  of  the  ao-  ^J^f  expenditures  during  the  li«t  four  years,  and 

aJled  Natioiul  Greenback  party,  and  the  various  ^hich  result  was  secured  by  the  Democrdtic  House 

jocislistio  and  oommuniatic  organixationa  and  tbeir  of  Bepiesentativea. 

tdvocatasthroufl^hout  the  land,  which,  if  adopted  as  ^ 

the  policy  of  the  Government,  must  bring  disaster  A  Prohibitionist  State  Convention  was  held! 

ind  rain  to  business,  discredit  and  dishonor  to  the  at  Detroit  Angnst  14tb,  when  Watoon  Snyder 

todon,  and  tand  in  a  high  degree  to  subvert  many  ^^  nominated  for  Governor,  J.  W.  McKeever 

t  '^.^^'':j'^tVrr^t^^^  for  Lientenant-Govemor,  Traverse  Phillips  for 

snd  the  Bepablican  party  will  meet  all  these  doc-  Secretary  of  State,  D.  W.  Stone  for  Treasurer. 

t^nes  and  tondenciea  with  most  prompt,  vigorous,  E.  G.  Fuller  for  Attorney  -  General,  Samuel 

ud  uneomprpmising  opposition.  ^     ,     ,       ^  ^  Decker  for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruo- 

nr^*^JJoln^^^t«%l!l^n*f  «oni  WiUiam  G.  Brown  for  Commissioner  of 

^eni  inoombenta  to  the  offices  of  ^resident  and  AtTV^^j  n«i^^  ^^a  t    t    t?«.^...,^^i«  #«•  A« 

Vice-President  waa  finally  settled  by  the  Forty-fourth  5^©  ""^d  Office,  and  L.  L.  FaniBWOrtli  lor  An? 

C>Qgresa,  and  that  any  attampt  to  reopen  it  on  any  ditor. 

ToL.  XVIII. — 86    A 


662  MICROPHONE. 

The  vote  for  the  higher  officers  was  as  fol-  his  microphone,  did  or  did  not  appropriate  to 

lows :  himself  the  discoveries  made  by  Edison,  he  at 

GOTEBNOR.  least  reduced  them  to  their  simplest  expression. 

CharieB  M.  CrosweiLBepabUcan 126,280  His  microphone  is  simplicity  Itself,  as  will  be 

(h-iMdo  M.  Bftii»M,peiDpcr«t. 78^  g^en  from  the  following  aocoant  of  it,  giT«i 

Henrv  B.  Smith,  National X9A19  x»      al  a       _x  •     xu.     *  x     »  s 

Wataon  Snyder,  ProhiMtioniBt M«»  ^OT  the  most  part  m  the  mventorfl  own  words : 

_  The  wire  of  an  electrical  circuit  is  cut,  and 

.,      u    /"^"f'-^o^^'o^        __  a  common  nail  attached  to  each  of  the  endi 

i'^rsSS^ifoiS^^'SS^:::::::;::::::;:  M;?ii  These  naUs  are  MU  side  by  side  on  a  talle, 

Lysander  Woodward,  National T8«778  being  separated  by  a  slight  space,  and  theu 

J.  w.  McKeever,  Prohibitioniet 8,371  they  are  electrically  connected  by  another  nail 

SECRKTART  Of  STATE.  laid  across  them.    Speech  addressed  to  this 

WiUiam  Jenney,  BepabUcan 12€^M1  nail  will  cause  it  to  bear  with  varying  pressuR 

George  H.  Murdocj^  Democnt 7g,a77  on  the  Other  two,  and  these  changes  of  pre*- 

George  H.  Bmoe,  National 78,771  j        j     i.  •   ^  *      <.i.      • 

"  ^  sure  are  reproduced  at  any  point  m  the  cir- 

STATR  TREASURER.  cuit  in  thc  shapc  of  vibrations,  with  the  aid  of 

Bei^jamin  D.  Fritchard^pabUcan ^?'S5?  a  telephone  receiver.  The  effect  is  improved  by 

u:i^%^t^.S^Sr^-:::::::::  SlaS  buUdingnp  ten  or  twenty  naiUlog-hatfMlioD 

into  a  square  structure.     With  these  arrange* 

The  following  members  of  Congress,  all  Re-  ments  the  sound  or  grosser  vibrations  alow 

publicans,  were  elected :  John  8.  Newberry,  a^e  produced,  the  quahty  {timbre)  of  the  voice 

Edwin  Willits,  Jonas  H.  MoQowan,  Julius  0.  i,eing  lost.    But  in  the  experiments  next  to  be 

Burrows,  John  W.  Stone,  Mark  8.  Brewer,  described  the  timbre  became  more  and  more 

vT^i  n '  ^^°^®^'  Roswell  G.  Horr,  and  Jay  A.  perfect,  till  there  was  nothing  to  be  desired 

Hubbell.  1.    i^       .     .  "  ^^  early  discovered  that  a  metallic  powder, 

Two  amendments  to  the  Constitution  were  g^ch  as  white  bronze,  and  fine  metallic  filings, 

submitted  to  a  popular  vote  on  April  1st.    Ar-  introduced  at  the  points  of  contact  of  the  nails, 

tide  VI.,  section  12,  of  the  Constitution  pro-  added  greatly  to  the  perfection  of  the  resnlts; 

vides  that  imd  in  the  later  experiments  these  materials 

The  clerk  of  each  county  organized  for  judicial  pur^  were  employed  under  various  conditions,  and 

poaea  ahal^e  the  clerk  of  tfie  Cirouit  Court  of  auoh  the  first  crude  form  of  the  microphone,  tliit 

Sr«^r  ^    ^^"™  "^  held  within  ^^^  ^f  j^^^  g^^^  pi^^^  ^  instJiimente  of 

'  greater  precision.    Professor  Hughes  says: 

The  proposed  amendment  read  as  foUows :  Although  I  tried  aU  forma  of  preaaure  and  modes 

The  juatioea  of  the  Supreme  Court  aball  appoint  of  contact — a  lever,  a  apriiig,  preaaure  in  a  glasa'tubt 

the  clerk  of  said  court,  and  the  clerk  of  each  county  sealed  up  while  under  the  influence  of  strain,  ao  a 

organized  for  judicial  purposes  ahall  be  clerk  of  the  to  maintain  the  preaaure  constant — all  gave  aimilsr 

Circuit  Court  of  auoh  county.  and  invariable  reaulta,  but  the  results  varied  vith 

A  ^iA\^  v\r    r,^^*i^^  *r  5«  «a  #^iirv«.. .  *he  materials  uaed.    AD  metala,  however,  could  be 

Article  X  V.,  section  7,  is  as  follows :  ^^^g  ^o  produce  identical  reaulu  provided  the  dirl*- 

The  atockholdera  of  all  oorooratlons  and  joint-stock  ion  of  the  metal  was  amall  enough,  and  that  th«  ms' 

aaaooiationa  shall  be  individually  liable  for  all  labor  terial  used  does  not  oxidize  by  contact  wich  the  aIt 

performed  for  such  corporation  or  association.  filtering  through  the  mass.  Thus,  platinum  and  met • 

It  was  proposed  to  amend  this  so  as  to  read  ^^^'J  *"..T^7  excellent  and  unvyyinj  in  Oieir  re- 

thnM  •  aulta,  ivhile  lead  aoon  becomea  of  aucn  high  reaist- 

^^^^ '  ance  throuf^h  oxidation  upon  the  aurface  as  to  be 

The  stockholders  in  all  oorporationa  and  joint-stock  of  little  or  no  use.    A  mass  of  bright  round  shot  ii 

associatione  shall  be  individually  liable  in  an  amount  peculiarly  sensitive  to  sound  while  dean,  but  ss  tbe 

equal  to  the  nar  value  of  the  respective  shares  which  shot  soon  becomes  coated  with  oxide  this  ae&sitive- 

they  own  or  nave  owned  in  such  corporations  or  as-  ness  ceases.    Carbon,  again,  from  its  aurface  being 

aociations  for  all  labor  done  in  behalr of  such  corpo-  entirely  free  from  oxidation,  is  excellent;  but  the 

ration  or  joint-stock  association  during  tbe  time  of  best  results  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  at  pretest 

their  being  such  stockholders.  have  been  from  mercury  in  a  finely  divided  ftite. 

rrvr  jix  jifxjiv  I  took  a  comparatively  porous  non-oondnelor,  itch 

The  former  amendment  was  defeated  by  a  aa  the  willow  charcoal  uifed  by  artists  for  ak«lduoff. 

vote  of  34,712  to  80,318,  and  the  latter  by  42,-  heating  it  gradually  to  a  white  heat,  and  than  nd- 

064  to  2T,T70.  denly  plunging  it  in  mercury.    The  vacua  in  the 

MIOROPnONE.    In  conducting  the  series  ??"•»?  ^"^^^^  &  *^«  sudden  cooling,  become  gleJ 

^f  ^^^crA^^^^.,  ^v.x^v,  .Aa»ifr.^  :«  ♦r^  :«...  .,♦; with  innumerable  minute  globules  of  mercury,  the*, 

of  experiments  which  resulted  m  the  invention  „  ^^  folding  the  meJcuiy  in  a  fine  atat^  of  di- 

of  his  carbon  telephone,  and  later,  while  per-  viBion.    I  have  also  tried  carbon  treated  in  a  similtf 

fecting  that  apparatus,  Mr.  Edison  was  lea  to  manner,  with  and  without  platinum  deposited  upoa 

the  discovery  of  the  effects  of  pressure  on  the  i*  f«>m  the  chloride  of  platinum.    I  have  also  found 

electrical  conductivity  of  various  bodies ;  and  ■»°*'^^"  ^^f  J»  ^0™.  !^e  ^^^^o''  charcoal  heated  in  in 

i»^  ^r.^^A  *!.«♦  ««««  «.,^i   «i:^i.*     -  •  iron  veasel  to  a  white  heat,  and  containing  a  frw 

he  found  that  even  such  slight  pressure  as  is  portion  of  tin,  zinc,  or  other  eaaily  vapori«a  metal, 

produced  by  the  impact  of  sound-waves  can  tinder  auch  conditions  the  willow  carbon  will  be 

cause  the  electrical  resistance  of  bodies  to  vary  found  to  be  metaliaed,  having  the  metal  distributed 

under  certain  conditions.    Prescott  in  his  work,  throughout  its  pores  in  a  fine  state  of  division.  Ir« 

"The  Speaking  Telephone  "etc.,  conclasively  &;^?i.'o«*?  Z^f  S.'e&'  c^'£S'J°4?'S: 

establishes  the  pnonty  of  Edison's  discovery  oaibon  as  in  graphite :  and,  indeed,  some  of  the  bert 

in  this  matter.    Whether  Professor  Hughes,  in  results  have  been  obumed  from  willow  ohaiooal  eon- 


MLOKOTASIHETER.  MINNESOTA.  663 

tainins  iron  in  ■  flo*  aUM  of  dlvliion.    Pina  abu-    expansion  (or  oontractioa)  ia  to  be  measured 
eodtre««iiiitbi.m«niier(^hoiigh.B™.(!ondaot-    jg   ghown   at  A   in   the   fiKore.     It  in  firmly 

iron  in  the  porei,  it  i»  >  moit  aioelleot  maUrul  for  m  t^e  metal  piftte  M,  which  rests  npon  the  ear- 
ths purpoitt.  bon  button.  The  latter  is  in  an  electric  oircnit 
which  inclades  al«o  a  delicate  galvanometer. 
All  the  sabstan<!«a  named  above  are  to  be  Anj  variation  in  the  length  of  the  rod  changes 
inclosed  In  glass  tnhea  or  boies  provided  witli  the  pressure  npon  the  carbon,  and  alters  the 
wires  to  enable  them  to  be  easily  inserted  into  resistance  of  the  oircnit.  This  cansee  a  deflec- 
a  circuit.  tion  of  the  galvanometer  needle — a  movement 
Bat  the  form  of  microphone  nitimately  in  one  dii'ection  denoting  eipan^tion  of  A,  an 
sdopted  by  Profeasor  Hoghes  consists  of  a  Iob-  opposite  motion  contraction.  In  order  to  as- 
en^'e-ehapod  piece  of  gas-carbon  one  inch  long,  certain  the  exact  amount  of  expansion  in  deci- 
a  qearter  of  an  Inch  wide  at  its  center,  and  mals  of  an  inch,  the  screw  S  is  turned  until  the 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick.  The  lower  pointr  dofiection  previously  caosed  by  tbe  change  of 
ed  end  pivots  on  a  similar  block ;  the  apper  temperature  ia  reproduced.  The  screw  works 
roandeil  end  plays  free  in  another  oarbon  block,  a  second  screw,  causing  the  rod  to  asoend  or 
Ail  of  ibeae  pieces  of  carbon  are  impregnated  descend,  and  the  exact  distance  through  which 
iriib  mercury.  This  Instrament  is  capable  of  the  rod  moves  is  indicated  by  tbe  ne^le  N  os 
detecting  rery  funt  sounds  made  in  its  pres-  the  dial.  When  the  microtaumeter  Is  to  be 
ence.  If  a  pin,  for  instance,  he  laid  npon  or  ased  for  measnring  atmospheric  humidity,  the 
taken  oft  a  table,  a  distinct  sound  is  emitted ;  strip  of  vnlcaDite  is  superseded  by  one  of  gela- 
iir,  if  a  fly  be  confined  under  a  glass  shade,  it  tine,  which  changes  \V>  volame  by  absorbing 
can  be  heard  walking  with  a  peooliar  tramp    moistnre. 

of  its  own.  MINNESOTA.   The  total  receipts  into  the 

UIGROTASIHETER.    The  microta/d meter,    State  Treasury  during  the  year  ending  Novem- 
one  of  Ediaoo's  many  inventions,  ia  a  measure    ber  SO,  1S78,  inclading  a  balance  of  $183,271 
of  infinitesimal  pressure,  and  incidentally  a    on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  tbe  year,  were 
me^ure  of  inflnitasimal  variations  in  bodies,    (1,610,909.    Tbe  disbnrsementa  amounted  to 
eiused  by  changes  of  temperature,  moisture,    (1,562,410.     The  balance  in  the  Treasury  at 
«%.: ;  thus  it  is  at  once  an  esoeedlnaly  send-    tbe  end  of  tbe  year  was  $48,499,  which  was 
livd  thermometer,  barometer,  and  hygroma-    set  down  to  the  credit  of  the  funds.   The  most 
Ut.    This  instrument  was  employed  very  sue-    important  sources  of  income  were  tbe  follow- 
ecssfnlly  dnrinK  the  recent  solar  eclipse  in    ing:    State  taiea,  $478,273;  taxes  from  rul- 
miuuring  the  neat  given  out  by  tbe  sun's  oo-    road,  insurance,  andtelegraph  companies,  $189,- 
roaa.     The  modia  operandi  of  the  microtasim-    652 ;  connty   indebtedness  to  Reform  School, 
Iter  as  a  measurer  of  temperature-changes  will    $14,G13  ;  sale  of  sinking  fund  bonds,  $4S,08S  \ 
be  understood  from  tbe  following  description    sale  of  pine  on  school  Iwids,  $16,408 ;  redemp- 
of  the  instrament  by  Profeasor  Prescott :  The    tionof  15 Missouri honds.school  fund,  $16,000; 
sale  of  school  lands,  18T8,  |Sg,fl67;  ooUeo- 
tions  on  former  sales  of  school  lands,  $68,- 
OSS ;  sale  of  internal  improvement  lands, 
18T8,  $46,46? ;  collections,  principal  and  in- 
terest, on  former  sales  of  agricultural  col- 
lege lands,  $14,660;  interest  on  school-land 
sales,  $22,827;  interest  on  permaueutschool 
fund,  $86,487 ;  interest  on  lands  sold  and 
collected  on  former  sales,  $20,722;  State 
loans,  1878,  $300,000 ;    school  teI^book 
fund,  paid  by  connties  for  books  furnished 
by  contractor,  $26,626.    Tbe  chief  items  of 
expenditure  were:    Legialatire,  executive, 
and  judicial  expenses,  $178,643;  printing. 
printing   laws  in   uewspapera,   paper  and 
stationery,  $50,863  ;  for  snpport  of  insane 
hospital,   reform   school,  deaf  and    dumb 
and    blind  institution,  soldiers'  orphans, 
normal  schools,  university,  and  State  pris- 
on, $312,813;  public  buildings  and  repiurs 
on  Oapltol,  $38,022 ;  prison  work-sbops, 
etc.,    $26,634;    interest    on    State    debt, 
change  oftemperatureoanses  expansion  (or  con-    $20,760;  apportioned  school  fund,  $217,241; 
traction)  of  a  rod  of  vulcanite,  which  chan^    purchase  of  bonds  for  invested  funds,  pre- 
th«  resistanoe  of  an  eleotrio  oiromt  by  varymg    mtums,  interest,  and  expenses  on  purchases, 
tbe  preasore  it  exerts  upon  a  oarbon  button    $397,998;  seed-grtuu,  coal-tar,  and  iron  for 
indaded  in  the  dronit    The  anbstanoe  whose    grasshopper  sufferers,  $209,218;  school  text- 


564  MINNESOTA. 

books,  $25,487.    The  Auditor  reports  that  the  vexed  question.    Mj  convictioDS  as  heretofore 

outstanding  warrants  against  the  revenue  fund  expressed  upon  this  subject  have  undei^ne  do 

at  the  close  of  the  year,  together  with  over-  change,  and  I  earnestly  hope  that  in  ^e  D«tr 

drafts,  make  a  total  floating  debt  amounting  to  future  the  people  of  our  State  will  take  a  dif- 

$122,002,  and  that  since  the  days  of  depre-  ferent  view  of  the  matter.** 

ciated  State  warrants  the  Treasury  has  not  The  assessed  value  of  property  in  1878,  iDd 

been  in  so  depleted  a  condition.    This  is  owing  the  taxes  assessed,  are  sLown  in  the  follovisg 

to  the  disbursements  for  seed-grain  and  other  exhibit : 

extraordinary  purposes,  amounting  to  about    Number  or  mim  of  bad  MMued i6,Tiis« 

$100,000  for  the  year,  and  to  the  non-receipt    VBin«  or  Und,  indudioff  fltmeturM $i»,io7jtt 

of  the  expected  income  from  oonvwt  labor,  ^"'^Sl^tl^Sd^i^'to^ni^U;^;^    mmS 

which  was  estimated  at  $50,000.    From  the    Vaine  artautie  pmsomI  propartjr mavm 

Auditor's  estimates  it  appears  that  with  care-    Total  ^^^J^^g^jy*^,-^ ^*^\u 

ful  management,  and  without  any  extraordi-    ToSiSucMMMMed..??! .*.!.*!!I !'!.'!..'    |8,flKiUs 

nary  expenditures,  the  receipts  of  1879  may  be  Taaut  ftn* atata  coTerament  and  inctitationa. .. .       uij^ 

expecteS  to  meet  current  expenses  and  pay  off  JSi.'SSSS^'A^S^^^^                  t?*t 

the  floating  debt.    This  will  balance  accounts    Bead-grain  loao  or  isn hhi 

and  bring  the  flnances  of  the  State  into  a  sound    gSi2r*"J?!JV**  *^* iJS 

I.J*  ..I    .1      1.     •      •  «         A%_  uanarai  acBooi  tax. bzvjii* 

condition  With  the  begummg  of  another  year,    speoiai  adiooi  tax mi«» 

in  which  event  the  receipts  and  disbursements    c^n^  reTaniM  taxaa T»j« 

of  1880  will  leave  a  probable  surplus  of  $100,.  SS§^SS^*^.';:».':::':"."::.':::.*''.'        »^' 

000.    The  Treasurer  states  that  in  consequence  Other  upedai  ooim^'  tiucae. !.'!.'!!!!.'.'.'!!  I !.'!.'! !        tum 

of  prompt  tax  collections  he  was  enabled  to    cSj^JJ,***** 55}{! 

redeem  m  August  $80,000  of  the  temporary  B2dtaieaV.!!!!!!!!!i!!!*.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*.!!*.'.*.      «fiiw 

seed-ff rain  loan,  w hich  had  been  negotiated  in    other  apeciai  town  and  dty  tazea ivMti 

Mar<£  preceding,  leaving  but  $20,000  as  inter-  The  average  rate  of  taxation,  exclusive  of  gp*- 

est-bearing  warranto  outstanding  at  the  close  cial  taxes  for  seed-grain,  is  16-4  mills.    TheK 

of  the  year.  are  1,408,588  acres  more  land  aasessed  thm  in 

At  the  November  election  the  people  defeat-  1877,  at  8^  cents  less  average  price  per  acre, 

ed,  by  a  vote  of  45,669  to  26,811,  the  proposi-  and  a  total  increase  of  valuation  of  $10,838,041. 

tion  submitted  by  the  Legislature  of  1878  to  There  is  a  decrease  in  the  taxable  value  of 

settle  the  old  railroad-bond  debt  by  exchang-  town  and  city  lots  of  $2,506,282. 

ing  for  the  bonds  the  500,000  acres  of  internal     Totaimcn-e  or  taxable  .eal  property •T,f«,1» 

improvement  lands,  "  at  a  rate  ana  proportion    xotai  loonaae  or  taxable  penonai  property i,cst,e4; 

which  shall  make  the  whole  of  said  lands  equal  _                 ^                                   ^~zrz 

to  the  whole  of  said  bonds  and  coupons."   The         ^^  ^""^  "^^^^  p«^p*^ •^^^ 

act  provided  that  "  the  Land  Commissioner,  The  Legislature  was  in  session  from  Janntfj 

with  the  advice  and  approval  of  the  Governor,  8th  to  March  8th.    Of  the  420  acta  passed,  lea 

shall  adopt  such  rules  and   re^^ulations  for  than  100  were  general  laws.    One  of  the  moA 

exchanging  the  lands  for  the  said  bonds  and  important  measures  passed  was  the  tax  lav, 

claims  as  uiaU  as  nearly  as  practicable  aecure  which  is  a  codification  of  the  preSxistiDg  tea 

to  the  holder  of  each  bond  and  claim  an  equal  on  the  subject    During  the  process  of  oodificft- 

chance  for  choice  of  lands  for  each  bond  and  tion  a  few  changes  were  maae,  relating  chiefij 

claim  deposited  for  such  exchange,  on  or  before  to  penalties.    A  penalty  of  10  per  cent  wiJl  be 

said  first  Monday  in  July,  1879.    All  bonds  added  to  all  taxes  on  real  estate  remaining  qd* 

E resents  for  exchang  after  said  date  shall  paid  on  June  1st.    Tax  sales  are  to  be  msde 

ave  choice  of  land  m  the  order  presented,  on  the  third  Monday  in  September,  and  no  in* 

Deeds  of  conveyance  of  said  land  so  exchanged  terest  will  be  charged  between  those  dates.  Is* 

shall  be  made  in  the  manner  now  provided  by  terest  during  the  two  years  of  redemption  iriU 

law,  in  case  of  the  sale  of  said  lands."    It  was  be  at  the  rate  of  18  per  cent  per  anoDin, 

further  enacted  that  the  lands  so  exchanged  instead  of  24  per  cent  as  formerly.    If  the 

should  be  free  from  taxation  for  seven  years  property  is  not  sold  at  the  regular  sale,  iK*r 

after  July  1,  1879,  unless  previously  sold  or  during  the  two  yearsfollowing,  it  will  become 

used  find  cultivated  by  the  grantees  of  the  the  absolute  property  of  the  State;  but  the 

State  or  their  legal  representatives.    The  act  parties  holding  an  interest  in  the  land  tmj 

provided  for  the  appointment  by  the  Governor  redeem  it  at  any  time,  while  in  poaBession  of 

of  a  commission  of  three  persons  to  examine  the  State,  by  paying  the  interest  and  exp€iu«s. 

all  claims  for  work  done  or  supplies  furnished  After  the  reaemption  shall  have  expired  the 

in  the  grading  of  the  land-grant  lines  by  the  State  may  dispose  of  the  property  at  public  or 

contractors  employed  by  the  oooipanies  under  private  sale,  and  the  buyer  sliaJl  acquire  an 

the  five-million  loan  act;  and  for  such  claims  absolute  title.    All  property  is  to  be  asse^ 

as  are  valid  the  commission  was  empowered  to  on  May  1st    A  penalty  of  6  per  cent  is  added 

issue  certificates  receivable  on  the  same  basis  to  all  unpaid  taxes  on  personal  property  on 

as  the  bonds.    This  vote  of  the  people,  in  the  March  1st  of  each  year,  and  the  county  treas- 

opinion  of  Governor  Pillsbury,  **inmcatesthat  urers  are  required  to  take  the  most  prompt 

they  are  not  prepared  to  make  settlement  of  this  action  for  their  collection  by  sale,  if  necessarr. 


MINNESOTA.  565 

Section  7  of  the  act  supplementary  to  the  or  snb-freshman  class.    Second,  that  the  said 

act  passed  in  1877,  to  provide  nnijform  and  school  receiving  pecaniarj  aid  under  this  act 

cheap  text-books  for  the  public  schools  of  the  shall  at  all  times  permit  the  said  Board  of 

State,  provides  that  a  majority  of  the  electors  Oommissioners,  or  any  of  them,  to  visit  and 

of  any  school  district  may,  at  the  annual  school  examine  the  classes  pursuing  the  said  prepara- 

meeting,  designate  for  the  ensuing  year  an  tory  courses." 

a^ent  to  sell  the  books  furnished  for  the  dis-  A  law  was  passed  creatmg  the  office  of  Pub- 
trict  pursuant  to  the  statute,  and  this  agent  is  lie  Examiner,  who  is  to  be  appointed  by  the 
authorized  to  add  to  the  price  of  such  books  Governor  with  the  consent  of  me  Senate,  and 
fixed  by  the  State  Saperintendent  of  Public  receive  a  salary  of  $8,500  a  year.  His  duties 
Instruction  a  commission  to  be  determined  by  are  **  to  assume  and  exercise  a  constant  super- 
the  electors  at  the  annual  meeting.  It  is  fur-  vision  over  the  books  and  financial  accounts  of  • 
ther  provided  that  *'  whenever  any  district  the  several  public,  educational,  charitable,  pe- 
clerk  shall  have  ordered  a  less  number  of  nal,  and  reformatory  institutions  belonging  to 
booics  than  is  actually  needed  by  the  pupils  in  the  State.  He  shall  prescribe  and  enforce  cor- 
said  district,  the  said  clerk  or  any  citixen  of  rect  methods  for  keeping  the  financial  accounts 
said  district  shall  have  the  right  to  order  the  of  said  institutions,  and  instruct  the  proper 
books  so  needed  directly  from  the  contractor,  officers  thereof  in  the  due  performance  of  their 
at  the  State  list  prices ;  and  the  said  contractor  duties  concerning  the  same.  It  shall  be  his 
shall  designate  at  least  one  person  in  each  or-  duty  to  visit  each  of  said  institutions  at  ir- 
guiized  county  in  this  State,  tlie  county  com-  regular  periods,  without  previous  notice  to  the 
missioners  of  which  shaD,  by  a  vote  of  the  officers  thereof,  at  least  twice  each  year,  and 
majority  of  all  the  members  thereof,  demand  make  an  exhaustive  examination  of  the  books 
the  same ;  and  said  person  so  designated  shall  and  accounts  thereof,  including  a  thorough 
act  as  a  depositary,  to  whom  the  said  con-  inspection  of  the  purposes  and  detailed  items 
tractor  shall  furnish  a  supply  of  text-books  at  of  expenditures  and  of  the  vouchers  therefor." 
the  State  list  prices ;  and  said  depositaries  He  is  further  required  to  make  to  the  GK)vern- 
shall  be  entitied  to  charge  a  commission  not  or  an  annual  report  of  his  proceedings.  Ro- 
to exceed  10  per  cent  for  han<Uing  the  same."  f erring  to  the  wisdom  of  creating  this  office. 
Referring  to  the  operation  of  the  text-book  the  Governor  says :  ^*  It  is  scarcely  too  much 
lav,  tiie  Governor  in  his  message  to  the  Legis-  to  say  that  the  information  imparted  and  the 
latare  of  1879  says :  *^  About  one  third  of  the  correctives  applied  by  the  Public  Exaininer 
dir^tricts  had  ordered  books  of  the  contractor  have  already  been  the  means  of  strangling  a 
to  the  18th  of  November  last.  The  demand  number  of  incipient  embezzlements,  while  the  . 
for  them  increases  as  districts  come  to  replace  more  matured  abuses  exhibited  by  the  conduct 
worn-out  books  in  prior  use.  The  introdno-  of  a  displaced  county  auditor  and  by  the  re- 
tioQ  of.  the  new  booKS  is  thus  gradual,  and  it  cent  examination  of  the  accounts  of  the  Hos- 
is  estinoated  that  in  about  forty-four  districts  pital  for  the  Insane,  whether  resulting  from 
in  one  hundred  they  have  been  more  or  less  unconscious  or  intentional  misconduct,  illus- 
introduced.  They  give  general  satisfaction,  trate  the  wisdom  of  the  Legislature  in  the 
and  there  is  reason  to  believe  they  will  come  timely  creation  of  this  office." 
into  general  use  within  the  time  prescribed  The  *'  act  to  promote  immigration  "  created 
by  law.  Their  average  cost  per  district  has  a  State  Board  of  Immigration,  to  consist  of 
thos  far  been  $27.61."  the  Governor  and  two  persons  from  each  Oon- 

The  act  for  the  encouragement  of  higher  gressional  district  to  be  appointed  by  the  Gov- 

edocation  establishes  **  the  High  School  Board  "  emor  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.    The  chief 

of  commissioners  on  preparatory  schools,  con-  duty  of  the  Board  is  to  disseminate  informa- 

^iiting  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  tion  regarding  the  advantages  offered  by  the 

straction,  the  President  of  the  ITniversity  of  State  to  immigrants.    For  this  purpose  an  ap- 

Minnesota,  and  one  other  person  to  be  ap-  propriation  of  $5,000  was  made.    Pursuant  to 

pointed  by  the  Governor.    Provision  is  maae  this  act,  two  commissioners  were  appointed 

for  giving  State  aid  to  "any  public  graded  by  the  Governor.    A  pamphlet  showing  the 

school  in  any  incorporated  village,  or  in  any  resources  of  the  State  was  at  once  prepared, 

township  which  has  or  may  hereafter  adopt  and  about  70«000  copies  of  it  were  circulated. 
the  township  system  of  schools  giving  prepara-       Among  other  acts  passed  by  the  Legislature 

torj  instruction  according  to  the  terms  and  were  those  providing  for  the  establishment  of 

prorisions  of  this  act,  and  admitting  thereto  a  second  asylum  for  the  insane ;  for  the  revi- 

students  of  both  sexes  from  any  part  of  the  sion  and  compilation  of  the  State  statutes ;  and 

State,  without  charge  for  tuition  in  the  same."  for  the  distribution  of  seed-grain  to  sufferers 

As  a  prerequisite  to  receiving  aid,  every  school  from  locust  ravages,  $150,000  being  appropri- 

Appljing  must  comply  with  the  following  con-  ated  for  this  purpose. 

ditioDs:   **  First,  that  there  be  regular  and       Tlie  impeachment  proceedings  which  were 

orderly  courses  of  study,  embracing  all  the  begun  against  Sherman  Page,  Judge  of  the 

branches  prescribed  as  prerequisite  for  admis-  Tenth  Judicial  District,  for  certain  alleged  cor- 

HOQtothe  collegiate  department  of  the  Uni-  rupt  conduct,  crimes,  and  misdemeanors  in 

▼ernty  of  IdQnnesota,  not  lower  than  the  third  ofiace,  resulted  in  his  acquittal  by  the  Senate. 


566  MINKESOTA. 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  met  at  ment  of  the  induBtrieB  of  the  ooantiy,  u  dwtlD- 

St  Paul  September  6th,  and  made  the  follow-  guUhed  from  the  moneyed  monojpoligto  of  the  Iwd. 
;««  nr^«n:«,»r:A„o .   ^^^«Aoar^^;«♦«  T«,i««  ^#  ♦»*«        J8c«)/c«/,  That  the  mtereet  of  indoBtnal  ▼Mith  if 

iDg  nommations :  For  Associate  Judge  of  the  ^^^  paramiunt  intereet  of  the  people  of  the  Unitd 

Supreme  Court,  William  Mitchell ;  for  Clerk  states.    Those  whose  labor  and  euterprise  product 

of  the  Supreme  Court,  Dillon  O'Brien ;   for  wealth  should  be  secure  in  its  emploTmem.   Oct 

Auditor,  Mahlon  M.  Black.     The  resolutions  warmest  sympathy  is  extended  to  the  laboring  cl«»- 

adopted  were  as  follows :  «*.^^^  ^»^« %«?  ^^r<>'^'^  "J**  °? cmplo/mentby  tic 

j#i,%^     %/      »o   v/  ^^    <i .  ruinous  financial  policy  and  uiguat  le^^ialaUon  ol  ttc 

The  Demooratio  party  of  Minnesota,  in  Conven-  Kepublican  party,  and  all  pledges  of  the  Democntk 

tion  assembled,  renews  its  pledges  of  devotion  to  party  are  to  the  reversal  of  that  policy  and  a  restv 

the  Union  and  the  Constitution  with  the  amend-  ration  of  all  rights  they  are  entitled  to  on  iu  sscts- 

ments.    It  declares  as  essential  to  the  preservation  dancy  to  power, 
of  the  Government  a  faithfUl  adherence  to  the  fol-        Baolvta,  That  there  can  be  no  legitimate  emplor- 

*  lowing  principles :  Strict  construction  of  home  rule;  ment  of  organized  force  in  the  country  except  t«> 
supremacy  ot  the  civil  over  the  military  power;  sepa-  execute  the  law  and  to  maintain  the  public  pekce; 
ration  of  Church  and  State;  equality  of  all  citizens  that  no  violence  should  be  countenanced  to  obuii 
before  the  law ;  liberty  of  individual  action  nnvexed  redress  for  any  alleged  grievance,  but  should  txn- 
by  sumptuary  laws :  absolute  acquiescence  in  the  pressed  at  every  cost,  until  relief  can  be  secured  bj 
lawfully  expressed  will  of  the  people ;  and  the  main-  le^al  methods.  We  congratulate  the  eountty  od  ti  f 
tenance  ana  protection  of  the  school  system.  adoption  of  the  constitutional  and  paoific  polieru 

As  pertinent  to  the  issues  now  before  the  people,  local  self-government  in  the  Statea  of  the  South  s? 

it  is  long  advocated  by  the  Democratic  party,  and  vUcl: 

Beeohed,  That  the  investigation  of  ft-auds  commit-  )>as  brought  peace  and  harmony  to  that  sectioD  cf 

ted  at  the  last  Presidential  election  in  Florida  and  the  Union. 

Louisiana  ought  to  have  been  made  by  the  Electoral        Beaolved,  That  the  course  of  the  Bepublicsn  put? 

Commission.    The  refusal  to  do  so  was  a  violation  in  the  State  for  the  past  fifteen  years  nas  been  ch^'- 

of  the  spirit  of  the  law  under  which  it  was  organized  acterized  by  a  reckless  extrsvagance  in  the  qm  :f 

and  a  gross  insult  to  the  people  of  the  United  States ;  the  public  money  and  the  squandering  of  the  fdr 

and  while  the  decision,  aa  made  by  the  Forty-fourth  He  revenue  by  wasteful  appropriations  made  \>j  tfc? 

Congress,  of  the  question  as  to  who  should  be  de-  Legislature.    We  therefore  invite  the  people  of  thf 

dared  President  of  the  United  States  for  the  Presi-  State  to  reform  their  own  affairs  by  uniting  vitk  ds 

dentialterm,  was  in  ourjudgment  final,  that  decision  in  the  election  of  oificers,  State  and  local,  vbo  a^ 

ought  not  to  preclude  authentic  investigation  and  ex-  in  favor  of  honesty,  economy,  and  reform  in  aU  tU 

posure  of  all  nrauds  connected  with  that  election,  and  branches  of  the  public  service. 

the  due  accountability  of  all  who  were  ffuiltily  con-        n      i  j.-  i        j     4.  j         • 

nected  with  them.  .  »       "^  Resolutions  were  also  adopted  urging  upft 

Reaohed^  That  the  commercial  and  industrial  stag-  the  party  and  the  country  the  improTement  d 

nation  that  has  so  long  prevailed  throuj^hout  the  the  Mississippi  Biver. 

country,  and  the  consequent  widespread  want  and        The  Republicans  held  their  State  Conven- 

•  ?e^rS\.'lf'?h^'KlSirVi>SnS^^^^^  tion  at  St.  Paul  September  4th,  .ndnc«niB«* 
by  arraign  for  the  act,  and  charge,  first,  that  at  a  time  Jo"^  M.  Berry  for  Judge  of  the  SuprenK 
when  the  countrv  was  weighted  with  debt  created  Court,  Samuel  H.  Nichols  for  Clerk  of  the  ^Q- 
on  a  basis  of  a  full  v^ue  of  paper  added  to  both  the  preme  Court,  and  O.  P.  Whitcomb  for  Audi- 
precious  metals  money,  it  enacted  a  sweeping  change  tor.  The  following  platform  was  adopt^l : 
m  the  meaaures  of  value  wholly  in  the  interest  of  ^  *^  *^  ^ 
moneyed  capital  by  demonetizing  silver  and  decrees-  It  is  customary  for  political  parties  in  Conventi-D 
ing  the  distribution  of  legal-tender  paper,  and  there-  assembled  to  restate  the  principles  upon  which  ibc« 
by  adding  wrongfully,  in  effect,  hundreds  of  millions  were  founded,  by  which  they  have  been  presenf^, 
to  the  burden  or  debt  and  taxes  on  the  people ;  sec-  and  for  which  they  deem  themselves  entitled  to  f> 
ond,  by  pursuing  its  merciless  policy  ot  contracting  ture  oonfldenoe. 

the  paper  currency  and  hoardinff  gold,  it  has  in-        The  Republicans  of  the  State  of  Minnesota  reafim 

creasea  continuously  the  value  or  money  and  secu-  their  devotion  to  tlie  great  principles  of  equal  riffats. 

rities  that  partake  of  the  enhancement  of  money,  personal  freedom,  and  national  unity,  to  defecd az>«^ 

and  decreased  the  value  of  all  other  proi>erty,  espe-  preserve  which  the  Bepublican  paxty  throughout 

cially  the  capital  designed  for  productive  use  re-  the  Union  was  called  into  being  b^r  an  aot  of  the  ro^^- 

(^uired  for  the  employment  of  labor,  thus  repressing  ular  conscience  acting  upon  the  will  of  the  people, 
instead  of  fostering  industry,  compelling  idleness        In  fulfillment  of  its  callin|^,  it  baa  preserved  tie 

instead  of  sustainins:  trade  and  commerce.    We  con-  nation,  which  under  the  administration  of  the  DeiL- 

fratulate  the  country  that  the  downward  course  of  ocratic  party  had  become  involved  in  civil  war. 
ankruptcies  and  ruin  involved  in  the  Kepublican        It  has  reconstructed  the  nation  b^  ridding  its  Ccd- 

policy  has  been  partially  averted  by  the  Democratic  stitution  of  the  elements  of  dissolution,  thereby  fonn- 

measures  passed  at  the  late  session  of  Congress  re-  ing  a  more  perfect  union,  establishinff  justice,  insui- 

storinff  the  debt-paying  power  to  the  silver  dollar.  incf  domestic  tranquillity,  providing  for  the  commcn 

Sig^vedy  That  we  are  opposed  to  any  fhrther  con-  defense,  promoting  the  general  welnre,  and  secari:^ 

traction  of  the  currency,  to  a  tariff  for  protection,  to  the  blessings  of  liberty. 

class  legislation  and  sumptusxr  laws,  to  monopolies        It  has  kept  and  caused  to  be  kept  the  pledged  fsith 

of  all  kinds,  to  anv  increase  of  the  bonded  dent,  to  of  the  nation  to  its  creditors,  whose  faith  in  its  in- 

the  sale  of  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  coin  tegrity  made  its  existence  possible,  and  to  its  ficl- 

for  redemption  purposes ;  and  therefore  dii'rs  and  sailors,  whose  arms  preserved  it. 

ReKltea,  That  we  are  in  favor  of  the  gradual  sub-  It  has,  by  a  judicious  system  of  government  tid  t? 
stitutionof  national  Treasury  notes  for  national-bank  ereat  works  of  internal  improvement,  made  n:sdT 
notes,  and  making  such  Treasury  notes  the  sole  pi^  for  settlement  areas  which  eighteen  years  ago  wcrt 
per  currenov  of  the  countxy,  and  placed  on  such  ba-  beyond  the  frontier,  but  whioh  are  now  great  ard 
sis  as  that  the  same  shall  bo  equal  in  value  with  coin,  prosperous  States,  thereby  furnishing  land  to  th 
and  as  a  legal  tender  the  same  as  coin.  We  are  in  landless  and  homes  to  the  tiomeless,  not  in  a  wilder- 
favor  of  the  free  ooioage  of  silver,  a  tariff  for  revenue  ness,  but  in  the  midst  of  civilization  and  refinement, 
only,  reduction  of  expenses  in  all  departments  of  the  which  under  that  system  aooompanied  settleisectA 
Government,  and  legislation  in  favor  of  the  develop-  instead  of  lagging  behind  them.  ** 


MINNESOTA.  667 

It  lias  in  all  the  States  proteoted  the  rights  of  every  Auditor— O.  P.  Whitcomb,  58,755 ;  Mablon  M. 

citiien,  both  the  blwA  man  and  the  white,  and  has,  Black,  39,721 :  majority  for  Whitoomb,  19,084. 
after  many  jem  of  effort  affamat  the  obstacles  of  in-        j^  ^  ^      OongreBsmen  was  as  follows : 

veterate  prejudice,  sectional  hate,  and  bitter  opposi-  -cm    "Vk."  .  *"*   ^""»»^"*«"  "«"  «"  *  ur:n 

tioa  by  the  Demoiraiio  party,  ooMummated  aSd  re-  First  Distnct— Mark  H.  Dunnell,  Repubbo^, 

stored  a  Union  resting  upon  the  acquiescence  and  18,729;  Meighen,  Democrat,  12,848  ;  Dannelrs 

freewill  of  a  reconciled  people,  and  no  longer  en-  majority,  5,861.     Second  District — Horace  B. 

forced  by  the  sword.  ^^  ^  ^   ^     .  .  .  .  Strait,  Republican,  13,748 ;  Poebler,  Democrat, 

It  has  been  demonstrated  by  Legislatures  and  m  ,  .  ./.Z,  -pl^vi^-j-  TYioifti.;ri  ^ro^    TK5i./l  niafi.;Af 

courts  that  the  constitutionar  right  inheres  in  the  IM^T;  PoeUws  ray onty,  724.   Third Ihstnct 

Government  to  protect  the  people  against  monopo-  — William  D.  Washburn,  Kepubiican,  21^86  ; 

lifts,  grown  powerfhl.  arbitrary,  and  rapacious.  Ignatius  Donnelly,  Democrat,  18,024 ;  Wasb- 

As  a  declaration  or  principles  the  Bepublioans  of  bum's  majority,  8,012. 
the  State  of  Minnesota  in  Convention  assembled  rpbe  political  classification  of  the  Legislature, 

Buolced-'l.  That  in  these  efforts  to  restore  har-  „,  .^.  v.*  4.  .      t«««— «^  iqto   »«.  «»  #Mirx«r7! 

monr  at  the  South,  in  administering  the  various  ex-  J^hicb  met  m  January,  1879,  was  as  follows : 

ecative  departments  so  that  no  taint  of  corruption  Senate,  21  Republicans,  17  Democrats,  2  i:^reen- 

restd  upon  them,  in  emancipating  the  primary  coun-  backers,  and  1  Prohibitionist;  House,  67  Re- 

oils  of  the  people  from  the  domination  of  oiBoehold-  publicans,  88  Democrats,  4  Greenbaokers,  and 

era,  in  its  redemption  of  the  pledges  of  civil  servwe  J  Independent. 

reform,  and  m  its  financial  measures  and  policy,  the         mv^  "^      _.     ^  xv     a*  *     o  •         t         ^ 
AdminUtration  of  President  Hares  merits  the  con-        The  report  of  the  State  Prison  Inspectors 

fldeoce  and  hearty  cooperation  of  the  people;  and  we  shows  an  increased  number  in  confinement 

fael  DO  disposition  to  censure  that  Administration  for  during  the  year.    The  current  expenses  were 

•.^*^*™»™"\^.  ^"^^^^  ^y  incidents  and  collateral  $46,238.74,  and  the  earnings  $28,482.86,  being 

dufflcttlties  which  are  necessarily  mherent  m  the  sit-  ^  ^^^  ^  ^^^  maintenanw  of  $22,482.86,  o? 

2.  We  believe  that  the  faith  of  the  nation  ia  $100.86  for  each  convict,  which  is  a  decrease 

pledged  to  pay  its  debts  incolo.    We  urge  persis-  from  the  cost  of  the  preceding  year,  and  ez- 

unce  ilk  the  policy  of  speedy  specie  resumption,  be-  hibits  a  continuance  of  the  economical  man- 

caose  we  believe  it  to  be  the  policy  of  common  hon-  agement  which  has  heretofore  characterized 

tlk:^,%^^^.^^  a^i^^?il^^i.Zl  tSe  institution.    The  improvements  for  which 

and  irredeemable  paper  currency  issued  by  the  Unit-  an  appropriation  was  made  by  the  last  liCgls- 

ed  States,  as  a  pernicious  delusion,  becauae  it  is  un-  lature  have  been  completed,  and  there  are  now 

ooiutitational  under  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  accommodations  for  296  convicts,  an  excess  of 

Court  of  tbe  United  States;  because  it  will  unsettle  yg  ^^^  number  in  actual  confinement  at 

and  betray  the  resources  of  the  country  into  demoiw  l^^\?^„y^Z/^*\Z  ZLJJt    tk  J^™^«*  ^tr^«-^ 

alinng  speculation :  because  it  will  bear  with  disas-  the  close  of  tbe  year.    The  current  expenses 

troui  foroe  upon  tne  laboring  man  by  patting  into  for  the  next  two  years  are  estimated  at  $105,- 

operation  the  well-known  law  that  under  such  a  000 ;  in  addition  to  which  more  than  $46,000 

currencv  the  prices  of  the  necessaries  of  life  rise  first,  jg  asked  for  various  purposes  specified.     The 

;; t  Jjim^?:?  ^^h^'^^Powi  rbeca^?  »X  i»PO'*^<«  of  building  another  prison  is  u^oi 

such  a  policy  the  price  of  agricultural  products  ia  and  a  site  near  the  gramte  quarries  at  Sauk 

fixed  at  and  by  the  gold  price  of  the  foreign  mar-  Rapids  is  recommended.    Since  its  opening  in 

keta^by  which  the  fanner  sells  at  a  ^old  standard,  1868  the  Reform  School  has  received  884  boys, 

but  IS  oompeUed  to  pay  currency  prices  for  all  he  of  whom  148  were  inmates  during  the  past  year. 

^  &;  Sfo,i^t?L"  Krrsl':rd"2^  it  is  estimated  that  95  per  cent  of  tEose  who 

brought  disaster  to  all  nations  who  have  persisted  go  out  from  the  institution  are  saved  urom 

in  it.  criminal  lives.    The  total  attendance  during 

8.  We  demand  greater  economy  in  State  expenses,  the  year  in  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb, 

and  particuUrly  tLose  iucident  to  the  charitable  in-  ^^^  j^i^^  ^^  129,  of  whom  108  were  in  the 

fetiiutions,  and,  if  necessary,  such  legislation  as  will  j^^„«*^^«»  r^,  j^J^  «»«*^«  ^^a  01  i^  ♦»,«♦  #«« 

caoie  to  cease  all  oombinitions  by  which  inordi-  ^®P"J"®^t  for  deaf  mutes  and  21  m  that  for 

nate  aums  are  sought  to  be  seourea  for  those  pur-  the  blmd.     Tbe  new  pupils  admittea  into  both 

I>08«8.  departments  during  the  year  numbered  18. 

4.  We  condemn  as  revolutionary  the  eflfort  being  The  general  health  has  been  excellent,  and  no 
mide  by  the  Democratic  narty  to  usurp  the  Presf-  ^    ^^  occurred  during  the  year.    The  school 
ddncy  against  the  vote  of  the  people,  and  against  j*^»j»"^  ^f*™  .     .  "o,""^    1        j  ZT     .   ^ 
the  aecTsion  of  the  tribunal  by  whicll  all  electoral  is  dmded  mto  Six  mteUeotual  and  five  mdus- 
questions  in  that  behalf  have  been  definitelv  settled,  trial  classes.    In  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane  660 

5.  We  dedare  it  to  be  the  sense  of  this  party  patients  were  under  treatment  at  the  dose  of 
that  the  Democratic  party,  under  a  false  pretense  of  ^^  y^^P  being  an  increase  over  the  preoeding 

SKthtaJSy        ''''^^^^^^  year  of  81.    Of  the  whole  number  of  inmate? 

«.  Thi  we  commend  the  present  State  admlnis-  100  remained  in  the  temporary  buildings,  leav- 

tntion*  and,  snbmitting  these  reasons  to  the  judg-  ing  in  the  permanent  bospitfd  660  patients, 

mentor  this  State,  we  confidently  ask  the  continu-  which  is  60  more  than  it  can  comfortably  ao- 

Mfie  of  their  oonfidenoe.  commodate.    The  average  cost  of  maintenance 

The  election  resulted  in  the  success  of  the  has  been  $8.25  per  week  for  each  patient,  which 

Republican  candidates.    The  vote  was  as  fol-  is  60  cents  per  capita  less  than  tne  cost  of  the 

lows:  Associate  Judge  of  Supreme  Court — John  preceding  year.    The  Soldiers*  Orphans^  Home 

M.  Berry,  68,841 ;  William  Mitohell,  29,746 ;  at  Winona  was  closed  on  the  10th  of  May,  the 

m^ority  for  Berrv^  88,696.    Olerk  of  Supreme  number  of  inmates  having  been  so  reduced  by 

Coart--Samael   H.    Nichols,  58,861 ;    Dillon  discharge  as  to  render  its  continuance  nnneoes' 

O'Brieu,  89,511 ;  majority  for  Nichols,  19,840.  sary. 


568 


MINNESOTA. 


The  total  n  amber  of  farms  in  the  State  is 
60,816,  covering  a  total  tilled  area  of  8,429,164 
acres.  The  area  in  wheat  daring  the  past  year 
was  reported  at  2,854,344  acres,  npon  which  the 
growing  grain  gave  such  extraordinary  prom- 
ise that  as  the  time  for  harvest  approached  the 
crop  was  estimated  at  47,000,000  bushels.  But 
at  tne  critical  ripening  period  an  alternation  of 
sultry  showers  and  blazing  heat  shrivded  the 
kernels  to  such  an  extent  as  to  destroy  half  the 
crop  in  both  quantity  and  value  throughout  the 
great  wheat-growing  section  of  the  State.  In 
two  thirds  of  the  wheat  area  lying  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State,  the  yield  was  estimated 
at  10,  and  in  the  remainder  18  bushels  per 
acre,  making  a  total  product  of  about  26.000,- 
000  bushels.  The  crop  of  oats  exceeded  the 
average  yield,  being  estimated  at  16,800,000 
bushels,  while  the  product  of  com,  amounting 
to  nearly  18,000,000  bushels,  was  the  largest 
and  best  ever  known  in  the  State.  The  cul- 
ture of  the  early  amber  sugar-cane  promises  to 
become  an  important  industry  of  Minnei^ota. 
The  sirup  produced  in  1877  was  reported  at 
140,150  gallons,  which,  with  an  enlarged  growth 
of  the  cane,  was  greatly  exceeded  by  the  prod- 
act  of  1878.  The  total  acreage  of  the  fatter 
year  was  estimated  at  2,800  acres,  against  2,100 
for  the  previous  year.  An  experienced  grower 
has  reported  that  an  acre  of  land  will  readily 
produce  11  tons  of  cane,  and  a  ton  of  cane  will 
give  from  85  to  95  gallons  of  Juice  by  the  use 
of  a  six-horse-power  mill.  The  Juice  contains 
16  per  cent,  of  solid  matter,  13  parts  of  which 
are  crystallizable  sugar,  the  remaining  8  parts 
being  invert  sugar  and  organic  matter.  An  acre 
of  cane  will  produce  from  140  to  280  gallons 
of  sirup.  The  cane  yields  about  1,000  pounds 
of  seea  to  the  acre,  which  sells  at  from  15  to 
20  cents  per  pound.  It  is  also  valuable  for  feed. 
The  sirup  is  worth  from  65  to  70  cents  per  gal- 
lon by  the  barrel.  One  gallon  of  sirup  will 
produce  ten  gallons  of  superior  vinegar,  worth 
about  20  cents  a  gallon.  The  soil  and  climate 
of  the  State  are  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
the  cane,  and  from  the  rapid  increase  of  this 
industry  it  is  believed  that  the  day  is  near  at 
baud  when  Minnesota  will  not  only  produce 
all  the  sugar,  sirup,  and  vinegar  needed  for 
home  consumption,  but  will  also  export  large 
quantities.  Early  in  the  year  a  convention  of 
cane-growers  and  others  interested  in  this  sub- 
ject was  held  at  Minneapolis,  and  an  organiza- 
tion was  formed  under  the  name  of  the  *^  Min- 
nesota Amber- Oane  Growers*  Association. '*  Its 
object  is  *Ho  Join  its  members  in  a  more  friend- 
ly union,  where  they  can  exchange  views  and 
experiences,  thereby  gaining  and  imparting 
knowledge  of  the  best  manner  and  methods 
of  cultivating  and  manufacturing  sirup  and 
sugar  from  early  amber-cane,  and  the  collec- 
tion of  information  to  be  disseminated  among 
the  people." 

The  expanding  theatre  of  agriculture  in  this 
State  is  forcibly  shown  by  the  sales  of  State 
and  railroad  lands,  which  during  the  past  year 


reached  an  aggregate  of  2,344,246  acres,  kiDf 
more  than  double  the  quantity  disposed  of  in 
1877,  which  in  turn  for  surpassed  any  preTiou 
year  in  the  extent  of  land  transactions.  This 
absorption  of  public  lands  being  cbieflj  in 
small  parcels,  by  actual  settlers,  indicate  i 
large  permanent  and  desirable  addition  to  Ue 
population  of  the  State,  which  is  now  estinuu^d 
at  about  765,000.  The  sales  of  Stote  l^d^ 
in  1878,  as  compared  with  1877,  were  as  fel- 
lows: 


CLASS  OF  LAND. 


A«*Mct 


Bchool 

Agriealtonl  CoUagB. 

Unlrenlty 

Interud  Improvement  — 

Total... 

School 

Agrlcaltiinl  GoUegv 

Interod  Improyement.. . . . 

Total 


lars. 

70.MT 
7^76 

50,878 

^448.006  95 

42.1M  18 

191.726  74 

292^882  65 

188,889 

$787,193  87 

isrr. 

19,296 
7,5M 
6,668 


88,629 


tlll,9n  » 
44,205  09 
8^194  0< 


j   AM 
I   i'A 


•5« 
5-5 


$191,878  60  ;  15 :« 


The  largest  sales  in  any  county  were  in  Rto* 
ville.  where  42,887*88  acres  were  disposed  of. 
The  highest  price  obtained  was  in  Rock  Coum.^. 
where  the  land  brought  $7.60  per  acre. 

Thirty-four  counties  took  aavantage  of  the 
provision  made  by  the  Legislature  for  a  soppl  • 
of  seed-grain  to  sufferers  from  grasshoppvr 
ravages.  The  total  number  of  applicimts  wa5 
6,026,  and  grain  suflBcient  for  228,727  ac^^ 
was  distributed.  The  distribution  afforded  an 
average  of  a  little  less  than  50  per  cent  of  tie 
amount  applied  for.  The  practical  operatios 
of  the  law  proved  nniversally  satisfactory,  an  i 
it  is  believed  that  great  and  deserved  assistance 
was  rendered  to  destitute  regions  w*hich  had  so 
repeatedly  been  subjected  to  the  insect  scoar^e 
as  to  be  disabled  f^om  helping  themselre^. 
Most  of  the  counties  receiving  aid  are  those 
which  largely  escaped  the  destructive  blight 
and  produced  the  best  crops. 

According  to  trustworthy  reports  publishtd 
during  the  year,  there  are  in  Minnesota  31 5 
flour-mills,  with  a  total  of  1,489  nm  of  stooe. 
The  running  power  is  classified  as  follows: 
8 team,  95;  water,  274;  steam  and  water,  18; 
wind,  8.  The  aggregate  nrodncing  capacitj  is 
estimated  at  87,225  barrels  of  flour  a  day,  or 
about  11,167,500  a  year.  Hence  these  milb  are 
capable  of  grinding  about  65,837,600  bushels  of 
wheat  a  year,  which  is  a  much  greater  amoQQt 
than  the  highest  estimate  hitherto  made  of  id.t 
crop. 

The  number  of  miles  of  railroad  constnictvd 
and  put  in  operation  during  the  year  was  375, 
which  exceeds  the  amount  built  in  asy  pr^ 
ceding  year  except  1871,  when  458  miles  ver* 
constructed.  The  whole  number  of  miles  oper- 
ated within  the  State  is  2,608.  The  milesge  of 
the  various  roads  and  the  business  done  dorinf 
the  year  are  shown  in  the  f oUowiog  statement : 


MINNESOTA. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


569 


BOAOS. 


Qil.lfaABt.  Ptal- 

Kirer  DiTiafaii 

I.  ftM.DlTtolon 

H.A  D.  DItMoii 

GM^  Dabiiqii«  St  Wn,, . 

CeotrsL 

B.  C.  B.  AKorthera.... 
Miimaapotls  St  St.  Loais. 

Northern  Pluifle 

8l  Pftol  St  PAdflo— 

Main  Un« 

BraDcli  Liod 

Sl  VInoent  Eztetukm. 

Melrose  line. 

8t  Paoi  A  Dalath 

St  Pftol  A  Sloiiz  City.. . 
Bioax  atr  St  St  Fatal. . . 
St  Pftnl,  8.  A  T.  Falls... 

Soatbem  Minnesota 

MhuMAota  Western 

West  Wiflooof4n 

WlDooA  A  St.  Peter 

Winona,  Man.  St  N.  Ulm. 
Worthin^ton  A  S.  F. . . . 


180 

147 

74 

85 

89 

12 

1S8 

8£8 

S07 
76 

121 
86 

169 

181 
66 
88 

167 
60 
88 

888 

8 

41 


1345,167 

819,414 

87^00 

80.814 

55,891 

48,881 

859,850 

689,468 

005,886 
851,305 
141,118 

86,488 
514,888 
690,889 
168,896 
106,800 
858,148 

98,968 

82,785 

881,801 

4,118 

84,627 


1581,580 

499,498 

78,018 

81,188 

84,510 

80,940 

841.983 

888,467 

800,817 

167,888 

9^401 

8^894 

898,489 

851,474 

115,885 

57,078 

859,648 

47,174 

89.119 

619,784 

10,878 

81,816 


$818,647 

819,981 

15,887 

"so^ssi 

17,441 
117,911 
861,001 

886,609 
188.568 

4^711 

8,089 

116.888 

869,854 

68,160 

49,286 
498,005 

4^78S 

'  8i'2ioi6 


In  December  an  important  Commercial  Oon- 
vention  was  held  at  St.  Paul,  at  which  the  fol- 
lowing resolutions  were  adopted : 

WAemgj  The  rapid  settlement  and  fertile  charao- 
ter  of  the  vast  region  of  country  north  and  west  of 
the  bead  of  Lake  buperior,  and  its  inezaustible  min- 
eral and  timber  resonroes,  call  for  snob  improvement 
of  oar  northern  waterway  as  will  give  tne  Isrgest 
sized  vessels  free  and  uninterrupted  navigation 
through  the  great  lakes,  and  thus  secure  to  the 
producer  the  cheapest  and  most  direct  route  and  to 
the  Gonsamer  the  products  of  the  region  at  the 
smallest  cost ;  and 

Wkeretu^  The  greatest  obstruction  to  the  waterway 
is  in  the  St.  Mary's  Biver,  between  Lake  Supperior 
and  Lake  Huron,  the  present  condition  of  which 
permits  vessels  of  but  12  feet  draught  to  pass,  and 
although  the  GoTomment  has  made  large  expendi- 
tures in  the  construction  of  a  ship-canal  for  vessels 
drawing  16  feet  of  water,  it  can  not  be  available  for 
the  purposes  designed  until  such  further  improve- 
ments are  made  to  the  river  below  as  will  give  the 
required  depth  of  water,  and  thus  save  the  present 
Ions  pf  80  per  cent,  in  the  carrving  capacity  of  modem 
lake  vessels  and  the  annually  recurring  loss  of  so 
much  of  the  public  wealth:  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  we  respectfully  urge  upon  Congress 
the  immediate  acceptance  by  the  United  States  of 
Bt.  lfarv*s  Canal  in  accordance  with  the  offer  of  the 
State  of  Michigan  of  April  8,1869,  its  establishment 
ft.s  a  free  oanal^  and  the  speedy  completion  of  the 
new  lock  and  its  approaches. 

Sem49ed^  That  we  ask  of  Congress  an  appropria- 
tion for  the  further  survey  of  the  channels  between 
I^ke  Superior  and  Lake  Huron,  and  so  much  for  the 
improvement  of  the  present  channel  and  the  St.  Clair 
flatA  and  Detroit  Biver  as  in  the  opinion  of  the  War 
l)t)partznent  can  be  Judiciously  expended  the  coming 
season. 

Baolvtdj  That  we  further  petition  Congress  for  an 
ippropriation  to  complete  the  survey  ofthe  harbor 
it  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  and  its  early  improve- 
ment, so  as  to  meet  the  present  increasing  demands 
ot  commeros. 

Re$olved,  That  it  Is  of  the  utmost  importance  that 
the  necessary  harbors  on  the  northern  waterway  be 
iultablv  improved. 

Rfoivtd^  That  a  committee  of  nine  be  appointed 
by  thepresident  of  this  Convention  to  draft  and  pre- 
lent  to  Congress  a  memorial  embodying  the  requests 


of  this  Commercial  Convention  and  our  reasons 
therefor. 

The  commercial  growth  of  St.  Panl  has  been 
steady  and  rapid  in  recent  years.  In  1877  its 
wholesale  trade  was  estimated  at  more  than 
$25,000,000,  which  was  considerably  greater 
than  that  of  any  previous  year.  During  1878 
there  was  an  increase  of  nearly  $5,000,000  in 
this  trade.  This  increase  is  shown  to  be  still 
greater  and  more  remarkable  by  the  fact  that 
prices  were  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  lower  in 
the  latter  than  in  the  former  year. 

MISSISSIPPI.  The  Legislature  of  the  State 
assembled  on  January  7th,  and  after  a  session  of 
fifty  days  adjourned  on  March  6th.  Some  im- 
portant general  laws  were  enacted, among  which 
was  an  act  to  establish  and  maintain  in  the  State 
a  system  of  public  free  schools.  It  provides 
that  the  system  shall  be  administered  by  a  board 
of  education,  a  superintendent  of  public  educa- 
tion, county  superintendents  of  public  educa- 
tion, and  local  boards  of  school  trustees.  Any 
town  of  one  thousand  or  more  inhabitants  may 
constitute  a  school  district.  White  and  col- 
ored youth  are  not  to  be  taught  in  the  same 
school-house,  nor  in  school-houses  nearer  to 
each  other  than  two  and  a  half  miles.  Twenty 
days  of  actual  teaching  constitute  a  school 
month.  The  Bible  shall  not  be  excluded  from 
the  public  free  schools.  The  amount  paid  out 
of  the  school  fund  shall  not  exceed  seven  and 
one  half  cents  per  day  for  each  pupil  of  the 
whole  number  in  the  monthly  average  atten- 
dance. To  support  the  schools  there  are  set 
apart  the  proceeds  of  lajids  sold  for  taxes,  from 
fines,  forfeitures,  breaches  of  penal  laws,  li- 
censes, poU-taxea,  etc. ;  and  whenever  the 
amount  is  less  than  $200,000  for  any  year,  it 
Is  to  be  made  up  out  of  the  general  fund. 

Another  act  constituted  the  Alcorn  Univer- 
sity as  an  agricultural  college  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  colored  youth  of  the  State,  to  be 
hereafter  known  as  the  Alcorn  Agriculturd 
and  Mechanical  OoUege  of  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi. An  agricultural  college  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  white  youth  of  the  State  was  also 
established,  and  designated  as  the  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College  of  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi. The  donation  of  210,000  acres  of  land 
made  by  Oongress  was  appropriated  to  the 
support  of  these  institutions.  £ach  college  is 
placed  under  the  charge  of  a  distinct  board  of 
trustees. 

An  act  was  also  passed  making  provision  for 
a  system  of  high  schools  and  colleges  furnish- 
ing a  course  of  instruction  intermediate  between 
the  common-school  course  and  the  university 
course.  The  first  section  provides  that  where 
suitable  school  buildings  and  a  library  of  200 
bound  volumes  of  well-selected  miscellaneous 
literature  are  furnished  without  expense  to 
the  State,  and  where  a  faculty  of  one  or  more 
teachers  of  good  moral  and  educational  standing 
in  the  Stato  shall  have  associated  themselves 
as  a  faculty  in  such  school,  students  attending 
such  school  from  any  county  in  the  State  shall 


570  MISSISSIPPI. 

be  entitled  to  draw  from  the  school  fund  of  pervisors,  all  measares  that  in  the  opinion  of 

hifl  or  her  county  the  pro  rata  amount  to  which  the  coonty  hoard  of  health  will  tend  to  prevent 

saeh  student  would  have  been  entitled  had  he  epidemic,  endemic,  or  contagious  diseases,  or 

attended  a  first-class  public  school  in  his  own  that  will  improve  the  public  health, 

ooontj.    Other  sections  direct  the  manner  in  The  county  boards  of  health  have  the  power 

which  the  system  shall  be  carried  out.  to  make  all  rules  deemed  needful  for  enforced 

Another  act  reorganized  the  State  Board  vaccination,  for  compelling  reports  to  the  health 

of  Health,  and  provided  that  it  shall  take  cog-  oflBcer  of  cholera,  yellow  fever,  scarlet  fever, 

nizance  oif  matters  of  health  and  life  among  diphtheria,  measles,  or  small-pox,  or  other  con- 

the  people  of  the  State ;  make  inquiries  in  tagious  or  infectious  diseases ;  and  said  boards 

respect  to  the  causes  of  diseases,  and  especially  of  health  shall  have  power  to  make  all  rules 

of  epidemics ;  and  investigate  the  sources  of  and  regulations  that  tney  may  deem  necessarr 

mortality  and  the  efiects  of  localities,  employ-  to  prevent  the  spread  of  any  such  diseases,  acd 

ments,  and  other  conditions  upon  public  health  mav  cause  persons  so  affected  to  be  separated ; 

and  the  causes  of  disease,  and  the  best  means  and  may  order  that  families  or  estabHsbmenti 

of  prevention  of  disease.    The  Board  is  author-  of  any  kind,  where  such  diseases  or  any  of 

ized  to  require  reports  and  information  at  such  them  are  supposed  to  exist,  shall  not  leave  the 

times  and  of  such  facts,  and  generally  of  such  houses  so  affected,  or  shall  be  quarantined,  asd 

nature  and  extent,  relating  to  the  safety  of  life  may  make  such  rules  as  they  may  deem  necca- 

and  the  promotion  of  health,  as  its  by-laws  or  sary  for  disinfecting  premises  where  snch  dis- 

rules  may  provide,  from  all  health  officers  in  eases  are  or  have  been,  and  for  disinfecting 

the  State,  and  from  all  dispensaries,  hospitals,  clothing  or  destroying  the  same ;  and  any  pvr- 

asylums,  prisons,  and  schools,  and  from  the  son  violating  such  rules,  orders,  or  regn1atioo$ 

managers,  principals,  and  officers  thereof,  and  shall  be  punished  for  each  offense  by  fine  in 

from  all  other  public  institutions,  their  officers  any  sum  not  exceeding  fifty  dollars,  or  by  itl- 

and  managers,  and  lessees  and  occupants  of  all  prison  men  t  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  one 

places  of  public  resort  in  the  State.    It  is  re-  month,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment, 

quired  to  take  the  general  supervision  of  the  Another  act  created  a  State  Board  of  Immt- 

State  system  of  registration  of  births,  mar-  gration,  consisting  of  a  Commissioner  of  Immi- 

riages,  and  deaths.    This  registration  is  to  be  gration,  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  the  StAt« 

kept  by  the  clerks  of  circuit  courts.    Each  Treasurer. 

county  is  required  to  have  a  board  of  health  For  the  support  of  the  charitable  and  other 

and  a  medical  adviser  or  chief  health  officer,  institutions  of  the  State  the  following  mms 

whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  report  to  the  county  were  appropriated  for  each  of  the  jears  187$ 

board  of  health  every  matter  involving  the  and  1880:  Lunatic  Asylum,  $60,000 ;  Deaf  and 

health  of  the  county ;  to  examine  and  report  Dumb  Institution,  $8,600 ;  Blind  Asylum,  $7.- 

in  regard  to  the  ventilaUon  of  theatres,  city  500 ;  Alcorn  University,  $8,000 ;  State  NormjL 

halls,  and  public  buildings  genercdly,  in  regard  School,  $8,000;  for  general  univer8itJpnrpofie^. 

to  preservation  of  human  life  in  case  of  fire ;  $27,000. 

to  make  report  of  matters  needing  attention  The  assessment  of  real  estate  is  made  onrt 

in  public  schools  for  the  preservation  of  the  in  four  years  for  the  purposes  of  taxation, 

health  of  the  pupils ;  to  report  in  regard  to  The  assessors  for  1879  were  required  to  report 

any  matter  calculated  to  affect  iniuriously  the  to  the  State  Auditor  the  total  value  of  lands 

public  health,  and  to  report,  generally,  in  regard  assessed  in  their  respective  counties.     If  the 

to  the  public  health  of  his  county.    It  shall  aggregate  value  of  lands  in  such  reports* was 

be  the  duty  of  said  county  health  officer  to  10  per  cent  less  than  the  aggregate  ralne  as 

examine  drinking  water  in  different  localities,  assessed  in  1875,  then  the  State  tax  for  187'^ 

and,  if  impurities  be  discovered,  to  make  the  was  to  be  fixed  at  four  mills;  but  if  there  ws5 

same  known  to  the  public  through  the  county  not  such  reduction,  the  State  tax  should  be  thnt^ 

board  of  health,  givmg  at  the  same  time  the  and  a  half  mills. 

means  of  purifying  the  same ;  and  shall  report  The  attention  of  the  Legislature  was  callod 

on  stagnant  pools  and  other  matters  that  would  to  the  troubles  in  the  southwestern  counties  of 

have  a  deleterious  effect  on  the  water  used  for  the  State,  and  a  committee  of  investigation  W2« 

domestic  purposes,  or  that  would  cause  malaria  appointed.    This  body  reported  that  it  had  in- 

or  be  injurious  to  public  health,  whether  the  stituted  a  rigid  inquiry  into  the  cauaee  of  the 

same  be  on  private  premises  or  public  high-  troubles,  and  its  conclusion  was  that  they  were 

ways  or  elsewhere ;  and  shall  examine  and  re-  due  to  financial  depression,  and  not  to  political 

port  on  market-houses  and  butcher-sttJla,  and  infiuence,  nor  to  race  antagonism.    The  parties 

any  other  matters  that  may,  in  the  opinion  of  engaged  in  them,  says  the  Committee,  *'  hare 

said  health  officer,  have  a  tendency  to  inju-  seen  their  homes  and  other  property  pass* 

riously  affect  the  public  health.    And  it  shall  under  mortgages  and  deeds  of  trust,  into  other 

be  the  duty  of  the  county  board  of  health  to  hands,  with  families  beggared,  the  means  for 

report  to  the  board  of  supervisors  such  matters  their  support  taken  away,  want  staring  them 

as  are  of  importance  and  reqidre  tho  attention  in  the  face,  and  their  little  passing  into  tlte 

of  the  board  of  supervisors,  and  also  to  recom-  hands  of  strangers  for  inadequate  oonsidera- 

mend,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  board  of  su-  tion.    Many  of  them  were  impelled  to  acts  of 


MISSISSIPPI.  671 

lawlessness  and  inhnmanitj.    It  was  the  out-  Congress  to  vote  for  the  remonetization  of  sil- 

cropping  of  the  same  spirit  of  oommnnism  born  yer. 

of  desperation,  which  plunged  tens  of  thou-  The  following  memorial  to  Oongress  was  also 

sands  of  starving  operatives  into  acts  of  violence  adopted : 

in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States  in  1877,  TPA^rraffCertun  measures  are  now  pending  before 

which  nothing  but  the  strong  arm  of  the  na-  the  CoDgreas  of  the  United  States,  which  propose  to 

tional  authority  could  suppress."    The  distress  raise,  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  or  other  sources, 

of  the  inhabitants  was  also  attributed  to  an  *.5^°?  ^  ^t  d"»*"*>^,^<^  •^o^*  ^«  "^«™1  ^^^^  "^ 

w*   *AAv  A^uauxvau*^  ^  ao  oioy  «vviauuu^«a  •<"  «"  »id  of  populaT  cduoatiou  I  and 

improvident  sjstem  of  agriculture,  by  which  Wktreat,  These  measures  provide  that  this  distri- 

cotton  alone  was  cultivated,  to  the  neglect  of  bution  shall  be  made  for  a  term  of  years  upon  the 

those  products  which  sustain  life.  basis  of  illiteracy,  and  afterward  upon  the  basis  of 

The    following    concurrent  resolution  was  school  poDulation:  therefore,        ..    ^^  ^     .„. 

^Ar^^^r^A  K«.  ♦!,*  T<v»:<.i»fr..A .  Setolved,  That  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Mi8> 

adopted  by  the  Legislature :  gi^^ippi  ^^g  most  heaitU/  approve  the  adoption  of 

Wkenaty  The  Government  of  the  United  States  some  measure  of  national  legislation  which  shall  em- 
has  granted  millions  of  acres  of  public  lands  and  body  the  principles  set  forth  in  the  foregoing  pre- 
hunm'eds  of  millions  of  dollars  to  the  construction  amble. 

Se  ^rt^em'S)rtion*of  the'oiJSr^  -f®  ^®  ^^^^.  ^'  Vicksburg  is  the  geographical 

of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  along  or  and  commercial  center  of  the  largest  and  most 

near  the  43d  parallel  of  north  latitude,  known  as  the  fruitful  cotton-growing  region  in  the  Southern 

"Uuion"  and  "Central"  Paoiflc  Kailroads— which  States,  comprising  all  North  Louisiana,  all  the 

said  railway  line  is  owned  bv  two  corporations  jjlnvial  lands  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  the 

which  are  fiffantio  monopolies,  bavmg  control  of  all  "*"*'»•"  *»«^o  v^  ui^^ ^.^  001^1^4  ^»>vv«   *"  *>"^ 

the  railway  freight  and  passenger  transportation  at  western  portion  of  this  State,  aU  the  valleys  of 

their  own  prices  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  the  the  Yazoo,  Tallahatchie,  and  Sunflower  Rivers, 

Pociflo  ooaat :  and  Deer  Greek  and  Big  Black,  as  well  as  all  the 

Whsr^as,  The  southern  portion   of  the  United  fortUe  lands  of  the  interior  of  Misassippi,  the 

States  has  no  direct  railway  communication  between  t  »^ai«4-.«.>».  ^^A^^^^^Ji  .yv«^i..*;^.«<.  »«v:«./.  /v.  ^ia 

the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic  coasts,  which  is  so  es-  Legislature  adopted  resolutions  asking  for  ud 

sential  to  the  purposes  of  travel  and  commerce,  and  from  C/ongress  to  preserve  its  landing  or  port, 

thedevelopmentof  the  vast  resources  of  this  region  The  recent  changes  in  the  Mississippi  River 

of  country :  therefore,  and  the  rapid  formation  of  sand-bars  threaten 

Sktiox  I.  BtU  resolved  bifjJ^ffouMo/Be^^  to  destroy  the  water-front  and  thus  iiyure  the 

tivet  of  iA4  StaU  of  Mts»%snppt  (the Senate  cancurnng).  ^ai.    ox  *                               ^ 

Thai  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  under  proper  commerce  of  the  State. 

lenl  restrictions,  should  adopt  some  measures  which  An  act  was  passed  abolishing  Pearl  County, 

will  secure  the  speedy  construction  and  completion  and  restoring  its  parts  to  Hancock  and  Marion 

of  a  jouthera  line  of  railway,  from  the  east  bank  of  Oounties.    The  county  had  been  organized  six 

the  Mi'WA^^'PPI  «»^«^  ".  near  as  practicable  along  ^  ^^^  ^^^     ^^  ^^  ^^  neither 

the  32d  parallel  of  north  latitude,  to  ship  channel  in  f  ?,r»           w"****©  «**»«  ^w**vr«  iw  *x«»*  u^aiui^< 

the  bay  of  San  Diego  on  the  Pacific  coast.  huilt  a  conrt-house,  a  jail,  nor  a  clerk's  or 

Sso.  3.  Be  ii/uHhsr  retoived,  That  the  entire  line  sheriff^s  office,  nor  a  bridge.    Its  records  were 

of  said  railway  should  bo  under  the  coutrol  and  man-  burned  twelve  months  previous,  and  it  had 

agement  of  one  company,  so  as  to  form  a  competing  ^ot  been  able  to  purchase  books  to  supply  the 

Ime  of  railway  to  the  other  lines  which  now  exist.  1                              *^                                     ^'^  '' 

or  may  hereafter  be  completed,  from  the  Mississippi  *"*S',        .  „       .                 i..^  ^.       1              j         ^ 

Valley  to  the  Pacific  ooaat,  independent  of  and  with-  -Ihe    following    constitutional  amendment, 

out  combioaUon  with  such  other  railroad  companies,  having  been  adopted  by  the  people,  was  ordered 

Also  the  following :  ^  ^®  inserted  in  the  State  Constitution : 

TT-A^— ^-  T* ;-  *K«  -««-'•  ^p  ♦»»?-  T  i%»:.i.f.i*»  fV,-»  u  The  Legislature  shall  meet  at  the  seat  of  govern- 

h^jr  sons  ia  the  late  memorable  and  unhappy  struggle  A  bill  dividing  the  Eighteenth  Senatorial  Dis- 

between  the  Stetes  aafar  as  the  evid^^^             same,  tnct,  and  giving  a  separate  Senator  to  Lowndes 

D-)W  rapidly  penahing,  may  he  attainable;  desinne  ry       *.              a\  xv  o^              '^.x.     a            •*.•  « 

only  to  aeouro^md  pr<Sirve  a  memorial  of  the  ability.  County,  passed  both  Houses  Without  opposition, 

courage,  and  constancy  of  the  soldiera  of  Miasiasippi,  In  the  House  the  following  concurrent  reso- 

vliieh  have  become  a  part  of  the  priceless  heritage  lution  was  presented : 

ofthe  American  people:  therefore                    ^  i8iwf»#rf,  That  the  Hon.  B.  K.  Bruce  [colored],  Sen- 

BeUremdved  t^f  the  Sef^of  the  Stale  0/ Mieei^^  ^^or  of  the  United  States  from  this  State,  in  his  re- 

Uke  Hmeee  eonc^mng).  That  our  Senators  and  Kep-  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^1,^  resolution  offered  by  the  Hon.  Stan- 

resentativM  in  Congress  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  |      Matthews  In  the  Senate  favoring  the  remonetiza- 

rjqowted  to  make  appbcation  to  the  proper  au-  ^J;„  ^^  ^^^       has  reflected  the  sentiment  and  will 

thontiea  for  permuision  for  some  suitahle  person,  ^f  j^i,  oonstitients,  and  said  vote  is  hereby  endoraed 

hereafter  to  be  appointed  by  this  State  for  the  pur-  ^  approved. 

pone,  ifpermission  should  be  granted,  to  make  copies  ^,  .           ,  ,.        ..,,..,     «       .          .,    . 

of  sQoh  portions  of  the  archives  ofthe  late  Confeder-  This  resolution  failed  m  the  Senate,  as  that 

•to  Statea.  in  possession  of  the  Government,  as  may  body  had  previously  adopted  a  resolution  in 

relate  to  tne  State  of  Mississippi,  or  any  of  its  otil-  favor  of  the  measure 

StTte^^  '^^^'®"  ""^"^^^  ^"^  ""•  "'*'  between  the  j^  ^^e  House  previous  to  adjournment  the 

following  resolutions  of  thanks  were  adopted : 

Also  another,  instructing  and  requesting  the  Rt^ohtd,  That  we  extend  our  hearty  thanks  to  the 

Senators  and  Representatives  of  the  State  in  Hon.  W.  A.  Percy,  Speaker  of  this  House,  for  the 


572  MISSISSIPPL 

nniform  kindneBS  and  ooorteouB  treatment  extended  paid  to  the  counties  tbroogh  which  the  rodf 

to  us,  the  colored  members  of  this  House,  during  the  p^gg,     xhe  lenffth  of  the  raiboada  which  paT 

sru^rpV°^io'S'rl5;;t.?„Tip;rdrr/fSiXe  ^ot»^ on  >f^^tot.x.^f^or»^ 

and  impartial  manner  in  which  he  has  discharged  exemptions,  IS  884  miles  of  broad  gauge  tuc 

the  delicate  and  responsible  duties  of  presiding  of-  60  miles  of  narrow  gange.     The  average  raloe 

fleer  of  this  House.  ot  these  roads  for  parposes  of  taxation  is  egti- 

JieBohed  fufiher,  That  we  take  pleasure  in  saying  ^^^^  ^t  $5,000  per  mUe.    The  rate  of  tia- 

that  we  have  received  nothing  but  kindness  at  tLe  *.  _  .  „^  uT  '  fi„^^^:n- 

hands  of  each  and   every  member  of  this  House,  *><>^^'^»»  ^^®°  five  mills.    ^         ^  ^^       ^^ 

which  we  will  hold  in  everlasting  remembrance,  and  Ihe  Chicago,  bt.  Louis  and  New  Oiieuts 

hope  that  the  good  feeling  between  the  white  and  Railroad  enters  the  State  of  Mississippi  at  (kj- 

colored  races  in  our  beloved  State  may  be  perpetual,  ka,  and  runs  north  for  about  800  miles,  to  tic 

Mr.  Miller,  of  Copiah,  offered  the  following,  Jtf """"^  '^°°^-'''°  'vJT''???^  •*" n '^♦!!i^p'^' 

which  was  unanimously  adopted :                  ^  111.,  connecting  with  the  Illinois  Ceutnd  Rail- 

•^        *^            ^  road.    The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railrosd  cuter? 

.fiSMo^tfjL  That  the  unanimous  thsnks  of  this  body  the  State  at  the  southeast  comer  of  Varw 

be,  and  they  are  hereby,  tendered  to  the  colored  n^.,,.*-.    .^^^t^^  ^^^v   4-v.^»»i,   ♦v^  «— ♦«- 

members  for  their  unifori  courtesy,  and  manly,  dig-  County,  running  north  through  the  eastem 

nifled  devotion  to  public  duty  duriM  this  session,  counties  to  Oonnth,  ana  tnence  to  (jolmnboa, 

and  that  we  congratulate  the  people  ofthe  State  upon  Ey.,  connecting  with  the  Iron  Mountain  Rail- 

the  selection  of  representatives  so  worthy  from  that  road  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.    The  Vicksburg  and  M^ 

race,  and  upon  the  arrival  of  that  happy  epoch  where  ^dian  Railroad  has  its  western  terminus  at  th* 

race  prejudices  and  bitterness  of  feelmg  exist  in  our      ..      rxr-  u  v  ^  av.. -w    • -:     • -d*    -  .-j 

borders  no  longer.  city  of  Vicksburg,  on  the  Missismpni  River,  lud 

its  eastern  at  Meridian,  near  the  Alabama  Sute 
A  favorite  enterprise  of  the  State  is  the  con-  line,  connecting  there  with  the  Akbama  lod 
struction  of  the  Ship  Island,  Ripley  and  Ken-  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Rulroads. 
tucky  Railroad.  A  charter  was  granted  hj  the  The  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad  niss 
Legislature,  in  which  certain  unoccupied  lands  along  the  northern  boundary  of  the  State,  trooi 
were  donated  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the  Memphis,  Tenn.,  to  the  Alabama  line,  afford- 
road,  and  the  company  were  authorized  to  con-  ing  transportation  facilities  to  all  the  northen 
tract  with  the  lessees  of  the  State  Penitentiary  counties  in  the  State.  The  Mississippi  and  Ten- 
for  laborers.  The  Legislature  also  addressed  a  nessee  Railroad  commences  at  Memphis,  Teoiu 
memorial  to  Congress  for  a  donation  of  land  to  and  runs  100  miles  southeast,  through  a  fine 
aid  the  work.  The  road  is  designed  to  begin  at  farming  section,  to  Grenada ;  thenoe  coosect- 
or  near  Mississippi  City,  on  the  Gulf  shore,  and  ing  with  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Or* 
run  to  the  town  of  Middleton,  in  the  State  of  leans  Railroad.  From  Middleton,  on  the  Men- 
Tennessee,  connecting  with  the  Memphis  and  phis  and  Charleston,  the  Ship  Island,  BipWj 
Charleston  Railway,  and  through  to  tne  great  and  Kentucky  (narrow-gauge)  Railroad  starts. 
Northwest,  by  the  connection  with  the  New  and  is  finished  and  in  good  running  order  to 
Orleans,  St.  Louis  and  Chicago,  and  Mobile  and  Ripley^  in  Tippah.  From  Natchez  on  the  Mi»- 
Obio  Railways.  Mississippi  City  is  the  nearest  sissippi  River,  the  (narrow  gauge)  Kat^bez, 
point  opposite  Ship  Island  Harbor,  which  is  Jackson  and  Columbus  Railroad  has  been  cod- 
considered  the  best  on  the  line  of  coast  south  structed  to  '^  Martin  City,"  in  Claiborne  Codh- 
of  Norfolk,  Virginia.  It  was  occupied  by  the  ty,  45  miles,  passing  through  Fayette  in  Jeffa*- 
British  fleet  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  by  the  son  County.  This  road  will  develop  a  large 
Federal  navy  in  the  late  war.  It  has  a  depth  area  of  fine  farming  lands.  From  Bayon  Sara, 
of  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet,  and  a  ca-  on  the  Mississippi  River,  in  Louisiana,  therein 
pacity  sufficient  to  protect  and  shelter  the  a  railroad  of  26  miles,  to  WoodviUe,  in  Wiliia- 
whole  national  and  coastwise  marine  of  the  son  County,  Miss.,  affording  transportation  to 
United  States.  The  harbor  of  Ship  Island  is  some  of  the  best  farming  and  grazing  lands  io 
only  twelve  miles  from  the  coast,  with  a  slop-  the  State.  The  Vicksburg  and  Ship  IsiaD<i 
ing  and  shelving  shore  to  deep  water,  with  a  Railroad  has  been  chartered,  and  some  portico 
clay  foundation,  upon  which  can  be  built  moles  of  the  line  graded,  and  there  is  a  probability  of 
and  breakwaters.  The  road  will  enter  thenorth-  its  being  finished  to  Port  Gibson,  in  Claibom 
em  border  in  Tippah  County,  and  pursue  nearly  County,  at  once.  Port  Gibson  has  connection 
an  air-line  through  the  middle  of  the  State,  giv-  with  the  Mississippi  River  by  a  railroad,  7  mile? 
ing  its  benefits  to  Tippah,  Union,  Pontotoc,  long,  to  Grand  Gulf.  There  are  many  other 
Calhoun,  Chickasaw,  Winston,  Neshoba,  Leake,  lines  projected  and  chartered.  One  from  Vjcb- 
Newton,  Scott,  Smith,  Jasper,  Covington,  Jones,  burg  to  Memphis,  running  through  the  Miasi^ 
Perry,  Marion,  and  Harrison  Counties,  thus  pen-  sippi  bottom  nearly  all  the  way,  will  open  op 
etratingt^e  very  heart  of  the  State.  Along  with  some  of  the  finest  cotton  land  in  the  worla. 
the  cotton-bales  of  north  and  central  Missis-  Another  will  extend  from  Grenada,  on  the  Ta* 
sippi,  the  lumber  and  the  turpentine  of  the  vast  zoo  River,  in  I^flore  County,  to  Birming^raf 
pine  forests  of  the  South  would  find  their  way  Alabama;  another  from  Grenada,  on  the CLi- 
th  rough  this  channel  to  the  great  markets.  cago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  Baib^.  to 
The  len^  ofthe  railroads  in  the  State  which  Okolona,  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railn>ad. 
pay  taxes  is  616  miles,  and  the  amount  of  taxes  The  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orieans  Bail- 
paid  is  $46,173.    One  third  of  this  amount  is  road  has  a  branch  from  Durant  to  Kosciiu£cs 


MISSISSIPPI.  573 

in  Attala  Oonnty.    The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Rail-  oat  showing  what  this  portion  of  the  State, 
road  has  86 veral  branch  roads.   Two  start  from  along  the  New  Orleans  and  Chicago  road,  is 
Artesia,  in  Lowndes  Ooimtj,  one  running  to  and  may  become.    The  Fruit-Growers' Assooia- 
ColumbuB,  the  count  j  seat  of  Lowndes,  and  the  tion  urged  that  in  order  to  assure  success  to  its 
other  to  Starkville,  Oktibbeha  County.    These  efforts,  and  to  further  encourage  the  culture  of 
branches  afford  railroad  facilities  to  some  of  the  fruits  and  vegetables,  a  fruit  train  should  pass 
most  fertile  counties  in  the  State.    At  Aber-  through  the  fruit  belt,  say  from  New  Orleans 
deen  Junction  there  is  another  branch  to  Aber-  to  Oanton,  during  the  day,  running  on  the 
deen  in  Monroe  Oounty,  one  of  the  most  flour-  schedule  fast  enough  to  place  the  fruit  and 
ishing  and  enterprising  towns  and  counties  in  vegetables  on  tiie  Chicago  market  on  the  mom- 
the  State.    The  Mobile  and  Northwestern  Rail-  ing  of  the  second  day  aner  shipment,  the  train 
road  begins  upon  the  east  bank  of  the  Missis-  to  pass  Canton,  say  at  6  p.  m.  ,  and  to  run 
sippi  River,  at  a  point  opposite  Helena  in  Ar-  from  the  20th  of  April  to  the  20th  of  August 
kansas,  and  runs  in  a  southeasterly  direction  following,  and  at  as  low  rates  as  can  be  afford- 
through  Coahoma  County.    Twelve  miles  have  ed  on  such  schedule.    Cairo  is  548  miles  from 
been  completed.    The  Mempliis,  Holly  Springs  New  Orleans,  and  890  miles  from  Crystal 
and  Selma  Railroad,  running  through  the  north-  Springs;  Chicago  is  864  miles  from  Cairo,  750 
em  portion  of  the  State,  has  been  partially  con-  miles  from  Crystal  Springs,  and  912  miles  from 
structed,  a  large  part  of  the  graaing  finished,  New  Orleans.    The  farmers  in  the  fruit  belt 
and  some  iron  laid  upon  the  Alabama  end.  below  and  above  Crystal  Springs,  and  within 
The  amonnt  in  the  State  Treasury  at  the  be-  hauling  distance  of  the  railroad,  have  expended 
ginning  of  the  year  was  $686,282.    The  re-  considerable  amounts  of  money  and  labor  in 
ceipts  of  the  previous  year  were  $1,087,044 ;  establishing  orchards  and  vineyards.     They 
the  disbursements,  $1,208,784.    The  debt,  con-  have  planted  600,000  peach-trees  and  from  600 
fflsting  of  certificates  of  indebtedness  and  bonds,  to  600  acres  of  strawberries  between  Poncha- 
amounted  to  $2,802,096.  toula  and  Milan.    They  have  planted  nearly 
The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  was  originally  200,000  peach-trees  around  Cnrstal  Springs, 
coostructed  at  a  cost  of  $176,000,  and  opened  and  nearly  as  many  around  Terry.     Young 
for  patients  in  1856.    Since  then  it  has  been  trees  are  now  coming  into  bearing  in  such  num- 
greatiy  enlarged,  until  it  is  hardly  surpassed  bers  that  the  peach  crop  should  be  twice  as 
by  any  other  in  the  country.    During  its  term  large  as  it  has  ever  been,  if  this  and  suoceed- 
of  operation  1,376  inmates  have  been  received,  ing  years  prove  favorable  for  peaches.    Crystal 
of  whom  more  than  400  have  been  discharged  Springs  has  sent  60,000  boxes  to  market  in  a 
as  restored.    The  number  of  inmates  at  the  single  year,  and  Terry,  nine  miles  above,  has  sent 
beginning  of  the  year  was  410,  and  about  40  off  about  the  same  amount.    Hazlehurst,  ten 
applications  for  admission  were  on  file.    Sta-  miles  below,  has  sent  to  market  from  20,000 
tiatics  of  the  State  show  that  about  40  persons  to  80,000  boxes  in  a  year.    Along  the  line  of 
become  insane  annually.     In  the  Deaf  and  the  railroad  the  cars  have  gathered  up  in  a  sin- 
Domb  Asylum  there  are  41  pupils,  and  in-  gle  year  about  600,000  boxes.    Crystal  Springs 
creased  accommodations  are  required.    The  has  also  sent  2,600  boxes  of  apples  to  market. 
Institution  for  the  Blind  is  also  in  successful  and  2,000  boxes  of  plums.    These  fruits  may 
operation.  be  easily  increased  to  100  times  their  present 
The  crops  of  the  year  presented  very  favor-  importance  if  cheap  rates  and  rapid  transit  are 
able  results.    About  2  per  cent,  more  of  area  secured*    But  a  rapid  transit  is  not  so  impor- 
was  planted  in  cotton  than  in  1877.    In  sev-  tant  for  these  as  for  peaches  and  strawberries, 
eral  of  the  counties  the  crop  suffered  from  Blackberries  grow  wild  on  this  line  of  railroad 
excess  of  rain.    About  10  per  cent,  more  com  for  hundreds  of  miles.    These  may  be  dried 
was  planted  than  in  1877,  and  the  average  was  for  market  as  in  North  Carolina  and  else- 
aboat  the  same.    A  fine  crop  of  oats  was  gath-  where,  where  they  have  become  quite  an  im- 
ered,  being  on  the  average  10  per  cent,  more  portant  article  of  commerce.    They  may  also 
than  in  1877.    The  hay  crop  shows  an  increase  oe  converted  into  blackberry  wine,  or  made 
of  25  per  cent.    Rain  ana  rust  injured  the  into  preserves,  or  canned  in  other  shapes.    The 
wheat,  and  the  crop  was  less  than  in  1877.  domestic  blackberries  could  be  profitably  cul- 
The  fruits  were  also  Injured  by  heavy  rains,  tivatedalongthislineof  railroad,  and  thefruit- 
I'arge  shipments  are  made  by  rail  to  New  growers  are  now  commencing  the  cultivation 
Orleans,  St.  Louis,  and  Chicaga    The  proceeds  of  raspberries  with  prospects  of  success.  Grapes 
were  estimated  at  $160,000  on  the  line  of  the  of  various  kinds,  the  Louisiana,  the  Herbemont, 
New  Orleans  and  Chicago  Railroad  alone.    On  the  Scuppemon^,  the  Concord,  Martha,  and 
the  Mobile  and  Chicago  line  they  were  esti-  other  choice  varieties  for  table  use  and  wine- 
DUited  at  $100,000.    Large  shipments  of  Irisb  making,  can  be  produced  in  quantities  which 
potatoes,  tomatoes,  and  cabbages  were  also  would  be  deemed  fabulous  by  those  who  have 
°^e.  given  but  little  thought  to  the  matter.    The 
A  convention  of  the  fruit-growers  and  rail-  Chinese  quince,  pecans,  persimmons,  dewber- 
road  men,  to  consult  upon  their  mutual  inter-  ries,  mulberries,  the  English  walnut,  the  olive, 
^  was  held  at  Crystal  Springs  soon  after  the  and  the  tea-plant  find  a  congenial  soil  and  cli- 
doBe  of  the  year.    Many  facts  were  brought  mate  along  the  line  of  this  railroad.    In  addi- 


674  MI8SIS8IPPL 

tion  to  the  fruits  that  grow  in  great  perfection  wheat,  cotton,  Borghnm,  peaa,  grasses  of  va- 
in this  country,  this  soil,  ander  good  husband-  rious  kinds,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  stock-m<- 
rj,  yields  sugar-cane,  rice,  Jute,  peanuts,  and  ing,  and  fruit-growing.  The  "  central  re^on  ^ 
winter  as  well  as  summer  grasses,  and  vegeta-  embraces  South  Madison,  East  Hinds,  South 
hies  of  numerous  kinds,  all  favorable  to  fruit-  Leake,  Rankin,  and  portions  of  8cott,  Smith, 
growers  and  gardeners  aud  to  the  future  inter-  Jasper,  Newton,  Lauderdale,  and  Clarke  Coun* 
ests  of  the  country.  Stock-raising,  sheep,  wool,  ties.  The  forest  trees  of  this  section  are  red. 
hogs,  domestic  fowls,  butter  and  other  indus-  black,  white,  and  post  oaks,  hickory,  poplar, 
tries,  may  aid  the  farmer  and  the  railroad,  with  an  undergrowth  of  dogwood,  backeje. 
Canned  fruits  and  preserves,  dried  fruits,  canned  crab-apple,  black  and  red  haw,  etc.  Atur 
milk,  wines,  cider,  and  vinegar,  all  furnished  crossing  Pearl  River,  which  runs  soath  iato 
pure,  and  unadulterated,  and  wholesome,  may  the  Giuf  of  Mexico,  the  pine-trees  prefl(Hiii- 
be  produced  by  the  farmers  and  fruit-growers  nate  and  the  land  is  thinner.  This  section  i$ 
on  this  railroad  for  other  markets  and  as  ar-  well  watered  by  small  creeks,  running  throuf^ 
tides  of  commerce  to  be  carried  off  on  these  wide  bottoms  of  rich  soil,  of  great  and  lastin: 
trains.  fertility.    The  soil  of  this  region  is  genenllj 

Throughout  the  State  sheep  husbandry  is  fertile,  and  produces  fine  crops  of  cotton,  com, 

beginning  to  receive  much  greater  attention,  oats,  and  sugar-cane ;  all  the  grasses  grow  lai- 

and  the  importation  of  improved  breeds  has  uriantly,  and  it  seems  to  be  the  home  of  th« 

been  largely  increased.    The  number  of  hogs  peach  and  the  strawberry.    The  "  long-leaf 

raised  during  the  year  is  greater  than  at  any  pine  region  *'    includes   the    southern  piirt; 

period  since  the  war.    Efforts  have  commenced  of  Hinds,  Rankin,  Smith,  Scott,  Jasper,  and 

to  raise  improved  horses  and  cattle,  under  the  Lauderdale,  the  counties  of  Copiah,  Simpeom 

conviction  that  it  can  be  done  more  cheaply  Clarke,  Wayne,  Perry,  Greene,  Jones,  Marion, 

and  more  profitably  than  in  more  northern  Lawrence,  Lincoln,  Amite,  Franklin,  Pike,  and 

States.  the  greater  portion  of  the  Gulf  coast  coantie^, 

The  climate  of  the  State,  although  a  hot  one,  Hancock,  Harrison,  and  Jackson.     The  im- 

is  relieved  by  cool  nights  and  a  dry  atmosphere,  mense  forests  in  this  region  of  the  best  beart- 

The  temperature  of  the  same  inonths  in  sue-  pine  timber  have  already  attracted  the  atten- 

cessive  years  is  very  uniform.    As  an  agricul-  tion  of  capitalists  and  lumbermen.    While  the 

tural  State,  Mississippi  is  divided  into  several  greater  portion  of  the  soil  in  this  region  is  light 

portions,  according  to  the  peculiarities  of  the  and  sandy,  yet  much  of  it  is  very  productirt 

soil  or  the  natural  advantages  of  location.  That  and  easily  cultivated,  yielding  remuneratiTe 

part  called  the  "yellow-loam  region"  com-  crops  of  com,  peas,  sweet  potatoes,  uplaDd 

prises  the  greater  portion  of  Tishomingo,  Al-  and  lowland  rice,  cotton  in  the  northern  por- 

corn,  Prentiss,  Tappah,  Benton,  Marshall,  Tate,  tion,  and  sea-island  cotton  along  the  Gulf  coast. 

De  Soto,  Panola,  Lafayette,  Calhoun,  Yalo-  Vegetables  and  fruits  of  all  kinds  are  grown 

bush  a,   Tallahatchie.   Grenada,  Montgomery,  in  great  abundance.    All  the  bays  and  riven 

Carroll,  Choctaw,  Sumner,  Attala,  Winston,  along  the  Gulf  coast  abound  in  the  finest  on- 

Leake,  Neshoba,  East  Holmes,  East  Tazoo,  ters  and  fish,  and  oranges,  melons,  figs,  grapes, 

North  Madison,  and  a  large  part  of  Eeraper,  peaches,  etc.,  are  raised  in  great  perfection. 

Lauderdale,  Newton,  Scott,  and  Rankin  Coun-  The  '*  prairie  region  "  was  cidled  the  granarj 

ties.    The  soil  consists  of  a  brownish-yellow  of  the  South  during  the  late  war.    Portions  of 

loam  underlaid  by  loose  sand,  on  a  red  hard-  Tishomingo,  Alcorn,  Itawamba,  Tippah,  PreD- 

pan.    The  fertility  depends  upon  the  thickness  tiss,  and  Union,  with  the  larger  part  of  Lee, 

of  this  stratum  of  loam,  which  varies  from  a  Monroe,  Chickasaw,  Oktibbeha,  Lowndes^  Clay, 

few  inches  to  several  feet    Throughout  this  and  Noxubee  Counties,  and  a  good  portion  of 

vast  territory  there  are  very  rich  river  and  creek  Kemper  County,  are  included  in  this  region. 

bottoms,  easily  cultivated,  and  that  will  pro-  A  large  portion  of  this  fine  prairie  soil  is  nnder- 

duce  40  to  60  bushels  of  corn  and  a  bale  of  laid  with  rotten  limestone,  and  is  rich  andTerr 

cotton  per  acre,  while  the  good  uplands  will  productive,  resembling  the  prairie  country  in 

average  about  one  half  bale  of  cotton  and  15  to  Illinois.    Wheat,  com,  oats,  cotton,  clorer,  sor- 

20  bushels  of  com,  with  intelligent  cultivation,  ghum,  and  the  various  grasses  are  cnltirated, 

without  manure.   These  bottom  lands  are  heav-  and  yield  very  large  and  remunerative  crops. 

ily  timbered  with  white,  overcup,  willow,  and  Peaches,  pears,  apples,  and  the  various  amah 

water  oaks,  hickory,  walnut,  ash,  poplar,  elm,  fruits,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  grow  io 

holly,  maple,  cypress,  etc.     The  best  ridges  great  perfection,  and  are  shipped  to  a  consid- 

and  table  lands  are  covered  with  black,  red,  erable  extent  to  Western  cities.    The  "  basin 

post,  and  white  oaks,  hickory,  dogwood,  and  region  "  embraces  over  four  million  acres  of 

chestnut,  in  many  sections  mixed  with  short-  land  lying  between  the  Mississippi  River  on 

leaf  pine ;  while  the  poorer  and  higher  sandy  the  west  and  the  Yazoo  and  its  tribntariea  on 

ridges  are  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  east,  including  much  of  the  bottoms  of  tlie 

short-leaf  pine  in  some  localities,  in  others  with  latter  streams.     The  counties  of  Issaquena, 

a  dense  growth  of  scrubby  black- jack  and  scmb  Washincrton,  Bolivar,  Coahoma,  Tunica,  Shar- 

oak.    The  soil  of  this  large  portion  of  the  State  key,  and  the  western  parts  of  Holmes,  Carroll, 

is  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  oats,  corn,  Lefiore,  Tallahatchie,  and  De  Soto,  are  em 


MISSISSIPPI  MISSOUBI.                    576 

braced  in  this  section.    The  soil  is  a  rich,  dark  tional,  6,969.    Third  District— H.  D.  Monej, 

aUuriam,  made  bj  the  overflow  of  the  Missis-  Democrat,  4.028 ;  scattering,  12.    Fifth  Dis- 

eippi,  Tazoo,  and  their  tributaries,  covering  trict  —  Oharles  £.  Hooker,  Democrat,  4,816; 

orer  with  rich  deposits  the  immense  vegeta-  J.  H.  Deacon,  Repablican,  697.    Sixth  District 

tioQ  of  the  bottom  lands.    These  lands,  when  —James  R.  Chalmers,  Democrat,  6,668 ;  E.  J. 

above  overflow  or  protected  by  levees  (em-  Costello,  Republican,  1,888. 

bankments  or  dikes),  produce  immense  crops  Each  branch  of  the  State  Legislature  has  a 

of  cotton  and  corn,  frequently  two  bales  of  large  Democratic  majority, 

cotton  per  acre  and  60  to  80  bushels  of  corn.  An  act  passed  by  the  Legislature,  to  exclude 

Stocky  such  as  cattle  and  hogs,  do  remarkably  the  importation  of  diseased  cattle  from  Texas 

well  m  this  section,  and  can  be  raised  very  into  the  State,  was  declared  to  be  unconstitu- 

cheaply.    The  timber  trees  of  this  region  are  tional  by  the  Federal  Supreme  Court  during 

vast  and  various — white,  water,  and  willow  the  summer.    The  points  decided  were  as  fol- 

oaka,  ash,  beech,  sweet-gum,  cottonwood,  hick-  lows : 

orv,  black-gum,  willow,  sycamore,  and  elm ;  i.  a  statute  of  a  State  which  prohibits  drivinff  or 

while  the  sloughs,  bayous,  and  lakes  are  filled  oonveying  any  Texas.  Mexican,  or  Indian  oaitte  into 

with  gigantio  cypress,  towering  above  the  other  i*»®  State,  between  the  lint  day  of  March  and  the 

tree,  in  the  forest    TheBe  o.prese-brak.es  are  r^^^f o?trtet^J/K 'SoT/dl^IJ^S 

of  immense  value,  as  the  cypress  lumber  is  very  that  orduins,  »» Congress  shall  have  power  to  regu- 

darable  and  well  suited  for  shmgles  and  other  late  oommerce  with  foreign  nations  and  among  the 

building  purposes.      The  **  bluff  region,"   or  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes.*' 

cane  hills,  run  parallel  with  the  Yazoo  and  ^J-  S"?**  «  statute  is  not  a  legitimate  exercise  of 

Mississippi  Rivei^from.  the  mouth  of  the  Yalo-  '^^^,  ^r^^SLl^'  '"^'"    ''  "  "^°"  "^  * 

bnsna,  gradually  wiaenmg  out  to  the  Louisiana  j.  yhe  police  power  of  a  State  can  not  be  exer- 

line.    At  Yicksburg  the  bluff  formation  ez-  ciaed  over  a  subject  such  as  inter-State  transporta- 

tends  east  to  the  Big  Black  River,  at  Natchez  t»o>i  of  subjects  of  commerce  confined  exclusively  to 

as  far  as  four  or  five  miles  east  of  Fayette,  in  ^^^^^Sf^^^  the  Federal  Constitution. 

T^4r»».^«  n^^^*.^  ^^A  :^  TD-ni,: ^«  ^^^Z.^  ^^2^^^  *•  While  a  State  may  enact  sanitary  laws,  while, 

Jefferson  County,  and  m  WUkinson  dear  across  f„  ^^^  purpose  of  self^proteotion,  it  may  establisll 

toe  county  and  as  far  as  one  or  two  miles  east  quarantine  and  reasonable  iigunotion  regulations, 

of  CeDterville,  in  Amite  County.     It  comprises  while  it  may  prevent  persons  and  animals  suffering 

the  western  hills  of  Leflore,  Carroll,  Holmes,  under  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  from  enter- 

and  Yazoo,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  Warren,  J°?  *'^?  ®'*'®' 1?  ^^.^j^*  l°*!f^^^®i!!*^''  i"T^'" 

ni  :k          »  T^T  "'^'v  •  «  »T«v.«  V*      «*aw«,  jujjQjj  ^n^Q  Qy  tbrouffh  its  borders,  beyond  what  is 

Claiborne,  Jefferson,  Adams,  and  Wilkinson  absolutely  necessary^for  iu  self-protection. 
Counties ;  also  a  portion  of  the  western  parts  6.  Neither  the  unlimited  power  of  a  State  to  tax, 
of  Franklin  and  Amite.  Near  the  Mississippi  nor  any  of  its  police  powers,  can  be  exercised  to 
the  bills  are  of  a  steep  bluff  character,  gradu-  fj?®^  »°  «**«^* "  ^^^l^'^u'  V^^'^  assumption  of 
ally  growing  less  abript  eastward  nntil  they  ^JJ^'^^"  conferred  by  the  Constitution  upon  Con- 
become  gently  undulating.  On  the  Big  Black,  6.  Since  the  ranee  of  a  State's  police  power  comes 
Bayou  Pierre,  and  Homochitto  Rivers  there  very  near  to  the  field  committed  by  the  Constitution 
are  vast  areas  of  the  finest  bottom  lands,  equal  to  Congress,  it  is  the  duty  of  courts  to  guard  vigi- 
in  fertility  to  the  Mississippi  bottom  lands.  ^^^^^^  "^^^^  "^^  needless  intrusion. 
The  soil  of  this  region  is  composed  of  a  brown-  MISSOURL  No  topic  attracted  more  dis- 
ish  loam  of  the  greatest  fertility,  underlaid  with  cnssion  in  this  State  during  the  year  than  that 
silt  largely  mixed  with  small  shells.  The  hills  of  the  alleged  irregularities  in  the  office  of  the 
are  covered  with  trees  of  enormous  size — white.  State  Treasurer,  Eliiah  Gates^  by  which,  it  was 
red,  and  black  oaks,  p<H>lar,  beech,  hickory,  charged,  the  State  had  sustained  considerable 
etc  This  is  the  home  of  the  magnolia,  which  losses.  In  view  of  these  disclosures  a  com- 
is  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  largest  forest  mittee  was  appointed  by  Governor  Phelps  to 
trees ;  they  are  so  numerous  in  the  southern  inquire  into  the  financial  transactions  of  the 
portion  of  this  region  that  when  in  bloom  Treasurer,  and  to  report  the  actual  condition 
their  grand  flowers  perfume  the  whole  forest  of  the  Treasury.  This  committee  consisted  of 
with  their  fragrance.  This  region  is  rated  at  State  Senator  M.  H.  Phelan  and  Representa- 
the  head  of  the  uplands  in  the  State  in  point  tives  Dabney  C.  Dade  and  Francis  M.  Harring- 
of  fertility  and  for  agricultural  purposes.  ton.  The  investigation  was  begun  December 
The  prevalance  in  the  State  of  yellow  fever  10th,  and  the  report  was  made  early  in  Jann- 
doring  the  summer  caused  a  great  loss  of  life  ary.  It  was  found  that  the  Treasurer's  books 
and  much  damage  to  its  material  prosperity,  showed  on  the  81st  of  December,  1878,  the 
which  was  estimated  at  $40,000,000.      (See  following: 

FiVEB,  Yellow.  )  Balaooe  recelTod  from  fbrmer  Treasurer |52S,473  60 

The  only  election  held  in  the  State  during  isS^SSSlSI  Isrs:::::;:::;::::::::::::;::  f^fd^ 

the  year  was  for  the  choice  of  members  of  '^^^p"  "^^'s  ^^*°                                  ^^ 

Congress.     It  took  place  on  November  5th,  Total  reeeJpta |T,oti,o»4  w 

Md  raited  as  follows :  First  District— Henry    warrant,  paid  to  1877 I8.688.6M17 

U  Muldrow,  Democrat,  9.682 ;  Reuben  Davis,     Wamnts  paid  in  167S. s«060,999  48 

National,  6,602..  Second  District— Van  H.  Man-    B^l^ce  on  hand *78,466  9« 

aing,  Democrat,  7,339;  J.  H.  Amacker,  Na-  I^tal |7,on,OM89 


576  MIS80IJRL 

The  committee  now  directed  their  attention  ent  General  AMomblr  would,  at  an  early  day^euaet 

to  two  questions:  1.  What  use  did  the  Treas-  *»'?  enforoing  the  Constitution,  the  fundB  in  my 

urer  make  of  the  balances  on  hand?    2.  Was  «»^y^;«  Seentemnoranlydepoaitedin  thefor.. 

«*«*  «Ai<.jv^v&  «u^  w<u<ui«^«»  vu  uouu  I     «.    TTos  gQi^g  bauks  for  safe  keeping,  and  no  interest  bu 

there  on  December  81,  1878,  as  there  should  been  paid  for  the  same.'^  iS  this  construction  of 

have  been,  $472,465.92  of  actual  money  in  the  the  Conetitution  I  was  supported  bj  the  opinion  of 

hands  of  the  Treasurer?     It  was  found  that  the  Attorney-General,  also  by  the  report  of  the  Com- 

the  cash  on  hand,  except  a  small  sum,  was  de-  °*?'!V5  ^^X  Twenty-ninth  General  Aaeembly,  tp- 

posited  from  tir^e  to  t4e  with  various  banks^  S?^rcaiS^n::d'edT^ 

the  largest  deposits  being  made  with  the  Bank  foroement. 

of  St  Joseph  and  the  Mastin  Bank  of  Ean-  The  Legislature  failing  to  enact  a  law  eoreniiitf 

sas  City.     On  August  8,  1878,  the  latter  bank  the  safe  keeping  of  the  State's  fiinds,  1,  bdiering  jt 

^nlrn'^^  ^Af'  r°'^  "V'?  ^T  ^-^'  o??hr8ttr.Ltr^tttnt^^^^^^^ 

amounting  to  $506, 187.     As  security  for  this  section  16,  article  10,  of  Uie  Constitution,  did,  on  tU 

sum,  tlie  State  Treasurer  held  collaterals  on  isth  day  of  May.  1877,  prepare  and  mail  to  the  prin* 

which  $220,000  was  realized.     This  amount,  oipal  banks  of  the  State  a  circular  letter  soUatisg 

according  to  his  books,  he  credited  to  the  back,  proposals  for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  State',  f^»jd^ 

leaving  a  deficit  to  the  State  of  $286,187  Ther^  fh^'i^aslfn^raSToftt^^^^^ 

was,  however,  a  discrepancy  between  the  State  itory,  it  offering  to  pay  the  highest  rate  of  inttfTit 

Treasurer's  books  and  those  of  the  bank ;  the  on  such  deposiu.  and  to  ftimuh  the  8ute,  free  if 

latter  showing  that  the  bank  was  indebted  to  oharge,  such  ezciiange  as  mi^ht  be  neoeasaxy.  IVs 

the  State  only  in  the  sum  of  $59,782.    The  hank  failing  to  give  Bond  Bf^Aictoiy  to  the  GoTera- 

committee  were  of  opinion  that  the  T^asur-  2J  •;„\f„?.ThYn1:^^^^^ 
ers  claim  was  correct,  but  they  referred  the  the  National  Bank  of  the  Sute  of  Missouri  oiosediu 
question  to  the  General  Assembly,  recommend-  doors.  Although  I  had  only  $4,686  in  said  bank, 
ing  that  further  investigation  be  made.  The  nnfortunateW  for  the  Treasury,  the  Bank  of  St.  Jo- 
committee  then  reported  that  there  was  in  the  "W^  l^Ti^  ^"  ^T??^  ^^*v  '  v  "J  ^V*'  t^ 
a*^«4.«  T.««..,.»  ««  -n^^^^v^  oi  "I  ana  au  of  the  State's  money,  had  in  said  bank  of  the  8t*te 
State  Treasury  on  December  81, 1878,  the  prop-  of  MUsouri  about  ftibo,ooo.  Fearing  that  thU  sm- 
er  balance,  but  made  up  of  the  folio wmg  pension  would  cause  such  a  panic  as  would  cause  tb« 
items :  Kink  of  St.  Joseph  to  suspend,  I  drew  out  of  tbe 
ruvi   »    w   ##^               U4  T     .                    ^.^.^^  Bank  of  St.  Joseph  1484,716.49,  balance  in  said  b«ik 

SfJLnt^.l^^nTt"^  ***•  ^^*°^ •"I'S?  S  •«^>-  deducting  tbe  amoint  it  £ad  tied  nn  in  the  im- 

SX^Sl^k  8uro^Mias;,iri-d^^                     IZ  25  PJ^ded  bank,  and  deposited  it  witii  the  ftastin  B«k 

The  Msstln  Bank  claim 885 187  SO  of  KanuM  City,  taking  as  secunty  for  this  snd  suefa 

Wolf  scalp  oerUilcates 4,482  00  other  deposits  as  might  be  made  therein  a  persootl 

Deposit  with  J.  W.  Reld,  of  Kansas  City,  to  In-  bond  of  the  bank  in  the  sum  of  $1,000,000,  with  tbi 

domniiy  securitlea  on  attachment  bond  against           endorsers  as  sUted  in  this  report.     From  that  tiirt 

riJl!!J?i.?ISrw^; ^M  XJ  no  deposiu  were  regularly  made  with  the  Maftin 

Clinton  county  bond! 4»,m  W  Bank  untU  Novembin  lbV7,  when  I  notified  M 

u«v<tig  A  total  of 1472,465  92  hank  to  place  in  New  York  fiinds  for  the  purpose  of 

paying  State  bonds  then  maturing.    TomysniphM, 

"  Of  the  balance  so  called,"  says  the  report,  l  ^»»  mformed  by  its  officers  that  it  woidd  be  im- 

"  it  will  be  seen  that  only  $124,800.87  is  avail-  E^"*^^;  ?'  i*  ^  5?***  !"^i^*™.*!?^t    Believing  tl*t 

«>»i^  ♦^  •«.»«♦  A^^^^A^  ^J4Z^  t!.^«-«»w     t*    ^  "  would  be  hazardous  to  close  the  bank,  I  procetdtd 

able  to  meet  demands  on  the  Treasury.    It  can  ^  withdraw  the  funds,  as  fast  as  possible  wiibM:t 

not  now  be  determmed  how  much  money  will  causing  a  panic.    This  I  did  untu  January,  18t\ 

be  realized,  or  when,  ont  of  tbe  remaining  as-  when,  owing  to  the  suspension  of  the  First  Nstioou 

sets."    Of  the  bond  of  the  State  Treasurer  in  Bank  of  Kansas  City,  a  run  was  made  upon  the  Mm- 

the  sum  of  $1  000  000  the  committee  reports  S^Sr^AeWn^tS^'c^t^'It^  M^'l  w'll 

as  foUows :    "  Eight  of  the  eleven  bondsmen  necessary  to  fimish  it  with  ftmds  for  my  own  pn>. 

are  reported  msolvent ;  two  of  the  others  re-  tection,  which  I  did,  taking  the  collateral  secuntie* 

pnted  wealthy,  but  notbing  can  be  made  out  here  reported,  also  $850,000  in  bonds  of  the  National 

of  them  by  execution.    When  this  bond  was  }!^*^«^r?r^'?°."P'°7.°^,55^'"^?*%*.5JTfJ*i 

given  a  Dortion  of  the  sureties  qualified  as  worth  Kti^^rmtT  'dn' oL'g^r\l  Wi^ 

one  and  a  half  million  dollars.    The  new  bond  from  sale  of  the  $S60,000  water  bonds  $280,000,  leaT- 

given  by  the  Treasurer  has  not  come  into  tbe  ingthebalanceatthattime  $286,187.80.  or  about  fso,- 

possession  of  the  committee."  <M)0  less  than  when  I  first  discovered  tae  bank  to  be 

State  Treasurer  Gates  gave  the  following  ex-  »°  an  unsound  condition.             ,  «    w   ^•i..  Cf-t- 

*vi«no4^:^n  r^e  i.;=  ^.»n<.«..4^:^..«  After  the  failure  of  the  National  Bank  of  the  Stite 

planation  of  Ins  transactions :  ^f  Missouri,  part  of  tbe  funds  of  the  Sute  were  ds- 

When  I  came  into  office  I  was  of  the  opinion  that  posited  with  the  Boatmen's  Savings  Bank  until  Sep- 

legislation  was  necessary  for  the  suooessful  execution  tember  80, 1878,  when  the  Bank  of  Conunercewai 

of  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  as  regards  the  selected  as  the  State's  depository. 

fe"rV^  State  funds  and  so  stated  to  the  Twenty-  j^  October  criminal  proceedings  were  begun 

ninth  General  Assembly  in  my  letter  bearing  dste  4     x  rr.  *    -  n  j!L       t i-  * ^-*-  ^^^ 

Maich  19,  1877,  as  follows:  "^I  further  sUte  that  ««^»°»*  Treasurer  Galea.      Indictmente  were 

inasmuch  as  there  is  no  statutory  law  giving  effect  found   charging  him   with  receiving  b«i€DM 

to  section  16,  article  10,  of  the  Constitution,  I  have  and  advantages  from  the  deposits  of  money  of 

not  observed  the  requiremenu  of  the  same,  but  have  the  State  made  in  the  Mastin  Bank.     Owing 

gislation  that  may  be  adopted  for  the  government  of  "^en  commenced  at  the  close  of  the  year, 

the  Treasury  Department.    Believing  that  the  pros-  Bonds  of  the  State  to  the  amount  of  $888,- 


inSSOUBL  577 

000  fell  dae  in  167T,  and  $490,000  In  1678.  from  iBsiiinguijintoreat-beAringbondB  of  the  United 

Provision  had  been  made  hj  law  for  funding  »*?  •■  *»  ^^^^.t^  ^^  P"P°»?  ^  ..  ^  o*.    v    a 

♦k«  t^m^^m    —^  4-i«»w  »^.«  .^w.^.^:«»i*  #«,wr  6.  Weregard  the  exemption  of  united  Statot bonds 

the  former,  and  they  were  aooordmglj  fund-  ^^^  t^^*J^„  ^  ^he  most  antidemocratic  kw  ever 

ed.    There  was  no  law  providmg  for  the  fund-  paaaed  by  Congreas,  and  in  order  to  return  to  a  juat 

ing  of  the  bonds  which  matured  in  1678.    The  and  equitable  system  of  taxation  we  advocate  the  es-> 

State  interest  fund  consists  of  a  tax  of  one  fifth  tabli^hment  of  an  income  tax  on  all  descriptions  of 

of  one  per  cent,  per  annum  levied  and  coUect-  Pr£!!?y'/>^'t\,Sl?^^^^^ 

,         fi            _.^      V*     X  A    J.       A*          -n    ^u  Ox  incomes,  annuities,  and  sams  by  interest,  ais- 

ed  on  all  property  subject  to  taxation.    By  the  eonnts,  or  itberwiae,  m  the  ^ly  just  and  eooiomi- 

provisions  of  the  Oonstitution  the  proceeds  of  oal  mode  of  levying  taxea,  exempting  from  income 

the  tax  must  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  tax  all  products  of  trade,  earnings  of  labor,  wages, 

interest  on  the  bonded  debt  of  the  State  as  it  "^=*^»  "^^  annuitiea  to  the  amount  of  $1,000  for  each 

Bh^  mature,  and  the  surplus,  if  any,  must  be  P*^^^;          ,  ^,  ^^^^le  taxation  on  debts  secured 

paid  mto  the  sinking  fund  and  thereafter  be  by  mortgages  or  otherwise.    We  are  opposed  to  the 

applied  to  the  redemption  of  the  bonded  in-  system  of  internal  revenue  taxation,  to  all  licenses 

debtedness  of  the  State.     It  is  also  provided  upon  merchants,  traders,  or  manufacturers,  for  goods 

that  the  amount  paid  into  the  sinking  fund  ^^  »*°<*  ^^  ^^^*  *^*'  operate  aa  a  double  or  extra 

shall  be  at  least  1360,000  winually.    Besides  **$;  We  demand  the  repeal  of  the  eviction  law  paaaed 

toe  interest  accruing,  there  has  been  paid  out  by  the  last  State  Legislature,  whereby  a  man  is  de- 

of  the  sinking  fund  in  the  last  two  years  $685,-  prived  of  any  means  of  redemption  ot  his  landa  aold 

000  for  the  redemption  ofthe  public  debt.    The  for  twes  or  costs.        ^      ,    .      ,^ 

indebtedness  of  the  State  on  the  1st  of  Janu-  ^:  ^®  ?®'^*°^  ^}  the  ealanee  of  officers  of  States 

.-«  1  Qfrn             At  fl  »Tito>u%A        r  •     1   J*       *ir  «id  counties  and  cities  who  receive  more  than  $1,000 

ary  1879,  was  $16,768,000,  not  mdudmg  the  p^^  annum  be  reduced  one  half  for  all  sakriea  above 

contingent  liabihty  of  the  State  on  account  that  amount. 

of  $3,000,000  of  bonds  loaned  to  the  Hanoi-  10.  We  demand  the  eight-honr  law,  so  called, 

bal  and  St  Joseph  Riukoad  Company.    This  ^l^orever  it  may  be  apjplioable  to  labor,  and  the  paa- 

amount  does  not  include  the  temporary  loan  »W  of  laws  to  euforpe  it.   We  demand  the  abolition 

^AarX  aJv/T^    i^t   AAiuiu^w  wi*c  w^uj^v/*  €m  j  wai*  ofthe  systom  of  letting  out  by  contract  the  labor  of 

of  $360,000  which  SelIIs  due  m  1879.     From  convicts  in  our  prisons  and  reformatory  Institutiona. 

now  until  1886  only  $442,000  of  the  bonds  of  12.  We  demand  thorough  reform  in  the  system  of 

the  State  will  become  due,  and  the  larger  part  public  school  education,  so  as  to  establish  agrioul- 

of  the  amount  to  be  placed  in  the  sinking  fond  l^^\  mechanical,  and  commercial  schools  in  addi- 

«r:ii  K^  <>»*.i:^^  ♦«  4u5.v.,.»k..^  yv#  ko.»^«  k«*!r.-«  tio"!  to  common  schools ;  to  prevent  other  aohoola 

wiU  be  applied  to  the  purchase  of  bonds  before  y^^^  established  or  sustainea  out  of  pnbUc  school 

tliey  shall  have  matured.  funds,  or  such  funds  behig  used  for  other  than  school 

The  political  campaign  ofthe  year  was  opened  purposes ;  to  prevent  oft-repeated  changes  and  mo- 

by  the  assembling  of  the  "  National  Labor  nopoly  in  the  sale  of  text-books  being  forced  npon 

Greenback"  State  Convention  at  Sedalia  on  IS*  P^ii^i " ISlli".!^^^ 

T..    in..i.      1.        AT/^>ia_                      '^j  sure  a  good  common  scnool  education  for  tne  poor- 

Jane  19th,  when  A.  L.  Gilstrap  was  nominated  est  in  the  State  at  the  least  possible  expense, 

tor  Sapreme  Judge,  Ivers  Hayden  for  Railroad  is.  We  favor  the  improvement  of  all  navigable 

Commisdoner,  and  A.  H.  St.  John  for  Regis-  Western  waters  by  the  General  Government :  also 

ter  of  Lands.    The  following  resolutions  were  S^**.  *^®  Government  build,  own,  and  control  a  St. 

fldonted  -  Louis  and  San  Francisco  railroad. 

1^^  *  14.  That  each  sex  shall  receive  equal  pay  for  equal 

1.  We  demand  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the  spe-  work, 

cie  resumption  aot  and  national  banking  laws,  with  15.  The  abrogfatlon  of  all  laws  that  do  not  bear 

all  amendments  thereto.  equally  npon  capital  and  labor ;  the  removal  of  un« 

S.  We  demand  the  iaaue  of  absolute  money  in  green-  just  technicalities,  delay  a,  and  discrimination  i  n  the 

backs  equal  to  gold  and  silver,  to  be  full  legal  tenders  administration  of  justice ;  and  adoption  of  measures 

for  all  parposea  whatsoever.  providing  for  the  health  and  safety  of  those  engaged 

8.  We  demand  that  idl  bonds  now  subject  to  re-  in  mining,  mannfacturing.  or  buUding  pursuits, 

demption,  or  that  may  become  subject  to  redemption  16.  We  are  opposed  to  tne  introduction  of  Chinese 

hereaitar,ahall  be  redeemed  immediately  in  absolute  servile  labor. 

money.   We  demand  that  all  bonds  now  due  or  ^ay-  17.  We  are  oppoaed  to  strikes,  revolutions,  and  all 

abb  shall  be  purchased  by  the  Treaaury  aa  rapidly  violent  meaanres  for  the  relief  of  labor,  and  favor  ar- 

aa  Dossible,  al  market  rates,  and  canceled.  bitration  to  settle  all  difficulties  between  employees 

4.  We  recommend  that  proviaiona  be  made  by  law  and  employers. 

for  the  issue  of  absolute  money  by  the  United  States  18.  We  favor  the  enactment  of  laws  giving  meohan- 

niider  proper  reatriotions,  to  be  loan  ed  to  States,  coun-  ios  and  laborera  a  first  lien  on  all  descriptions  of  their 

ties,  sod  cities  at  the  rate  of  3  per  cent,  per  annum,  work  for  their  full  wages. 

ttpOQ  oertain  safe  and  satisfactory  aeourity,  to  be  used  19.  We  demand  that  all  public  lands  remidning  un- 
to pay  their  bonded  indebtedness  and  relieve  the  peo-  sold  in  the  United  States  or  territories  be  reserved 
pie  from  their  preaent  burdens  of  taxation.  from  sale  for  homesteads  of  citizens  as  actual  settlers 

5.  We  demand  that  the  Federal  Constitution  be  on  tracts  of  forty  aorea  each,  excepting  nine  aeotiona 
aminded  so  as  to  limit  and  restrain  Congress  from  of  land  which  should  be  granted  to  public  achools  in 
et9mptinganyproperty,8tock,bond8,  or  credit  from  each  township  for  the  support  of  such  schools  for 
taxation;  ftrom  granting  public  landa  to  any  corpo-  ever,  to  be  inalienable  and  f^e  Arom  taxation,  and 
ration  or  aasooiatlon ;  from  making  the  United  States  to  make  the  schools  self-supporting. 

a  party  to  any  corporation  or  aasociation  for  any  pur>  20.  We  favor  reduction  of  the  standing  army  to 

pose;  from  granting,  transferring,  pledging,  assnm-  10,000  men. 

JQf,  or  in  sny  way  conveying  public  money,  credits,  81.  We  cordially  invite  all  patriotic  and  free  citi- 

iranchises,  powers,  or  sovereignty  of  government  to  sens  of  this  State  who  may  subscribe  to  the  fore^o- 

atij  person  or  eorporation ;  from  creating  any  corpo-  ins^  renolntions  to  abandon  old  parties  and  nnite  with 

rati  >n  ezeept  such  as  may  be  necesaary  to  carry  oat  us  in  establishing  a  new  party  of  the  people,  to  de- 

a&d  execute  the  power  ofthe  Government  itaelf ;  and  liver  them  from  slaveiy  to  money  and  corporate  doa- 

VoL.  zviii. — 87    A 


578  MISSOUBL 

potism ;  to  seoore  labor  ita  jutt  reward,  and  trade,  backs  thiya  put  in  drenlaiioii.    Leffal-iendcr  notei. 

oommeroe.  and  credit  Bolidity  and  aecurity ;  to  re-  oommonlj  called  greenbacks,  ahoola  be  made  a  Itgil 

form  all  tne  abuses  of  all  aaministrations  of  pub-  tender  in  the  payment  of  aU  debts,  public  and  pn> 

lie  affairs ;  to  remove  burdens  of  excessive  taxation,  vate,  except  such  obligations  as  are  m  the  temit  of 

licenses,  and  impositions;  to  inaugurate  a  system  the  original  contract  expressly  made  payaUs  in 

of  American  absolute  money;  andtoaecure  to  the  coin. 

people  and  their  posterity  the  blessings  of  oivil  and  4.  That  the  right  to  coin  money  and  regulate  tb« 

religious  liberty  for  all  generations.  value  thereof  can  be  exercised  under  the  CoDstitfr> 

82.  We  demand  the  immediate  tender  to  the  bond-  tion  by  Congress  alone,  and  that  the  possession  of 
holders  of  enough  absolute  paper  monev  to  pay  the  the  power  imposes  the  duty  of  ita  exercise  to  tbi 
entire  national  debt ;  and  if  the  bondholders  refuse  extent  of  all  gold  and  silver  bullion  offered  for  coin- 
to  receive  the  same  in  payment,  Congress  to  provide  age  at  the  mints  of  the  United  Statea ;  and  we  reg&ni 
by  law  to  loan  said  money  to  the  people  at  2  per  oent.  toe  limitations  and  restrictions  imposed  by  Cos^resi 
per  annum  and  thus  afford  relief  to  tne  laboring  man.  upon  the  coinage  of  silver  as  impolitic  and  unjut, 

and  they  should  at  once  be  removed. 

The  Democratic  Oonvention  met  at  Jefferson  6.  That  a  return  to  spede  paymenta  U  impossibk 

City  July  10th,  and  nominated  Elijah  H.  Nor-  in  t^«  present  flnanciid  condition  of  the  country,  Msi 

ton  for  SnnrATnfl  JndffA   A    \f  Ravia?  for  "RriI-  ^®  demand  the  immediate  and  unconditionil  reptil 

l^^A  n  ^°P^®^®        §  'VT'c^'           5  ^^^^*"  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  January  U,  1876,  knownw 

road  Commismoner,  R.  D.  Shannon  for  Super-  the  resumption  Sot,  holding  the  eaiie  to 'be  unwrn 

mtendent  of  Schools,  and  J.  £.  McHenry  for  and  ruinous  to  the  interests  of  the  people. 

Register    of    Lands.     The  platform  adopted  6.  The  policy  inaugurated  and  maintained  br  Um 

was  as  follows :  Bepublican  party  of  contracting  the  active  circuU- 

ting  medium  of  tne  country,  constituting  as  all  sdiLit 

The  Democrstic  party  of  Miasouri  in  Convention  it  does  the  stsndard  of  vaiuo  of  the  property  uui 

assembled  declares  its  confidence  in  and  unshaken  products  of  the  country,  and  regulating  as  woU  tie 

adherence  to  the  great  Democratic  priooiples  of  rep-  prices  paid  for  all  labor,  standa  preeminent  in  tiii 

resentative  government,  its  devotion  to  tne  national  long  list  of  its  oppressive  measures  as  the  most  sco* 

Union  and  Constiiution,  with  the  ameodmeots  there-  pid,  inexcusable,  and  oppressive  of  them  aU.    Beitg 

to^  and  its  unswerving  maintenance  of  the  following  opposed  to  all  monopolies  and  all  laws  disoriminstiiif 

principles,  namely :  in  favor  of  one  daas  of  our  people  at  the  c-xpeiu«  a 

Strict  subordination  of  the  militaiy  to  the  civil  and  to  the  prejudice  of  aU  others,  we  declare  as 
power.  unqualified  hostility  to  all  protective  tariffs,  and  de- 
Opposition  to  large  standing  armies  in  time  of  mand  that  there  shall  be  a  tariff  for  revenue  oolj'. 
peace.  7.  The  Demooraey  tenders  to  the  debtor  and  hhct- 

Puritv  of  elections,  and  their  absolute  freedom  ing  classes  of  the  oountiy  its  warmest  sympathy,  ind 

from  all  interference  b^  the  officers  of  the  Federal  pledges  itself  at  the  earliest  moment  to  reverse  tb« 

Government,  civil  or  military.  cruel  and  destructive  policy  of  the  Bepublican  partr 

Profound  respect  for  the  popular  will  fairly  and  which  brought  ruin  upon  them.    We  demand  thit 

legaUy  expressed  at  the  ballot-Dox.  all  legislation  shall  be  ao  enacted  and  administertd 

A  fixed  purpose  to  expose  and  punish  all  political  as  to  secure  to  each  man  as  nearly  as  practicable  ths 

fraud  and  corruption.  Just  rewards  of  his  own  labor. 

The  political  equalitv  of  all  citiaens.  8.  That  in  view  of  the  large  appropriations  tltf 

The  lar^st  right  or  individual  liberty  consistent  have  been  made  by  tbe  Federal  Oovemmant  for 

with  the  rights  of  others.  works  of  public  improvement  on  the  seaboard  asd 

^  Universal  education  and  a  general  and  active  par-  the  lakes,  justice  to  the  peo^le^  of  the  Missitwf'pi 

ticipation  by  the  body  of  the  people  in  public  affairs.  Valley  demands  that  appropnationa  shall  be  mbM 

JSaohed,  That  we  congratulate  the  country  on  the  for  the  improvement  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver  acd 

fact  that  after  nearly  thirteen  years  from  the  cessa-  its  tributaries  commensurate  with  the  eommer«i»i 

tion  of  hostilities  a  state  of  peace  in  aocordanoe  with  wants  and  interests  of  this  section  of  the  oonotiy: 

the  Constitution  and  laws  hsa  been  reached  in  our  and  believing  in  the  conatitntional  power  of  tbe  Got* 

Southern  States.  emment  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  national  cot(^ 

8.  We  solemnly  arraign  and  condemn  the  high  prises  which  serve  to  benefit  large  sections  of  tli 
Electoral  Commission  aa  faithless  to  the  people  of  country,  and  which  can  not  be  aooompliahed  by  ifi- 
the  United  Statea  in  refusing  to  investigate  and  ex-  dividual  enterprise  or  State  action,  we  favor  fi2ch 
pose  the  wicked  and  glaring  frauds  by  which  the  legislation  in  tnis  behalf  aa  will  not  inorease  th«  US' 
will  of  the  people  at  tne  last  Presidential  election  tional  indebtedness  or  impose  anj  additional  bu^ 
was  defeated!  Its  refusal  to  do  so  was  in  violation  dens  upon  the  people.  Such  a  policy,  in  onr  opis* 
of  the  spirit  of  the  law  under  which  it  was  organised,  ion,  while  it  woula  cheapen  the  cost  of  transports 
and  while  the  decision  made  by  the  Fortv-fourth  tion  and  add  to  our  agricultural  wealth,  would  afford 
Congress  of  the  question  as  to  who  shoula  be  de-  remunerative  employment  to  the  surplus  Isbor  of 
dared  President  of  the  United  States  for  the  present  the  oountry.  That  there  can  be  no  legitimate  en- 
Presidential  term  was  in  our  judgment  final,  that  de-  ployment  of  organized  force  in  thia  oountry,  ezeept 
cision  ought  not  to  preclude  a  full  investigation  and  to  execute  law  and  muntain  the  public  peaoe. 
exposure  of  all  fhiuas  connected  with  that  election,  9.  That  reform  must  be  made  in  nationa],  State, 
and  tbe  due  aocountabilitv  of  all  who  were  guiltily  and  municipal  govemmenta  by  the  reduction  of  u- 
concerned  with  them :  ana  we  heartily  commend  the  penditures  and  taxes,  the  dismissal  of  nnneecaMiT 
action  of  a  minority  of  the  Houae  of  Bepresentatives  and  incompetent  oflloera  and  employees,  and  Hit 
in  pursuing  such  investigation.  strict  enforcement  of  offloial  reaponaibility. 

8.  We  regard  the  national  banking  system  aa  be-  10.  In  the  language  of  the  Indiana  Demoerscy.  ▼• 
ing  oppressive  and  burdensome,  and  demand  the  declare  that  the  Jurisdiction  claimed  and  exerets^obj 
abolition  and  retirement  fh>m  circulation  of  all  na-  the  circuit  courts  of  the  United  States  over  qneationi 
tional-bank  notes  and  the  issue  of  legal-tender  notes  of  corporate  and  individual  righta  ariainff  under  the 
in  lieu  thereof,  and  in  quantities  from  time  to  time  laws  of  the  States  tends  to  oppreaa  and  Eurden  liti* 
sufficient  to  supply  the  wholesome  and  necessary  gants  to  such  an  extent  aa  to  amount  to  a  prsetieal 
business  demands  of  the  entire  countr^Ti  and  that  denial  of  justice  in  many  caaea,  and  we  consider  th< 
all  greenbscks  so  issued  shall  be  used  in  the  pur-  legislation  which  has  conferred  such  jurisdietioa  ai 
chsse  and  retirement  of  the  bonds  of  the  United  unwise  and  hurtfUl  to  the  true  interests  of  the  pro- 
states, so  that  the  interest-bearing  debt  of  the  pie ;  and  we  demand  such  legislation  aa  will  rastrkt 
oountry  may  be  lessened  to  the  extent  of  the  green-  and  limit  the  jurisdiction  of  such  oourta  to  such  mai- 


MISSOUBL  579 

ten  u  are  dearly  contemplated  by  the  Conatltution  paying^  znanioipal  debts  to  the  oouita  and  to  the 

and  dzpresaed  in  the  padioiary  act  of  1870.  people  intereated,  we  charge  the  llemocraoy  of  thia 

11.  We  faror  and  invite  immigration  to  our  State  State  with  the  ooTort  design  of  attacking  the  national 

from  all  seotiona  of  the  country.  authority  in  its  judicial  department,  and  encouraging 

,                         ,                            ,  the  doctrine  of  nullification  under  the  specious  pre- 

The  Repablican  Convention  was  held  in  tense  of  protectiDg  the  rights  of  a  people  whom  ita 

St.  Louis,  October  9th.   The  nominations  were :  <>^^  trusted  offlcers  are  engaged  at  the  time  in  rob- 

f or  Supreme  Judge,  Alexander  F.  Denny :  for  ^'S?*  -         w     i      *       ^su^      j  *_i  *i 

pnji.^f^  n«^«,;jL:!x««»    t^i.«  h    T-««i  .    /v.-  We  favor  a  liberal  system  of  free  and  strictly  secu- 

Railroad  Commissioner,  John  B.  Tracy;   for  u,  education  for  all  the  children  of  the  State. 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Roderick  We  are  opposed  to  any  repeal  or  modification  of 

Baldwin  ;    for    Register    of   Lands.   William  the  resumption  act,  whereby  its  efficacy  will  be  in 

N.  NorvUle.    The  following  resolutions  were  the  least  impaired.   We  believe  that  the  era  of  "hard 

adoDted  •  times"  is  rapidly  passing  away,  and  a  period  of  na- 

1       *  tioual  and  individual  prosnerity^  is  beginning  to  dawn 

We.  the  Bepublicans  of  Kiasouri,  in  Convention  upon  the  country.    And  lor  this  promised  return  of 

assamoled,  resolve :  better  times,  we  feel  indebted  to  the  firmness,  hon- 

That  the  Bepublican  party,  inspired  by  its  past  ^Bty,  and  purity  of  the  present  administration  of  the 

bistory  and  acnievements,  renews  its  allegiance  to  National  Qovemment. 

the  high  principles  which  have  guided  it  thus  far ;  An  emergency  in  the  history  of  the  country,  sec- 
aod  having  saved  the  nation's  existence,  it  now  ond  only  to  the  great  struggle  to  overthrow  the  re- 
pledges  itself  to  fulfill  all  the  promises  made  when  bellion,  now  confronts  us.  As  then  the  Bepublican 
utaulted  by  treason  and  rebellion,  to  the  end  that  party  was  the  aole  or^anixed  political  protection 
the  nation's  honor  may  be  preserved.  against  national  disruption,  and  patriotic  citizens  of 

That  the  bonds  of  the  United  States  and  legal-  whatever  party  namea  rallied  under  its  standard  in 

tender  notes  issued  under  the  necessities  of  the  re-  defense  or  the  Union ;  so  now  the  RepubUcan  or- 

b«ilioQ  are  sacred  debta  of  the  nation,  to  be  paid,  to  Conization  is  the  only  efficient  bulwark  a^painst  na- 

the  last  dollar,  in  the  universally  recognized  standard  tional  repudiation  and  disgrace,  and  it  again  invites 

money  of  the  world ;  that  the  only  money  recognized  i^U  good  citizens  of  whatever  previous  political  ties 

in  the  business  and  exchanges  of  the  world  is  gold  to  unite  with  it  in  preserving  the  national  honor, 

and  silver  coin  of  the  weight  and  fineness  which  give  To  all  Republicans  this  great  exigency  especially 

il  universal                         '         '           .  ..    .     «  i-  *.-  -i—  -..-  -•*-  i-s-i-  -vi!__*.j             j  4—  1       .. 


currency 

st  the  will  of  the  holder,  and  that  coin  and  currency  -i-  —  •  - 

slull  be  kept  at  par  with  the  gold  standard  of  the  depend. 

'  We'dedare  that  the  interests  of  capital  and  labor  ^  The  election  resulted  in  the  success  of  the 
ve  so  linked  together  that  all  action  hostile  to  one  Democratic  ticket.  The  number  of  votes  re- 
must  be  injurious  to  the  other ;  and  we  condemn  all  ceived  by  the  several  candidates  was  as  fol- 
&tt«mpta  to  array  one  against  the  other  as  tending  lows : 

to  establish  enmities  and  prejudices  between  the              *           ttttwiv  n*  sTrrovm  mnnr 
•mployer  and  the  employed.                                                               '^"^^  °'  supremb  court. 
We  demand  full  protection  for  all  citizens  of  every  ?•  f  •  Norton,  Demowat mm 

fice  and  color,  in  every  part  of  the  United  States,  in  A  ll  GuSSn.  nSSSST eJlM       ' 

tae  free  exsroise  and  enjoyment  of  all  constitutional  '  ' 

tad  le^al^  civil  and 'political  rights  and  privileges.  smiuifTSNDXNT  OF  pubuc  schools. 

We  insist  and  demand  that  there  shall  never  be  b.  D.  Shannon,  Democrat 181,999 

any  payment,  directly  or  indireotlv,  of  what  are  R.  Baldwin,  Republican 88,185 

uHed  rebel  claims,  and  we  demana  that  all  legiti-  £.  B.  Booth,  National 51,fl97 

mala  expenaes  of  the  Government  shall  bo  met  fairly  J.  M.  Greenwood,  Independent. 6,T0T 

tn4  honestly  by  timely  and  adequate  appropriations.  «  at? »AAn  rvkvwraainwn 

Wearraigb  the  Democratic  piity  as  a^nstant  dU-          ,  „  „  ^  byroad  oommissiondl 
turber  of  public  tranduillity  and  confidence,  aa  the  t  «  iC^^S®**** ^SKI 

wantonfoeofpubucsecurity,w<^nstanti^  i^e^H^iMo^::::::::::::::::::::  wisS 

m  to  weaken  the  authority  of  the  nation  bv  crip-  john  Wdker;  Independent. 1<WT 

Vlmg  the  army  in  time  of  uncertainty  and  danger. 

We  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  dependent  upon  RXOisrsa  or  lakds. 

a/*  solid  South,"  and  ia  therebv  at  all  times  subser-  J.  E.  MeHenrr,  Democrat 181,8T4 

Tient  to  all  its  sectional  demands ;  that  it  has  never  WlIHam  N.  Morrllle,  Bepabllcan 88,181 

e^ted  to  aggravate  the  troubles  of  the  country  by  A.  W.  St  John,  National 61,709 

mLioliievoua  agitation  throughout  the  entire  period        mi  ^  j        ^  ^     xi.     /^       4.«x 

of  iu  eupreniMy  in  the  House  of  Bepresentatives.        ^ne  proposed  amendment  to  the  Oonstitn- 

We  arraign  it  as  faithless  to  the  obligations  of  the  tion  providing  for  a  poll-tax  of  $1  to  go  to  the 

ntilonal  honor,  and  as  the  chief  support  of  wild  school  fund,  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  249,- 

SlT'  ""^  S^»^^°'  repudirtion,  and  other  financial  933  to  80,085.  The  foUo wing  members  of  Con- 

duorders  which  imperil  public  credit  and  business  ,--^«,  -.^'^  ^»^A«♦^  .   i^g^^i^  t     ni««.<i«    t?..-o 

He'jrity.  and  we  believe  iind  declare  that  iU  ftirther  F^^V^^f  ®  S?1^J   ^^  ¥  ?^^^J  ^^^' 

or  frrtater  Bucoeaa  would  be  a  national  calamity.  tns    Wells,   Kicbard    li.   J^rost,   Lowndes    U. 

We  particularly  arraign  the  Democratic  party  of  Davis,  Richard  P.  Bland,  James  R.  Waddill, 

jTiasonri  as  responsible  for  a  criminal  diaregard  of  Alfred  M.  Lay,  Samael  L.  Sawyer,  Nicholas 

rfa?ff^^7'*''*°*^'*°V^t**l*^jr^'" '  ^f  ^^iP^'^'S  Ford,  Gideon  F.  Roth  well,  John  B.  Olark,  Jr., 
of  dollars  of  money  which  had  been  collected  and.  Txr;n:'  tt  tT„i.«v  «„^  i«i^**  it  t}.,«iI«^- 
Nd  into  the  State  Treasury  has  been  stolen  and  lost,  wilbam  H.  Hatch,  and  Aylett  H.  Buckner. 
ttd  for  which  the  people  of  the  State  must  again  be  All  of  these  are  Democrats  excepting  Mr.  Saw- 
taxed  to  make  good.  It  is  our  belief  that  since  that  yer,  Independent  Democrat,  and  Mr.  Ford,  Na- 
P^rty  came  into  power  it  has  maintained  and  sup-  tional  Repablican 

£S?Aryj'^L"**^*°P^IL"^*""'''**^?!f''i?*?r       Acoordmg  to  the  report  of  the  Railroad 

•wied  and  fattened  upon  the  revenue  paid  by  the  rt  -^"^'t^o   ""     ^otraA:   "'*'"'' ,      "i   "^ 

pwpie,  and  it  has,  so  far,  made  no  efforts  to  punish  Commissioners  for  1878,  the  whole  length  of 

^1^«Q.  And,  while  we  would  leave  all  questions  of  rulroads  lying  wholly  or  partly  in  the  State 


580  MISSOUBI. 

was  4,686  miles.    The  total  earnings  for  the  ployed  hy  the  Governor  to  enter  the  appear- 

year  ending  Jaly  Ist  amonnted  to  $22,415,600,  ance  of  the  State  to  a  hill  in  equity  brought  i& 

being  an  average  of  $4,844  per  mile,  at  which  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maasachnaetts,  wherein 

ratio  the  earnings  in  Missoari  would  be  $15,-  the  said  railroad  company  was  the  complftto- 

525,600.    There  is  one  mile  of  railroad  to  ant  and  Sydney  fiartlett  and  other  trostees 

every  20  square  miles  and  to  every  625  inhabi-  were  defendants.   The  suit  was  for  the  parpo« 

tants  in  the  State.    Of  the  forty-four  counties  of  closing  their  trust    It  was  claimed  thatMii- 

north  of  the  Missouri  River,  four  have  no  rail-  souri  had  a  lien  on  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of 

road ;  and  of  the  seventy  counties  south  of  the  lands,  after  the  extinguishment  of  a  mortgage; 

river,  twenty-six  have  no  railroad.    The  re-  given  in  1856  by  the  company,  and  that  the 

port  refers  to  the  classification  of  roads  made  surplus  proceeds  of  such  sales  should  be  pul 

by  the  Commissioners  in  April,  fixing  the  pas-  iqto  the  State  Treasury  for  the  purpose  of  paj- 

senger  rates  on  all  the  main  roads  in  the  State  ing  the  bonds  of  the  State  loaned  to  the  railroad 

at  mree  cents  a  mile,  and  on  all  others  at  four  company.    The  claim  of  the  State  was  bsat<l 

cents  a  mile.  Some  objection  was  made  to  the  on  section  18  of  the  act  of  December  10, 1855. 

new  arrangement,  but  finally  aU  submitted  to  The  decision  was  adverse  to  the  State.   The 

it  except  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  and  the  Court  held  as  follows : 

Burlington  and  Southwestern  companies,  which  2.  That  the  only  interest  of  the  State  of  MiBsocri 

claimed  exemption    through    their    charters,  in  the  landa  conveyed  by  said  trust  indenture*  sod 

They,  however,  were  compelled  by  competi-  in  the  proceeds  of  such  of  said  lands  as  hsTebea 

those  nxed  by  the  schedule.     The  report  says  section  of  the  Statutes  of  the  State  of  Missouri  of  tie 

that  the  total  saving  by  the  enforcement  of  the  loth  of  December,  a.  d.  1855,  which  reouins  tu 

new  rates  is  at  least  $1,000,000  a  year,  or  25  oomDlainaDt  to  pay  into  the  treasury  of  said  SuuUt 

per  cent,  on  the  $4,000,000  annually  paid  to  •'^/.^  P*^*^!"*' *";i'^*l'*l?' o  ■'^^L^**'^' 't 

♦K«  ./v«<io  <x«  ^..^J..^.  #»..^      Tv.^  n^^t  cunties  as  may  be  provided  by  the  Hamubal  sndw. 

the  roads  for  passenger  fares.    The  Commis-  joaephKaUro^d  company  aforesaid,  in  a  deed  of  inti 

sioners  met  with  less  success  m  the  case  of  or  otherwise  in  a  plan  to  be  adopted  by  said  eompa- 

freight  rates,  in   consequence  of  difficulties  ny  to  raise  funds  to  complete  the  road.    That  b)  the 

which  arose  about  the  adjustment  of  charges  true  construction  of  said  statute,  no  such  snri>lu«  cat 

for  long  and  short  distances  over  several  roads,  ^^^^l"?  '*"  ?u  "*'  ""**?*  "^  n  "  ^"""^^  "°?'"i  f^ 

\r^,  -  ii  i.1,          J          J  J          x:  11    3****  **'"**?•  deducting  the  amount  of  all  expenses  and  obligi- 

Many  of  the  roads  evaded  or  wholly  disregard-  tions  Uwfully  hicurred  by  the  corporation  in  coa. 

ed  the  schedule  established  by  the  Commis-  pleting,  equipping,  and  putting  in  operation  \u  ni)- 

sioners.    There  is  a  total  of  998  miles  of  steel-  road,  mcluding^i)  sums  advanced  by  the  coipon^ 

rail  track  in  the  State.    The  Missouri  Pacific  tion  to  the  trustees  for  expenses  of  the  mansgtmeni, 

has  260  miles;  the  St.  Louis,  Kan«is  City  and  r^S^To^/ S>t^L?!^dt^'^^^^^^^ 

r^orthem,   180  miles;   the  Hannibal  and  St  trust,  and  for  taxes  thereon,  and  to  satisfy  reclana- 

Joseph,  180  miles ;  the  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  tions  for  bad  titles  and  other  incidental  expenses  :;:■ 

Texas,  75  miles ;  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain,  •«nis  paid  by  the  corporation,  either  in  money  or  in 

and  Southern,  98  miles ;  the  St  Louis  and  San  ?^^'  *^  discharge  the  bonds  issued  by  the  coipoit. 

ir,.on^;<.y.^     KK   »i;i^.    \\.^   ir-«™    r«*-    a«.  tion,  and  secured  by  the  deeds  of  trust,  includxDgU.« 

Francisco,  65  miles ;    the  Kansas   (hty,   St.  i^^e^t  ^n  such  lands. 

Louis,  and  Chicago,  180  miles;  and  the  Kan-  «.  That  it  is  found  by  the  report  of  the  MsBt*r. 

sas  City,  St  Joseph,  and  Council  Bluffs,  70  and  adjudged  by  the  Court,  that  the  whole  vdne  of 

miles  the  lands  now  held  under  the  said  deeds  of  tnat, 

Dnder  an  order  of  the  United  States  Circuit  "l^^V'th«\?mri?„V'i.iS*'h/ll!i^^*'L" 

r^ ..    xu     Til*     •         ji  dA.    r      •    V  •  1  ments  of  tbe  same,  now  beld  dt  said  t7usie<4,  i» 

Court,  the  Illinois  and  St  Louis  bridge  was  jnnch  less  than  the  amount  of  the  deductions  sforc- 
sold  on  December  20th  for  $2,000,000.  The  said  to  which  the  complainants  are  entitled  beforr 
bridge  cost  $7,000,000,  and  has  not  been  '  a  there  will  be  any  surplus  to  which  the  right  of  tk 
financial  success.  First,  second,  and  third  mort-  ^^^  ^^  Missouri  can  attach, 
gage  bonds  were  issued,  and  the  earnings  were  An  important  decision  has  been  rendered  Ir 
not  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  indebt-  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri  against  the 
edness.  The  bondholders  began  legal  proceed-  validity  of  the  bonds,  amounting  to  $400,000, 
ings,  and  £.  A.  Woodward  and  Solon  Hum-  issued  by  Greene  County  in  aid  of  the  Kansas 
phreys  were  appointed  receivers.  In  order  to  City  and  Memphis  Railroad.  It  appeared  that 
secure  the  holders  of  the  first  and  second  in  1870  an  order  was  made  by  tne  CouDtj 
mortgage  bonds,  the  receivers  borrowed  $870,-  Court  subscribing  $400,000  to  the  capital  stock 
000  to  pay  the  interest,  for  which  they  gave  of  the  above  company,  on  certain  conditioos. 
certificates  of  indebtedness.  This  amount  was  one  of  which  was  that  there  should  be  a  writ- 
not  sufficient,  and  a  sale  of  the  bridge  was  ten  acceptance  of  the  subscription  by  the  coid* 
ordered.  The  purchaser  was  Anthony  J.  Thorn-  pany.  This  agreement  was  afterward  tnD»- 
as,  of  New  York ;  but  it  is  said  that  the  prop-  ferred  to  the  Hannibid  and  St.  Joseph  companjt 
erty  was  bought  in  for  the  bondholders.  Be-  as  successor  of  the  Kansas  City  and  Memphk 
sides  paying  $2,000,000,  tliey  assume  the  in-  The  bonds  issaed  to  make  good  the  subscrip- 
debteaness  and  aU  claims  against  the  bridge.  taon  were  in  controversy.  The  Court  found  that 
By  the  provisions  of  a  joint  resolution  of  the  there  was  no  written  acceptance  of  the  sob- 
last  General  Assembly  relating  to  the  Hanni-  scription,  as  the  order  required,  and  hence 
bal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  counsel  was  em-  there  was  no  contract.    It  held  that  the  Ibw 


MOHAMMEDANISM.  581 

of  1860  forbidding  snbscriptions  to  the  capital  The  Mohammedan  countries  of  some  note 

stock  of  any  railroad  corporation,  ''  unless  the  are  the  Turkish  Empire,  Persia,  Afghanistan, 

same  has  been  voted  for  bj  a  minority  of  the  Morocco,  Beloochistcm,  Bokhara,  and  Zanzi- 

resident  voters  *'  who  shall  vote  on  the  propo-  bar.    The  Mohammedans  in  other  countries 

sition,  was  not  complied  with,  and  that  the  are  outnumbered  or  subjected  to  governments 

charter  of  the  company  authorizing  it  to  re-  holding  other  religions.    The  following  is  the 

ceive  a  subscription  from  the  county  did  not  aggregate  area  of  the  prominent  Mohammedan 

confer  a  vested  right  which  the  act  of  1860  countries: 

could  not  affect  as  to  the  method  of  receiving  sqnmmiki. 

the  subscription.    On  this  latter  point  the  Court  T^JAEmpiw  (exdu§iT«  of  SenrU  and 

said :  "  The  right  to  a  subscription  is  one  thing,  Perria™?!'.!!*.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.".V.V.V.V.V.      eSj^ow 

the  right  to  the  method  whereby  that  subscrip-  AfgiuintotM ! ! .' .' ! ! .' .' .'       .' .' .' .' .' .' ' .' .' .' '. ', ',      879,ooo 

tion  ii  made  is  another  and  totally  different         SSSSSitii*:'*:"; lor'ooo 

thing,  since  the  Legislature  may  well  alter  the  BoUium.. ..!!!!!!!!!!!!.'!!!!'.'.'.!!!!'.!!       84looo 

method  without  infringing  the  right"    The         ZwUbar. *a.ooo 

main  argument  in  favor  of  the  validity  of  the  Total, 8,60iooo 

bonds  was  that,  whether  issued  strictly  in  con-       rrv        i  ^  Ix.    \r  i j        \_. 

f ormity  to  the  law  and  conditions  or  not,  they  ^^1,^?^^  ^°t  ^'  ^^^  Mohammed^  nations 

had  been  allowed  to  pass  into  the  hands  of  ^^^^  to  rank  among  the  great  Powers  is 

5^^  purchasers,  and  that  it  was  therefore  I^^^^V  J""  P''"'L?'   population   it  stands 

too  lite  for  the  county  to  object  to  them.    On  f^Y^^  following  China,  the  British  Empire^ 

this  point  the  Court  idd :     ^  ^"^ -^I'^t*'^^  '"^  ^fiJ^""^  territorial  extent 

-,,...              ,  .    ,              V      *  .V  *8  sixth,  being  excelled  m  this  item  by  the 

UigoUimed,howew,thataUi»enumW  countries  dready  named,  the  United  States, 

bonds  issued  have  been  transferred  to  "innocent  ^j  d      'y      mT     ""'"^^j   ""',  *'"*«^  yww^w, 

purchasers,"  and  therefore  the  bonds  should  be  paid,  and  Brazil.    The  other  countries  rank  m  ter- 

even  unto  the  utmost  farthing,  regardless  of  what-  ritorial  extent  as  follows :  Persia,  eleventh ; 

soever  means,  measures,  and  motives  may  have  Afghanistan,  twenty-first;   Morocco,  twenty- 

caasedthemwkettobetfoodedwiththeunwarrant-  second;  Beloochistan,  thirty-third ;  Bokhara, 

ed  issue.    But  where  there  is  a  total  lack  of  power  *v;-|.„  ft^„»*u.  „^^  iJ^»iu^^  fi^^^  ««-* 

to  make  the  subscription,  there  can  not  be  such  a  thirty-fourth ;  and  Zanzibar,  forty-first. 

thing  as  an  innocent  purchaser.  But  granting  that  ^  severe  olow  was  struck  as  the  military 
there  may  be,  is  it  not  barely  possible  that  the  tax-  and  political  prestige  of  Mohammedanism  when 
payer  who  is  called  on  te  pay  these  unauthorized  Russia  overcame  Turkey  and  imposed  upon  the 
bonds  has  some  rights  which  the  courts  should  feel  SnbUme  Porte  the  rigorous  terms  of  the  treaty 
bound  to  respect  I  Is  the  judicial  eye  to  bestow  no  ^#  o-«>  g*«#««^  icr™!-.  iwi.  \i  u  -Z  j 
glance  in  thS  direction  of  the  defendant  to  the  ac  ^5  f  *»  StefMio.  Nearly  all  the  Mohammedan 
tion!  Bit  property,  at  least,  has  been  acquired  in  states  nave  looked  up  to  Turkey  as  the  chief 
no  questionable  manner,  ana  certainly  his  eouities  nation  and  representative  of  their  religions 
to  have  that  property  protected  against  unlawful  as-  gygtem,  and  have  regarded  the  Sultan  as  the 
•eMmenU  and  seizures  an  evidently  equal  to  the  ^^^  ^  defender  of  their  faith.  It  was  ao- 
squities  of  him  who  has  bought  these  bonds  with  ,  ,  j  j  t  xi!  xr  v  *  ^  "'  ,  *"  .r\ 
the  law  and  Constitution  staring  him  in  the  face,  knowledged  bv  the  Mohammedan  lawyers  that 
who,  reaching  out  with  insatiate  arms  to  grasp  in  all  the  Sultan  had  no  spiritual  title  to  this  positimi, 
th6  shore,  has  **  taken  the  chances,"  and,  taking  but  that  in  a  strict  legal  sense  he  was  a  usurper 
them,  has  made  speoulations  without  profit  and  ven-  j^  exercising  ite  prerogatives;  yet  this  was 
tures  without  gam.  overiooked  in  view  of  the  fact  that  he  was  an 
MOHAMMEDANISM.  The  following  is  a  actual  formidable  sovereign,  wielding  a  power 
statement  of  the  Mohammedan  population  of  greater  than  that  of  any  other  Mohammedan 
the  world,  according  to  the  most  recent  esti-  state,  or  of  all  others  together.  The  vast  ma- 
mates  :  jority  of  the  Mohammedan  people,  being  out  of 
L  iir  Krsops :  ^®  current  of  the  world^s  transactions,  had 

Tarkej  Proper. «,floo,ooo  ^^^  learned  how  the  power  of  the  Sultan  had 

Bulgaria 'fi90,'ooo  gradually  melted  away  under  the  pressure  of 

EMtera  BowmeKfl _. J5?'JS  the  Christian  states,  and  believed  tnat  he  was 

Bosnia  and  Henesovliia 600,000  ~;„    jt  "'•"■7"  «•«» wo,  »****  uvaiv ▼  w  mjou  11^  w  w 

Bonmania. 180,000  Still  able  to  inspire  non-Mohammedans  With  the 

J*"^^— — JIJJJ  same  awe  that  the  barbarous  TurMsh  hordes 

^optMiegTa. ............ ............    ^^^^  commanded  in  the  days  of  Ottoman  glory. 

The  common  Turks,  according  to  the  author  of 

jl  I,  ^^ .                                    «,«4,ooo  ^  recently  published  German  work,  "  Stambnl 

BoiBia.... 6,064s000  ^^^  ^^  modcme   Ttirkenthum," ♦  imagined 

Tarkey.V.'.". v.*. ...V.V. *.'.'.'.*..*.*. ...v..'.   18^000,000  that  the  European  monarchs  were  only  vassals 

JjgjJ; aiooooo  ^^  ^^®  Sultan,  and  were  indebted  to  him  for 

India.. .'.'.'.'.*.'.'.*.'.*.'.'.'.*.'!.'*.';.'.'.'.'.*.*.'.'.*!  ^Ssoojooo  their  thrones;  and  during  the  Crimean  war, 

?hi«.; vvv-v, f'SSJSJS  ^^on  ^^^  French  and  Sardinians  fought  with 

siSSfonSitSS?^                  tSoiSSo  the  English  on  the  side  of  the  Turks  against 

latian  ArchipaUigo 88^000,000  the  Russians,  they  were  convinced  that  the 

io20W,ooo  contingents  of  these  nations  were  placed  at  the 

m.  i«  AnioA 100^000,000  command  of  the  Porte  as  a  matter  of  obliga- 

TotsL «»,T18.000  «Letpsio,1877. 


582  M0HAMMEDANI81L 

tion.  The  losses  which  the  empire  has  suffered  whom  they  live  and  are  associated.  The  If  us* 
bj  the  results  of  the  recent  war,  even  after  snlmans  of  the  Pnnjaub  are  orderly  and  indns- 
they  have  been  mitigated  by  the  modifications  trioas,  and  are  regarded  as  of  exemplary  lojal* 
of  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  can  not  be  concealed  ty,  and  in  no  sense  constituting  a  dangerous  or 
from  the  masses  of  the  Turkish  people.  The  unstable  class.  Attention  has  been  called  to 
continuance  of  Russian  armies  in  the  specially  the  fact  that  none  of  the  races  which  hare 
reserved  Turkish  territory  for  more  than  a  participated  in  the  Mohammedan  conquests- 
year  after  the  war  was  declared  at  an  end,  the  Arabs,  Persians,  Afghans,  and  Mongols— hare 
surrender  of  Eastern  Roumelia  to  Russian  and  any  blood  affinities  or  fundamental  friend^ip 
European  administrators,  the  hold  of  the  Rus-  with  the  Turks,  but  that  they  have  all  been 
sians  upon  the  captured  positions  in  Armenia,  in  historical  antagonfsm  with  them.  Sir  John 
with  the  gift  to  tnem  of  Batoum,  which  they  Oampbell  has  noticed  that  these  people  ss  & 
had  not  captured,  the  delivery  of  Asia  Minor  to  whole  have  seen  the  dominion  of  their  own 
an  English  protectorate,  and  the  agitation  of  faith  overturned  in  India,  have  witnessed  the 
the  Armenians  for  a  protectorate  over  their  deposition  of  their  own  sovereigns,  and  tbe 
own  country,  are  facts  which  come  home  to  imposition  of  burdens  upon  those  who  were 
Turkish  communities  hitherto  most  remote  left,  without  making  any  considerable  distiirb- 
from  European  influences.    Including  Egypt  ance.    Mohammedan  sepoys  fought  with  their 

^nirland 


which  has  doser  relations  now  with  England  Hindoo  comrades  against  the  British  duri 
and  France  than  it  has  with  its  suzerain  power,  the  mutiny,  although  tbe  Government  b» 
the  whole  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  except  the  just  been  engaged  in  a  war  in  defense  of  the 
Arab-populated  districts  stretching  from  Syria  chief  Mohammedan  power;  they  showed  do 
to  the  Persian  Gulf^  has  been  brought  more  or  indignation  at  t^e  neutrality  of  the  British  dnr- 
less  directly  under  the  influence  and  control  of  ing  the  recent  war.  The  conclusion  is  drawn 
the  Christian  European  powers.  The  aUegi-  that  tiiere  is  no  solidarity  among  them,  asd 
ance  of  the  Arabs  to  the  Porte  is  slight,  and  that  they  need  not  be  counted  as  a  factor  in 
depends  largely  on  the  ability  of  the  Sultan  to  settling  Mohammedan  questions  outside  of  Is- 
di splay  power.  They  have  among  their  tribes  dia.  Ninety-six  per  cent  of  the  Indian  Ro- 
many nrinces  of  the  family  of  Mohammed,  hammedans  are  accredited  to  the  Sonnite sect; 
whom  they  believe  to  be  better  entitled  to  their  the  other  four  per  cent  belong  to  the  Shlit« 
adherence  than  any  ruler  of  alien  blood ;  and  and  smaJler  sect.  As  a  rule,  the  Shiites  are  cf 
events  have  occurred  recently  which  justify  the  most  industrious,  active,  and  well-to-do 
and  conflrm  the  belief  that  they  are  ready,  class.  The  Wahabees  are  represented  in  everj 
whenever  the  Sultan  clearly  betrays  his  weak-  Mussulman  town  and  village  by  enthusiastic  dim- 
ness, to  transfer  their  obedience  to  the  one  of  ciples,  many  of  whom  are  mdustrions  preachers 
these  chiefs  who  may  show  himself  best  able  of  the  doctrine  of  a  religious  war;  and  a  coIodj 
to  command  it.  of  three  hundred  Wahabees,  the  remnant  of 
The  forty  million  Mohammedans  in  India  tbe  army  which  fought  in  the  Jehad  against  the 
eould  exert  a  great  force  if  they  should  com-  Sikhs  from  1826  to  1881,  is  settled  at  Palosion 
bine.  The  friends  of  Turkey  expected  them  to  the  banks  of  the  Indus,  under  the  rule  of 
combine  in  i^vor  of  the  Sultan  by  furnishing  him  Sheik  AbdaUah,  one  of  the  mutineers  of  1857- 
with  material  aid,  or  by  inducing  the  British  But  these  zedots  form  only  a  minority  of  the 
(Government  to  such  a  course  as  would  strength-  population.  Their  religions  enthusiasm  is  in- 
en  the  power  of  the  Turks  to  resist  Russian  at-  tense,  but  they  are  not  united  on  political  qD<^ 
tacks.  These  expectations  were  not  fulfilled,  tions ;  for,  says  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hughes,  mission- 
The  more  zealous  adherents  of  the  sect  and  the  ary  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society  at  Pesb- 
merchants  of  some  of  the  Presidency  towns  awer, "  among  purely  religious  Wahabees  roaj 
formed  societies  which  contributed  money  and  be  found  some  of  the  most  loyal  native  subjects 
endeavored  to  arouse  enthusiasm  for  the  de-  of  the  Empress  of  India.*^  The  Akhoond  uf 
f ense  of  the  Oommander  of  the  Faithful ;  but  Swat,  who  died  in  January,  1878,  nearly  ninety 
they  could  not  excite  any  active  interest  in  the  years  of  age,  was  a  saint  who  exercised  s 
cause  among  the  Mohammedan  masses.  The  great  infiuence  and  had  gained  an  almost  scto- 
circmnstances  of  the  Indian  Mussulmans  are  cratic  authority  over  the  Mussulmans  of  sll 
not  fiivorable  to  their  combination.  They  are  the  East  '*  This  Pope,"  said  Mr.  Hughes  while 
divided  among  themselves  by  sectarian  lines,  he  was  still  living  and  at  the  height  of  bii 
and  by  difference  of  race.  They  are  not  suffi-  power,  "  reigns  supreme  as  the  guide  and  di- 
ciently  dissatisfied  with  British  rule  to  organ-  rector  of  the  hearts  of  men  afi  over  Hi^ 
ize  an  extensive  insurrection  against  it,  even  if  Asia."  His  residence  was  the  resort  of  tiirong« 
some  single  state  should  endeavor  to  do  so.  of  pilgrims,  three  hundred  of  whom  are  said 
The  majority  of  the  twenty  million  Mussul-  to  have  visited  him  daily,  who  came  from  all 
mans  of  northern  India  do  not  belong  to  the  the  surrounding  countries,  from  Bengal,  Bok- 
race  of  the  Mohammedan  conquerors,  but  are  hara,  Oonstantinople,  Persia,  Tunis,  even  from 
Mohammedans  by  conversion,  who  embraced  Mecca,  to  consult  him  on  questions  of  every 
Ishunism  because  it  offered  a  relief  from  Brah-  kind,  and  kept  his  treasury  full.  For  nearly 
manism.  In  Bengal  they  are  quiet  working-  half  a  century  the  Indian  Government  was  ac- 
men,  but  little  different  firom  the  Hindoos  with  customed  to  watch  him  assiduously  and  ani* 


MOHAMMEDAinSM.  683 

Joiul/,  for  he  posiessed  a  power  to  which  no  said  to  have  repeatedly  expressed  their  sympa- 

otber  man  in  those  regions  could  pretend.   The  thy  for  the  Russian  armies  and  oontrihuted 

Ameer  of  Afghanistan  consulted  him  as  late  as  liherally  to  the  Russian  Red  Cross  Society, 

the  sammer  of  1877,  while  he  was  considering  during  the  Russo-Turkish  war ;  and  the  ad- 

the  course  which  he  should  pursue  in  reference  vances  of  Russian  troops  toward  Bokhara  and 

to  the  Roaso-Turkish  war,  and  preparing  to  Afghanistan,  made   in  1878,   in  anticipation 

take  advantage  of  ita  result.    He  was  regarded  of  difficulties  with  England,  it  is  represented, 

as  hostile  to  tiie  Wahahees,  and  generally  kept  '*  elicited  new  manifestations  of  good  will  on  the 

on  friendly  terms  hy  the  British  authorities.  part  of  the  Mohammedan  population.*'    The 

Persia,  the  largest  state  after  Turkey  under  Chinese  have  crushed  the  Mohammedan  insur- 
Mohammedan  govemment,  oontrihutes  nothing  rection  in  their  western  provinces,  and  have 
to  the  strength  of  the  faith.  Besides  heing  reconquered  Eashgaria,  the  Mohunmedan  state 
prostrate  with  poverty  and  powerless  hy  reason  founded  hy  Yakoob  Beg,  who  called  himself 
of  misgovemment,  it  has  been  drawn  largely  Attalik  Ghazi,  or  champion  of  the  faith.  The 
under  the  influence  and  control  of  the  Russian  object  of  the  British-Indian  war  with  Afghan- 
Empire,  so  that  it  is  practically  hardly  in  a  istan  was,  virtually,  to  determine  whether  £ng- 
sitaation  to  act  independently.  It  is  further-  lish  or  Russian  influence  should  predominate 
more  alienated  from  tiie  other  states  of  Islam  in  the  last  Moslem  state  of  the  East  which  re- 
bj  the  religioua  differences  between  its  Bhiite  mained  wholly  independent.  The  Afghans 
and  their  Sunnite  schools  of  theology,  which  have  been  regarded  as  among  the  most  fanati- 
Mparate  Mohammedans  as  the  controversies  of  cal  and  bigoted  Mohammedan  people,  and  pe- 
the  Greek  and  Latin  Churches  separated  the  cnliarly  jealoas  of  foreigners ;  but  Mr.  Hughes, 
Christians  during  the  middle  ages.  The  Rev.  of  Peshawer,  stated  at  the  General  Conference 
J.  H.  Shedd,  who  has  lived  in  this  country  for  on  Foreign  Missions  held  in  London  id  October, 
aeveral  years  as  a  Presbyterian  missionary,  1878,  that  they  received  the  missionaries  of 
gives  four  reasons  for  styling  Persia  the  weak  the  Church  Missionary  Society  with  "  much 
point  of  Mohammedanism :  1.  The  people  are  kindness,''  that  the  Ameer  had  presided  at  the 
sectanes  arrayed  against  the  orthodox  faith  of  mission-house  in  1869,  and  that  the  mission- 
the  Turks,  Arabs,  and  Tartars,  and  more  ready  aries  had  always  been  on  more  or  less  friendly 
to  torn  for  sjrmpathy  and  aid  to  Christians  relations  with  some  of  the  members  of  the 
than  to  their  Sunnite  enemies.  2.  The  Persians  reigning  family.  The  conquest  of  E^shgaria 
are  constitutionally  of  a  more  liberal  spirit  by  the  Chinese  and  the  occupation  of  a  put  of 
than  the  other  Moslem  nations ;  they  grant  of  Afghanistan  by  the  British-Indian  forces,  the 
their  own  aooord  the  toleration  to  other  reli-  former  an  event  of  1877,  the  latter  of  1878, 
gions  that  has  had  to  be  wrung  from  Turkey,  have  still  further  reduced  the  extent  of  Mo- 
and  permit  free  discussion  and  even  invite  it.  hammedan  territory,  curtailed  Mohammedan 
3.  The  Mohammedan  system  is  more  divided  power,  and  diminished  Mohammedan  prestige, 
against  itself  than  in  any  other  land.  It  was  The  text  of  the  Koran  and  religious  datiea 
forced  upon  the  people  by  conquest  and  under  are  taught  in  countless  village  neighborhoods 
protest,  and  "  in  every  age  these  protests  have  and  private  schools  in  all  Mohammedan  coun- 
been  renewed  by  new  heretical  sects.  During  tries,  from  the  Adriatic  Sea  to  the  extreme 
the  last  twenty  years  the  whole  body  of  Mos-  East  Indian  islands,  and  from  Mongolia  to  the 
lems  has  been  shaken  by  the  new  religion  of  interior  of  Africa ;  but  little  else  is  taught  in 
the  Bftb.  Immense  numbers  are  adherents  of  them,  and  practical  education  is  almost,  and 
a  mystical  faith  derived  from  pre-Islamitic  scientific  eaucation  wholly,  unknown.  The 
times.^'  The  recognized  leader  of  this  sect  is  recitations  of  the  Koran  are  in  Arabic,  and  are 
St  Teheran,  and  it  is  growing  in  numbers  and  unintelligible  to  all  pupils  except  those  of  that 
inflaence,  dirawing  its  forces  from  Mohamme-  nativity.  Instruction  in  arithmetic  is  limited 
dans.  It  also  &vors  toleration.  The  effect  of  to  an  imperfect  comprehension  of  the  four 
the  new  religions  and  the  unsettling  of  the  fundamental  rules ;  and  the  scientific  teaching 
iaith  of  the  people  has  been  such  that,  says  of  geography  is  made  impossible  by  the  neces- 
Mr.  Shedd,  ^^  the  missionaries  stand  amazed  at  sity  of  adhering  to  the  cosmogony  of  the  Ko- 
the  change  of  temper  in  the  Moslem  popnla-  ran.  The  university  of  the  Great  Mosque  of 
tion  within  a  few  years. '^  The  fourth  element  El  Azar,  at  Cairo,  is  famed  throughout  the 
of  weakness  in  Persian  Mohammedanism,  ac-  world  of  Islam,  and  is  resorted  to  hy  more 
cording  to  this  writer,  is  that  the  system  has  than  ten  thousand  students,  who  come  to  it 
^ed  so  palpably  that  thousands  of  the  people  from  Morocco,  Algeria,  Soodan,  Darfoor,  Ara- 
icknowMge  its  failure  and  are  ready  to  trace  bia,  Zanzibar,  Turkistan,  Persia,  India,  and 
the  balk  of  their  misfortunes  to  it.  Malaya,  as  well  as  from  Egypt  and  Turkey ; 

The  principal  western  Mohammedan  khan-  but  nothing  is  taught  at  it  except  the  Koran 

fttes  of  Central  Asia,  once  so  fanatical  that  the  and  the  literature  of  the  Koran.    The  medre»-' 

presence  of  a  non-Mussulman  stranger  was  not  uKb  of  Bokhara  are  likewise  attended  hy  stu- 

tolerated  in  them,  have  been  brought  directly  dents  from  all  parts  of  Asia,  from  Afghanistan, 

or  indirectly  under  the  domination  of  Russia,  Persia,  India,  and  the  lands  of  the  Volga,  in 

and  taoffht  to  treat  Western  visitors  with  cour-  such  numbers  that  the  city  has  been  called  the 

tttf.    The  Mohamn^edans  of  these  khanates  are  Rome  of  the  Mohammedan  world;  but  they 


584  MOHAMMEDANISM. 

learn  no  more  than  thej  do  at  Oairo,  and  re-  with  a  vigor  and  rapiditj  that  have  attracted  tbe 
tarn  to  their  homes  qualified  only  to  be  mol-  attention  of  European  teachers  and  obserren 
labs  and  casuists  in  theology.  The  Sultan  of  to  such  an  extent  that  Professor  Monier  ^il- 
Turkey  has  endeavored  to  establish  a  number  Hams,  of  Oxford,  expressed  the  opimon,  in  i 
of  special  schools  at  Constantinople,  to  give  paper  discussing  the  subject  in  1876,  that  on- 
European  instruction  to  young  men  who  were  less  a  fresh  and  powerful  impulse  was  giren  to 
destined  for  employment  in  the  public  offices  Christian  misrionary  effort,  MohammedanUm 
and  in  the  diplomatic  service,  but  they  have  would  speedily  overrun  the  whole  Africsn 
never  become  vigorous ;  and  the  Khedive  of  Continent.  The  missionaries  of  lalam  present 
Egypt  has  founded  some  really  good  schools,  their  religion  to  the  negroes  in  an  aspect  whitb 
including  two  or  three  higher-class  girls^  makes  it  attractive  to  them,  and  causes  it  to 
schools.  With  these  exceptions  all  the  really  appear  to  them  at  an  advantage,  in  some  re- 
efficient  schools  in  Mohammedan  countries  are  spects,  as  compared  with  Christianity.  It  is 
controlled  by  non-Moslems.  The  foreign  red-  propagated  by  Arabs  and  by  native  Mandin^ 
dents  in  Egypt  of  several  different  nationalities,  goes  and  Foolahs,  who  traverse  the  oountrj  a 
the  Greeks,  Armenians,  and  Bulgarians  in  Tnr-  traders  as  well  as  preachers,  and  are  earnfei 
key,  sustain  good  schools  for  their  own  people  apostles  of  their  rcuigion,  which  they  diseemi- 
in  all  Uie  communities  where  they  are  suffi-  nate  by  quietly  teaching  the  Koran;  ^^andis 
oiently  numerous ;  and  the  missionary  societies  this  way,"  says  the  Bev.  Dr.  Blyden,*  vLo 
have  planted  many  schools  of  every  grade,  ris-  lives  in  Western  Africa  and  has  witnessed  tbcir 
ing  to  that  of  an  American  ooUege,  in  Europe-  operations,  '*  silently  and  almost  unobtmarelr, 
an  Turkey.  Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  Syria,  and  they  are  causing  princes  to  become  obedieDt 
Egypt.  All  of  these  schools  attract  Moham-  disciples  and  zealous  propagators  of  lalam" 
medan  scholars,  who  are  not  taught  in  them  They  forthwith  teach  the  negro  converts  to 
anytibing  that  is  Mohammedan,  but  rather  what  read,  and  begin  to  instruct  them  in  the  litm- 
tends  to  weaken  the  hold  of  their  religion  upon  ture  of  their  newly  received  religion ;  and  is 
them.  The  disparity  in  the  capaci^  of  the  the  Mohammedan  readjustment  of  the  soml 
Mussulmans  ana  the  non-Mussulmans  for  oiti-  and  political  organixation,  the  local  institntions 
zenship,  and  for  performing  the  duties  of  the  are  not  destroyed,  but  are  modified  and  adfipt- 
public  offices,  is  becoming  more  evident  every  ed ;  so  that,  **  in  all  thriving  Mohammedap 
year ;  and  it  is  often  remarked  that  the  most  communities  in  West  and  Central  Africa,  it 
competent  and  faithful  servants  the  Porte  can  may  be  noticed  that  the  Arab  superstnictore 
find  are  selected  from  among  its  Greek  and  has  been  superimposed  on  a  permanent  indi- 
Armenian  subjects.  The  British  Government  genous  substructure.^*  The  missionaries  cf 
schools  furnish  a  solid  secular  instruction,  and  Mohammedanism  have  within  a  few  years  psj( 
the  schools  of  the  missionary  societies  secular  exhibited  a  largely  increased  activity  in  propa- 
instruction  combined  with  religious  teaching  gating  their  religion  from  the  Moslem  etatd 
in  Christian  doctrine,  to  dl  the  people  of  Brit-  of  the  Nile  into  the  countries  of  the  npper  val- 
ish  India ;  and  since  the  examinations  in  these  ley  of  that  river,  and  from  the  Zanzibar  vM 
schools  supply  the  tests  by  which  candidates  to  the  region  of  the  oentral  lakes ;  and  the  e^ 
are  admitted  to  the  universities  and  to  the  civil  tablishment  of  Christian  misaons  in  tbo« 
service,  they  are  eagerly  attended  by  the  am-  neighborhoods,  which  has  been  effected  bj  the 
bitious  and  enterorising  youth  of  all  the  races  Church,  London,  and  Scottish  Misaonaiy  So- 
and  religions  of  tne  country.  cieties  since  1876,  has  been  hastened  bytbe 
The  religion  of  Islam  is  making  an  actual,  conviction  that  it  was  necessary  to  act  qnicklr 
evident  growth  in  the  interior  of  Africa.  Ac-  in  order  to  anticipate  the  Mohammedans  on 
cording  to  our  table,  nearly  one  halif  the  Mo-  this  ground.  In  the  west,  according  to  Dr. 
hammedans  of  the  world  are  on  this  continent  Blyden,  so  long  as  Timbnctoo,  where  the  reli- 
The  Moslem  system  is  losing  its  supremacy  in  gion  has  been  established  for  many  centuries, 
the  coast  countries.  The  Government  of  Egypt  retained  its  ascendancy,  Islam  kept  np  iu 
is  virtually  in  the  hands  of  Europeans,  and  is  strictly  Arabian  aspect  Recently  Kooka  htf 
conforming  to  European  models.  Algeria  is  a  become  the  seat  of  literary  activi^  and  eccle- 
French  province,  and  is  supplied  with  a  com-  siastical  influence,  and  Kano  the  commercUl 
plete  French  system  of  public  instruction,  center— both  purely  negro  cities,  whence  the 
Tunis  is  threatened  with  seizure  by  France  or  religion  has  spread  among  the  oommanitie^ 
Italy.  In  Zanzibar,  where,  according  to  Bishop  near  the  sources  of  the  Niger ;  and  the  sjf^^^ 
Steere,  of  the  Church  of  England,  five  distinct  has  been  "  largely  affected  by  the  geographic 


tive  questions.     Only  Morocco,  now  a  poor  most  enterprising  and  energetic  tribes.    It 

and  obscure  state,  has  escaped  subjection  to  claims  as  its  adherents  the  only  people  vbo 

some  kind  of  non-Mussulman  reform.    In  the  have  any  form  of  civil  polity,  or  bond  of  social 

interior,  however,  the  faith  is  still  as  pure  and  organization.     It  has  built  and  occopiee  t(i<^ 

strong  as  it  is  in  its  native  home  in  Arabia,  largest  cities  in  the  heart  of  the  continental^ 
and  is  spreading  to  the  heathen  tribes  around  •  **  Methodiat  Quarterly  B«Ttew."  Jtsuiy.  istt. 


MOHAMMEDANISM.  685 

laws  regalata  the  most  powerful  kingdoma—  God,  and  that  we  have  the  books  essentially 
Footah,  MariDa,  Hooasa,  Bomoo,  Waday,  Dar-  as  they  were  delivered  by  the  prophets  and 
f oor,  Eordofan,  Sennaar,  etc.   It  prodooes  and  apostles.    On  the  question  of  the  abrogation  of 
controls  the  most  valuable  commerce  between  one  part  of  the  revelation  of  God  by  another, 
Africa  and  foreign  countries ;  it  is  daily  gath-  on  which  there  is  some  difference  among  Mo- 
oring converts  from  the  ranks  of  paganism ;  hammedans,  it  holds  that  only  such  laws  as  are 
and  it  commands  respect  among  all  Africans  ceremonial  can  possibly  be  altered   or  abro- 
wherever  it  is  known,  even  where  the  people  gated,  and  that  "  those  who  imagine  it  to  be  a 
have  not  submitted  to  the  sway  of  the  Koran."  part  of  the  Mohammedan  creed  that  one  law 
Namerous  negro  Mohammedan  commanities  has  totally  repealed  another,  are  utterly  mis- 
are  mentioned  as  self-reliant,  productive,  inde-  taken."     A  special   introduction  to  the  Old 
pendent,  and  dominant,  supporting,  without  Testament  is  based  largely  upon  Hornets  *'  In- 
the  countenance  or  patronage  of  the  parent  troduction."    Syed  Ahmed  has  also  been  iden- 
country  Arabia,  their  political^  religious,  and  tified  with  a  scheme  for  the  foandation  of  a 
ecclesiastical  institutions.    In  Sierra  Leone  the  Mohammedan  university  at  Allygarh,  India, 
negro  Mohammedans  erect  their  moscjues.  keep  which,  while  it  is  open  to  students  of  all  reli- 
up  their  religious  services,  conduct  their  scnoois,  gions,  shall  be  invested  with  peculiar  Oriental 
and  contribute  to  the  support  of  missionaries  characteristics,  and  in  which  theology  shall  be 
who  visit  them  from  Arabia,  Morocco,  or  Foo-  taught  by  both  Sunnite  and  Shiite  professors. ' 
tah,  without  any  aid«  Along  the  whole  western  The  theological  department  is  to  be  endowed 
coast  of  Africa,  from  Senegal  to  Lagos,  a  dis-  wiUi  sixty  scholarships.     The  foundation  of 
tanoe  of  two  thousand  miles,  hardly  an  impor-  this  institution  was  laid  about  two  years  ago 
tant  town  is  without  its  mosque  and  its  rep-  by  Lord  Lytton,  the  Viceroy, 
reaentative  of  Islam ;   and  the  adherents  of  The  subject  of  the  best  and  most  effective 
this  faith  are  increasing  in  numbers  at  Sierra  method  of  presenting  Ohristianity  to  Moham- 
Leone,  three  fourths  of  the  additions  being  medan  peoples  has  received  prominent  atten- 
through  conviction  and  not  by  birth.     Dr.  tion  at  several  recent  ecclesiastical  meetings. 
Blyden,  when  on  an  exploring  expedition  for  It  was  considered  at  the  meeting  of  the  £ng- 
the  Government  of  Sierra  Leone  m  1872-'78,  lish  Church  Congress  in  1877,  in  papers  by 
foQud  Moslems  acting  as  prime  ministers  to  the  Bishop  Steere  of  Zanzibar,  Professor  £.  H. 
chie&  in  all  the  important  pagan  towns,  and  Palmer,  Sir  W.  Muir,  Professor  Monier  Wil- 
leamed  that  the  chief  advisers  of  the  King  of  liams,  the  Rev.  Jani  Alii,  a  converted  Mussul- 
Aflhantee  were  Mohammedans  from  Sokotoo.  man,  and  the  Rev.  J.  Cane-Browne.    It  was 
The  same  was  true  of  Dahomey.  also  discussed  in  varioas  forms  at  the  General 
The  Mohammedan  mind  is  furly  active  in  Conference  on  Foreign  Missions  held  in  London 
literary  production,  but  few  of  its  works  at-  in  October,  1678.    The  Rev.  E.  £.  Jenkins  de- 
tract attention  abroad.    They  partake  mainly  fined  the  obstacles  which  Islam  presents  to  the 
of  the  character  of  commentaries  on  the  Koran  reception  of  Christianity  by  its  votaries  to  Con- 
or treatises  on  law  and  morals,  but  many  of  sist  largely  in  the  political  unity  of  the  system, 
them  are  controversial  works  of  no  insignifi-  and  *^  the  irrepressible  personality  of  its  f  ound- 
eaat  merit.    A  reply  in  the  Arabic  language  er.^'    To  preach  Christ  to  Mohammedans,  he 
to  the  attaok  of  Dr.  Pfander  on  the  Moham-  said,  is  to  exhibit  a  rival.    Although  the  unity 
medan  system,  by  Rahmut  Allah,  a  Moham-  of  God  is  common  to  both,  this  is  their  termi- 
medan  scholar,  is  said  by  Dr.  Blyden  to  reveal  nal  base  of  accordance ;  here  they  divide  in 
*^  a  marvelous  acquaintance  with  European  lit-  opposite  lines,  not  in  either  case  in  the  pursuit 
eratare.**    Two  able  works  have  recently  ap-  of  remoter  truths,  but  in  the  acceptance  and 
peared  in  the  English  language :  "  Essays  on  maintenance  of  diametrically  opposite  dogmas, 
thelife  of  Mohammed,"  by  Sy^  Ahmed  Khan  The  Rev.  Mr.  Hughes,  of  Peshawer,  call^  at- 
Bahadar,  C.  8. 1.,  London,  1870 ;  and  "  Critical  tention  to  the  fact  that  since  Mohammedanism 
Examination  of  tlie  Life  and  Teachings  of  Mo-  is  largely  founded  on  the  Old  Testament  Scrip- 
hammed,"  by  Syed  Ameer  Ali  Mul?i,  M.  A.,  tures,  care  must  be  taken  in  throwing  down 
LL  B.,  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Barrister-at-Law,  this  system  that  the  truths  it  contains  are  not 
etc.,  London,  1878.    The  Mulvi  Syed  Ahmed  allowed  to  suffer. 
Khan  Bahadur,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  The  Protestant  missionary  societies  in  Mo- 

?art7  of  liberal  Mohammedans  in  northern  hammedan  countries  have  only  recently  made 

ndia,  commenced  the  publication  of  a  com-  any  direct  efforts  for  the  conversion  of  Mus- 

mentary  in  Hindustani  upon  the  Hebrew  text  sulmans.    They  have  been  prevented  by  the 

of  the  Old  Testament,  of  which  two  volumes  laws  which  affixed  the  penalty  of  death  to  the 

of  about  three  hundred  pages  quarto  had  ap-  profession  of  another  faith  by  a  Moslem.   Even 

powed  when  it  was  discontinued,  the  author  where  those  laws  were  no  longer  operative,  the 

finding  that  he  had  undertaken  a  larger  work  convert  continued  to  be  in  imminent  danger 

tbaa  he  could  accomplish  at  his  advanced  age.  of  being  murdered  by  his  neighbors ;  and,  ac- 

|his  work  maintains  that  all  the  books  of  the  cording  to  Bishop  Steere,  the  late  Seyyid  of 

^riptnres  except  the  Epistles  of  the  New  Tes-  Zanzibar  told  one  of  the  European  consuls  that, 

tameot  which  are  received  by  Christians  are  if  the  missions  made  any  converts,  there  were 

^  received  by  Mohammedans  as  the  word  of  many  people  in  the  town  who  would  consider 


686  MONTENEGBO. 

It  their  duty  to  cat  their  throats,  and  he  conld  The  number  of  Montenegrina  liTiog  ftbroid 
not  protect  them.  The  long  residence  of  the  amoants  to  about  2,000 ;  they  are  chiefly  m 
missionaries  and  their  good  behavior,  sincerity,  Austria^  Russia,  and  Turkey.  There  are  aho 
and  truthfulness,  have  commended  them  per-  small  Montenegrin  colonies  in  Alezandrii, 
BonaUy  to  the  Mohammedan  as  well  as  other  Egypt,  and  in  San  Francisco,  OalifomU.  The 
communities  among  whom  they  live,  and  they  largest  cities  are  the  capital,  Oettigne,  witli 
have  at  length  gained  an  important  inf  uence  1,400  inhabitants;  Njegos,  with  4^000;  Daoilo- 
on  all  subjects  not  directly  bearing  upon  re-  grad,  with  2,000;  Antivari,  with  6,000;  Pod- 
ligion.  The  American  missionaries  in  Turkey  goritza,  with  6,000;  Nicsio,  with  4,000;  and 
were  treated  with  the  highest  respect  during  Spuz  and  Eolashin,  with  2,000  each, 
all  the  excitement  of  the  war  with  Russia.  Nothing  official  is  known  of  the  finances  of 
The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  reported  the  country,  and  its  condition  can  onlj  iw  &p- 
in  May,  1878,  that  seventeen  thousand  Turkish  proximately  estimated.  The  Prince  has  an 
Bibles  and  parts  of  Scripture  had  been  sold  at  income  of  8,000  ducats,  to  which  are  added 
Constantinople  within  the  last  five  years ;  a  a  Rnsrian  subvention  of  80,000  rubles,  and  an 
good  Arabic  version  of  the  Bible  is  in  circu-  Austrian  of  20,000  florins,  making  a  total  cf 
lation  in  Syria ;  and  the  last  line  of  the  last  185,000  florins.  The  revenue  of  the  ooimtrr 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  last  of  the  Ian-  amounts  to  about  800,000  florins,  of  vhich 
guages  spoken  in  the  Turkish  empire— that  110,000  are  indirect  taxes,  20,000  are  receipts 
into  the  Osmanli  Turkish — was  written  three  from  convents,  15,000  from  the  salt  monopoij, 
weeks  before  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  6,000  fines,  and  150,000  subventions.  The  ex- 
Berlin.  The  Presbyterian  missionaries  in  Per-  penditures  are  estimated  at  180,000  florina,  of 
sia  determined  in  1876  that  they  would  make  which  85,000  are  for  the  civil  list^  14,600  for 
special  efforts  for  the  conversion  of  Mob  am-  the  chiefs  of  the  tribes,  6,600  for  the  Senate, 
medans.  They  have  done  so,  and  have  gained  42,000  for  education,  and  81,900  for  mified- 
a  few  converts,  without  having  as  yet  met  with  laneous  expenditures.  In  1876  Montenegro  con- 
any  organized  opposition.  The  report  of  the  tracted  a  debt  of  about  400,000  francs  m  Bos- 
Church  Missionary  Society  for  1878  mentions  sia,  which  has  been  paid  with  Russian  mosey, 
the  conversion  of  Mohammedans  at  Lagos,  The  amount  of  the  Turkish  debt  to  be  aflsomed 
Africa.  In  some  parts  of  India,  says  Mr.  by  Montenegro  has  not  yet  been  determioei 
Hughes,  the  conversion  of  Mohammedans  is  Iliere  is  no  standing  army,  but  every  Montene- 
looked  upon  as  almost  hopeless,  while  in  other  grin  is  liable  to  military  service  in  one  of  tb« 
parts  some  of  the  best  Christians  are  converts  three  classes  which  form  the  army,  and  vbieh 
from  Mohammedanism.  The  New  Testament  comprise  the  entire  male  population.  The  first 
has  been  translated  into  the  Afghan  language  classindudesall  men  bet  ween  the  ages  of  aeveo- 
by  the  Presbyterian  missionaries ;  an  Afghan  teen  and  forty-eight,  and  numbers  about  17,000. 
version  of  the  Old  Testament  exists,  in  the  The  second  class  comprises  all  others  betweea 
Hindustani  character,  and  Mr.  Hughes  is  trans-  the  ages  of  fourteen  and  sixty,  and  has  aboot 
lating  the  Pentateuch ;  and  the  Afghans  have  8,000  men;  while  the  third  class,  inchdiDgflp 
the ''Pilgrim's  Progress"  in  their  tongue.  The  others  from  twelve  years  of  age  upward,  ii 
native  church  at  Peshawer  is  presided  over  by  about  5,000  strong.  As  every  boy  carries  anpj 
the  Rev.  Imam  Shah,  a  convert  from  Moham-  from  his  tenth  year,  8,000  boys  can  be  added  in 
medanism,  and  had  among  its  members  in  1875  an  emergency.  The  exporta  are  estimated  &t 
about  eighty  baptized  Mohammedans.  The  2,000,000  florins.  The  post-ofiSoe  is  in  charge 
Mohammedans  of  the  Pui\jaub  are  also  said  to  of  the  Austrian  Gk)vemment,  which  has  a  di- 
be  giving  considerable  attention  to  the  gospel,  rector  in  Cettigne.    There  are  888  kilometrni 

MONTENEGRO,  a  principality  of  South-  of  telegraph,  and  15  telegraph  stations, 
eastern  Europe.    Reigning  Prince,  Nicholas  I,        (For  an  account  of  the  war  with  Turkey,  fl<* 

bom  October  7,  1841 ;  declared  Prince  on  Au-  Turkey.)    The  treaty  of  Berlin  (see  Eajters 

gust  14, 1860,  upon  the  death  of  Prince  Danilo  Qttbstion)  recognized  the  independence  of  the 

I.    He  was  married,  November  8,  I860,  to  Mi-  principality.  While  the  Porte  up  to  that  treat; 

lena,  daughter  of  Petar  Vukotitch.    Children  nad  always  claimed  the  sovereignty  over  th« 

of  this  marriage  are  one  son,  Danilo  Alex-  principality,  it  had  but  very  seldom  sacceeded 

ander,  bom  June  80,  1871,  and  six  daughters,  in  enforcing  its  claims.    The  independence  of 

The  area  of  the  country  in  1878  comprised  8,-  the  country  was  acknowledged  by  the  Powers 

642  square  miles.    Of  this,  1,814  square  miles  in  1858,  and  its  representative  was  admitiedto 

was  the  area  before  the  war,  while  the  treaty  of  the  commission  which  sat  at  Constantinople  in 

Berlin  had  added  1,167  square  miles  from  Her-  1850  for  the  adjustment  of  boundaries,  hat  in 

zegovina  and  661  square  miles  from  Albania,  the  face  of  protests  of  the  Porte.  Bythetreatj 

The  population  before  the  war  was  estimated  at  of  Berlin,  however,  the  Porte  finally  reco?' 

180,000;    to  this  number  were  added  54,000  nized  the  independence  of  the  country,  and  at 

in  Herzegovina  and  52,000  in  Albania,  making  the  same  time  ceded  to  it  a  territory  embn- 

a  total  population  of  286,000.    Of  this  nnm-  cing  an  area  of  more  than  its  former  sice.  lo 

her,  about  26,000  are  Roman  Catholics,  about  Herzegovina  the  districts  ceded  are  thoee  of 

the  same  number  Mohammedans,  and  the  re-  Banyani  and  Rudine,  Niosio  and  Duga,  Fi^** 

mainder  belong  to  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church.  Drobnyak  and  Yezera,  and  Kolaihin  and  6a* 


MONTEXEGBO.  MORAVIANS.                687 

nnd;  and  in  Albania  the  districts  of  Spnz,  to  supply,  on  the  requisition  of  the  Porte,  a 
Podgoritza,  Zabljak,  Plava  and  Gasigne,  Anti-  contingent  of  at  least  40,000  aoxiliary  troops. 
Tari,  and  Krayina.  This  story  received  a  measare  of  confirmation 
The  Albanians  of  the  ceded  districts  at  once  fi^m  the  official  instmctions  sent  by  Prince 
manifested  their  opposition  to  being  transferred  Labanoff  to  Baron  Kaalbars,  the  Russian  mem- 
to  the  sovereignty  of  Montenegro.    As  soon  ber  of  the  Turco-Monteoegrin  frontier  com- 
as the  dedsion  of  the  Oongress  was  known,  mission,  in  which  the  Prince  expressed  his 
they  came  together,  and,  pablicly  declaring  the  conviction  that  the  Porte  woold  not  volan- 
Soltan  incapable  of  gnarding  their  rights,  took  tarily  give  up  the  possession  of  Podgoritza. 
an  oath  of  fraternity  for  the  defense  of  their  In  conseqnence  of  this  communication.  Prince 
country  against   all   aggression   or   change.  Nicholas  consulted  the  Senate,  and  the  migori- 
Among  the  signers  to  the  oath  were  three  ty  of  the  Senators  were  in  favor  of  going  to 
leading  chieftams,  one  of  whom  alone,  it  was  war.    News,  however,  had  arrived  from  Plov, 
said,  could  command  the  services  of  5,000  armed  Gusigne,  Berani,  Podgoritza,  Spuz,  and  Zab- 
adherents.    MehemetAli  Pasha  was  dispatched  lyak,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  inhab- 
to  the  district  in  August,  on  a  mission  of  paci-  itants  of  those  districts  had  decided,  in  order 
fication,  which,  as  he  made  known  to  Prince  to  avoid  further  bloodshc^  to  give  tnemselves 
Nicholas,  included  the  removal  of  the  difficul-  up.    The  evacuation  of  Eolashin  was  said  to 
ties  which  had  arisen  in  regulating  the  fron-  have  taken  place  under  pressure  from  the  in- 
tiera.  Having  perceived  the  extent  of  the  pre-  habitants,  rather  than  by  the  voluntary  act  of 
Tailing  disaffection,  he  obtained  an  increased  the  garrison,  and  when  the  Prince  had  proposed 
force  of  troops,  by  the  show  of  which  he  was  to  appoint  a  native  Albanian  to  be  the  prefect 
able  to  convince  the  three  leading  chiefs  of  the  of  the  town,  the  inhabitants  had  expressed  their 
nselessness  of  resistance,  and  gained  their  sub-  preference  for  a  Montenegrin ;  whereupon  Dju- 
mlssion.    The  Albanians,  when  they  learned  ro  Petrovitch,  a  cousin  of  the  Prince,  was  sp- 
ot the  defection  of  the  three  chiefs,  declared  pointed.    In  November  the  Albanians  made  a 
them  to  be  traitors,  and  rose  to  take  vengeance  show  of  fortifying  Podgoritza,  and  the  belief 
on  them  and  upon  Mehemet  Ali.    The  outbreak  prevailed  that  the  place  would  not  be  peace- 
revolted  in  the  murder  of  Mehemet  Ali,  early  fully  given  up.    The  Albanian  League  shortly 
ia  September.   This  assassination  produced  the  afterward  set  up  a  demand  for  the  incorpora- 
belief  in  Montenegro  that  any  convention  with  tion  of  all  the  districts  of  that  nationality  into 
the  Porte  woidd  be  useless,  because  it  had  shown  a  single  Albanian  province.   During  December 
the  ntter  incapacity  of  the  authorities  to  in-  the  Turkish  authorities  began  making  prepara- 
flaence  the  insurgents  to  obedience.    Prince  tions  for  the  surrender  of  Podgoritza.    In  the 
Nicholas,  finding  that  the  Albanians  had  de-  mean  time  the  Montenegrins  had  become  im- 
Urmined  to  resist  by  force  of  arms  his  occupa-  patient,  and  had  posted  a  force  to  cut  off  Pod- 
tion  of  the  ceded  districts,  prepared  for  a  new  goritza  from  Scutari.    When,  in  the  beg^ning 
campaign.    A  circular   note,  issued  by  the  of  January,  1879,  the  Yali  received  oraers  to 
Porte  in  September  to  explain  that  it  was  ex-  give  up  Podgoritza,  Spuz,  and  Gusigne  at  once, 
erting  itself  to  secure  the  submission  of  the  the  Mohammedans  began  to  arm,  but,  failing 
MDmlmans  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  the  to  gain  the  cooperation  of  the  chiefs  in  the 
Aostrian  occupation,  declared  also  that  it  had  mountains  and  of  the  Turkish  soldiery,  were 
|Lsed  its  utmost  endeavors  in  Albania  to  dimin*  not  able  to  excite  a  disturbance ;  and,  as  the 
ish  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  execution  preparations  for  effecting  the  surrender  were 
of  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  and  would  strive  to  carried  on  through  January,  the  violence  of 
reSstahlish  its  full  authority  in  that  province,  opposition  died  away,  and  it  became  evident 
The  Turkish  authorities  in  the  disturbed  dis-  that  the  change  of  lurisdiction  would  be  made 
trict  were,  however,  dejected  and  demoralized  quietly.    The  Turkish  inhabitants  of  the  ceded 
br  the  determination  of  the  National  League  towns  were  said,  however,  to  be  emigrating  in 
of  Albanians.    The  garrison  at  Podgoritza  was  great  numbers,  and  taking  ref  age  in  Scutari, 
threatened  with  an  attack  when  the  comman-  MORAVIANS.     The  following  is  a  sum- 
dant  announced  that  he  was  ordered  to  sur-  mary  of  the  statistics  of  the  American  Prov- 
render  the  town  to  the  Montenegrins.    Fresh  ince  of  the  Moravian  Ohurch  for  1877,  as  pub- 
complications  arose  between  Montenegro  and  lished  in  March,  1878 :  Northern  District, — 
the  Porte  in  October,  when  the  Prince  was  Number  of  churches,  66 ;  total  number  of  per- 
reported  to  have  refused  to  give  up  the  Turkish  sons  connected  with  the  Church,  14,821 ;  nam- 
prisoners  of  war  until  the  treaty  of  Berlin  as  ber  of  communicants,  8,106.    Southern  Dii- 
re^rds  Montenegro  had  been  thoroughly  car-  trict. — Number  of  churches,  11 ;  total  number 
ned  out.    A  letter  from  Oettigne,  of  the  28th  of  persons  connected,  1,942 ;  number  of  com- 
of  Octoher,  stated  the  existence  of  great  ob-  municants,  1,175.    Whole  number  for  the  two 
Btades  to  the  execution  of  the  cession  of  terri-  districts— of  churches,  77 ;  of  persons  connect- 
tones.    Prince  Nicholas,  it  said,  had  been  in-  ed,  16,268 ;  of  communicants,  9,871 ;  of  officers 
fonned  that  there  was  an  agreement  between  and  teachers  in  Sunday  schools,  1,008 ;  of  Sun- 
the  Porte  and  the  Albanian  League  not  to  allow  day-school  scholars,  8,107.    An  increase  was 
the  territories  in  question  to  be  separated  from  shown  for  the  year  of  171  communicants,  8 
Albania,  and  that  the  Albanians  had  engaged  churches,  and  876  Sunday-school  scholars. 


J 


588 


HOBAYIANS. 


MUSIOAL  TELEPHONE. 


The  azmiveraarj  meeting  of  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Qoepel  among  the  Bea- 
then  was  held  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  August  29th. 
Its  assets  amounted  to  $220,428,  and  its  total 
receipts  for  the  jear  had  been  $10,454.  Three 
joung  men  from  the  Indian  country  were  re- 
ceiving education  at  its  expense,  two  of  whom 
had  entered  the  theologiciu  seminary. 

The  t^nod  of  the  Northern  District  of  the 
American  Province  met  at  Hope,  Ind.,  Octo- 
ber 9th.  Bishop  £.  de  Schweinitz  was  chosen 
President.  It  was  held  as  preparatory  to  the 
meeting  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Unity 
which  is  to  be  held  in  1879.  A  letter  relating 
to  this  event  was  read  from  the  Unity^s  Elders' 
Conference  in  Berthelsdorf,  advising  that  the 
preparatory  synods  of  the  single  provinces  of 
the  Unity  should  meet  during  tiie  course  of  the 
year,  to  discuss  and  prepare  the  subjects  which 
are  to  be  considered  at  the  General  oynod.  In- 
troducing the  more  prominent  topics  to  be  con- 
sidered, the  address  said :  *'  When  a  General 
Synod  meets,  our  union  and  association  as  one 
entire  body  is  then  made  clearly  apparent ;  and 
hence  it  is  proper  that  the  preparatory  synods 
should  clearly  apprehend  what  is  the  import  of 
our  Brethren's  Unity ;  in  how  far  it  still  pre- 
serves its  original  character,  in  spite  of  its  prov- 
inces being  separated  by  an  ocean,  and  in  spite 
of  the  manifold  changes  which  in  the  course  of 
time  have  caused  them  to  adopt  such  different 
modes  and  arrangements  from  what  they  pos- 
sessed in  their  first  beginnings;  and  whetner, 
not  only  on  account  of  its  outward  form,  but 
also  on  account  of  its  inward  substance,  it  still 
deserves  the  name  of  a  Unitas  Fratrum."  The 
Synod  was  invited  to  examine  *^  whether  the 
doctrine  of  sin  and  grace,  of  Jesus  as  the  only 
Saviour  of  mankind,  of  that  comfort  which  alone 
can  give  peace  to  the  soul,  of  that  atonement  in 
the  blood  of  the  Lamb  which  has  been  made  for 
all  repentant  sinners,  is  still  proclaimed  among 
us  in  its  purity  and  simplicity,  without  the  addi- 
tions ana  perversions  of  human  wisdom."  This 
question  was  to  be  laid  before  the  Synod  in  the 
form  of  a  proposal  in  regard  to  the  chapter  on 
Doctrine  in  the  Synodal  Results  of  1869,  which 
the  Unity's  Elders'  Conference  had  drawn  up 
for  the  consideration  of  the  General  Synod. 
Attention  was  further  directed  to  the  inquiry 
whether  the  congregations  possessed  spintucd 
life  and  growth ;  and  the  Sj^nod  was  reminded 
that  its  deputies  should  be  furnished  with  re- 
qubite  powers  of  attorney,  certified  by  a  no- 
tarial seal,  in  order  that  they  might  be  fully 
authorized  to  do  whatever  pertained  to  the 
business  of  the  Synod. 

The  report  of  the  Provincial  Elders'  Confer- 
ence stated  that  nine  persons  had  been  ordained 
to  the  ofiice  of  presbyter,  and  the  same  number 
to  the  office  of  deacon,  since  the  previous  meet- 
ing of  the  Synod  in  1876,  and  that  at  the  pres- 
ent time  66  ordained  ministers  were  engaged  in 
the  service  of  the  province ;  of  whom  55  were 
pastors  of  congregations,  8  were  professors  in 
the  theological  seminary,  4  were  principals  of 


the  denominational  boarding-schools,  and  t 
were  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  boards  of 
the  Church.  A  decision  of  the  Synod  of  187$, 
to  the  effect  that  "  in  each  congregation  tbe 
Board  of  Elders,  charged  with  the  care  over 
the  Brotherly  Agreement,  should  form  a  sepi- 
rate  body  from  the  Committee,  or  Board  of 
Trustees,  charged  with  the  secular  affain  of 
the  congregation,"  had  been  generally  camd 
into  effect  by  the  churches  m  the  proTina 
With  one  exception,  all  the  so-callea  regale 
churches  (such  as  are  entitled  to  send  delegaks 
to  the  Synod)  had  ceased  to  receive  aid  fntL 
the  sustentation  fund.  Five  new  oongregatiosi 
had  been  added  to  he  number  of  the  home- 
mission  churches  within  the  synodal  period. 
The  number  of  home-mission  chorcheB  witLb 
the  province  was  88.  More  candidates  for  m- 
vice  than  usual  were  reported. 

The  Board  of  Church  Eiteneion  reported  tlisl 
$21,784  had  been  pledged  to  the  permaoaii 
church  extension  fund,  and  that  $10,677  of  tbt 
amount  had  been  paid  into  the  hands  of  col- 
lectors. The  Board  had  determined  to  receive 
the  contributions  to  the  fund  on  the  conditioc 
that  no  part  of  the  income  annually  sccrnis^ 
should  be  avdlable  until  the  amount  of  |50,(^.'} 
should  be  raised.  The  President  of  the  Th^" 
logical  Seminary  reported  that  the  expense  of 
the  institution  had  been  $10,416  in  1877,  aihI 
$8,689  in  1878,  when  the  number  of  studecu 
was  smaller  than  usuaL  The  present  nambef 
of  students,  82,  was  larger  than  ever  before. 
The  endowment  fund  amounted  to  $38,811. 

The  following  table  of  the  Moravian  mir 
sions  )s  compiled  from  the  report  of  the  sodcty 
which  was  published  in  London  in  Noverober, 
1878,  wives  of  missionaries  being  inclodedin 
the  number  of  missionaries : 


MISSIONS. 

Btatiini. 

Uekn. 

OtmiiImkI  . .  a .  .  4 . 

6 

6 

4   - 
40 

6 
14 
IS 

% 

8 

19 

» 

9 

91 

16 

69 

66 

6 

6 

\>» 

T-ftboMlor  ...... 

V» 

North  Amerkao  IndluiB. 
West  Indies 

Mosquito  Cosst 

l.Vil 

fl,*4 

Boath  AMca. 

lu^ 

Aofftnlls 

1» 

Central  AsU 

tf 

Total 

96 

898 

TO^M 

In  the  summary  given  in  the  report,  tbe 
70,646  members  enumerated  above  are  calltKi 
"converts,  of  whom  23,185  are  communi- 
cants.'' Of  the  total  sum  of  $88,305  r^ 
ceived  in  1877  from  all  sources,  $28,435  were 
received  from  gifts  and  legacies  within  tli^ 
denomination,  and  $84,480  from  "  societiemd 
friends  of  other  Christian  denominations.'^ 

MUSIOAL  TELEPHONE,  An  ingenioos 
method  of  conveying  to  a  distance  bj  elec- 
tricity musical  and  other  sounds  hfls  bew 
devised  by  0.  L.  Weyher,  of  Paris.  The  Ap- 
paratus consists  of  a  thin  sheet  of  iron,  copp^- 
or  other  metal  in  a  frame.  This  is  placed  at 
some  convenient  point  in  a  concert-ball,!^ 
ture-room,  or  wherever  else  the  sounds  ar« 


NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  689 

produced  which  it  is  desired  to  transmit  to  a  hrations  heing  eqaal  in  number  to  the  yibra- 

distance.    Tliis  metaUic  plate  is  connected  with  tions  which  produced  the  sound  or  note.    Thus, 

one  pole  of  a  battery,  the  other  pole  of  which  by  this  trepidation  of  the  contact-point,  the 

is  to  earth ;  or,  if  the  distance  is  smaU,  a  re-  latter  makes  and  breaks  contact  with  the  plate, 

tarn  wire  may  be  used.    A  very  light  contact-  and  the  circuit  is  made  and  broken  at  each  yi- 

point  is  attached  to  a  weak  spring,  so  as  just  bration,  the  currents  passing  by  the  line  pro- 

to  touch  the  metallic  plate.    This  contact-point  ducing  the  same  number  of  vibrations  of  the 

is  mjide  of  platinum,  gas-carbon,  or  other  con-  reed  or  vibrator,  which  thus  accurately  re- 

ductor  of  electricity,  and  communicatee  with  produces  the  sounds  with  all  their  different 

the  line  wire  going  from  the  room  in  which  intonations.    The  apparatus  may  be  used  for 

the  sounds  are  produced  to  the  place  where  all  kinds  of  telegraphic  or  other  oommunica- 

they  are  to  be  repeated,  and  is  there  connected  tions  as  well  as  for  the  transmission  of  musical 

with  an  electro-magnet,  from  which  the  current  sounds.    A  single  line  wire  will  serve  for  a 

again  passes  to  earth.    Above  the  electro-  number  of  receivers  by  using  derived  currents, 

magnet  is  placed  an  iron  or  steel  spring  form-  or  by  passing  the  same  current  through  sev- 

ing  a  reed  or  vibrator,  contained  within  an  eral  receivers.     Several  contact-points  may 

ear-trumpet  or  sound-box.    The  action  is  as  also  be  applied  to  the  same  vibrating  plate  for 

follows :  Each  sound  produced  in  the  theatre,  transmitting  the  vibrations  along  as  many  line 

concert,  or  other  room,  throws  the  metallic  wires.    The  battery  may  be  placed  at  any  point 

plate  into  vibration  and  produces  correspond-  of  the  circuit,  and  may  be  under  the  immediate 

ing  movements  of  the  contact-point,  the  vi-  control  of  the  person  at  the  receiving  end. 


N 

NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.    The  ed  it,  be  put  in  condition  for  temporary  ser- 

valae  of  the  navfJ  property  of  the  United  States  vice  at  sea.  Of  these  4  have  been  in  use  nearly 

is  estimated  at  $118,295,882.    The  amount  ex-  sixty  years,  having  been  built  before  the  year 

pended  from  1794  to  1876  inclusive  on  account  1820,  and  15  were  built  before  the  war,  leav- 

of  this  property  has  been  $418,650,488.    The  ing  14  only  that  have  been  built  and  2  that 

net  expenditures  for  the  Navy  Department  were  purchased  since  the  beginning  of  the 

during  the  same  period  have  been  $941,288,-  war. 

985.  The  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  Of  those  built  during  the  war  10  were  con- 
amount  to  $14,562,881.  The  actual  expendi-  structed  with  great  rapidity  and  under  the 
tures  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80,  1878,  pressure  of  the  most  urgent  necessity,  and  con- 
were  $18,806,914.  sequently  out  of  lumber  not  sufficiently  sea- 

The  total  fighting  force  of  the  navy,  with  the  soned  to  insure  their  durability,  even  to  the 

current  appropriations,  is  51  cruising  ships,  16  average  life  of  other  vessels.    To  this  number 

monitors,  and  2  torpedo-boats,  making  a  total  of  vessels  unfit  for  fighting  purposes  may  be 

of  68  vessels.    But  this  does  not  show  the  added  4  ironclads.    The  European  Squadron 

whole  naval  force  that  could  be  put  in  service  is  under  the  command  of  Rear- Admiral  Wil- 

in  case  of  necessity.    The  four  double-turreted  liam  LeRoy.    The  Asiatic  Souadron  is  under 

monitors  and  one  single-turreted  now  in  prog-  the  command  of  Rear-Admiral  Thomas  H.  Pat- 

ress — the   Puritan,  Amphitrite,    Monad  nock,  terson.    The  other  squadrons  are  under  com- 

Dictator,  and   Terror — could    be    completed  manders  as  follows:  North  Atlantic  Squadron, 

without  much  delay  with  the  necessary  appro-  Rear- AdmiralJohn  O.Howell;  North  and  South 

priations  for  that  purpose.    Six  cruising  ships.  Pacific  Squadron,  Rear-Admiral  0.  R.  P.  Rod- 

upon  which  repairs  are  not  at  present  contem-  gers.   Among  the  employments  of  this  was  the 

plated — ^the  Colorado,  Wabash,  Franklin,  Flor-  fitting  out  of  an  expedition  for  the  survey  of 

ida,  Minnesota,  and  New  York— could  be  soon  the  Amazon  and  Madeira  Rivers.     The  impor- 

pnt  in  condition  as  fighting  ships  if  necessity  tance  of  these  rivers  as  natural  outlets  for  the 

required  it,  and  this  being  done,  the  fighting  internal  commerce  of  that  country  can  not  be 

force  of  the  navy  would  be  57  cruising  ships,  over-estimated.  They  connect  Bolivia  with  the 

20  monitors,  and  2  torpedo-boats,  to  which  Atlantic,  and  the  people  of  that  county  are  be- 

could  be  added  in  case  of  imminent  necessity  ginning  to  realize  the  benefits  they  will  derive 

2  other  steam  and  2  sailing  vessels,  thus  mak-  from  an  encouragement  of  their  navigation, 

ing  the  total  number  88.    The  number  might  A  company  organized  in  the  United  States  is 

stUl  be  increased,  however,  by  utilizing  8  large  now  engaged  in  constructing  a  railroad  around 

iron  tugs  of  over  800  tons  each  now  at  the  the  falls  of  the  Madeira,  which,  when  com- 

navy  yards  and  other  stations,  which  could  be  pleted,  will  enable  our  merchants  to  carry  on 

converted  into  gun-  or  torpedo-boats,  and  thus  a  large  and  profitable  trade  with  the  interior, 

make  the  whole  number  of  war  vessels  of  all  It  was  deemed  important  that  before  this  trade 

classes  91.  There  are  82  steam  and  sdling  ves-  should  be  developed  the  people  of  Bolivia 

sels  now  unfit  for  use  for  warlike  purposes,  should  be  convinced  that  it  would  be  to  the 

although  4  of  these  might,  if  necessity  demand-  mutual  advantage  of  both  ooimtries  if  oommer- 


590                                    NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

cial  interooorse  was  established  between  them  amounted  to  $889,138,988,  aod  the  paMSfre 

and  the  people  of  the  United  States.  money    to   $247,971,505,  making    the    total 

The  city  of  Parfi  has  a  population  of  about  freight  and  passenger   earnings  $1,187,105,- 

80,000  inhabitants,  and  bears  the  same  relation  488.    Of  this,  ships  sdling  under  foreign  flags 

to  the  Amazon  River  that  New  Orleans  does  took  70*1  per  cent  of  the  freightage,  and  93'o 

to  the  Mississippi.    Its  trade  will  continue  to  per  cent,  of  the  passage  money,  leaving  to 

increase  as  the  interior  of  the  country  is  de-  American  ships  29*9  per  cent,  of  the  freighta^? 

veloped,  which,  under  the  liberal  policy  of  tiie  and  6*7  of  the  passage  money.    These  propor* 

Emperor  of  Brazil,  is  now  assured.  The  mouth  tions  in  amount  are  respectively : 

of  the  Madeira  River  is  980  miles  above  the    To  Amerioan  ■hipa,  ft«ight  earnings |Mft.»totf?7 

city  of  Parfi,  and  from  there  to  the  falls  this    ToAmerican  ahipB, pasMge money ig.gi4.ow  a 

river  is  navigable  for  steamers    of  10  feet  Toui  of  AmnicaD  portion $2&s,4«6vi3r^ 

draught  a  distance  of  1,000  miles.    The  falls 

are  about  800  miles  in  \ength,  and  when  the  35  S2|S  SSS  SSJJ.'T.Ssr;;:;;:;;:;:  •S^Sk 

railroad  is  completed  and  the  difSculty  of  pass-  

ing  them  removed,  easy  access  to  the  large  riv-  T'***^  portion  of  foreign  thips |85a.640^i  a 

ers  which  flow  through  Bolivia  will  be  had.  These  results  show  that  the  earnings  and 

The  Amazon  is  a  river  of  extraordinary  dimen-  profits  of  this  ocean  carrying  trade  have  been 

sions,  and  a  line-of -battle  ship  can  easily  as-  transposed,  and  that  vessels  sailing  under  for- 

oend  it  for  1,500  miles  from  the  sea.   At  a  dis-  eign  flags  have  now  within  2  per  cent,  of  whu 

tance  of  900  miles  from  its  mouth  it  has  a  American  vessels  had  befons  the  war.     This  is 

depth  of  50  fathoms.    As  there  is  no  difficulty  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  increasiii^ 

about  the  navigation  of  this  great  river,  this  use  of  foreign  iron  steamships,  which  hsre 

survey  wiU  serve  to  show  its  dimensions,  and  driven  nearly  all  our  merchant  sailing  yesseU 

the  maps  of  the  Madeira  will  enable  steamers  from  the  sea,  and  with  which  we  can  not  enc- 

to  ascend  it  at  the  perioda  of  safe  navigation,  cessfully  compete  until  our  own  home  indns- 

without  relying  upon  local  pilots.    It  is  confi-  tries  are  stimulated  in  the  same  direction.    I: 

dently  expected  that  the  most  beneficial  results  would  seem  that  our  actual  loss  of  $572,174,- 

will  follow  this  expedition  and  reports  064  within  the  ten  years,  as  shown  by  the  fore- 

The  number  of  navy  invalids  on  the  pension  going  calculation,  is  sufficient  admonition  to 

roll  is  1,781 ;  the  number  of  navy  widows  and  secure  this. 

others  is  1,705;  the  amount  of  their  annual  The  fiscal  year  1878,  just  closed,  shows  a  far- 
pensions  is  $502,970.  The  number  of  pension-  ther  decrease  in  the  rate  of  our  participation 
ers  increased  during  the  year  by  47.  in  the  profits  of  this  carrying  trade  from  the 

The  question  is  still  before  ike  country  re-  29*9  per  cent,  average  to  26'8  per  cent.    The 

specting  the  relationa  of  the  navy  to  its  com-  freightage  earnings  for  that  year  were  f9o,- 

merce.    The  exports  of  tiie  country  have  de-  200,009,  and  the  passage  earnings  $21,918,141, 

monstrated  that  it  must  become  the  greatest  making  a  total  of  $117,118,150.    In  all  this 

producing  country  of  the  world.    The  8ecre-  the  participation  of  American  ships  was  onlv 

tary  asks  who  is  to  carry  these  exports,  and  $26,498,811,  while  that  of  foreign  ships  wss 

presents  a  brief  summary  of  the  commercial  $90,719,889. 

marine,  and  the  disadvantages  under  which  it  Since  the  beginning  of  the  war  they  ooold 

labors.    For  the  period  of  forty  years — ^from  not  have  been  paid  in  legal-tender  or  national- 

1820  to  1860 — American  ships   carried   the  bank  currency,  in  consequence  of  the  difier- 

average  of  81*2  per  cent,  of  the  ocean-borne  ence  in  value  between  it  and  coin,  and  oonse- 

commerce  between  our  own  and  foreign  ports,  quently,  within  the  ten  years  from  1867  to  1677, 

It  was  during  this  period  t^at  the  vast  and  $572,174,064,  and  during  the  last  fiscal  year 

unprecedented  increase  of  our  shipping  took  $90jfl9,8d9,  in  gold,  have  been  taken  out  of 

place,  rising  from  1,280,167  tons  in  1820  to  tiie  United  States  because  our  mercantOe  marine 

6,858,860  tons  in  1860.    The  decrease  in  our  has  been  so  reduced  that  we  have  not  had  mer- 

tonnage  and  ocean-carrying  trade  began  with  chant-vessels  enough  to  retain  it  by  conducting 

the  commencement  of  the  war  in  1861,  and  our  own  carrying  trade, 

has  continued  until,  during  the  present  year.  The  total  number  of  vessels  that  entered  as 

this  large  percentage  in  our  favor  has  been  foreign  was  80,796,  representing  14,468,801 

reduced  to  26*8  per  cent,  of  freightage;  and  tons.    Of  this  number,  15,880  were  Britibh 

in  the  transportation  of  passengers  we  retain  vessels,  representing  7,782,870  tons,  and  10,594 

only  6'7  per  cent,  whereas  we  formerly  carried  were  American  vessels,  representing  8,642,017 

nearly  all.  tons.    The  total  number  of  clearances  of  ves- 

Keference  to  the  commerce  of  the  last  ten  sels  as  foreign  was  81,864,  representing  14,807,- 

fiscal  years,  from  1867  to  1877,  inclusive,  will  581  tons.    Of  this  number,  15,851  were  British 

enable  us  to  realize  what  we  have  lost  in  na-  vessels,  representing  8,282,848  tons,  and  10,873 

tional  wealth  from  this  change.   In  that  period  were  American,  representing  8,872,208  tons; 

our  imports  and  exports,  m  the  aggregate,  while  French  vessels  represented  221,862  tons, 

amounted  to  $11,114,174^044,  and  the  number  and  those  of  all  other  countries  2,481,618  tons. 

of  passengers    carried  was  4,741,044.     The  Of  the  total  tonnage  entered,  25*1  per  cent, 

freightage  arising  from  the  imports  and  exports  was  American,  58*4  per  cent.  British,  and  74*9 


KAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.                                   691 

per  oeot.  was  foreign.    Of  the  total  tonnage  this  is  done  and  these  five  armored  ships  are 

cleared  foreign,  26*1  per  cent,  was  American,  finished  according  to  the  original  intention  of 

55*9  per  cent,  was  British,  and  78*9  was  foreign.  Oonffress,  the  navy  will  possess  15  single-tur- 

The  total  tonnage  engaged  in  the  direct  trade  retea  monitors  with  two  guns  each,  and  five 

with  Great  Britain  alone  was:  Entered 4,929,-  donhle-tarreted  with  four  guns  each,  making 

884  tons;  cleared,  5,891,627  tons;  total,  10,-  inall50gan8. 

821,861  tons.    Of  this  total,  999,277  tons,  or  There  is  a  torpedo  station  at  Newport,  R.  I.,. 

9*21  per  cent.,  was  American,  and  7,192,089  where  experiments  are  constantly  made.   Itap- 

tons,  or  66*46  per  cent,  was  British.  pears  that  the  torpedo  can  he  as  easily  exploded 

The  navy  yards  of  the  country  are  located  as  helow  the  water  as  upon  its  surface,  hy  either 

follows :  Eittery,  Maine ;  Charleetown,  Mass. ;  concussion  or  electricity ;  and  hy  whichsoever 

New  London,  Oonn. ;  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  League  of  these  modes  it  may  he  done,  it  is  prohahly 

Island,  near  rhiladelphia ;  Washington,  D.  0. ;  as  effective  for  the  defense  of  harbors  and  ships 

Gosport,  Ya. ;  Pensacola,  Fla. ;  Mare  Island,  as  it  ever  will  be.    What  is  desired  is  to  make 

Cal.  it  more  effective  for  attack,  so  as  to  destroy  an 

With  regard  to  armored  ships  Great  Britain  enemy  before  he  can  approach  too  near.  To  a 
and  Italy  have  expended  enormous  sums  in  Van-  certain  extent  the  torpedo-boat,  the  Alarm, 
ons  experiments.  They  have  established  the  fact  can,  with  an  increase  of  speed,  be  relied  on  for 
that  a  steel  projectile,  weighing  80  pounds,  can  this :  and  she  is,  within  a  radius  of  15  feet  from 
be  driven  through  iron  armor  of  10  inches  in  her  hull,  a  most  formidable  vessel  of  war.  It 
thickness  with  88  pounds  of  powder ;  and  armor  would  require  but  few  of  such  ships  to  destroy 
of  1 1  inches  with  an  increase  of  8  pounds  of  pow-  an  entire  fleet  of  ordinary  steam  or  sailing  ves- 
der,  fired  from  a  gun  weighing  85  tons.  With  sels.  But  even  the  Alarm  leaves  unaccom- 
the  gun  increased  to  80  tons  and  the  powder  to  plished  what  is  so  much  desired  in  naval  war- 
100  pounds,  20  inches  may  be  penetrated ;  and  fare,  that  is,  the  means  of  sending  out  the  torpe- 
it  is  to  provide  for  this  contingency  that  these  do  to  such  a  distance  upon  the  water  as  to  cut 
Governments  are  now  constructing  their  large  off  an  enemy  entirely  before  he  approaches  too 
armored  vessels.  They  have,  consequently,  in-  near.  The  experiments  have  led  to  the  belief 
creased  the  thickness  of  their  armor  from  10,  that  this  may  be  done,  with  reasonable  cer- 
12,  and  14,  to  24  inches,  and  the  displacement,  tainty  and  within  a  reasonable  distance,  by 
as  in  the  case  of  the  English  ship  Inflexible,  to  boats  carrying  torpedoes  and  steered  by  elec- 
11,407  tons.  Some  idea  of  the  cost  of  such  tricity,  either  from  the  shore  or  the  deck  of  a 
vessels  of  war  may  be  formed  when  it  is  stated  ship.  As  these  boats  would  have  neither  offi- 
that  one  of  the  80-ton  guns  of  the  Inflexible  cers  nor  seamen  on  board,  they  might  be  cap- 
was  estimated  to  cost  $72,000,  which  would  tured  and  lost  in  the  event  of  failure,  but  if  suc- 
make  the  cost  of  the  four  $288,000.  Ten  shots  oessful  the  vessel  with  which  they  would  come 
from  each  of  these  guns  will  cost  about  $6,820  in  contact,  whether  large  or  small,  would  be 
for  powder  and  projectiles.  inevitably  and  immediately  destroyed.    Other 

Tne  turrets  already  constructed  for  the  Mi-  experiments  are  in  progress  by  which  it  is  ex- 
antonomoh  are  lOJ-  inches  of  laminated  iron  pected  that  a  rocket-torpedo  may  be  forced 
plating.  In  addition^  it  is  proposed  to  band  upon  the  water  for  a  considerable  distance,  to 
them  with  an  iron  plating  5  inches  in  thick-  be  determined  by  the  strength  and  quantity  of 
ness,  so  that,  when  completed,  their  entire  the  powder  used,  and  exploded  upon  coming 
thickness  will  be  15|-  inches.  This,  however,  in  contact  with  an  enemy,  dropping  the  torpe- 
will  not  possess  the  resisting  power  of  that  do  under  the  water  and  firing  it  below  the  Ime 
namber  of  inches  of  solid  iron — ^that  of  lami-  of  the  vessePs  armor.  This,  if  accomplished, 
nated  compared  with  solid  plating  being  about  would  be  equally  destructive.  Tet  another 
sixty-six  one-hundredths  to  one  inch.  These  plan  has  almost  if  not  entirely  reached  the 
tarreta,  therefore,  will  have  the  resisting  pow-  point  of  actual  demonstration.  This  is  by 
er  of  lOi^  inches  of  solid  iron.  It  is  believed  means  of  a  steam-launch,  possessing  extraordi- 
that,  for  present  purposes,  this  will  be  ample,  nary  speed,  so  arranged  tnat  the  explosion  of 
The  armor  of  this  ship  will  be  7  inches  of  solid  the  torpedo  may  be  made  to  take  place  while 
iron,  so  that  its  resisting  power  will  be  8^  indhes  the  launch  is  at  full  speed,  so  that  two  men,  if 
less  than  that  of  the  turrets.  It  was  designed  they  can  escape  the  bfdls  of  an  enemy,  may 
to  have  her  ready  for  a  trial  trip  at  sea  during  pass  entirely  through  a  fleet  and  destroy  every 
the  winter  months  of  1878-^79,  so  that  her  qual-  ship  they  succeed  in  reaching, 
ities  may  be  tested  before  the  turrets  are  placed  Oaptain  Ericsson  has  constructed  a  partially 
on  deck.  Of  the  other  vessels  the  Puritan  will  submerged  and  armored  vessel,  intended  for 
be  far  in  advance  of  the  others  in  her  means  greater  speed  than  any  ironclad,  and  capable 
of  defense.  She  will  have  11  inches  of  solid  of  projecting  a  submarine  shell  with  great  ve- 
irOn  armor  and  15  inches  of  solid  iron  tur-  locity  and  accuracy  to  a  distance  of  800  or  400 
rets.  When  finished  she  will  be  one  of  the  yards,  which  is  probably  as  far  as  any  offensive 
best  monitors  afloat,  and  probably  superior  to  torpedo  is  likely  to  be  effective  at  sea.  Some 
any  war-vessel  of  her  draught  of  water  yet  preliminary  triads  have  been  made  by  the  in- 
built. For  the  completion  of  these  vessels  ad-  ventor,  and  a  board  has  been  ordered  by  the 
ditional  appropriations  must  be  made.    When  Department,  at  his  request,  for  an  oflicial  trial 


692  KEBBA8EA. 

when  it  is  readjfor  service.  The  same  torpedo  since  Nebraska  was  first  organized  as  a  Tern- 
can  be  effectivelj  emplojed  from  any  vessel  tory  is  $821,126.77.  The  aggregate  amomt 
fitted  with  a  tube  above  or  below  the  water,  drawn  from  the  several  fimas  for  two  jesn 
and  the  machinery  for  ejecting  the  torpedo.  was  $998,000.88,  and  the  current  expenses  of 
NEBRASKA.  An  incomplete  census  of  Ne-  the  Government  are  now  estimsted  at  $500,OCiO 
braska,  taken  in  the  early  spring  of  tliis  year,  a  year.  The  permanent  school  fund  amooBts 
showed  a  popalation  of  818,748,  distribnted  to  $586,167.85,  and  yields  $86,786.12  annaallT 
over  an  area  of  75,995  square  miles.  Of  the  for  the  snpport  of  common  schools.  The  coti'- 
48,000,000  acres  of  land  in  the  State,  fully  80,-  dition  of  the  public  Treasury  is  shown  in  Ike 
000,000  are  said  to  be  suitable  for  agriculture,  following  statement : 

while  only  about  2,600,000  have  been  brought    Btiwoe  on  hand  Norember  so,  isre mijaa  e 

under  cultivation.    The  estimated  yield  of  ce-  Total  receipts  Aming  two  jmn  moing  Noreoi- 

reals  for  the  year  is  as  follows :  wheat,  15,000,-      b«r80,ibi8 i^o^finm 

000  bushels;  com, 42,000,000 ;  oats,  8,000,000 ;  Total timj»i» 

barley,  8,000,000;  rye,  1,000,000.    There  are  DtstoMmenta  for  all  puppoMt  during  the  aaino 

2,448,148  acres  of  the  lands  donated  by  the  Gen-      **'*^ im^fj 

eral  Government  for  the  permanent  endowment    Balance  on  hand  Norember  so,  iSTB. •4eQ,i»  m 

ofthe  public  schools  remaining  unsold.   This  in-  t            ji            '^.i.  ^v           •  •         i^  v 

eludes  those  sections  located  in  the  unorganiafed  ^^  accordance  with  tfie  provisions  of  the  jc: 

part  of  the  State.    During  the  years  1877  and  JPP'oved  February  14,  1877,  proving  f.r 

1878,  deeds  were  granted  for  6,771  acres,  and  ^?fe*^*  """"i^^a.^  "^tJTS^  "^  -""^^'l 

26,849  acres  were  disposed  of  on  the  credit  sys-  "^d^^tedness  of  the  State,  bonds  were  i»i«d 

tern  at  an  average  price  of  $7.54  cents  per  acre,  f^^^^^  ^  $549,267.86,  beanng  8  per  cent 

Prior  to  the  yeir  1877  there  had  been  80,881  '^^^''Tu^  ^''^^^  ^""^  *^^  ^^^^  ^ 

acres  of  school  lands  leased  to  individuals,  at  P^*^  ^^  ^  follows; 

an  average  rental  of  6  per  cent,  of  their  ap-  ^^  ^®  redemption  of  certiflcatM  of  tndebted- 

praised  value,  and  there  We  rince  been  leased  ^ISJSHS.Sitod*?^."!*.'^.'?;'!?.!^   <Mt^M 

100,918  acres,  at  an  average  of  8  per  cent.  Sold  to  th.  iMmunait  .diooi  Amd  it  par  ftr 

$60,000  per  annum,  and  will  mcrease  as  other  v   ^      /     

lands  are  leased.    This  sum  goes  to  swell  the    -_  .  '^°^\:"^,'^',j^":^'y\r^ •Mt.s«t5 

temporary  school  fund.     Of  the  university    l^»«»<«  "»'tiM.woaoidfor$i,OT f,m.. 

lands,  48,849  acres  remain  unsold ;  1,271  acres  Total  amoont  reaUxed $j»T,6iT  a 

donatk  Y  the  Gov  emment  for  the  iipport  of  ^  SS^  ffiSini'iu.Srfi  ^ 

^XtX^^^I  ZtTenS^o^'f  -presented  by  the  fallowing  bonds: 

normal  school  endowment  lands  remaining  on  Ten  per  cent  ten-year  bonda  luned  fcr  the 

hand.    The  State  also  holds  the  title  to  18,606  sSSf^'^i'^fSSi^'t^                    •^'"•" 

acres  of  saline  lands,  1,857  acres  of  penitenti-      i67T. 5ia^K 

ary  lands,  480  acres  of  internal  improvement  Total                                            $sou€:» 

lands,  and  808  lots  in  the  city  of  Lincoln.  »««s»>» 

There  are  1,820  miles  of  railroad  completed  Of  the  amount  in  the  Treasury  at  the  dose 

and  in  operation  within  the  limits  of  the  State,  of  the  fiscal  year,  $128,685.82  is  credited  to 

The  average  assessed  value  for  the  year  was  the  State  sinking  fund.    The  total  countj  in- 

$6,988.15  per  mile.    The  assessed  value  of  all  debtedness  in  the  State  is  $6,692,814,  which 

taxable  property  in  the  State  was  $74,889,-  includes  $1,048,225  of  school-district  indebt- 

585.97,  snowing  an  increase  of  $8,077,957.07  edness. 

over  the  previous  year.  The  rate  of  taxation  In  the  62  organized  counties  of  the  State 
was  6f  mills  on  each  dollar,  and  the  amount  there  are  2,690  school  districts.  The  nomber 
collecte<l  for  the  fiscal  period  of  two  years,  of  children  of  school  age  is  104,017,  an  in- 
ending  November  80th,  was  as  follows:  crease  of  11,856  since  1876.    The  namber  of 

Oeneraiftind $517,977  69  teachers  employed  is  8,730.   The  total  receipts 

Kinking  flind..        JK'Sff  S  ^^T  school  purposes,  for  the  year  ending  April 

Common-Bchool  ftind 14^888  27  i  „^     «^.^    «q^  o  qaa  a k  .    ^^J^^Ai*^^^     Aofifi 

Unirenity  Aind iojsii  t9  ^^h    ^^^^  $849,800.46;   expenditures,   $^6,- 

981.98.    At  the  same  date  the  treasuries  of 

^*»*^ $8«,8««o«  districts  and  counties  contained  $842,949.46 

The  levy  of  1878  alone  yielded  the  following  belonging  te  school  funds.    The  amount  ^ 

amounts :  portioned  from  the  State  fund  for  two  jears 

Oeneml  ftind,  fbnr  mlUs |S97,N»  18  was  $414,894.04.     The  school  districts  bare 

Sinking  fbnd,  one  mui ., 67W  26  an  aggregate  bonded  indebtedness  of  $887,184, 

Common-achool  ftind,  one  mill 74,889  BO  „„^  «  fl^„4;««.  A^Ui-  ^^  *i  oo  na t  nek       ^^ 

UniTeiaity  ftind,  f  mill 27,89S  08  and  a  floating  debt  Of  $199,061.02. 

The  State  University,  at  Lincoln,  is  in  a 

^'^^ •467J80  9S  flourishing  condition,  and  the  number  of  stu- 

The  amount  of  delinquent  taxes  accumulated  dents  has  increased  60  per  cent  in  two  years. 


NEBRASKA.  593 

Fbe  Normal  School  shows  a  vigorous  srowth,  Pnbliolnstmction,  S.  L.  Barrett ;  for  Attomey- 

md  the  average  number  of  pupils  enrolled  for  General,  S.  H.  Calhoun ;  for  Superintendent  of 

:he  past  two  jears  was  841.   The  Blind  Asjlum  Public  Lands  and  Buildings,  Joseph  MoOready. 

TODtained  21  inmates  on  the  80th  of  Novem-  The  platform,  to  which  the  hard-money 

t>er,  and  the  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  52.  members  of  the  Oonvention  refused  to  suh- 

The  penitentiary  on  the  80th  of  November  scribe,  was  as  follows: 

contained  128  convicts.    The  expense  of  the  «,.    ^          ,.       _^     *  *r  u     ,         «      .v  , 

in.«tution  to  the  Sta^  tor  the  two  years  pre-  J^i^T^XHJnt^^tt  SSfoX-K 

eedmg,  was  about  $69,000.    The  pnsoners  are  taid  dedaro  itrict  oonBtruotion  of  the  home  rule: 

let  oat  on  contract^  which  runs  six  years  from  eupremaoy  of  civil  over  military  power ;  equality  of 

October  1,  1877.     The  contractor  pays  all  ex-  alTcltiiens  before  the  law;  liberty  of  individual  ao- 

penses  of  management  and  care,  and  receives  '^<>°'  un vexed  by  Bumptuarylawa:  absolute  acqulea- 

L       J.L    ci^  ^    A/\        A.           J*        x>           u  ceuoe  in  the  lawfully  expressed  Will  of  the  maiontv : 

from  the  State  60  cento  per  diem  for  each  con-  eleotions  free  and  untfammeled  by  GoverSnent ; 

viot  the  first  two  years,  55  cents  the  second  aU  the  directions,  except  so  far  as  obedience  of  the 

two  yearSi,  and  60  centa  the  last  two.     Before  law  demands,  are  essentia]  to  the  preservation  and 

the  contract  was  made,  the  average  cost  of  d^®  administration  of  free  government.    Farther- 

mamtdning  the  penitentiary  was  $1.26  tor  Z^^^J^^^T^X^A'^.Xftir^ 

each  prisoner.                   ^  ,    «        ,   , ,  soi  that  no  one  industry  can  be  protected  except  at 

The  Greenback  party  of  the  State  held  a  con-  thtf  expense  of  all  others,  and  for  the  reason  that  we 

veDtion  at  Lincoln  on  the  14th  of  August,  and  desire  perfect  commercial  freedom  wherein  we  may 

adopted  the  following  platform :  ^^l^  '^^«"  ^«  <»°  •«?  ^^^  highest  and  buy  any- 

*^                          ^  '^  where  we  can  buy  the  lowest. 

I.  The  power  to  create  money  and  regulate  the  Be  it  known  farther,  that  the  Democracy  of  Ne- 
Tolame  thereof  belongs  to  the  (Government.  braska  declares  itself  unalterably  adverse  to  subsi- 

8.  We  demand  that  the  ooinagra  of  silver  be  placed  dies  to  railroads  or  other  private  corporations,  either 
npoo  the  same  footing  with  gold.  in  land,  money,  or  bonds ;  either  municipal,  county, 

9.  The  repeal  of  the  national  banking  law  and  the  State,  or  national  contributions,  for  the  reason  that 
rabstitution  of  legid  greenbacks.  we  have  seen  and  experienced  the  evils  and  iigus- 

4.  That  all  Oovernment  paper  money  shall  be  leffal  tioe  of  such  contributions,  for  the  reason  that  it  robs 
tender  for  all  debts,  pubuc  and  private ;  that  tne  the  many  to  enrich  the  rew,  for  the  reason  that  it 
Government  redeem  ail  bonds  as  fast  as  practicable,  inspires  corporate  capital  to  capture  and  control  the 
•od  should  issue  sufficient  money  to  supply  the  de-  Legislatures  of  the  State  to  elect  United  States  Sen- 
msnd  of  trade.  ators,  and  to  corrupt  the  people  and  their  represent- 

5.  The  Oovernment  has  power  to  issue  absolute  stives,  and  for  the  reason  that,  in  Nebraska,  corporate 
paper  money.  capital  is  endangering  popular  rights  and  subverting 

6.  We  favor  the  improvement  of  the  Mississippi  popular  will. 

sod  Missouri  Bivers.  Be  it  known^  we  are  against  the  system  of  revenue 

7.  We  demand  the  public  lands  for  actual  settlers,  which  discriminates  in  nivor  of  the  rich  and  adverse 
6.  We  protest  against  convict  labor.  to  the  poor.    We  are  for  honest  men  in  all  public 

9.  We  favor  State  legislation  for  affording  a  rea-  offices,  and  against  professional  place-hunters  and 
lOQsble  rate  of  transportation  for  our  products.  political  jobbers  everywhere,  in  and  out  of  the  par- 

10.  We  demand  an  investigation  of  the  finances  of  ty.  We  are  for  economy,  exactness,  and  strict  acy 
the  State,  and  the  punishment  of  illegal  use  of  public  countability  in  the  admmistratlon  or  public  affairs, 
money.  and  we  denounce  the  Kepublioan  party  of  this  State 

II.  We  demand  the  abolition  of  the  importation  because  it  has  squandered  the  public  lands :  because 
of  coolies.  it  haa  robbed  the  school  funds ;  because  itnas  wast* 

ed  the  public  money  in  rotten  contracts  for  rotten 

The  candidates  put  in  nomination  were  as  public  buildings,  and  levied  a  tax  of  half  a  million 

follows :  For  Congress,  J.  W.  Davis ;  for  Gov-  dollars  per  year  for  ten  years  to  enrich  fkvorites  and 

«rnor,  L.  G.  Todd ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  O.  ^^"^  imbeciles  In  office.     We  ftober  arraign  the 

T   n   wni;<>»«o.   l^-  T^^i..,r^^y,    a    vr    nl,r^  Republican  party  for  the  crime  of  defhiuding  the 

1.  B.  WiUiams ;   for  Treasurer,  8.  H.  Cum-  ^^{^^^^  ^f  t,,*-  Prosident  justly  elected  by  a  mwority 

mings ;  for  Attorney-General,  8.  H.  Oalhoun ;  of  a  quarter  of  a  million  popular  votes,  and  its  reok- 

for  Auditor,  E.  H.  Benton ;  for  Oommissioner  less  disregard  of  all  the  rights  and  demands  of  the 

of  Public  Lands,  James  McOreery ;  for  Asso-  people  in  this  and  other  matters  which  involve  their 

ci^Jnstice,J.D  Howe;  tor  Contingent  Mem-  fei°^;.?-J,«i^^''l5r"re'J^i5"^-^^^ 

berof  Uongresa,  L.  U.  Face.  out  the^ country, and  consequent  widespread  want 

The  Democratic  Convention  was  held  at  Lm-  and  suffering,  is  due  to  the  pernicious  financial  legts- 

coln  on  the  27th  of  September.     There  was  a  lation  of  the  Republican  party,  and  we  hereby  ar- 

warm  contest  between  those  who  favored  a  »»»«*  it  for  its  acts  and  cliarife  that  by  a  sweeping 

J^onwiththeGreentaokpar^andthoeewho  ^H SJ^^TJ^lt^%''Z^^l^l^^^l'Vi 

Qeared  to  take  a  stand  for  hard  money.    The  .Uver  and  the  destruction  of  legal  paper,  it  has 

result  was  a  virtual  triumph  for  the  former,  wrongly  added  in  effect  hundreds  of  millions  to  the 

The  ticket,  which  included  three  of  the  Green-  burdens  of  debt  and  taxes  upon  the  people,  and  the 

back  candidates,  was  as  follows :  For  Supreme  Jl?^<*«?  V*  "  y«*  ^^.^'^  <>nly  partiaJly  removed  bv 
Jml<«  T^k«  T\  Ti^™-..  Av-  n^,.«««—  -k^-4.  the  act  of  our  party  m  Congress,  by  the  remoncti- 
Jadgo,  John  p.  Howe;  for  Congress,  short  nation  of  silver!  The  poUcy  of  thilUpublican  party 
term,  Alexander  O.  Bear;  for  Congress,  long  in  the  contraction  of  paper  currency  and  hoarding 
term,  J.  W.  Davis ;  for  Governor.  J.  R.  Web-  gold  has  increased  the  value  of  money  and  securities, 
rter ;  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  F.  J.  Mead :  *o<^  decreased  the  value  of  capital  designed  for  pre- 
fer Secretary  of  State,  Benjamin  Parmenton :  ?T'?  """^  'i*""'  idleness  and  stagnation  instead  of 
ft^-  k^A'i  /<  y^^^o^T  *«"j"'''^"»  industry  and  prosperity,  have  been  fostered.  As 
for  Auditor,  General  E.  H.  l^nton ;  for  Trea-  measuris  of  relief  to  the  people,  we  insist  that  the 
iver,  8.  H.  Cummmgs ;  for  Superintendent  of  period  of  resumption  be  postponed  beyond  the 
YoL.  zviii. — 88    A 


594  NEBRASKA. 

period  now  fixed  bj  law,  and  tbat  resnmption  be  as  -Treaauiy,  and  the  ndda  of  the  solid  South,  in  aatid* 

Boon  as  the  needs  of  the  oountrj  will  admit.    We  pation  of  Democratio  control  of  the  national  pnrM, 

demand  the  liberation  of  coin  in  the  Treasuiy ;  the  must  be  met  with  the  same  unfaltering  spirit  of  re* 

removal  of  all  restrictions  to  the  coinage  of  silver  si&tanoe  which  foiled  the  attempt  to  tue  posseasicio 

and  the  re£stablishment  of  silver  as  monev  metal  of  our  public  property  with  armed  hand, 

the  same  as  gold,  as  it  was  before  its  fraudulent  de-  4.  Toe  authority  conferred  upon  Congress  hj  th« 

monetization.    Toe  limit  of  either  gold  or  silver  to  Constitution  to  regulate  inter-State  eommerce,  kA 

be  determined  by  the  demand  for  it :  the  gradual  the  authority  reserved  to  the  seversl  States  in  tbt.r 

substitution  of  United  States  legal-tenaer  paper  for  domestic  affairs,  is  amply  sufficient  to  afford  the  reo- 

national-bank  notes,  and  its  pennanent  establish-  edya^ainst  the  growing  impressions  of  powerful  ccr- 

meot  as  the  sole  paper  money  of  the  countir,  made  porations,  and  the  rigots  of  the  people  should  be 


equal  tender  with  coin  for  all  dues  to  the  Goveni-  sealously  guarded  against  extensions  and  anare)  7 
ment ;  the  amount  of  such  issue  to  be  so  regulated,  on  the  part  of  corporations  and  their  combination  cf 
by  legislation  or  organic  law,  as  to  give  the  people    massea  capital,  by  adequate  State  and  nadooal  legi»- 


the  assurance  of  subility  in  volume  and  value ;  the  lation. 

immediate  repeal  of  the  national  banking  act ;  no  6.  The  faith  of  the  nation  shall  be  saered,  and  its 

further  issue  of  interest-bearing  bonds ;  no  fiirther  contracts  shall  be  redeemed  in  spirit  and  in  letter, 

sale  of  bonds  for  the  purchase  of  coin  for  resump-  snd  the  nation's  honor  shall  be  held  as  inviolate  u 

tioD  purposes ;  but  a  gradual  extinction  of  Uie  puo-  the  nation's  life. 

lie  debt.    Our  warmest  sympathy  is  extended  to  the  6.  We  hail  the  auppicious  signs  of  reviving  trade 


and  we  pledfte  the  Democratic  party  to  the  reversial  rebellion  is  giving  place  to  returning  confidence  sad 

of  that  policy  and  to  the  restoration  of  all  rights  permanent  prosperity  which  can  rest  alone  on  a  fixed 

thus  wron^uUy  wrested  from  them,  upon  its  as-  monetary  standard,  settled  values,  and  full  secczitj 

oendancy  to  power.  and  certainty  for  the  future. 

We  deprecate  the  employment  of  organized  forces  7.  The  greenback  shall  not  be  dishonored  or  de> 

in  this  country,  except  to  execute  the  law  and  main-  based,  but  shall  be  made  as  good  and  honest  as  cots, 

tain  public  peace.    No  violence  should  be  counte-  The  laborer's  dollar  shall  mean  a  real  dollar ;  thi 

nanced  to  obtain  redress  for  any  alleged  grievance,  uncertainty  of  its  value,  which  robs  toil  and  put- 

but  should  be  repressed  at  anv  cost  and  redress  lyzes  trade,  shall  cease,  and  our  currency  shall  l«ii)« 

sought  and  secured  by  legal  methods.  best  currency,  because,  whether  paper  or  coin,  it 

The  Republican  Convention  opened,  at  Lin-  Tx'S.'&^'irS'orSr.V:?^^/ Wd 

com  on  the  2a  01  October,  and  continaed  m  upon  the  people  by  crippling  the  nation's  source* 

sesBion  two  days.     The  following  nominations  of  paving  iXb  debts.    The  act  reatorin^  iu  legal^cc- 

were  made :  For  Supreme  Judge,  Amasa  Cobb ;  ^'^  character  and  providing  for  the  coinage  of  stacd- 

for  Congress  (long  term),  E.  K  Valentine;  '^ "l^^'^r/?"^ ^"  j^^^TiS,^  ^^,^ 

#^«  n»,«^»^o<>  Ak^^  ♦«-«,\    n^i^«^i  Ti.^w,««  T  age  should  be  f^e,  and  the  thirty  million  trade-da- 

for  Congress  (short  term).  Colonel  Thomas  J.  J*,  ^^w  in  circulation  should  be  made  lesal  tender. 

Majors;   for   Governor,  Albmus  Nance;    for  9.  The  record  of  the  Democratic  party  in  iu  ment 

Lieutenant-Governor,  £.  C.  Carnes;  for  Sec-  attempt  to  steal  the  Presidency  by  violence,  ictimt- 

retary  of  State,  S.  J.  Alexander;   for  Audi-  dation,  and  murder  during  the  oamowgn,  at  the  poll* 


Dilworth ;  for  Commissioner  of  I'ublio  Lands,  tra-constitutional  method  of  canvassin^^  the  electonl 

F.  W.   Davis.    The  following  platform  was  J^^f^  »*•  wPH^iation  of  its  own  offspring,  the  elee- 

ftdonted  *  ^"^  commission,  as  soon  as  it  failed  to  carry  oat  ita 

ttuupMHi .  partisan  designs ;  its  plot  to  precipitate  anarebv  §ad 

The  Republicans  of  Nebraska  in  resffirming  the  revolution  by  filibustering  in  the  House  of  Bcpre- 

principles  that  carried  the  nation  successfullythrough  sentatives  until  the  expiration  of  the  constitutiocifil 

the  crisis  of  rebellion,  the  dangers  of  reconstruction,  time  in  which  the  electoral  canyass  could  be  com- 

and  the  readjustment  of  social  and  business  elements  pleted^  and  the  corrupt  bargain  which  it  atteapt»to 

of  the  people,  snd  making  the  issue  of  the  hour  in  prove  it  made  as  a  condition  or  precedent  to  the  absiH 

the  same  unfaltering  spirit  with  which  they  con-  donmentoftheconspiraoj,  illustrates  the  spirit  of  tie 

fronted  the  grave  problems  that  met  them  upon  the  so-called  Democracy,  being  subversive  of  the  Cod- 

threshold  of  their  power,  declare —  stitution,  destructive  of  law  and  order,  and  in  con- 

1.  Elections  shall  be  free  in  the  South  as  in  the  tempt  of  public  honor  and  decency.  We  amign  thi» 
North,  the  equal  rights  of  all  citizens  ordained  by  the  par^  as  a  constant  disturber  of  public  tranqaillity 
amended  Constitution  shall  be  guaranteed,  and  it  and  as  a  wanton  foe  of  public  security,  in  its  p«rBist' 
shall  not  be  dangerous  to  the  life  or  limb  of  a  citizen  ent  assaults  upon  the  authority  and  stability  of  its 
to  hold  and  express  an  opinion  and  to  vote  as  he  established  Government ;  as  false  to  the  nation  in 
pleases.  crippling  its  armv  ;  as  an  active  agent  of  uncertaioty 

2.  The  public  service  shall  be  elevated  on  a  basis  ana  danger,  equallyfalse  in  its  pretenses  of  daimiDg 
of  a  more  economical  and  efficient  administration  of  for  the  Democratic  House  a  reduction  in  puUie  ezpco* 
affairs,  the  tenure  of  an  office  to  be  secure  for  the  dituresto  be  replaced  by  deficiency  bills;  ssdepeod- 
term  prescribed  in  the  commission  or  during  the  ent  upon  a  solid  South,  snd  thereby  subservient  to  its 
faithful  performsnce  of  the  duties.  The  rights  snd  demands :  as  joining  hands  with  the  miscalled  Green- 
privile|;^es  of  an  official,  as  a  sovereign  citizen  of  the  back  Work  and  Labor  party  to  repudiate  the  natioo- 
republic,  should  not  be  interfered  with  so  long  ss  si  obligations,  and  to  support  its  wild  schemes  of 
they  are  exercised  without  neglect  of  his  duties.  inflation  with  flat  money,  snd  its  fVirthcr  or  grestcr 

8.  Sincerely  seeking  fraternal  relations  with  the  success  would  be  a  national  calamity, 


States  in  conseciuence  of  the  unprovoked  war  waged    and  timber  culture,  and  we  demand  that  as  sooo  tf 
against  the  Union  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  national    practicable  the  Indians  now  within  our  borders  be 


NETHERLANDS. 


695 


removed  to  the  territory  set  apart  ezoluBively  for 
their  uae. 

1 1.  We  invite  all  frood  dtisens,  of  whatever  previ- 
ous political  ties,  to  unite  with  the  Bepublican  party, 
the  only  eifeotual  bulwark  against  national  repudia- 
tion and  disffraoe,  the  only  organization  capaole  of 
preserving  the  national  honor.  The  great  exigency 
appeals  to  all  Bepublicans  to  rise  to  its  high  ooliffa- 
tions  and  join  heart  and  hand  in  the  principles 
upon  which  the  security  and  welfare  of  the  repuolio 
depend. 

The  election  took  place  on  the  6th  of  No- 
vember, and  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  Re- 
publican candidates.  The  total  vote  for  Judge 
of  Sapreme  Ooart  was  52,158,  of  which  Oobb 
received  28,056,  and  Howe  23,191,  making  the 
majority  for  Oobb  5,765.  The  Legislatnre  of 
1879  has  19  Republicans,  5  Democrats,  and  6 
Nationals  in  the  Senate,  and  56  Republicans, 
12  Democrats,  and  16  Nationals  in  ^e  Honse, 
making  the  Republican  majority  8  in  the  Sen- 
ate and  28  in  the  House,  or  86  on  a  joint  bal- 
lot. 

Under  an  act  of  the  Legislature  approved 
Febrnary  16,  1877,  John  H.  Ames,  A.  H.  Con- 
nor, and  S.  H.  Calhoun  were  appointed  by  the 
Governor  as  Commissioners  to  revise  the  Stat- 
utes of  the  State.  They  entered  upon  their 
work  in  May,  1877,  and  had  the  result  ready 
for  submission  to  the  Legislature  of  1879  at  its 
meeting  in  January. 

NETHERLANDS,  Thb,  a  kingdom  in  En- 
rope.  King,  William  IH.,  bom  February  19, 
1817;  succeeded  his  father,  March  17,  1849. 
His  sons  are:  1.  William,  Prince  of  Orange, 
heir  apparent  to  the  throne,  bom  September 
4,  1840;  2.  Alexander,  bom  August  25,  1861. 
The  area  of  the  kingdom  is  12,781  square 
miles.  The  population  in  December,  1877, 
was  estimated  at  8,924,792.  The  area  and 
popalation  of  each  of  the  provinces  were  as 
follows: 


crriES.  popohtioB. 

AmstArdsm 8oa,2M 

Bottardsm 142,566 

Hague 107,a»T 

Utraeht •7.841 

Grooinff en 41,108 

Leyden 40,977 

Arnhetm 88,6S0 

Haarlem 8fi,609 

Maeattlcht »,578 

Leenwarden. 27,646 

Itortrecht 8«.96S 

TUbaig 2e,884 

Delft 84,969 

Bois-le-Diio 24,87S 

Nimeffnea 28,860 

BcUedain 22,888 

ZwoUe 2U886 

Helder 21,788 

^  In  the  budget  for  the  year  1877,  the  expen- 
ditures and  revenues  are  estimated  as  foUows 
(value  expressed  in  Dutch  florins;  1  florin  = 
$0.4084) : 

ixpnrorruBxs. 

1.  RorallMraM 260,000 

2.  Cabinet,  aapreme  aute  antborltleB. 616^772 

8.  Mlnlatiy  ofKorelgn  Allklit 080,290 

4.  Mlniatry  of  Justice 4,410,478 

6.  Ministry  of  the  Interior. 0,809,686 

6.  Ministry  of  tlie  Navy 18,768,804 

T.  MinistnrofWar 22^000 

a  PnbUedebt 27,178,011 

0.  Ministry  of  Finance. 17,886,922 

10.  Colonies 1,701,464 

11.  Public  works,  commerce,  and  industry 22,619,480 

12.  Unforeseen 60,000 

Total 118,199,294 


PROVINCBB. 

Ana. 

Pbpid-lOiU 

Brabftnt. 

1,980 
1,966 
1,167 
1.058 

6S7 

684 
1,282 
1,292 

887 
1,028 

861 

402,996 

468,900 

Geld«rkuid. 

8oath  Holland 

790,606 

North  Holland 

694,797 

Z'^a'anA 

198.622 

Utr«cht. 

188,799 

Frieeland 

820,160 

271,060 

Or«nitn^en ................ 

84^^28 

Drenthe 

116,186 

Linvbnzg 

288,609 

Total 

12,781 

8,924,792 

BXVXMtTS. 

.  1.  Direct  taxes 

Land-tax 10,548.228 

PoU-taz 9,818,000 

Patent-tax 8,862,000 

2.  Excise .  . 

Onspirits. 22,116,000 

On  other  liquors 16,816,000 

8.  Tszes  on  stamps,  registration,  Inheritances.. . 

4.  Customs 

6.  Taxes  on  gold  and  sllrer  wares 

6.  Domains 

7.  Post 

8.  Telegraphs. 

9.  Lottery 

10.  Taxes  on  game  and  flsheries 

11.  PUotages. 

12.  Taxes  on  mines. 

18.  State  railroads. 

14.  Miscellaneous 


28,n8,228 


87,981,000 


20,86^000 

4,611,040 

866,200 

1,740,000 

8,400,000 

800,000 

480,000 

140,000 

900,000 

8,666 

1.622,000 

6,468,686 


Total 102474JB68 

Defldt 16^724,981 

The  financial  estimates  are  framed  with  great 
moderation,  mostly  ezhihiting  a  deficit,  which 
in  the  final  account  becomes  a  surplus. 

In  1878  the  national  debt  amounted  to 
921,721,852  florins,  divided  as  follows: 


The  movement  of  population  in  1877  was  as 
follows:  Marriages,  81,470;  births,  160,093; 
deaths,  98,764;  excess  of  births,  66,829.  (The 
births  and  deaths  iudude  7,475  still-born.) 

The  Israelites  and  the  minor  sects  constitute 
two  per  cent,  of  the  population.  The  Protes- 
tants are  a  majority  in  nine  provinces,  and  the 
Roman  Catholics  in  two.*  The  population  of 
the  larger  cities  in  December,  1877,  was  as 
follows : 

*  For  the  religions  statfaties  of  the  proTlnoeai  see  *'Aaniial 
Cydopcdin**  for  ISn,  p.  640. 


DIVDIOH  or  DKBT. 

OifM. 

iMtvmL 

Debt  bearing  Interest  at  the  rate  of 

2|  percent 

Debt  bearing  Interest  at  the  rate  of 

8  per  cent 

Debt  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of 

8i  per  cent 

Debt  bearing  Intereat  at  the  rate  of 

4  per  cent 

FkrlM. 

688,099,402 
91,822,960 
11,400,000 

126,899,800 

riariu. 
16,802,486 
2,789,688 
891,126 

7,076,960 

Total 

911,721,862 
10,000,000 

26,009,278 

Bearing  no  Interest 

Afnor&atlon. 

TOO^ 

Total  1878 

921,721,802 
922,192,168 

26,718,678 

Total  1877 

26,692,601 

696 


NETHEBLAND& 


The  imports  and  exports  in  1876  and  1876  were  valaed  as  follows 


€X>UirTBIRS. 


Great  Britain 

ZoUverain 

Uanae  towns 

AQBtro-Hangaiy 

Bdgiom 

BosaU 

Denmark 

Sweden  and  Norwaj 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Portugal 

Other  ooimtrlea 

1.  Eusopi 

United  SUtea 

Ouba  and  Porto  Bloo 

Bradl 

Biode  la  Plata 

Pern. 

Otiier  American  conntriea. 

8.  AiosuoA 

Britlah  Eaat  Indlea 

China 

Japan 

8.  Asia 

4.  AvsioA 

A.  Otbsb  Commua 

Total  foreign  coantrlea. 

DvTOH  Colokiib: 

Jaya 

Dutch  Weat  Indiea 

Total  Dutch  eoloniea . . . 

Grand  total 


IStft. 


Fkriafc 

941,888,000 

100,904,000 

8,401,000 

140,000 

10^998,000 

81,048,000 

718,000 

8,944,000 

18,749,000 

1,977,000 

1,124,000 

1,888,000 

4,984,000 


060,084,000 


91,401,000 

009,000 

1,950,000 

48,000 

0,988,000 

1,981,000 


89,800^000 


T' 


90,028,000 

499,000 

1,000 


95,088,000 


8,280,000 


78,000 


641,201,000 


n,988.000 
419,000 


n,84A,000 


718,848,000 


i8r«. 


990,008,000 

106,744,000 

8,000,000 

927,000 

101,880,000 

48,098,000 

1,101,000 

8,e7^000 

17,888,000 

9,060,000 

1,142,000 

1,900,000 

8,811,000 

089,200,000 


80,188,000 

879,000 

811,000 

1,878,000 

^918,000 

1,818,000 


89,788,000 


90,489,000 
048,000 
770,000 


98,782,000 


4,448,000 


11,000 


840,270,000 


T9,70^000 
411,000 


78,1861,000 


718,441,000 


ISTSb 


194,748,000 

928,988,000 

11,880,000 

79,748,666 

90,788,000 

8,004,000 

4.981,000 

7,080,000 

81,480,000 

8.000 

698,000 

4,174,000 


489,554,000 


4,90^000 
298^000 

i,4M^666 

9,000 

1,944,000 


7,997,000 


88^000 

*V,66o 


84,000 


611,000 


8,000 


497,749,000 


40,988,000 
908^000 


41,991,000 


088,970,000 


ur«. 


194.209X08 

990,88G.00e 

10,802,090 

11,000 

8^81S.OO0 

14,79«L0i4 

9J84Q,000 

T,550.(«« 

i;4»,ooe 

ICiw 
772,01^1 

VMsxm 


4a9,19^00ft 


4.640,^ 
M9Y,6m 


e^oMi,aw 


fSNOGO 


s^om 


ia88.oee 


9,860 


480,391,000 


4S;B68,0M 
898,000 


4S,8M.C60 


688,06^000 


The  movement  of  shipping  in  1877  was  as  follows: 


LADSH. 

ni  BALLAIT. 

TOT AX. 

V«nU. 

Toot. 

T«Mb. 

T«. 

YMril. 

T«u. 

BAiLnitt  Yaaenta: 

Entered 

8,874 
1,591 

4^949 
8,840 

9,888,778 
809,889 

6,480,004 

4,044,181 

989 

9,009 

140 
1,009 

89,169 
1,879,028 

174,479 

l,6n,967 

4,108 

4»i4a 

4,889 
4,304 

1792,985 

Olearad 

9,8SS,6»9 
fi.810.098 

BnAJOEia: 

Entered 

Cleared 

A,8t&.448 

The  army  of  the  Netherlands  in  Earope  con- 
sisted, in  1878,  of  2,057  officers  and  60,844  men ; 
the  East  Indian  army  nomhered  1,482  officers 
and  87,031  men. 

The  navy  on  July  1,  1878,  consisted  of  99 
steamers,  with  400  gans,  and  16  sailing  vessels, 
with  108  gnns:  total,  115  vessels,  with  508 
guns. 

The  merchant  navy,  on  January  1, 1878,  con- 
sisted of  1,168  sailing  vessels,  of  809,610  metric 
tons,  and  79  steamers,  of  149,142  metric  tons: 
total,  1,247  vessels,  of  958,652  metric  tons. 

The  aggregate  length  of  railroads  in  opera- 
tion on  January  1,  1878,  was  1,681  kilometres 
(1  kilometre  =  0-62  English  mile),  of  which  891 
were  state  railroads. 


The  aggregate  length  of  the  state  tdegrapb 
lines  on  January  1,1878,  was  8,519  kilometres: 
aggregate  lengtii  of  wires,  12,882  kilometres; 
numher  of  offices,  846 ;  number  of  telegrams 
carried  in  1877,  2,405,240,  showing  a  rapid 
increase;  revenue,  779,559  fiorina;  ezpenili- 
tures,  1,888,500  florins. 

The  number  of  post-offices  in  1877  was  1.S99. 
The  number  of  inland  letters  was  89,457,097; 
of  foreign  letters,  10,624,842;  of  postal  cards, 
11,688,740;  and  of  newspapen,  periodicaU  and 
pamphlets,  80,728,619. 

The  colonies  of  the  Netherlands  are  consid- 
erably larger  and  more  populous  than  the  ooim- 
try  itself.  Their  area  and  population  were  esti- 
mated  as  follows  in  1878 : 


NETHEBLAimS. 


697 


oobomB. 

PopatalloB* 

1.  iBthoEMt  ladles 

614,90B 

4S4 

46,071 

UM&fiM 

1  Ib  Uie  Wett  Indies 

41,0S4 

t,  Sarinam. 

69,8» 

Totol 

661,406 

24,948,700 

Batavia,  the  capital  of  Java,  had  on  January 
1, 1875,  99,109  inhabitants. 

The  budget  estimates  of  the  Dutch  colonies 
for  the  year  1878  were  as  follows : 


OOLOKIES. 

KertDMb 

KipfudUnMi 

XMIdL 

EutlndlM 

noriM. 
144,00a»7S9 
1,188,000 
880,946 

TkataM. 
144,006,788 
1,808,487 
088487 

VkrlM. 

^nrin»in i , 

614,487 

Weit  Indies 

141,941 

The  commerce  of  the  East  Indian  colonies 
in  1876  was  as  follows:  Imports,  126,672,000 
florins ;  exports,  177,076,000.  The  movement 
of  shipping  in  the  East  Indian  ports  in  1876 
WAS  as  follows:  Entered,  7,008  vessels,  of 
1.459,442  tons;  cleared,  6,968  vessels,  of  1,467,- 
770  tons.  The  commercial  navy  in  the  same 
year  consisted  of  1^270  vessels,  of  117,982  tons. 

Java  had  260*6  kilometres  of  railroad  in  1878. 
The  length  of  telegraph  wires  in  operation  on 
Jsra  and  Sumatra  in  1876  was  6,885  kilome- 
tres, and  of  lines  6,618  kilometres.  The  total 
number  of  dispatches  sent  in  1876  was  842,- 
016;  number  of  stations,  66.  The  number  of 
letters  sent  through  the  East  Indian  mails  was 
3,436,494;  number  of  papers,  etc.,  2,472,821; 
HQmber  of  postal  cards  sold,  269,986. 

The  Government  on  February  27th  brought 
in  a  bill  in  the  Second  Ohamber  to  authorize  a 
loan  of  48,000,000  florins  at  4  per  cent.,  payable 
in  fifty-six  years  at  par,  for  the  purpose  of 
covering  the  deficits  and  carrying  out  public 
works.  The  money  reonired  for  the  interest 
and  anking  fund  was  to  be  obtained  by  increas- 
ing the  receipts  from  the  taxes  on  inheritances 
by  2,338,000  florins.  On  March  4th  M.  Eap- 
peijne,  the  Minister  President,  introduced  a 
new  bin  on  the  subject  of  elementary  educa- 
tion, maintaining  the  principles  of  the  existing 
act,  but  proposmg  various  improvements  in 
the  system  of  instruction,  and,  among  other 
things,  an  increase  in  the  salaries  paid  to  teach- 
ers. The  state  is  to  bear  80  per  cent,  of  the 
expenditure,  and  the  communes  the  remainder. 
On  the  following  day  the  Minister  for  the  Ool- 
onies  brought  forward  a  proposal  to  increase 
the  Indian  budget  by  6,000,000  florins,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  which  was  to  be  devoted  to  the 
construction  of  railways.  It  was  further  pro- 
posed that  steps  be  taken  for  the  introduction 
in  1879  of  a  personal  tax  and  a  license  tax  into 
the  Dutch  Indies.  This  bill  was  adopted  on 
May  14th,  and  a  few  days  later  the  bill  author- 
izing the  loan  of  48,000,000  florins  was  also 
pasMd  by  the  Second  Ohamber.  The  bills  were 
afterward  also  passed  in  the  Upper  Ohamber. 
The  bill  regarding  primary  education  was  passed 
on  July  19th,  after  a  debate  continuing  five 


weeks,  with  great  opposition  from  the  Oatho- 
lics  and  orthodox  Irotestants.  Immediately 
upon  the  passage  of  the  bill  in  the  Lower  House, 
its  opponents  began  to  prepare  petitions  to  the 
King  and  to  the  First  Ohamber  for  ^^  the  preser- 
vation of  the  schools  with  the  Bible.'*  The  new 
law  declared  that  the  hours  of  instruction  in 
the  public  schools  should  be  so  arranged  as  to 
leave  certain  hours  for  the  religious  instruction 
to  the  different  denominations,  to  be  given  out- 
side of  the  schools,  which  were  to  be  entirely 
nnsectarian.  In  spite  of  all  the  efforts  of  its 
opponents,  the  bill  passed  the  First  Ohamber 
in  the  first  days  of  August,  and  shortly  after 
received  the  royal  sanction.  On  September  9th 
the  Oolonial  Minister  presented  the  East  Indian 
budget  for  1879,  which  showed  a  deficit  of 
10,000,000  florins,  caused  by  the  expenses  of 
the  war  in  Atcheen  and  the  expenditure  for 
the  construction  of  war  railways.  The  Minis- 
ter proposed  to  cover  the  deficit  temporarily 
by  advances  from  the  Treasury  to  the  Indian 
Finance  Department,  and  ultimately  by  a  loan. 
The  expense  attending  the  occupation  of  At- 
cheen was  estimated  at  9,000,000  florins. 

The  session  of  the  Ohambers  was  closed 
shortly  after,  and  the  new  session  was  opened 
on  September  16th  by  the  King  in  person.  In 
the  speech  from  the  throne  he  expressed  his 
appreciation  of  the  cordial  affection  manifested 
toward  the  royal  family  on  the  occasion  of  the 
marriage  of  the  Prince  and  Princess  Henry. 
The  relations  of  the  Netherlands  with  foreign 
Powers  were  most  friendly.  The  national  in- 
dustry, and  particularly  agriculture,  was  in  a 
generally  satisfactory  condition.  The  state  of 
the  finances  called  urgently  for  measures  to 
augment  the  resources  of  the  state,  in  connec- 
tion with  which  subject  the  King  recommended 
to  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  the  question 
of  the  reform  of  the  system  of  taxation.  The 
Government  would  present  to  the  Ohambers 
the  draught  of  a  new  penal  code.  The  speech 
stated  that  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Dutch 
East  Indian  possessions  was  satisfactory,  al- 
though the  maintenance  of  the  Dutch  authority 
in  the  north  of  Sumatra  required  fresh  ex- 
traordinary measures.  In  conclusion,  he  eulo- 
gized the  service  of  the  army  in  Sumatra. 
The  address  in  reply  to  the  speech  from  the 
throne  was  passed  on  September  24th,  it  being 
almost  entirely  a  paraphrase  of  the  royal  speech. 
On  November  26th  a  bill  was  introduced  for 
the  regulation  of  the  financial  relations  between 
the  Dutch  Indies  and  the  mother  country.  It 
provides  that  the  Indian  budget  shall  bear  ao 
annual  charge  of  6,000,000  fiorins  as  repay- 
ment to  the  Oentral  Government  of  the  costs 
of  administration.  The  colony  will  be  further 
required  to  furnish  the  sums  necessary  for  the 
payment  of  the  rentes  and  the  redemption  of 
the  loans  concluded  by  the  state  on  behalf  of 
the  Indies.  The  colonial  bonds  will  be  further 
regulated  by  special  legislative  measures.  So 
far  as  they  are  not  required  to  cover  colonial 
deficits,  they  will  be  devoted  before  all  to  pub- 


598  ^  NEVADA. 

lio  works  in  the  Indian  posBessions,  and  to  the  whoso  ooDstraotion  is  the  result  of  land  gnnu,  n^ 

extraordinary  redemption  of  the  colonial  debts.  »*dieB,  loans,  and  other  Government  aiB  or  t^ 

During  the  summer  flieAtcheenew  in  Sum^^  ""^iototrf,  That  the  BepabUean  partj  faToti  ta| 

again  became  troublesome,  and  it  was  found  demands  at  the  hands  of  the  Bute  legialationha^ 

necessary  to  send  reinforcements  from  Java,  in  view  the  regulation  and  equaliaation  of  fr«igE3 

Fighting  was  continued  during  the  year,  leav-  snd  fares  on  Uie  raihroada  within  thU  Sute. 

ing  the  Dutch  the  masters  of  the  situation  at  -fiwojwrf,  That  in  their  shameless  diar^nrd  of  m 

thA  T^*^"*^        *^  iMoowxo  w*  loio  oibuoMvu  o*  ftvowed pnuoiple, tfao DemocHitic paTty  of this Stu^ 

IDe  Close.  Iq  their   unmistakable  puipose  to  nominate  tJs 

NEVADA.    The  Bepublican  party  of  this  present  incumbent  of  the  Gubernatorial  office  fors 

State  met  in  convention  at  Eureka  on  the  18th  third  term,  have  brought  upon  themselves  the  d^ 

of  September,  1878,  and  made  the  following  »enred  distrust,  not  only  of  eveij  Bepublican,  btf 

nominations :  for  Governor,  John  Henry  Hink-  ?heir  o^Tsrty                   ^^^^^^  '^^^^^  ^ 

head ;  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  H.  R.  Mighels ;  ^ttohed^ThaX  we  beUeve  in  the  doctrine  of  rot*, 

for  Secretary  of  State,  Jasper  Babcock ;  for  tion  in  offloe,  and  that,  so  believing,  we  aie  oppos<J 

State  Treasurer,  L.  L.  Crockett ;  for  Oomp-  to  the  nomination  of  candidates  to  office  under  tfat 

troUer,  J.  F.  HaUock ;  for  Attorney-General,  S*^«J«  S^TiS*?*  H*-i^'?iM'™;i.            ^-  *;* 

MA    \r.i»..i.«^.  #««  q!,««-:«*^«^««*  A*  T>«KiI;  iZfJo/Mtf,  That  we  hail  with  ioy  the  remonetaatm 

.  A.  Murphy ;  f or  Supenntendent  of  Public  ^f  .j,^^  ^  ^  ^^^p  ^^^  ^^  Emancipation  frc«  tin 

instruction,   J.  D,  Uammona ;  for  Surveyor-  grasp  of  the  ournipt  money  rings  of  Europe  tzi 

General,    A.  J.  Hatch ;    for    Chief   Justice,  America,  and  we  auc  Congress  to  complete  the  mt* 

Thomas  F.  Hawley ;  for  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  »"".  of  oor  redemption  by  according  to  aUver  cut- 

S^"v'  n^^  H  ^-Th^^l^   •"'  ^?y^*^'  •Xt3;"rt-iD  the  le^isUtion  of  the  Forty-fitk 

R.  M.  Daggett    The  foUowmg  platform  was  Congress,  nothiDg_more  fSlly  commands  our  iriD- 

adopted :  bation  than  the  efforU  of  our  Senators  and  Be^n- 

sentative  in  securing  the  remonetixation  of  silva  as^ 

jRtsolvsa^  That  we  reafflnn  the  principles  of,  and  the  dual  standard  in  the  coinage  of  the  country.      { 

renew  our  allegiance  to.  the  party  which  preserved  Betolvtd^  That  there  should  be  retrenchment  in  tU 

the  Union,  freed  the  slave,  and  maintsined  the  es-  public  service ;  that  men  elected  to  offioe  should  "•* 

sential  doctrine  that  this  is  a  nation,  and  not  a  con-  qualified  by  education,  intelliirenoe,  and  Iweicts* , 

federacy  bound  toffether  with  ropes  of  sand,  and  that  hAbits  to  perform  Uie  auties  of  tJieir  respectif  e  ct- ! 

both  State  and  I^tional  Governments  should  give  fices ;  and  that  the  system  of  deputyships  and  d€rk- 

ample  and  competent  protection  to  its  citizens,  both  ships  at  present  existing  in  the  interest  of  Statt  cfh 

at  Dome  and  abroad ;  that  affainst  the  assaults  of  cers  should  be  abolished  at  once  and  for  ever, 

traitors  and  rebels,  the  Republican  psrty  has  pre-  Jietolved,  That  public  lands  are  the  property  of  tie 

served  these  Governments,  and  the  xtepublicans  of  people,  and  therefore  they  should  be  resefred  kt 

Nevada  now  demand  that  every  qualified  elector  in  actual  settlers,  aided  in  their  aettlement  by  tbeGo^• . 

every  State,  South  and  North— Democrat  and  Re-  ernment  and  protected  in  their  posseaaiona  by  jcit  I 

publican,  black  or  white— shall  be  permitted,  undis-  laws. 

turbed  by  force  and  unawed  by  rear,  to  vote  at  all  Besohed.  That  we  reco^ize  the  wisdom  of  the 

elections  at  the  places  prescribed  by  lew,  snd  that  fVamers  of  our  Constitution  in  providuig  for  ihr 

every  vote  so  cast  shall  be  honestly  counted,  and  taxation  of  the  proceeds  of  the  mines;  thstslltsx^i 

that  evenr  person  chosen  by  such  votes  to  any  offioe  should  be  e<|uai  and  uniform  ;  that  the  present  6}s- 

shall  be  freely  inducted  into  it  and  effectively  sup-  tem  of  taxation  is  as  just  and  fair  as  any  that  esn  U 

ported  in  the  diacharge  of  its  duties ;  that  the  pex^  devised,  and  should  oe  preserved:  that  the  miiLic^ 

manent  pacification  of  the  Southern  aection  or  the  corporations  doing  busmess  in  this  State  pay  I:^ 

Union,  and  complete  protection  of  all  its  dtixens  in  more  than  their  just  proportion  of  tazea.  while  tlie 

their  civil,  political,  personal,  and  property  riifhts,  railroad  propertjr  situated  within  thia  State  psji 

is  the  duty  to  which  the  Bepublican  party  stan<£i  sa*  much  less  than  its  just  proportion :  that  no  iDc>r« 

credly  pled^ifed,  snd  in  order  to  redeem  this  pledge  taxes  should  be  raised  any  one  year  mwn  are  uecef- 

it  placed  the  recent  amendments  in  the  Constitu-  sary  to  defray  the  actual  and  neceasaiy  expen««s  cf 

tion,  and  upon  the  righteous  bssis  of  said  amend-  the  State  during  the  asms  period,  when  ccononir;!- 

ments  it  will  go  forwsra  in  the  work  of  pacification  ly  and  honestly  administerad;  that  the  present  nu 

until  peace  shall  come  through  right  doing  and  con-  of  aasessment  of  property  should  be  decreased  so  u 

tentment  through  justice ;  that  the  evident  purpose  to  produce  only  such  a  sum  as  is  absolutely  required 

of  the  Democratic  party,  if  it  should  come  into  full  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  State,  at  the  ssme  tine 

power,  to  pay  hundreids  of  millions  of  suspended  having  due  regard  to  the  auiplns  of  fbnda  alreedy  in 

war  claima  of  disloyal  men,  already  presented  to  the  Treasury. 

Congress  or  awaiting  a  favorable  moment  for  pros*  Bttoh^^  That  the  Republican  party  of  the  State 

enfation,  makes  it  doubly  important,  now  that  the  of  Nevada  is  opposed  to  and  protests  against  ssj  re- 

Senate  is  soon  to  pass  under  Democratic  domina-  peal,  modification,  or  change  of  the  law  taxiog  tie 

tioD,  that  the  House  of  Representatives  to  be  chosen  net  proceeds  of  mines,  commonly  known  aa  the  Id- 

in  the  coming  election  should  be  under  Republican  lion  tax  law. 

control.  Betolvedj  That  we  refer  with  pride  to  the  record  cf 

Jittolved.  That  the  validity  of  the  Presidential  the  Republican  party  in  Congress,  where,  in  spite  of 

term  was  definitely  and  finally  settled  by  the  Forty-  the  assaults  of  a  maHj^ant  and  unscrupulous  oppc.-i- 

fourth  Congress,  and  that  the  attempt  shadowed  tion,  not  one  stiunofdishonor  rests,  and  not  ooe  set 

forth  by  the  Potter  resolutions  to  disturb  the  title  by  has  been  brought  to  light  which  reflects  snytbiCs 

which  President  Hayes  and  Vice-President  Wheeler  but  renown  upon  the  representatives  of  our  oiigsiii' 

hold  their  sests  is  revolutionary  snd  dangerous  in  zstinn  and  its  principles. 

the  extreme,  and,  characteristic  as  it  is  of  the  under-  JUtoUed,  That  labor  in  itself  recognises  the  Be- 
lying motives  of  the  rebel  Democrscy,  call  for  our  publican  party  aa  its  exponent;  demsnds  emsnci* 
unquslifled  disapproval  and  denunciation.  potion  fVom  oppression,  and  elevation  to  its  proper 

K$aolved^  That  it  is  the  duty  of  Conf^ress  to  perfect  dignity,  a  just  and  equal  place  with  capital,  and  tin* 

with  all  possible  expedition  such  legislation  as  will  both  are  anke  necessary  to  the  well-bemg  of  soetttr. 

secure  to  tlie  country  the  benefit  of  an  honest  and  Enolv4d.  That  the  General   Government  sh<>ei^ 

fair  adjustment  of  freights  and  fares  on  all  railroads  immediately  take  such  steps  as  to  sbsolntely  etc; 


NEVADA.  599 

the  farther  immigrttion  of  AsUtios  to  onr  oonntrr ;  of  the  minority ;  the  equality  of  all  oitizenit  before 

and  that  suob  jnat  and  peaceful  meaaurea  ahould  be  the  law ;  economy  in  public  expeuBea,  that  labor 

adopted  as  may  be  appropriate  and  neceasary  to  in-  may  be  lightly  burdenea ;  aubordmation  of  the  mili- 

dace  those  already  among  ua  to  quit  our  ahorea  at  tary  to  the  civil  power :  no  centralization ;  and  a  strict 

the  earliest  practical  moment.  conatructioa  of  the  Feaeral  Constitution. 

Raolvid^  That  the  Bepublioan  party  of  the  State  As  important  isaues,  entitled  to  especial  mention, 
of  Nevada  entera  ita  moHt  aolemn  protest  and  con-  the  Democratic  party  of  Nevada  presents : 
demoation  against  any  currupt  interference  in  the  1.  The  induction  of  B.  B.  Haves  into  the  office  of 
politics  or  legialation  of  thia  State  by  moneyed  rings  President,  in  yiolatlon  of  the  clearly  exprcRaed  will 
or  corporations,  or  the  representativea  of  aggregated  of  the  people,  is  denounced  as  the  highest  crime 
wealth  or  capital;  that  we  view  with  alarm  the  in-  against  f^ee  government  and  the  most  dangerous  en- 
creasing  and  unoeaaing  attempts  of  the  moneyed  croachment  upon  popular  rights  ever  perpetrated  in 
powers  of  the  Paciflc  States  to  control  the  elections  thia  country.  While  in  the  high  interest  of  public 
and  shape  the  legialation  of  said  States;  that  the  tranquillity  we  submit  to  the  constituted  Federal  Ad- 
principle  and  practice  are  fraught  with  danger  to  miniatration,  yet  the  investigation  of  the  House  of 
oar  republican  form  of  government,  and  should  be  Bepresentatives  is  specially  commended,  to  the  end 
frowned  down  and  resiated  by  every  individual  who  that  the  vile  bargaining  and  corruption  may  be  ez- 
haa  St  heart  the  welfare  of  American  inatitutions  p>08ed  and  the  brand  of  infamy  stamped  where  it 
and  the  freedom  of  the  masses.  rightfhlly  belongs. 

Rewhedi  That  we  are  unalterably  opposed  to  the  2.  The  Democracy  of  Nevada  advocates  the  re- 

diveraion  of  any  moneys  raised  by  the  taxation  of  moval  of  all  restrictions  to  the  coinage  of  silver  and 

the  whole  people  to  the  use  or  benefit  of  any  sect  the  reCstablishment  of  silver  aa  a  money  metal  the 

or  relifioua  denomination.  aame  as  g^ld — the  same  as  it  waa  before  its  fraudu- 

RoMted^  That  we  aolemnly  declare  it  to  be  the  lent  demonetization  by  a  Bepublican  Congress  in 

MDtiment  of  the  Bepublican  party  that  the  breach  of  1878 ;  the  substitution  of  United  States  ourrencv  for 

a  pledge  given  to  a  nominating  convention  by  a  auo-  national-bank  notes ;  no  fhrther  sale  of  interest-bear- 

ceaafai  candidate  for  office  ia  more  disgraoeAil  and  ing  bonda  for  coin  for  resumption  purposes,  but  the 

diahonorable  than  the  violation  of  any  private  tmat  gradual  redaction  of  the  public  debt ;  and  rigid  econ- 

or  duty  can  poasibly  be.  omy  in  all  branches  of  the  public  service. 

B^oktdy  That  to  promote  the  advancement  of  edu-  8.  In  view  of  the  recent  aecisions  of  the  Supreme 
cation  and  morale,  to  stimulate  a  true  and  beuefl-  Court  of  the  United  States,  State  and  national  legis- 
cent  enlightenment,  and  to  preserve  to  the  moo,  lation  is  demanded  to  protect  the  people  of  Nevada 
women,  and  children  of  thia  State  the  fhiits  of  the  from  the  outrageous  discrimination  and  excessive 
taxes  so  cheerfully  borne  and  generously  disbursed  charges  of  railroad  corporations,  within  this  State, 
in  behalf  of  onr  admirable  system  of  public  schools ;  4.  The  Democracv  of  Nevada  denounces  the  Chi- 
to  maintain  the  Union  and  protect  its  flag ;  to  guard  nese  element  as  an  incubus  that  will  paral  vze  honest 
the  memories  of  the  dead  who  died  in  the  name  of  labor  in  any  civilized  country  on  eartn,  ana  demands 
the  Union,  liberty,  and  law,  and  to  vindicate  all  our  such  a  radical  change  in  the  treaty  with  the  Chinese 
acts  and  purpoaes,  is  the  aim  and  mission  of  the  Be-  Empire  as  will  for  ever  stop  the  immigration  of  the 
pablican  partv  here  and  elsewhere ;  and,  first  of  all.  Chinese  to  the  United  States, 
to  do  that  wnioh  ia  beat  for  the  preservation  ana  6.  The  Democracy  of  Nevada  ia  in  favor  of  an 
perpetuation  of  that  party  and  ita  principles,  holding  economical  administration  of  the  State,  county,  and 
all  men's  aims  and  aspirations  secondary  to  these  municipal  governments ;  and  that  every  species  of 
hii^h  claims  and  ends ;  these  are  our  duties,  and  property  shall  bear  its  just  and  equal  burden  of  tax- 
these  the  intentiona  we  do  most  strenuously  main-  ation.  While  no  war  is  made  on  the  great  corpora- 
tain  and  avow,  tions,  it  is  demanded  that  their  property  shall  oon- 

m,,^              .,    r%           ^*              tijAi^  tribute  for  the  support  of  government,  the  same 

The  Democratio  Convention  was  held  at  Car-  ^g  other  property.    Unflinching  opposition  to  any 

SOD  City  on  the  2dd  of  September,  and  made  further  exemption  of  the  net  proceeas  of  the  mines 

the  foUowing  nominations :  for  Governor,  L.  i»  announced,  the  mining  interesta  being  now  suffi- 

R.  Bradley,  who  had  held  the  office  since  1871 ;  oiently  encouraged  and  protected.    Such  a  reduction 

f«*  t:^«4.J.J, *  n>v.,^««.^«    T^«r^4.4-  TD-     A^«.««.  ^^  State  taxation  is  demanded  as  will  prevent  any 

for  Lientenant-Governor,  Jewett  W.  Adams ;  accumulation  of  money  in  the  State  Treasury,  anS 

for  Secretary  of  State,  G.  W.  Baker ;  for  State  aa  will  only  f^imish  a  sufficiency  for  the  interest  on 

Treagnrer,  J.  E.  Jones ;  for  Comptroller,  Mil-  the  State  debt  and  the  economical  administration  of 

tOD  Elstner ;  for  Attorney-General,  J.  B.  Leit-  the  State  government.                    ^     .       .       , 

trell;  for  Superintendent  of  Public  instruction,  «•  offlL?l'!Jf^^^I!?^°^^!l5^i?or/^^^^ 

nao-           ^      a           ^    r\          irr  &ny  omcer  may  aisregara  ana  ignore  tne  pieogea 

p.  8.  Sessions;  for  Surveyor-General    Harry  ^i^^  ^  ^jg  oodstituenis,  and  on  the  faith  of  which 

«.  Day;  for  Chief  Justice,  F.  W.  Cole;   for  he  was  elected:  and  declares  that  if  such  practice  be 

Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Richard  Rule ;  for  tolerated  it  will  result  in  the  destruction  of  repre- 

Congressman,  W.  E.  F.  Deal.    The  foUowing  fentative  democratic  ffovemment,  and  we  declare 

nlrtffftw«  wJ^i>ii/«.«4-.>ii .  ti^at  "JO  power  exista  which  can  relieve  offlciala  from 

platform  was  adopted :  p^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  ^^^  ^     .^  previous  t^  election. 

The  Democratic  party  of  the  State  of  Nevada  an-  7.  The  Democracy  of  Nevada  holds  the  ballot  to 

noanoes  the  following  aa  ita  platform  of  principles  be  the  inalienable  right  of  f^ee  citizens ;  views  with 

snd  live  iasues  for  the  present  campaign.  The  Dem-  alarm  the  efforts  of  the  great  foreign  corporationa  to 

ocrttM  party  aiflrma  aa  principlea :     ^  control  the  political  contesta  in  Nevada ;  and  urgea 

)olls 
mke 


,  .  r . «▼•' 

'«th ;  revenue  reform,  and  a  tariff  for  revenue  only ;     prevent  its  repetition. 

no  Qovemment  partnership  with  monopolies ;  no        8.  The  Democracy  of  Nevada  recognizes  the  right. 


rotd  corporations,  for  the  beneflt  of  actual  settlers  ;  IJnder  a  wiae  and  fhigal  Government,  which  it  ia 
tbe  maintenance  of  a  non-sectarian  common-school  the  mission  of  the  Democracy  to  maintain  and  per- 
>7*teffl ;  saquieaoenoe  in  the  lawfully  ezpreaaed  will    petuate,  any  resort  to  foroe,  or  to  violation  of  law. 


600  KEY  ADA. 

or  Invasion  of  the  rights  of  person  or  of  pro]>erty,  to  the  power  is  passing  into  other  hands  it  pretends  to 

redress  grievauoes,  is  needless  and  at  war  with  free  be  in  favor  or  regulating  freights  and  fares.   Having 

institutiooB.    By  legislation  fostering  and  favorins  adopted  the  treaty  whicn  invites  and  enooura^ ea  tLe 

the  great  moneyed  oorporatioos,  suoh  as  natioiiM  paupers  of  Asia  to  come  to  the  United  States,  and 

banks^  railroad,  steamship,  telegraphic,  and  manu-  naving  for  fifteen  years  refused  to  modify  or  revoke 

fiictorinff  companies,  the  KepubUoan  party  has  per-  that  treaty,  it  now  demands  the  exclusion  of  Chinese 

verted  the  Government  from  its  true  object  of  pro-  from  the  country.    Creating  the  system  of  depaties 

tecting  the  people,  and  made  it  the  instrument  of  and  multiplying  officials  whenever  poasible.  it  now 

plundering  them.    It  has  concentrated  vast  wealth  affects  a  desire  to  abolish  the  system.    Vresn  ttom  s 

m  the  hands  of  a  few,  while  the  toiling  millions  who  perfidious  attempt  to  relieve  foreign  mining  oorpors- 

created  that  wealth  are  struggling  in  poverty  and  tions  from  contributing  their  just  part  to  the  public 

euforoed  idleness ;  and  it  has  enabled  monopolies  to  revenues,  it  proclaims  again  its  violated  promiaes  and 

devour  so  great  a  portion  of  the  earnings  as  to  take  nominates  for  places  of  high  trust  men  who  vottd 

from  the  mouth  or  labor  the  bread  it  has  earned.  for  and  favored  the  passage  of  the  Bullion  Tax  bilL 

9.  The  Democracy  of  Nevada  congratulate  the  Denouncing  pledge-Sreakmg  as  disgraceful  and  dis- 
country  upon  the  acceptance,  by  the  present  Admin-  honorable,  it  selects  as  its  standard-bearers  men  who 
istration,  of  the  constitutional  and  pacific  policy  of  lo-  are  notorious  for  broken  pledges  and  violated  in- 
cal  and  self-government  in  the  States  South,  so  long  structions.  Always  on  the  side  of  monopoly,  ever 
advocated  b>-  the  Democratic  party,  resulting  in  peace  acting  in  the  interest  of  capital,  supported  by  every 
and  harmouv  to  that  section  of  the  Union.  bondholder,  bank,  railroad  corporation  and  ring  in 

10.  The  Democracy  demand  the  Legislature  to  the  land,  it  audaciously  declares  that  labor  recog- 
pass  additional  enactments  to  enable  stockholders  to  nizes  the  Bepublican  party  as  its  exponent ;  ai:d 
visit  and  examine  mining  property  in  which  they  finally  to  complete  the  ghastly  farce^  having  impoT- 
are  interested.  erished  and  plundered  the  South,  incited  the  sai- 

The  Democracy  declare  that  honesty,  capacity,  mosities  of  race,  inflamed  the  hates  of  sections,  kept 

devotion  to  the  truest  principles  of  government,  alive  the  passions  of  war  and  trampled  upon  the 

and  the  faithful  observance  of  pledges,  constitute  or  rights  of  the  States,  like  a  grinning  hyena,  tt  prom- 

themselves  the  highest  title  to  its  renewed  oonfi-  ises  to  go  forward  with  the  work  oi  pacificadon. 

denoe,  and  further,  there  is  no  resemblance  in  prin-  Havine  reorganized  the  Supreme  Court  at  the  dicta- 

oiple  between  the  case  of  the  Governor  of  a  State,  tion  of  corrupt  rings,  demonetized  silver  in  the  in- 

with  little  patronage,  and  with  powers  limited  by  terest  of  capital,  contracted  the  currency  and  imposed 

the  strict  provisions  of  the  Constitution,  and  that  of  enormous  taxes  in  the  interest  of  bondholdera,  de- 

a  President  of  the  United  States,  by  virtue  of  his  stroyed  our  commerce,  paralyzed  the  induatries  of 

office  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  the  country  and  filled  the  land  with  poverty  and  dis- 

and  the  head  of  100.000  officeholders,  striving  to  tress,  inducted  into  the  Presidential  office  a  man  who 

perpetuate  a  persooal  and  tyrannical  rule  by  the  "was  never  elected^  peculated,  awindled,  defrauded 

unscrupulous  use  of  all  means  at  his  command,  and  embezzled  until  dishonor  has  been  brought  npoa 

The  career  of  the  late  President  of  the  United  States  the  American  name  and  contempt  upon  elective  gov- 

furnishes  the  most  complete  proof  of  the  danger  of  emment,  with  a  cheek  of  brass  it  refers  with  pride 

a  third  Presidential  term,  which  we  warn  against,  to  the  result, 
and  seek  to  avoid  in  the  future :  that  of  the  present        The  election  was  held   on  November  6th. 

o%r^LfoS7tKS'fn'SS4^„Tin"iuT  IJe  KeP°blic«.  cndWates  wer«  chosen  to  ^ 
plication  to  State  affairs,  a  doctrine  long  repudiated  ©I  the  omces,  except  those  of  Lientenant-Gov- 
oy  the  Bepublican  party,  and  now  filched  by  it  for  emor  and  Superintendent  of  Pnblio  InBtmc- 
the  present  occasion.  tion,  to  which  Messrs.  Adams  and  SessionB,  the 
r  Finally,  the  Democratic  party  of  Nevada,  bjr  its  Democratic  nominees,  were  respectirely  elect- 
Convention  assembled,  takes  occasion  to  especially  ^j  Tk^  «««««««*o.  r««»K«.  ^#  5,«#«»  w.!Ln  J' 
commend  Governor  L.  fe.  Bradley  for  preventing,  by  ®?-  J^^®  aggr^ate  number  of  votes  polled  in 
his  veto,  an  uiyust  modification  of  the  revenue  laws  *"©  State  for  Orovemor  was  18,999,  of  which 
now  in  force  taxing  the  proceeds  of  the  mines,  show-  Mr.  Hinkhead  received  9,747,  Mr.  Bradlev 
ing  himself  by  his  fearless  vindication  of  the  peo-  9,252.  The  Legislature  was  divided  as  follows': 
pie's  nsrhts  worthy  of  the  full  confidence  of  the  good  Senate^Republicans  18,  Democrats  7:  House 
and  true  men  of  all  parties  m  this  State.  »^^m*^    *  v^  .^  v         *  ,  ^^    v^  »«  • ,   j^^/u^ 

^  of  Representatives — Bepubucana  44,  Demo- 

On  the  second  day  of  the  session  a  delegate  in-  crats  6. 
trodnoed  the  following  series  of  charges  against       The  Legislature  met  on  Jannary  9,  1879, 

the  Republican  party,  which  were  adopted  by  when  the  new  Governor  was  formally  installed 

the  Convention  amid  enthusiastic  applause :  in  ofBce  and  delivered  his  inaugural  addres& 

The  Democracy  of  Nevada  denounces  with  indig-  -   '^^J^  material  interests  of  Nevada  appear  to 

nation  the  insincerity  and  hypocrisy  of  the  Republi-  D®  nounsmng,  the  Governor  bearing  witness 

can  party,  and  contrasts  its  professions  with  its  ac-  to  ^'  the  almost  nniversal  health  and  great  hnsi- 

tions.    For  fifteen  years  the  pliant  tool  of  corpora-  ness  prosperity  with  which  God  has  blefised  the 

tions  and  the  willing  instrument  used  to  consummate  neonle  of  our  State  '^ 

their  wrongs,  with  foxy  craftiness,  it  affects  opposi-  *^  Jv  i.        j«i.'         j-  i.v     ^  i      • 

tion  to  corporate  abuftes,  relying  upon  the  oppressive        The  present  condition  of  the  finances  also  is 

use  of  corporate  power  and  the  corrupt  use  of  cor-  most  gratifying ;  especially  if  compared  with 

poration  money  at  the  polls,  and  never  succeedi'^g  what  it  was  in  1871,  when  Governor  Bradlev 

except  by  their  infamous  instnimentalities.    With  first  assumed  the  administration  of  the  Exeeu- 

unblushmg  eftontery  it  pretends  to  deprec^e  the  ^j       Department.     He  contrasts  the  two  pe- 
rn terference  of  corporations  in  elections.     Havmg      .   j  j-r^5p»i  mu^uu.     *^u  wuiaoow  %,ujj  »,wv  yv 

robbed  the  public  domain  of  hundreds  of  millions  of  "»<18  with  each  other  m  the  following  words : 

acres  of  land  and  given  it  to  the  railroad  monopo-  "  Then  the  State  was  loaded  down  by  a  debt 

lies,  and  only  ceasing  its  rapacity  when  it  no  longer  of  over  $700,000 ;  State  warrants  were  hawked 

had  power,  it  now  prates  about  reserving  the  public  abont  the  streets  at  from  60  to  66  cents  on  the 

lands  for  actaal  settlers,  having  made  the  extortions  j^ii„«.  4.v^»^  «„«„  ««  «,^«««  ;«  *u^  t^^^ 

and  abuses  practiced  by  railroad  companiea  possible,  ^^^^  K  ^^^^  J^  ^^  j"?^®^  V^  ^®  Treasury ; 

and  having  at  all  times,  and  for  ten  years,  opposed  neavy  defalcations  had  brought  disgrace  upon 

and  defeated  all  attempts  to  correct  them.   Now  that  at  least  two  departments  of  the  State  govern- 


NEVADA.  601 

ment ;  in  a  word,  we  had  staring  ns  in  the  faoe  In  the  State  Penitentiary,  at  the  close  of  1878, 
ftn  exhaasted  credit  and  a  bankrnpt  Treasary.  there  were  148  convicts,  and  one  United  States 
Nov  we  have  over  $660,000  in  the  Treasary ;  prisoner  awaiting  trial.  The  prisoners  are  em- 
oar  entire  public  debt  is  paid,  or  the  payment  ployed  in  making  boots  and  shoes  to  a  large  ex- 
provided  for;  taxes  have  been  redaoed  from  tent,  and  inqoarrying  stone.  For  the  main- 
$1.25  to  90  cents  on  the  hnndred  dollars,  and  tenance  of  the  prisoners  the  LegifiJature  appro- 
can  at  this  session  he  greatly  reduced."  The  priated  $175,000  for  1877  and  1878.  The  shoe- 
rt;c«ipts  and  expenditures  for  the  fiscal  year  factory  and  stone-quarry  accounts  for  the  two 
ending  Deoemher  81, 1878,  were  as  foUows :  years  stood  as  follows : 

EMtiptofromallioiinM 9480,486  80     fhoe-lkctory— expeiu© ftjrmaterWi ^«^!!  1? 

Mi»c«bjiB60iu  raeelpta T9,1W  91     BUme-qaany-wpeiiaei. 1,700  » 

Irom  p^ymanU  oq  State  ImhU  (in  currwqr). . , .      44.038  86  ^^^                                                                  ^^  ^ 

Total $604,166  47  -— _- 

Receipt!  from  Biilee  of  boots  and  Bboea. $67,743  06 

FjqHUidltares  on  an  aeooonU $86^889  61     Keooipta  from  aalea  of  atone %iM  18 

Of  the  $480,486.20  above  set  down  as  re-  '^'^ $Ti,686  19 

receipts^  nearly  one  half^  $207,551.40,  was  tax  Deducting    from    the    appropriation    the 

OQ  bullion,  paid  by  nine  among  the  fourteen  amounts  earned  by  convict  labor,  and  the  in- 

coonties  on  the  net  value  of  ores  extracted  crease  in  the  value  of  personal  property  noted 

from  the  mines  worked  within  their  respective  in  the  report  on  the  penitentiaiy  for  1877-'78, 

limits.    More  than  three  fourths  of  this  tax,  its  cost  to  the  State  for  the  two  years  together 

$159,223.74,  were  paid  by  Storey  County  alone,  is  reckoned  at  about  $86,000. 

OQ  which  Virginia  City  stands.  The  people  of  Nevada  have  long  been  suh- 

The  edjioation  of  youth  is  commendably  at-  jected  by  railroad  companies,  and  most  of  all 
tended  to.  The  numher  of  children  of  school  by  the  Central  Paci6c  Railroad  Company,  to 
age,  between  six  and  eighteen  years,  which  in  exorbitant  rates  of  transportation  for  passen- 
1876  was  7,610,  has  since  increased  by  nearly  2,-  gers  and  freight,  unjust  discriminations  against 
000,  being  9,864  in  1878.  Out  of  this  number,  persons  and  places,  and  other  extortions.  Sev- 
3,872  belonged  to  the  corporate  boundaries  of  eral  attempts  have  been  made  in  the  past  years 
Virginia  City  and  Gold  Hill  in  Storey  County —  to  remedy  the  evil  through  the  Legislature, 
boys  1,912,  girls  1,960.  The  number  of  chil-  but  without  av^.  Upon  this  point  Governor 
dren  of  this  county  enrolled  in  the  various  de-  Bradley  tells  them  in  express  terms  in  his  mes- 
partments  was  8,4B4.  The  average  school  year  sage  that  *^  those  representing  railroad  inter- 
was  ten  months.  The  State  receipts  on  account  ests  have  always  managed  to  create  a  doubt  in 
of  the  public  schools  in  1878  were  $286,417.64 :  the  minds  of  the  minority  of  one  or  the  other 
the  expenditures,  $204,186.78.  Of  the  school  House  as  to  the  constitutional  power  of  the 
expenses  in  each  coanty,  three  fourths  are  de-  State  to  legislate  on  the  subject ;  claiming  that 
rired  from  direct  taxstion.  The  amount  ap-  the  Federid  Government  alone  could  regulate  ^ 
portioned  and  paid  to  Storey  County  from  the  fares  and  freight."  But  he  now  informs  the 
State  in  1878  was  $20,124.87,  while  the  sum  Legislature  that  *'the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
9hd  expended  for  her  schools  in  the  year  was  United  States,  in  the  case  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
$102,954.72.  The  school  fnnd  has  $104,000  in  lington  and  Qnincy  Railroad  Company  m.  Iowa 
State  bonds,  and  $106,000  in  United  States  (4  Otto),  and  subsequent  cases,  has  decided  that 
boodA.  The  interest  received  from  the  former  the  State  can  regulate  by  law  fores  and  freights 
in  1878  was  $9,970;  from  the  latter,  $11,760.  on  all  railroads  within  its  limits."  He  concludes 
The  teachers  of  the  public  schools  receive  a  in  these  words :  ^*  There  is,  therefore,  no  longer 
liberal  compensation.  The  number  of  those  the  color  of  an  excuse  for  you  to  neglect  pass- 
employed  in  Storey  County  was  46— males  6,  ing  stringent  laws  to  protect  our  citizens  from 
females  40;  and  the  salaries  paid  them  were  the  extortions  and  unjnst  discriminations  of  rail- 
mach  above  $100  per  month,  especially  for  the  road  companies." 

males.    One  of  these  was  paid  at  the  rate  of  At  the  preceding  session  of  the  Legislature 

ilSOf  and  one  of  the  female  teachers  $180.  an  act  was  passed  creating  the  oflSce  of  a  State 

The  charitable  institutions  seem  to  be  well  Fish  Commissioner.    This  officer  has  already 

provided  for.    The  sum  expended  by  the  State  accomplished  much  by  the  performance  of  his 

for  their  support  in  1878  was  $51,851.12.    In  duties.    "  Washoe  Lake  has  been  stocked  with 

the  State  Orphans*  Home  there  were  at  the  Schuylkill  catfish  and  an  excellent  Eastern 

close  of  the  year  61  orphans,  16  of  whom  were  perch.     The  same  kind  of  catfish  has  been 

girls.    The  indigent  insane  of  Nevada  are  kept  planted  in  the  Humboldt  and  Carson  Rivers. 

ia  California  by  contract,  which  was  entered  A  hatchery  has  been  established  in  Carson 

into  on  March  8, 1877,  and  is  to  continue  four  (which  may  be  easily  moved  to  any  point),  and 

jean,  at  a  oompensition  per  capita  of  one  dol-  over  200,000  young  salmon  have  been  hatched, 

lar  per  day  for  each  insane  person.   Their  nnm-  and  will  soon  be  deposited  in  Walker  and 

ber  at  the  beginning  of  1879  was  160.    The  Tmckee  Rivers." 

proportion  of  the  insane  patients  from  Nevada  The  town  of  Austin  was  visited  on  the  16th 

eared  in  1877  was  about  25  per  cent,  of  the  of  August  by  a  devastating  flood,  with  the  loss 

whole  number  treated.  of  two  lives  and  the  destruction  of  a  great 


602                     NEVADA.  NEW  HAMPSHIBK 

amount  6t  property,  the  business  portion  of  the  tgi^nrt  the  heat  and  the  barren  porphyry— a  stftadj 

town  having  been  almost  completely  ruined.  P<*"7?«  ^°V°/  «^^^  ""^  !i**''P'ir^''^i??""*lr 

The  chief  mterest  in  the  Stlte  o/Nevada  is  '^i^^^l^t' LT^i^r  ±%l^^ 

the  workmg  oi  her  numerous  mmes.    The  two  any  other  class  of  men  in  the  world  exempt  NevsJi 

most  productive  ones  are  called  ^^the  Oalifor-  miners.    The  old  stocks  (only  108,00o  shares  f>.r 

nia  "  and  "  the  Consolidated  Virginia."    They  «*oh  mine)  was  worth  but  two  dollan  per  ahare.  and 

are  owned  by  distinct  companies^  yet  are  both  KwL^dXfhaiSi'rort^^^ 

worked  on  the  same  vem  on  the  Oomstock  lode,  ^„  ^^  from  the  Gould  and  Omj  shaft  throte't 

within  an  area  representing  a  surface  of  less  the  Best  and  Belcher  mine  into  the  ConaolidMetl 

than  ten  acres.     Their  gross  products  in  bul-  Virginia,  the  crest  of  the  bonanza  waa  cut ;  explon- 

lion  during  the  year  ended  December  81, 1877,  *»ons  followed,  and  the  more  work  waa  done,  the 

wppft  AA  fnllnwa  •  ™o"  <>'"«  ^*"  «3cpo»«d.  until  at  leDfftb,  u  the  »o- 

were  as  loiiows .  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  .^  ^^^  ^^Jj^  revealed  Qiat  an  ore  de- 

OBllfornls  mine $18,984,860  87  posit  had  been  discovered  thst  exceeded  in  exteGt 

CooBolidsted  Vii^^lais  mine 18,784,019  07  and  richness  anything  ever  found  before  in  a  mice. 

On  October  18, 1878,  the  first  shipment  of  baUi«B 

^^^ •88,048,8m  84  f,om  ^h^  Consolidated  Virginia  was  made ;  and  no* 

Their  expenses  for  salaries  and  miners'  wages  the  product  hwexcwded  1100,000  ooo,almoat  wt- 

:«  fK^  «rAo5„^«^ .  r«*.K«,v««;«  •«:««  •'tqq  mo  .  «*»  tenths  of  which  have  been  profits.    Of  the  wh.'<k 

m  the  year  were :  Cahfornia  mme,  $788,012 ;  ^^^unt  about  45  per  cent,  haa  Un  gold,  and  55  p.: 

Consolidated  Virginia,  $616,645.50;  total,  $1,-  cent,  silver. 

403,557.60.    About  as  much  more  was  paid  by  -ktpw  n  a  -iTDCTTTTiT?     ti.^  !>*-.« vi-          # 

them  to  laborers  employed  in  the  r^ucing  ,,.^7  HAMPSHIRE.    The  Repnbliei^  cf 

mills,  and  in  the  forests,  to  furnish  them  with  *^^«  ^tate  met  m  convention  at  .Concord  cd 

timber  and  food.    For  State,  county,  and  city  ^'^"^f^^  »'  1878,  to  nommate  their  candidate 

taxes  on  the  net  value  of  their  products  in  1877,  f?^  Governor  imd  Railroad  Commissioner  fcr 

the  California  mine  paid  $461,687.98,  and  the  J^^^^^^^j'  ?'  March  ensuing-the last  electKjc 

Consolidated  Virginia  $282,679.28;   together,  J?  ^  .^^j^  *^  f  ?^o?''T^'^''  "^^V  ^^  '^^ 

$744,217.16.     AU  of  these  payments  for  exl  Organic  Law  of  1792.    the  nommatiOTs  were 

pens^  and  taxes  make  a  totiS  of  about  three  a^JoUows:  for  Governor  Beigamin  F.  Pre. 

ind  a  half  million  doUars,  leaving  their  net  ??*^/tte«i  ^^n^^^*^  CommiasioDer, 

yield  at  above  twenty-nine  mUlionl,  or  at  the  ^^^}^  E  Willard,  of  Orford. 

rote  of  little  less  than  two  and  a  half  millions  ^^\  following  resolutions  were  adopted : 

a  month  for  interest  on  capital  employed  and  ^^o/wrf,  That  the  Republicans  of  New  Hamp^^Kii. 

dividends  among  the  stockW^^^  fn  1878  ^,^^,^^,  g^^^tts^d^sSiiS^^^^^ 

their  product  contmued  large,  though  it  was  pies,  to  wit :  The  United  States  of  America  is  a  cs- 

much  less  than  in  1877 ;  the  gross  yield  of  the  tion ;  the  fall  protection  of  all  citixens  in  the  tnll 

California  for  1878  having  been  $10,949,078.98.  eijoyment  of  all  their  rights ;  the  permanent  padAca^ 

Thedeoreasebomngin^eatparttotheworke  ^Z^^^To'v^^S^^Z^to^inS^i^^. 

meantime  executed  for  deeper  levels,  and  the  ^ous  and  steady  progress  to  specie  paymenu ;  tUt 

impossibility  of  extracting  ore  from  them  until  Senators  and  Sepresentatives,  who  may  be  jod^e 

I>roper  ventilation  is  secured  to  render  the  and  accnsers,  should  not  dictate  appointments  to 

aborer's  life  safe  from  the  effects  of  the  great  ®^<»»i  *^«  iujariable  roje,  for  apw>intmenu  to  have 

heat  which  exists  there,  and  which  is  insun.  ^STe^ /e^a^^Tt^^^^^^^^ 

portable.     The  aggregate  value  of  gold  and  sil-  where  the  harmony  and  vigor  of  the  Admi&iatnt2.c 

ver  taken  from  these  two  mines  within  the  last  requires  its  policy  to  be  represented ;  the  depreca- 

five  years  exceeds  one  hundred  millions  of  dol-  tion  of  all  sectional  feelinga  and  tendenciea;  the 

lars.    The  foUowing  facts  relate  to  their  early  "P«^<^7»  thoroagh,  and  unsparing  nroaecutioo  atd 

hiRtnrv  •  punishment  of  all  who  hetray  official  tmats ;  opposi* 

iiisbory .  IIqi^  ^  farther  land  (grants  to  corporal iona  and  mo- 

On  the  2d  inst.  there  was  a  shipment  of  bullion  nopolies ;  the  adjustment  of  duties  upon  imports  for 

from  the  Bonanza  mines  which  completed  the  aggre-  revenue  so  as  to  promote  the  interest  of  American 

gate  of  $100,000,000  shipped  from  those  mines.  The  labor  and  advance  the  prosperity  of  the  whole  pe<^le. 

exact  figures  were :  from  the  California,  $40,517,552.-  Be9oU«d^  That  we  recognize  the  paramount  duty  of 

20 ;  fVom  the  Consolidated  Virffinia,  $59,498,582.86 ;  President  Hayea  to  render  these  high  and  solemc 

total,  $100^,011,085.05.^   From  thia  sum  the  Califor-  professions  actual  and  living  reslities ;  and,  while  vs 

nia  has  paid  twenty-six  dividends,  sf  gregatinff  $28,-  admit  an  honest  difference  of  opinion  in  respect  to 

080,000,  and  the  Consolidated  Virgmia  haspaidforty-  hb  past  acts,  we  welcome  and  approve  hia  patrioiio 

six  dividends,  afir^ogating  $41)040,000,  making  a  and  sincere  efforts  to  keep  faith  with  the  pecple  and 

total  of  $69,140.000 ;  or  within  a  fraction  of  70  per  secure  to  the  whole  country  the  blesainga  of  a  just, 

cent,  of  the  whole  gross  product  of  the  mines.  These  efficient,  and  honest  Bepuolioan  oatioul  adnuni»- 

fiffures  are  altogether  unprecedented   in  mining,  tration. 

Tnis  amount  haa  been  taken  from  a  little  spot  of  Betolved^  That  we  oondemn  aa  reereant  and  min- 

ffround  less  than  800  feet  in  length,  and  from  60  to  ous  the  secoud  attempt  of  the  Democratic  House  cf 

800  feet  in  width ;  and  the  marvelous  deposit  is  still  Representatives  to  destroy  the  resumption  act^sad 

yielding  princely  sums.    For  five  years,  from  1867  thus  render  abortive  vears  of  anxiety  and  waitisr 

to  1872,  a  company  worked  the  ground  all  the  time,  and  praying  to  make  tne  greenba^  dollar  the  equsl 

expending  $161,840.41  upon  the  property,  without  of  the  gold  dollar  in  ita  capacity  to  reward  labor  and 

realizing  one  cent  in  return.    At  last  it  was  forced  pay  the  public  creditor. 

to  give  wsy.  and  on  the  11th  of  January,  1872.  the  liMolved,  That  we  disapprove  and  denounce  anv 

property  fell  to  the  present  management.     Tnese  legislation,  open  or  disguised,  teodinff  to  repudiate 

men  expended  $277,150.12  on  the  property  before  the  public  debt  in  whole  or  in  part ;  that  we  deem  s 

rsalizing  one  dollar  fVom  it.    It  waa  a  atubbom  fight  change  in  the  standard  of  valuea  by  making  the  de- 


NEW  HAMPSHIBE.  603 

prtditad  tilTflr  dollar  a  legal  tender  for  all  public  retribution  for  tbe  great  orime  bj  whioh  tbe  people 

Mid  private  indebtedneas  a  yiolation  of  the  rignta  of  were  defrauded  of  their  right  to  be  governed  oy 

property,  a  repudiation  of  govemmeDt  eontracta,  and  rulera  of  their  ohoioe,  and  hold  up  the  oriminals  to 

8  wrong  done  to  labor,  criminal  in  ita  nature  and  unirereal  execration;  and  we  demand  of  the  present 

dishonorable  to  the  nation ;  and  we  call  on  tbe  Prea-  Congreaa  the  adoption  or  initiation  of  such  measurea 

ident  to  use  tbe  veto  if  it  beoomea  neoeaaary,  aa  did  of  legislative  enactment  or  constitutional  amendment 

his  courageous  j>redeoesaor,  to  shield  the  national  as  shall  render  impoaaible  the  conaummation  of  an- 

honor  from  legislation  that  threatena  to  wound  and  other  such  outrage, 

blast  it  That  we  congratulate  all  good  dtisena  upon  the 

iSno^Mi,  That  a  free  and  unobstructed  passage  to  happy  results  which  have  ensued  through  the  adop- 

the  ballot-box  ia  the  conatitutional  rij^ht  of  eveiy  tion  of  Democratic  principles  by  the  national  Admin- 

citizsn,  of  whatever  race,  color,  or  condition ;  in  ac-  istration  in  reference  to  the  Houthern  States,  and 

cording  and  defending  that  right,  the  Bepublican  trust  that  hereafter  there  will  be  no  Southern  policy, 

p«rty  has  proved  that  it  is  the  true  national  party,  no  Northern  policy,  but  one  common  policy  ror  the 

while  the  Democratic  party,  oppoainff  and  denying  whole  Union  m  the  equality  and  dutiea  of  all  States 

that  right  through  intimidation  and  violence,  has  and  of  all  men  before  the  law. 

shown  toat  it  is  the  real  sectional  party.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  a  stable  currency,  honest 

S«$olv4<L  That  universal  education,  aided  and  en-  payment  of  the  public  debt,  and  are  opposed  to  all 

forced  by  legal  authority,  ia  the  only  safe  and  endur-  measurea  by  which  the  public  credit  may  be  im- 

inj(  basis  on  which  republican  govemmenta  and  in-  paired. 

ttitations  can  rest;  therefore,  we  demand  of  Congreaa  We    reassert  our  unqualifled  opposition  to  all 

and  the  Legislature  the  institution  of  meana,  com-  achemea  for  depleting  the  public  Treasury  or  bestow- 

pttlsory  if  need  be,  which  ahall  aecure  the  children  ing  the  remnant  of  the  public  landa  in  aid  of  private 

of  the  republic  primary  education,  ao  that  every  corporations  or  monopolies ;  and  we  congratulate  the 

voter  shall  be  able  to  understand  tiie  ballot  that  he  people  upon  the  professed  eleventh-hour  concession 

caats.  of  the  Bepublicana  of  New  Hampshire  to  this  stand- 

SuoUtd,  That  we  are  opposed  to  money  sttbsi<Uea  ard  Democratic  doctrine, 
and  land  granta  to  private  corporations  and  interests,  That  we  declare  our  abiding  faith  in  the  doctrine 
and  we  demand  that  our  Senatora  and  Representa-  of  the  fathera  that  the  Unitea  States  is  a  federal  re- 
lives in  Congress  ahall  sturdily  oppose  all  schemes  public  of  f^e  and  independent  States,  as  set  forth  in 
to  rob  the  Treaaurr  and  injure  the  public  credit.  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  united  under  a  gov- 

Setohtd^  That  the  unchallenged  purity,  economv,  emment  of  limited  powers  for  mutual  protection  and 

sod  effldenoy  of  all  departmenta  of  the  preaent  Aa-  advantage,  and  leaving  to  the  States  respectively  and 

ministration,  the  continued  reduction  oi  the  public  to  the  people  entire  control  under  the  Conatitution 

debt,  the  renmding  of  bonds  at  a  lower  rate  of  in-  of  all  mattera  pertaining  to  their  civil  govemmenta 

terest,  and  the  wise  and  hopeful  efforta  to  restore  and  social,  moral,  religious,  and  educational  prosper- 

protperity  at  home  and  extend  the  Held  of  American  ity  and  progress. 

commerce  and  manufactures  abroad,  deserve  and  That  in  the  interests  ofAmerioan  commerce,  which 

receive  an  unqualiiled  approbation.  Bepublican  misrule  has  banished  from,  the  seaa,  in 

BewlMdj  That  we  condemn  as  factious  and  mis-  the  interest  of  the  great  body  of  the  American  peo- 

ohievoua  all  attempta  to  reopen  the  Presidential  pie  outrageoualy  taxed  for  the  benefit  of  fiivored 

c>)Dtroversy  or  to  question  the  title  of  tbe  Preaident  clasaea,  we  demand  a  thorough  revision  and  reform 

to  his  high  office.  of  the  Federal  tariff,  so  that  It  shall  operate  to  stim- 

.,             ,,             ,                      *!..      1  ulate  rather  than  restrict  trade  between  our  and  for- 

At  tbe  conclusion  oi  tlie  reading  oi  this  plat-  eign  countries,  and  to  the  production  of  an  honest 

form,  a  delegate  moved  to  strike  from  the  third  revenue  rather  than  oppreaaion  of  the  masaes  for  t^e 

resolution  the  word  "  Democrat,"  since  the  at-  ■ggnmdiaement  of  a  few  monopolists. 

a^ntt'T^S^?  oorrency  by  speech  «id  cot^rv^st^^'^  X *l^n^^^^^^                   St 

vote  IS  not  confined  to  Democrats,  but  mdndes  commend  their  exsmple  to  the  present  Congress,  for 

large  numbers  of  RepubhcaDS.     He  contended  reducing  expenditures  in  the  various  departmenU  of 

that  the  condemnation  of  tbe  Convention  should  the  Government  more  than  $80,000,000,  and  for  their 

fall  on  every  person  guilty  of  such  attempts,  f®^*!  *?  apropriate  money  for  the  army  while  used 

His  motion  was  opposed  by  several  delegates,  JToKfTh^eS                 ''  '''^"'*  '"  *"" 

•'^Jj^*'-     .  That  the  public  interests  demand  a  thorough  re- 

The  nominations  for  State  Ooanoilors  were  viaion  of  the  laws  relating  to  taxation,  that  the  per- 

made  at  local  conventions  in  the  respective  dis-  sonalty  of  the  State  ahall  oear  an  equal  ahare  of  the 

tricta,  aa  follows :  District  No.  1,  Joshua  B.  ?i^"S  ?°5^®"J5'  ^^"^  J}**'  "^^  property  shall  be  sub- 


j.,  ^^  J ji^  *u^  *  n^ •            w  wu  «"»  »  MMjct  providinir  more  severe  and  certain  punishment  ol 

day,  and  made  the  following  nominations:  for  in  official  neglect  or  fraud  by  which  the  people's 

irovemor,  Frank  A.  McKean.  of  Nashua ;  for  aavinga  may  be  endangered  or  loat. 
Hailroad  Commissioner,  Hadley  B.  Fowler,  of 

Bristol    The  foUowing  platform  was  adopted :  Another  resolution  omitted  related  to  the 

^fi-o/wrf.  That  we  coidially  reaffirm  the  national  t««^Peranc6  movement  in  the  State,  and  advo- 

Democratic  platform  of  1876  aa  an  authoritative  ex-  0^*^  ^  license  system  as  a  substitute  for  tbe 

I>o«ition  of  the  prindplea  of  the  Democratic  party,  prohibition  law. 

and  we  congratulate  our  political  brethren  of  the  The  Democratic  candidates  for  Oonncilors 

Tn 5^! n^2!J?^  i^'l *^'J!*  ^""'''Jf^^' ''^''5  endorsed  ^ere  as  follows:  District  No.  1,  Lorenzo  M. 

ori:rh:S^.^Jj:;ora^^^^  Caipenter;  xVo.  2,  Warren Qark ;  Na  8,  Clark 

Hadley ;  No.  4,  Lyman  Bonnsevel ;  No.  6,  Jo- 

we  denounce  upon  the  Republican  party  stem  seph  Barrows. 


people. 
That 


604  NEW  HAMPSHIBE. 

The  Temperance  and  Greenback  parties  nom-  property  are  equally  taxed  nnder  the  present 

inated  as  their  respectiye  candidates  for  Goy-  laws ;  8,  to  seek  new  sources  of  revenue ;  and 

emor,  Asa  S.  E'endall  and  Samuel  Flint;  for  4,  to  recommend  to  the  Legislature  of  1878 

Bailroad  Oommissioner,  Warren  G.  Brown  and  some  plan  of  legislation  by  which  the  towns 

Nathaniel  Wiggin.  and  cities  may  be  relieved  to  some  extent  from 

The  election  on  March  12th  resulted  in  favor  what  is  known  as  the  State  tax.  The  Com- 
of  the  Republicans.  The  whole  number  of  missioners  submitted  to  the  Legislature  a  fbU 
votes  polled  in  the  State  for  Governor  was  report,  expresnng  their  belief  that,  without 
77,806,  of  which  Mr.  Prescott  received  89,872.  levying  any  direct  tax  on  towns  and  citiea,  it 
and  Mr.  MoEean  87,860.  The  Temperance  and  is  possible  to  raise  the  above-mentioned  sum  of 
Greenback  nominees  had  225  ana  269  votes  revenue  from  special  sources.  Theae  sources 
respectively.  The  vote  for  Governor  fell  short  they  enumerate  in  detail,  and  on  each  of  them 
of  that  of  the  preceding  year  by  76  ballots,  they  submit  a  separate  bill — ^nineteen  in  all- 
Considered  in  the  aggregate,  it  gives  the  Be-  recommending  their  passage.  Of  these  nine- 
publican  nominee  1,612  m^ority  over  the  Dem-  teen  bills  ten  were  enacted  into  laws.  The  bill 
ocratic ;  reckoned  by  counties,  it  shows  a  loss  which  in  this  matter  of  taxation  met  with  the 
of  1,876  votes  by  the  Republicans,  and  a  gain  strongest  opposition  was  that  '*  providing  for 
of  1,188  votes  by  the  Democrats.  Of  the  five  the  taxation  of  r^lroads."  It  was  passed  after 
State  Ooundlors  elected  four  were  Republi-  repeated  and  lengthy  debates,  and  after  several 
cans  and  one  Democrat — ^in  the  Fifth  District,  hearings  of  the  parties  concerned  before  a  com- 
The  election  of  members  of  the  Legislature  on  mittee  appointed  to  investigate  the  subject 
the  same  day  resulted  as  follows :  for  the  Sen-  The  new  law  taxes  the  railway  comfMuiies  on 
ate,  8  Republicans  and  4  Democrats ;  for  the  the  actual  value  of  their  property,  and  not  on 
House  of  Kepresentatives,  202  Republicans  and  their  capital  stock  as  heretofore. 
141  Democrats.  The  savings  banks  of  New  Hampshire  num- 

The  Legislature  assembled  on  Jone  5, 1878,  ber  66 ;  the  collective  sum  of  their  deposits  cm 

when  both  Houses  were  promptly  organized.  April  1,  1878,  was  $28,789,549,  which  is  |1,- 

In  the  Senate,  David  H.  JBufifhm,  of  Somers-  260,666.68  less  than  it  was  at  the  same  date  in 

worth,  was  elected  President.    In  the  House  the  preceding  year.    The  entire  expense  of 

of  Representatives,  Augustus  A.  Woolson,  of  managing  these  banks  during  the  year«  taxes 

Lisbon,  was  chosen  Speaker.  not  included,  was  $107,291.47.    The  uggregiia 

The  finances  of  New  Hampshire  appear  to  number  of  depositors  is  94,967.    The  Oity  §av- 

be  in  a  most  satisfactory  condition.    Her  credit  ings  Bank  at  Manchester,  and   the  Carroll 

stands  as  high  as  that  of  any  other  State  in  the  County  Five  Cent  Savings  Bank  at  Wolfes- 

Union,  and  her  bonds,  which  have  several  years  borough,  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  assignees, 

to  run,  are  eagerly  sought  after  and  command  and  both  have  been  closed.  For  the  first-named 

remarkably  high  premiums.    The  State  revenue  bank  a  dividend  of  25  per  cent  has  been  de- 

and  expenditure  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  Mav  clared,  and  began  to  be  psid  to  depositors  on 

81, 1878,  were  as  follows :    Receipts  from  all  September  16, 1878.    The  second  also  has  been 

sources,  $922,248.48 ;  cash  in  the  Treasury  on  declared  insolvent,  as  its  assets  hare  been  esti- 

June  1,  1877.  $26,887.76 ;  total,  $948,081.24.  mated  to  be  about  25  per  cent,  less  than  the 

Aggregate  disDursements  on  all  accounts,  $984,-  sums  which  its  officers  stated  to  stand  to  the 

744.16 ;  cash  in  the  Treasury  on  June  1,  1878,  credit  of  its  depositors  on  April  1,  1878.    The 

$18,887.09.     The  year's  revenue  from  State,  deposits  of  six  among  the  savings  banks  hare 

insurance,  and  railroad  taxes,  together  with  been  cat  down  by  the  Bank  Commissioners  in 

$16,089.49  miscellaneous,  and  $1,688.09  inter-  the  ratio  of  16,  20,  and  25  per  cent,  respec- 

est,  was  $496,466.81.    The  expenses  for  the  tively ;  the  examination  of  their  affairs  last 

same  period  were :  ordinary,  $177,867.60 ;  ex-  year  having  shown  that  the  securitiea  held  by 

traordinary,  $48,196.60 ;  interest  paid,  $214,-  them,  if  thrown  upon  the  market,  would  not 

701.71 ;  total,  $440,266.01.    The  $100,000  in-  realize  a  sum  sufficient,  together  with  the 

stallment  on  the  funded  debt  was  duly  paid  on  guarantee  funds,  to  pay  each  depositor  the  whole 

July  1, 1877.    The  principal  of  the  State  debt  amoont  due  him.    In  this  the  Commissioners 

has  been  reduced  $46,200.80  daring  the  year,  have  acted  by  authority  of  law  in  connection 

Its  amoant  on  June  1, 1878,  was  $8,630,190.07.  with  the  Supreme  Court. 

To  meet  the  ordinary  liabilities  of  1878-'79,  a  Of  insurance  companies  doing  business  in 

State  tax  of  $400,000  is  sufficient    The  same  New  Hampshire,  there  are  16  town  mutual  5 

sum  has  been  annually  raised  for  many  years  State,  and  1  stock  fire,  organised  under  the 

past  for  that  purpose.    This  tax  is  levied  on  State  laws,  and  66  fire  and  fire-marine  of  other 

towns  and  cities,  and  had  been  long  complained  States  and  countries.    The  16  town  mutosl 

of  as  a  burden  pressing  heavily  on  the  people,  companies  have  $2,800,000  at  risk ;  their  losses 

especially  thefarmers  and  small  real-estate  own-  last  year  amounted  to  $5,316.59,  and  the  cost 

ers.    The  Legislature  of  1877  passed  a  joint  of  insurance  was  26  cents  per  $100.    The  five 

resolution  creating  a  Board  of  Tax  Commis-  State  mutuals  are  considered  to  be  in  a  pre- 

sioners,  with  instructions — 1,  to  consider  the  carious  condition;  two  of  them  have  termi- 

Bources  from  which  the  State  derives  its  rev-  nated  their  risks,  preparatory  to  closing  bust- 

enue;  2,  to  ascertain  whether  all  classes  of  ness.    One  new  company,  ^^The  Merrimack 


NEW  HAMP8HIBE.  605 

Mntoal,'^  has  been  started.  The  New  Hamp-  from  the  State.  Though  thk  coUege  is  not 
Bhire  Fire  InsoraQoe  Company,  at  Manchester,  strictly  a  State  institution,  Goyemor  Prescott 
U  the  only  one  in  the  State  reported  to  be  in  warmly  urges  the  Legislature*  to  grant  its  pe- 
a  remarkably  flourishing  condition.  Both  its  tition,  as  all  the  citizens  are  greatly  interested 
assets  and  net  surplus  hjave  been  increased  as  in  the  continuance  of  that  work  unimpaired 
the  result  of  the  year's  transactions.  The  65  which,  since  the  time  of  its  charter  in  1769, 
fire  and  fire-marine  insurance  companies  of  has  steadily  and  in  so  many  respects  benefited 
other  States  and  countries  have  about  fifty  mil-  New  Hampshire.  The  State  Reform  School 
lions  of  dollars  at  risk  in  New  Hampshire,  for  boys  and  girls  is  weJl  managed,  and  realizes 
The  aggregate  amount  of  premiums  received  by  the  purpose  intended.  The  aggregate  number 
them  in  1877  was  $463,808.28 ;  of  the  losses  of  inmates  received  in  the  school  since  its 
paid,  $267,595.28,  or  67  per  cent,  of  the  pre-  opening  is  922 ;  number  during  the  year,  145. 
mioms.  The  rates  of  insurance  continue  to  In  April,  1878,  they  numbered  116 — ^boys  100, 
decline.  The  Insurance  Oommissioner  says  girls  16.  Connected  with  it  are  a  farm,  a  chair- 
tbey  are  now  so  low  *^  that  many  companies  manufactory,  a  shoe-shop,  and  a  printing-office. 
are  doing  business  at  an  actual  loss."  He  warns  The  number  of  convicts  in  the  State  Prison 
the  business  public  that  it  is  unsafe  for  them  has  remarkably  increased  during  the  year.  At 
to  invite  weak  and  unstable  insurance  for  the  the  end  of  May,  1878,  it  was  201,  which  ex- 
temporary advantage  of  low  rates.  There  are  c^eds  by  82  their  highest  number  before  the 
24  life-insurance  companies  doing  business  in  adjournment  of  the  previous  Legislature :  and 
the  State,  which  have  in  it  6,668  policies,  it  was  found  necessary  to  convert  the  chapel 
amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  $10,508,155.  into  a  dormitory.  The  Legislature  of  1877  ap- 
In  1877  thej  issued  842  policies,  and  collected  propriated  $200,000  for  the  erection  in  a  suit- 
on  new  and  old  policies  $812,828.87 ;  paid  for  able  location  of  a  new  State  Prison,  wUh  ac- 
death  losses  and  claims  $209,988.98.  Their  bust-  commodations  for  200  convicts.  This  was  con- 
Dd9s  transactions  in  the  State  show  a  decline,  sidered  amply  sufficient  for  many  years  to 
The  life-insurance  companies  are  well  spoken  come,  as  the  largest  number  of  convicts  prior 
of  in  regard  to  soundness,  reliability,  and  pro-  to  the  passage  of  the  act  had  been  169.  The 
spective  success.  Commissioners  appointed  to  take  charge  of  this 
Public  instruction  in  New  Hampshire  con*  work  have  selected  the  site,  and  taken  the  pre- 
tinaes  in  successful  operation  under  the  well-  liminary  steps  toward  the  erection  of  the  build- 
contrived  educational  system*  Although  its  ing ;  and  the  Legislature  has  authorized  them 
stringent  laws  requiring  all  children  of  the  to  eiolarge  the  plan  by  64  additional  cells,  etc. 
proper  age  to  attend  school  are  not  in  all  cases  The  earnings  of  the  convicts'  labor  have  cov- 
rigidly  enforced,  the  number  of  children  who  ered  all  ezuenses,  and  left  a  net  surplus  of  $5,- 
attended  school  last  year  was  1,600  larger  than  189.09.  Tne  interest  accrued  on  previous  earn- 
in  the  preceding.  In  his  message  to  the  Legis-  ings  was  $2,255.28,  mi^ng  a  total  of  $7,444.87 
Utore,  the  Governor  requires  that  the  officers  as  the  net  earnings  of  the  State  Prison  for  the 
who  have  this  matter  in  charge  should  be  more  year  ended  Apru  80,  1878.  The  aggregate 
diligent,  and  not  allow  any  chUdren  to  be  absent  amount  standing  to  the  credit  of  the  prison  on 
from  school  except  for  good  reasons.  To  en-  May  1,  1878,  as  earned  by  the  convicts,  was 
hance  the  effidenoy  of  the  system,  he  recom-  $58,607.67. 

mends  that  the  literary  fund,  instead  of  being.  Besides  the  numerous  insane  patients  treated 

a?  it  now  is,  distributed  on  the  basis  of  the  at  the  State  asylum,  there  are  nearly  800 

number  of  children  of  school  age  in  the  several  insane  paupers  in  New  Hampshire,  who  are 

towns,  should  be  distributed  on  the  basis  of  kept  in  county  farms  destined  for  that  purpose, 

the  largest  average  attendance,  so  that  the  par-  and  supported  at  the  charge  of  the  respective 

ties  concerned  might  be  prompted  by  self-  counties.    This  method  is  considered  prefera- 

interest  to  exert  themselves  more  efiectually  ble,  especially  for  such  as  are  incurable ;  their 

to  keep  children  at  school    The  number  of  maintenance  in  these  farms  costing  much  less 

graduates  of  the  Normal  School  actually  em-  than  at  the  asylum.    The  deaf-mutes,  the  blind, 

ployed  as  teachers  in  1877  was  295 ;  in  1878,  and  the  feeble-minded  of  New  Hampshire  are 

896.    The  Legislature  passed  an  act  making  an  kept  at  the  expense  of  the  State  in  the  institu- 

annual  appropriation  of  $3,000  **'  for  the  sup-  tions  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.    The 

port  and  maintenance  of  the  Normal  School  at  Legislature  of  1878  appropriated   for  these 

Plymouth."    In  the  State  College  of  Agricul-  classes  respectively  $5,000,  $8,000,  and  $1,000. 

tore  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  a  new  course  of  The  method  of  keeping  the  poor  is  to  collect 

studies  has  been  put  in  operation,  including  a  all  belonging  to  a  county  and  take  care  of  them 

thorough  and  practical  English  education,  in  together  at  a  farm  established  for  that  purpose, 

addition  to  a  knowledge  of  the  science  of  agri-  Every  town  or  city,  instead  of  maintaining  its 

CQJtare.   Three  full  years  are  required  to  finish  own  poor  in  some  place  within  its  limits,  or 

this  course.    The  degree  of  "  Bachelor  of  Agri-  farming  them  out  to  the  lowest  bidder,  as  the 

calture**  will  be  conferred  on  those  who  sue-  practice  was  before,  sends  them  to  the  county 

cessfnlly  complete  it    Dartmouth  College  is  farm,  and  pays  its  proportional  ^hare  of  the 

embarrassed  by  the  depreciation  of  some  of  its  expense.    From  an  account  of  the  workings  of 

inrestments,  and  asks  for  temporary  assistance  the  Hillsborough  County  farm  and  its  results 


606  NEW  HAMPSHIBK 

in  1877,  published  in  April,  1878,  it  woald  ap-  bj  small  causes  are  taken  ont  of  the  judicial 
pear  that  the  present  county  system,  especially  proceedings  in  the  ordinary  courts,  and  al- 
as compared  w^ith  the  nrevious  town  system,  lowed  to  be  heard  and  decided  by  a  referee, 
is  most  beneficial  to  all,  concerned,  being  the  appears  from  its  practical  operation  to  be  a 
least  expensive,  and  affdrdiug  to  the  poor  the  great  benefit  to  the  people ;  the  Gtoyemor 
greatest  amount  of  comfort  and  general  welfare,  stating  in  his  message,  '*Iam  informed  from 
In  order  to  ascertain  the  truth  in  the  case,  the  the  highest  authority  that  the  small  suits  which 
Legislature  of  1878  appointed  a  special  joint  occupied  so  much  time  in  the  courts,  and  cre- 
committee,  with  power  to  hear  testimony  and  ated  so  much  expense  to  the  counties  and  the 
the  parties  interested.  The  committee  reported  litigants,  are  rapidly  disappearing  from  the 
**  that,  after  many  hearings  and  much  consid-  dockets.'' 

eration  of  the  subject,  the  system  of  county  The  annual  expenditures  for  the  geological 
support  is  found  to  be  the  best  possible  system  survey  of  New  Hampshire,  begun  in  1868,  and 
for  our  State  to  sustain,  and  is  giving  reason-  continued  to  the  present  year,  are  now  at  an 
able  satisfaction  in  all  the  counties  of  the  State  end,  that  work  having  been  completed.  The 
except  Merrimack ;  and  tJiat  in  this  one  county  last  of  the  three  volumes  exhibiting  the  pro- 
alone  is  a  demand  made  to  return  to  the  town  gressive  operations  of  the  survey  with  tneir 
system."  results,  and  a  separately  bound  atlas  represent- 
Besides  inquiring  into  the  best  method  of  ing  the  configuration  of  the  State,  have  been 
supporting  State  paupers,  the  Legislature  of  published. 

this  session  has  attended  to  the  subject  of  va-  Both  before  and  after  the  meeting  of  the 

grancy,  and  taken  decided  action  to  pat  it  Legislature  for  the  June  ses^on  of  1878,  the 

down  by  passing  a  law  entitled  *^  An  Act  to  doubt  raised  as  to  its  right  to  elect  a  United 

punish  Tramps,"  as  follows :  States  Senator  in  the  place  of  B.  Wadleigh, 

whose  term  expires  on  March  8,  1879,  has 

excitement  within 

the  question 

elected,  bv  the 

^^t^^^  not  mSre  than  fifteen  month..  ligature  which^wM 'chosen  in  March,  '1878, 
Sec.  2.  Any  tramp  who  shall  enter  any  dwelling-  „.^  /^^^^s.^  ««  t««a  ^\^^  aom^  v^.,.  ^a  5-  tZ 
house,  or  kindle  any  fire  in  the  highway  or  on  tSe  ^^  organised  in  June  the  same  year,  and  is  to 
landofanother,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  or  continue  in  Office  till  June,  1879;  or  by  the 
oooupant  thereof,  or  shall  be  found  carrring  any  fire-  next  Legislature,  which,  in  pursuance  of  a  pro- 
arm  or  other  dangerous  weapon,  or  shall  threaten  to  vision  of  the  new  State  Oonstitution  latelv 
do  Myinjuryto  any  person  or  to  the  real  or  personal  adopted,  is  to  be  chosen  in  November,  1878, 
estate  of  another,  stiall  be  pumshed  by  imprisonment  "t*j!?^  'V  •  t  \.  T mrn  -.!fi  l^J*mTr*  «  ^ 
at  hard  labor  in  the  State  Prison  not  more  than  two  organized  in  June,  1879,  and  oontmue  in  office 
years.  for  two  years  thereafter.  Both  of  these  Le- 
Seo.  8.  Any  tramp  who  shall  willfiiUy  and  mali-  gislatures  have  found  advocates,  asserting  the 
oiously  do  any  injury  to  any  person  or  to  the  real  or  elective  right  of  either  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
personal  estate  of  another  shall  be  punished  by  im-  ^^er :  the  uncertainty  of  the  case  appar«ntiy 
pnsonment  at  hard  labor  m  the  State  Prison  not  "*'."Y  '  Vy  uuv^n«*i*v  "»  v««  v«o«  op^jw^uM/ 
more  than  five  years.  arising  from  the  laws  enacted  by  CoDgress  m 
Sao.  4.  Any  act  of  beggary  or  vagrancy  by  any  1866,  whereby  the  right  to  elect  Federal  Sen- 
person  not  a  resident  of  tms  State  shall  be  evidence  ators  is  vested  in  *'  the  Legislature  of  each  State 
^Sil'*"? J®"*"" .oommitting  the  same  is  a  tramp  ^hjch  is  chosen  next  preceding  the  expiration 
^'^:^i^\^P^^f^'^n^l.  of  any  offense  de-  of  the  fme  for  which  any  Senator  was  Jected." 
scribed  in  this  act,  may  apprehend  the  offender  and  This  Statute  the  disputants  m  the  present  case 
take  him  before  a  ji)stice  of  the  peace  for  ezamina-  not  unplausibly  interpret  so  as  to  make  it  des- 
tion,  and  on  his  conviction  shall  be  entitled  to  a  ignate,  on  the  one  hand,  the  Legislature  organ- 
Mu"y  **"  ^""^^^  therefor,  to  be  paid  by  the  i^ed  in  June,  1878,  because  this  is  the  only 
Sko.  6.  The  mayor  of  every  city  and  the  selectmen  Legi^ature  of  New  HampsWre  actually  in  office 
of  every  town  are  hereby  authorueed  and  required  to  on  the  day  when  Senator  Wadleigh^s  term  ex- 
appoint  special  constables,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  pires,  as  well  as  before  and  for  months  after 
arrest  and  prosecute  all  tramps  in  their  respective  ft ;  on  the  other,  the  Legishiture   chosen  in 

cities  and  towns.  November,  1878,  because  this  is  the  Leirisla- 

Seo.  7.  This  act  shsll  not  apply  to  any  female,  or  ^'"'^"*^m     tt      ^T     ..   ,            •^2^*^«c*«« 

minor  under  the  age  of  seventeen  years,  nor  to  iny  ture  of  New  Hampshire  "  chosen  next  preced- 

blind  person.  ing  the  expiration  of  the  time  for  which  Sen- 

Sia.  6.  Upon  the  passsge  of  this  act,  the  Secretary  ator  Wodleigh  wss  elected."    A  number  of 

of  State  shall  cause  printed  copies  of  this  act  to  be  letters  advocating  either  side  of  the  question, 

sent  to  the  several  town  and  city  clerks,  who  shall  „„^^4.^^  ««^#u«-;«v.«ii-.  ^^  r^^ir*\^w,  ;»  %^^  — i^J 

cause  the  same  to  be  posted  in  at  least  six  conspicu-  written  professionally  as  opinion  in  law  and 

ous  places,  three  of  which  shall  be  on  the  public  otherwise,  and  bearing  tlie  signature  of  welJ- 

highway.  known  persons,  have  appeared  in  the  news- 

8»o.  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  on  and  after  papers  since  the  State  election  of  March,  1878; 

;S]15nf*i?;»,  ?J?'  ^"^  *""  ^  ^^  P"'*?  2^  *^*'  ^'''''^  and  with  a  view  to  settle  the  matter,,  in  regard 

sistent  with  this  act  are  hereby  repealed.  •  ^i     a     xi-j  ^  vr  rr  v       « 

Approved  August  6, 1878.  ^     *^  especially  to  this  case  of  New  Hampshire,  a 

bill  was  introduced  in  the  United  States  Senate, 

The  art  passed  at  the  preceding  session,  its  titie  and  object  being,  to  dedare  the  true 

sommonly  termed  '^  The  Referee  Laws,"  where*  intent  and  meaning  of  the  statute,  as  before 


NEW  HAMPSHIBE.  607 

mentioned.    The  bill  was  referred  to  the  Oom-  chosen,  would  bo  composed  of  a  majority  of  memben 

mittee  on  Privaeges  and  Elections,  who  early  <>f  ^^•J*^  Rjli^o*  ^.  ^^}f,  ^^^^  elected  aSenttor 

•    T            u    ii^^x  *^  4.1...  a^^^4^^  T!ia4.-;i.*;i  •/  long  before  the  term  tor  which  he  was  elected  benn. 

m  Jane  aabmitted  to  the  Senate  a  detailed  re-  i„  Sthet  instanoes,  when  the  two  Houses  of  the  L^is- 

port,  oonduding  with  a  recommendation  that  Uture  were  of  adverse  politics,  the  election  of  Sensr 

the  biU  should  be  indefinitely  postponed,  as  tors  was  obstructed.  To  avoid  these  and  other  abuses, 

t'ollows:  *°^  ^^  secure  the  latest  expression  of  the  people 

_    _     *  ^          iwi-ji A  vi^^^..  4^  — 1.1-v  _—  through  its  Legislature,  and  to  enable  the  States  re- 

Tlie  Committae  on  PHvilegw  sad  Eleotions,  to  wbieh  was  ._„«r?L^i-,  *-  ^«v«  .nA  «>«/v»;«;a»  *^k.f  ««  «..<..»«. 

referred  the  bUl  (9.  IS^lVto  dedsra  thetrue  Intent  and  JPectively  to  make  such  provision  that  no  vacancy 

meuiof  of  UUe  2,  chapter  1,  section  14,  of  the  KcvImmI  Stat-  »?f  ^7  penod  would  occur  m  their  representation  m 

aUi,  fasTe  oonaldered  the  aame,  and  rabmit  tka  following  the  Senate  for  want  of  an  election  in  time,  Congress 

Kport :                                                     ,  passed  the  act  of  1866,  regulating  both  the  time  and 

Under  the  Constitution  of  New  Hampshire,  adopted  the  manner  of  the  election  of  Senators  by  the  Legis- 

io  1792j  the  Legislature  of  that  State  was  chosen  an-  lature  of  each  State. 

noally  in  March  and  met  in  June  following.    In  1877  The  first  section  is  the  only  one  which  it  is  neces- 

an  amendment  of  the  Constitution  was  adopted  by  sary  here  to  consider.    The  word  *^  chosen,"  used 

which  the  State  Legislature  will  be  chosen  biennially  in  this  section,  is  used  in  its  ordinary  Bignlflcation — 

on  the  first  Tuesday  of  November.    The  amendment  **  made  choice  of,"  **  selected^^*  *^  elected."    The  ob- 

taket  effect  on  the  1st  day  of  October,  1878,  and  a  ject  of  the  section  is  to  prescnbe  the  time  of  choosing 


Lezislsture  will  be  chosen  in  November  next,  which  Senators ;  nothing  else.  It  does  not  confer  any  pow- 
viu  first  meet  In  June,  1879,  whose  term  of  omce  will  er  of  election  upon  the  Legislature— the  Constitution 
be  t«ro  years  from  and  after  the  seventh  day  prior  to     vests  that  power  exclusively  in  the  Legislature ;  but 


chosen  in  November  next  must  elect  the  Senator  for  named,  the  time  ia  nxed  with  reference  to  the  ^*  meet- 
the  term  commenolnff  on  the  4th  of  March  next,  the  ing  ana  organization"  of  the  Legislature  which  is  to 
State  will  be  deprived  of  one  of  her  representatives  elect.  In  order  to  do  this,  the  Legislature  which  is 
in  the  Senste  from  the  4th  of  March,  1879,  until  the  to  elect  must  be  clearly  identified.  That  is  intended 
Legislsture  meets  in  June,  1879.  If,  on  the  other  to  be  done  in  the  language,  "TheLegialatureof  each 
hand,  the  Legislature  now  chosen,  which  meets  on  State  which  is  chosen  next  preceding  the  expiration 
the  first  We<mesday  of  June  next,  may,  under  the  of  the  time  for  which  any  Senator  waa  elected,"  etc 
act  of  Congress,  elect  a  Senator  for  the  term  com-  A  Legislature  is  chosen  when  the  members  of  the 
meacing  on  the  4th  of  March  next,  there  will  be  no  two  Houses  of  which  it  is  composed  are  elected, 
interruption  in  the  representation  of  the  State  in  the  The  Legislature  specified  in  the  section  under  con- 
United  States  Senate.  The  question,  therefore,  is  sideration  is  the  one  chosen  next  preceding  the  ex- 
ono  of  great  importance.  piration  of  the  time  for  which  any  Senator  was  elected. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  (Article  I..  The  choice,  the  meeting,  and  the  organization  of  the 
section  8)  provides  that  **  the  Senate  of  the  Unitea  Legislature,  are  subjects  which  are  all  referred  to  in 
States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators  from  each  this  section,  and  were  in  the  mind  of  the  Congress 
State,  chosen  b^  the  Legislature  thereof."  Section  when  the  law  was  made ;  but  thev  applied  them  to 
4  of  tne  same  article  provides  that  the  **  times,  places,  different  purposes.  The  word  ^*  chosen  "  is  used,  aa 
and  manner  of  holaing  electiona  for  Senators  ana  we  have  seen,  to  identify  the  Legislature  which  is  to 
Bepresentatives  ahall  be  preacribed  in  each  State  by  elect ;  the  meeting  and  organization  are  referred  to 
the  Legislature  thereof;  but  the  Contrress  may  at  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  day  upon  which  the 
any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  ex-  election  shall  be  commenced.  If  Congress  had  in- 
cept aa  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators."  tended  to  authorize  the  Legislature  chosen  and  or- 

The  effect  of  these  provisions  clearly  is:  1.  To  ^ai»iis«i  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  time  for 

give  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  States,  respectively,  which  any  Senator  waa  elected,  it  would  have  said 

the  right  to  choose  Senators  in  the  Congress ;  2.  l*o  so ;  but  it  has  not  done  so ;  and  in  this  connection, 

give  to  the  Legislatares  of  the  States,  respectively,  recurring  to  the  fact  that  the  object  of  the  act  was  to 

the  exolusiye  power  to  fix  the  j>^cm  of  electing  Sena-  secure  the  latest  expression  of  the  public  will  pre- 

tors,  and  in  tne  absence  of  action  by  Congress  the  ceding  the  commencement  of  the  term  in  the  election 

power  to  presoribe  the  times  and  manner  of  electing  of  a  Senator  by  its  Legislature,  the  omission  to  ^o 

Senators ;  8.  To  give  to  Congress  the  paramount  so  must  have  been  intentional. 

right  at  any  time  bylaw  to  make  or  alter  regulations  Congress  undoubtedly  intended  to  keep  filled  the 

as  to  the  times  ana  manner  of  choosing  Senatora  by  representation  in  the  Senate  fh>m  every  State,  and 

the  LegialaCure  of  each  State.    In  the  exercise  of  the  expected  when  the  act  of  1866  was  passed  that  the 

power  thus  giyen  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  would  so  fix  the  time  of  the  election  and  meet* 

States,  Con-jress  passed  the  act  regulating  the  elec-  ine  of  their  Legislatures  as  to  accomplish  this  result. 

tioQ  of  Senators,  approved  July  25. 1866  (14  Stat,  at  But  it  also  intended,  what  the  act  or  1866  expressly 

Large,  p.  248).    The  provisions  or  this  act  were  in-  declares,  that  Senators  shall  be  elected  at  auch  times 

corporated  into  the  Revised  Statutes,  and  are  found  as  will  enable  the  Legislature  last  chosen,  and  repre- 

ia  section  14,  chapter  1,  title  2,  of  that  volume,  as  senting  the  last.expression  of  the  public  will,  to  make 

foUowa :  the  choice. 

**The  Legislature  of  each  State  which  is  chosen  If  the  construction  that  the  Lcfrislature  chosen  a»<l 
next  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  time  for  which  organiud  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  such  term 
any  Senator  waa  elected  to  represent  such  State  in  must  elect,  is,  as  we  thinx,  against  the  plain  language 
Conirress,  shall,  on  the  second  Tuesday  after  the  of  the  statute,  then  the  purpoae  to  obtain  the  last  ex- 
meeting  and  organization  thereof,  proceed  to  elect  a  pression  of  the  public  will  may.  In  all  oases,  as  it 
Senator  in  Congress."  would  in  this,  he  entirely  defeated.    A  construction 

Prior  to  the  act  of  July  25, 1866,  each  State  regu-  which  would  admit  of  such  results  can  not  be  given. 

lated  the  times  and  manner  of  electing  Senators  as  The  law  of  Congress  upon  this  subject  is,  by  the 

well  ss  the  place  of  holding  the  election.    Abuses  Constitution,  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  is  ob- 

sprung  up  under  this  system  which  the  act  of  Con-  ligatory  upon  all  the  States ;  and  if  the  section  under 

gress  was  intended  to  avoid.    In  some  caaes  parti-  consideration  be  so  construed  as  to  vest  the  power  to 

san  members  having  control  of  a  State  Legislature  elect  in  the  Legislature  chosen  next  preceding  the 

elected  without  reference  to  the  choioe  of  a  Senator,  expiration  of  the  Senatorial  term,  irrespective  of  the 

snticipating  the  expiration'of  a  Senatorial  term,  ana  time  of  ita  meeting,  every  State  may  so  regulate  the 

that  an  intervening  Legislature  chosen,  or  to  be  times  of  the  election  and  meeting  of  its  Legialatnre 


608  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

that  no  Tftoanoj  shall  oeonr  in  her  repreaentalion  hj  the  following  State  ticket :  For  Govenior.  War- 

Sm^ubUo^l'^the'^X^o^^^^  ^^  ^-  B'<>^^  o'  Whitefield;  for  Railroad 

acoomplish  aU  the  purSoaeaof  the  MtorConrnw.  OommiMioijers,  Nathwiiel  Wiggin,  of  Gretn- 

The  rule  adopted  iu  the  case  of  Blodgett  and  1^  or-  ^^^u,   Charlea  S.  Eastman,   of  Concord,  and 

wood  (Senate  Beport  No.  10,  Forty-aecond  Con^^aa,  Charles  M.  Weeks,  of  Haye]:ilL   The  f ollowii^ 

aeoond  seaeion)  covers  the  questions  involved  in  the  platform  was  adopted : 

hill  before  the  Committee,  and  may  be  oonaidered  the  im    _     mu        #-*'.*     *  *      *  *v            .    . 

settled  rule  of  the  Senate.  ^^??*?"»  J^^  unfortunate  atate  of  the  countof* 

At  -----       .                                        . 

State 
visions 

wS  have"8VM,"theTe7iini;tuWwhi^"i'^^^^  *^«  demonetization  of  the  silver  dollar^thc  exemt. 

in  November  will  not  meet  until  Juno,  1879,  which  '^®°  of  Government  bonda  from  taxation,  and  t£e 

will  be  after  the  commencement  of  the  term  for  which  00Dt»ctM>n  of  currency  through  propoaed  foreedit^ 

the  Senator  is  to  be  chosen.    ThU  presents  the  ques-  ^V^pn:  therefore,                                ,    ,  .^ 

tion  whether  an  act  of  Congress  fixing  the  time  of  ^,  -®Tu    t^5f^*  V  ^«™*'*^  ^^  ."P^  of  the  as. 

the  election  of  a  Senator  is  unconstitutional  if,  under  tion^-banlc  act.    We  demand  the  laaue  by  the  Gta- 


If  it  is,  then  an  act  of  Congress  or  of  a  SUte  liCgia-  fumption  act ;  equal  and  juat  tsxation  of  ^  indind- 

lature  fixing  the  titne  for  the  election  of  Bepresent-  ^"^ *"**  corporate  ^^roperty ;  a  thoroughly  honeat  ^U 

atives  in  Congress  after  the  constitutional  term  be-  «<»nomioal  administration  ofnubhc  affaira :  that  t!.« 

gins  is  for  like  reasons  void.    But  it  is  settled  by  a  tr5"«*  °*  **>«  officers  of  the  Government^  Stsje  ttd 

frequent  and  unbroken  practice  existing  since  the  f  «ae"l,  be  so  fixed  that  their  r^unermtion  ahsU  bt 

foundation  of  the  Government,  that  whenpublio  con-  *.?»'  eqmvalent  for  serviMS  rendered ;  that  no  wt- 

venlence  seems  to  the  Legislature  of  a  State  or  to  5*.^l«*  '^f  S^^^^  by  the  Genersl  Government  to  m- 

Congress  to  require  such  irranffement,  the  election  ^''i?^*!*/'  ^S^^^^^S^^i  *^*  J^e  public  lands  le 

of  BSpresentatiVes  in  Congress  may  UwVully  be  fixed  T     ^^  '?•'  ^^t  ^*°®?'  .    ^^  Mttlers ;  and  U.ii 

for  a  da,j  shortly  after  the  term  begins.   TThia  has  *  modification  be  made  to  the  ironclad  tramp  Uw 

been  true  in  recent  years  of  California,  of  Connecti-  ^''^^^  »'  the  last  seaaion  of  the  Lagialature. 
cut.  and  of  New  Hunpshire  herself.    T^heir  elections        For  State  Oooncilors  and  Congressmen,  the 

took  place  in  March  or  April  after  the  4th  of  March,  r« -;,*«« »v«-i,  ^«-*«  „..v  ^ *i  •      x  j  2r  • 

when  the  law  fixed  the  commencement  of  the  offlciai  Greenback  party  subsequently  nominated  their 

term  on  the  4th  day  of  March.    They  had  been  so  canaidates  by  district  coDventions  as  foUovi: 

fixed  sometimes  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  two  gen-  For  Councilors — ^District  No.  1,  Oliver  L.  Gid- 

eral  elections  in  the  State  interested,  and  sometimes  dings ;  No.  2,  Arthur  Deering :  No.  8,  Andrew 

to  avoid  elections  at  an  inconvenient  aeason  of  the  o.  Wallace;  No.  4,  Henry  H.  Darling;  No.  5, 

year.    If  these  public  oonsiderations  were  sufScient  nu«»i^-  t?  a*        ^  -p     A  -»^»»**«t5  ♦  -^  "  j 

to  justify  delaying  the  choice  of  the  entire  delega-  y^arles  J? .  Stone.    For  Congressmen--- Distnct 

tion  ofthe  State  in  the.House  of  Representatives  for  No.  1,  Lafayette  Chessly;    No.  2,  Cyrus  A 

a  brief  period  after  the  official  term  commenced,  the  BuUoway ;  No.  8,  James  W.  Johnson, 
consideration  of  the  inconvenience  of  ma^ingaspe-        The  Republicans  held  their  State  Conreii. 

Slt^r;:^ri^V.%^f -2?n  ff  ?AX  t^  »t  Concord  on  8epte.»W  lOtib,  the  dele 

ture,  or  of  altering  the  general  law  of  the  United  g*^?  present  numbermg  716.     The  following 

States  to  meet  a  special  caae,  is  entitled  to  equal  nominations  were  made :  For  GoFemor,  K&tt 

^Vf^}'        *  .     .  Head,  of  Hooksett ;  for  Bailroad  ComuiiEeioih 


jything 

but  obedience  to  it  lawful  or  valid.  We  thinlc,  there-  adopted : 

fjnU^^l!? .'JiaA?  «^-  K^l*  pursuance  of  the  act  Whereas,  The  Bepubliosn  party  can  point  with 

of  Congress  of  18««  which  shall  take  place  m  W9  pride  and  confidencSi  to  iU  reSord  in  war  and  to  its 

will  be  valid,  and  that  there  is  no  provision  of  law  fegigiation  in  peace,  aa  the  enduring  monuments  cf 

which  warrants  an  election  by  the  present  Legisla-  i^  patriotism  and  sUtesmanship,  Ind  claim  thtm 

SL  ♦i                            r.         .**            ^    J  *«  tne  pledges  of  its  unequaled  and  undiminished 

w-^^'^w  ^lln^T"  ^''"  ^""l??!!****?.  k'^'^4''®??"  capacity  for'Wture  service,  and  the  groonda  of  pop- 

ly  to  this  bill,  and  recommend  that  it  be  mdefinitely  ^'„  countenance  and  support ;  and 

postponed.  Whereae.  The  country  lias  reached  a  period  de- 

The  June  session  of  1878  in  New  Hampshire  manding  the  largest  experience,  wisdom,  and  ccor- 

was  closed  on  August  17th.  »««  *°  *^c  conduct  of  national  and  State  aflTairfr,  and 

The  new  organic  kw  of  New  Hampshire  T.ptfjSit'^ort'lJ^Vje^Slli'JlJ^wri^Jt" 

naymg  changed  the  general  State  elections  and  capable  and  unworthy  of  the  great  trusts  and  inter- 

the  constitutional  term  of  State  offices  from  an-  ests  ofthe  State  and  nation :  thercfora, 

nual  to  biennial,  and  the  time  of  holding  elec-  BuoUed,  l.  That  we  will  give  to  the  preaent  A^ 

tions  from  March  to  November,  and  ordered  J»»nJ»tration  our  cordial  support  in  all  juat  measures 

the  first  of  Buch  biennial  elections  to  be  held  J^eSu^^r^an^d^A^tr^                            l^^^^f- 

in  Wovember,  1878,  the  political  parties  of  the  dence,  to  guard  and  maintain  the  political  riffbts 

State  met  in  convention  to  nominate  their  re*  -  of  individuals  and  classes,  to  preserve  the  pligEted 

spective  candidates  for  State  officers.  fhMYi,  and  to  perpetuate  the  honor  and  prosperity 

The  Greenback  or  National  party  assembled  ^^  *^«  ^^j?"'  *2^  ^«  ^^^'^j^y  "^^1^^^  S*"***  ST 

.4^  ij[^rx^\.^¥^^  ^«  +1.^  i;*!,  ^  ^^^i u«-    oflo  agement  of  the  finances  under  which  the  last  fraj^ 

at  Manchester  on  the  6th  of  September,  862  ^ent  of  the  premium  on  ffold  ia  diaappearing,  thf 

delegates  being  in  attendance,  and  nominated  borrowing  rate  steadily  diminlahing,  and  the  lorg 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  609 

dapressioQ  in  bosineM  and  Indnttrj  vanigbing  be-  Governor,  Frank  A.  MoKean,  of  Nasbaa:  for 

^""7  VkT  "'°!^'  confidence  and  proBperity.  RaUroad  Oommiasioners,  Hadley  B.  Fowler,  of 
2.  That  our  good  name  and  welfare,  as  a  people,  ti«;«-.^i  rv-,,;/!  it  v«r.«!-  ^*  xr^-^^u^^^^^  I^a 
demand  that  oiS  financial  pledges,  made  in  the  houJ  °:^}^^\  ^*^^.  "  ^^^A  ^'  ^^5^®s^®r>  ^^ 
of  national  perU,  should  be  maintained  inviolate,  Edward  A.  Peterson,  of  Greeoland. 
and  our  public  debt  be  paid,  principal  and  interest,  Tbe  following  platform  was  adopted : 
according  to  tbe  Bpirlt  and  letter  of  the  Uw.  The  Democraey  of  New  Hampshire,  m  convention 
•.  ?•  i  V  •'™P!u  efforts  "nd  failures  have  proved  waembled,  in  view  of  the  anomalous  condition  of 
It  to  be  beyond  the  power  of  governments  to  impart  public  and  business  affaiis,  with  abundant  harvests 
value  to  irredeemable  paper,  and  maintain  lU  cur-  throughout  the  land,  with  limitless  resooroes  of  field, 
roncy  as  money,  and  as  our  legal-tender  notes  were  foresL  and  mine  undeveloped,  with  the  Old  World 
issued  under  a  solemn  promise  thirt  they  should  bo  reaching  out  its  hands  for  thi  varied  producU  of 
redeemed,  dollar  for  dollar,  m  gold  and  silver,  at  American  industry  and  genius,  yet  with  millions  of 
the  earhest  practicable  moment,  ailer  the  restora-  capital  idle,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  laborerv  un- 
tion  of  peace,  and  as  the  time  for  the  fWflUment  of  employed,  business  depression  and  financial  ruin  on 
this  pledge  has  now  arrived,  and  specie  payment  eveW  hand,  want  and  mlseiy  staring  multitudes  in 
has  been  reached,  we  denounce  »U  efforts  to  delay  the  face,  realizing  thU  condition  ofthings,  the  abso- 
the  day  of  reaumpUon,  and  to  inflate  the  currency  lute  necissity  for  a  decided  change  in  governmental 
by  an  additional  issue  of  irredeemable  paper,  as  de-  poUcy  and  idministxmtion  (in  measures  and  men), 
atruotive  to  all  business  interests,  unwise,  dishonor-  hereby  charge  upon  the  Bepublican  party,  which 
able,  and  fraudulent  as  public  measures.  has  controlled  o5r  State  and  Federal  Goiemment 
J  \i^^^i  "^^  ^t^'^/'^  ^  no  questioning  of  the  Presi-  fo,  the  hist  twenty  years,  the  ftiU  responsibiUty  for 
dent's  title,  no  tnfling  with  an  issue  irrevocably  and  the  Uimentable  ooidition  of  affairs,  and  confidently 
justly  settled,  and  no  further  use  for  the  useless  appeal  to  the  people  for  the  restoration  of  the  gov- 
Potter  Committee :  that  there  should  be  no  payment  erament  to  D JmJbratic  hands,  and  reaffirm  our  dSvo- 
of  outlawed  Southern  claims,  and  no  pensions  to  tion  to  the  following  cardinal  Democratic  principles : 

«rjf?.""wv        t  1  *      .t        «ii  1.  The  supremacy  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 

6.  That  we  believe  in  equal  taxation  of  all  prop-  the  integrity  and  pirpetulty  of  the  Union  under  its 

erty,  and  m  exemption  for  none.  provisions  «-    r        * 

6.  That  an  average  of  ten  hours  of  daily  toQ  is  j.  The  absolute  equality  and  independence  of  the 
enough  for  man,  woman,  or  child ;  and  in  the  ab-  geveral  States  in  the  direction  and  control  of  their 
senoe  of  contract  this  ought  to  be  deemed  a  legal  domestic  affairs,  subject  only  to  the  Constitution  of 
«*y  *  ^<>TK.  the  United  States 

7.  That  we  believe  in  equal  rights,  and  the  equal  3.  Equality  of  rights,  duties,  protections,  and  bur- 
exeroise  of  those  rights,  for  aircitiaens  of  the  re-  dens  for  all  XmericSn  citizens,  ^o  privileged  classes, 
P'v  STu  *        V  V        •          1.        *       J       t  ^»    .  no  monopolies,  no  unjust  distinctions  anywhere. 

J  ?•  7k  *n  7®  ^f  *®J®  *2  fJi^^^tf*  *??«  ^Intimi.        iajwfoJS^  1.  that  liie  only  remedy  for  the  combi- 

dated  ballot,  and  a  fair  field  for  sll  political  parties  nation  ofovils  by  which  the  country  U  now  afflicted 

at  the  South,  as  weU  as  at  the  North,  without  which  ig  to  be  found  in  wise  and  impartial  leginlation,  hon- 

suffrage  la  a  sham,  and  the  Constitution  a  rope  of  est  administration,  ^ust  adjudication,  and  the  exei- 

**?  mL  .>  _•—  1  jwj/^ji         s  ©*•«  of  *hfi  niost  rigid  economy  in  every  department 

9.  That  as  a  party  we  welcome  and  bid  God-speed  of  the  Government  ^      r 

to  the  temperwice  reformation,  and  will  give  it  such        2.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  a  stable  currency,  the 

legislative  and  material  support  as  shall  be  at  our  juat  payment  of  the  public  debt,  and  but  one  our- 

command.  #      j       j  •     _^-  ,^  rency  for  the  Government  and  the  people,  the  labor- 

10.  That  we  tender  our  profound  and  heartfelt  er  and  the  office-holder,  the  pensioner  and  the  sol- 
jympathies  to  our  plaguenimitten  brethren  at  the  jier  the  producer  and  the  bondholder. 

South,  m  the  fearAil  and  widespread  visitation  of        j.  That  whatever  cunency  is  issued  by  the  Gov- 

diaease  which  is  now  bringing  unuUerable  desola-  emment  should  be  Usued  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole 

tions  and  sorrow  to  their  homes,  and  we  pledge  to  people,  and  not  for  the  benefit  of  capitaliaU  at  the 

them  such  pracUcal  aid  as  Providence  has  pkoed  in  menie  of  the  people. 

^HT^P^'J®';  »v    *u    1-      #  *u    w      vv  #  »i  t         *•  That  our  present  tariff  laws  are  a  restriction 

11.  That  the  thanks  of  the  Kepublioans  of  this  upon  trade  and  commerce  between  our  own  and  for- 
State  are  due  to  Governor  Prescott  for  his  faithfUl  e&n  countries,  and  therefore  an  impediment  rather 

*^1.®  mi?®?lv  SS*"    vv*^^*^    0^^  ®*2f®       u"-     Ml  tlJ«n  •»  encouragement  to  American  industiy,  de- 

18.  That  the  Republicans  of  New  Hampshire  wiU  vised  in  the  intefest  of  monopolies  and  miuntained 

give  to  General  Natt  Head,  our  candidate  for  Gov-  ^  opposition  to  the  demands  of  the  people.     We 

^r'J^^J'  S5S,*^^'?'1?15®/-  ^P*?'  ®'  £°^°°'"^v^*;  therSfere  advocate  thehr  modification  or  repeal,  and 

yid  E.  WiUard,  of  Orford,  and  James  E.  French,  of  the  substitution  of  a  simple  revenue  Uiiff,  which 

Moultonborough,  our  candidates  for  Railroad  Com-  ahall  be  productive  without  being  oppresflive, 
mi8»ioner8tp-davnominated,ourearnestandheart/        5,  That  the  »*  fraud  first  triumphant  in  American 

support,  and  Dledge  our  best  efforts  to  secure  their  polities'*  and  unparalleled  in  the  hUtory  of  the 

triumphant  election.  ^^^^d,  whereby  the  will  of  tbe  freemen  of  the  re- 

The  Repablioan  nominations  for  State  Oonn-  public  was  defied  and  subverted,  and  a  defeated  can- 

cilors  and  Congreasmen  were  as  follows:  For  ?i^.**«  plspedinthe  Presidential  chair,  shall  never 

Councllo.«-Di8tn^t  No.  1    Warren  Brown;  JS.^"/„d°?hr^°p'!lttg^S„?tl"^^^ 

^0.  2,  Hiram  A.  Tuttle,  of  Plttsfield ;  No.  8,  ^ith  us  in  demanding  the  vindication  of  the  right 

Nathan  Parker,  of  Manchester;  No.  4,  James  and  the  condemnation  of  the  wrong,  to  the  end  that 

Barnap,  of  Marlow ;  No.  5,  Aaron  P.  €k>ald,  Araud  shall  henceforth  be  poweriess  and  odious,  and 

ofPiermont    For  Congressmen—District  No.  <we  government  a  reality  in  America. 
1     T^<.i«r.<i  n    TT«ii    o.^Th^«rA..   u^   o     j^^^«       ^-  That  we  extend  our  earnest  sympathies  to  the 

1,  Joshua  G.  Hall,  of  Dover ;   No.  2,  James  i^orkingmen  of  the  State,  in  their  preeint  sufferings, 

F.  Bnggs,  01  Manchester;  No.  8,  Evarts  W.  and  their  earnest  efforts  to  extricate  themselves  from 

Farr,  of  Littleton.  the  consequences  of  Republican  extravagance  and 

The  Democratic  party  met  in  State  Oonven-  «ni«rule,  and  that  we  will  cooperate  in  their  endeav- 

tion  at  Concord  on  September  12th,  about  600  J?  ^"^  °^*!?°  ?  ^V*"  ?*^  i°"*  *"*T?f5*  *"'  ^'''T'^''^^ 

,  ,      *      v:  •      •      v^wi'.jM**/^*  AMVJL.,  awvuv  vvv  if^i^j  particularly  for  women  and  children,  and  full 

delegates  bemg  m  attendance.    Their  nomma-  protection  for  themselves  in  their  scanty  eamhigs. 
tions  for  State  officers  were  as  follows :  For       7.  That  the  Constitution  of  New  Hampshire  and 
YoL.  xvuL^89    A 


610  NEW  JERSEY. 

the  principles  of  justice  and  equity  unite  in  requir-  relate  almost  entirely  to  local  interests.    The 

ing  the  Ujcation  of  every  species  of  property  accord-  rate  of  interest  on  future  contracts  was  reduced 

SSion                     '              exemption  or  discnmi-  ^^^^  7  to  6  per  cent.    An  act  was  passed  re- 

8.  That  we  heartily  bid  Qod-speed  to  the  Keform  districting  the  State  for  members  of  the  Legb- 
Clubs  in  their  efforts  to  reclaim  our  fallen  citizens  lature.  The  State  tax  was  reduced  from  one 
by  appeals  to  their  hearts  and  oonsciencesi  and  as  mill  to  a  half  mill.  An  act  was  passed  to  pre- 
friends  of  the  temperance  reform  we  condemn  that  vent  unH  nnniah  briherv  and  tbf»  fittpfnnt  t/, 
provision  of  the  existing  law  whereby  disrepuUble  ^^.r  "^?  P?"*^  yf^^  ^  me  attempt  to 
men  have  coiued  money  as  spies  and  informers,  to  bnbe  delegates  to  pohtical  oonTentiona,  It  l* 
the  generating  of  hypocrisy,  tne  disgust  of  true  tern*  A8  follows : 

perance  men,  the  degradation  of  the  temperance  j^  41  gnaeUd  bv  thi  Senate  and  General  AmaJi 

cause,  and  the  prostitution  of  the  machinery  of  jus-  ^^  the  8taU  of  Hew  Jer^eff,  That  if  any  person  «h*'. 

'*^ 'm?""^  ?^f®*   T«      i^«.       ^     .  «                        ,  directly  or  indirectly  give,  offer,  or  promise  to  ir.u 

9.  That  the  late  Bepubhoan  Legislature,  in  extend-  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  or  other  valuable  thLc . 
ing  Its  ab-eady  enormously  protracted  session  for  or  procure,  confer,  or  give  any  valuable  thing  in  Te- 
ddys and  weeks  for  the  sole  purpose  of  carrying  tion,  victuals,  drink,  or  preferment,  or  oth^r  ixc- 


10.  That  we  congratulate  our  fellow  oituens  of  the  candidate  or  candidates  for  member  of  the  L««i*l». 
South  upon  their  restoration  to  their  rights  of  local  i^^  of  thU  State,  for  member  of  Congreas  or  the 
self-government  and  their  relief  from  carpet-bag  United  States,  for  Electors  for  President  and  Via- 
plundering  and  outrage.  We  extend  to  them  our  President  of  the  United  Sutes,  for  Governor  of  tbis 
warmest  sympathy  and  condolence  in  their  present  gtate,  or  for  any  candidate  for  any  office  in  any  ccbl- 
afttiction.  and  earnestly  pray  they  may  speedilv  be  ty,  city,  town  or  township,  or  borough  in  this  Stsfc; 
spared  the  ravages  of  the  terrible  disease  to  which  and  if  any  person,  being  a  delemite  to  any  politia] 
they  are  now  subject.                               ^  convention  to  nominate  candidates  for  any  of  d-. 

11.  That  we  heartily  approve  the  nominations  this  offices  named  in  the  first  section  of  this  act,  sbil 
dav  made,  and  pledge  ourselves  to  an  earnest  and  directly  or  indirectly  ask  for,  accept,  receive  of  ixv 
efficient  campaign  in  the  mtereat  of  economy,  equal  g^m  or  sums  of  money  or  other  valuable  consiJcr^ 
taxation,  and  reform.  tion  by  way  of  fee,  reward,  sfift,  or  gratuity,  or  otit: 

valuable  consideration,  on  ue  promise  of  gi^io^  a 

The  Democratic  nominations  for  State  Conn-  refusing  te  give  his  vote  at  anv  such  conveat.o!i. 

cilors  and  Congressmen  were  as  follows :  For  •Jo'*  P«"o«  f^^^  ^«  ^ttmt^  and  taken  to  be  tfi::!:j 

n^«««:i^««     tS^^^^*.   xr^    1     \f  ^o^o  it    n^,^  of  *  high  misdemeanor,  and,  on  conviction  tbem-t. 

Councilors-Distnct  No.  1,   Moses  H.  Good-  shall  be^punished  by  a  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  boil, 

noh;  No.  2,  Joseph  O.  Moore;  No.  8,  John  at  the  discretion  of  the  Court,  aa'd  fine  not  to  ««tu 

M.  Chandler ;  No.  4,  Elisha  A.  Huntley ;  No.  one  Uiousand  dollars,  nor  such  imprisonmeot  cw 

5,  Joseph  Burrows.    For  Congressmen — Dis-  year,  and  such  person  so  convicted  shall  also  be  cit- 

trict  No.  1,  Herbert  F.  Norris;  No.  2,  Alvah  qualified  to  hold  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profi 

W.  Sullo wky ;  No.  8,  Henry  O.  Kent  ^''^^^  '^  ^^^' 

The  Liqaor  Prohibition  party  nominated  the  Another  act  was  passed  to  regnlate  primarj 

following  State  ticket :  For  Governor,  Asa  S.  meetings  and  caucuses  of  political  parties  for 

Kendall ;  for  Railroad  Commissioners,  David  the  nomination  of  persons  to  be  roted  for  at 

Heald,  Josiah  M.  Fletcher,  and  Ira  Sweatt.  any  election  in  the  State.    It  was  as  follows: 

At  the  election  on  November  6,  1878,  tbe  ^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^hat  no  penon  who  is  not *: 

Kepublican  nominees  were  generally  elected,  the  time  being  entitled  to  vote,  oy  the  laws  of  Hx'a 

by  greater  m^orities  than  at  the  election  of  State,  at  the  special,  general,  and  local  eleotione  held 

March  preceding.     The  total  number  of  votes  in  this  State,  shaU  vote  at  any  primary  meeting  t  r 

Dolled  for  GnvAmnr  waa   75  fi.^9     diafcrihiitAd  caucus  called  or  held  by  any  political  orgamian^is 

pouea  lor  oovemor  was  70,»ay,  aiscnouiea  ^^  ^j^.^  g^^^  ^^^  ^^^  noiiinafion  or  aelectibn  of  wr- 

Maong  the  four  candidates  as  folio ws :  For  Mr.  g^^g  ^  ^^  ^^ted  for  at  any  such  elections,  and  ni5e« 

Head,  88,176;  for  Mr.  MoKean,   81,186;  for  such  peraon  is  a  le^  resident  of  the  ward,  townchiis 

Mr.  Brown,  6,607;  for  Mr.  Kendall,  91 ;  scat-  or  aldermanic  district  in  which  such  primary  meetag 

tering,  61.    The  three  Railroad  Commissioners  or  caucus  is  held.        _,     ., 

and  the  three  Congressmen  elected  are  all  Re-  .^'  ^?f  \**,r^»  ^^  "^^^  ^^J"  ""^  ^?T. 

VI'       «"» w  ^vu^i  OToiuou  vi%7vi««u  w«  ,     .V^  aforesaid  shall  vote  or  offer  to  vote  at  an?  of  \li 

publicans.    J?  or  btate  Councilors  the  election  aforesaid  elections,  knowing  or  having  reason  to 

in  November  proved  the  same  as  in  the  pre-  believe  himself  not  entitled  to  vote  as  aforesaid,  cr 

vious  March — four  Republicans,  one  Democrat,  if  any  person  or  persons  shall  counsel  or  procorv  any 

As  to  members  of  the  legislative  body,  whose  ?»•»?.  ^o*«  as  aforesaid,  knowing  or  having  rea^  * 

«..,.»i«^.  \^^  4-u^  «««,  nrx^«-:*»»:^«  \.^^i^^^w^  :«  to  believe  such  voter  not  entitled  so  to  vote,  focr 

number  by  the  new  Constitution  has  been  m-  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  .^^  l^  deemed  to  be  guUtrof 

creased  from  12  to  24  m  the  oenate,  ana  some-  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  f^t 

what  diminished  in  the  House  of  Representa-  each  offense  be  punished  by  impriaonment  at  hard 

tives,   the  proportions  returned  were  as  fol-  lat>o"'/o'  not  over  a  term  of  three  months,  or  byt 

lows :  For  the  Senate-Republicans,  16 ;  Demo-  ^^5^  °^  ?f  JCcoS?L                          """          ^ 

crats,  4.    In  four  districte  there  was  no  choice.  ^  ^ 

For  the  House  of  Representatives — ^Repnbli-  The  following  resolutions  relative  to  tbe  ma- 
cans,  166;  Democrats,  104;  Greenbackers,  9.  taring  obligations  of  the  United  States  were 

NEW  JERSEY.    The  Legislature  of  this  adopted: 

State  commenced  ite  session  in  Trenton  on  A  d  r«»foarf,  «fc..  That  our  Senators  be,  and  tify 

January  12th.    The  acts  which  were  passed  are  hereby,  uistnioted,  and  that  our  BeprtrsentatiTe* 


NEW  JEBSET. 


611 


in  Congress  are  requested,  to  oppose  by  all  honorable 
means  tbe  passage  of  the  so-oaUed  Bland  silver  bill 
or  auj  other  similar  measure  lookinff  to  the  payment 
of  the  maturing  obligations  of  the  United  States  in 
tny  other  cunency  than  gold  or  its  commercial  equiv- 
ilent. 

2.  Andie  U  rtaolvtd^  Xbat  the  Preudent  of  the 
Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  are  hereby 
directed  to  transmit  immediately  upon  the  passage 
of  this  resolution  copies  of  the  same  to  each  of  our 
Senators  and  Bepresentatives  in  Congress. 

Also,  the  following  relative  to  tbe  restora- 
tion of  tbe  commercial  marine  of  the  United 

States : 

Wktrtoi^  Governor  Georjre  B.  McGIellan  in  his 
ioAu^ral  declared  that  **  we,  the  people  of  New  Jer- 
ser,  in  common  with  our  fellow  citiaens  throujghout 
the  land,  have  a  deep  interest  in  the  restoration  of 
the  commercial  marine  of  the  nation,"  and  expressed 
tbe  hope  that  all  members  of  the  Legislature  would 
a^rree  with  him  *^  lu  the  earnest  desire  that  Congreaa 
may  promptiv  do  whatever  is  within  its  power  to 
accomplish  that  vital  object  bv  removing  whatever 
restrictions  and  impediments  ox  any  kind  of  existing 
Uvs  may  offer" ;  and 

Whereaa^  Tbe  sentiments  expressed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor meet  the  opinions  entertained  by  the  members 
of  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey,  who  feel  the  ne- 
cessity^ of  putting  forth  renewed  eneray  and  eamest- 
oesa,  lu  coD^.mon  with  the  people  or  all  sections  of 
our  land,  for  a  united  effort  to  advance  the  prosperity 
of  our  nation,  by  developing  our  manu&cturing,  agri- 
cultural, andffeneral  trading  interests ;  and 

Wkerw^  We  believe  that  such  development  de- 
pends upon  proper  facilities  to  afford  an  outlet  for 
our  domestic  commodities,  to  reach  countries  where 
adrqoate  demand  exists  therefor ;  and 

whertM^  It  is  well  known  that  certain  nations, 
more  especially  France  and  Enffland^  are  now  reap- 
ing great  benefits  by  a  wise  and  judicious  fostering 
of  their  oceanic  commerce :  therefore,  be  it 

R^olctd^  That  the  liberal  commercial  policy  of 
th)  leading  governments  should  be  adopted  bv  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  and  that  sacn  aid 
thonld  be  rendered  to  American  shipping  aa  will 
secare  to  our  people  the  mat  advantages  and  bene- 
ilt»  which  must  necessaruy  follow. 

Betolcedy  That  we  urge  upon  our  Senators  and 
Bepresentatives  in  Congress  the  great  importance 
of  the  snbjeet  presented,  and  request  that  thev  uae 
their  influence  m  favor  of  all  measures  that  wul  in- 
aa:arate  the  policy  herein  set  forth. 

Bmlved^  That  the  Governor  be  requested  to  for- 
ward a  copy  of  the  foregoing  preamme  and  resolu- 
tions *to  each  of  our  Senators  and  Bepresentatives 
ia  Congress. 

An  act  was  also  passed  to  establish  a  Barean 
of  Statistics  npon  the  sabject  of  labor.  In 
April,  James  Bishop  was  appointed  Chief  of 
the  Bureau. 

The  debt  of  the  State  consists  solely  of  the 
OQtstanding  bonds  of  the  war  loan,  and  amounts 
to  $2,196,800.  The  sinking  fand  reaches  the 
sum  of  $1,458,852.  A  hundred  thonsand  dol- 
lars of  the  debt  is  required  to  be  paid  annually, 
of  which  the  sinking  fhnd  furnishes  ten  thou- 
sand and  the  entire  interest  Thus  only  $90,- 
000  is  raised  by  tax  annnallj.  In  a  few  years 
the  sinking  fund  will  famish  all  the  money  re- 
qnired  to  meet  both  principal  and  interest 
AlthoQgh  the  receipts  from  taxes  have  declined 
1^1,000,  the  receipts  from  other  soorces  have 
increased  $81,000,  and  the  total  receipts  exceed 
those  of  the  preyioos  year  by  $20,000.    The 


expenditnres  are  less  by  the  sum  of  $400,000. 
All  the  floating  debt  has  thus  been  paid  off, 
leaving  a  balance  at  the  end  of  the  year  of 
$120,000. 

The  rate  of  taxation  has  been  $1  on  every 
$1,000.  A  reduction  to  50  cents  is  proposed. 
The  following  statement  shows  the  amount  of 
tax  apportioned  to  each  connty  for  State  and 
school  purposes,  and  the  valuation  of  property 
in  each  county,  in  1877,  on  which  the  appor- 
tionment is  made : 


COUNTIES. 

ValMtlonIa 

I87T. 

State  tu,  1  oiilL 

BehiMltai^ 

AtlaaUo 

Berffcn 

Bnrttngtoo . . . 

Camden 

CapeMaj... 
Cnmberiand.. 

Eaaez 

Oloaoester.... 

HadaoD 

Hunterdon.... 

Mercer 

Middleaex.... 
Monmouth.... 

Morris 

Ocean 

Pasaaic 

Balem 

Somenet 

Sasaex. 

Union 

Warren 

$4,202,802 
U^«,678 
2«J2»,068 
20,000,000 

8,150,000 
18,720,000 
114,S9fi,000 
14,008,676 
94,477.421 
24,658,095 
82.466,808 
90,972,900 
26,789,587 
84,160,500 

8,298,941 
80,622,000 
14,679,768 
18,000,000 
18,210,794 
89,772,826 
21,464,789 

$4,202  80 
14,876  67 
26,729  08 
80,000  00 

8,160  00 
18,720  00 
114,695  00 
14,608  68 
94,477  48 
84,658  10 
82,466  80 
80,972  90 
86,788  50 
84,160  50 

8,299  94 
80,622  00 
14,679  76 
18,000  00. 
18,210  79 
89,772  68 
81,464  79 

$8,404  60 
88.7C8  84 
68,458  06 
40,000  00 
6,800  00 
87,440  00 

829.190  00 
89,207  86 

188.954  84 
49,816  80 
64,988  60 
41,945  60 
58,579  10 
48,821  18 
6,597  88 
61,244  00 
29,850  58 
86,000  00 
86,481  6S 
50,f45  66 
42.980  68 

Total 

$566,250,697 

$566,250  69 

$1,188,601  88 

The  following  table  shows  the  rate  of  taxa- 
tion in  the  principal  cities  of  the  State : 


CTTT. 


Kewark 

Pateraon. 

Jersey  City*.... 

Hoboken 

Bahw»y 

EHabeth. 

Trenton 

Camden 

New  fimnawick 


BATB  OF  TAXATIOV  FKB  $1,000  POB 


$18  60 

15  40 
17  00 
12  87 
88  85 
88  40 

880 

16  00 
19  80 


$4  80 
8  758 


4 
8 

4 
4 


00 
84 

16 
00 


8  70 


5 
5 


00 

87 


il 


$8  00 
8  826 

1  74 
8  04 


8 
8 
fi 
8 
8 


18 
18 
00 
00 
88 


$100 
1  116 
86 
08 
07 
07 
00 
00 
11 


I 
I 


$19  80 
88  60 

88  60 
18  6T 
80  61 
85  60 
16  00 

88  00 

89  00 


Fifty-eight  railroad  companies  exist  in  the 
State,  which  represent  witnin  its  limits  1,652 
miles  of  railroad.  Only  twenty-three  railroads 
are  operated  by  their  own  boards.  Of  these, 
five,  oeing  240  miles  in  length,  have  been 
placed  in  the  hands  of  receivers.  The  remain- 
ing thirty-five  railroads  are  leased  and  operated 
by  seven  railroad  corporations.  The  amount 
of  taxes  received  by  the  State  from  railroads 
during  the  fiscal  year  1877  was  $599,492,  and 
for  interest  and  dividends  on  stocks  and  bonds 
of  railroads  owned  by  the  State  $81,010,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  $680,502.  The  amount  received 
from  State  taxes  for  the  same  period  was  $651,- 
728,  which  is  only  $21,226  more  than  the 
amount  received  from  the  railroads. 

The  State  National  Guard  consists  of  8,058 
officers  and  men,  of  whom  185  are  officers  and 


6ia  NEW  JERSEY. 

2,868  enlisted  men,  forming  47  companies  of  aU  •  »ow  or  lets  complete  and  flniehed  educaticm. 

infantry  and  one  battery  of  artillery.  A?  »  »<>  P^J^S  "^Sh  '*  !f  P~^^^*»  ^5*^  ^^«  ^« 

•ru         ui  •        v     I      J  X            ^  •'  solution  IS  to  be  found  in  sdopting  a  medium  count. 

The  pubho  schools  are  m  a  prosperous  con-  j^  ^^  probably  be  ooncede/ that  it  is  the  dutj  of 

dition.    The  revenue  from  all  sources  received  the  State  to  insist  that  all  ohildren  shall  be  thorougb- 

and  applied  to  this  use  has  been  as  follows:  ly  instructed  in  reading,  writing,  ooDipo6ition,aLd 

__      .„  ^              _.  *  J  V  *».  o*  *             A«  ^<M>».i  M  arithmetic,  with  a  pretty  accurate  knovFledge  of  tbe 

I^tS?o?BtI?e^S^';SjS.«'^*'^'^^^^           •'^K  S  geograph?,  ^^nstifutioi,  and  history  of  Jur  oy. 

Unship  •chooltix^. :::..;;::.:::::        2^7  00  country,  together  with  a  general  acquamUnoewRh 

Interest  of  surplus  revenue 88,806  81  the  history  and  ^graphy  of  other  conntnea.   Tlia 

District  and  city  school  tax  fbr  teachers*  sals-  much,  at  least,  in  the  way  of  preparation  for  tLeir 

ries 808,68069  political  duties.    But  if  the  duty  of  the  State  t«mi- 

District  and  city  school  tax  for  building  and  re-  nates  here,  ito  interesU  do  not,  and  the  question  a 

P"™^ <>T»,806  66  once  arises  as  to  how  far  it  can  safely  go,  or,  perhaps. 

Total  appropriations $1,972,682  46  ^j»**  ^  t^«  I®"*  ^^  ^  properly  do,  in  the  airertioc 

'^'^                                       V  I   -1  Qf  preparing  its  youth  to  become  useful  and  mdB£> 

Total  valuation  of  school  property  in  the  triouscitiaens,  skilled  workmen,  ^roducera  of  wealib. 

State,  $6,800,898.    The  cost  of  education  shows  This  Is  a  vast  subject,  of  mfinite  importance,  and  « 

^   w^nJir^    ..l/in^fj/^n       T«    1  q'tt  ♦k^   ««nf   rv#  much  IS  ssid  on  both  sidcs  thst  OUT  progTcsa  towiTd 

a  marked  reduction      In  1877  the  cost  of  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^  ^^^^  cautious,  ml  experimti- 

eacn  pupil,  calculated  on  total  scnooi  census,  tal.    It  would  appear  to  be  a  sound  proposition  tUt, 

was  $5.89 ;  in  1878  it  was  $5.14,  a  decrease  of  having  reached  the  limit  of  the  subjects  as  to  theDt< 

26  cents  per  capita.    Calculated  upon  the  av-  cessity  of  which  all  agree,  fiirther  progreaa  in  educa- 

erage  attendance,  the  cost  in  1877  was  $14.61 ;  **°1»?,^"l*^l  *"  *  gwat  measure,  be  ngi>l^  by  the 

««  iQ^TQ  ;♦  «,--  ^T!i«  ftiQ  oi  «  Al!.l^LTr!!^^  Ao  probable  futurepursuitsof  themigonty  ofthepapi!» 

in  1878  It  was  only  $18.91,  a  decrease  of  $1 .43.  ^  ^i^^  different  localities.    Forlxample,  in  an  agri- 

The  average  monthly  salary  of  teachers  has  been  cultural  ref^on,  where  most  of  the  boys  will  prol^-^ 

reduced  from  the  previous  year :  males  from  become  farmers,  it  would  seem  natural  to  tuin  tbf ir 

$68.78  to  $60.60— decrease,  $8.28 ;  females  from  studies  in  the  direction  of  farming  pursuits,  Xa 

ftfl7  04  to  ft.?6  14— decrGftSP  SO  ppntsL    ThA  totAl  *^**  *^*  public  schools  can  furnish  the  mesns  of 

f  IJ7.U4  to  jpd0.l4--aecrease,  »U  cents,    ine  total  nicking  them  sccomplished  agricnltnriats,  but  they 

scnooi  census,  between  nve  and  eighteen  years,  might  t>e  taught  enough  of  the  fundamental  pnn- 

was  818,887  in  1877,  and  822,166  in  1878,  an  ciples  of  the  science  of  agriculture  to  enable  tbcs 

increase  of  d,788.    The  total  enrollment  in  tbe  afterward  to  pursue  the  study  of  agriimltural  cbei&- 

public  schools  in  1877  was  198,709,  and  in  1878  i»toy.*nd  economy,  enough  <>f  l^e^P^fiples  of  me^ 

oAo  aQA    ««  <.«..»»»<.^  ^#  Q  ooK.  ^.r.i^^  ««««♦«-  chamcs  to  enable  them  to  learn  how  to  detect  tbe 

202,684,  an  increase  of  8,925 ;  being  greater  difference  between  a  good  and  bad  machine,  enough 

than  the  mcrease  shown  by  the  census  by  187.  of  tbe  principles  of  engineering  to  enable  them  aft«^ 

The  private  schools  in  the  State  will  seat  181,-  ward  to  learn  the  best  method  of  draining  and  the 

746,  being  a  decrease  of  666  since  1877.    The  ^^  of  materials  in  rural  construction,  etc   So,  in 

attendant  at  private  schools  is  42,017.    The  *t®  V^^  *i'**^^  T**!r  °'"?2l5^"  "1^ Vi! 

avv«uwauv/v  «»  i/t  i«  c»vv  rvuwio  «  "**'iv*  •  •     *"«  ohsnic  Brts  flotupish,  their  instruction  might  well  bfe 

estimated  number  of  children  who  attended  no  turned  in  those  directions  without  in  frnvetsest- 

schools  in  1 877  was  72,889,  and  in  1 878  72,067,  temptmg  to  convert  the  public  into  technical  schools. 

showing  a  decrease  of  822.    The  percentage  of  I  can  see  no  harm,  but  much  good,  as  probably  le 

average  attendance  at  schools  is  -55 ;  attending  ^^^^g  frojj  devoting  a  littj*  time  fai  the  public 

«vr.KiIr<i^i.^^io   .»ri  .  ^^^^Ai^^  ^^^J^^  a^Ti.N^i<r  schools  to  the  practical  instruction  of  the  gint  la 

pnbhc  schools,  -71 ;  attending  pnvate  schools,  .^^^  ^^  ^^.^  benches  of  domestic  industry  wbich 

•10 ;  attending  no  school,  '19 ;  percentage  of  can  easily  be  taught,  and  are  most  certain  to  prorc 

census  the  schools  will  accommodate,  *67.    The  useAil  to  them  in  the  households  over  which  tb«v 

average  time  the  schools  were  kept  open  in  ^iU  eventually  be  called  to  preside.    The  pnrpo« 

1877  was  nine  months  and  four  days,  and  in  ofpubUc-school  education  ought  to  be  to  fiirn^  the 
1  olro  r*              4.1          A  r     _*        A    ^  ^  iT     •  boys  and  girls  with  the  tools  of  educaUon,  and  tesd. 

1878  nine  months  and  fourteen  days,  showing  ^^^  j^^w  to  use  them  in  educating  themseWes  for 
an  average  extension  of  the  school  year  through-  tiieir  various  pursuits  in  life.  In  considering  tbe 
out  the  State  of  ten  days.  The  school  revenue  subject  of  tummgeducation  ever  so  aligbtiy  is  tbs 
has  been  considerably  decreased  since  1877,  as  direction  of  the  mure  pursuits  of  the  pupiK  5* 
follows:  Two-miUtax,  $6^76.08;  township  '^-i^-^lrse'lf '^ 'ForlCft*^  ^if-J 
school  tax,  $5,665 ;  interest  on  surplus  reve-  ^oy^  whose  ideaa  of  farming  are  limited  to  the  mtn 
nue,  $584.89 ;  district  and  city  tax  for  building  manual  labor  of  practical  agriculture,  will  take  a  verr 
schoolhouses,  $11,947.17 ;  making,  with  an  in-  different  view  of  it  when  he  learns  thst  there  is  scch 
crease  of  $1,106.08  in  district  tax  for  teach-  a  thing  as  the  science  of  sgi^lture,  and  that  many 
ers'  pay,  a  toial  decrease  of  $78,266.56.  The  ^^^^y^w^ork^^^  t 
decrease  m  the  valuation  of  school  property  m  telligent  farmer  has  an  ample  field  for  study,  and 
1878  has  been  $218,600.  that  to  obtain  success  his  mmd  most  oo6perste  vitb 

The  views  of  Governor  McClellan  on  the  sys-  his  hands,  he  will  Iwm  to  love  and  respect  his  «> 

tem  of  public  edaoation  are  important.    In  his  5^.^.  ut^e*  wi^  S^d'T SS^^e^Sl  LS 

message  to  the  Legislature  he  said :  ^^  trades. 

As  our  institutions  are  based  upon  the  supposition  Those  who  recognize  the  Indisposition  of  so  mssj 

that  all  males  of  mature  age  participste  in  toe  sffairs  young  Americans  to  follow  callings  involving  man- 

of  government,  aa  electors  atleast,  all  will  agree  that  ual  labor,  will  realise  the  vast  unportance  ef  aor 

the  Government  should  in  some  way  assure  itself  messure  tending  to  elevate  the  agricultural  and  mt- 

that  all  citizens  possess  sufficient  intelligence  to  en-  chanioal  vocations,  to  bring  the  educated  miod  to 

able  them  to  perform  properly  at  least  their  lowest  bear  upon  the  work  of  the  hands,  and  to  supply  tbak 

duties  as  citizens.    It  is  just  here  that  opinions  di-  great  lack  of  skillfhl  and  accomplished  Americas 

verse,  for  some  would  arrest  the  hand  of  Uie  State  worklngmen  which  has  long  been  widely  felt.    It  i« 

at  this  point,  while  others  would  have  it  Aimish  to  clearly  good  political  economy  in  the  State  wlich 


NEW  JERSEY.  613 

educates  its  children,  to  make  that  edneatioii  tend,  out  any  qnestioD  ariainff  in  liia  mind,  tliat  it  was 

in  some  measare  at  least,  to  the  benefit  of  the  oom*  auoh  as  was  oontemplAtea  by  the  law.    He  has  since 

merml  and  other  industries  of  the  State.  continued  its  use,  with  this  change :  that  instead  of 

dmwinff  the  prisoner  up  against  the  wall,  as  had 

In  the  Kormal  School  241  pupils  ha^e  been  former^  been  done,  the  arrangement  is  placed  in 

enrolled  dnring  the  year,  of  whom  69  were  the  center  of  the  cell,  so  as  to  aRow  more  liberty  of 

males  and  182  females.  movement 

There  are  44  feeble-painded  children  cared       The  expense  of  the  prison  during  the  year, 

for  by  the  State  m  the  instituUon  at  Media  m  ^ith  the  necessary  repairs,  was  $61,106. 
Pennsylvaniiu    There  are  also  126  deaf  and       xhe  reported  number  of  marriages  in  the 

damb  and  26  blind  children  educated  at  the  state  for  the  year  was  6,876.    The  number  of 

expense  of  the  State  at  instituUons  m  New  births  was  19,427,  of  which  9,948  were  males 

\ork  and  Pennsylvania.    In  the  Insane  Asy-  ^^  9^278  females.    The  deaths  were  14,085. 
lam  at  Momstown  there  are  623  patients,  of       ^  National  Greenback  -  Labor  Convention 

whom  281  are  men  and  242   women.    The  assembled  at  Elizabeth  on  August  28th,  and 

number  of  cases  received  and  treated  f rgm  formed  an  organization  and  adopted  the  fol- 

May  15, 1848,  to  November  1,  1878,  is  6,368,  lowing  resolutions : 

of  whom  1,922  were  discharged  as  recovered       ,   ^^  v    ^  ..  «         ^       *«,     1.    ^ 

and  1,442  as  improved     The  receipts  during  ,o?-JetafreS^"^^^^^^^^^ 

the  year  were  $140  806,  and  the  expenditures  y,j  t^e  Sovemment  Usued,  protected,  and  reciived 

$126,207,  leaving  a  balance  of  $14,099.     There  as  absolute  money. 

is  also  a  Lunatic  Asylum  located  at  Trenton,       2.  The  immediate  payment  of  all  bonds  strictiy 

and  there  are  numerous  county  asylums.    The  in  accordance  with  the  original  contract. 

E^form  School  atJamesburg.  for  Ljs  and  t*e  u.'i.^oCrWbf thTCt^^^er''"*"^  *^'- 
btate  Industnal  School  for  girls  are  very  em-       4.  Immediate  repeal  of  the  resumption  act. 
ciently  and  successfully  conducted.  6.  Immediate  repeal  of  the  national  banking  act. 

At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  in  January,       ^-  Immediate  demonetization  of  j^old  and  silver. 

1878,  complaints  were  made  of  cruel  acts  done  ^Jf^f  £ont^  ^^®°"*  ^  P*^  "^^^^  ^^  anything  but 
to  convicts  in  tiie  State  Prison  by  the  officials.       g,  N^mo^'competition  of  prison  labor  with  hon- 

A  committee  of  investigation  was  appomted  est  labor. 

by  that  body,  which  reported  on  Marcn  19th.        9.  No  more  imported  Chinese  contract  or  other 

They  exonerated  the  officers  entirely  from  all  '•1X^1,1*^?'':  ,     ,  ^    ,        1. 

the  charges.    In  their  reports  they  thus  de-       J?;  i5LVM^«;nSfilX«yf«<l.(f™d««ed 

scribe  the  instruments  of  punishment  com-  income  tax.  r   r     /»         e 

plained  of :  '  12.  A  protective  tariff^  prohibiting  the  importation 

v«.«  ♦!.:-  *^»:.«^««,  «^,,.  n/^»«»,u»AA  i,.^^  -«_  ^^  *^1  manufactured  articles  of  which  the  raw  mate- 

J^ff^ult^iT^LI^Zi^J^   ^  ^  •^  "al  i»  produced  and  the  labor  to  manufacture  the 

hiw  ..^th  *  5:?t»!l  RfT^n?  .  >3>^  iSJilni  do  not  or  can  not  produce  toVe  admitted  free. 

.  ^V^^Sni?li?L^n«  tK  nfr?  ^^^ulinHv        ^^'  The  public  finds,  belonging  to  aU  the  people, 

nl^ifJ^SSE^  it  i.  .Sf  Zit^SSJ  ZlS^J^^tll  *o  ^«  ^^^y  *>«ld  in  tkist  for  thS  homes  of  Xmeri- 

l?«7Pn^^!Sini  «!S.21^J^^^  5a  ««  citizens.''   The  Government  to  furnish  aid  to 

lewt  mconvenience^  opnalstent  with  the  end  de-  fomiUea  desirous  of  settling  thereupon,  in  amount 

m^M^'Jl'thrni if  ftf™  n?i^^^^^  "^ITJ:  •'»ffl«'«°*  ^  ^'^•We  them  to  cultivate  aVd  improve  tiie 

Sr  1T^« /i  ?!«/  55  ri^iii?  ?«!  ««5.w^^  "«»«» i°»^«*d  of  squandering  the  pubUc  douSain  upon 

SLi^St  nnJ?^«;S^?.  St  S^  «mJ.^i     ^  "^  corporstions  or  private  speculatoJs. 
^fi^VJIZirt^^jMllni^ffl^n  th«  *A.kim««^        !*•  The  highest  object  of  government  should  be 

thh       u    •  •",^"»^^«  *^  *?l^?*"^*n!  ,{®5'l"T^  to  educate  and  protect  man.   'We  deprecate  and  de- 

W      A  "  "•t'«m«a*  ~  the    paddle  "  haa  ever  „^^^  ^^  geditfous  and  violent  meases,  and  appeal 

ish^edfe^^^^^^^  ^11  t\rna^^d  i-'orth%^o^e,':^^^^^^^^ 

t^'^^v  •^''^.^^JR'-StJ.^il?  in'i  Kjf  «•«  *LI1^2        15.  Want  of  harmony  of  sentiment  on  the  llnan- 

^,  w**  K*i?!Jf  i?5f®**i!^-       ^^  ^  '*''"  P^""""  <^  question,  in  both  thi  Republican  and  Democratic 

^  Tw  th2£  fc«  til?  «n  «.*  fn,  •  r,«mK«*  f.f  V^^^f  Ttudm  it  sbsolutely  nccesssiy  tiiat  those 

ri'rJ^i  nn5!p  IJir^  k^An^S  In  In^J^mAnt  of  ^^"^  ^Jmand  financial  reforii  should  ibaodon  old 

Sh«if^^«wS  !Sl.*ttP^m.S«!^  organizations  and  unite  together  in  the  National- 

Kwln^'^tJL  ni^A  T^^^  Gwcnback-Labor  party  to  fave  business  men  from 

«vT^Th?:  u  l^tS^nLmAr*  l^  wM^^^^  thf  n^.  bankruptcy,  the  working  chuises  from  starvation,  the 

?n:^?uSS^br  fSSSSrtr4X:?b?  me'an^rf  TepudiStior  '""  "'°^"'"'^'  '""^  *'^  "^^^  ^'"^ 

ft  loose  chain  attached  to  one  ankle,  so  as  to  pre-       ^  * 

rent  his  climbing  up,  has  his  arms  drawn  up  to  a       No  Other  State  political  conventions  were 

hIXfc!!f  1,5!  2!SSf  ''ThA'*^^.^>^ffhA*^nnn*  ^^Id  duriug  the  year.    The  election  was  held 
nvMcuffs  on  nis  wnsts.    The  seventy  of  toe  pun-  xt  v      kaiT  i>      xi.      v  2        ^  v 

Ubmept  by  this  method  has  been  shown  by  the  tes-  on  November  6th,  for  the  choice  of  members 

ti-nooy  to  be  entirely  dependent  upon  whether  the  of  Congress  and  the  State  Legislature.  The  vote 

colprit  is  allowed  to  remain  wholW  or  partially  upon  for  members  of  Congress  was  as  follows :  First 

b«  fert,  or  to  be  entirely  withdrawn  from  them,  Districtr-Robeson,  Repub.,  14,924;   Stratton, 

ml  Mott,  the  present  keeper,  found  this  system  of  Distnct— Smith,  Dem.,  14,610;  Pugh,  Repub., 

poDishment  in  vogue,  and  naturally  presumed,  with-  18,699 ;  Baker,  Prohib.,  568.  Third  Distnct— 


614     NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH.  NEW  YORK. 

Ross,  Dem.,  13,509;   Clark,  Repub.,  18,176;  that  these  societies  were  publishing  a  Neir 

Hope,  Nat.,  8,843.     Fourth  District — Clark,  Church  monthly  periodical  in  the  Danish-Nor- 

Dem.,  11,449 ;  Potts,  Repub.,  9,862 ;  Larnson,  wegian  laugui^e,  large  numbers  of  which  were 

Nat.,  1,689.    Fifth  District— Voorhis,  Repub.,  gratuitously  distributed. 

10,893 ;  Deraarest,  Dem.,  10,089 ;  Potter,  Nat,  NEW  YORK.    The  Legislature    of   New 

8,268.    Sixth  District — Blake,  Repub.,  14,771 ;  York  commenced  its  usual  annual  session  at 

Albright,  Dem.,  12,882;    Bliss,  iJ^at,   2,106.  Albany  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  January,  187S. 

Seventh  District— Brigham,   Repub.,  18,199;  In  the  Senate  there  were  18  Republicans,  13 

Laverty,  Dem.,  11,284;  Winant,  1,424.  Democrats,  and  1  Independent.      In  the  As- 

The  State  Legislature  was  divided  as  follows :  sembiy  there  were  66  Republicans,  61  Demo- 

crats,  and  1  Independent 

fABTma. BnMU.     Hoam,  ^hc  apportionment  of  members  of  the  Legis- 

BepubUcanB 11         88  lature  according  to  the  population  became  a 

I)omoc^»ta..'.'.^^^' *.'*.*.*.*.'.'.'.'.'.' ''.'.*.'.*..*!'.'      9         2T  Subject  ofunusnal  interest.    The  Constitutioii 


Independent  Democnt 1 .^ of  the  State  requires  the  Senate  districtsto  "I* 

Total 21         60  altbred  by  the  Legislature  at  the  first  sessioa 

after  the  return  of  every  enumeration  of  tk 

NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH.  The  fifty-  inhabitants,  so  that  each  district  shall  contain, 
eighth  meeting  of  the  General  Convention  of  as  nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal  number  of  inhab- 
the  New  Jerusalem  Church  was  held  at  Bos-  itants,  excluding  aliens  and  persons  of  coltr 
ton,  Mass.,  beginning  May  81st.  The  Rev.  not  taxed " ;  and  provides  that  "  the  districu 
Chauncey  Giles  presided.  The  Treasurer  re-  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  return  of  su- 
pported the  condition  of  the  several  funds  under  other  enumeration,  and  shall  at  all  times  con- 
his  charge,  viz.,  the  Wales  fund,  the  Rice  fund,  sist  of  contiguous  territory."  The  same  article 
the  Jenkins  fund,  ^1  invested  in  Indiana,  and  enacts  tbat  **  the  Legislature  at  ita  first  sesdoc 
the  Wilkins,  Richards,  and  Building  funds,  after  the  return  of  every  enumeration  shall  a|v 
invested  in  United  States  bonds.  Their  entire  portion  the  members  of  Assembly  among  the 
amount,  with  the  cash  in  his  hands,  was  $18,004.  several  counties  of  the  State,"  and  requires  the 
The  Board  of  Publication  reported  that  the  boards  of  supervisors  to  divide  the  several 
assets  in  their  hands  on  the  1st  day  of  April,  counties  entitled  to  more  than  one  member 
1878,  amounted  to  $17,904.  The  publication  into  Assembly  districts;  and  also  provides thst 
of  the  works  of  Swedenborg,  principally  the  the  apportionment  and  districta  shall  remain 
^^TriiA   r!hrifitmn    RAlitnnn^*   nnd    tTiA   *^  Kaw  Unaltered  until  another  enumeration   mhaSi  h^ 


had  been  continued.    The  new  "Bookof  Wor-  ture  of  1876  omitted  or  refused  to  make  the 

ship  "  had  been  generally  adopted ;  and  a  **  Book  apportionment.    The  southeastern  portion  of 

of  Rites  and  Sacraments"  was  in  preparation,  the  State,  and  especially  the  cities  of  New 

A  committee  which  had  been  appointed  in  1866  York  and  Brooklyn,  had  so  rapidly  increasied 

to  examine  and  publish  Swedenborg^s  manu-  in  population  as  to  lead  to  an  increase  in  tbe 

scripts  reported  that  the  work  "De  Caritate"  number  of  representatives,  while  in  the  inte- 

had  been  transcribed  and  published ;  and  that  rior  there  would  be  a  reduction, 

progress  had  been  made  in  the  republication  The  first  question  raised  related  to  the  rigb: 

and  revision  of  other  works.    About  thirty-  of  the  succeeding  Legislature  to  make  the  ap- 

six  thousand  copies  of  the  *^  True  Christian  portionment ;  and  on  this  the  opinion  of  the 

Religion,"  the  "Apocalypse  Revealed,"  and  Attorney-General  was  asked.    He  replied  : 

"Heaven  and  Hell"  had  been  distributed  by  The  ConBiitution  contains  no  prohibition  agaicst 

the  trustees  of  the  lunfferich  ^nd,  nearly  all  the  ezerolse  of  tbU  power  by  the  LeeiBlfttore  ufta 

of  which  had  been  asked  for  by  ministers  and  the  first  aeaeion  following  the  decennial  enumermtioa, 

theological  students  representing  all  denomi-  "^P*  ''**®'**  *t"  ^^^  ^"*w^  performed.    Them 

Tr  ^e»^***  ''»^"**^*»**;  * ^F*  vo%?** wiAft  t»M.K  vicuvuAx  jj^  change  can  be  made  until  the  next  enozneTatioc 

nations,  and  the  white,  black,  and  Indian  races.  j^  the  nature  of  things,  and  under  well-Bettled 

The  trustees  of  the  Rotch  Legacy  reported  that  principles  of  interpretation,  the  State  Constitntics. 

they  held  property  belonging  to  this  fund  to  unlike  the  Federal  Gonstitntion,  is  not  a  jgruit  cf 

the  amount  of  $17,642.    The  receipts  of  the  legislative  powers,  but  a  aeriea  of  Umitationa  and 

l^f}^*^.  f,?''*^^  ^"5?*  ^*""  *^*  ?•{;  WH  "Aul^^UlXe"  ^tt'^eSSdYi  the  S«.,.  „d 

11,038,  and  the  expenditures  on  its  behalf  had  Asaembfy  (article  8,  aection  I).    And  when  not  rc- 

been  about  $900.     The  sum  of  $82,845  was  atricted  by  the  Constitution,  the  power  of  the  L«^s- 

Still  due  the  fund  from  its  old  treasurer,  in  lature,withintherecogni»ed*phereoflegialatirn,if 

payment  of  which  a  tract  of  land  near  Chicago,  •«Erome.    (ThePeopIew.  p^^i**,?   ^:?f*.^*^ 

Ill    had  hPen  offpred  tha  triiflt^es      Fnnr  stnl  y^^FV,^^  ^  apportion  the  lecnalaUTe  diatncU  » 

lu.,  naa  oeen  onerwi  ine  irustees.     j?  our  stu-  ^^  beneficial  power  to  secure  equid  representation  aEd 

dents  had  been  under  instruction  dunng  the  Jast  government  to  all  the  Inhabitanta  of  the  Suu. 

year  in  the  Theological  School  at  Waltham,  A  prohibition  upon  the  power  by  implication  o&l 

Mass.,  two  of  whom  were  now  preaching  for  notbefavored.becauseobvionalyitwoiildbeapairrt 

New  Church  societies.    Addresses  were  read  t!lt^,^}Ji^^^o!!^^^^^^ 

^         .«           •  i.*      •     cii.     1.1.  1       o       1            J  letter  of  the  (Jonatitution.    That  has  not  been  dor^e 

from  the  societies  m  Stockholm,  Sweden,  and  ty  an  ezpreaa  enactment,  and  in  my  judgmant  eat. 

Copenhagen,  Denmark,  from  which  it  appeared  be  done  m  no  other  way. 


NEW  YORK.                                                     615 

The  language  of  the  GoDstitation  and  the  neoes-  specified.    These  Oommissioners,  and  their  sue- 

wry  fanctiona  of  the  LegiaJatare  arising  from  the  na-  ceasora  appointed  according  to  law,  addressed 

tore  of  our  aystem  of  government,  would  seem  to  themselves  to  their  task  with  zeal  and  ability, 

leave  this  power,  with  reaaonable  oertamtr,  in  poa-  t     vtTri  vl      "**"*  ™^  "*""  '•^o*  «**«  ^«»»'"'v» 

sesion  of  the  Le^elature,  to  be  exercised  over  in  la  lo«  the  Comnussioners  of  Fracuoe  and 

every  decade.  Pleadings  reported  a  partial  code,  which,  on 

But,  grave  aa  this  question  is  conceded  to  be,  aa  the  12th  of  April  in  that  year,  was  enacted  by 

all  questions  of  oonstitutioni^  construction  necessa-  the  Legislature  as  chapter  379  of  the  laws  of 

nly  are,  It  IS  relieved  from  difficulty  by  judicial  in  teiw  ,q.q     ^^   ««^«  n«,„L5„„;««^«,   ^^r^^^^^   ;« 

potation  given  to  theae  provisioni  miaj  yeara  ago.  ]^'    The  siune  Oommissioners  reported  in 

(Rumsey  vs.  The  People,  19  N.  Y.,  41.)  1849  completed  codes  of  civil  and  criminal  pro- 

cedore.    By  chapter  488  of  the  laws  of  that 

The  Committee  on  Apportionment  were  di-  year,  the  Oode  of  Oivil  Procedure,  as  amended, 

rected  by  the  Assembly  to  report  in  twenty  constituting  in  all  an  act  of  less  than  a  hundred 

days.    The  report  was  duly  made  and  the  bill  pages,  was  established.    With  some  subsequent 

referred  for  amendments.    Thus,  with  amend-  amendments,  this  one  statute  has  constituted 

meats  and  delays  between  the  Houses,  no  act  the  main  body  of  our  civil  practice  from  that 

was  passed.  day.    The  Oommissioners  of  the  Oode,  ap- 

There  were  nine  supplemental  chapters  of  pointed  in  pursuance  of  the  17th  section  of 

the  Codo  of  Civil  Procedure  which  failed  to  article  Ist,  completed  and  submitted  at  differ- 

become  enacted  in  1877  for  want  of  the  approv-  ent  times  codes  of  the  common  and  statute 

al  of  the  Governor.     These  were  again  passed  law,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 

by  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  and  sent  to  the  Constitution ;  but  their  work  has  never  been 

Governor,  who  vetoed  them.  adopted  or  considered  by  the  Legislature,  al- 

New  York  took  the  lead  of  all  the  States  in  though  the  intent  of  the  Constitution  that  such 
making  provisions  for  the  codification  of  her  a  code  should  be  enacted  is  apparent.  On  one 
laws  as  early  as  1846.  The  proceedings  for  or  two  occasions,  action  in  rc^^ard  to  them  has 
this  end  are  of  sufficient  interest  and  impor-  been  urged  upon  the  Legislature  by  the  Ezecu- 
tance  to  be  summarily  stated  here.  The  new  tive,  but  no  earnest  steps  looking  to  their  cu- 
rtate Constitution  of  1846  provided  for  the  ap-  actment  have  ever  been  taken.  The  great  aim 
pointment  of  three  Commissioners,  whose  duty  of  the  Constitution  of  1846  was  to  secure  a 
it  should  be  *^  to  reduce  into  a  written  and  sys*  symmetric  system  of  jurisprudence,  including  a 
tematic  code  the  whole  body  of  the  law  of  the  code  of  political,  criminal,  and  civil  law.  The 
State,  or  so  much  and  such  parts  thereof  as  to  adoption  of  the  original  Code  of  ^  Procedure 
the  said  commissioners  shall  seem  practicable  ""  was  a  partial  accomplishment  of  this  oonstitu- 
and  expedient;  and  the  said  commissioners  tional  purpose  so  far  as  the  practice  law  of  the 
shall  specif 7  such  alterations  and  amendments  State  was  concerned  The  intent  of  the  17th 
therein  as  they  shall  deem  proper,  and  they  section  of  the  1st  article  has  never  yet  been 
3hall  at  all  times  make  reports  of  their  pro-  fulfilled.  Realizing  this  defect  in  the  law,  the 
ceedings  to  the  Legislature,  when  called  upon  Legislature,  on  the  2d  of  March,  1870,  passed 
to  do  so ;  and  the  Legislature  shall  pass  laws  an  act  authoriziug  certain  commissioners  to 
regulating  the  tenure  of  office,  the  filling  of  va-  "revise,  simplify,  arrange,  and  consolidate  all 
cancies  therein,  and  the  compensation  of  said  statutes  of  the  State  of  New  York,  general  and 
commissioners;  and  shall  also  provide  for  the  permanent  in  their  nature*';  and  in  perform- 
poblication  of  the  said  code,  prior  to  its  being  ing  this  duty  ^'  to  bring  together  all  statutes, 
presented  to  the  Legislature  for  adoption."  It  and  parts  of  statutes,  which,  from  similarity 
in  like  manner  directed  that  the  Legislature,  at  of  subject,  ought  to  be  brought  together,  omit- 
its  first  session  after  the  adoption  of  that  Con-  ting  redundant  or  obsolete  enactments,  and 
stitation,  should  provide  for  the  appointment  making  such  alterations  as  may  be  necessary 
of  three  Oommissioners  to  "revise,  reform,  to  reconcile  the  contradictions,  supply  the 
simplify,  and  abridge  the  rules  and  practice,  omissions,  and  amend  the  imperfections  of  the 
pleadings,  forms,  and  proceedings  of  the  courts  original  text."  Without  doubt  the  aim  of  this 
of  record  of  the  State,  and  to  report  thereon  to  act  was  to  revise  the  existing  general  acts,  and 
the  Legislature,  subject  to  their  adoption  and  not  in  any  way  to  change  the  settled  system  of 
modification  from  time  to  time."  In  obedience  legal  practice.  But,  instead  of  applying  them- 
to  these  requirements  of  the  Constitution,  the  selves  to  this  needed  revision  of  the  scattered 
Legislature  on  the  8th  day  of  April,  1847,  and  confused  statutes,  the  Commission  set 
passed  an  act  by  which  Reuben  H.  Walworth,  about  an  entire  upheaval  of  the  legal  proce- 
Alyah  Worden,  and  John  A.  Collier  were  ap-  dure.  In  1876  they  submitted  the  first  install- 
pointed  commissioners,  to  be  styled  "  Commis-  ment  of  their  proposed  work  in  the  shape  of  a 
rioners  of  the  Code,"  to  perform  the  duties  substitute  for  part  of  the  practice  law,  consist- 
specified  in  the  17th  section  of  the  1st  article,  ing  of  1,496  sections.  This  the  Legislalure 
By  the  same  statute,  Arphaxad  Loomis,  N'ioho-  of  that  year  enacted.  It  was  not,  however, 
las  Hill,  Jr.,  and  David  Graham  were  appoint-  allowed  to  take  effect  until  September,  1877. 
ed  commissioners,  to  be  styled  *^  Commission-  The  vetoed  biU  of  1,824  sections  is  the  re- 
ers  of  Practice  and  Pleadings,"  in  accordance  mainder  of  the  proposed  substitute.  The  Gk)v- 
vith  the  provision  of  the  24th  section  of  the  emor  in  his  veto  presents  numerous  objections 
6th  article,  to  perform  the  duties  in  that  article  to  the  code  of  great  importance,  and  concludes 


616  NEW  YORK. 

by  saying :    ^^  There  is,  in  my  judgment,  but  On  Febmary  2l8t  the  Governor  sent  to  the 
one  plain  and  proper  course  to  take,  and  tbat  Senate  a  message  transmitting  charges  of  offi- 
is,  to  repeal  the  thirteen  chapters  of  the  new  oial  misconduct  on  the  part  of  John  F.  Smjtb, 
code  which  took  effect  on  the  1st  of  September  Superintendent  of  the  Insurance  Department, 
last,  and  to  rednact  the  Code  of  Procedure  as  made  by  the  Comptroller,  F.  P.  Olcott.    It 
it  then  stood.    After  most  careful  reflection,  appears  that  the  laws  of  1878  contain  appro- 
and  consultation  with  the  very  best  minds  of  priate  and  stringent  provisions  forbidding  the 
the  legal  profession,  I  am  sure  that  I  only  do  payment,  or  presentation  for  payment,  of  any 
my  duty  in  most  respectfully  but  earnestly  biU  for  services  in  examinations  by  any  attor- 
appealing  to  the  Legislature  to  take  this  course,  ney  or  appraiser  of  the  Insurance  Departm^Lt, 
the  only  one  by  which,  it  seems  to  me,  the  until  the  same  had  been  approved  by  the  Sg 
direst  evil  and  confusion  can  be  avoided."  perintendent  and  audited  by  the  Comptrolle-r. 
The  portion  of  the  code  which  took  effect  and  declaring  that  any  party  violating  thU 
in  September,  1877,  contained  a  provision  which  provision  should  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
made  persons  convicted  of  infamous  crimes  meanor.    Under  this  statute  the  affairs  of  the 
competent  witnesses  in  court ;  but  it  failed  to  department  were  conducted  until  the  present 
authorize  the  courts  to  take  the  convict  out  of  Superintendent  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his 
prison  and  bring  him  into  their  presence  to  office.    Finding  these  provisions  not  in  accord- 
testify.    To  remedy  this  defect,  a  bill  was  ance  with  his  views,  he  made  an  effort  to  hare 
passed  by  the  Legislature  and  sent  to  the  Qov-  them  changed  by  the  Legislature.    Failing  in 
emor  for  his  approval    He  returned  it  with  that,  he  seems  to  have  gone  on  in  defiance  of 
his  objections.    In  his  opinion  it  is  undoubted-  them.    By  reference  to  the  Comptroller's  re- 
ly the  settled  policy  of  modem  legislation  to  port,  it  appears  that  a  certain  class  of  charges 
broaden  the  range  of  competent  evidence.    But  aggregating  about  $9,000  have  been  submitted 
because  parties  in  interest,  and  husband  or  to  and  audited  by  the  Comptroller,  while  in 
wife,  are  now  permitted  to  testify,  is  no  reason  the  case  of  numerous  companies  other  l&r;;« 
for  elevating  an  infamous  convict  to  the  same  and,  as  the  Governor  says,  grossly  improper 
level.    The  wisdom  of  the  enactment  must  be  charges,  amounting  to  over  $64,000,  have  been 
determined  exclusively  upon  its  own  merits,  presented  and  approved,  or  paid  without  ap- 
There  is  a  vital  difference  in  the  reasons  given  proval,  but  with  the  sanction  of  the  Superio- 
for  excluding  these  various  persons.    Parties  tendent,  without  having  been  audited  or  pre- 
in  interest  were  excluded  because  of  the  natural  sented  to  the  Comptroller  for  audit,  as  required 
selfishness  of  men;  husband  or  wife  because  of  by  the  statute.    The  removal  from  office  of 
the  sacredness  of  their  relation.    The  crimi-  the  Superintendent  was  recommended.    He 
nal,  however,  is  excluded  because  his  vicious-  was  arraigned  and  tried  before  the  Senate, 
ness  is  a  radical  disqualification.    Is  it  sound  admitting  the  truth  of  the  statement  of  fact«. 
policy  to  make  the  mass  of  criminals  compe-  It  was  urged  in  defense  that  the  law  of  IhV^ 
tent  witnesses  in  all  proceedings  in  the  courts  ?  had  been  inoperative  for  want  of  the  neces- 
Is  it  Just  to  permit  a  magistrate  to  order  sary  appropriations  to  give  it  force,  and  hence 
brought  into  court  some  one  fresh  from  the  the  charge  of  violating  it  falls  to  the  ground, 
perpetration  of  a  vile  crime,  to  dispute  before  The  law  of  1858,  which  was  not  repealed,  re- 
a  jury  the  evidence  of  unimpeached  citizens  ?  mained  the  only  statute  giving  authority  to 
The  question  of  veracity  is  raised*    Doubt  is  make  examinations^and  its  provisions  governed 
insidiously  instilled  into  the  minds  of  purors  during  the  year.    The  result  was  an  acqnitu! 
who  may  be  personally  unacquainted  with  all  by  the  Senate  of  the  Superintendent  on  the 
the  witnesses.     Disagreements  will  thus  be  charges  preferred  against  nim,  by  a  vote  of  12 
mevitably  multiplied.    And  yet  the  only  con-  for  removal  to  19  against  it,  and  a  decision  that 
troverting  testimony  may  be  the  perjured  evi-  he  should  not  be  removed  from  office, 
dence  of  one  whose  deeds  evince  his  entire  The  question  of  maintaining  or  abandoning 
moral  incompetency  to  give  truthful  evidence,  the  canals  has  already  become  an  important 
Why  should  the  State  declare  these  criminals  one  for  the  State.    The  Constitntion  prohibits 
legdly  competent  to  testify?    Why  should  not  an  expenditure  for  running  tliem  in  excess  of 
the  penalty  of  incompetency  remain  attached  the  receipts  of  the  previous  year.    The  tot£) 
to  them  ?   True,  the  question  of  credibility  is  expenditure  chargeable  to  the  revenues  for  the 
still  to  be  passed  upon.    But  why  raise  that  fiscal  year  1876  was  $1,202,053.62 ;  for  1877. 
question  at  all,  when  the  possibility  of  obtaining  $1,128,860.76.    The  total  revenue  for  the  fiscsl 
reliable  evidence  is  so  remote  f  year  ending  October  80, 1877, was  $1 ,058,361.01. 
A  concurrent  resolution  was  passed  in  the  As  the  cost  of  running  the  canals  is  nearly 
Senate  to  secure  the  continuance  of  the  Com-  $1,200,000,  it  was  evident  at  the  beginning  of 
mission  under  the  form  of  a  Legislative  com-  1878  that  the  expenses  for  the  year  must  be 
mittee,  at  an  expense  of  $15,000 ;  but  it  failed  reduced  about  $185,708.78  below  those  of  the 
to  pass  in  the  Assembly.    Subsequently  the  previous  year.     Unless  a  system   could  be 
Senate  passed  a  resolution  providing  for  a  com-  adopted  by  which  the  expenses  would  be  re- 
mittee of  three  Senators  to  sit  during  the  recess  duced,  the  closing  of  the  canals  seemed  ineri* 
to  consider  the  codes,  and  report  to  the  next  table.    In  the  Assembly  the  following  resoh- 
Legislature.  tion  was  passed : 


NEW  YORK.  617 

JUnktd,  That  the  Auditor  of  the  Canal  Depari-  al,  had  up  to  that  time,  however,  been  absorbed 

meat  be  requested  to  inform  the  Afliembly,  in  the  ^  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  the 

possible  event  of  the  abandonment  of  tolls  on  the  /iu«--,«i«:„  „-»j  j.v«  i.*«,„i  «««^i«  *u«.  ^^-^0.^««^ 

Lie,  Champlain,  and Oewego  Canals,  what  would  Ohamplam  and  thelateral  canals,  the  expenses 

be  the  probable  cost  of  their  malDtenance  by  the  on  account  Of  which  had  exceeoed  the  receipts 

State,  speoifjing  the  yearly  sums  required  for  all  f^om  tolls  for  their  use  by  the  sum  of  $48,871,- 

probable  repairs,  the  Bui)port  of  said  canals  named,  043.    Xhe  general  result,  therefore,  up  to  tiiat 

uid  the  amount  of  additional  taxes  which  would  be  ^^^  ^^g  a  direct  loss  to  the  State  of  $7,478,- 

imposedupon  the  people  if  the  canals  are  madefree.  ^^^^  j.^^^  ^3^3  ^  ^g^^  inclusive,  a  period  of 

The  Auditor  in  his  reply  said:  five  years,  covering  a  remarkable  depression 
The  abandoument  of  tolls  on  any  or  all  of  the  of  all  business,  the  receipts  of  the  canals  from 
canals  of  the  State  requires,  in  the  first  instance,  a  gj[  sources,  even  with  the  drag  of  the  lateral 
radical  ehan^  in  the  ifnanoial  article  of  the  Consti-  ^j^^^^  ^^^^  1,^^^  sufficient  to  meet  the  cost 
tution,  and  the  amendments  necessary  to  effect  that  ^-  ^«ii««*;^«  «„^  o..«^,:,»*a«;Ia«^a  ^^^a  «n  rs^Ai 
object  could  not  become  operative  before  January  1,  ^f  collection  and  superintendence  and  aU  ordi- 
ISSl.  The  taxes  necessary  to  be  levied  for  the  pay-  nary  expenditures,  and  leave  a  surplus  avail- 
meat  of  the  principal  and  interest  of  the  canal  aeb^  able  for  other  purposes.  During  the  same 
and  for  maintainini;  the  canals,  would  be  aasessea  time,  however,  there  has  been  raised  by  taxa- 
on  the  annual  viduations  of  the  real  and  personal  ^.j  ^  ^  g^  ^f  $9,898,608,  which  has  been 
{•roperty  of  the  State,  from  and  after  the  year  1881.  ••*'"  ""^  ^**"*  V  v«'>"«'«'>2T.  ♦  «««  »^^^** 
The  ag^egate  valuation  for  the  year  1877  ($2,756,-  swallowed  Up  m  extraordmary  expenditures. 
740,918)  waa  29  per  cent,  greater  than  for  the  year  An  analysis  is  made  of  the  season  of  1877  with 
1873,  and  the  aame  ratio  ol  increase  would  ^ve  us  a  direct  reference  to  the  system  of  low  tolls, 
raluation  in  1881  of  $8,564,»p5,010.  The  mterest-  thus  affording  a  basis  for  the  consideration 
^ttt^'^elr^l^^^^^  Of  the/ature  system  and  rates  of  toll.  This 
win  amount  to  $9,018,700,  and  the  accumulation  of  analysis  explains  the  mystery  of  the  compara- 
tha  sinking  fund  applicable  to  its  payment  at  the  tively  small  falling  off  in  revenue,  considering 
ume  date  should  amount  to  $4,102,108. 14.  The  debt,  the  great  reduction  in  tolls.    If  the  revenue  had 

R9ll*L^6^8«*wM^  TiS^le  l^TouW  ^^^^  ^^  relatively  to  the  reduction  of  tolls, 

Muiri  an'aeaMsment,  up*on  the  Mti^ated^v^Sfon  1?™^®^^^^^^^*^^^^°°^! .^*^®  yielded  less 

of  1881,  of  one  and  three  fifths  of  a  mill  per  dolhir  than  $500,000 ;  instead  of  this,  however,  the 

of  valuation;  or  if  paid  by  annual  aaaessmenta  until  sum  of  $708,927  was  received.    There  was  a 

the  debt  matured,  as  we  are  now  doin^,  the  assess-  great  absolute  increase  in  manufactures,  and 

rrlntnfiJi'',!l.TwniM^^^  »  curiously  small  tonnage  movement  in  the 
['syment  of  interest  would  be  nearly  three  tentha  of  j     1.       1       ^         ^i_     ^      1*  ▲      rni.     1 

»mill.  This  debt  of  $9,013,700  does  not  ftilly  mature  prodncts  placed  on  the  free  hst    The  lesson 

until  Ootober  1, 1898.    The  interest  from  October  1,  is,  that  reduction  and  simplification  of  tolls  on 

I'^SI,  to  the  maturity  of  t)ie  debt  will  aggre^te  in  bulky  agricultural  prodncts  result  in  increased 

'iVl^^^'^t  ye*«^f*»t?»«l-W,  and  by  naymg  the  tonnage,  without  material  diminution  of  the 

debt  October  1, 1881,  the  interest  would  be  stopped  ««-A«^a       w^  -A/«/x«*i*»iAn/iA*;^n  ^^n  «*io^^  ^« 

and  14.767,421.60  saved  in  taxes.  The  saving  would  fv  ^^v-*     ^o  recommendation  was  made  on 

average  nearly  $400,000  per  annum  for  the  period  of  the  subject  or  free  canals. 
tvnWe  years.  The  proper  valuation  of  the  various  classes  of 

The  cost  of  collection,  superintendence,  and  ordl-  charities  of  the  State,  and  their  receipts  and  ex- 

ff^,7JS^"  *^'  the  fiscal  year  ending  80th  Beptem-  ^^^  for  the  year  1877,  were  as  follows :  State 

K I818,  waa  as  foUows:  ^7Aari«f«-Real  estate,  $6,669,079.29 ;  person- 

rZ  1^  S^nSuto  Ci^;i •mill  5S  ^»  $497,842.46 ;  total,  $7,066,961.75.  Receipts 

For  the  Oswego  CsdaL..^.' !!.'.'.'.'.' .'.'!.'.'    43^49  M  — -Oash  balance,  $88,801.94;  State,  $801,077 

.29;  municipalities,  $871,251.87;  other  sources, 

■^^ •8n,«87  9a  $897,444.75;   total,  $1,658,678.65.     Expendi- 

Assuming  that  this  sum  represents  the  minimum  tures — Buildings  and  improvements,  $628,162 

of  cost  for  the  three  canals,  it  would  reaulre  an  as-  .25 ;  supervision  and  mamtenance,  $1,049,612 

sesament  upon  the  estimated  valuation  of  1881  equal  1 «  .    xJl„i    a^  p-frrr  wta  A^       n^,^L7 ^^a  n:*^. 

t.)  ooe  fourth  of  a  mill  per  dolUr  of  yaluation ;  \nd  -j,?  5   .^**^»  J^'?^\^  .   *l^  £V^nf?  ^^  ^^^ 

if  with  those  canala  there  be  included  the  Cayuga  c7Aartftd9— Real  estate,   $6,588,845  ;    receipts 

and  Seneca  and  the  Black  Biver  Canals,  an  assess-  from  municipalities,  $2,761,775.96  ;    expendi- 

ment  of  four  fifteenths  of  a  mUl  would  maintain  tures,  $2,761,775.96.     Incorporated  ChaHtieB 

«s^"?.Snl;;?t'!S^vXAln^5?^^^^  -Real  estate,  $14,115,741.16;  personal  estate, 

wse^sed  upon  the  valuation  of  1877,  it  would  require  ^^  t^oQ  aqq  oq  .♦/>♦«!  ii  a  qoq  Vqi  aq     t?^^:,^^-! 

a  tax  slighuy  in  excess  of  one  third  of  a  mill.  $4,728,089.92 ;  total,  $18,888,781.08.   Receipts 

'  —Oash  balance,  $254,497.62  ;  State,  $99,769- 

The  subject  of  the  revenues  and  the  increase  .82 ;  muoicipalities,  $1,477,369.84 ;  donations, 

of  commerce  on  the  canals  was  referred  by  the  $716,157.05 ;  other  sources,  $1,288,768.18 ;  to- 

Ganal  Board  to  a  Oommission  for  the  purpose  tal,  $8,885,647.51.     Expenditures — ^BuUdings 

of  investigation.     They  made  an  exhaustive  and  improvements,  $827,720.80 ;   supervision 

report  to  the  Legislature  on  February  18th,  and  maintenance,  $8,816,156.29;  total,  $4,148,- 

which  contains  some  important  facts.    It  ap-  876.69.    These  aggregates  are  very  large.    The 

pe&rs  that  up  to  the  close  of  the  year  1866  the  value  of  the  real  estate  is  $27,088,165.46 ;  per- 

£ne  Canal  bad  not  only  repaid  from  the  re-  sonal,   $5,220,882.88  ;    total,    $82,269,047.88. 

eeiptsfor  ita  use  every  dollar  expended  upon  The  total  receiptffare  $8,260,902.02,  of  which 

it,  bat  had  yielded  in  addition  to  the  State  the  cash  balance  is  $888,299.66 ;  State,  $900,- 

Treasory  a  surplus  of  $41,397,651.     All  this  842.11:    municipalities,  $4,610,887.17;    dona- 

liu^  sum,  and  some  several  millions  addition-  tions,  $715,167.05;   other  sources,  $1,680,216 


618  NEW  YORK. 

.13.    Expenditares  on  baildings  and  improve-  conflict  and  confusion.    Some  of  them  go  sc 

ments,  $855,882.55 ;  saperrision  and  mdnte*  far  as  to  practically  destroy  the  old  doctrtDes 

nance,  $7,627,544.41 ;  total,  $8,488,426.96.  The  in  regard  to  the  right  of  eminent  domain.    Thi- 

number  of  poorhouses  and  almshonses  in  the  qaestion  is  a  jndicial  one,  and  I  regard  it  of 

State  at  that  time  was  64,  and  the  number  of  great  public  importance  that  it  should  be  an- 

ohildren  in  them  was  1,131.    The  following  is  thoritatiTely  settled  at  the  earliest  practicable 

a  classification  of  the  condition  of  such  ohil-  day  by  a  decision  of  the  highest  Court  in  the 

dren  who  were  between  the  ages  of  three  and  State.    For  this  reason,  and  for  the  porpoee  of 

sixteen  years:   Healthy  and  intelligent.  111;  enabling  the  matter  to  be  brought  before  tU 

teachable  idiots,  152;  unteachable  idiots,  105 ;  courts  for  such  abjudication,  I  cheerfoUy  allotr 

feeble-minded,  23 ;  epileptic,  10 ;  paralytic,  8 ;  the  bill  to  become  a  law  by  the  lapse  of  the  ten 

otherwise  diseased,  57 ;  crippled  and  deformed,  days  provided  for  in  the  Constitution.'' 

50 ;  blind,  9 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  8.  The  legal  aspect  of  the  question  is  briedj 

In  answer  to  an  inquiry  of  the  Senate  made  presented  by  the  Attorney-General,  A.  Schoon- 

on  January  16th,  the  Commissioners  of  the  new  maker,  Jr.,  in  the  following  extracts : 

Capitol  reported  that  it  might  be  completed  The  Conetitation,  which  requires  oompensation  to 

and  furnished  ready  for  occupancy,  ana  that  be  made  when  private  property  Ib  taken  for  a  pubis 

the  grounds  connected  tlierewith  miirht  be  laid  ^■«»  '™Plic8  that,  underimiverBally  understood  pria- 

out  and  fenced,  and  the  old  Capitol  and  otih«-  SfeJ  f^b^'Sl!  %Cn'LTi."^^p^*S.- 

DUildmgS  removed,  for  the  sum  of  $5,198,625.  under  this  power  private  property  may  be  taken  for 

The  items  of  such  expenditure  are  set  forth  in  a  private  uae,  for  the  plain  reason  that  it  would  ':< 

the  following  schedule :  destructive  of  the  very  object  of  ffovemment,  vehkY 

^   .  -..  «^.      .    ,  ..      .  is  to  protect  rights  of  person  and  righta  of  properr. 

Cost  of  building,  Including  dome :  It  is  a  ftmdamental  principle  that  ^  vemixTeDts  cl 

saXton;::::::. ::;:::::::;:::::::;::::  'iimoss  "^«  i*^«^^  i^*  ^?y^  from  the  consent  of  the  go.- 

Flnmblng  and  gas-fitting fi&446  emed  ;  and  implied  consent  embraces  only  the  pon- 

Tiling  of  rooft !.*..!!'.'....*.'. '. '.        M,860  6^  necessary  for  the  public  purpose  of  just  govcrc- 

Iron-work 80S,680  ment.    A  public  use  is  therefore  the  only  purpr^e 

Osrpente^work 950,861  for  which  private  righ ts  of  property  can  be  mvaccU 

PiwSrf      %Knn  *°^  ****  owner  displaced  by  the  aovereign  {■owtr. 

THtogflSS^;::::::::::::::::::.;:::::::;    m:m  ?"• "  •  v?"'?*T  ""^  '^t  power  of  govcmmeDts 

•Marhie ..!.!...!         19,425  indispensable  to  the  security  and  happiness  of  tbt 

Heating.  !..!!!!.!!..*.*.!!!!.'!!!."!!!!!!!        sslooo  people.    A  public  use,  in  the  proper  Fense,  is  a  grt- 

Elevators '.'. 120^000  emmental  use.    It  is  some  purpose  relating  to  tb« 

Terrace  •  public  defense,  the  public  welfare,  the  admixii«t»> 

Granite      ....         .                 t2884fNI  ^^^^  of  government,  the  means  of  ccmmuniCEticc 

S«nd»tone..V.V.'.".*.. '.*.*.' '.*.".*.'.*.*.*.    STo'ssS  ^ith  all  parts  of  the  territory  goremed,  and  (k- 

Brickwork.!!!! !!!*....! V.    154,472  oilitiea  for  collecting  and  augmenting  the  public 

Tiling 66,800  reTenue  and  for  commercial  interoourse.    For  the«e 

Carpenter-work Vi,SM  purposes  lands  may  be  taken  for  the  erection  of 

PumitiiTfi                                                  SS'Sn  DuildingB  for  legislative  bodiea,  for  eonrto.  for  pris- 

Taking  dowA*  buUdiiii'  "and*  ii^iig'iit           '  ?."»»  ^°'  *"  police  and  saniUiT  purpoaea,  /or  e4c«- 

groonds. 7 160,000  tional  uses^  and  for  public  chanties,  as  well  as  lor 

building  bridges,  roads^  canals,  alid  parka. 

Total $5,198,625  *' But  the  right  of  eminent  domain  does  not,  bov. 

T         J-  X  1      *x       xi_.              ^                 ^  ever,  imply  a  right  in  the  sovereign  power  to  take 

imraeaiately  after  this  report  was  made  an  the  property  of  one  citizen  and  transfer  it  to  another, 

act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  making  an  even  for  a  uill  compensation,  when  the  public  inter- 

appropriation  of  $300,000  to  continue  the  work  •»*  ^pl  be  in  no  way  promoted  by  such  transfer.'* 


its  early  occupation  by  the  State  authorities,    government  Arom  seizing  it  in  the  handa  of  the  ovn 
This  occupation  took  place  on er  and  turning  it  over  to  another  on  vague  ground* 


declined  to  sign  it,  but  allowed  it  to  become  a    question  to  be  determined  ultimatelv  by  the  courts. 


law  by  the  lapse  of  ten  days.    The  purpose  of  although  in  some  States  it  has  been  held  that  whm 

fKaaA  /»^mr^<>jr;Ao  fo  ♦!,-«*  4-»««««».^«*«^«^«^^  ^ii  a  statuto  lu  torms  declarcs  the  use  to  be  pubhe  for 

these  companies  is  the  transportation  of  oil  ^^^^^^  private  property  is  authorized  to  be  taken,  tit 

from  Its  sources  to  the  points  of  general  mar-  courts  will  hold  it  to  be  such,  unless  the  contnir 

ket  by  its  flow  through  a  pipe  laid  on  or  near  clearly  anpears  (25 II).,  540 ;  SS  Conn.,  55),  and  the 

the  surface  of  the  ground.   The  Governor  said :  United  Statee  Supreme  Court  haa  ffiTen  sanction  to 

;i\r 'nr^&n'^'V'^^  'If  "^  in\nti??r  li^w  hf^sittYeV  tfc^i  V^^  J^l 

to  the  corporations  which  may  be  formed  un-  declaration  can  not  make  that  a  public  we  which  i* 

der  It,  to  take  private  property  without  the  not  so  in  its  nature  (89  N.  Y.,  174;  66  N.  Y.,  6«9i. 

consent  of  the  owner,  is  unconstitutional.   Up-  The  latter  case  is  the  latest  and  most  authoritatiTe 

on  this  question  I  applied  to  the  Attorney-Gen-  enunciation  of  the  law  upon  this  ^^uestion.    Tbs 

Ai>a1  fini-  on  /^ffi/*Stti  AwSvtfi^Ti     'E?,.r«*»  ♦!.<-  Jl^i^ir.-^  Court  Say  that  "  where  the  uses  are  in  fact  public, 

eral  for  an  official  opmion.    From  this  opinion.  ^^^  necelsitv  or  expediency  of  taking  private^^p'^^I- 

aa  well  as  from  my  own  examination,  I  find  ©rty  for  su<S  uses,  by  the  ezerx^isa  or  the  delepati^u 

the  j  udicial  decisions  upon  the  question  in  some  of  the  right  of  eminent  domain,  the  instrumentalities 


NEW  YORK.                                                     619 

to  be  used,  and  the  extent  to  which  such  riffbt  shall  crease  of  $1,144,167.17   in  expenditares,   as 

be  exercised  or  delegated,  are  aue»tioM  to  be  deter-  compared  with  the  previous  year. 

^^?:ieMS.Jl?^4^^^^^       P^^i^^or^^tTf;  T/e  Railroad  Oo'mnnttee  'of  tl,e  Assembly 

the  queition  upon  which  the  right  of  the  LegiBlaiure  made  a  report  upon  the  anthracite  coal  and 

to  interfere  witli  private  property  depends.     That  railroad  combination.     From  this  it  appears 

question  ean  only  be  dtUrnUned  byjwHcidl  inquwy ;  that  the  **  Anthracite  Board  of  Control "  con- 

iDd  all  the  cases  m  which  the  action  of  the  Legisia-  «:„*-  ^f  gftvon  railrnAd  and  noal  AomnaniAs  aom^ 

ture  condemning  or  authoriiing  the  condemnation  ^^^  01  seven  rauroaa  ana  coal  corapames,  some 

of  private  property  has  been  sustained,  are  founded  organized  under  charters  from  New  York  and 

upon  the  concession  or  adjudication  that  the  use  for  the  rest  from  Pennsylvania.    These  companies 

which  the  property  la  taken  is,  in  its  nature,  pnb-  have  united  in  order  to  regulate  coal  produc- 

^^'\  i^*u^-  T'fV-^    And  In  that  case  the  Court  tion  and  coal  transportation,  and  above  all  to 

decided  that  the  delegation  of  the  right  of  eminent  ^          ^igh  as  posSble  the  cost  of  coal  to  the 

domam  to  rural  cemetery  associations  incorporated  *"*"^  ""    ^  r^  ^/vooii^w  uuo  wdu  vi.  wo*  w  uuv 

under  the  general  laws  of  this  State  is  for  a  private  consumer.     The  objects  constanUy  kept  in  view 

sad  not  a  public  purpose,  and  therefore  unconstitu-  by  the  combination  are  high  rates  of  freight 

tional  and  void.  and  high  prices  of  coal.    In  describing  the 

Uader  the  provisions  of  an  act  that  was  history  of  the  combination  the  report  shows 

adopted,  a  married  woman,  of  the  age  of  twen-  that  it  had  its  genesis  in  the  period  of  infla- 

tr-one  years  or  more,  may  execute  a  power  tion.    During  the  war  and  for  some  time  after 

of  attorney  in  like  manner  as  if  she  were  its  close,  in  the  flush  times  of  inflation,  the 

single.  combination  succeeded  in  raising  the  price  of 

By  another  act  every  person  in  the  State  coal  to  $13  a  ton.    As  consumption  steadily 

who  shall  either  verbally  or  by  written  or  increased  notwithstanding  the  enormous  price, 

printed  communication  threaten  to  accuse  an-  money  streamed  into  the  coffers  of  the  compa- 

other  of  any  oflfense,  or  shall  threaten  to  com-  nies  at  such  a  rate  that  they  hardly  knew  what 

mnnicate  or  to  publish  or  in  any  manner  to  to  do  with  it    In  the  expectation  that  this 

nae  information  or  documents  or  statements  golden  shower  would  last  for  ever,  they  built 

that  are  alleged  to  be  ii\jurious  to  the  personal  railroads  to  all  points  of  the  compass  to  supply 

reputation  or  to  the  business  standing  of  any  every  corner  of  the  land  with  coal.    At  the 

other  person,  with  intent  by  any  such  threat-  same  time  they  bought  or  leased  more  land, 

ening  to  extort  any  property  or  to  derive  any  and  produced  as  if  this  generation  were  de- 

pecuniary  or  valuable  benefit  whatever  to  the  termined  to  consume  all  the  wealth  of  coal 

person  making  such  threat,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  hidden  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth.    The  mania 

crime  and  made  subject  to  severe  penalties.  to  extend  the  trade  to  all  quarters  at  any  cost 

A  concurrent  resolution  providing  for  bien-  did  not  cease  even  with  the  financial  crisis  of 

nial  sessions  of  the  Legislature  failed  to  be  1878,  which  caused  a  rapid  decline  in  oonsump- 

adopted.  tion.    The  network  of  railroads  was  extended 

The  report  of  the  acting  Superintendent  of  wiihthedeterminationof  compelling  the  world 
the  Banking  Department  for  the  year  1877,  to  consume  as  much  coal  as  could  be  produced, 
which  was  presented  late  in  the  session,  shows  But  even  this  gigantic  effort  could  not  prevail 
that  the  total  deposits  during  the  year  de-  against  the  laws  of  trade,  and  some  of  the 
clined,  and  the  aggregate  number  of  depositors  heaviest  companies  ceased  to  pay  dividends, 
was  also  less.  The  aggregate  falling  off  in  Stocks  next  were  watered,  which  afforded  tern- 
amount  of  deposits  is  nearly  four  millions  of  porary  relief,  but  in  the  end  the  condition  was 
dollars.  The  transactions  during  the  year  were  worse.  There  were  enormous  supplies  of  coal 
smaller  in  their  volume.  More  accounts  were  for  which  th^re  were  no  customers,  mines  which 
opened  than  were  closed.  The  total  amount  were  not  worked,  railroads  which  could  not 
m  deposit  is  greater  than  it  was  on  January  be  employed,  and  rolling-stock  for  which  there 
1, 1874,  by  some  thirty-three  millions.  These  was  no  use.  It  is  not  strange  that  the  corn- 
facts  show  that  the  number  of  persons  availing  panies  grew  poor,  and  that  they  were  driven  to 
themselves  of  the  opportunities  of  savings  banks  a  combination  as  a  means  of  improving  the  sit- 
has  increased,  while  their  average  savings  have  nation.  The  report  proceeds  to  show  that  pri- 
diminished.  vate  operators  who  did  not  follow  the  fashion 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1877  the  fire,  fire-  of  inflation  would  be  in  a  condition  to  deliver 

marine,  and  marine  insurance  companies,  do-  their  coal  much  cheaper  and  make  a  decent 

ing  business  in  the  State,  were  possessed  of  profit  ifthey  were  not  dependent  upon  the  com- 

$165,896,071.86    of  admitted  assets,  not  in-  panies  for  transportation.    The  cnief  ground 

eluding  assets  held  abroad  by  foreign  compa-  for  complaint  against  the  companies  consists  in 

Dies,  or  premium  notes  of  mutual  companies ;  the  fact  that  they  arbitrarily  fix  the  charges 

a  decrease  of  $8,803,658.16  as  compared  with  for  transportation,  with  the  undesirable  ob- 

the  sum  reported  the  preceding  year.    The  ject  of  driving  small  producers  from  the  field 

liabilities  of  these  companies,  excepting  scrip  of  competition.     The   Committee  finds  that 

and  capital,  amounted  to  $49,650,145.98,  which  an  amicable  agreement  of  the  companies  for 

is  (2,464,799.25  less  than  was  then  returned,  the  regulation  of  coal  production,  which  is 

The  income  of  the  year  was  $78,788,432.80,  the  express  object  of  the  combination,  is  not 

and  the  expenditures  $69,775,075.27;  a  de-  in  contravention  of  their  charters;  that  the 

crease  of  $3,418,055.39  in  income,  and  an  in-  favoring  of  some  customers  to  the  iigury  of 


620                                                     NEW  YORK 

others  by  diBorimination  in  freights  is  done  debt  was  $9,154,064.87,  classified  as  followB: 

chiefly  by  companies  which  are   not  under  general  fand,  $122,694.87;  canal  fond,  $9,020,- 

the  laws  of  New  York,  and  that  there  is  no  860 ;  bonnty  fund,  $11,000.    The  general  fund 

law  which  forbids  this  species  of  favoritism,  and  bounty  debt  in  the  above  statement  have 

Such  a  means  might  be  provided  in  a  jndicions  since  been  paid.    The  actnal  redaction  of  the 

railroad  law.     Bat  the  Odmmittee  refrains  debt  during  the  year  by  canoellalion  has  b«trL 

from  making  any  sagffestions  on  this  point.  $1JB08,000. 

It  finds  that  all  the  relations  and  conclosions  The  following   statement  gives  a  gener&l 

of  the  railroad  system  should  be  thoroughly  account  of  the  financial   operations  of  the 

understood  before  the  Legislature  is  able  to  year : 

enact  a  just  and  liberal  law  on  this  important  Aggregate  balances  lii  the  Treaaniy  of  an  tito 

and  delicate  subject.    This  avowal  is  the  re-      modi,  October  i,  i877 ts,7ae,4MS 

salt  of  thorough  investigation  and  long  e^  X^SS^^SSSt^^.'^.'^.r:'.'^:   U*«^« 

rience.    Ihe  mmonty  of  the  Oommittee  hke-  ""•    •'          ^                                    ^^^^ 

wise  presented  a  report,  expressing  the  belief  ^  ,   ,           .  ,  .      .                        ti6,i68.«»  a 

that  the  combination  is- at  variance  with  the    l>«l~^  i«yt»«»t.  during  the  year j8£^j 

best  public   interests,   and  a  bni*densome  toll  Balaaoe  in  the  Treuoiy,  September  so,  ISTS.     |i,S9MbSM 

upon  the  whole  people  of  the  State.    They,  

therefore,  thinlc  t^at  some  legidation  on  the  ''»r.*J?twSS.5*ft^  SST^i^ 

subject    IS    a    necessity,    and   recommend    the        the  year  ending  September  so,  187S. $6,0S7.4tttt 

passage  of  a  bill  which  fixes  the  rates  per  ton,    P»y™«nt» t»(A^j:ri 

by  the  car-load,  as  follows :  Up  to  25  miles,  4  Apparent  deficiency,  September  80,  1KT8..  ,       t88&,a6  a 

cents ;  25  to  50  miles,  8  cents ;  50  to  100  miles, 

2  cents;  and  for  all  over  100  miles,  1  cent.  The  outstanding  balances  in  the  hands  d 

Five  hundred  dollars'  fine  is  imposed  for  viola-  county  treasurers  of  taxes  of  1877  and  1678  are 

tion,  district  attorneys  being  made  the  prose-  such  as  to  change  this  deficiency  into  a  snrplTis 

cnting  officers  in  the  matter.    No  final  action  of  $1,891,904. 

was  taken  by  the  Legislature.  The  tax  levy  for  1878  was  at  the  rate  of  S^ 

The  report  of  the  Fish  Commissioners  for  mills,  and  was  expected  to  produce  $7,941,297, 
the  year  1877,  presented  late  in  the  session,  as  agaiust  $8,726,611  for  the  previous  year. 
contained  some  points  which  have  not  been  The  following  statement  shows  the  decrease 
noticed  here.  It  Is  well  known  that  some  of  taxation  in  a  series  of  years :  In  1874  the 
waters  abound  in  fish,  while  others  are  bar-  State  tax  was,  $15,727,482.08;  in  1875,  $14,- 
ren  of  this  form  of  life.  This  is  in  some  de-  206,680.61 ;  in  1876,  $8,529,174.82 ;  m  ll?77, 
gree  owing  to  the  difierence  in  quality  of  tem-  $8,726,511.01 ;  in  1878,  $7,941,297.94. 
perature,  but  largely,  as  the  Commissioners  The  principal  canals  ofthe  State  were  opeDed 
believe,  to  a  want  or  abundance  of  food.  To  on  April  15th  and  continued  open  niitil  Decani- 
make  barren  waters  productive  of  fish,  it  is  only  her  7th.  The  tonnage  of  the  season  amounted 
necessary  to  transfer  into  all  of  the  waters  the  to  5,170,822  tons,  against  4,955,963  for  the  rear 
vegetables,  insects,  or  other  minute  forms  of  1877,  being  an  increase  of  214,859  tons.  The 
animal  existence,  which  are  found  in  waters  expense  of  operating  the  canals  has  decreased 
abounding  with  fish.  With  a  view  of  learning  $810,580  from  the  cost  in  1877.  At  the  same 
what  kinds  of  vegetation,  animalculee,  etc.,  time  they  have  been  kept  in  an  excellent  con- 
make  some  of  the  streams  productive,  the  Com-  dition.  The  net  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  end- 
missioners  have  had  them  carefully  examined  ing  September  80,  1878,  was  $248,902.88;  net 
by  a  scientific  entomologist  and  botanist,  by  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September 
whom  they  have  been  studied  with  the  aid  of  80,  1877,  $8,081.88;  showing  an  increase  of 
the  microscope  and  other  appliances,  and  the  $245,871.06.  The  following  statement  shows 
results  of  these  investigations  are  spread  *out  ^e  total  payments  on  account  of  the  canals, 
in  the  report.  It  is  their  purpose  to  follow  up  excluding  principal  and  interest  of  canal  debt, 
their  experiments  in  this  direction,  to  learn  during  a  series  of  years :  1874,  $8,842,892.75 ; 
more  about  the  sources  and  varieties  of  life  1875,  $2,751,588.72;  1876,  $1,659,844.79;  1877, 
which  feed  the  fishes,  and  to  distribute  them  $1,818,142.48;  1878,  $908,847.02. 
into  different  narts  of  the  State.  The  number  of  convicts  in  the  State  Prisonc; 

The  financial  condition  of  the  State  at  the  is  as  follows,  in  round  numbers :  Sing  Sing, 

close  of  1878  was  more  satisfJEUstory  than  it  had  1,600 ;  Auburn,  1,200 ;  Clinton,  600.  There  are 

been  at  any  time  within  a  long  series  of  years,  also  about  800  State  prisoners  in  the  various 

It  had  no  general  fund  debt,  no  bounty  debt,  penitentiaries  authorized  to  receive  them.  Tbe 

and  no  floating  debt.    There  has  been  a  steady  cost  of  the  support  of  those  confined  in  the 

and  uninterrupted  advance  toward  lower  ex-  penitentiaries  is  paid  from  the  State  Treasurr, 

penditures,  lower  taxes,  and  a  rigid  accounta-  but  the  prisoners  are  not  under  the  superriaioD 

bility.    On  the  80th  of  September,  1877,  the  to-  of  the  Superintendent  of  Prisons.    The  exceas 

tal  funded  debt  was  $10,957,054.87,  classified  of  the  expenses  over  the  earnings  of  the^« 

as  follows :  general  fund,  $926,694.87;  canal  prisons  in  1876  was  $704,379.    The  results  of 

fund,  $9,900,860 ;  bounty  fund<  $180,000.    On  the  same  for  the  fiscal  year  1878  have  been  as 

the  80th  of  September,  1878,  the  total  funded  follows: 


NEW  YORK.  621 


Aabnni,  excess  of  ozpoiditiirM $84,110  i4 

^toa,  excess  of  expendltoreB 77,027  M 


Total  reeelpta,  Indadfaig  baknee  on  hand  Oo- 

tober  1,1877 $11,T98,W7  67 

Total  expendituiM 10,62«,605  00 

$111,906  88     Amonnt  paid  for  toacbera*  wagea 7,756,8U  81 

Sl2i(r8iof,«soaaa  of  earnings  48,406  48  Axaoont  paid  for  aohoolbonsea,  repalra,  Aunt- 

tura.ote. 1,868,480  87 

Total  amonnt  of  axpendttorea  over  earainffs,  ex-  Eatimatad  Taloa  of  aohooUionaeB  and  altos. .     80,147,560  00 

cliuire  of  special  appropriatlona  for  wau,  rail-  Komber  of  achoolhoosoa 11,884 

load,  new  abopa,  etc $67,900  40  Number  of8ehooldi8trlcta,exclaslvo  of  dtlea               11,870 

Knmber  of  teachers  employed  for  the  legal 

In  addition  to  the  Insane  Asylum  at  Utioa,    ^tormofaohooi ;••••.• ^•••*® 

baUt  many  years  ago,  the  State  has  erected  ^SS.^m?^.?!^?f'f.*°"?°f."^^^^            80,567 

within  the  past  few  years  the  Willard  Asylam,  Kamber  of  children  attending  pabilc  MhoolH.'           1,082,058 

at  Ovid ;  the  Hudson  River  State  Hospital,  at  5°™^  ^'IPIK"*  attondtog  normal  schools.             6,522 

T>      VL         •   **t***ovrM  AWTv*   ^*^^  Y^"***"***  •*•  Komber  of  children  of  school  age  in  private 

Poughkeepsie ;  the  Homosopathio  Asylum  for      schools .;.... .r7 118,864 

tb©  Insane,    at  Middletown;  and  the  Buffalo  NamberofTolnmeBlnBdM^-dlstelctllbrariea             761,584 

Asylum;  making  in  all  five  large  institutions.  ^Si^JfflvrJS^!S»^i2i^^^                    1,616,856 
In  addition  to  these  there  are  many  private  and 

local  establiahmenta,  but  almost  every  asylum,  The  views  of  Governor  Robinson  on  the 

whether  public  or  private,  is  filled  with  patients  80op©  of  the  public  schools  were  forcibly  ex- 

within  a  very  short  time  after  it  is  ready  to  pressed  to  the  Legislature  in  his  message  of 

receive  them.    The  amount  expended  for  con-  January  1,  1879,  as  follows: 

stniction  upon  the  various  asylums  up  to  the  InmyfonnermeBsageBlhavegivenfUllymyviewt 

SOth  of  September,  1878,  was  $6,874,278.48,  as  in  regard  to  the  proper  eoope  and  extent  of  the 

f  >Uow8:  Utica,  $1,487,659.81 ;  Wiilard,  $1,618,-  jchoola  that  should  be  maintained  by  general  taxa- 


oamberandconditionof  the  insane  of  the  State  mon-acEool  eduoation,  sufficient  to  enable  him  or 

in  the  various  public  institutions,  l^ovember  SO,  her  to  understand  and  perform  tbe  dutiea  of  Ameri- 

1878,  based  upon  returns  by  the  respective  offi-  ^^  °^'fe?'^lP»  *5^  '^  '?V7  on  JP/«"l?«o«y  »od 

A/vM  r.$  o««i,  ;»<>4^f.^f«^»a  <»1«A  «a  AJi/x«*a .  iuooeasftiljy  the  ordmary  labors  of  life,  the  common 

cers  of  such  institutions,  were  as  follows ;  ^^^y,  „/^d  should  Se  objects  of  the  deepeat  con- 

I.  In  thfl  State  aayhtma  for  aent«  insane :  cern  to  the  whole  community.    To  the  few  who  de- 

In  the  8tau  Lanatic  Aajlom  at  Utiea 607  aire  and  are  capable  of  a  still  higher  education,  and 

Ifl  th«  Hodaon  BIrer  State  Hoapital 888  who  have  an  ambition  to  shine  as  profeBsional  men 

btha  State  Homoopathio  Aayfiim J146  ^^4  i^  the  arts  of  literature,  muafo,  paintinff,  and 

^^^                                                              Qgg  poetry,  the  door  la  wide  open  for  them  to  wm  dia- 

_  tinction  in  those  callings.    But  to  levy  taxes  upon 

IL  In  asrloma  that  provide  ibr  both  aeute  and  ehron-  the  people  for  such  purposes  is  a  species  of  legalized 

iclnaane,  under  apeolalaota:  robbery,  and  even  the  recipients  come  to  know  it. 

In  the  New  Yoric  City  aaylmna 8,683  Their  sense  of  justice  can  not  fail  to  condemn  it ;  it 

hjheKln^  County  Aavlam 9^  lowers  their  standard  of  morality,  and  helps  to  de- 

latheMonroe  County  iaylom \^  bauoh  instead  of  purifyluff  public  opinion!    It  also 

Trttmi                      fl  g3)  breeds  discontent  on  the  part  of  those  who  are  edu' 

_.  cated,  or  attempted  to  be  educated,  to  something 

IIL  Inlnatltntlona  Ibr  the  ehronle  insane:  above  that  for  which  thev  we  fitted.    It  really  dis- 

Ifl  the  WUlatd  Aaylnm 1,896  qualules  them  for  those  duties  and  labors  to  which 

la  tlM  oooaty  poorhooaes  and  ooonty  aayloma. ..!....  1,903  alone  they  are  by  nature  adapted,  so  that  not  onl  v 

— —  great  injustice  but  great  demoralization  is  the  result 

Total 8,898  of  a  system  which  collects  money  by  force  from  one 

Th*t^  miinber  of  insane  peraona  in  the  inatltntlona,  P"°  *^k^^k^  ^^"^  children  of  another  man  for  call- 

pobHc  and  prSStSs  NoTeiiKrSO,  187?  wM  ™  ? .^  8,771  !?»»  ^*>»«li  '^ev  can  never  Ell.    The  argument  some- 

Total  nomber,  November  80, 1877 7,921  times  advanced  that  thia  svstem  is  a  benefit  to  the 

— .  poor  is  an  utter  fallacy.    The  children  of  the  poor 

Inenase 850  man  ffenerall^  leave  the  achools  with  a  common- 
school  education,  and  go  to  work  for  themselves  or 

The  New  York  State  Inebriate  Asylum  at  their  parents.    Yet  while  the  poor  man'a  children 

Binghamton  is  regarded  as  having  wholly  failed  »"  'bus  at  work,  hia  little  home  is  taxed  to  give  to 

toaccomplUh  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  fhi« '^^^S^  ^^  ^*^®?  5 -^^Ik  ^** 'jf^J'l*^^^    ?''?® 

MtjiKlia>>J^  ^  ^^  of  those  educated  luthe  so-called  high  schools 

•r^  \t  ?:       1  r,       :.    .  .1.      ,          *  x^  at  thepublioexpense,wouldfarbetter  pay  their  own 

Ine  National  Guard  at  the  close  of  the  year  bills  than  to  have  them  paid  by  the  people  of  the 

consisted  of  7  divisions,  13  brigades,  1  regiment  State.    These  views  are  so  manifestly  just  that  I 

and  12  separate  troops  of  cavalry,  1  battalion  have  no  doubt  they  will  ultimately  prevail.    Indeed, 

and  10  separate  batteriee  of  artillery,  and  23  there  seems  to  have  been  already  a  cessation  of  efforts 

^«;w.*  «vt/-x»«^ *«.««/»*«»  v»  atu^vAj,  auu  m»  ^  estsblish  high  schools,  academies,  and  colleges, 

regiments,  6  battalions,  and  81  separate  com-  and  support  them  by  taxation.    80  far  aa  1  can  lewn, 

panics  of  infantry ;    in  all  comprising  1,323  the  normal  schools  eatabliahed  in  various  parts  of  the 

oommissioned  officers,  and  18,885  non-commis-  State  are,  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  wholly  use- 

rioned  officers,  musicians,  and  privates,  making  }«"» 5°^  'jj?  *»"J«»*  entirely  to  accomplish  the  ob- 

an  ii(Mmk«»«fA7/vw«A  r.f  QAOAQ  I**®**  ^^^  which  they  were  estabhsbed,  and  for  which 

i!P5^^  .      ®  °^  ^T?®'       .     c  .X.  *^«  8**'«  "  annually  naying  hirge  amiunts  of  money 

Ihe  loUowing  is  a  statement  of  the  num-  from  the  Treasury.    I  recommend  an  inquiry  into  the 

oer  and  condition  of  the  common  schools  of  working  of  these  institutions,  and  a  discontinuance 

the  State,  and  of  the  number  of  pupils  in-  cfallthose  which  fail  to  accomplish  the  purposes  of 

stwcted  in  them  during  the  year  ending  Sep-  *^«^  establiahment. 

tember  30, 1878 :  At  the  Women's  Suffrage  Convention,  held 


622                                                     NEW  YORK, 

in  Rochester,  the  following  resolutions  were  H-  Beaoloid.  That  it  is  throueh  the  perrenion  of 

adopted :  ^^®  religious  element  in  woman,  cuItiTsting  the  emo- 

^       '  tions  at  the  expense  of  her  reason,  plajine  upon  btr 

1.  Bmolved^  That  a  goyemment  of  the  people,  by  hopes  and  fears  of  the  future,  holding  tnis  hit  with  all 
the  people,  and  for  the  people,  is  yet  to  be  realized ;  i^"  high  duties  for  ever  in  aoeyanoe  to  that  which  ii 
for  that  which  is  formed,  administered,  and  con-  ^  come,  that  she,  and  the  children  she  has  truDe<i. 
trolled  only  by  men  is  practically  nothing  more  than  have  been  sooompletely  subjugated  by  priestcrftftsfi'i 
an  enlarged  oligarchy,  whose  assumptions  of  natural  superstition. 

superiority  and  of  the  right  to  rule  are  as  baseless  as  mi      «»    i.*v'^«        a^  ^     ^           ^ 

those  enforced  by  the  anstooratio  and  dynastic  pow-  ^"®  rronibition  State  Convention  asaem- 

ers  of  the  Old  World.  bled  at  Albany  on  April  24th,  and  numiiiAted 

2.  Be$olved,  That  this  claim  of  equal  rights  in  de-  Joshaa  M.  Van  Cott  for  Jadge  of  the  Coort 

*t^'5"'?u'^^°  **^^^^  H  the  Uw-makers,  and  what  of  Appeals.    The  following  resolotions  were 

shall  be  the  laws,  is  not  to  be  set  aside  by  witless  i^AnntjA  • 

ridicule,  artful  evasion,  masculine  self-oonceit,  dog-  »"op»i«**  • 

ged  resistance,  or  by  citing  long^stablished  usage  Wheretu,  The  importation,  manufacture,  and  iile 

ag^ainst  it ;  but  it  is  to  be  asserted  and  demanded  of  intozicatini^  U(^uors  for  drinking  purposes  art  »• 

with  increasing  emphasis^  though  a  thousand  timea  jurious  to  the  individual  and  to  society,  and  deit^:^ 

rejected,  until  its  concession  is  fully  assured.  tive  of  the  objects  which  governments  are  instituted 

8.  iiSsso^M^,  That  in  celebrating  our  third  decade  we  to  promote-— demoralizing  the  dtiaen,  and  camicf 
have  reason  to  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  marked  the  insecurity  of  his  [>erson  and  property ;  and 
change  in  woman's  position  within  the  last  thirty  Whsrtat^  The  existing  excise  law  which  proUct* 
years — in  her  enlarged  opportunities  for  education  and  legalizes  such  traffic  is  immoral  in  principle  &£d 
and  labor,  her jgreater  freeaom  under  improved  social  mischievous  in  practice :  therefore, 

customs  and  civil  laws,  and  the  promise  of  her  speedy  Betolv^d.  That  such  importation,  manufacture,  tod 

enfranchisement  in  the  minor  political  rights  she  haa  sale  should  be  prohibited  by  law,  and  be  Tecogtm^ 

already  secured.  by  the  State  aa  a  crime  to  be  punished  by  tie  im- 

4.  Bem>lv«d.  That  the  International  Congress  called  prisonment  of  the  offender, 

in  Paris  for  the  20th  of  July  to  discuss  the  rights  of  Btaolvtd^  That  the  State  should  levy  no  exdn 

woman— the  eminent  Victor  Hugo  its  presiding  offl-  upon  a  traffic  so  demoralizing  and  criminal,  sod  ve 

oer— is  one  of  the  most  encouraging  events  of  the  therefore  demand  the  repeal  of  the  present  ueuc 

century,  in  that  statesmen  and  scholars  from  all  parts  law,  and  protest  against  the  enactment  of  the  (iv* 

of  the  world,  amid  the  ezoitementa  of  the  French  posed  Moffett  bell-punch  register  act. 

Exposition,  propose  to  give  five  days  to  deliberationa  Besolved^  That  we  favor  the  enfranchisement  (<( 

upon  this  question.  woman,  aa  a  means  by  which  she  can,  through  legi^ 

6.  Betohedy  That  the  mmority  report  of  the  chair^  lative  expression,  protect  herself  and  her  mteitsb 

man  of  the  Committee  on  Privileges  and  Elections,  from  the  fatal  consequences  of  the  drink  trsfSc 

Senator  Wadleigh  of  New  Hampahire.  against  a  six-  Baolvtd^  That  we  rejoice  at  and  will  heartily  co- 

teenth  amendment  to  aeoure  the  political  rights  of  operate  in  all  efforts  to  reform  the  intemperete  br 

woman,  in  its  weakness  shows  the  strength  of  our  moral  and  Christian  agenciea,  but  we  beueve  p«> 

reform.    It  ia  not  a  atatesman-like  argument  based  manent  success  can  not  be  attained  except  bv  Itf  al 

upon  reason  and  conviction,  but  the  evasion  of  a  measures ;  and  so  believing,  we  deprecate  sod  ce 

demagogue.  nounce  any  and  all  efforts  tending  to  antagonize  tie 

6.  jSlMo^mi.  That  the  national  effort  to  force  citizen-  two  principlea,  viz.,  moral  auasion  and  It  gal  proLi- 
ship  on  the  Indiana,  the  deoisinn  of  Judge  Choate,  bition. 

in  the  United  Statea  Circuit  Court  of  Califoraia,  Jieaohed^  That  we  are  opposed  to  the  exi»titg 

a^inst  the  naturalization  of  the  Chinese,  and  the  de*  national  banking  system,  by  which  Uie  banking  )l- 

nial  of  Congress  to  secure  the  suffrage  to  women,  are  tereat  obtidns  special  commercial  advantages  st  tLe 

contradictory  class  legislation,  dangerous  to  the  sta-  expense  of  the  labor  induatriea  of  the  country. 

bUity  of  our  institutions.  JUtolwd,  That  it  ia  the  duty  of  Congress  to  siee?- 

7.  Whtreoiy  Women's  rights  and  dutiea  in  all  mat-  tain  and  create  the  proximate  amount  of  curreccj 
ters  of  legislation  are  the  same  aa  those  of  man—  per  eapiia  necessaiy  to  start  into  healthful  activity 

IU§olv€dy  That  the  |>roblemB  of  labor,  finance,  suf-  the  paralyzed  and  auffering  industries  of  the  oooatry. 

fVage,  international  righta,  internal  improvements,  »ri.    it  xt  *•       i  ^         v    i_  ▼   v       t>  #      m 

theology,  and  other  great  questions,  can  never  be  sat-  1  he  "  -N  ational  lireenoacK  JLabor  Keform 

isfactonly  adjusted  without  the  enlightened  thought  party  assembled  in   Convention  at  Syracuse 

of  woman,  and  her  voice  in  the  oouncila  of  the  na-  on  July  25th,  and  nominated  Gideon  J.Tocker 

*Tj2«>fo.rf,Thatthequestionofcapitalandlabor  [or  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.    Thetol- 

Is  one  of  specUl  interest  to  us.    Man,  stending  to  lowmg  resolutions  were  adopted : 

woman  in  the  position  of  capitalist,  has  robbed  her  Whtreas^  The  so-called  Democratic  and  BepnlU* 

through  the  ages  of  the  results  of  her  toil.    No  just  can  parties  have  loflrislated  in  the   interest  of  tie 

settlement  of  this  question  can  be  attained  until  the  money  power  of  this   country  and  Europe,  snd 

right  of  woman  to  the  proceeds  of  her  labor  in  the  against  the  interests  of  land  and  labor,  wliidi  ire 

family  and  elsewhere  be  recognized,  and  until  she  is  the  sources  of  all  wealth :  therefore  we  assert  our 

welcomed  into  every  industry  on  the  basis  of  equal  complete  Independence  of  said  parties,  and  deelut 

pay  for  eoual  work.  our  entire  confidence  in  and  adhesion  to  the  Nstiootl 

9.  Setotved,  That  as  the  duty  of  every  individual  Labor-Oreenbaok  party,  which  name  is  htzthj 
is  self-development,  the  lessons  of  self-sacrifice  and  adopted  by  us ;  ana  that  the  following  are  the  pri£* 
obedience  taught  woman  by  the  Christian  Church  oiples  enunciated  to  guide  ua  in  the  govemmect  c! 
have  been  fatal  not  only  to  her  own  highest  interests,  the  State  and  nation,  ahould  Providence  pemit  u 
but  through  her  have  also  dwarfed  and  degraded  the  to  attain  to  the  same : 

race.  1.  The  greenback  dollar  must  be  a  full  legal  teit- 

10.  Betohed.  That  the  fundamental  principle  of  the  der  for  the  payment  of  all  debts,  public  and  private, 
Protestant  Reformation,  the  right  of  individual  con-  and  by  the  Goyemment  issued,  protected,  sod  re- 
science  and  iudgment  in  the  interpretation  of  Scrip-  oeived  aa  absolute  monev. 

ture,  heretofore  conceded  to  and  exerciaed  by  man  2.  We  declare  that  all  acta  of  Congress  ehsngioff 

alone,  should  now  be  claimed  by  woman,  and  that  in  the  original  bond  contract,  to  wit,  of  18tf9, 18T0,  saa 

her  most  vital  intereats  she  should  no  longer  trust  1878,  and  the  reaumption  act  of  1^5,  were  e&setcd 

authority,  but  be  guided  by  her  own  reason.  without  consent,  privity,  or  procurement,  end  were 


NEW  YORK.                                                     623 

tnd  ire  a  fraud  upon  the  rigbta  of  tbe  people,  tion  was  George  F.  Danforth,  of  Rochester,  for 

Therefore  we  demand  the  immediate  calling  m  and  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  that  being  the 

ptyaientofall  bonds  in  absolute  paper  money,  with-  ^nly  State  officer  to  be  chosen  by  a  general 

rir"f^»dao%rhV'i2uS'b',lrG,n,JSS.«"  el  Jaon  in  thU  year.    The  following  platfom 

of  aor  bonds.  was  adopted : 

3.  We  demand  tbe  repeal  of  tbe  national-bank  The  Republicans  ofNew  York,  appealincr  to  twenty 

act,  the  immediate  withdrawal  from  circulation  of  yearsof  struggles  and  trt  am phs  as  a  proof  of  Bepub- 

national  bank  notes,  and  the  substitution  therefor  (ioan  patriotism  and  fidelity,  and  meeting  tbe  nigh 

of  sbsolute  paper  currency.                                       ,  demands  of  tbe  hour  in  the  same  unfaltering  spirit 

i.  Equal  taxation  of  all  property  owned  by  Indi-  which  saved  the  Union,  and  established  it  on  a  firm 

riduilfl  or  corporations.                              ^  foundation  of  freedom,  make  the  following  decla- 

5.  The  increasing  poverty  of  the  working  classes  ration : 

ifl  Attributable,  in  a  great  part,  to  the  monopoly^  of  i^  •phe  fnith  of  (]]«  nation  is  sacredly  pledged  to 

tbe  toil,  the  natural  source  of  wealth,  and  therefore  i}^q  payment  of  the  public  debt  and  the  redemption 

we  demand  the  adoption  of  land  limitation  laws.  of  (j^e  public  promises,  according  to  the  spirit  and 

S.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  tbe  Legislature  of  this  letter  of  the  engagement,  and  our  good  name  and 

State  to  limit  the  growth  of  railroacf  monopoly,  and  well-being  require  that  the  nation's  honor  shall  be 

save  the  citixena  from  the  great  abuses  in  railway  ]^ept  as  inviolate  as  the  nation's  life. 

traasportation  that  now  prevail  and  make  serious  g.  Under  the  management  of  suoceedlnjg  Republi- 

inroais  upon  the  business  prosperity  of  all  classes  qhq  administrations,  the  country  has  advanced  to 

of  citizens,  including  the  small  stockholders  of  the  ^be  point  of  specie  resumption,  and  tbe  highest  in* 

railways.    To  this  end  we  recommend  the  appoint-  terests  of  business,  no  less  than  the  plighted  faith 

lo^nt  by  tbe  Le^slature  of  a  Board  of  Railway  Com-  Qf  tj^e  republic,  demand  that  there  shall  be  no  step 

miasioaers,  consisting  of  men  whose  business  does  backwara  and  no  postponement.    With  this  steady 

Dot  ideotify  them  with  the  railroads — men  of  known  progress  we  hail  the  auspicious  signs  of  reviving 

character  and  ability — to  investigate  and  ascertain  trade  and  industry,  and  congratulate  the  people  upon 

the  actual  cost  of  rail  transportation,  to  the  end  that  this  practical  evidence  that,  if  the  good  work  snail 

proper  legislation  may  be  had  for  the  control  of  the  be  completed,  the  depression  which  grew  out  of  the 

railways  oy  the  State.  financial  disorders  forced  upon  us  by  the  war  of  the 

7.  we  fiivor  a  protective  tariff,  prohibiting  the  im-  rebellion  will  give  place  to  the  returning  confidence 

pirtation  of  all  manufactured  articles  of  which  the  and  permanent  prosperity  which  can  rest  alone  on 

raw  material  is  produced  and  the  labor  to  manufac-  the  fixed  monetary  standard  of  the  commercial  world, 

ture  the  same  is  found  in  this  country ;  all  articles  on  settled  values  and  Axil  security  and  certainty  for 

which  we  do  not  or  can  not  produce  to  be  admitted  the  future, 

free.                                    ^  8.  Standinsrunalterablyfor  the  constitutional  prin- 


i^psclally  with  regard  to  the  hours  of  labor,  which  dollar  shall  mean  a  real  dollar;  that  fluctuations  and 

should  be  reduoed  in  proportion  as  the  use  of  ma-  nncertainties,  which  rob  toil  and  paralvze  trade,  shall 

ehlnery  increaaes,  andf  in  conformity  with   other  oease ;  that  our  currency  shall  be  made  the  best  cur- 

eiues  which  throw  workers  out  of  employment.  rency,  by  making  all  parts  of  it,  whether  paper  or 

9.  We  demand  the  abolitiou  of  the  system  of  let-  coin,  equivalent,  convertible,  secure,  and  steady,  and 
tin^  out  by  contract  the  labor  of  convicts  in  our  all  public  servants  what«ver,  executive  officers,  Sen- 
pn«0Ds  and  reformatory  institutions.            ^     ^  ators,  or  Representatives,  whose  acts  or  votes  conduce 

10.  Aq  income  tax,  based  upon  a  constitutional  to  this  high  object,  deserve  our  approbation, 
liraitation.  and  graduating  upward,  but  leaving  un-  4.  The  Electoral  Commission  was  a  wise  and  hoD* 
t<)iched  ail  incomes  under  $1,000.  orable  mode  of  settling  a  dangerous  dispute.    All 

U.  We  demand  that  the  salaries  of  all  officers  of  parties  were  bound  to  abide  its  decision,  and  any 

oar  State,  counties,  and  cities,  who  receive  more  attempt  to  undo  or  impair  the  conclusion  it  estab- 

than  $1,000  per  annum,  be  reduced  one  half  for  all  liahed  is  unpatriotic  and  revolutionary. 

iaiaries  above  that  amount.                  ...  6«  While  sincerely  seeking  ftmtemal  relations  in 

li.  That  we  recommend  a  wise  and  judicious  sys-  all  Just  efforts  and  aspirations,  we  summon  the  people 

tem  of  internal  improvements.  to  renewed  vigilance  and  uofiincbing  warfare  againat 

13.  We  demand  a  thorough  reform  In  the  system  the  vast  horde  of  claims  and  raids  on  the  Treasury, 

of  pohlio-school  education,  so  as  to  establish  sgricul-  which  count  for  success  on  Democratic  rule,  under 

tural,  mechanical,  and  commercial  schools,  in  addi-  the  mastery  of  a  solid  Southland  which  would  fall 

tion  to  the  common  schools ;  to  prevent  other  schools  with  special  hardship  on  New  York,  as  the  chief  tax- 

b:iD^  established  or  sustained  out  of  the  public-  payintr  State  in  tbe  Union. 

i?hool  funds,  or  said  funds  being  used  for  other  6.  We  demand  full  and  unintimidated  elections 

thia  school  purposes ;  to  prevent  the  oft-repeated  in  the  South,  as  in  the  North,  and  full  recognition 

chanj^B  and  the  monopoly  of  the  sale  of  text-books  and  observance  of  the  equal  rights  and  liberty  of  all 

beiag  forced  upon  the  people ;  as  well  as  other  mea-  citizens,  as  ordained  by  the  amended  Constitution ; 

Fares  which  will  insure  a  good  common-school  edu-  and  until  they  sball  be  secured,  the  work  of  the  Re- 

catioa  for  the  poorest  in  our  State  at  the  least  ex-  publican  party,  to  protect  human  rights,  will  be  nn- 

P«n»*.                                                   .          ,            ,  finished. 

U.  As  political  suffrage  Is  a  primitive  element  in  7.  We  renew  our  declarations  for  the  elevation  of 

th^  constraclion  of  law,  wo  demand  that  any  person  the  public  service  on  tiie  baaia  of  a  secure  tenure 

or  or^ization  of  persons  who  may  be  convicted  of  during  the  faithful  performance  of  official  duties,  for 

tnfflckiog  in  votes,  or  in  an^r  nianner,  directly  or  a  fixed  term,  for  the  pure,  frugal,  and  efficient  admln- 

iadirectly,  designedly  interfering  with  such  rights,  iatration  of  national,  State,  and  local  affairs,  for  un- 

khall  be  mcapacitatea  for  voting  and  for  holding  any  yielding  resistance  to  any  nirther  laud  grant  or  sub- 

ofll^ial  position  in  the  United  Btates.                      ^  sidles  to  corporationa  or  monopolies,  for  grateful 

11  We  are  opposed  to  the  Importation  of  servile  recognition  of  the  brave  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the 

Chinese  labor,  to  come  into  competition  with  the  republic,  and  for  common  schools  tree  from  sect»- 

hooest  labor  of  this  country.  rian  influence  and  unmenaced  by  sectarian  appro* 

The  Kepablican  State  Oonvention  assembled  ^^g.  while  recognising  with  satisfaction  that  many 

at  Siratoga  on  September  26th.    The  nomlna-  patriotic  Democrats  do  not  share  iu  apirit  and  im- 


624  NEW  YORK. 

pulses,  we  arraign  the  dominant  foroea  of  the  Demo-  State  is  a  erave  crime  against  tbe  people,  and  «  dU- 

cratio  party  as  a  constant  disturber  of  public  tran-  honest,  infamous  reibBafto  obey  tlie  plain  direcdo&i 

quillitj  and  oonfldenoe ;  as  the  wanton  loe  of  public  of  the  nindamental  law. 

aeourity  in  its  persisteut  assaults  upon  the  authority        Sttolved,  That  by  the  infamous  conspiracy  of  fom 

and  stability  of  tbe  established  Government ;  aa  at-  and  fraud  the  high  officials  and  uorepudlatcd  leftdm 

tempting  to  weaken  the  nation  by  crippling  the  army  of  the  Bepublican  party  annulled  and  reversed  ttc 
in  a  time  of  uncertainty  and  danger;  aa  ^ilty  of    nation*  a  choice  for  the  rresidency,  put  thedefefitd 

false  pretenses  in  claiming  for  t)ie  Democratic  House  candidate  in  the  chair  of  Washington,  and  chested 

a  reduction  in  public  expenditures,  whose  fraudulent  the  people  of  that  reform  of  the  Federal  GoTemiLei.t 

character  is  proved  by  the  necessity  for  a  heavy  de-  which  their  ballota  had  demanded  and  ordainti; 

flciency  bill ;  as  dependent  on  a  solid  South,  and  and  it  is  the  stem  resolve  of  the  American  ptofir 

thereby  subservient  to  uU  its  demands;  as  aggra-  that  such  ftaud  has  been  perpetrated  for  the  last  tiat. 
vatin^  the  troubles  of  the  country  by  mischievous        ReaoUedy  That  we  point  with  pride  to  the  honeit, 

agitation  Ihroughout  the  period  oi  its  supremacy  in  Just,  and  economical  administration  of  Governor  Rcb- 

tbe  House  of  Ke^resentatives ;  as  faithless  to  the  Inson  and  our  other  Democratic  State  officers ;  txA, 

obligations  of  national  honor,  and  the  chief  support  in  the  name  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  State  •/ 

of  wild  schemes  of  inflation,  repudiation,  and  other  New  Fork,  we  cordially  and  eameatly  approTc  uA 

financial  disorders,  which  imperil  public  credit  and  eudorae  the  same. 

w^ulXHallS^^^i^lt^?''''"'^'"  Tbe  election  held  on  Nov««iber  6th  W.S  for 

9.  An  emergency  in  the  history  of  the  country  »*«  choice  of  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals, 

second  only  to  the  great  struggle  for  its  existence  members  of  Congress,  and  members  of  tLt 

now  confronts  us.    As  then  the  Republican  party  State  Legislature.    The  result  for  Judge  Wks 

was  the  sole  organized  political  protection  against  ^  follows:  Danforth,  Repub.,  891,112;  Brtd- 

national  disruption,  and  patriotic  men  of  whatever  y.^  t\^^    qra  AK^  .  Tn^i^l.  w«4^    >tk  iqo.  t- « 

party  names  rallied  under  Its  standard  for  the  defense  J?^' -^S"*'    .a1^^  '  Tucker,  Nat,  75,138 ;  \  tD 

of  the  Union,  eo  now  the  Republican  organiaation  Oott,  Jrro.,  4,294.     J?or  members  of  Congr^M 

is  tbe  only  efacient  bulwark  against  national  repu-  the  result  was  as  follows :  First  District—Otk 

diation  and  disgrace ;  and  it  again  invites  all  good  Repub.,  11,798 ;  Covert,  Dem.,  13,809 ;  Crook?, 

publicans  this  great  exigency  especially  appeals  to  i?a.  Dem.,  18,188;  Litchfield,  Dem.,  9,8^1: 

rise  to  its  high  obligations,  and  join  heart  and  hand  Bennett,  Nat.,  765.  Third — Clnttendeu,  K€j>Qb.. 

for  the  triumph  ofthese  vital  prmciples,  upon  which  16,667 ;  Huntley,  Dem.,  10,017 ;  Steele,  NsJ. 

the  security  and  welfiire  of  the  republic  depend.  and  Ind.  Dem.,  866.    Fourth— Lyon,  Repnb, 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  assembled  8  J42 ;  Bliss,  Dem.,  18,020 ;  Huson,  Nat,  72«. 

at  Syracuse  on  September  26th,  and  was  or-  Fifth— Bourke,    Ind.    Dem.,    8,827 ;   Mclltr, 

ganized  by  the  appointment  of  Erastus  Brooks  Dem.,  9,166 ;  Blair,  Nat.,  281.  Sixth— DeVrea, 

aa  President.    The  only  nomination  was  that  Ind.  Dem.,  6,827 ;  Cox,  Dem.,  10,908 ;  Becmt. 

of  George  B.  Bradley  for  Judge  of  the  Court  Socialist,  284.     Seventh  —  Einstein,  Bepnb.. 

of  Appeals.    The  following  platform  was  adopt-  "^,617;  Eickhoff,  Dem.,  7,162;  Jahelka,  Kat, 

ed:  808.    Eighth— McCook,  Repub.,  12,854;  Je 

The  Democratic  party  of  tbe  State  of  New  York  r??"®*  ^em.,  7,612  ;  Ayerill,  Ind.  Dem.,  779. 

reaffirms  the  followini?  principles  set  forth  in  the  Nmth  —  Berryman,    Repub.,    6,726;    Wood, 

platform  adopted  in  1874  and  1877,  and  endorsed  by  Dem.,  7,277 ;  Hardy,  Ind.  Dem.,  6,480.  TentL 

a  Urffemiyority  of  the  people  of  this  State:  —O'Brien,  Ind.  Dem.,  11,819;  Potter,  Don, 

t^^m^t^^^^\X^^^^^^^  9,046  ;Neagle,  Nat.,  211.    Eleventh-Mortoc 

toe  will  ortheholder,tneomyourrencyot  the  country.  t»       i!     ij^»rn     ^tt'H'     T^  r^  ^ntx    t> ««♦ 

Steady  steps  towa^  specie  payments,  honest  nay-  Repub.,  14,078 ;  Willis,  Dem.,  7,060;  BrjanU 

ment  of  the  public  debt.    We  congratulate  the  State  Ind.  Dem.,  264.    Twelfth — Smith,  Repub.,  Ih- 

and  country  upon  the  practical  relative  value  of  the  888;    Cobb,   Dem.,   9,088;    K.   Smith,  Kflt^ 

greenback  currency  of  the  Government  with  gold  2,421.  Thirteenth— Ketcham,  Repub.,  18,24f; 

Th^e^^^^^^  of  the  public  faith.  ^^^^l:  ^em^^^  0>700 ;  Doty    Nat,  792.    Fonr. 

Tariff  for  revenue.  teenth — ^Ferdon,  Repub,,  11,861 ;  Beebe,  Dem., 

No  Oovemment  partnership  with  protected  mo-  11,828;    Voorhis,    Nat.,   8,2G1.     Fifteeotb— 

nopolies  I  .    ,      ,     .  Nichols,  Repub.,  11,442 ;  Lonnsberry,  Dem- 

flome  rule,  to  limit  and  locahM  most  jealously  the  is  680  ;  Enkson,  Nat,  8,624.  Sixteenth- 
powers  intrusted  to  public  servants,  whether  mum-  D  -1  T>  u  -lo  inn  iirl^^-  T\^^  10/WU. 
5p_al,  State,  or  Feder^  I    No  centmlization.  galley,  Repub.,  12,199 ;  Woods,  Dem.,  12  OW , 

Equal  and  exact  justice  to  all  men.    No  political  Hilton,  Nat.,  6,465.    Seventeenth— Wood,  Be- 

legislation.  pub.,  16,771;   Patterson,  Dem.,  9,666;  Fer- 

No  partial  taxation.      _  ^  ^     ,i   •  .,  g^soDi  ^at.,  8,878.    Eighteenth— Hflmmond, 

Official  aco<)untab.lity  rmdly  enforced  by  all  cml  ^^p^^j     io,660 ;  Ross,  Dem.,  6,766 ;  McDon- 

and  criminal  remedies.    No  private  use  of  public  ,  j*^  xt  !l    «  /^Xc  '    xr"    *       77  '  "» • "~  i  i?««„i. 

funds  by  public  officers.  aid,  Nat,  8,006.    Nmeteenth— James,  RepnK 

Corporations  chartered  by  the  State  always  subject  12,188;  Hasbrouck,  Dem.,  6,066.     Twentietli 

to  State  supervision  in  the  interest  of  the  people.  — Starin,  Repub.,  17,738 ;    Thompson,  Dem., 

The  party  in  power  ia  reeponaible  for  alf  legis-  io,889 ;  Wendell  Nat,  2,688.     Twenty-first- 

'Xn'omy  irrMii  expend.,  that  labor  may  be  ^^^^^A  ^^P^^^^ ^^f^U  ^^^''^\  ^'"^T" 

liffhtly  burdened  and  the  laborer  fully  paid  for  his  180;    Cone,  Nat,   6,017.     Twenty-second-- 

work.  Miller,  Repub.,  14,866 ;  Brown.  Dem.,  11,688: 

Betohtd^  That  the  provisions  of  the  State  Consti-  Lewis,  Nat,  2,102.     Twenty-tnird- Prescott, 

tution  are  mandatory  in  regard  to  the  apportionment  Repub.,  9,762 ;  Spriggs,  Dem.,  8,780 ;  Mitchell, 

of  members  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  and  the  jjj.     o VqV      'V««Jl»,?S#^«-*k__iLr-««l.   RnnnK 

faUure  of  the  Republican  party  for  three  successive  Nat.,  8,787.     Twenty-fourth— Mason,  Kepnl\, 

years  after  the  taking  of  the  cenaua  to  apportion  the  12,043  ;  Dafly,  Dem.  and  Nat,  11,807 ;  bmjVi, 


NEW  YORK. 


626 


Pro.,  429.  Twenty-fifth  —  Hiflcock,  Repab., 
14,599;  Wieting,  Dem.,  11,174;  Stratton,  Pro., 
316.  Twenty-sixth — Camp,  Repnb.,  14,855; 
Doraton,  Dem.,  1,688;  Walley,  Nat.,  10,979, 
Twenty-seventh — Lapham,  Repnb.,  12,270; 
Pierpont,  Dem.  and  Nat,  10.282 ;  Howell,  Pro., 
ii.  Twenty-eighth— Dwight,  Repnb.,  15,569 ; 
Madge,  Dem.,  1^888;  Howe,  Nat.,  11,162. 
Twenty-ninth — Richardson,  Repnb^  14,880; 
Haboock,  Dem.,  10,960 ;  Beanmont,  Nat.,  8.174. 
Thirtieth— Voorhis,  Repab.,  12,008 ;  Van  Lam- 
berton,  Dem.,  10,867;  Brown,  Nat,  2,760. 
Thirtjr-Srst— Orowley,  Repnb.,  12,529 ;  Dans, 
Ddm.,  8,718;  Miller,  Nat,  559.  Thirty-seo- 
ond— Pierce,  Repnb.,  18,998 ;  Lookwood,  Dem., 
16,105;  Grote,  Nat,  1,192.  Thirty-third— 
VanAemam,  Kepnb.,  11,864;  Morris,  Dem., 
6,732;  Vmton,  Nat,  4,689. 
The  State  Legislatore  was  divided  as  follows : 


PARTUS. 

Bmitt 

HODM. 

l^^nMioftiii ......  a     ...  4 

19 
19 

1 

93 

Ucraocnts........ 

X9 

HfltiooAto 

s 

ToUl 

8t 

1S8 

An  important  deciidon  of  a  case  involving 
the  oonstittttionality  of  what  is  known  as  the 
^*  civil  damages  act "  was  decided  by  the  Oourt 
of  Appeals  dnring  the  year.  It  is  known  as 
Samoel  Bertholf  agt  James  O'Reilly.  The  ac- 
tion was  brought  by  the  plidntiff  against  the 
defendant  as  the  landlord  of  hotel  premises, 
let  with  knowledge  that  intoxicating  liqnors 
were  to  be  sold  thereon  by  the  lessee,  to  re- 
oorer  the  value  of  a  horse  owned  by  the  plain- 
tiS^  which  died  in  consequence  of  having  been 
OTerdriven  by  the  plaintifiTs  son  while  in  a 
state  of  intoxication  produced  in  part  by  liquor 
9>ld  him  by  the  lessee  at  his  bar  on  the  leased 
premises.  The  opinion  of  the  Oourt  was  deliv- 
ered by  Judge  Andrews.    He  said : 

It  oan  not  be  disputed  that  the  facts  found  bring 
tbd  case  withia  the  terms  of  the  statute,  and  aathor- 
ua  the  recovery,  if  the  law  itself  is  Talid.  (*'  An  act 
to  suppress  intemperanoe,  pauperism,  and  crime," 
paued  April  29, 1878.)  The  act  gives  to  every  bus- 
band,  wife,  parent,  ^oArdian,  employer,  or  other  per- 
«0Q  *•  who  snail  be  iiynred  in  pwson  or  property,  or 
miUM  of  support,  by  any  intoxicated  person,  or  in 
opDMqoeooe  of  the  intozioation "  of  any  person,  a 
right  of  action  against  any  person  who  shall,  oy 
i«lIiQ|{  or  giving  away  tntozioating  liquors,  have 
eiiu«d  the  mioxication,  in  whole  or  in  part ;  and 
dMlsres  that  **  any  person  or  persona  owning  or 
renting,  or  permitting  the  ooonpation  of  any  build- 
Uiif  or  premisea,  and  having  knowledge  that  intoxi- 
Qatis^  liqoors  are  to  be  sold  thereon,  shall  be  liable, 
levtfrally  and  jointly,  with  the  person  or  persona 
ielHti^  or  giving  intoxicating  liquors  aforesaid,  for 
all  damagM  suiitained,  and  for  exemplary  damages." 

The  <^iiestion  we  are  now  to  determine  is,  whether 
the  Leffislature  has  the  power  to  create  a  oanse  of 
iction  for  damages  in  favor  of  a  person  injured  in 
ponon  or  property  by  the  act  of  an  intoxicated  per- 
son, against  tne  owner  of  real  property,  whose  only 
fooneotion  with  the  ii^nry  is  that  he  leaaed  the  prem- 
ttee  where  the  liquor  oaoaing  the  intoxication  was 
*oid  or  given  away,  with  knowledge  that  intoxicat- 
tog  Uqaors  were  to  be  aold  thereon.    The  question 

Vol.  xviiL— 40    A 


whether  the  act  under  consideration  is  a  valid  exer- 
cise of  legislative  power  is  to  be  determined  solely 
b^  reference  to  constitutional  restraints  and  prohi- 
bitions. The  legislative  power  has  no  other  hmita- 
tion.  If  an  act  oan  stand  when  brought  to  the  test 
of  the  Oonstitution,  the  question  of  its  validity  is  at 
an  end,  and  neither  the  executive  nor  judicial  de- 
partment of  the  government  oan  refuse  to  recognize 
or  enforce  it.  The  main  gaarantoe  of  private  nghta 
against  uigust  legislation  is  found  in  that  memorable 
clause  in  the  Bill  of  Rights,  that  no  person  shall "  be 
deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property  without  due 
process  of  law."  (Const.,  art.  1,  sec.  6.)  This  guar- 
antee is  not  construed  in  any  narrow  or  teclmical 
sense.  The  right  of  life  may  be  invaded  without  its 
destruction  ;  one  may  be  deprived  of  his  liberty  in 
a  constitutional  sense  without  putting  his  person  in 
oonflnement;  and  property  may  be  taken  without 
manual  interference  therewith,  or  its  physical  de- 
struction. The  broad  question  is  presented,  wheth- 
er the  act  transcends  the  limits  of  legislative  power 
in  subjecting  a  landlord  to  liability,  under  the  oir- 
cnmstances  mentioned  in  the  act.  jDoes  the  act,  in 
effect,  deprive  him  of  his  property  without  *^  due 
process  oilaw,"  in  the  sense  of  the  Oonstitution  f 

That  a  statute  impairs  the  value  of  property  does 
not  make  it  unconstitutional.    All  property  is  held 
subject  to  the  power  of  the  State  to  regulate  or  oon- 
trol  its  use,  to  secure  the  general  aafety  and  the  pub- 
lic welfare.    **  We  think  it  a  settled  principle,"  says 
Chief  Justice  Shaw,  in  Commonwealth  agt.  Alger,  7 
Cush.,  84^  **  growing  out  of  the  nature  of  well-or- 
dered civil  society,  that  every  holder  of  property, 
however  absolute  and  unqualifled  may  be  nis  title, 
holds  it  under  the  implied  liability  that  his  use  shall 
not  be  iz\]arions  to  tne  equal  enjoyment  of  othera 
having  an  equal  right  to  the  enjoyment  of  their 
proper! V.  nor  iiyurious  to  the  rights  of  the  commu- 
nity.   All  property  is  held  subject  to  those  general 
regulations  which  are  necessarv  to  the  common  good 
and  general  welfare."    Judge  Kedfleld.  in  a  passage 
often  cited  with  approval,  speaking  of  tne  police  pow- 
er, says :  "  By  this  general  police  power  of  the  State 
persons  and  property  are  subjected  to  all  kinds  of 
restraints  and  burdens,  in  order  to  secure  the  gen- 
eral oomfort^  health  ana  prosperity  of  the  State ;  of 
the  perfect  nght  of  the  Legislature  to  do  vrhkib.  no 
question  ever  was  or  upon  acknowledged  general 
principlea  oan  be  made."    (Thorpe  aft.  Rut.  and 
Burl.  K.  B.  Co..  87  Vt.,  140.)    The  puhce  power,  so 
called,  inheres  in  every  sovereignty,  and  is  essential 
to  the  maintenance  of  public  order  and  the  preaer- 
vation  of  mutual  rights  m>m  the  disturbing  conflicts 
which  would  prevail  in  the  absenoe  of  any  control- 
ling, regulatingauthority ,  and  has  been  constantly  ex- 
ercised by  the  Legislature  in  a  great  variety  of  oases. 
In  the  Slaughter-House  cases,  16  Wall.,  86,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  held  that  the 
art  entitled  "  An  act  to  protect  the  public  health," 
eto.,  was  valid  aa  a  police  regulation.    That  the  act 
serioualy  interfered  with  the  prosecution  of  a  law- 
ful buainess  by  a  large  number  of  people,  and  frreat- 
ly  impaired  the  value  of  slaughter^nouse  property,  is 
evident.    But  the  minority  of  the  Court  were  of^the 
opinion  that  the  act  waa  not  void,  either  as  creating 
a  monopoly,  or  aa  depriving  the  persons  affected  by 
it  of  their  property,  within  the  meaning  of  the  Con- 
stitution. 

In  Munn  agt.  The  State  of  Illinois.  4  Otto,  114,  the 
Court  sustained  an  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illi- 
nois prescribing  a  maximum  rate  of  charges  for 
the  handling  of  grun  in  warehouses  in  that  State, 
and  requiring  warehouses  to  procure  a  license,  and 
authorizing  its  revocation,  ana  prohibiting  the  car- 
rying on  tne  buainess  of  warehousing  ffram  in  any 
warehouse  without  such  license,  or  idler  its  revoca- 
tion. The  act  was  held  to  be  valid  aa  well  aa  to 
warehouses  built  before  as  to  those  which  might  be 
built  after  the  act  was  passed.  The  right  of  the 
State^  to  make  the  regulationa  containedln  the  aotii 


626  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

was  put  upon  the  eromid  that  the  anlject  was  oDe  garded  as  not  binding  either  in  law  or  good 

Invomng  the  pubKo  interest  and  general  welfare,  morals,  unless  there  may  be  a  small  fracticm 

^•'J'^U^^-/'  *""  ^•^^«"f«  V**«  opinion  of  the  Court,  honesdy  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Statt 

aaid:  "When  one  devotes  hia  property  to  au»ein  """^""Z    ♦  ^  k   V           *^  •-  *'         ^       v  k;i«^ 

which  the  publio  have  an  interest,  he,  in  effect,  grants  ana  acceptea  Dy  ner.        .   ,     ^ 

to  the  pubnc  an  interest  in  that  use.  and  must  submit  The  current  finances  of  the  State  are  alfo  ic 

to  be  controlled  by  the  public  for  tne  common  good,  an  embarrassed  condition.    The  funds  in  bou 

to  the  extent  of  the  interest  he  has  Uius  created.**  h^^^  n^^  ^een  sufficient  for  all  the  objects  iro- 

These  cases  may  perhaps  be  deemed  to  have  car-  -j,^  i.^  i„«.      t^.^ -^-n^^  :«  ^,^,^1^  *\.^* \^ . 

ried  the  right  of  legialatlve  interference  with  pri-  vided  by  law.     The  reason  is  smiply  that  tLc 

vate  rights  and  property  to  iu  utmost  limit,  but  last  Legislature  increase^l  the  appropriations 

they  illustrate  the  scope  of  the  police  power  in  legis-  without  increasing  the  taxes.     The  deficieoc* 

lation ;  and  the  reports  abouna  in  decisions  which  has  been  made  to  fall  entirely  on  the  special  8|- 

show  that  the  State  haa  authority  to  regulate  the  use  nronriAtions     It  was  imnnnM^  tJiRt  th^  tiii  1 T 

and  eiyoyment  of  property  and  the  control  of  pri-  propnations.   u  was  suppos^  mai  ine  lai   .. 

vate  Kismess  in  many  wlys,  "  without  coming  in  ^0^^  y>€W  sufficient  revenue ;  but  there  is  ibc 

conflict  with  any  of  those  constitutional  principles  same  unequal  and  defective  assessment  of  taxes 

which  are  estabhshed  for  the  protection  of  private  in  North  Carolina  which  exists  in  every  other 

ri^ts  or  private  propertv.»»  State  of  the  Union.     In  this  State,  however, 

The  right  of  the  Legislature  to  control  the  use  snd  j^  j^  thought  to  be  impossible  to  devise  a  st>. 

traffic  m  mtoxicatiDg  hquors  being  establiahed,  its  :        «^"«tt"*'  ""  ""  ^^I'M^t.^Ms^  w  u^«tev  a  p. 

authority  to  impoae  RabUitiea  upon  those  who  exexw  tem  which  would  operate  more  unequally,  ud- 

cise  the  traffic,  or  who  sell  or  give  away  hitoxicat-  justly,  or  prejudicially  tu  the  Treasury.    Tb« 

ing  drinks,  for  consequential  i^uries  to  third  per*  rule  lor  every  county,  town,  and  towniihip  \i 

^V^^^Jo^^^^\  "  *  necessary  incident.    And  the  act  different,  and  the  values  of  property  situated  io 

of  1878  is  not  mvahd  because  it  creates  a  right  of  ^.^^  fl««n  irvy.«i{4-«.  .*i^  «*•  ♦!.->  ^-.^Tb.  ^v..,..^^* 

action  and  imposes  a  liabUity  not  known  to  the  ^^^  same  locality  and  of  the  same  cLanulc: 

common  law.    There  is  no  such  limit  to  legislative  *^®  ^^  variant  and  unequal  as  the  varied,  trti- 

power.     The  Legislature  may  alter  or  repeal  the  trary,  and  often  indifferent  opinions  of  the  a- 

common  law.    It  may  create  new  offenses,  enlarge  sessors  may  chance  to  be.  Very  little  property  is 

the  scope  of  civil  remedies,  and  fasten  responsibility  assessed  to  anywhere  within  the  neighborhood 

S'onXWno  ^r^^l  •^rdo^'nTm^'^tTa;  of  its  value,  4  Ijat  does  not  mattfr;  the  e. 

the  Legislature  may  tmpoae  upon  one  man  liability  Bential  idea  is  to  nave  the  assessment  bear  liie 

for  an  injury  suffered  by  another  with  which  he  had  same  uniform  proportion  to  the  true  value  of 

no  connection.    But  it  may  change  the  rule  of  the  the  property  taxed.  Unless  this  is  secured,  oce 

S«"T^?*}"'''  ^^w]!t  ^^^.  °?-^  *?  *^i*  P'^™!?^*  man  pays  a  vastly  higher  tax  than  his  neigh- 

cause  of  the  mischief,  mattaohmg  legal  responsibu-    v  j    •^  *  -..--i.i« ^^ *.    ai       *v     j 

Ity.  and  allow  a  reciveiy  to  be*^hl2f  against  those  }>or,  and  one  township  or  county  than  the  ad- 

whose  acts  contributed,  although  remotely,  to  pro-  joining  township  or  county ;  and  it  is  m  tt;t 

duoe  it.    This  is  what  the  Legislature  has  done  in  power — and  often  happens  in  practice-— of  tbt 

theact  of  1878.                          ^.^^^ .             ..  county  assessors  and  commissioners  to  defei! 

Our  conclusion  is,  that  the  act  of  1878  is  a  constitu-  the  will  of  the  Legislature  by  lowering  the  af^ 

tional  enactment.    It  ia  doubtless  an  extreme  exer-  ,2^  j^we*"*"'"*^  "j  *ww  wuig  «j^  »- 

cise  of  legUhitive  power,  but  we  can  not  say  that  aessments.    It  becomes  also  a  heavy  tax  oi 

it  violates  any  express  or  implied  prohibition  of  the  honesty,  and  compels  the  conscientious  man  ti> 

Constitution.  pay  sometimes  double  or  treble  the  tax  paid  by 

his  less  scmpulouB  neighbor. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  The  debt  of  the  State  The  penitentiary  system  of  the  State  is  the 

is  $16,960,046  principal  and  $10,160,182  inter-  most  costly  of  its  institutions.     The  idea  of 

est.    This  is  Imown  as  the  recognized  debt,  such  institutions  is  to  punish  ofiTenders  with 

and  distinct  from  the  special-tax  bonds.    (See  hard  labor,  so  as  either  to  reform  them  or  dr- 

"  Annual  Cyclopaedia,"  1877.)    The  question  ter  them  and  others  from  the  commission  «»f 

before  the  people  and  the  Legislature  is,  What  crime.    The  economic  problem  is  to  make  thiji 

shall  be  done  with  this  debt?    The  Governor  labor  support  the  institution.    The  system  of 

^ys  •  employing  the  convicts  in  the  construction  d 

It  is  out  of  the  question  for  us  to  attempt  to  pay  it  railroads  has  been  adopted,  and  it  results  in 

at  its  face  value,  indeed,  I  do  not  conceive  that  there  yielding  an  income  much  above  the  expenses 

is  any  moral  obligation  on  us  to  do  so,  nor  do  our  ^f  ^^  keeping  of  the  prisoners.     Indeed,  the; 

creditors  expect  it  of  us.  Quite  one  half  of  our  prop-  »  ^„^  ^««„£i  ^^«*  ♦»,««  <Vv««  ♦:«...-  ♦ul «.;«:«.«« 

erty  upon  which  our  bond7were  based  was  wantonly  5*^!  i^^^t^  ^^'f  .        ^^"^  times  the  romimniD 

destroyed  by  consent  of  a  large  minority  of  those  nxed  by  the  Legislature  at  which  the  railroad 

who  held  them,  and  no  court  of  conscience  upon  the  companies  should  be.  charged.     By  the  esti- 

earth  would  permit  a  creditor  to  destroy  one  half  mates  of  the  President  of  Uie  Western  North 

of  his  security,  and  cUim  full  payment  out  of  the  Carolina  Railroad,  as  engineer,  the  earninm  of 

remainder.    But  we  ma  and  #A<mZ^  pay  something.  ^^^""»  **«*»v€«*,  ■»  W5».*wt,  v**^?  vwi**«e 

'^                  *  427  hands  furmshed  to  him  have  been  nearij 

At  the  Inst  session  of  the  Legislature,  the  $100,000  per  annum^  or  $200,000  for  the  years 

Governor,   Treasurer,   and   Attorney -General  1877  and  1878.    This  is  about  $236  per  anoom 

were  constituted  a  committee  to  confer  with  per  hand  gross.    The  cost  of  sapportuig,  guard- 

the  bondholders,  but  no  power  was  given  to  mg,  and  overseeing  them  for  the  same  time  hst 

tliem  to  make  or  accept  any  proposition.    No-  been  $98,000.    Their  health  has  been  excellent 

thing  has  therefore  been  done,  although  it  is  As  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  their  net  earn* 

believed  that  very  reasonable  terms  can  be  ings,  deducting  everything,  and  including  the 

obtained  if  a  determination  to  settle  the  debt  sick,  the  women,  and  all  others  not  at  work  on 

is  manifested.    The  special-tax  bonds  are  re-  the  road  from  any  cause,  is  $121.50  per  hand 


NORTH  OAROLINA.  627 

On  the  l8t  of  November  there  were  within  tremely  sncoessfnl,  and  the  nnmber  of  students 
the  walls  of  the  penitentiary  865  convicts ;  on  is  constantly  increasing.  Two  normal  schools 
the  Western  Noith  Carolina  Railroad,  558 ;  on  have  been  established,  one  for  whites  at  the 
the  Spartanbarg  and  Asheville  Railroad,  1 ;  university,  and  one  for  blacks  at  Fayetteville. 
on  the  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  28;  on  At  the  first  session  of  the  white  school  225 
the  Chester  and  Lenoir  Narrow  Gaage,  50;  teachersattended,andatthesecond,lnl878,400 
and  on  the  Western  (Coalfields)  Railroid,  100 ;  teachers  were  present,  representing  60  coonties. 
making  a  total  of  1,102  convicts  on  the  books  The  colored  normal  school  has  been  mana^;ed 
of  the  penitentiary.  The  sqnad  of  hands  em-  with  unexpected  success.  The  first  session 
]>lojred  on  the  Georgia  and  North  Carolina  opened  with  58  pupils,  about  40  of  whom  re- 
Railroad  has  finished  grading  to  the  town  of  ceived  certificates  as  teachers,  some  of  high 
Murphy,  in  Cherokee  County.  The  President  grade;  the  second  year  began  with  74  pupils. 
of  the  Western  Railroad  makes  a  very  fiatter-  The  law  relating  to  the  public  schools,  having 
ing  report  of  the  progress  of  the  work  done  by  been  recently  adopted,  was  found  to  contain 
the  convicts  on  Ids  Tine.  Having  determined  many  defects,  and  much  dissatisfaction  existed 
to  extend  it  in  the  direction  of  Greensboro,  in  relation  to  the  schools.  These  defects  it 
the  company  began  work  at  or  near  Egypt  in  was  proposed  to  remove  at  the  next  session  of 
March,  1878,  with  100  convicts,  and  there  is  a  the  Legislature.  The  receipts  of  the  education- 
good  prospect  of  soon  seeing  this  road  com-  alfund  for  the  year  ending  September  80, 1878, 
pleted  to  Greensboro.  The  Chester  and  Le-  were  $546,914.  To  this  is  added  the  amount 
iioir  Narrow-Gauge  Railroad  Company  has  fin-  btifore  on  hand,  $111,080.94,  making  the  total 
i«hed  its  line  to  Dallas,  in  Gaston  County,  and  amount  available  $657,800.87.  The  disburse* 
the  grading  to  Newton,  on  the  Western  North  ments  for  school  purposes  for  the  year  were 
Carolina  Railroad.  The  conclusions  drawn  $589,102,  leaving  in  the  Treasury  for  that  fund 
from  these  facts  by  the  State  authorities  are:  $118,798. 

1.  That  convict  labor  is  almost  if  not  anite  as       The  Constitution  requires  the  State  to  take 
Talaablefor  road  construction  as  hired  labor,  care  of  all  its  insane.    There  not  being  capacity 

2.  That  convict  labor  is  more  valuable  used  in  in  the  asylum  to  care  for  them,  the  Legislature 
this  tcind  of  work  than  employed  at  trades  and  has  provided  that  whenever  they  are  refused 
mechanical  work  in  dose  confinement.  8.  admittance  there,  and  are  adjudged  insane  by 
That  the  health  and  general  tone  of  the  con-  a  Jury  in  the  Superior  Court,  the  county  in 
victs  is  better  in  outdoor  work.  It  is  consid-  which  they  reside  shall  be  entitled  to  draw 
ered  to  be  the  true  policy  for  the  State  to  pro-  from  the  State  Treasury  not  exceeding  $100 
ride  labor  for  them  on  public  works  altogether,  per  year  for  their  maintenance.  It  is  estimated 
after  the  completion  of  the  penitentiary  build-  that  there  are  now  in  the  State  about  1,000  in- 
ings«  leaving  within  its  walls  only  such  as  from  sane.  The  asylum  at  Raleigh  has  capacity  for 
feebleness  or  the  nature  of  their  crimes  can  not  about  250,  one  fourth  the  whole  number  in  the 
be  sent  outside.  In  addition  to  the  completion  State.  It  costs  about  $250  per  head  to  keep 
of  the  roads  begun  by  the  State,  and  to  which  them.  The  State  is  now  building  the  largest 
labor  has  been  already  assigned,  there  are  a  and  perhaps  mdst  costly  house  withm  her  limits, 
namber  of  local  railroads  and  turnpikes  ereatly  with  capacity  for  400,  at  Morganton,  and  has 
desired  in  many  parts  of  the  State,  and  valu-  already  expended  $185,000.  The  work  is  about 
able  swamp  lands  to  be  drained,  at  which  con-  one  tlurd  done.  She  is  also  building  another 
victs  might  be  employed  with  great  profit  to  house  for  the  colored  insane  near  Goldsboro 
the  State,  the  counties,  or  communities  sup-  that  will  cost  $50,000.  About  $820,000  more 
porting  the  convicts.  Whenever  any  county  will  be  required  to  complete  and  furnish  these 
or  community  will  obtain  a  charter  for  build-  institutions.  It  is  estimated  that  the  annual 
ing  a  railroad  or  a  turnpike,  or  druning  a  expense  to  the  State  will  be  about  $200,000. 
swamp,  or  diking  a  river,  ana  will  undertake  Efforts  have  been  made  by  the  State  to  car- 
ta !»Qpport  the  hands,  they  should  be  given  the  ry  out  a  system  of  internal  improvements  for 
conrict  labor.  There  are  many  fertile  valleys  a  Ions  period.  Conmienced  before  railroads 
of  greater  or  less  extent,  remote  from  railroad  were  known,  the  purpose  now  is  to  complete 
facilities,  such  as  the  great  valley  of  the  Tad-  them  by  railroads,  and  to  make  the  latter  so  ex- 
kin  from  Salisbury  to  Patterson,  where  well-  tensive  as  to  reach  every  coimty  of  the  State, 
to-do  farmers  woidd  be  induced  to  attempt  the  The  breadth  of  the  State  from  north  to  south 
baildingof  narrow-gauge  railroads  if  they  were  in  its  western  part  is  a  hundred  miles.  By 
given  &e  necessary  labor;  and  many  excel-  extending  a  rauroad  through  the  middle  of 
lent  turnpikes  would  be  constructed  as  feeders  it  from  east  to  west,  the  greatest  distance  at 
to  the  railroads,  and  many  rich  swamps  might  which  any  man  can  be  from  it  is  fifty  miles, 
be  drained  in  the  same  mauner.  In  this  way  or  two  days'  travel  with  a  loaded  wagon.  If 
the  increasing  cost  of  the  penitentiary  would  this  distance  of  fifty  miles  on  each  side  of  the 
be  kept  down,  and  a  vast  benefit  to  the  people  railroad  was  divided  into  three  equal  parts,  it 
be  accomplished.  becomes  evident  that  one  third  of  the  State 

An  increased  interest  in  popular  education  would  be  within  seventeen  miles  of  this  great 

ia  maniferted  in  all  parts  of  the  State.    The  ef-  highway  running  through  the  country,  like  a 

forts  to  revive  the  university  have  been  ex-  public  street  through  a  commercial  city.    An- 


628  NORTH  OAROLIKA. 

other  third  would  he  hetween  seTenteen  and  cess  of  completiiig  the  filling  will  go  on  from 

thirty-fonr  miies  from  It,  and  the  remaining  time  to  time,  nnm  the  roadway  is  made  p^« 

third  hetween  thirty-four  and  fifty.    The  first  manent    The  most  of  the  work  of  filling  in  Is, 

project  was  to  afford  transportation  to  all  the  however,  already  completed^  <Hily  leaving  the 

geople,  as  ahove  desorihed,  hy  a  main  central  temporary  structures  of  such  spans  and  height 
ne,  after  which  the  general  anatomy  of  the  as  make  them  perfectly  safe  for  the  passage 
State  system  was  to  he  conBtru9ted,  tiie  arms,  of  trains  for  two  or  three  years,  hefore  which 
branches,  lateral  and  cross  Unes,  necessary  to  time  they  will  all  have  been  filled,  and  the 
make  a  complete  system  of  transportation  for  track  resting  on  a  solid  road-bed  of  earth  asd 
all  sections  and  all  tJie  interests  of  the  State,  broken  stone.  The  tunnel- work,  cuts  and  fills, 
It  was  never  contemplated  by  any  intelligent  above  enumerated,  by  no  means  comprises  the 
advocate  of  internal  miprovements  to  confine  excavation  on  the  mountain  section.  For  the 
the  State  to  a  single  line  of  riulroad,  or  to  deny  entire  ten  miles  the  roadway  is  a  succession 
to  any  portion  of  the  people  the  largest  and  of  cuts  and  fills,  and  there  is  not  a  yard  of  the 
most -liberal  facilities  for  reaclung  all  3ie  mar-  distance  over  which  the  track  rests  on  a  nats- 
ketB  of  the  world.  It  was  the  hope  that  long  ral  level  The  total  rise  on  this  mountain  ac- 
before  this  every  portion  of  North  Carolina  tion  is  1,020  feet,  or  102  feet  to  the  mile.  The 
should  be  penetrated  by  railroads  tending  in  original  estimates  for  the  work  on  this  sectioc 
every  conceivable  direction;  that  with  one  were  $1,800,000,  or  an  average  of  $18O,00«) 
general  system  through  the  center  of  the  State  to  the  mile.  With  the  aid  of  convict  labor  it 
from  east  to  west,  connecting  the  mountains  has  not  cost  so  much,  but  with  hired  labor  it 
with  tibe  seaboard,  there  should  also  exist  a  could  not  have  been  completed  within  the  ^ 
perfect  network  of  railroads  all  over  the  State,  timates.  There  are  numerous  ravines  and 
developing  its  resources,  and  making  the  peo-  mountain  streams  which  the  road  crosBes,  and 
pie  prosperous  and  the  State  a  great  common-  one,  Mill  Creek,  is  crossed  twelve  times  in  si 
wemth.  That  portion  of  the  Western  North  miles.  Besides  the  culverts,  there  are  eight 
Carolina  Railroad  known  as  the  Mountain  Sec-  stone  viaducts,  and  tiiree  wooden  bridges  or 
tionistenmileslong,  and  extends  from  a  point  trestles.  The  four  temporary  trestles  to  he 
half  way  between  Old  Fort  and  Henry  Station,  filled  in  aggregate  1,200  feet  in  length,  and 
to  the  Swannanoa  Gap,  and  through  tibe  long  have  a  hei^t  at  their  centers  of  26, 56, 54, 
tunnel  under  the  Blue  Ridge.  Throughout  the  and  70  feet,  respectively.  Three  arch  cnlverts 
United  States,  or  North  America,  there  is  no-  are  respectively  402,  288,  and  260  feet  long. 
where  such  inland  work  as  that  presented  on  8  by  10  feet,  width  and  height,  and  the  m^ 
this  mountain  section,  and,  as  a  North  Carolina  one  cost  $16,000  at  contract  price  in  1968. 
achievement  of  en^neering  and  mechanical  Twenty-five  smaller  cuts,  other  than  those  eoii* 
skill,  this  work  is  a  monument  and  an  object  merated  above,  involved  the  excavation  of 
of  becoming  pride  to  the  State.  There  are  on  nearly  400,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  and  stone, 
this  section  seven  tunnels,  in  all  8,686  feet  in  and  the  work  has  been  increased  by  reason  of 
length,  which  involved  40,000  cubic  yards  of  land-slides  fully  one  third  of  the  total  amoofit 
excavation  through  solid  rock.  '  These  tunnds  of  the  estimates  for  the  mountain  section  &t 
are  now  idl  completed  and  ready  for  the  track  the  beginning.  Including  the  remainder  of  the 
through  them,  except  the  Swannanoa,  which  Swannanoa  Tunnel,  there  is  not  now  in  the 
has  vet  80  feet  of  heading  and  800  feet  of  way  of  the  track  to  the  summit,  at  Swannanoi 
bench  to  be  removed,  in  all  something  less  Gap,  more  than  6,000  cubic  yards  of  excant- 
than  8,000  cubic  yards,  not  more  than  six  ing,  and  of  this  there  is  not  a  shovelfiil  of 
weeks'  work  for  the  present  force  of  hands,  original  earth  outside  of  the  long  timnel,  all 
and  the  appliances  upon  it.  This  heavy  tunnel-  of  that  which  remains  in  the  roading  nor 
work  has  long  stood  as  an  almost  impenetrable  being  the  deposit  of  the  slides;  and  should  so 
barrier  to  railroad  connection  between  the  east  more  occur,  the  roadway  will  be  open  to  the 
and  the  west,  and  for  a  period  of  twenty  years  Swannanoa  Tunnel  at  once, 
the  work  of  boring  through  these  mountains  The  eleven  coimtiesof  Buncombe,  Cherokee, 
has  been  watched  by  the  people  on  both  sides  Clay,  Qraham,  Hay  wood,  Henderson,  Jackson, 
of  the  Ridge.  There  are,  among  numerous  Macon,  Madison,  Swain,  and  TransylTinia, 
smaller  ones,  five  main  cuts,  out  of  which  have  whose  future  is  bound  up  in  the  extension  of 
been  taken,  in  the  aggregate,  465,000  cubic  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad  to  Dock- 
yards of  earth  and  stone,  mostly  rock,  one  of  town  and  to  Point  Rock,  return  for  taxation 
these  cuts  measuring  160,000  cubic  yards,  and  2,818,986  acres  of  land,  assessed  at  $4,630,4$5, 
the  other  four  averaging  above  75,000  cubic  which  is,  on  account  of  the  want  of  tran5po^ 
yards.  Besides  the  succession  of  cuts  and  fills  tation  facilities,  less  than  $2  per  acre.  The 
on  ihe  entire  mountain  section,  there  are  four  internal  wealth  of  that  magnificent  conntrj 
main  fills  of  682,000  cubic  yards,  one  of  them  can  not  be  estimated.  There  are  no  means  of 
requiring  880,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  and  approximating  its  resources.  It  requires  raO- 
stone  to  make  it,  and  the  other  three  aver-  roads  to  give  it  the  facilities  for  reaching  mar- 
aging  more  than  100,000  cubic  yards.  On  four  ket,  to  stimulate  its  people  to  increase  the  agri- 
of  these  fills  temporary  trestles  were  erected,  cultural  and  mineral  products,  and  to  attract 
the  track  carried  on  over  them,  and  the  pro-  capital  and  population,  to  properly  develop  that 


NORTH  OAROLIKA.  629 

seotionofcoantryywhicli,  when  developed,  will  the  yield  is  estimated  to  be  about  the  same, 
be  one  of  the  wealthiest  portions  of  North  while  in  eight  an  increase  is  reported.  The 
Carolina,  contribnting  a  thousand  fold  more  average  yield  of  tobaoco  per  acre  in  the  forty- 
to  the  State  Treasury  than  under  the  present  two  counties  reporting  it  is  about  600  pounds, 
assessment.  Its  mineral  wealth  alone  would  Forty-eight  counties  produced  an  ample  supply 
enrich  an  empire.  Almost  every  species  of  of  bread  and  meat  and  forage  for  stock,  and  of 
mineral  is  found  in  these  counties  of  western  these  twenty-one  report  a  surplus.  Twenty 
North  Carolina,  specimens  of  which  have  ffone  others  report  a  supply  of  grain  and  forage,  but 
to  enrich  the  cabinets  of  other  States,  and  be  not  a  sufficiency  of  meat,  while  the  remaining 
exhibited  abroad.  The  statistics  of  the  Agri-  twenty-two  report  a  general  deficiency.  One 
cultural  Department,  yet  in  its  infancy,  show  county  reports  no  small  grain.  One  reports  no 
that  in  Cherokee  there  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  wheat,  but  a  largely  increased  acreage  in  oats. 
iroD,  lead,  and  manganese;  in  Graham^  sdver,  Two  report  a  smaller  acreage  than  in  1876. 
copper,  and  lead ;  in  Hay  wood,  mica ;  m  Hen-  Thirteen  estimate  ishe  acreage  at  about  the 
derson,  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  mica;  in  same,  while  seventy-three  give  an  increased 
Jackson,  graphite,  asbestus,  copper,  silver,  and  acreage,  varying  from  26  to  200  per  cent.  In 
manganese ;  in  Macon,  copper,  iron,  mica,  and  eighty  -  nine  counties,  sheep  could  be  raised 
corundum;  in  Madison,  iron  and  mica;  in  profitably;  the  average  cost  of  keeping  them 
Swain,  silver,  lead,  copper,  mica,  and  saltpeter ;  through  the  winter  does  not  exceed  fifty  cents. 
in  Transylvania,  mica,  copper,  and  iron.  Of  In  fifty-six  counties  sheep  husbandry  could  be 
mineral  waters.  Buncombe  has  sulphur  and  made  very  remunerative  but  for  the  presence 
numerous  iron  springs;  Cherokee,  many  not  of  sheep-killing  dogs.  Four  counties  report  that 
analyzed ;  Graham,  three  iron  and  sulphur  they  do  not  desire  immigration,  and  eighty-six 
springs ;  Macon,  many  iron,  and  Madison,  some  respond  in  the  affirmative.  There  is  no  system 
of  the  finest  warm  springs  in  the  world;  all  of  recognized  in  the  employment  of  fiirm  labor- 
which  may  be  resorted  to  by  both  health-  and  ers — ^the  three  plans  usually  practiced  prevail- 
pieodure-seekers.  The  whole  section  abounds  ing  to  greater  or  less  extent  in  all  sections  of 
in  the  finest  timber,  oak,  pine,  black  walnut,  the  StiSe,  viz.,  for  wages,  on  shares,  or  as  ^*  rent- 
poplar,  white  pine,  hickory,  chestnut  cherry,  ers."  In  eighty-four  counties  the  lands  nnder 
locust,  linden,  buckeye,  aidi,  birch,  beecn,  maple,  the  management  of  freedmen  deteriorate,  while 
and  gum.  And  the  supply  of  superior  marble  in  two  they  improve,  and  in  three  they  remain 
of  every  description,  granite,  sandstone,  and  about  the  same.  As  farmers,  in  six  counties 
soapstone,  is  inexhaustible.  The  staple  prod-  there  is  no  marked  change  in  their  condition ; 
nets  of  these  transmontane  counties  are  com,  in  fifteen  they  are  improving,  and  in  sixty- 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  tobacco,  eight  they  are  not  improving.  In  forty-one 
sorghum,  and  the  grasses.  The  fruits  are  ap-  counties  farmers  are  generally  free  firom  debt, 
pies,  peaches,  plums,  cherries^  grapes,  and  her-  and  are  improving  financially,  while  in  forty- 
T\e%,  of  which  large  quantities  are  annually  five  they  are  much  depressed.  In  the  four 
produced.  From  the  best  data  that  can  now  remaining  counties,  whUe  they  have  a  supply 
be  obtained,  it  is  estimated  that  these  counties  of  forage,  grain,  and  meat,  money  is  reported 
annually  produce  2,000,000  bushels  of  corn,  scarcer  than  since  the  war.  The  reporto  pre- 
3(K),000  bushels  of  wheat,  100,000  bushels  of  sent  the  condition  of  the  farmers  in  an  encour- 
rje,  6,000  bushels  of  buckwheat,  150,000  gal-  aging  and  hopeful  light  A  larger  area  is  de- 
Ions  of  sorghum,  200,000  pounds  of  honey,  voted  to  small  grain  and  the  grasses;  a  more 
100,000  bushels  of  oats,  10,000  tons  of  grasses,  plentiful  store  of  supplies  is  on  hand  ;  new 
2,000  pounds  of  fiax.  800,000  pounds  of  to-  crops,  new  industries,  and  new  systems  of  farm- 
baeco.  800,000  bushels  of  green  and  200,000  ing  are  being  introduced.  In  the  seventy-tiiree 
poanos  of  dried  apples,  60,000  pounds  of  dried  counties  reported  as  having  increased  their  acre- 
peaches,  and  200,000  pounds  of  butter.  Of  age  seeded  to  small  grain,  the  eastern  counties 
the  cattle  and  hogs  fattened  and  killed,  and  are  well  represented.  The  total  aggregate  vdue 
driven  to  market  on  the  hoof,  there  are  no  re-  of  lands,  town  property,  horses,  mules,  cattle, 
liable  data  at  hand,  but  the  number  is  known  farming  utensils,  money  in  hand  and  on  deposit, 
to  be  great  The  country  is  self-sustaining  in  solvent  credits,  etc.,  in  1874,  was  $148,728,818, 
these  prodnots  of  tiie  stock-lot  and  farm-yard,  while  in  1877  it  was  $146,870,498,  a  gain  of 
and  has  a  handsome  surplus,  from  which  the  $2,646,680.  The  number  of  acres  of  land  listed 
people  chiefly  derive  their  ready  money,  except  for  taxation  has  decreased  796,870  acres,  and 
in  the  article  of  tobacco,  raised  exclusively  for  fallen  off  in  value  $2,214,288  for  the  same  years, 
export,  but  which  is  not  a  general  product  For  the  same  years  the  value  of  town  property 
throughout  all  these  counties.  has  increased  from  $16,652,181  to  $17,418,840. 
Reports  from  all  the  counties  of  the  State  The  number  of  horses  has  increased  18,268, 
except  four  rive  a  partial  statement  of  its  agri-  but  the  value  has  decreased  $1,048,848,  owing 
cultural  resnits  for  1877.  Of  the  ninety  coun-  to  the  general  shrinkage  in  nearly  all  values, 
ties  reported,  sixty-four  produce  cotton;  of  Mules  increased  in  number  18,070,  and  de- 
these,  forty-four  estimate  the  yield  to  be  less  creased  in  value  $827,551.  Goats  have  gained 
than  that  of  1876;  tiiirty-six  report  an  average  rapidly  and  multiplied  to  the  extent  of  7,455 
decrease  of  28  per  cent    In  twelve  counties  over  iJie  number  known  u>  be  in  the  State  in 


630  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1874^  The  nnmerioal  increase  in  cattle  is  only  was  not  a  dollar  in  the  Committee^s  treasnrr. 
14,089,  and  the  money  loss  in  value  $151,406.  Besides,  there  existed  apathy  and  indiffereDce 
There  are  88,891  more  hogs  in  the  State  than  among  the  Republicans,  caused  by  the  polirj 
there  were  in  1874,  and  the  increased  valuation  of  the  national  Administration  toward  Soutl.- 
amounts  to  $182,148.  There  are  88,885  more  em  Republicans,  particularly  the  appointmeLt 
head  of  sheep  than  four  years  ago.  The  value  of  Democrats  to  office ;  and  under  these  hope- 
of  farming  utensils  has  nearly  doubled,  show-  less  circumstances  it  was  best  to  disband  the 
ing  a  net  gain  ot  $5,688,680.  Money  on  hand  party.  The  party  thus  disorganized  cast  10^.- 
and  on  deposit  has  decreased  by  a  half.  Sol-  000  votes  at  the  late  Presidential  election,  iLc 
vent  credits  have  been  growing  steadily,  and  majority  against  it  being  only  17,000. 
now  exhibit  an  increase  of  a  fourth,  while  other  The  result  of  the  election  was  the  choice  of 
personal  property  shows  a  falling  off  in  value  the  Democratic  candidates  for  Judges  without 
of  about  one  tithe.  The  stock  ot  the  State  in  opposition.  For  Chief  Justice,  Wmiam  N.  H. 
incorporated  companies  has  increased  from  Smith  received  128,860  votes;  for  Associstc 
$590,521  worth  to  $698,258,  and  her  railroad  Justices,  Thomas  8.  Ashe  received  12£,04U 
franchises,  that  were  worth  only  $564,981  in  votes,  and  John  Dillard  127,745  votes. 
1874,  amounted  to  $889,591  in  1877.  The  value  Ohief  Justice  Smith  is  a  native  of  Marfr^e«- 
of  land  in  the  State  as  reported  by  the  State  boro,  N.  0.,  whitlier  his  father  went  from  Cos- 
Auditor  is  $74,744,905;  of  town  property,  $17,-  necticut,  and  is  a  gentleman  of  high  culture. 
418,840;  of  horses,  mules,  homed  cattle,  etc.,  much  ability  and  learning  as  a  jurist,  and  f4 
$16,888,509;  of  farming  utensils,  money  on  exceptional  purity  of  private  character.  He 
hand  or  on  deposit,  solvent  credits,  etc.,  $87,-  represented  the  First  District  in  the  last  Tt^- 
878,789.  The  total  valuation  of  real  and  per-  eral  Congress  before  the  war,  and  came  »- 
sonal  property  was  therefore  $146,870,408.  near  being  Speaker  that  he  actually  received  :. 
An  application  for  the  restoration  or  copies  majority,  but  was  defeated  by  the  withdrawal 
of  important  papers  taken  from  the  archives  of  of  a  vote.  He  was  a  member  of  the  C(»)fcd- 
the  State  by  General  Sherman  brought  out  a  erate  Congress.  On  the  judicial  ticket  with 
reply  from  Mr.  McCreary,  Secretary  of  War,  him  at  the  election  were  the  Hon.  Thomas  S. 
that  he  was  disposed  to  comply  with  this  re-  Ashe,  a  former  member  of  Congreas,  and  J.  H. 
quest  as  far  as  he  might  consistently  with  the  in-  Dillard,  an  astute  and  successful  lawyer,  wLo 
terests  of  the  United  States,  though  he  thought  were  likewise  elected  practically  without  c|<- 
it  probable  that  upon  examination  it  might  be  position. 

found  that  some  of  these  records  were  of  such  The  State  Legislature  was  divided  as  follows: 

a  character  as  to  be  of  great  importance  to  the    


United  States  as  evidence  in  resisting  claims  partus. 

upon  the  Treasury.    He  th erefore  reserved  the  jy^gnoenu 

right  to  use  his  discretion  in  determining  wheth-  BepabUcuol'. ! ! .' !    .' 
er  any,  and  if  any,  what  records  should  be  ex-         ^^^ 
cepted  from  transcribing,  on  the  **  ground  that 


I 


S4  I  79 

16  j  4t 


00 


UO 


they  should  not  be  made  pubbc. '  ^^  ^1,^  time  for  the  election  of  members  of 

The  m^icipal  elections  m  the  State  were  Congre«s  approached,  the  following  instruc- 

held  on  May  6th.    In  nearly  every  town  the  ^^^^  ^.^^^  ^^^^  ^    \r^^^  StatesAttoraoT- 

contest  WM  between  Democrats  regularly  nom-  ^^^^^^  jy^%^^^  ^^  "^^  F^^^^^l  j^^^^  ^^^^V- 

inated  and  mdependent  Democrats  who  were  ^^y  j^  ^^  g^^ . 

supported  by  Republicans.  ^                     '      WA«inroTOH,Ocft*«rMS7S. 

The  State  election  this  year  was  for  the  In  case  of  interference  by  Democrats  with  BercV 

choioe  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  Associate  Judges,  Hcan  meetinfts,  called  for  the  purpose  of  taking 

and  members  of  the  State  I^islature,  and  was  hiitiatory  stepy  toward  the  election  of  memben  cf 

ii^iii  -r^«  A.^«...«4.  i«*  CongreBS,  1  call  your  attention  to  chapter  vii.,  and 

Sv  ^^         f .     r^           X.                 V  1:1     X  especially  section  6,620,  RcvUcd  SUtutea.    Too  viil 

Ine  Democratic  Convention  was  nela  at  be  expected' to  give  your  personal  attention  to  a'l 

Raleigh  on  June  18th.    A  large  number  of  oases  arising  under  the  above  section.     Meetings 

delegates  were  present,  and  H.  B.  Short  was  called  for  the  purpose  of  advocating  and  support  ic£ 

elected  permanent  chairman.    W.  N.  H.  Smith  S!f.f.\!f*^5  ^/«5*^.^iwttC''L£'iT!?*!!'^^^^    ^ 

•     A  J  i*      nv  ^  T  -X*           J  rpv  undisturbed,  and  each  party  must  bare  freedom  to 

was  nommated  for  Chief  Justice,  and  Thomas  aupport  the  candidates  of  its  choice.    You  iriU  sLow 

S.  Ashe  and  John  H.  Dillard  were  nommated  this  letter  to  the  marshal  of  the  district,  who,  it  U 

for  Associate  Judges.  to  be  hoped,  will  render  yon  all  assistance  by  ap- 

On  July  10th  the  Republican  State  Commit-  pointing  discreet  and  proper  deputies  to  execute  tie 

tee  held  a  meeting  at  fealeigh,  and  adooted  a  P™"'""-  »' «»"  ""Shables  DKVEKS. 

resolution  declaring  that  '^it  is  inexpedient^'  Attor&ey-Q«neral. 

to  nominate  a  State  ticket  to  be  voted  for  at  «    ..      ^  «a/v    v    i.       ••    tt  •-.  ^  e.  ..     tJ 

the  next  election.    The  only  State  officers  to  .  Section  5,520,  chspter  vii..  United  States  Et- 

be  chosen  were  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  ^^^^  Statutes,  reads  as  follows: 

but  It  was  admitted  that,  as  the  Republicans  Sjo-  6,620.-If  two  or  more  persons  in  any  State 

had  no  hope  of  electing  them,  it  would  be  a  ?'  ^^^^^  conspire  to  prevent  by  fwce  inUmjda- 

Ex^,mM^,ysf  vrx  ^i«7^i>au|^  t»A«iu,  »u   w*  vuxu  u«  »  ^^^^  ^^  threat,  auY  oidEsn  who  IB  lawfully  entiUeJ 

waste  of  time  and  money  to  make  a  contest,  to  vbte,  from  giving  his  support  or  advocacy  in  a  1.  - 

The  canvass  would  cost  $2,500,   and   there  galmannertowardorinfavor  oftheelecUon  of  a^-j- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                           631 

lawfallj  qanliiled  perBon  as  an  elector  for  Preiiident  Second — ^Kitchin,  Democrat,  10,804;   O^Hara, 

or  Vice-Preaideut,  or  as  a  member  of  the  Congrets  Republican,  9,682 :  Harris,  Independent,  8,948. 

:;.?lJ'^i!':M.*2;?o?ror"'XSSSjre.^^rf  ™rd-Waddell^  Democrat,   icm;  RneseU. 

8aoh  peraona  ■hall  be  punShed  by  a  fine  of  not  less  National  11,611.    Fonrth— Davis,  Democrat, 

than  five  hundred  nor  more  than  five  thousand  dol-  1 1,864 ;  Tomer,  Republican,  8,858 ;  Jones,  In- 

hrs,  or  by  imprisonment  of  not  less  than  six  months  dependent,  2,911 :     Fifth—Scales,  Democrat, 

nor  more  than  six  years,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  io,826 ;  Tourgee,  Republican,  7,680.     Sixth— 

imprisonment.  g^^^j^^  Democrat,  4,908 ;  Covington,  Indepen- 

The  election  took  place  on  November  5th,  dent,  258.    Seventh — Armfield,  Democrat,  4,- 

and  resalted  as  follows:  First  District — Yeates,  763;  Brower,  National,  8,650.  £igUth — ^Vanoe, 

Democrat,  12,084;  Martin,  Repnblican,  12,135.  Democrat,  2,894;  no  opposition. 


O 

OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  Abbott,  Rev.  Alexander,  Hbnbt,  Jr.,  a  leading  banker 
WauAM  Peitn,  died  in  New  Tork  City,  De-  and  prominent  citizen  of  Springfield,  Mass., 
cember  22d.  He  was  bom  in  Wilkesbarre,  died  there  July  24th,  aged  59  years.  He  served 
Pa.,  December  81,  1888.  He  had  been  in  the  two  terms  in  the  State  Senate. 
Methodist  ministry  about  seventeen  years,  was  Allen,  George  A.,  died  at  Flemington,  N. 
pastor  at  different  times  in  Albany  and  New-  J.,  December  26th,  aged  56  years.  Daring  the 
bargh,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  had  charge  late  war  he  was  a  captain  in  the  Third  New 
of  the  Thirtieth  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Jersey  Regiment  of  volunteers.  He  was  an 
Church,  New  York.  He  was  the  Presidmg  influential  member  of  the  Republican  party  and 
Elder  of  the  New  Tork  district.  Syracuse  was  the  founder  of  the  Huntingdon,  N.  J.,  *'  Re- 
University  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  publican,^'  which  he  edited  for  sixteen  years. 
Doctor  of  Divinity.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  prominent 

Adbain,  Garnett  B.,  died  at  New  Bruns-  lawyers  of  central  New  Jersey. 

wick,  N.  J.,  August  17th.    He  was  born  in  Allen,  Willum  F.,  died  at  Oswego,  N.  Y., 

New  York  City,  December  20,  1816,  graduated  June  3d.    He  was  born  in  Windham  County, 

at  Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey,  in  1833,  and  Conn.,  July  28,  1808.    In  1848  he  was  elected 

four  years  later  was  admitted  to  the  bar.    In  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York, 

lSo6  and  1858  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  having  previously  served  as  United  States  Dis- 

New-  Jersey,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the  trict  Attomev  for  the  Northern  Dbtrict  of  New 

Committee  on  Engraving.  York.    At  the  expiration  of  his  first  term  he 

AioAN,  M^jor  John,  died  at  Central  Falls,  was  reelected,  and  at  the  end  of  his  second 

R.  I.,  Seplember  3d,  i^ed  44  years.    Durine  term  in  1863  he  went  to  New  York  City,  where 

the  late  war  he  served  in  the  First,  Third,  and  he  practiced  law  for  several  years.    He  was 

Fifth  Rhode  Island  regiments.    .  elected  Comptroller  of  the  State  in  1867,  and 

Aiken,  Fbederiok,  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  during  his  administration  the  State  debt  was 

December  23d.    He  was  Secretary  of  the  Demo-  greatly  reduced.    Before  his  term  had  expired 

cratic  Committee  of  Vermont  in  1860,  and  was  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 

one  of  the  counsel  for  Mrs.  Surratt.    At  the  in  1871. 

time  of  his  death  he  was  on  the  local  staff  of  Amat,  Thaddeits,  died  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal., 

the  Washington  "Post."  May  12th,  aged  67  years.    He  was  &e' Roman 

Alexander,   Barton  Stone,  died  in  San  Catholic  Bishop  of  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles. 

Francisco,  Col.,  December  15th.    He  was  bom  Ames,  John,  Jr.,  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

in  Kentucky  in  1819,  and  graduated  at  West  April  6th.    He  had  been  recently  appointed 

Point  in  1842.    He  was  employed  in  repairing  United  States  Surveyor-General  for  that  State, 

fortifications  before  and  after  the  Mexican  war,  Anderson,  Larz,  a  brother  of  General  Rob- 

and  superintended  the  erection  of  Minot's  Ledge  ert  Anderson,  diea  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Feb- 

Lighthouse,  at  the  entrance  of  Boston  Harbor,  ruary  27th ;  he  was  bom  near  Louisville,  Ey., 

Daring  the  late  war  he  was  eng^ed  in  the  AprU  9,  1805,  and  when  very  young  graduated 

con3traction  of  the  defenses  of  Washington,  from  Harvard  College.    In  1834  he  married 

and  took  part  in  the  Manassas  campaign  of  the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Nicholas 

ISdl.    In  the  same  year  he  was  made  brevet  Longworth.    He  was  a  prominent  capitalist 

major  for  gallant  service  in  the  battle  of  Bull  of  (Sncinnati,  and  was  respected  for  his  chari- 

Ran.    In  1862  he  became  brevet  lieutenant-  ties  and  public  spirit. 

colonel,  and  in  1865  brevet  colonel  and  briga-  Ater,  Dr.  James  C,  died  at  Winchendon, 

dler -general.    He  was  General  Sheridan's  con-  Mass.,  July  3d.    By  his  manufacture  of  sar- 

sulting  engineer  in  1864,  and  after  the  close  of  saparilla  and  other  preparations,  he  acquired 

the  war  he  had  charge  of  most  of  the  public  a  fortune  which  was  estimated  as  high  as  $20,- 

works  in  Maine  nntu  1867,  when  he  became  000,000.    His  estate  comprised  extensive  prop- 

•enior  en^neer  and  member  of  the  Pacific  erty  interests  in  Lowell,  Boston,  New  YorK, 

Board  of  Engineers  for  Fortifications.  and  Chicago.     He  accepted  the  Republican 


632                                           OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

nomination  for  Congress  in  the  Seventh  Mas-  present  system  of  pilotage  for  Xew  Yoii, 

sachnsetts  District  in  1874,  but  was  defeated  which  has  been  of  signal  advantage  to  its  com- 

by  Mr.  Tarbox,  the  Democratic  nominee.  merce.    He  was  appointed  a  Pilot  ConnDis- 

Baohs,  Henbt  W.,  died  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  sloner,  and  continned  to  be  one,  except  dvam 
November  7th,  aged  89  years.  lie  was  a  de-  six  months,  to  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1857 
scendant  of  Sarah  Bache,  the  only  daughter  he  was  made  a  Hart>or  Commissioner  to  pro- 
of Bei^jamin  Franklin,  and  son  of  the  late  Pro-  teot  the  harbor  of  New  York.  He  was  for  fire 
fessor  Henry  Bache  of  the  Coast  Survey,  in  years  a  trustee  of  the  Seaman^s  Retreat,  aad 
which  service  he  was  himself  engaged  at  the  two  years  a  Commisdoner  of  Emigration.  In 
time  of  his  death.  his  autobiography,  under  date  of  December  SI, 

Bakd,  Samuel,  ex-Governor,  died  at  Baton  1872,  he  says :  "  I  have  held  public  offices  for- 

Ronge,  La.,  September  18th.    He  was  for  a  ty-nine  years,  all  without  pay  excepting  seven 

long  time  very  prominent  in  Southern  politics,  years."    His  father  was  Edmund  W.  Blo&t  a 

During  the  administration  of  President  Grant  well-known  publisher  of  marine  works  and 

he  was  removed  from  charge  of  the  Atlanta,  maker  of  nautical  instruments,  who  lived  to  be 

Ga.,  Post-Office  by  Postmaster-General  Jewell,  over  ninety  years  old. 

Babker,  George  W.,  Superintendent  of  the  Bodisgo,  Waldemas,  died  at  Jordan  Aloio 

New  York  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail-  Springs,  Ya.,  July  Slst.     He   came  to  thii 

road,  died  in  Jersey   City,  September  26th.  country  at  an  early  age,  and  graduated  from 

He  was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1812.  Georgetown  College.    For  neany  twenty  years 

Bashford,  Coles,  died  at  Prcscott,  Arizona,  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Russian  Legation  &t 

April  25th.      He  was  born  at  Alden,  Erie  Washington,  and  a  jpart  of  the  time  from  1S66 

County,  N.  Y.,  January  24,  1816,  was  admit-  and  1869  acted  as  Charg6  d'Ajffairea.    He  wsj 

ted  to  the  bar  in  1842,  and  was  elected  Dis-  appointed   Russian  Consnl-General    at  Nev 

trict  Attorney  of  Wayne  County  in  1847.    He  York  in  1871,  and  held  that  position  at  tht 

resigned  in  1850  and  removed  to  Wisconsin,  time  of  his  death. 

and  was  chosen  to  the  Senate  of  that  State  Bollbs,  John  A.,  died  in  Washington,  D. 
in  1852.  After  being  reelected  he  resigned  C,  May  25th.  He  was  born  at  Eastfonl, 
in  1855,  and  in  1856  was  elected  Governor.  Conn.,  April  16, 1809.  In  1829  he  graduated 
From  1864  to  1866  he  was  Attorney-General  at  Brown  University,  in  1838  was  admitted  to 
of  Arizona,  was  a  member  and  also  President  the  bar  in  Boston,  and  in  1843  was  Secretarj 
of  the  Territorial  Council,  and  in  1866  was  of  State  under  Governor  Marcus  Morton.  lie 
elected  Delegate  from  that  Territory  to  the  was  a  member  of  the  Harbor  and  Back  B&j 
Fortieth  Congress.  He  was  appointed  Secre-  Commission  in  1852.  From  1862  to  1665  k 
tary  of  Arizona  in  1869,  and  served  several  was  Judge- Advocate  on  the  staff  of  his  brother- 
years  in  that  office.  in-law,  General  John  A.  Dix.    In  1865  he  was 

Baxter,  Stacy,  Professor  of  Elocution  at  made  a  brevet  brigadier-general,  and  in  tin? 

Harvard  College,  was  drowned  at  Cape  May  same  year  was  appointed  Naval  Solicitor. 

Point,  N.  J.,  August  15th.  BomaeyiLLE,  General  Benjamin  %.  E,  the 

BEOKwrrn,  Truman,  died  in  Providence,  R.  oldest  officer  on  the  retired  list  of  the  Unit^ 

I.,  May  2d,  aged  95  years.    He  was  the  oldest  States  Army,  died  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  Jue 

merchant  of  that  city.  12th,   aged  85  years.     In  1837  Wasbingtuo 

BiBD,  William  A.,  died  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Irving  made  his  name  famous  by  the  pnbliea- 

August  19th,  aged  82  years.    He  was  a  member  tion  of  '*  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville. 

of  the  Legislature  in  1842  and  1852,  and  was  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Far 

largely  interested  in  Black  Rock  in^rovements.  West." 

He  had  been  President  of  the  Erie  County  Bowebb,  Georqb  Yxning,  an  actor,  died  in 

Savings  Bank  since  its  organization  in  1854.  New  York,  August  18th.     He  was  bom  at 

Blunt,  George  W.,  died  in  New  York  City,  PhUadelphia,  Pa.,  April  28,  1835,  began  ti? 
April  19th.  He  was  born  in  Newburyport^  theatrical  career  as  call-boy  in  that  city,  &i»i 
Mass.,  March  11,  1802.  From  fourteen  till  after  playing  comedy  parts  in  several  cities  k 
nearly  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  was  em-  made  his  first  appearance  as  a  star  at  Wheel- 
ployed  as  a  sailor.  From  1822  to  1866  he  was  ing,  Va.,  in  "  Paul  Pry  "  and  the  «*  Wandering 
a  publisher  of  charts  and  nautical  books  in  Minstrel."  He  won  considerable  reputation  at 
New  York.  From  1819  to  1826  he  was  en-  the  South,  playing  many  engagements  at  Kc» 
gaged  in  marine  surveys  on  the  Bahama  Banks  Orleans,  Mobile,  Galveston,  and  other  cities 


and  New  York  Harbor,  neither  of  which  had    He  made  his  first  appearance  in  New  York  is 
itly  surveyed.    In  1884,  seeing  the    Green  Jones  in  "The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man.' 


been  recent 


great  imperfection  of  our  lighthouses  and  the  He  played  engagements  at  Booth's  and  at  Xib 

superiority  of  those  of  the  French,  he  caUed  lo's,  and  his  last  appearance  in  that  city  was 

the  attention  of  the  Government  to  this  fact,  at  the  Broadway  Theatre  and  the  Grand  Opera 

as  his  brother  Edmund  did  in  1888 ;  and  the  House,  where  he  represented  the  Judge  in 

result  was  the  establishment  in  1866  of  the  Joaquin  Miller's  play  of  "  The  Danites.'* 
present  Lighthouse  Board,  and  the  adoption  of       Bbsesk,  Sydney,  died  at  Finckneyyilfe,  HI, 

the  French  system  of  lights.    In  1845  he  was  June   27th.     He  was  bom   at  Whitesboro, 

•elected  as  one  of  a  committee  to  organize  the  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  July  16, 1800,  and  re- 


OBITUABISS,  AMERIOAK.                                          633 

moved  to  Illinois  in  1621,  when  he  was  admit-  of  London.    As  an  orator  he  had  few  snpe- 

ted  to  the  bar.   He  became  Assistant  Secretary  riors. 

of  State,  and  was  State  Attorney  from  1822  to  Bbown,  J.  G.  L.,  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
1827,  when  he  was  appointed  United  States  May  12th,  aged  53  years.  For  many  years  he 
Attorney  for  Illinois.  In  1829  he  published  was  business  manager  of  the  "  Press '*  news- 
the  first  Yolame  of  Supreme  Ck>nrt  reports  in  paper  under  Colonel  Forney, 
that  State.  He  served  m  the  Black  Hawk  war  Buobanak,  Robbbt  0.,  Brevet  Migor-General 
as  a  lieutenant-colonel  of  volunteers.  In  1835  United  States  Army,  died  in  Washii^B^n,  D.  0., 
he  was  elected  a  Circuit  Judge,  and  in  1841  to  November  20th.  He  was  bom  in  Maryland, 
the  Supreme  Court  From  1843  to  1849  he  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1830,  and  servea 
was  a  Senator  of  the  United  States.  He  was  as  lieutenant  in  the  Black  Hawk  and  Seminole 
a  Regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  wars.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
served  as  chairman  of  the  Senate  Committee  tain  in  1888,  took  part  in  the  principal  batties 
on  PabUc  Lands,  in  which  capacity  he  made  of  the  Mexican  war  in  May,  1846,  was  made 
a  report  in  favor  of  a  transcontinental  raU-  brevet  major  for  his  services  at  Palo  Alto  and 
road  to  the  Pacific.  In  1850  he  was  Speaker  Resaca  de  la  Pahna ;  and  in  September,  1847, 
of  the  Illinois  House  of  Representatives,  and  was  made  brevet  lieiiteuent-colonel  for  meri- 
was  oue  of  the  originators  of  the  Illinois  Cen-  torious  conduct  in  the  battle  of  Molinodel  Rey. 
tral  Rulroad.  He  again  became  a  Circuit  He  entered  the  civil  war  as  lieutenant-colonel 
Judge  in  1855,  and  was  made  chief  of  the  of  the  Fourth  Infantry,  and  was  stationed  in 
Coart  In  1857  he  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  defenses  of  Washington  from  November, 
the  Sapreme  Court,  in  which  position  he  con-  1861,  to  March,  1862.  He  had  command  of  his 
tinned  to  the  time  of  his  death,  being  part  of  regiment  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  durins 
this  time  Chief  Justice.  His  Judicial  labors  the  peninsular  campaign,  and  was  afterward 
extended  through  thirty-one  years.  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  infantry.    He  was 

Brisbavi,  Dr.  Wiluam  H.,  died  at  Arena,  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  in  the 
Wis.,  April  5th,  aged  75  years.  He  was  bom  battles  of  Gkunes^s  Mills,  Glendale,  and  Malvern 
in  South  Carolina,  and  in  1835  came  north  Hill,  and  was  made  brevet  colonel  in  June, 
with  thirty  of  his  slaves,  manumitted  them,  1862.  He  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Manassas 
and  saw  them  well  settled  in  life.  After  looat-  and  Antietam,  and  was  engaged  in  the  Mary- 
ing  at  Cincinnati,  he  became  the  associate  of  land  and  Rappahannock  campaigns.  In  No- 
prominent  abolitionists,  and  was  a  constant  vember,  1862,  he  was  appoint^  brigadier- 
worker  in  their  cause.  In  1855  he  removed  to  general  of  volunteers,  and  placed  in  command 
Wisconsin ;  in  1857  was  Chief  Clerk  of  the  of  Fort  Delaware.  In  February,  1864,  he  was 
Senate ;  afterward  became  pastor  of  the  Bap-  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel  of  the  First 
list  Church  in  Madison,  Wis. ;  and  early  in  the  Infantry,  which  regiment  he  commanded  at 
war  was  Tax  Commissioner  of  South  Carolina.  New  Orleans  from  December,  1864,  to  August, 
In  Jane,  1874,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  1865.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  made  brevet 
reunion  ofthe  old  Abolition  Guards  m  Chicago,  brigadier-general  of  the  United  States  Army 

Bbooks,  Elijah  P.,  died  in  Elmira,  N.  i .,  for  ^sdlant  conduct  at  Malvern  Hill,  and  brevet 

May  19th.    He  was  bom  in  Edmiston,  Otsego  major-general  for  services  at  Manassas  and 

County,  N.  Y.,  in  1819,  and  studied  law  with  Fredericksburg;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 

tiie  Hon.  James  Dunn,  whose  partner  he  be-  placed  on  the  retired  list, 

came.    He  served  four  years  as  County  Judge  Buokminbtbb,  Wiluam  J.,  died  at  Maiden, 

and  Surrogate  of  Chemung  County,  in  1865  Mass.,  March  2d.    He  was  born  in  Maine  in 

was  appointed  a  Canal  Appraiser,  and  in  1867  1818,  and  was  a  son  of  the  founder  of  the 

became  a  member  of  the  Constitntional  Con-  "Massachusetts  Ploughman,"  and  for  twenty- 

vention.  one  years  one  of  its  editors  and  publishers. 

BaowN,  Hbitbt  Abmitt,  died  in  Philadel-  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  *in  1885. 
phia,  Pa.,  August  2l8t.  He  was  bom  in  1846,  Bubleioh,  Chables  C,  diea  at  Florence, 
graduated  at  Tale  College,  studied  law,  and  Mass.,  June  14th.  He  was  born  at  Plainfield, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Philadelphia,  where  Conn.,  November  10,  1810,  was  admitted  to 
he  practiced  for  a  few  years.  He  left  the  law  the  bar  of  Windham  County,  Conn.,  but  soon 
finally  to  enter  nolitios,  and  during  the  contest  became  interested  in  the  antislavery  move- 
of  Colonel  McClure  for  State  Senator  he  made  ment.  With  his  brother  he  edited  an  aboli- 
many  speeches  in  his  behalf.  He  was  elected  tion  newspaper  called  *^  The  Unionist,''  which 
a  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  was  published  by  Miss  Crandall,  who  was  in- 
Municipal  Reform  Assooiation,  and  with  that  dieted  for  keeping  a  colored  school  in  Connecti- 
Assooiation  endeavored  to  check  extravagance  out.  In  1888  he  was  one  of  the  speakers  in 
in  office.  During  the  Presidential  campaign  Pennsylvania  Hall  in  Philadelphia  when  that 
of  1876  Mr.  Brown  went  from  State  to  State,  building  was  burned  by  the  mob.  He  aided 
making  many  eloquent  addresses.  He  made  in  protecting  Mr.  Garrison  from  the  mob  in 
several  trips  to  Europe,  wrote  a  series  of  let-  Boston.  He  was  an  early  advocate  of  women's 
tens  which  attracted  considerable  attention,  rights  and  of  religious  liberalism,  and  of  late 
and  was  one  of  the  two  Pennsylvanians  who  years  spoke  frequently  in  behalf  of  temperance, 
were  selected  as  members  of  the  Cobden  Club  For  fifteen  years  he  was  '*  resident  speaker  '* 


634  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

of  the  Free  Congregational  Society  in  Florence,  Chuboh,  Albert  E.,  died  at  West  Point  y. 

Mass.,  and  for  one  year  preached  in  Bloom-  Y.,  March  SOth.    He  was  bom  in  Connectint. 

ington.  111.    Among  his  published  works  are  graduated  at  West  Point  Acadenij,  and  ny 

"  Thoughts  on  the  Death  Penalty  "  (1845),  and  commissioned  second  lieutenant  in  the  Tbinl 

a  tract  on  the  Sabbath,  enforcing  strong  anti-  Regiment  of  Artillery,  July  1,  1828.   AfUr 

Sabbatarian  views.  serving  as  Assistant  Professor  and  Acting  Pro- 

Capbon,  Sbth  M!,  died  at  Maiden,  N.  Y.,  fessor  of  Mathematics  at  West  Point,  he  wsi 

November  SOth,  aged  75  years.    He  graduated  made  full  Professor  in  1838,*  which  positiosK 

at  West  Point,  July  1,  1821,  served  first  on  held  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Hepablishel 

frontier  duty,  uien  as  instructor  at  West  Point,  '*  The  Elements  of  Differential  and  Int^i! 

and  afterward  was  on  topographical  and  com-  Calculus,"  and  "  Elements  of  Analytical  Gti>iL- 

missary  duty  until  May  81,  1827,  when  he  re-  etry." 

signed.    He  was  engaged  in  woolen  manufac-  Clbtbland,  Dr.  Emeukx  Hobtok,  died  m 

tnre  at  Maiden.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  December  9th,  agedSOveiii 

Cablilb,  John  S.,  died  at  Clarksburg,  W.  She  was  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Vo- 

Va.,  October  24th.    He  was  born  in  Winches-  man^s  Medical  College  of  that  city,  and  a  prooi- 

ter,  Va.,  December  16,  1817,  was  admitted  to  inent  practitioner. 

the  bar  in  1840,  and  in  1842  began  practice  Clinton,  Dr.  Alkxakdkb,  died  in  New  Tori 

in  Beverly,  Randolph  County,  was  a  State  City,  February  16th.    He  was  bom  in  Litt]? 

Senator  from  1847  to  1851,  and  was  a  member  Britain,  Orange  County,  April  7,  1798,  v&st 

of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1850.  grandson  of  General  James  Clinton  and  a  nepl- 

He  was  elected  to  Congress  from  Virginia  in  ew  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  and  graduated  from  tk 

1855  and  served  one  term.     He  was  again  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  181^. 

chosen  to  Congress  in  1861,  but  soon  after  en-  After  practicing  some  years  in  ms  native  coac- 

tered  the  Senate,  where  he  served  on  the  Com-  ty,  he  returned  to  New  York  in  1832,  whtrc 

mittees  on  Public  Lands  and  Territories.    He  he  continued  in  practice  until  advanced  ^ 

continued  a  Senator  until  1865.    He  took  an  obliged  him  to  discontinue  it.   During  the  ws 

active  part  in  the  formation  of  the  new  State  of  1812  he  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  and  a: 

of  West  Virginia.  the  time  of  lus  d.eath  was  the  oldest  membe: 

Challen,  Rev.  James,  died  in  Cincinnati,  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati. 

O.,  December  9th.    He  was  a  leading  clergy-  Cobb,  Stephen  A.,  died  in  August  He  7fi» 

man  among  the  Campbellites,  and  editor  of  the  bom  in  Madison,  Maine,  June  17,  183$,  grad^- 

*'  Christian  Annual.^'  ated  at  Brown  University  in  1858,  and  in  1^3$ 

Chambeblain,  Jaoob    p.,  died  at  Seneca  removed  to  Wyandotte,  Kansas,  where  be  be 

Falls,  N.  Y.,  October  5th.    He  was  bom  in  gan  the  practice  of  law.    In  1862  he  was  a 

Massachusetts.    In  1859  he  was  a  member  of  State  Senator,  and  entered  the  army.    E« 

the  New  York  State  Assembly,  and  he  repre-  served  through  the  war,  and  rose  to  the  net 

sented  the  Twenty-sixth  New  York  District  in  of  lieutenant-colonel.    In  1869  he  again  U^ 

the  Thirty-seventh  Congress,  serving  on  the  came  a  member  of  the  State  Senate.    In  1S71 

Committee  on  Agriculture.  he  was  elected  to  the  House,  and  in  1872  wii 

Chambeblain,  Nathan  B.,  died  at  Newton-  Speaker  of  that  body.    He  was  Mayor  of  Wt- 

ville,  Mass.,  June  14th,  aged  69  years.  He  was  andotte  in  1862  and  1868.    He  was  elected  ti 

widely  known  as  an  inventor  and  manufac-  Congress  in  1872,  and  served  on  the  Commit- 

turer  of  philosophical  instmments.  tees  on  Post  Roads  and  the  State  DepartmeBt. 

Chapin,  Henry,  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  He  was  renommated  in  1874,  but  was  defeflt£^ 

October  18th.    He  was  bom  at  Upton,  Mass.,  by  John  R.  Groodin  by  718  votes. 

May  18,  1811,  graduated  at  Brown  University  Colbubn,  Justin  E.,  United  States  Consul- 

in  1885,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1838.  General  to  the  city  of  Mejdco,  died  there  oq 

After  practicing  at  Uzbridge,  Mass.,  till  1846,  December  2d,  aged  88  years.    He  was  bom  in 

he  removed  to  Worcester,  where  he  became  a  Vermont.    In  1869  he  became  private  aecreu- 

partner  of  the  late  Rejoice  Newton.    He  rep-  ry  to  Senator  Sprague  at  Washington,  and  ^b- 

resented  Uzbridge  in  the  State  Legislature  in  sequently  served  as  Washington  corresponde::: 

1845,  was  Mayor  of  Worcester  in  1849  and  of  the  "  New  York  Times." 

1850,  and  in  1853  he  was  a  member  of  the  Collins,  Edwabd  K.,  died  in  New  York  Citv. 

Constitutional  Convention.    In  1858  he  was  January  22d.  He  was  born  at  Truro,  Cape  Oh!, 

appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Probate  and  Mass.,  August  5, 1802.    He  was  the  foaoder 

Insolvency,  was  at  one  time  a  Commissioner  of  of  the  Collins  Line  of  steamships  betireea 

Insolvency,  and  in  1855  was  made  a  Conmiis-  New  York  and  Liverpool,  the  first  steamer  oi 

sioner  under  the  "  personal  liberty  law."    For  which  sailed  from  New  York  on  April  27. 

many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  1849.    In  1858  the  line  was  discontinaed,  ao'- 

Board  of  Education ;  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  he  engaged  in  mining  enterprises.   He  baa 

the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Worcester,  and  a  previously  superintended  the  running  of  a  lu}« 

director  of  the  City  National  Bank.    He  was  of  packets  between  New  York  and  vera  Croi, 

for  several  terms  President  of  the  American  another  known  as  the  New  York  and  Lonisiara 

Unitarian  Association,  and  a  member  of  the  Packet  Line,  and  in  1886  started  the  Dramanc 

Council  of  the  National  Conference.  Line  of  sailing  packets  to  Liverpool 


OBrrUABIES,  AMERICAN.  635 

OoLTON,  JoHir  S.,  assistant  pastor   of  St.  major  of  the  regiment  in  1666  and  became 

Peter's    Ohnrch,  Staten   Island,  died   there,  its  colonel  in  1869.    He  was  afterward  made 

April  6th.    He  was  bom  in  New  York,  No-  brigadier-general  of  the  Fifth  Brigade,  and 

vember  1,  1846,  graduated  at  the  College  of  in  1876  was  appointed  migor-general  of  the 

St.  Francis  Xavier  in  1868,  and  was  ordained  Second  Division,  which  commission  he  held  at 

priest  December  21, 1878.  the  time  of  Ms  death.    He  was  widely  known 

CoHSTOoK,    Samubl    MBRRirT,    of    Centre  as  a  member  of  the  American  Rifle  Team.    He 

Brookf  Conn.,  died  Jannary  18th,  at  Wilming-  took  part  in  the  first  international  contest  at 

ton,  N.  C,  aged  68  years.    In  1847  he  began  Creedmoor  in  September,  1874,  when  the  Irish 

the  manofaotare  of  ivory  goods,  and  at  liis  team  under  M%)or  Leech  was  defeated  by  the 

death  left  the  largest  establishment  of  its  kind  American  team.     In  the  following  year  the 

in  this  country.  Americans  again  defeated  the  Irish  team  at 

CoNBAD,  Chablss  M.,  died  in  New  Orleans,  Dolly  Mount,  Ireland,  when  General  Dakin 
February  11th.  He  was  born  in  Winchester,  made  the  remarkable  score  of  165  in  a  possi- 
Va.,  but  when  a  child  went  with  his  father  to  ble  180,  and  was  afterward  elected  a  member 
Louisiana,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  in  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France.  He  took 
New  Orleans  in  1828.  He  served  several  years  part  in  the  international  match  in  1876,  making 
in  the  State  Legislature,  and  sat,  as  a  Whig,  in  on  the  first  day^s  shooting  the  highest  score, 
the  United  States  Senate  in  1842  and  1848.  208.  He  also  took  part  in  the  Irish- American 
Iq  1844  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Consti-  return  match  of  the  same  year,  and  in  the  in- 
tutional  Convention.  He  was  elected  to  Con-  temational  competition  of  1877.  He  was  a 
gress  in  1848,  and  served  till  August,  1860,  director  in  the  National  and  several  other  rifle 
when  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  by  associations.  In  1876  he  was  the  Democratic 
President  Fillmore.  He  was  a  member  of  the  nominee  for  Congressman  in  the  Third  Con- 
Confederate  Congress,  and  served  as  a  briga-  gressional  District,  but  was  defeated  by  a  small 
dier-general  in  the  army.  majority. 

Coombs,  Nathav,  died  in  California  in  Jan-  Dauohkb,  Louis,  died  at  Nancy,  France,  An- 

nary.    He  was  a  pioneer  in  breeding  and  rear-  gust  16th,  ased  41  years.    He  was  bom  in  that 

ing  stock.    His  stock  farm  in  Napa  County  country,  and  while  still  a  yonng  man  came  to 

contained  many  valuable  animals,  and  no  one  the  United  States.    For  over  six  vears  he  was 

did  more  than  he  to  improve  the  horse  stock  organist  of  St  Ann^s  Roman  Catholic  Church, 

in  that  State.  New  York,  and  at  one  time  was  proprietor  of 

CoBxiNO,  Hanson  K.,  died  in  New  York  a  music-store  in  that  city.    He  was  tne  author 

City,  April  22d,  aged  68  years.     For  manv  of  ^^  Daucher^s  Mass  '*  and  several  other  works, 

years  he  lived  at  Para,  Brazil,  from  which  and  received  the  first  prize  for  original  compo- 

port  he  sent  rubber  to  New  York.    He  retired  sition  at  the  Paris  Conservatory  of  Mnsio. 

from  business  about  twenty-two  years  ago.  Davit,  Chalon  F.,  died  in  New  York  City, 

and  was  a  large  contributor  to  charitable  and  August  18th,  aged  65  years.    He  was  bom  at 

educational  institutions.  Fairhaven,  Yt.     After  graduating  ft'om  the 

Cbonin,  Euobnb  a.,  died  at  Portland,  Ore-  University  of  Vermont,  he  was  admitted  to 

gon,  October  12th.    As  one  of  the  electors  on  the  bar  at  Charleston,  S.  C.    He  held  various 

the  Democratic  ticket  in  the  Presidential  cam-  county  and  State  oflSces  at  Burlington,  V t., 

paign  of  1876,  he  was  made  widely  known  by  where  he  practiced  law,  and  was  Clerk  of  the 

the  controversy  concerning  the  electoral  vote  Assembly  for  several  years.    For  twenty-five 

of  Oregon.  years  he  was  devoted  to  the  insurance  business 

CiTNyiNOHAM,  Habrt,  a  retired  actor,  and  in  New  York  City,  contributed  articles  to  the 

President  of  the  Liquor-dealers'  Protective  As-  press  on  that  subject  and  other  topics  of  pub- 

sociation,  died  in  Incw  York  City,  May  16th.  lie  interest,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Union 

He  was  bom  in  that  city  in  1831,  and  at  the  League  Club  and  a  life  member  of  the  New 

time  of  his  death  was  vice-president  of  one  of  England  Society, 

the  dramatic  benevolent  associations.  Day,  Horaob  H.,  died  at  Manchester,  N.  H., 

CcTBBT,  Geobob  L.,  wbs  bom  in  Pennsylva-  August  2Sd,  at  the  age  of  67  years.    He  had 

nla,  and  died  in  Portland,  Oregon,  July  28th.  been  widely  known  in  connection  with   the 

In  1854  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Oregon,  India-rubber  trade,  having  been   a  licensee 

holding  the  office  until  1869,  when  the  Terri-  under  the  Goodyear  patent  for  rubber  mann- 

tory  was  admitted  as  a  State.  facture.    He  became  involved  in  much  litiga- 

Dakin,  Thomas  Spenobr,  died  in  Brooklyn,  tion  with  reference  to  this  patent,  the  most 

N.  Y.,  May  18th.  He  was  bom  in  Orange  Coun-  famous  case  being  tried  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  when 

ty,  N.  Y.,  in  1881.    He  established  the  firm  of  Daniel  Webster  and  Rufus  Choate  appeared  as 

Thomas  S.  Dakin  &  Co.,  commission  agents,  in  counsel  on  opposite  sides.    About  1862  Mr. 

1858,  continuing  it  until  1861,  when  he  engaged  Day  surrendered  his  license  and  transferred  his 

in  the  oil  trade,  and  became  the  head  of  the  business  to  William  Jndson.    One  of  the  most 

firm  of  Dakin  &  Gulick.    In  1870  he  retired  important  of  the  many  enterprises  in  which 

from  business.    In  1862  he  became  captain  in  Mr.  Day  was  engaged  was  the  scheme  to  ntil- 

the  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Brooklyn,  and  saw  ize  the  water-power  of  Niagara  Falls.    About 

service  in  the  Virginia  campaign.  He  was  made  1856  a  company  for  this  purpose  was  organ- 


636  OBirUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

ized,  with  him  as  vice-president.    A  canal  was  where  he  remained  two  years.    After  preaeli* 

constnicted  at  great  cost,  of  which  Mr.  Daj  ing  for  two  years  in  Newport,  R.  L,  he  be- 

became  the  owner.    The  enterprise  was  not  a  came  in  1836  pastor  of  a  congr^ation  in  Xer 

financial  success,  and  the  cimal  was  sold  to  York  City,  and  in  1844  of  the  Berean  Church 

satisfy  mortgages  which  had  been  made  on  it.  in  Proyidence,  R.  I.,  where  be  remained  dgLt 

Debbbul,  very  Rev.  Joseph  Paul,  died  in  years.    He  then  preached  in  Philadelphia  for 

Baltimore,  April  20th.    He  was  bom  at  St.  a  time,  but  resumed  his  labors  at  the  Bere^ 

Etienne,  France,  November  12, 1814,  entered  Church  in  1856 ;  continued  there  nearly  twelve 

the  theological  seminary  at  Lyons  in  1888,  and  years,  and  afterward  held  pastorates  in  Nev* 

the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  Paris,  in  1836 ;  ark,  N.  J.,  and  in  New  York  City.    His  pris- 

and  became  a  novice  in  the  Society  of  St.  Sul-  cipal  works  are :   ^*  History  of  Romanism,'' 

Sice  at  Issy,  where  he  was  ordained  priest,  ''  rowers  of  Illustration,''  **  Nights  and  Kor&- 

[ay  24, 1880.    He  held  the  chair  of  theology  ings,"  and  ^^  Indoor  Onering."    He  abo  col- 

in  the  seminary  at  Orleans  for  the  first  ten  tributed  to  various  religious  magazines.   The 

years  of  his  ministry,  and  was  appointed  Vice-  Transylvania  University  conferred  upon  bim 

President  of  St.  Mary's  College  in  Baltimore,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  1846. 

Md.,  arriving  in  that  city  March  20, 1850.    Be-  Dteb,  Dr.  C.  Y.,  died  in  Chicago,  HI.,  Apn] 

sides  being  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  and  24th,  aged  71  years.    He  was  a  noted  &boi- 

procurator  of  the  college,  he  was  appointed  tionist,  and  was  appointed  by  President  la- 

vice-rector  of  the  seminary  in  1860  and  its  cohi  Judge  of  the  International  Court  for  tie 

rector  on  September  29th  of  the  same  year.  Suppression  of  the  Slave  Trade,  which  wis 

Db  Lunbs,  Rev.  Charles,  died  in  New  York  held  at  Leona,  Africa. 

City,  aged  78  years.    He  was  educated  at  the  Eastman,  Habvet  G.,  died  in  Denver,  Col 

Theological  Seminary  of  Paris,  and  was  or-  July  18th.    He  was  bom  in  Marsliall,  OneH^ 

dained  priest  in  1880.    A  few  years  later  he  County,  N.  Y.,  November  16,  1832,  opened  i 

came  to  America,  and  was  made  professor  in  commercial  school  in  St.  Louis  in  1855^  nA 

the  Catholic  Seminary  of  the  diocese  and  St.  four  years  later  started  the  Eastman  National 

John's  College  at  Bardstown,  Ky.    In  1841  he  Business  College  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.   Be 

entered  the  Jesuit  order,  and  in  1846  went  to  ginning  with  one  pupU,  the  list  of  students  in 

New  York,  where  he  assisted  in  founding  the  a  short  time  included  1,600  names,  and  tbd 

College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier.  college  now  includes  five  large  buildings  and 

Devht,  Thomas  C.,  died  in  New  York  City,  more  than  sixty  instructors.    In  1871  he  was 

April  4tn,  where  he  was  born  in  1822.    He  elected  to  the  New  York  Assembly,  and  served 

was  commissioned  captain  in  the  First  New  on  the  Committees  on  Cities  and  Educ^tioc 

York  Cavalry  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  He  declined  a  renomination  in  1872,  but  was 

and  afterward  colonel  of  tbo  Sixth  New  York  agun  elected  to  the  Assembly  in  1873.   He 

Cavalry,  holding  the  latter  position  until  the  served  three  terms  as  Mayor  of  Ponghkeepae. 

close  of  the  war.    In  1866  be  was  appointed  Many  of  the  public  improvements  in  th&t  dxj 

lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Eighth  Cavalry  U.  S.  for  the  past  twenty  years  were  due  to  his  ec- 

A.,  which  was  sent  to  the  Rio  Grande.   He  was  ergy,  and  he  was  successful  in  various  rsilroad 

afterward  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  of  the  and  commercial  enterprises.     He  was  Presi- 

Third  Cavalry.   He  was  a  member  of  the  New  dent  of  the  Poughkeepsie  Bridge  Gompanj, 

York  Commandery  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  and  held  the  office  of  State  Commissioner  of 

Dion,  Ctbillb.  a  well-known  Canadian  bil-  Charities  for  several  years, 

liard-player,  die<l  in  October.    His  first  public  Eoan,  W,  B.,  died  at  Shreveport,  La.,  Ko- 

apnearance  as  a  billiardist  was  at  a  tournament  vember  28th.     He  was  Associate  Justice  uf 

in  Montreal,  July  12,  1860,  where  he  won  five  the  Supreme  Court  at  New  Orleans, 

games  and  lost  none,  thus  winning  first  prize  Evabtb,  William,  son  of  William  M.  £vart5, 

and  the  championship  badge.    He  afterward  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  April  26tb,  aged 

played  on  many  public  occasions  with  great  27  years.    He  graduated  at  Yale  College,  and 

success,  in  New  York  and  other  cities.  afterward  went  to  China,  where  he  entered 

DissTON,  Henbt,  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  the  American  house  of  Russell  &  Co. 
16th.  He  was  bom  at  Tewkesbury,  England,  Faboo,  Wiluam  C,  died  at  Syracuse,  K.  Y., 
in  1819,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1888.  He  March  16th.  He  was  born  in  New  London, 
was  the  maker  of  the  Disston  Saw,  and  the  Conn.,  in  1791.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  en- 
first  who  successfully  rolled  steel  plates  in  listed  in  the  army,  and  was  stationed  at  Mag- 
America,  ara.    In  October  of  the  same  year  he  wts  one 

Dowltno,  Rev.  John,  died  at  Middletown,  of  those  who  captured  the  enemy^s  batteries 

N.  Y.,  July  4th.    He  was  bom  at  Parensey,  on  the  heights.    He  was  the  fiither  of  William 

Sussex,  England,  in  1807.     At  the  age  of  G.  Fargo  and  J.  F.  Fargo,  of  Buffalo,  a&d  of 

twenty-one  he  became  instructor  in  a  classical  James  C.  Fargo,  Superintendent  of  theAmeri- 

institute  in  Buckinghamshire,  and   in    1829  can  Express  Company, 

established  a  school  near  Oxford,  which  was  Farbellt,  Philip,  .  died  at  Passaic,  K.  J;« 

continued  until  1882.     He  was  ordained   a  March  8d.    He  was  Secretary  of  the  ^^^^' 

minister  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  the  latter  can  News  Company,  and  had  been  conoecti-d 

year,  and  accepted  a  oall  at  CatskiU,  N.  Y.,  with  it  since  its  establi^mient. 


OSnUARIES,  AMEBIOAN.  687 

Fbld,  Dr.  Gbobgb  B.,  died  at  sea,  April  died  in  New  York  City,  January  0th,  aged  61 

19th,  aged  68  years.    He  was  bom  in  Con-  years. 

neoticn^  and  was  a  descendant  of  the  famons  Fxtlton,  Edinotok,  died  in  Baltimore,  May 

Oaptain  Cook.    For  the  last  twenty  years  he  18th,  aged  60  years.    Until  recently  he  was 

haa  been  engaged  in  the  discovery  of  some  of  managing  editor  of  the  "  Baltimore  American,*' 

the  idmost  unknown  islands  of  the  Caribbean  with  which  he  had  been  associated  for  nearly 

Sea,  and  in  ^e  exportation  therefrom  of  goa-  thirty  years.    He  had  been  Snnreyor  of  the 

DO,  Trinidad  asphaltam,  and  other  products.  Port  of  Baltimore,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 

Flaoo,  W.  C,  died  at  Mora,  111.,  April  5th.  whs  Saperintendent  of  Pablio  Stores. 

He  graduated  at  Tale  College,  and  was  for  GAsiasoir,  Saihtbl,  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  T., 

many  years  horticultural  editor  of  the  ^*  Prairie  June  25th.    He  was  bom  July  4,  1804^  and 

Farmer.*'    He  was  Trustee  of  the  Industrial  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Brooklyn  in  1840. 

Unirersity  at  Champaign,  Bl.,  President  of  the  In  1860  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  Elings  Coun- 

lUinois  Farmers'  Association,  and  at  the  time  ty,  holding  the  office  for  four  years.    He  was 

of  his  death  was  President  of  the  National  a  director  in  the  Mechanics'  Bank  and  the 

Agricuitural  Congress,  and  Secretary  of  the  Mechanics'  and  Lafayette  Fire  lusurance  Com- 

American  Pomological  Society.     For  a  year  panics. 

he  had  been  engaged  as  one  of  the  chief  edi-  Gabyik,  Samuel  B.,  died  in  New  Tork  City, 

ton  of  the  ^'  American  Encydopaddia  of  Agri-  June  28th.    He  was  bom  at  Buttemuts,  Otse- 

culture,"  to  be  published  at  St.  Louis,  and  he  go  County,  N.  T.,  in  1811,  and  was  admitted 

was  one  of  the  best  pomologbts  of  the  day.  to  the  bar  at  Norwich,  N.  T.    In  1840  he  re- 

Foot,  Samukl  A.,  died  in  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  moved  to  Utica,  where  he  practiced  law,  and 

May  11th.   He  was  bom  at  Watertown,  N.  T.,  in  1850  was  elected  District  Attomey  of  Onei- 

December  17,  1790,  and  graduated  at  (Jnion  da  County.    In  1856  he  was  appointed  by 

College  in  1811.    He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  President  Pierce  United  States  District  Attor- 

ia  1818,  and  soon  rose  to  distinction.    In  1810  ney  for  the  Northern  District  of  New  Tork. 

be  was  made  District  Attomey  for  Albany  He  resigned  his  office  at  the  end  of  two  years 

County.    In  1825  he  removed  to  New  York  and  removed  to  New  York,  where  he  became 

Otty,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  the  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Schaeffer,  Garvin 

late  Jud^  William  Kent,  a  son  of  the  Chan-  &  Dodge.    About  1862  he  was  elected  Judge  of 

cellor.    He  became  a  member  of  the  African  the  Superior  Court.    He  resigned  this  office 

Colonization  Society  in  1881,  of  the  New  Eng-  some  years  later,  and  was  appointed  District 

land  Society  of  New  York  in  1888,  and  subse-  Attorney  by  Governor  Hoffman,  to  which  office 

qoenUy  of  the  American  Bible  Society,  the  he  was  afterward  elected  by  the  people. 

State  Agricnltund  Society,  and   other  well-  Genin,  John  N.,  died  in  New  York  City, 

known  organizations.    In  1844  he  remoyed  to  April  80th,  aged  59  years.    He  was  formerly 

Geneva,  and  soon  after  was  appointed  a  Judge  a  leading  hatter  of  that  city,  and  gained  noto- 

of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  which  office  he  held  riety  as  the  buyer  of  the  first  seat  sold  for 

till  1852.    In  1855  ne  was  elected  on  the  Be-  Jenny  Lindas  first  concert  in  this  country,  for 

publican  ticket  to  the  State  Assembly,  where  which  he  paid  $225,  and  which  proved  to  be  a 

he  served  two  terms.    He  afterward  resumed  highly  profitable  advertisement  of  his  business, 

the  practice  of  his  profession.    No  lawyer  in  In  1851,  when  Kossuth  was  in  this  country, 

New  York  has  been  engf^^  in  more  impor-  he  gave  $1,000  for  the  expenses  of  his  recep- 

tant  causes  than  Judge  Foot    His  great  ability  tion  and  afterward  sold  many  thousand  '*  Kos- 

and  excellent  character  were  recognized  wher-  suth  *'  hats.    He  was  once  nominated  for  May- 

ever  bis  name  was  known.  or,  but  declined  to  run. 

FsANKUN,  John  B.,  died  in  Worcester  Conn-  Godst,  Louis  A.,  the  founder  of  '*  Gk>dey*s 

ty,  Md.,  January  11th.  He  was  Associate  Judge  Ladies*  Book,"  died  in  Philadelphia,  November 

of  tbe  First  Judicial  District ;  had  been  Speak-  29th,  aged  75  years. 

er  of  the  House  of  Delegates  of  Maryhmd,  and  Goodwin,  Migor  Jamis,  died  at  Hartford, 

also  member  of  Congress.  Conn.,  March  15th,  aged  72  years.    He  was 

Fbixdlandkb,  Isaao,  the  **  Grain  King  of  the  largest  taxpayer  in  that  city,  and  was  Pres- 

California,"  died  at  San  Francisco,  July  11th,  ident  of  the  Connecticut  Mutual  life  Insurance 

aged  54  years.    He  was  bom  in  Oldenburg,  Company. 

Germany,  emigrated  to  the  United  States  when  Gbaham,  John  Hodoes,  died  at  Newbury, 

a  boy,  and  in  1849  sailed  from  New  York  to  N.  H.,  March  15th,  aged  84  years.    He  served 

San  Francisco,  where  he  was  identified  at  an  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  in  that  year,  while  a 

early  day  with  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  midshipman  under  Commodore  Chauncer  on 

State.    His  operations  in  grain  were  on  the  Lake  Ontario,  he  was  one  of  twelve  officers 

most  extensive  scale,  but  after  his  failure  in  who  took  part  in  an  expedition  a^tnst  the 

1877  his  business  was  chiefly  on  commission.  British  stronghold  opposite  Black  Bock.    In 

He  had  been  President  of  the  Chamber  of  the  memorable  conflict  on  Lake  Champlain  he 

Oommerce,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  on  had  command  of  the  magazine  of  Commodore 

the  Board  of  Water-Bate  Commissioners.  McDonough^s  flag-ship.    He  held  the  rank  of 

FinxBB,  WiLUAM  H.,  last  survivor  of  the  commodore  for  twelve  years, 

family  to  which  Margaret  Fuller  belonged,  Grannis,  Thbodobs  C.,  was  bom  in  Oneida 


638                                           OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

County,  N.  Y.,  died  in  Brooklyn,  January  25tli,  after  beginning  practice  he  was  appointed  ly 

aged  47  years.    He  was  first  engaged  in  mer-  the  Goyemor  Borrogate  of  Essex  County,  and 

can  tile  pursuits,  but  latterly  gave  his  entire  then  took  up  his  residence  in  Eliz&beUitovii, 

attetition  to  journalism,  writing  chiefly  on  art  which  afterward  continued  to  be  his  home, 

matters.    For  seTeral  years  he  contributed  to  For  many  years  he  was  the  leading  lawyer  of 

the    "  Aldine,"    *'  Commercial    Advertiser,"  northern  New  York.    He  was  elected  to  Gon- 

'' Evening  Post,"  ^'Appletons'  Art  Journal,"  pess  in  1888,  but  defeated  in  1840.    In  1844 

the  ^*  Brooklyn  Eagle,"  and  other  papers.    He  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  was 

was  a  member  of  the  Palette  Club,  of  the  made  chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Committee. 

Brooklyn  Art  Association,  and  of  the  Masonic  At  the  first  election  of  Justices  of  the  Supreme 

Order.  Court  under  the  Constitution  of  1846,  he  wi« 

Gbant,  GrOBDON',  died  at  Basle,  Switzerland,  elected  to  that  position.    On  this  bench  ui 

He  was  previously  a  commercial  agent  at  Bros-  that  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  he  sat  from  IMT 

lau,  Germany,  and  under  President  Grant  was  to  1865.    In  the  latter  year  he  was  defeated  &» 

appointed  Yice-Consul  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  a  candidate  for  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeal?. 

GuiON,  Rev.  John  M.,  for  twenty  years  Rec-  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession,  h 

tor  of  Trinity  Church  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  1868  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Dem- 

died  there,  on  July  20th,  aged  77  years.    He  ocratic  Convention.     He  was  the  father  of 

was  once  the  Chaplain  of  Auburn  Prison.  Samuel  Hand,  a  well-known  lawyer,  who  i«- 

Haokett,  W.  H.  T.,  a  leading  lawyer  of  the  cently  served  for  a  time  as  a  Judge  of  the  Goon 
State,  and  one  of  its  wealthiest  citizens,  died  of  Appeals  by  appointment  of  the  Governor, 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  August  9th,  aged  78  Handy,  Rev.  IsaaoW.K.,D.D.,  died  in  Phil- 
years.  He  organized  the  First  National  Bank  adelphia,  June  14th.  He  was  bom  in  ^ub- 
of  that  city,  which  was  also  the  first  national  ington,  D.  C,  December  14, 1816,  and  gndo* 
bank  of  the  country,  and  was  its  preddent  at  ated  at  Jefferson  College  and  at  the  Prineeioo 
the  time  of  his  death.  Theological  Seminary.    For  several  years  be 

Haioht,Henbt  Hunt,  died  in  San  Francisco,  was  a  pastor  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 
September  3d.  He  was  born  in  Rochester.  N.  Y.,  His  last  pastorate  was  at  Augusta  Church,  Fort 
May  20, 1825.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  Defiance,  Va.  When  the  New  School  Preeby- 
1844,  and  two  years  later  removed  to  St.  Louis,  terians  separated^  he  assisted  in  forming  th« 
where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law  plan  for  reorganizing  the  Southern  brancL 
with  his  father,  Fletcher  M.  Haight,  who  was  For  a  long  time  he  was  one  of  the  trustees  of 
a  distinguished  lawyer,  and  died  while  Judge  of  Delaware  College.  During  the  war  he  vsj  i 
the  United  States  District  Court  for  the  South-  political  prisoner  at  Fort  Delaware  for  fiflefs 
ern  District  of  California.  The  son  went  to  San  months.  He  was  a  noted  genealogist,  and  we^ 
Francisco  in  1850,  where  he  afterward  con-  a  member  of  several  historical  societies, 
tinned  to  practice  his  profession.  He  became  Habknbbs.  Rev.  James,  died  in  Jersey  Citj. 
prominent  in  politics  in  1864,  and  in  1867  was  July  5th.  He  was  born  in  Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
elected  Governor  by  the  Democratic  party,  land,  in  1808,  graduated  at  the  University  of 
He  was  renominated  in  1871,  but  was  defeated  Edinburgh,  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterisn 
by  Newton  Booth.  He  then  resumed  his  pro-  Church  at  Ecclesfechan,  Scotland,  and  seven 
fessional  practice,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  years  afterward  came  to  this  country.  After 
was  a  member  elect  of  the  State  Constitutional  preaching  for  a  few  months  at  the  Franklin 
Convention.  Street  Reformed  Church  in  New  York,  be  be- 

Hallett,  John  H.,  died  at  Mount  Pleasant,  came  pastor  of  the  Laight  Street  Presbyterian 

N.  Y.,  April  21st,  aged  69  years.     He  had  Church.    He  founded  the  First  Presbyterisn 

been  employed  in  the  New  York  Post-Oflace  Church  at  Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  resigned  the  charge 

since  1826,  and  during   Postmaster  James's  in  1845,  and  accepted  a  call  from  Rochest«r. 

administration  had  been  in  charge  of  the  In-  In  1862  he  was  installed  over  the  Third  Pres- 

quiry  and  Dead-Letter  Department.  byterian  Church  in   Jersey  City,  where  he 

Halbted,  Wiluam,  died  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  preached  until  his  death.    Besides  publishing 

March  4th.    He  was  a  member  of  Congress  a  work  entitled  "Messiah^s  Throne  and  Eing- 

from  New  Jersey  from  1887  to  1839,  and  from  dom,*'  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  tie 

1841  to  1843.  magazines  of  his  denomination,  and  m  1840  be- 

Hamilton,  Colonel  Jambs  Alezaitoeb,  the  came  an  homoeopathic  physician, 

oldest  surviving  son  of  Alexander  Hamilton^  Habbis,  Towvsbnd,  died  February  S6th,  in 

died  near  Irvington,  N.  Y.,  September  24th,  New  York  City,  where  he  was  bom  in  180S. 

aged  91  years.    After  the  war  of  1812,  in  which  He  was  appointed  Consul-General  to  Japan  in 

he  won  his  military  title,  he  began  the  practice  1855,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Kinister 

of  law.    Under  President  Jackson  he  was  Min-  Rendent  in  1868,  and  negotiated  a  treaty  with 

ister  to  Russia,  the  only  important  political  of-  that  empire.    In  recognition  of  the  assistance 

fice  he  ever  held.  he  gave  the  British  Minister  to  Japan  he  re- 

Hand,  AuonsTtrs  C,  died  at  Elizabethtown,  ceived  from  Queen  Victoria  a  gold  watch  etud- 

N.  Y,,  March  8th.    He  was  bom  at  Shoreham,  ded  with  diamonds.    After  his  retimnent  from 

Vt.,  September  4,  1808,  and  studied  law  at  the  Lection  in  Japan  he  traveled  for  some 

the  famous  Litchfield  (Conn.)  School.     Soon  time  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


OBHUAEIES,  AHEBIOAN.  639 

Habt,  Dr.  Saicukl,  youngest  son  of  Dr.  John  October  9th.  He  was  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Hart,  the  snrgeon  of  Oolonel  Presoott's  red-  in  1806,  gradnated  at  Harvard  College  in  1828, 
ment  nnder  Washington,  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  and  began  the  praetice  of  the  law.  He  served 
Y.,  September  8d.  He  was  bom  at  Reading,  for  a  time  as  a  judge,  bat  he  is  best  known  as 
Mass.,  November  27, 1796,  gradnated  at  Harvard  a  writer  of  legal  text-books.  Among  his  works 
College  in  1817,  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  are :  '*  Bankruptcy  and  Insolvency,^'  *'  Con- 
in  1821,  and  removed  to  Brooklyn  in  1828.  Be-  racts"  (2  vols.),  "  Imunctions,"  "  Mortgages  "  (2 
sides  being  President  and  Censor  of  the  King's  vols.),  "New  TriJs,"  "Real  Property"  (2 
County  Medical  College,  he  was  a  member  of  vols.),  "Torts"  (2  vols.)," Remedies  for  Torts," 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  New  "  Vendors  and  rurohasers,"  and  "  Taxation." 
York  State  Medical  Society,  the  Long  Island  These  are  standard  works,  and  some  of  them 
Historical  Society,  and  the  Massachusetts  branch  have  passed  through  several  editions, 
of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  Hitohoook,  James  Roosevelt,  died  in  New 

Haktt,  Charles  Fbbdbbiok,  bom  about  1888  York  City,  April  12th.  He  was  born  at  Tomp- 

at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bra-  kinsville,  8.  I.,  March  28,  1841,  and  served  m 

zil.    He  studied  under  Agassiz  from  1862  to  the  late  war,  and  after  its  close  became  oolonel 

1865,  accompanied  that  eminent  scientist  to  of  the  Ninth  Regiment,  National  Guard  of  New 

Brazil  as  geologist  of  his  expedition,  and  on  York. 

bis  return  was  appointed  Professor  of  Greology  Hoff,    Henbt   K,  Rear -Admiral   United 

and  Physical  Geography  at  Cornell  University.  States  Navy,  died  in  Washington,  December 

He  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Por-  25,  aged  69  years.    He  was  appointed  a  mid- 

tagnese  language,  returned  three  times  to  Bra-  shipman  from  South  Carolina  m  1823,  beuten- 

zil,  where  he  zealously  explored  the  northern  ant  in  1831,  commander  in  1853,  captain  in 

provinces  and  the  valley  of  the  Amazon,  and  1801,  commodore  in  1862,  and  rear-admiral  in 

daring  one  of  these  expeditions  sent  home  an  1867.    In  1832  he  landed  from  the  Potomac 

iDteresting  series  of  letters  for  publication,  with  a  force  of  seamen  and  took  by  storm  one 

The  Brazilian  Government  had  recently  given  of  the  forts  at  Qualla  Battor,  in  the  East  Indies, 

him  the  charge  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  He  commanded  the  frigate  Independence  of  the 

empire,  and  he  had  made  important  surveys,  Pacific  Squadron  in  1857,  the  sloop  of  war 

the  results  of  which  have  not  been  published.  John  Adams  in  1858,  and  the  steam-sloop  Lan- 

Iq  1870  he  published  his  principal  work,  "  The  caster,  of  the  Pacific  Squadron,  in  1861-62. 

Geology  and  Physical  Geography  of  Brazil,^'  From  1864  to  1867  he  performed  ordnanoe 

and  he  wrote  several  valuable  articles  on  that  duty  at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1868-^69  was  in 

ooantry.  command  of  the  North  Atlantic  Squadron,  in 

Uatwood,  BsirjAicnr,  born  in   Southwell,  which  position  he  rendered  valuable  service 

England^  died  at  Pottsville,  Pa.,  July  9th.    In  during  the  Cuban  troubles.    In  October,  1869, 

1833  he  purchased  the  first  steam-engine  put  up  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Retiring  Board, 

in  Schuylkill  County.   In  1835  the  firm  of  Hay-  and  in  1870  he  acted  as  President  of  the  Board 

wood  &  Snyder  was  formed  in  Pottsville,  which  of  Examiners  at  Annapolis, 

carried  on  an  extensive  business  in  building  Hofficak,  Mubbay,  an  American  lawyer, 

Bteam-engines,  mining  machinery,  etc.  The  firm  died  in  Flushing,  L.  I.,  May  7th.    He  was  bom 

made  the  first  apparatus  for  sawing  hot  iron,  in  New  York  City,  September  29,  1791.    He 

and  the  first  set  of  rolls  used  in  the  United  graduated    from  Columbia  College  in  1809, 

States  for  the  manufacture  of  T  rails.    He  also  practiced  law  for  several   years,  and  from 

carried  on  extensive  mining  operations,  but  sold  1839  to  1843  was  Assistant  Vice-chancellor, 

out  in  1860.    He  erected  at  Sonora,  Oal.,  the  From  November,  1853,  to  the  dose  of  1861, 

first  saw-mill  put  up  in  the  State  outside  of  he  was  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in 

San  Francisco,  and  organized  the  San  Fran-  New  York  City.    He  was  author  of  "  Office 

Cisco  Mechanics'  Institute,  of  which  he  was  and  Duties  of  Masters  in  Chancery "  (1824) ; 

president.    In  1855  he  returned  to  Pottsville,  "  Chancery  Reports"  (1839-40) ;  a  "  Treatise 

where  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the  Palo  on  the  Practice  of  the  Court  of  Chancery "  (3 

Alto  rolling-milL  vols.,  1839-'43) ;   "  Estate  and  Rights  of  the 

Henbt,  Colonel  James  T.,  died  at  Jamestown,  Corporation  of  the  City  of  New  York  "  (1853) ; 

N.  Y.,  June  16th,  aged  56  years.    He  was  a  "  Digest  of  the  Statutes  and  Decisions  relating 

well-known  editor.  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  County  of 

Hewbs,  Rev.  C.  M.  A.,  for  eleven  years  Rec-  New  York"  (1866).    He  was  an  active  layman 

tor  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  the  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  published  "  Trea- 

Holy  Communion  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  died  there  tise  on  the  Law  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 

July  24th,  aged  37  years.  Church  in  the  United  States"  (1850) ;  "  Eccie- 

HBwsoif,  James,  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Au-  siastical  Law  of  the  State  of  New  York" 

gast  17th,  aged  76  years.    He  had  been  Colleo-  (1868) ;  and  "  The  Ritual  Law  of  the  Church, 

tor  of  the  Port  of  Newark  under  President  withNotesontheOffioes,  Articles,"  etc.  (1872). 

Polk,  an  Alderman  and  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Hotohkiss,  Gilbs  W.,  died  in  Binghamton, 

Common  Pleas,  and  the  first  Auditor  of  the  N.  Y.,  July  6th.    He  was  bom  in  Windsor, 

city  under  the  new  charter.  Broome  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1815.    He  was  a 

UnxiABD,  Fbancis,  died  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  lawyer,  and  in  1862  was  elected  to  Congress. 


540  OBITUABIES,  AMERICAN. 

He  was  three  times  reelected,  and  served  on  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1861.    After  bold- 
important  committees.  ing  the  latter  position  for  nine  jesra,  he  if- 

UoTCHKiss,   Julius,   died   in   Middletown,  samed  the  practice  of  law  in  Utica.    hi  JqIt, 

Conn.)  Decemher  2dd.    He  was  born  there  in  1864,  he  was  appointed  United  States  Oommis- 

1810,  was  Mayor  of  Middletown,  was  twice  sioner  for  the  settlement  of  the  Hudson  Baj 

elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  and  in  1867  and  Paget  Sound  Companies'  claims,  and  to 

and  1869  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress.  his  judgment  and  sagacity  was  accredited  the 

Hull,  Rev.  Joseph  Hebykt,  a  yeteran  of  the  peacefiu  settlement  of  diffionlties  which  tbre&t- 

war  of  1812,  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  T.,  Decem-  ened  to  produce  serious  results.    He  was  out 

ber  28th.    He  received  a  pension  for  his  parti-  of  the  Regents  of  the  Uniyeruty  of  New  Yo^ 

cipation  in  the  exciting  events  that  occurred  State.    In  1878  he  was  appointed  a  ConiDfi- 

in  1814  OQ  Manhattan  Island  and  in  Brook-  sioner  of  Appeals  by  Governor  Diz.    After 

lyn.  He  was  the  author  of  several  phUological  Judge  Ward  Hunt  was  made  a  Justice  of  \h 

works.  United  States  Supreme  Court,  Judge  Johnson 

Hunt,  Rev.  Samuel,  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  was  appointed  a  United  States  Circuit  Jadre 
July  28d.  He  was  bom  at  Attleboro,  Mass.,  for  the  Second  Judicial  District,  which  poeitic 
March  18,  1810 ;  graduated  at  Amherst  Col-  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
lege  in  1882;  was  teacher  at  academies  at  Jones,  J.  Glaxot,  died  at  Reading,  Pa^ 
Southampton,  Mass.,  and  Southampton,  L.  I.-;  March  24th.  He  was  bom  on  the  Con^o^ 
wasordainedpastorof  a  Congregational  Church  River,  in  1811.  He  studied  law,  and  becai&e 
at  Natick,  Mass. ;  and  became  connected  with  Deputy  Attorney-General  of  the  State.  li- 
the American  Missionary  Association  in  1864,  cepting  for  a  part  of  the  Thirty-tlurd  CoDgrs^ 
with  which  he  labored  to  establish  schools  he  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  1850  tu 
among  the  freedmen.  In  1868  he  became  Sec-  1868.  He  served  on  the  Committee  on  Claim 
retary  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Wilson,  aided  him  and  was  the  author  of  the  bill  ereating  tie 
in  writing  the  ^^  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Court  of  Claims.  He  was  also  at  one  tizc^ 
Power  in  America,^^  and  completed  the  work  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Wats  &Q<i 
after  Mr.  Wilson^s  death.  He  also  prepared  Means.  In  1866  he  was  a  Presidential  elector. 
and  arranged  for  publication  the  latter^9  papers,  In  1868  he  was  appointed  by  Presodent  Bn- 
and  left  unfinished  a  work  entitled  *^  Religion  chanan  Minister  to  Austria,  having  preTioodj 
in  Politics,  or  Christian  Citizenship.*^  declined  the  Berlin  mission. 

Inolis,  Jomr  A.,  died  August  26th  in  Balti-  Jones,  Owen,  died  in  December,  aged  (^^ 

more,  Md.,  where  he  was  bom  August  25,  years.     During  the  late  war  he  was  edoD«) 

1813.     He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College;  of  the  First  Pennsylvania  Caralry.    Herepre- 

practiced  law  at  Columbia,  8.  C. ;  became  Judge  sented  the  Rfth  Pennsylvania  District  in  tk 

of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  General  Thirty-fifth  Congress. 

Sessions  and  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeals  Eeklt,  Gbobgb  W.,  died  at  Waterrille,  He., 

of  that  State,  and  was  subsequently  appomted  June  18th,  aged  78  years.    He  was  fonnem 

Chancellor.    He  was  the  author  of  the  ordi-  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Colby  UnivenitT. 

nance  of  secession,  and  president  of  the  Con  ven-  and  had  been  connected  with  the  United  Statei 

tion  that  adopted  it.     His  house  and  library  Coast  Survey. 

were  destroyed  by  the  Federal  troops  when  Kelso,  Thomas,  died  in  Baltimore,  Md^  ois 
they  entered  Columbia  under  General  Sher-  July  26th.  He  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  ITH 
man.  In  1868  he  removed  to  Baltimore  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1791  and  engageij 
accepted  a  professorship  in  the  law  depart-  in  business  in  Baltimore.  He  was  a  director  m 
ment  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  in  1874  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore 
was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court,  Railroad  Company  for  thirty-seven  years,  was 
and  in  1876  was  elected  to  the  same  position.  President  of  the  Equitable  Fire  Insurance  Com* 
He  had  been  recently  appointed  Judge  of  the  pany,  vice-president  and  director  in  the  Tvs: 
new  Court  of  Arbitration  by  the  Board  of  National  Bank  of  Baltimore,  Presidnit  of  the 
Trade.  Preachers'  Aid  Society  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
IsAAcs,  Rev.  Samuel  M.,  the  oldest  Jewish  copal  Church,  and  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
rabbi  in  the  United  States,  died,  in  New  York  Directors  of  the  Male  Free  School.  He  v*9 
City,  May  19th.  He  was  bom  in  Holland  in  a  member  of  the  City  Council  several  tenD«* 
1808.  He  was  for  forty  years  minister  of  the  Besides  making  many  charitable  gifts  be  foosd- 
Elm  Street  (New  York)  congregation,  and  of  the  ed  several  years  ago  the  Eelso  Orphan  Hoice 
congregation  Gates  of  Prayer,  which  seceded  for  the  orphans  of  members  of  the  Metho^i< 
from  the  former  thirty  years  ago.  In  1866  he  Episcopal  Church,  at  a  cost  of  $120,000,  in- 
founded  the  *^  Jewish  Messenger,"  of  which  he  eluding  the  endowment, 
was  the  senior  editor.  Eebr,  John  Bozmah,  died  in  Washington.!). 
Johnson,  Alezandeb  S.,  died  at  Nassau,  Ba-  C,  January  27th.  He  was  bom  at  Easton,  Md^ 
hama  Islands,  January  26th.  He  was  born  in  1809,  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  IBSO, 
in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  July  80,  1817.  After  pursu-  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1883.  From 
ing  a  course  of  study  at  Yale  College,  he  was  1886  to  1888  he  was  a  member  of  the  Marrltfid 
admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  elected  a  Jus-  Legislature.  He  was  a  member  of  0>ngr^ 
tice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1846,  and  a  Judge  from  1849  to  1851,  when  he  was  made  ChaiF 


OBrrUARIES,  AMEBIOAN.  641 

d'Aflures  to  Nioan^pia.    He  resumed  his  pro-  Lott,  John  A.,  died  in  Flatbush,  L.  L,  Jnly 

fessonal  praotice  in  Baltimore  in  1854,  and,  20th,  aged  75  years.    He  graduated  from  Union 

after  holding  an  office  under  the  United  States  College,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  in  New 

Attorney-General,  was  made  Deputy  Solicitor  York  Oity.    In  1888  he  was  elected  Oounty 

of  the  Court  of  Claims.  Judge  of  Kings  County ;  in  1841  was  a  mem- 

EiNO,  Miss  LoinsA  W.,  died  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  ber  of  the  State  Assembly;  and  in  1842  was 

December  Tth.    She  was  the  founder  of  the  elected  State  Senator.    He  was  elected  Justice 

State  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1857,  and  Judge  of 

Animals,  and  the  Widows'  Home.  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1869.    He  was  subse- 

EiNQSLAND,  Ambbosb  C,  died  October  18th  quently  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Commission 

in  New  York  City,  where  he  was  born  in  1804.  of  AppealSj  holding  tiie  office  until  1876,  when 

He  began  business  as  a  wholesale  grocer  in  that  the  Commission  was  abolished  and  he  retired 

city,  with  his  brother,  under  the  firm-name  of  from  active  legal  practice. 

D.  &  A  Einsaland,  and  their  growing  trade  in  ^  Ltvdon,  Very  Kev.  Patriok  Fbanois,  died 

sperm  oil  induced  them  to  establish  a  line  of  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  19th.    He  was  bom 

packet  ships  to  LiverpooL    At  the  time  of  his  in  Ireland  in  1812,  came  to  America  in  1882, 

death  he  was  engagea  in  business  with  his  eld-  and,  after  graduating  at  the  Boman  Catholic 

est  son.    In  1851  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  New  Seminary  in  Montreal,  entered  the  College  of 

York  by  the  Whig  party.  St.  Sulpice  in  Paris,  France.    In  1842  he  was 

Latsobs,  Bbnjamik  H.,  died  in  Baltimore,  ordained  to  the  priesthood,  was  at  various  times 

Md.,  October  19th.    He  was  bom  in  1807.    In  connected  wi^  the  old  cathedral  in  Boston, 

1831  he  became  the  principal  assistant  of  Jona-  and  had  charge  of  St  Mary^s  Parish,  Charles-* 

than  Knight,^  chief  engineer  of  the  Baltimore  town,  Mass.,  until  1852.    He  was  appointed 

and  Ohio  Itailroad,  and  for  twenty-two  years  Pastor  of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul  in  South  Boston 

was  chief  engineer  himself.    He  supervised  the  in  1858,  and  in  1866  was  made  Vicar-General, 

construction  of  that  road  from  Cumberland  to  For  seven  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Bos- 

the  Ohio  River,  and  he  was  frequently  consult-  ton  School  Committee, 

ed  on  important  engineering  enterprises.  MoComr,  William  T.,  born  at  Oyster  Bay,  L. 

Lawbbnoe,  Effinoham,  died  at  Magnolia  I.,  died  there  July  20th,  aged  98  years.    From 

Plantation,  La.,  December  9th.   He  was  a  mem-  1881  to  1846  he  was  Yice-Chancellor  of  the 

ber  of  the  Secession  Convention,  and  was  elect-  First  Circuit  (New  York),  and  in  1847  was 

ed  to  Congress  in  1878.  elected  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the 

Lbonabd,  John  Edwabdb,  died  in  Havana,  Second  District. 
March  15th.    He  was  born  in  Chester  County,  McDonald,  Major  William  J.,  for  forty- 
Pa.,  September  22,  1845.    He  was  a  student  two  years  Chief  Clerk  of  the  United  States 
in  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H.,  and  grad-  Senate,  died  at  Washington,  June  5th,  aged  64 
nated  at  Harvard  College  in  1867.    After  a  years. 

coarse  of  two  years'  study,  he  received  the  de-  Montaotts,  Henbt  J.,  died  atSan  Francisco, 
gree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  the  University  of  Cid.,  August  11th.  He  was  bom  in  Stafford- 
Heidelberg.  He  then  went  to  Louisiana  and  shire,  England,  in  1848.  His  family  name  was 
began  the  practice  of  the  law  in  the  Thirteenth  Mann,  ^ter  taking  part  in  amateur  theatricals, 
Judicial  District  He  soon  became  District  At-  he  appeared  for  the  first  time  under  the  stage 
tomey,  and  was  afterward  appointed  a  Judge  name  of  Montague,  at  Astley's  Theatre,  London, 
of  the  Supreme  Court. .  In  1876  he  was  elected  For  some  time  he  was  Mr.  Bouoioault's  private 
to  Congress  as  a  Bepublican  from  the  Fifth  secretary,  and  after  acting  at  several  of  the 
Louisiana  District.  He  was  made  a  member  London  theatres  he  made  his  first  appearance 
of  the  Committee  on  the  Bevision  of  the  Laws  in  New  York  in  1874,  at  Wallack^s  Tneatre,  in 
of  the  United  States.  It  was  reported  that  he  *'  Partners  for  Life.^'  In  1875  he  went  to  San 
had  been  sent  to  Cuba  on  important  public  Francisco  with  Boucicault's  '*  Shaughraun  *' 
business  by  the  Government,  and  just  on  the  company.  Among  the  plays  in  which  he^  ap- 
eve  of  his  return  he  was  attacked  with  yellow  peared  with  success  were  *^  Bomeo  and  Juliet,^' 
ferer,  which  proved  fatal.  Mr.  Leonard  was  "  Lady  of  Lyons,"  "  Marble  Heart,"  **  Caste," 
one  of  the  most  promising  of  the  young  men  in  *'  Won  at  Last,"  ^'  Money,"  **  School,"  "  False 
public  life.  He  was  an  accomplished  scholar.  Shame,"  and  ^^  Diplomacy." 
a  learned  jurist,  a  finishecd  speaker,  and  a  man  Moorb,  Bartholomew  Fiottbbs,  died  in  Ba- 
of  pure  character.  Had  he  lived  he  would  leigh,  N.  C,  on  November  27th.  aged  56  years, 
doubtless  have  attained  a  high  distinction  as  a  He  was  called  the  father  of  the  North  Carolina 
statesman.  bar.    He  had  been  Attorney-General,  a  mem- 

Liwis,  Mrs.  Habbtbt,  the  popular  authoress,  ber  of  the  State  Legislature,  and  of  two  con* 

and  wife  of  the  author  Leon  Lewis,  died  at  ventions  to  amend  the  State  Constitution.    In 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  May  20th.    She  was  bom  at  1856  he  compiled  the  "Bevised  Code  of  the 

Penn  Tan  in  1841.    For  some  years  she  con-  State."    During  the  war  he  waa  a  strong  Union 

tributed  to  the  **  New  York  Ledger,"  and  many  man. 

of  her  stories  have  been  republished  in  the  £ng-  Morrisset,  John,  died  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y., 

lish  weeklies  and  trandated  into  several  Ian-  May  1st.    He  was  bom  in  Templemore,  Tipper- 

guagea.  ary County,  Ireland,  Febraary  12, 1831.    When 
Vol.  XVIII. — 41    A 


642  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

fiye  years  old  lie  was  brooght  to  this  country  ezcluiiTelj  to  mining,  in  which  thej  had  pre- 

by  his  parents,  who  settled  at  Troy,  N.  Y.    He  vionsly  been  engaged  to  some  extent.     So 

received  little  education.    After  working  in  great  was  their  saccess  that  they  rapidly  a^ 

an  iron  foundry  be  was  employed  on  a  Hudson  quired  immense  wealth.    Mr.  O^Brien  was  one 

River  steamboat.    Having  reached  manhood,  of  the  four  *^  bonanza  princes  "  who  oontroUed 

he  married,  opened  a  bar-room  in  Troy,  and  the  famous  "  Bonanza  "  mines  in  Nevada^  the 

afterward  engaged  in  the  faro-bank  business,  other  three  being  his  partner  Mr.  Flood,  J.  S. 

In  1849  he  went  to  Oalif omia,  where  he  fought  Fair,  and  John  Mackay.    The  firm  of  Flood 

a  prize-fight  with  G^eorge  Thompson,  an  Eng-  &  O'Brien  became  widely  known  for  the  mag- 

lish  pugilist.    In  1861  he  returned  to  ^e  East  nitude  and  success  of  their  mining  operation: 

and  engaged  in  several  other  pugilistic  encoun-  and  the  extent  of  their  wealth.    Mr.  O'Erieob 

ters,  of  which  themostnotorious  was  that  with  property  at  his  death  was  estimated  at  froo 

Yankee  Sullivan,  who  was  beaten.    Morrissey  $15,000,000  to  $20,000,000. 

was  indicted  for  participation  in  the  murder  of  O'Neill,  Johk,  died  at  Omaha,  Neb.,  Jann- 

the  notorious  Bill  Poole,  with  whom  be  had  ary  7th.    He  was  bom  in  Cavan  Cotrnty,  Ik- 

quarreled;  but  he  was  not  tried.    In  1858  he  land,  in  1884,  served  with  distinction  dnriiu: 

fought  with  John  0.  Heenan  in  Canada.    Mor-  the  civil  war,  and  in  1864  left  the  army  and 

rissey's  nose  was  broken,  but  he  was  declared  established  a  claim  and  pension  agency  at  Nad- 

the  victor.    He  now  abandoned  the  prize-riug,  ville,  Tenn.,  with  branch  agencies  in  severa} 

and  removed  to  New  York  City,  where,  witn  cities.     In  1866  his  Irish  countrymen  called 

Matt  Danser,  he  established  a  fiiro  bank  in  him  to  take  command  of  the  Fenian  oatbreak 

Broadway  near  Bond  Street.    In  1864  he  fit-  in  Canada,  and  in  the  battle  of  Ridgeway  the 

ted  up  a  gorgeous  gambling-house  in  24th  fiag  of  England  was  replaced  by  that  of  Ire- 

Streetl  near  Broadway,  where  during  many  land.    In  his  second  invasion  in  1870,  he  was 

years  he  is  said  to  have  made  much  money,  imprisoned  for  several  months.    He  waa  after- 

About  1868  he  b^an  to  speculate  largely  in  ward  engaged  in  lecturing  and  in  organizinf!  a 

railroad  stocks,  and  in  1870  established  at  Sar-  movement  for  colonizing  his  countrymen  in 

atoga  the  most  elegant  gambling-house  in  the  Nebraska. 

country.  Among  spprting  men  he  had  the  Obton,  William,  died  in  New  York  CitT, 
reputation  of  being  a  **  fair  gambler,"  and  of  April  22d.  He  was  bom  in  1826  at  Cuba,  Alit- 
conducting  a  ^^straightforward  business."  In  gany  County,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  at  the  State 
1866,  having  entered  politics,  Morrissey  was  Normal  School  in  Albany,  and  began  teaching, 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Fifth  District  by  In  1850  he  entered  the  bookstore  of  Derby  & 
the  Tammany  Democrats.  He  was  reelected  Co.,  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  and  two  years  lat^r 
in  1868.  About  this  time  he  began  to  take  a  became  a  partner  in  the  busineaa.  In  185^ 
prominent  part  in  State  politics.  In  1870  he  with  Mr.  J.  C.  Derby  and  Mr.  Miller,  he  opened 
was  recognized  as  one  of  the  leaders  of  tlie  a  bookstore  in  New  York.  At  the  end  of  two 
*'  Young  Democracy,"  which  was  organized  years  the  firm  became  insolvent,  and  Mr.  OrtoD 
for  the  purpose  of  defeating  Tweed  and  Sweeny  was  engaged  as  managing  derk  in  the  pablish- 
and  the  faction  of  the  Tammany  party  headed  ing  house  of  J.  G.  Gr^ory  A  Co.  About  thL* 
by  them.  In  1874  Morrissey  was  the  anti-  time  he  began  to  take  part  in  public  afi^airs  as 
Tammany  candidate  for  State  Senator  in  the  an  earnest  Republican.  In  1863  he  was  Col- 
Fourth  District,  and  after  an  exciting  contest  lector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Sixth  Dia- 
defeated  John  Fox.  In  1877  he  was  victorious  trict  of  New  York,  in  which  postion  he  dis- 
over  Au^tus  Schell,  the  Tammany  nominee  played  such  executive  abilities  that  in  1865  he 
for  State  Senator  in  the  Seventh  District.  Dur-  was  appointed  by  Secretary  McCulIoch  Com- 
ing this  campaign  Morrissey  contracted  an  ill-  missioner  of  Internal  Revenue  at  Washington, 
ness,  in  consequence  of  which  he  went  South,  After  performing  the  duties  of  this  office  for 
but  from  which  he  did  not  recover.  a  few  months,  he  accepted,  in  the  aatumn  of 

NiBLo,  William,  died  in  New  York  City,  1866,  tlie  presidency  of  the  United  States  Tele- 
August  21st.  He  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1789,  graph  Company,  being  the  successor  of  Mr. 
and  in  1829  established  Niblo^s  Garden  in  New  James  McEaye,  who  had  resigned.  In  April 
York.  1866,  this  company  was  consolidated  with  its 

O'Bbibk,  Wuxlajc  S.,  died  at  San  Rafael,  rival,  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company, 

Cal.,  May  2d.    He  was  bom  in  Ireland  about  and  Mr.  Orton  was  made  vice-president  of 

1825,  and  came  to  the  United  States  when  a  the  new  organization,  which  retained  the  name 

boy.    He  went  to  California  in  1849,  and  was  of  the  Western  Union.   In  the  autumn  of  1867 

soon  after  employed  in  the  mines.    In  1851  he  Mr.  Wade  resigned  the  presidency,  and  Mr. 

engaged  in  the  liquor  business  in  San  Francisco,  Orton  was  chosen  to  that  place.    He  performed 

and  afterward  went  into  the  ship-chandlery  the  duties  of  the  position  with  marked  abihty 

business.    In  1854  he  entered  into  partnership  and  success  until  the  time  of  his  death, 

with  James  C.  Flood  (with  whom  he  had  pre-  Padelfobd,  Sbth,  died  at  Providence,  R.  I^ 

vionsly  been  connecteid  in  mining)  in  the  res-  August  26th.    He  was  born  at  Taunton.  Mas^^ 

taurant  or  saloon  business,  which  they  con-  in  1807.    For  several  years  he  served  in  the 

tinned  for  twelve  years.    In  1867  they  aban-  City  Council  of  Providence,  and  from  1863  to 

doned   this   business   to   devote   themselves  1865  was  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Rhode  Island. 


OBHUABIES,  AMERICAN.  643 

In  1869  he  was  elected  Goyernor,  and  was  an- '  case,  N.  Y.,  April  2l6t.    He  was  born  at  Man- 

naally  reelected  till  1878.  lias,. Onondaga  Coantj,  N.  Y.,  January  4, 1821. 

Pasohall^  Geobob  W.,  died  in  Washington,  He  ^adaated  at  West  Point  in  1843.  For  his 
D.  0.,  Febmarj  16th.  He  was  bom  in  Greene  services  in  the  Mexican  war  he  was  made  a 
Coantjr,  GhL,  in  1812,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  m^jor.  In  1858  he  resigned  his  commission 
io  1882,  and  in  1887  removed  to  Arkansas,  in  the  army  and  retnrned  to  Syracuse.  He 
where  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  entered  the  late  war  as  a  brigadier-general  and 
Conrt.  After  a  few  years  he  resigned  this  became  attached  to  the  Fourth  Army  Corps, 
position  and  resumed  practice.  He  removed  He  took  part  in  the  operations  against  Manas- 
to  Texas  in  1848,  and  in  1857  established  "  The  sas,  and  commanded  several  miles  of  the  lines 
Soathern  Intelligencer "  at  Austin.  In  1860  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He  participated  in 
he  opposed  secession,  and  advocated  the  elec-  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  and  afterward  took 
tion  of  Dong^  to  the  Presidency.  In  1869  command  of  a  division  which  bore  an  impor- 
be  removed  to  Washington.  He  prepared  tantpart  in  the  battle  of  Malvern  HiU.  WnUe 
five  volumes  of  Texas  reports,  and  a  digest  of  at  Harrison's  Landing  he  was  made  major- 
reports  and  one  of  Statutes;  also  an  anno-  general,  his  commission  dating  from  July  4^ 
t&ted  edition  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  1862.  In  August  of  the  same  year  he  was 
States.  placed  in  command  of  the  defenses  at  York- 

pAULDuro,  Rear-Admiral  Hibaic,   died  at  town,  and  in  September  was  assigned  to  the 

HnntiDgton,  L.  L,  October  20.  1878.    He  was  command  of  all  the  troops  in  Virginia  south 

bom  in  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  December  of  the  James.    He  constructed  the  defenses  of 

ll,l797,andwasthesonof  John  Paulding,  one  Norfolk^  and  repidsed  the  attacks  of  General 

of  the  captors  of  Major  Andr6.    In  1811  he  Longstreet  upon  Suffolk,  forcing  the  latter  to 

entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman.    For  gallant  raise  his  siege  and  retire.    In  August,  1868. 

service  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  Con-  General  Peck  was  assigned  to  the  commana 

gress  voted  him  a  sword.    He  became  a  cap-  of  the  Department  of  Nor^  Carolina.    In  May, 

tain  in  1848.    WhUe  in  command  of  the  home  1864,  he  assumed  command  of  the  Department 

squadron  in  1867  he  broke  up  an  expedition  of  the  East,  with  his  headquarters  in  New  York, 

ai^ainst  Nicaragua  under  the  lead  of  William  He  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  August^ 

Walker,  who  had  landed  his  force  at  Pnnta-  1865. 

renas  inthe  harbor  of  Greytown.    Having  ar-  Petton,  Bahjs,  died  at  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  An- 

rived  in  the  flag-ship  Wabash,  Paulding  landed  a  gust  18th.     He  was  bom  in  Sumner  County, 

force  under  command  of  Captain  Engle.  Walk-  Tenn.   From  1888  to  1887  he  was  a  Represent- 

er  surrendered  with  182  followers,  who  were  ative  in  Congress,  and  during  the  Mexican 

disarmed  and  sent  to  the  United  States.  Pauld-  war  served  on  General  Taylor^s  staff.    In  1849 

ing  acted  in  this  matter  without  specific  in-  he  was  appointed  Minister  to  Chili,  and  for  a 

fttmotions,  and  his  arrest  of  Walker  on  foreign  time  he  was  United  States  District  Attorney 

soil  was  not  fiiUy  approved  by  the  United  for  Louisiana.    After  he  had  practiced  law  for 

States  Government    In  December,  1860,  he  a  few  years  in  California,  he  returned  to  his 

was  presented  with  a  sword  by  Nicaragua,  but  native  State,  and  in  1860  was  a  Presidential 

he  was  not  permitted  by  Congress  to  accept  a  elector  on  the  Bell  and  Everett  ticket    He 

tract  of  land  which  had  been  offered  to  nim  afterward  entered  the  Confederate  army. 

by  that  Government    In  July,  1862,  he  was  Phslps,  John  F.,  for  thirty-five  years  editor 

commissioned  as  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  of  the  Mayville  (N.  Y.)  *'  Sentinel,"  died  there 

list.    From  1862  to  1866  he  was  in  command  February  2d,  aged  59  years, 

of  the  navy  yard  at  New  York,  was  governor  Piokebino,  Chablbb,  naturalist,  died  in  Bos- 

of  the  naval  asylum  in  Philadelphia  from  1866  ton,  March  18th.    He  was  the  grandson  of 

to  1868,  and  was  port  admiral  at  Boston  from  Timothy  Pickering,  a  distinguish^  statesman 

1869  to  1871.   He  was  the  author  of  a  *'  Journal  of  the  post-revolutionary  epoch,  and  was  bom 

of  a  Cruise  among  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific,"  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pa.,  November  10, 

published  in  1831.  1805.    in  1828  he  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 

Pbabsok,  RioHMOiTD  MuiiTOBD,  died  at  Win-  lege,  and  then  studied  medicine  in  the  Harvard 
itOD,  N.  C,  January  12th.  He  was  born  in  Medical  School.  In  1888  he  joined  the  United 
Davie  County,  N.  C,  June  28, 1805.  He  was  States  Exploring  Expedition  under  Command- 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826,  and  was  a  mem-  er  Wilkes  as  naturalist.  On  the  return  of  the 
ber  of  the  Legi^ure  from  1829  to  1832.  For  expedition  in  1842,  Dr.  Pickering  went  to  In- 
twelve  years  he  was  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  dia  and  eastern  Africa  for  the  purpose  of  more 
Court,  and  was  then  elected  by  the  Legislature  thoroughly  studying  the  human  inhabitants  of 
to  the  Supreme  Bench.  In  1869  he  became  these  regions.  In  1848  appeared  his  work, 
Chief  Justice,  which  position  he  continued  to  ^*  Races  of  Man  and  their  (Geographical  Distri- 
occapy  until  his  death.  bution  "  (4to,  Philadelphia),  in  1854  his  "  Geo- 

PsASE,  Joseph  L.,  for  seven  years  editor  graphical  Distribution  of  Animals  and  Man  " 

snd  proprietor  of  the  **  Connecticut  Western  (Boston),  and  in  1861  his  **  (Geographical  Dis- 

Xew3,^Mied  at  Canaan,  Conn.,  June  80th,  aged  tribution  of  Plants.^'    To  the  proceedings  of 

42  years.  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences 

PzoK,  Gkneral  John  Jambs,  died  at  Syra-  and  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  he 


644  OBITUARIES,  AMEBICAK. 

contributed  several  ralaable  papers,  which  have  1880,  iq  which  year  he  became  pastor  of  ti» 

not  yet  been  published  in  coUected  form.    At  First  Unitarian  Church  of  Boxbory.   In  M 

the  time  of  his  death  he  had  in  process  of  print-  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  ConstitatioDil 

ingalarge  work  in  one  yolnme  entitled  **  Man's  Convention,  and  in  1864  was  a  Prendentisl 

Record  of  his  own  Existence,"  pronounced  by  elector  on  the  Republican  ticket   In  1870  ui 

Dr.  Asa  Gray  to  be  "  a  monument  of  wonder-  1871  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Lef^islitsre. 

fnl  industry."    As  the  work  appears  to  have  In  1878,  after  a  pastorate  of  forty-three  yesis, 

been  completed  in  manuscript,  it  is  to  be  hoped  he  offered  his  resignation  in  conaeqaenee  ii 

that  it  will  soon  be  published.  failing  health.    The  church  did  not  aooept  tha 

Pillow,  General  Gidbon  J.,  died  in  Arkan-  resignation,  but  gave  Dr.  Putnam  a  vacatiofi, 

sas  in  October,  1878.    He  was  bom  in  Wil-  and  chose  an  assistant  pastor.    Dr.  PotsiEi 

liamson  County,  Tenn.,  June  8,   1806.     He  then  went  to  Europe.    He  preached  in  hii 


graduated  at  Nashville  University  in  1827,  and  pit  occasionally  until  November,  1877,  wbes 
began  tiie  practice  of  law  at  Columbia,  Tenn.  he  gave  up  his  pastorate. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Democratic  Raymond,  Jomr  H.,  died  in  Pou^eeose. 
Convention  held  in  Baltimore  in  1844,  and  N.  Y.,  August  14th.  He  was  born  in  Kct 
was  instrumental  in  securing  the  nomination  York  City  in  1814,  graduated  at  Union  (k^ 
of  Mr.  Polk.  He  entered  the  Mexican  war  as  lege  in  1882,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  bit 
a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  after  did  not  engage  in  practice.  In  1888  he  coo- 
serving  under  General  Taylor  took  part  under  pleted  a  course  of  theological  study  in  the  liv 
General  Scott  in  tbe  siege  of  Vera  Cruz.  He  erary  and  Theological  Institute  fnow  Eid»(£ 
was  wounded  while  commanding  the  right  wing  University)  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  then  bem» 
at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  April  18.  1847,  a  tutor  there.  He  was  soon  appointed  Pro- 
and  was  soon  after  made  migor-generai.  He  feasor  of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophj,  lod 
subsequently  joined  General  Scott,  and  took  afterward  of  EngUsh  Literature,  in  that  ioiti- 
part  in  the  battles  of  Churubusco,  Chapultepec,  tution.  He  was  a  professor  in  Rodiester  Tiii- 
and  Molino  del  Rey.  After  the  war,  he  was  versity  from  1851  to  1868,  when  be  bectut 
tried  by  court  martial  on  charges  of  insubor-  President  of  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Im- 
dination  made  by  General  Scott,  but  was  ac«  tute.  He  continued  in  this  position  till  1SS4, 
quitted.  He  then  resumed  the  practice  of  the  when  he  was  chosen  President  of  YasBar  Col- 
law.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  lege,  which  office  he  held  at  the  time  of  Itif 
joined  the  Confederate  army,  commanded  at  death. 

the  battle  of  Belmont,  Mo.,  November  7, 1861.  Robson,  Dr.  Bshjamin  R.,  died  Aognst  ISdi 

and  was  second  in  command  under  General  in  New  York,  where  he  was  bom  in  1785.  B« 

Floyd  at  Fort  Donelson  in  February,  1862.  was  the  oldest  physician  in  that  city,  and  m 

When  surrender  became  inevitable,  General  of  the  oldest  surviving  veterans  of  the  war  of 

Floyd  transferred  the  command  to  General  1812.    He  became  a  practicing  pbyaaan  in 

Pillow,  who  handed  it  over  to  General  Buck-  1804,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  war  of  1813,  ud 

ner.    The  two  former  escaped  with  some  of  was  very  active  in  fighting  the  cholera  wbea 

their  soldiers,  and  the  fort  was  surrendered  by  it  prevailed  in  New  York  iu  1882.   Be&dtd 

General  Buckner.    General  Rilow  was  now  being  one  of  the  original  incorporaton  of  tk 

removed  from  command,  but  he  afterward  County  Medical  Society,  he  was  for  many  t6i» 

served  under  General  Beauregard  in  the  South-  one  of  the  ablest  members  of  the  New  York 

west.  Academy  of  Medicine.    He  retired  from  pra^ 

Prentiss,  Mrs.  Elizabsth  Payson,  wife  of  tice  in  1866. 

the  Rev.  George  L.  Prentiss,  D.  D.,  of  Union  Roosevblt,  Thkodobs,  died  in  New  York, 

Theological  Seminary,  and  daughter  of  the  late  February  9th.    He  was  bom  in  that  dty  ia 

Rev.  Dr.  Edward  Payson,  was  born  in  Port-  1881,  and  shared  in  the  inheritance  of  oonad- 

land.  Me.,  and  died  at  Dorset,  Yt.,  August  erable  wealth  left  by  hia  father.    From  earif 

18th,  aged  65  years.    She  was  the  author  of  manhood  till  1876  he  was  a  member  of  tbe  firm 

**  Flower  of  the  Family,"  "  Only  a  Dandelion,  of  Roosevelt  &  Co.,  glasa-importen.   He  then 

and  other  Stories,"  ^^  Henry  and  Bessie,"  ^'  Su-  became  the  head  of  the  banking  firm  of  Theo- 

sie's  Six  Birthdays,"  "  Little  Susie's  Six  Broth-  dore  Roosevelt  &  Son.    He  contributed  largely 

ers,"  "  Little  Susie's  Little  Servants,"  "  Little  to  the  success  of  the  Newsboys'  Lodging  Hoose ; 

Threads,"  **The   Percy*— Fred,   Maria,    and  was  identified  with  the  Young  Men's  Chrisdaa 

Me,"  "  Urban  and  his  Friends,"  "  Hymns  and  Association ;  waa  one  of  the  founders  of  tbe 

Songs  of  the  Christian  Life,"  and  ''  Stepping  Orthopedic  Hospital,  and  of  the  BarMQ  cf 

Heavenwu^."    The  last  named  has  had  a  sale  Charities,  which  was  afterward  merged  in  tbi 

of  00,000  copies  in  the  United  States  alone.  State  Charities  Aid  Association ;  and  was  a 

and  several  of  her  books  have  been  repub-  liberal  supporter  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society 

lished  in  England  and  translated  into  German  and  numerous  other  charities.    At  tbe  tii&e 

and  French.  of  his  death  he  was  one  of  the  members  of  tb« 

PuTWAM,  the  Rev.  Gboboe,  died  at  Roxbury,  State  Board  of  Charitiea,  and  a  oommisaioner 

Mass.,  April  11th.    He  was  bom  at  Sterling,  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  and  of  tb« 

Mass.,  August  16,  1807,  graduated  at  Harvard  Central  Park  Museum  of  Natural  Sciepcea. 

College  in  1826,  and  at  the  Divinity  School  in  He  rendered  valuable  service  in  reorganixm^ 


OBITUABIES,  AMEBIOAN.  64d 

tbe  Amerfoan  department  of  the  Vienna  Expo-  Therapentics  in  Dartmouth  College.     He  re- 

sition  of  1878.    In  1876  he  attended  the  CHn-  signed  in  1870,  and  was  made  Emeritos  Profes- 

cinnati  Convention  as  a  representative  of  the  sor.    He  also  lectured  at  the  Vermont  Medical 

New  York  Reform  Association.    A  short  time  School  in  1857,  and  at  the  Bowdoin  School  in 

pravions  to  his  death,  he  was  nominated  by  1869.    He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 

President  Hayes  as  Oollector  of  New  York,  Dartmouth  College  in  1870,  and  the  honorary 

bat  the  nomination  was  defeated  in  the  Senate,  degree  of  M.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 

Sanfobd,  Gtoeral  Chaxles  W.,  died  at  Avon  Bush  Medical  College  of  Chicago  in  1876.  He 
Springs,  N.  Y.,  July  26th.  Ue  was  born  in  wasanhonorarymemberof  the  New  York  Med- 
Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1796,  and  was  a  lawyer  by  ical  Society,  and  was  for  several  years  a  Rep- 
profession.  For  more  than  thirty  years  be  resentaUve  in  the  New  Hampshire  Legislature, 
was  commander  of  the  First  Division  of  the  Bendes  publishing  several  lectures  on  medical 
New  York  militia,  comprising  all  the  com-  topics,  and  articles  in  medical  journals  and  in 
panies  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Early  in  the  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  New  Hampshire 
war  he  commanded  a  division  of  volunteers  Medical  Society,  he  wrote  a  commemorative 
under  General  Patterson,  and  was  in  command  discourse  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Amos  Twitchell, 
at  Harper^s  Ferry  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of  and  in  1877  published  a  history  of  the  town  of 
Boll  Run.  Peterborough,  N.  H. 

8H1BMAH,  Mrs.  Sabah  Maua  GiBsoir,  the  Smith,  Frakois  Gurnet,  died  in  Philadel- 

▼idow  of  the  late  Watts  Sherman,  and  a  daugh-  nhia,  Pa.,  April  6th.    He  was  born  in  that  city 

ter  of  the  late  Henry  B.  Gibson,  of  Cananofai-  March  8,  1818.    He  {graduated  from  the  Uni- 

gaa,  N.  Y.,  died  in  New  York  Citv,  March  10th,  versity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1840,  was  appointed 

aged  68  years.    She  came  to  New  York  in  Lecturer  on  Physiology  by  the  Philadelphia 

1851,  where  her  home  was  the  resort  of  culti-  Medical  Association  in  1842,  and  became  Pro- 

TSted  and  distinguished  people.    As  a  means  fessor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  the  Uni- 

of  farthering  the  oanse  of  Italian  liberty,  she  versity  in  1868.    In  1869  he  became  one  of  the 

translated    and  publi&hed  Guerrazzi's  novel  attending  physicians  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 

*^  Beatrice  Cend.^^  pital,  in  wnich  position  he  continued  for  six 

Simons,  Thomas  Yomra,  died  in  Charleston,  years.  For  nine  years  he  was  an  editor  of  the 
S.  0.,  May  7th.  He  was  born  in  that  city  in  *^  Philadelphia  Medical  Examiner  " ;  was  one 
1838,  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1847,  and  of  the  compilers  of  the  popular  text-book  **  The 
began  the  practice  of  law  in  Charleston  in  1860.  Compendium  of  Medicine  " ;  edited  the  Amer- 
From  1864  to  1860  he  was  a  member  of  the  ican  editions  of  Carpenter^s  and  Marshall's 
State  Legislatare.  In  1860  he  was  a  delegate  works  on  physiolosy ;  and  was  the  first  Amer- 
to  the  National  Democratic  Convention  held  ican  translator  of  Barth  and  Roger's  **  Manual 
in  Charleston,  and  was  a  Presidential  elector,  of  Auscultation  and  Percussion.''  He  also  con- 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Convention  which  tributed  frequently  to  various  medical  periodi- 
passed  the  ordinance  of  seoesmon,  and  was  an  cals. 

officer  in  the  Confederate  army.  From  1866  Snowdsv,  Jamu  Ross,  died  at  Hnlmeville, 
to  1878  he  was  editor  of  the  Charleston  ^'  Con-  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  March  21st.  He  was  born 
rier."  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Dem-  in  Chester,  Delaware  County,  Pa.,  in  1810. 
ocratio  Conventions  in  1868  and  1872,  and  He  was  Speaker  of  the  State  Legislature  from 
from  1872  to  1876  was  the  member  from  South  1842  to  1844,  State  Treasurer  from  1846  to 
Carolina  of  the  National  Democratic  Executive  1847,  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  Mint  from 
Oommittee.  He  was  a  leading  member  of  the  1847  to  1860,  and  Director  of  the  Mint  from 
Taxpayers'  Conventions  of  1871  and  1874,  and  1863  to  1861.  Besides  writing  many  pam- 
in  the  latter  year  appeared  before  the  Judiciary  phlets  on  coins,  he  published  "  Descriptions  of 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Coins  in  the  United  States  Mint "  (1860) ;  "  De- 
Washington  in  support  of  the  memorial  of  the  scriptions  of  Medals  in  the  United  States  Mint " 
Taxpayers'  Convention.  (1861);  ''The  Mint  at  Philadelphia"  (1861); 

Slads,  Edwabd,  a  well-known  ship-builder,  ''  Coins  of  the  Bible  "  (1864) ;  *'  The  Corn* 

bom  in  Somerset,  Mass.,  died  there  February  Planter  Memorial "  (1867) ;  and  an  article  on 

16th,  aged  91  years.    He  was  a  member  of  the  the  coins  of  the  United  States  in  the  ''  Na- 

MassachusetU  Legislature  from  1820  to  1829.  tional  Almanac"  of  1878. 

Slirpbb,  John  S.,  died  at  Boston  Highlands,  Sptobb,  William  F.,  died  in  Boston,  Novem- 

Mass.,  November  14th,  aged  84  years.    He  was  ber  29th,  aged  67  years.    He  entered  the  navy 

formerly  one  of  the  editors  and  proprietors  of  as  a  midshipman  in  1889,  and  was  made  a  lieu- 

the  *^  Boston  Journal."   He  was  Mayor  of  Rox-  tenant-commander  in  July,  1862,  and  a  com- 

bury  in  1856~'58,  and  was  elected  to  the  State  mander  in  the  following  January.    From  April, 

Senate  in  1876.  1868,  to  May,  1865,  he  served  on  the  Cambridge 

8»TH,  Dr.  Albert,  died  in  Peterborough,  and  Quaker  City  in  the  North  Atlantic  block- 

N.  H.,  February  22d.    He  was  bom  in  that  ading  squadron.    He  took  part  in  the  action 

town  June  18, 1801.  He  graduated  from  Dart-  at  Fort  Fisher.    From  1867  to  1869  he  was 

moath  College  in  1826,  and  firom  the  Medical  with  the  Dakota  in  the  SouUi  Pacific,  and  for 

School  of  that  college  in  1838.    In  1849  he  the  following  three  years  was  on  duty  at  tiie 

was  appointed  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Charlestown  Navy  Yard.    He  waa  made  cap- 


646  OBITUARIES,  AMEBIOAN. 

tain  in  1870.    In  1878  and  1874  he  command-  1660  to  1868,  when  he  was  appointed  FirA 

ed  a  monitor  in  the  Gulf  squadron.    He  was  Comptroller  of  the  United  States  Tre&sorj,  ia 

promoted  to  the  rank  of  commodore  in  1877,  which  office  he  continued  till  the  time  of  \k 

and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  Commandant  death. 

of  the  Charlestown  Nary  Yard.  Thomas,  Bekjamut  Fbasklin,  died  b  6t- 

Spbagub,  General  John  J.,  died  in  New  lem,  Mass.,  Septemher  27th.    He  was  born  k 

York  City,  Septemher  6th,  aged  68  years.    In  Boston  in  1818,  graduated  at  Brown  TniTe- 

1834  he  heoame  second  lieutenant  in  the  Ma-  sity  in  1880,  and  hegan  to  practice  hw  k 

rine  Corps,  and  in  1888  was  appointed  a^u-  1833.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Massacbuieti 

tant  of  the  Eighth  Infantry,  with  which  he  Legislature  in  1842,  and  Probate  Jadee  for 

served  through  the  Florida  war,  being  twice  Worcester  County  from  1844  to  1848.   Id  thv 

Sromoted  for  meritorions  conduct.    He  pub-  latter  year  he  was  a  Presidential  elector  on  tbc 

shed  a  volume  on  the  "  Origin.  Progress,  and  Whig  ticket.    He  was  a  Judge  of  the  Snpreisc 

Conclusion  of  the  Florida  War.^*    At  the  out-  Court  of  Massachusetts  from  1858  to  185S. 

break  of  the  civil  war,  being  a  major,  and  sta-  when  he  resigned,  to  resume  his  profesaiocil 

tioned  with  his  regiment,  the  First  Infantry,  practice.    In  1861  he  was  elected  to  Congr^N 

in  Texas,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  General  where  he  served  on  the  Judiciary  Committd 

Twiggs.    He  was  put  on  parole,  and  became  a  and  the  Special  Committee  on  the  Bankrupt 

mustering  and  disbursing  officer  at  Albany,  Law,    In  1868  he  was  nominated  by  Goventor 

N.  Y.  Governor  Seymour  appointed  him  a^u-  Bullock  for  Chief  Justice  of  Maasachosetti 

tant-general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen-  but  the  nomination  was  not  confirmed  bj  tb« 

oral.    In  the  spring  of  1865  he  went  to  Flori-  Council.    He  was  President  of  the  Americai 

da  as  colonel  of  the  Seventh  Infantry  U.  S.  A.,  Antiquarian  Society,  and  had  been  made  a 

and  was  appointed  Military  Governor  of  that  Doctor  of  Laws  by  both  Harvard  and  Bron 

State.    When  a  reduction  was  made  in  the  Universities. 

regular  army.  Colonel  Sprague  was  put  on  the  Thobntov,  John  Wingatx,   died  at  Oai 

retired  list.  Hill,  Me.,  June  6th.    He  was  bom  at  S«o, 

Stbarns,    Onslow,    ex-Governor   of  New  Me.,  in  1818.    After  a  course  of  study  at  tie 

Hampshire,  died  December  28th.     He   was  Harvard  Law  School,  he  began  practice  b 

bom  in  Billerica,  Mass.,  August  80,  1811,  was  Boston  in  1840.    He  was  the  founder  of  th« 

engaged  in  the  construction  of  railroads  in  New  England  Historic-Genealogical  Societv, 

several  States,  and  settled  in  New  Hampshire  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  Vice-Presi- 

in  1888.    In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the  New  dent  of  the  American  Statistical  AKK>ciatioa. 

Hampshire  State  Senate ;  in  1868  was  member  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  publicadosf, 

and  President  of  the  same  body,  and  in  1864  among  which  are  "  Lives  of  Isaac  Heath,  hh 

was  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  National  Bowles,  and  Rev.  John  Eliot,  Jr."  (1850); 

Republican  Convention  at  Baltimore.    He  de-  ^*  Landing  at  Cape  May"  (1854);  ^'Ancitct 

dined  the  Republican  nomination  for  Govern-  Pemaquia"  (1867);   "Peter  Oliver's  Puritan 

or  of  New  Hampshire  in  1867,  but  was  elected  Commonwealth   Reviewed  "  (1857) ;   "  Firs 

in  1869  and  reelected  in  1870,  after  which  he  Records   of   Anglo-American    Colonizadon" 

retired  to  private  life.  (1869) ;  "  The  Pulpit  of  the  American  Revo- 

Sturobon,  Daniel,  died  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  lution  ^  (1860) ;  and  '*  The  Colonial  Schema 

July  2d.    He  was  bom  in  1789,  was  a  member  of  Popham  and  Gorges'*  (1868). 

of  the  Pennsylvania  Senate  in  1828,  and  in  Teemain,  Ltmak,  died  in  New  York  City,  Kc- 

1886  was  elected  State  Treasurer,  holding  the  vember  80th.  He  was  bora  in  Durham,  Grets« 

oflBce  for  four  years.    From  1840  to  1861  he  County,  N.  Y.,  June  14,  1819.     He  b^gan  the 

was  United  States  Senator  from  Pennsylvania,  practice  of  law  in  his  native  county  in  1840,  and 

and  in  1868  was  appointed  by  President  Pierce  became  District  Attorney  in  1844,  and  Coantr 

Treasurer  in  Philadelphia.  Judge  and  Surrogate  in  1846.     L:i  1858  hv 

SwBBTSEB,  Seth,  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  was  elected  Attomey-General  of  the  State.  In 

March  24th,  aged  71  years.    He  was  born  in  1866,  having  removed  to  Albany,  be  was  elecUsi 

Newburjrport,  graduated  at  Harvard  College  to  the  State  Assembly,  of  which  be  was  ma^ 

and  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  and  had  Speaker  in  1867,  and  again  in  1868.    In  1872 

been  pastor  of  the  Central    Congregational  he  was  elected  Congressman  at  large  from  tht> 

Church  in  Worcester  since  1888.    He  received  State  of  New  York,  bia  opponent  being  the 

the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Am-  Hon.  S.  S.  Cox.    His  son,  Grenville  Treman. 

herst  College,  and  was  known  as  one  of  the  a  promising  lawyer,  who  was  the  onsucee&ful 

most  learned  theologians  in  the  State.  Kepublican  candidate  for  Attomey-Gener&I  of 

Tatlbr,  Robert  Walker,  died  in  Washing-  New  York  in  1877,  died  in  Albany,  March  17, 

tQu,  D.  C,  February  26th.    He  was  born  in  1878,  aged  88  years. 

Harrisburg,  Pa.,  in  1812.    He  was  admitted  Twiooue,  Jambs  W.,  died  at  McElhattsa 

to  the  bar  at  Youngstown,  Ohio,  in  1884,  and  Pa.,  in  November,  aged  68  years.  He  had  been 

was  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Trumbull  Qoun-  Deputy  Attomey-General  of  Pennsylvania  and 

ty  from  1880  to  18A.    He  was  elected  Mayor  a  member  of  the  State  Senate,  and  daring  Pre^^- 

of  Youngstown  in  1861,  and  State  Senator  in  dent  Buchanan's  administration  waa  CodsqI  fit 

1866  and  1867.    He  was  State  Auditor  from  Antwerp.       ^ 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  647 

Ttlbb,  Dr.  John  E.,  died  at  Somerville,  the  literature  of  Bright*s  disease,  and  in  1875 

Mass.,  March  8th.    He  was  Saperintendent  of  wrote  three  important  articles  entitled  "  Em- 

the  Insane  Asylum  at  that  place,  and  was  one  holism  of  the  Axillary  Artery,"  *'  Embolism 

of  the  most  prominent  physicians  in  that  branch  of  the  Central  Artery  of  the  Retina,"  and 

of  the  profession  in  the  oonntry.  *^  Tracheotomy  in  Diphtheria,"  all  of  which  were 

Upjohn,  Riohabd,  died  Aagust  16th.    He  published  in  the  reports  of  the  State  Medical 

was  born  in  England  in  1802,  and  came  to  this  Society.    He  gained  a  wide  reputation  in  dis- 

eouDtryinl829.    After  remaining  several  years  eases  of  the  chesty  and  was  one  of  the  first 

in  New  Bedford  and  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  physicians  in  the  United  States  to  acquire  a 

became  known  for  his  fine  architectural  skill,  comprehensive  knowledge  of  auscultation  and 

he  went  to  New  York  in  1835,  where  his  great-  percussion. 

est  achievements  were  executed.    Besides  plan-  Walker,    Jonathan,    died    at    Muskegon, 

ning  a  great  number  of  private  residences  and  Mich.,  May  1st,  aged  79  years.    From  1845 

bank  buildings,  he  designed  the  present  Trin-  to  1850  he  delivered  lectures  throughout  the 

ity  Church,  the  Trinity  Building,  St.  Thomases  country  on  slavery.    In  1844  he  was  captured 

and  Grace  Churches  in  New  York,  Christ  in  Florida  for  attempting  to  free  some  slaves, 

Church  and  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims  in  and  was  branded  with  a  hot  iron  on  the  right 

Brooklyn,  and  the  Cathedral  at  Bangor,  Me.  hand  with  the  letters  *'  S.  S.,"  meaning  "  slaves 

At  one  time  he  was  President  of  the  American  stealer."    He  was  the  subject  of  Whittier's 

Institute  of  Architects.  poem,  *'  The  Man  with  the  Branded  Hand." 

Van  Dtkb,  John,  born  in  New  Jersey,  died  Wabdkll,  Daniel,  died  in  Utica,  N.  Y., 
at  Wabashaw,  Minn.,  December  24th,  aged  73  March  27th.  He  was  bom  at  Bristol,  R.  I., 
years.  For  many  years  he  was  a  prominent  in  1791,  graduated  from  Brown  University  in 
member  of  the  legal  profession  of  New  Jersey,  1811^  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rome, 
was  formerly  President  of  the  National  Bank  N.  i ..  where  he  afterward  practiced  law.  He 
of  New  Jersey,  and  afterward  was  elected  was  elected  to  the  State  Assembly  four  terms ; 
Mayor  of  the  city  of  New  Brunswick.  He  rep-  was  County  Judge  for  several  years,  and  a  Rep- 
resented his  district  in  Congress  from  1847  to  resentative  in  Congress  from  1881  to  1887, 
1851,  during  which  time  he  made  a  determined  when  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
effbrt  against  slavery.  He  was  a  Judge  of  the  tee  on  Revolutionary  Pensions. 
New  Jersey  Supreme  Court  from  1860  to  1867,  Wabben,  General  Frrz  Henbt,  died  at  Brim- 
when  he  removed  to  Minnesota.  There  he  was  field,  Mass.,  June  21st.  He  was  born  in  that 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate,  and  was  town  in  1816.  In  1844  he  emigrated  to  Bur- 
made  Judge  of  the  Third  Judicial  District  by  lington,  Iowa,  where  he  became  interested  in 
special  appointment.  journalism  and  politics.     He  was  appointed 

VBDomz,  Dr.  Albxandeb  M.,  died  in  New  Second  Assistant  Postmaster-General  m  1849 ; 
York  City,  December  29th.  He  was  born  in  afterward  served  as  First  Assistant;  was  a 
Schenectady,  N.Y.,  January  15,1814.  He  was  member  of  the  Iowa  State  Senate  in  1866; 
the  senior  representative  of  the  Yedder  family.  Minister  to  Guatemala  in  1867  and  1868,  and 
one  of  the  oldest  Dutch  families  of  New  York ;  was  a  Presidential  elector  on  the  Iowa  Demo- 
crradnated  from  Union  College  in  1838 ;  for  a  cratic  ticket  in  1872.  During  the  war  he  was 
short  time  was  Principal  of  the  Hudson  Acad-  in  command  of  the  First  Iowa  Cavalry,  and  in 
emy,  and  in  1839  ^aduated  from  the  Univer-  1862  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-general, 
sity  of  Pennsylvania  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  and  afterward  major-general  by  brevet.  In 
of  Medicine.  For  several  months  he  was  Resi-  ioumalism  he  was  connected  with  the  "  Bur- 
dent  Physician  to  the  Blockly  Hospital  of  Phil-  lington  Hawkeye  '^  (Iowa),  of  which  he  was 
adelphia,  when  he  finally  established  himself  for  a  time  the  editor,  and  with  the  New  York 
permanently  in  Schenectady.  In  1840  he  be-  '^  Tribune'^  and  **Sun.^* 
came  Lecturer  at  Union  College ;  for  twenty  Wells,  Henbt,  died  in  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
years  was  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physi-  December  10th.  He  was  bom  in  New  Hamp- 
ologyin  that  institution,  and  in  1856  was  eleicted  shire,  December  12, 1805.  In  early  manhood 
Mayor  of  Schenectady  by  the  Republican  party,  he  started  the  express  business,  and  associ- 
Daring  the  war  he  held  the  office  of  Examining  ated  with  himself  Crawford  Livingston.  Af- 
Sargeon  of  the  Eighteenth  Congressional  Dis-  ter  the  death  of  his  partner,  he  with  others 
triot  and  in  1873  became  one  of  the  Curators  of  founded  the  American  Express  Company,  of 
the  Albany  Medical  College.  Besides  being  con-  which  he  was  President  for  a  number  of  years, 
nected  as  founder,  director,  or  trustee,  with  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  transcon- 
every  institution  of  note  in  Schenectady,  he  tinental  company  known  as  Wells,  Fargo  & 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Co.^s  Express.  Several  years  ago  he  founded 
Society,  and  was  for  many  years  its  Corre-  and  endowed  Wells  Female  College  at  Aurora, 
sponding  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  He  was  N.  Y.,  and  about  ten  years  ago  he  retired  from 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  International  Medical  business. 

Congress  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1876.  As  early  Wells,  Miss  Mabt,  an  actress,  died  at  Rock- 
as  1838  he  wrote  an  interesting  paper  on  **  Mor-  away,  N.  Y.,  July  16th.  She  was  bom  in 
bus  Brightii "  for  the  **  Medical  Intelligencer,'*  Lincoln,  England,  December  11,  1829.  She 
which  was  the  first  American  contribution  to  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  at  Al- 


648       OBirUABIES,  AMERIOAN.  OBITUARIES,  FOBEIGN. 

bany,  N.  Y.,  on  December  28,  1850,  and  her  Resident  in  San  Salvador  from  1866  to 

first  professional  engagement  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1874  was  elected  to  GoDgresi  from 

Pa.,  m  1855.    From  1856  till  1860  she  was  a  Michigan,  being  rejected  in  1876. 

member  of  Laura  Eeene^s  Theatre  in  New  Wilmsb,  Right  Rev.  J.  B.  P.,  died  in  Xer 

York.    In  1862  she  accepted  an  engagement  at  Orleans,  December  2d,  aged  65  years.  Hevii 

Niblo^s  Garden,  and  subsequently  played  with  bom  in  Virginia,  and  was  Bishop  of  the  Dio> 

Edwin  Booth  and  E.  A.  Sothern.    in  1867  she  oese  of  Louisiana. 

was  married  to  Robert  Staples,  and  her  last  Woodbuff,  Israkl  Oabli,  died  Deoember 

appearance  in  New  York  was  in  *^The  Moth-  10th.    He  was  bom  at  Ewing,  N.  J.,  in  1815. 

er's  Secret "  at  the  Union  Square  Theatre.  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1886,  vherele 

Whitman,  Mrs.  Sabah  Helkn,  died  in  Provi-  became  Professor  of  Military  and  Gril  Eiip* 
dence,  R.  L,  June  27th.  She  was  bom  in  that  neering.  After  spending  many  yean  in  engi- 
city  in  1803.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  neering  service,  he  was  appointed  in  1858  it- 
Nicholas  Power,  and  the  widow  of  John  W.  sistant  topographical  engineer  at  Washiogton. 
Whitman,  a  lawyer  of  Boston.  Among  her  He  held  this  position  during  the  war,  beisi 
literary  contributions  may  be  mentioned  an  ar-  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lientenant-ooloDel  in 
tide  on*' Goethe,'*  which  appeared  in '^  Brown-  1864  and  colonel  in  1869.  From  1870  qeqI 
son's  Quarterly  Review,"  a  collection  of  fngi-  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engineer  of  tlii 
tive  poems  published  in  1858  under  the  title  of  Third  and  Fourth  Lighthouse  Districts^  in 
**  Hours  of  Life,  and  other  Poems,"  and  '*£d-  Philadelphia  and  New  York, 
gar  Poe  and  his  Critics,"  which  was  printed  in  Woods,  Leonabd,  died  in  Boston,  Decemk 
1860.  The  fairy  ballads,  "Cinderella,"  "The  24th.  He  was  bom  in  Newboryport,  Ubs^. 
Golden  Ball,"  and  "  The  Sleeping  Beauty "  November  24, 1807,  graduated  at  Union  Col- 
(1867)  were  the  joint  productions  of  herself  lege  in  1827,  was  ordained  in  1888,  and  irm 
and  her  sister  Miss  Anna  Marsh  Power.  Her  1889  to  1866  was  President  of  Bowdoin  CoIIe^. 
last  production  was  an  ode  for  the  inaugii-  The  Legislature  having  granted  the  Historksl 
ration  of  the  statue  of  Roger  Williams  in  Society  of  Maine  an  appropriation  to  obtiin 
1877.  materials  for  the  documentary  history  of  thtf 

WiLBT,  Rev.  Chablbs,  died  at  East  Orange,  State,  he  went  to  Europe  in  1867  in  order  t^' 
N.  J.,  December  21st,  aged  69  years.  He  grad-  collect  them.  For  some  time  he  was  editor  of 
uated  at  the  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  the  "Literary  and  Theological  Review,'' pDi>- 
was  ordained  to  the  Congregational  ministry,  lished  in  New  York.  He  translated  Enipp» 
and  for  eight  years  was  settled  over  the  cele-  "  Lectures  on  Christian  Theology "  and  De 
brated  old  church  of  Jonathan  Edwards  at  Maistre's  "  General  Principles  of  Political  Cos- 
Northampton,  Mass.    For  about  ten  years  he  stitntions." 

was  pastor  of  a  Dutch  Reformed  Church  at  Woonsoir,  K  C,  died  at  Raleigh,  X.  C. 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  when  he  became  President  of  Febmary2dd.    HewasbomatMufigrove^Vi, 

the  Milwaukee  (Wis.)  University.    Soon  i^ter  March  9,  1841,  and,  after  serving  as  editor  ob 

he  was  settled  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  where  he  re-  several  Southern  papers,  became  city  editor  of 

mained  for  several  years,  and  since  then  had  the  *'  Raleigh  Observer "  in  1877,  which  posi* 

been  engaged  in  teaching  private  schools  at  tion  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  deatL 

East  Orange  and  Montrose,  N.  J.    He  prepared  Wobokstbb,  Rev.  Thomab,  died  at  Wslthim, 

editions  of  Csosar  and  Virgil  for  the  use  of  Mass.,  August  14tii,  aged  88  years.    He  at- 

schools.  tied  in  Boston  in  1818,  was  the  first  Svedec- 

WnxiAMs,  Alphbus  S.,  died  in  Washington,  borgian  pastor  in  MassaohnsettSi  and  was  for 

D.  C,  December  Ist.    He  was  bom  in  Say-  many  years  President  of  the  Convention  of  the 

brook,  Conn.,  in  1810.    He  graduated  at  YiJe  New  Jerusalem  Church. 

College  in  1831,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  Youno,  Rev.  Daniel  P.,  died  at  Lonisviile, 

in  Detroit,  Mich.    He  was  Jnoge  of  Probate  Ey.,  June  80th.    He  was  Ftincipal  of  the  Fre6> 

from  1840  to  1844,  and  from  18&  to  1847  was  byterian  Orphans'  Anchorage  of  Seotoc^. 

owner  and  editor  of  the  Detroit  "Daily  Ad-  aud  for  more  than  twenty  years  was  one  of  the 

yertiser."    He  also  served  as  Recorder  of  De-  most  successful  Presbyterian  ministers  in  that 

troit,  and  in  1849  was  appointed  postmaster  of  State. 

that  city  by  President  Taylor.    He  was  a  lieu-  Youwo,  Father  Dominio,  bom  in  Wishing* 

tenant-colonel  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  on  the  ton,  D.  C,  died  there  November  28d,  *ff^  ^^ 

breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  became  a  ma-  years.    For  a  long  time  he  had  been  eogageu 

)or-general  of  militia,  and  was  afterward  made  in  mission  services  in  the  West 

a  brigadier-general  in  the  army.    He  served  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  ABDrtGHAriR, 

on  the  upper  Potomac,  and  had  command  of  a  the  Akhoond  of  Swat,  bom  about  1790,  died  in 

division  at  Winchester.    He  succeeded  General  January,  1878.    The  son  of  poor  petssnts,  be 

Banks  as  a  corps  commander,  and  commanded  was  originally  destined  for  a  shepherd;  hot. 

the  Twelfth   Corps   at  Antietaro.     He  took  having  studied  for  several  years,  he  soon  g«in«d 

part  in  the  battles  of  Chancellorsville  and  Get-  a  great  reputation  as  a  holy  man,  and  received 

tysburg,  and  accompanied  Sherman's  army  in  the  title  of  Akhoond  or  teacher.   His  ]nflDeD<^^ 

t^e  *' march  to  the  sea,"  during  which  he  was  among  the  Mohammedans  of  central  Asii  «'U 

made  brevet  maJor-generaL    He  was  Minister  very  great,  and  no  important  undertaking  ^^ 


OBITUABIES,  FOREIGN.  649 

begun  without  Mb  advice.   (See  Mohahmbdak-  gust  19,  1808,  died  in  Vienna  in  1878.    He 

ISM.)  was  in  sucoession  professor  in  the  law  facnlties 

Albbbi,  EueEHio,  an  Italian  historian,  bom  of  the  Universities  of  Bonn,  Munich,  and  Vi* 
in  Padoa,  October  1,  1809,  died  at  Vichy,  enna,  and  was  pensioned  in  1874.  As  a  mem- 
France,  in  Jnne,  1878.  Having  served  in  the  her  of  the  German  National  Assembly  of  Frank- 
army  for  several  years,  he  left  it  in  1880  in  or-  fort  in  1848,  he  belonged  to  the  so-called  Great 
der  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  a  literary  life.  German  party,  which  was  against  the  exclasion 
In  1848  he  took  part  in  the  war  against  Ans-  of  Austria  from  the  German  Empire.  The 
tria  as  lieutenant-colonel,  and  subsequently  he  Austrian  Government  appointed  him  in  1867 
was  for  a  time  Secretary-Greneral  in  the  Min-  a  member  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  in  1871 
istry  of  War  at  Rome.  The  literary  reputation  knighted  him.  He  achieved  great  distinction 
of  Alberi  rests  chiefly  upon  a  work  on  the  as  a  joridical  writer,  and  his  ^*  Juristische  £n- 
militory  history  of  Prince  Engene  of  Savoy  cydopfidie  und  Methodologie "  (6th  edition, 
(''  Guerre  d'ltalia  del  Principe  Eugenio,''  1880),  1871)  and  his  *'  Lehrboch  der  Pandekten  "  (8th 
which  is  highly  valued  by  military  men ;  an  edition,  1874)  have  found  a  very  extensive  oir- 
apology  of  Catharine  de*  Medici  (^^  8toria  di  Oa-  oulation. 

terina  de'  Medici,"  1888):  a  collection  of  the  Awdbt,  Sir  Jomf  Withbb,  an  English  law- 
important  reports  of  the  Venetian  ambassadors  yer,  bom  in  1795,  died  May  81, 1878.  He  was 
of  the  sixteenth  century  (^*  Relazioni  degli  Am-  educated  at  Ohrist  Ohurcb,  Oxford,  was  called 
basciatori  Veneti,"  1889) ;  and  the  first  complete  to  the  bar  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1822,  and, 
edition  of  the  works  of  Galileo  (*^  Opere  edite  after  being  for  some  years  Puisne  Judge  at 
ed  inedite  di  Galileo  ")•  ^  I^^  ^o  declared  Bombay,  was  appointed  Ohief  Justice  of  the 
in  favor  of  a  confederation  of  the  Italian  states  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  in  Bombay  in 
and  against  the  unification  of  Italy  under  one  1889.  This  position  he  resigned  in  1842.  He 
prince.  His  last  work,  *'  H  Problema  dell'  was  knighted  in  1880. 
nnano  Destino"  (1872),  is  a  eulogy  of  the  Babni,  Julbb  Romain,  a  French  Deputy, 
Catholic  religion  from  a  philosophical  and  po-  bom  June  1,  1818,  died  July  6,  1878.  He  was 
litical  point  of  view.  Professor  of  Philosophy  at  Bouen  at  the  time 

Alzou,  Jorann  Baptist,  a  Roman  Catholic  of  the  e&up  d*itat^  which  compelled  him  to  go 

theologian,  bom  in  1808,  died  Febraary  28,  to  Switzerland.    He  returned  home  upon  ^e 

1878.    He  had  been  for  many  years  Pn)feB8or  establishment  of  the  republic  in  1870,  and  firom 

of  Church  History  in  the  University  of  Frei-  1872  represented  Amiens  in  the  various  As- 

horg,  and  had  attained  considerable  eminence  semblies,  until  his  health  compelled  him  to  re- 

as  a  chnrch  historian.    His  principal  work  is  tire  from  public  life  diortly  before  his  death. 

the  ^^  Handbook  of  Universal  Ohurcb  History,"  He  was  one  of  the  most  respected  members  of 

which  has  passed  through  many  editions  (9th  the  Republican  party,  and  was  very  active  in 

edition,  1872),  and  has  been  translated  into  the  cause  of  popular  education.    The  principal 

many  foreign  languages  (English  transhition  by  object  of  his  literary  activity  was  to  make 

Pabbh,  Cincinnati,  1878).     He  was  also  the  France  acquainted  wiUi  the  philosophical  works 

anther  of  an  *^  Ontline  of  Patrology  "  (1866 ;  of  Kant,  which  he  translated  and  critically  an- 

3d  edition  1874X  which  has  likewise  been  trans-  alyzed.    He  was  also  the  author  of  **  Histoire 

lated  into  French  and  English.    In  1869  he  was  des  Id6es  morales  et  politiqaes  en  France  au 

appointed  a  member  of  the  Dogmatic  Oommis-  XVIII'  Sidcle  "  (2  vols.,  1866). 

$ion  which  was  to  prepare  the  work  of  the  Bathubst,  William  Liimox,  Earl,  bom  Feb- 

Vatican  Council ;  and  he  was  the  only  theolo-  raary  14,  1791,  died  Febraary  24,  1878.    He 

gian  of  this  commission  who  opposed  the  pro-  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Ohrist  Church,  Oz- 

mulgation  of  Papal  infallibility.  ford,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1821,  and  was 

Abvaud,  FniDtuio,  a  French  Senator,  born  Clerk  of  the  Privy  Conndl  from  1880  to  1860. 

April  8, 1819,  died  May  80, 1878.    He  acquired  He  succeeded  his  brother  George  as  Earl  in 

considerable  reputation  as  an  advocate  at  the  1866,  and,  as  he  died  unmarried,  is  himself 

time  ofthe  revolution  of  1848.    He  was  elected  succeeded  by  his  nephew,  Allen  Alexander 

to  the  Constituent  and  afterward  to  the  Legis-  Bathnrst,  M.  P.  for  Cirencester, 

lative  Assembly,  and  was  at  once  a  Republican  BAunisenr,  Wolf  Heinbich  Fbiedbich  Eabl, 

and  zealoos  friend  of  the  clergy.    After  the  Count,  a  German  author,  born  January  80, 

tovp  d^iUa  he  kept  away  from  politics  until  1789,  died  April  4,  1878.    He  entered  for  a 

1869,  when  he  was  chosen  a  Deputy  from  Ari-  short  time  the  service  of  Denmark,  bat  in  1827 

^.    In  1871  he  was  elected  to  the  National  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  Dresden, 

Assembly  from  Paris,  and  in  1876  to  the  Sen-  where  he  contributed  largely  to  the  German 

ate  from  Ari6ge.    He  was  the  author  of  '^  The  translation  of  Shakespeare  edited  by  Tieck,  and 

Independence  of  the  Pope  and  the  Rights  of  under  the  title  of  *^  Ben  Jonson  und  seine 

the  People"  (I860).   ''The  Temporalities  of  Schole*^  (2  vols.,  1886),  published  translations 

the  Papacy  and  Italian  Nationality  '*  (1864),  of  a  number  of  old  English  dramas.    He  also 

"* Italy"  (1864),  and  *'The  Revolution  and  the  translated  some  works  of  Hartmann  von  der 

Chnrch  "(1869).  Aoe  and  Wirat  von  Gravenberg  into  modem 

Arndts  V09  AsmESBKBO,  Kabl  Litdwio,  a  German. 

German  jorist,  bom  in  Arnsberg,  Prussia,  Au-  Bbok,  SoKLsnsns  Tobias  ton,  a  German  the- 


650  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

ologian,  born  Febraarj  22,  1804,  died  Decern-  Ohimie"  (2  yoIs.,  1844);  and  "fH^ments  de 

ber  28,  1878.    He  became  in  1886  eztraordi-  Physiqae  terreetre  et  de  M^t^rologie  "  (18ir> 

nary  Professor  of  Theology  at  the  University  of  In  the  preparation  of  the  latter  work  be  wts 

Basel,  and  in  1848  ordinary  professor  in  To-  assisted  by  his  son  Alexandre  Edmond  (bon 

bingen.    In  opposition  to  his  colleague,  F.  0.  1820).    A  second  son,  Louis  Alfred  (bona  ISli, 

Baor,  he  founded  a  theological  school,  which  died  1862),  was  likewise   distingnishod  as  i 

based  the  development  of  Christian  aoctrine  physicist. 

exclusively  upon  the  Bible,  being  earnestly  Benhngk,   Sir  Hknbt   Joak  Wiluaii,  s 

opposed  to  ail  rationalistic  tendencies,  but  also  British  general,  bom  September  8, 1796,  died 

attaching  little  importance  to  the  doctrinal  September  29, 1878.    He  entered  the  armj  m 

standards  of  the  churches.     His  works  are  1811,  and  served  during  the  Crimean  war  with 

very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  have  exerted  great  distinction,  being  present  at  Alma,  Bab- 

a  great  influence.    The  most  important  are :  klava,  Inkerman,  and  Sebastopol.    For  these 

^'  Einleitung  in  das  System  ddr  christlichen  services  he  was  knighted,  and  created  a  C«in- 

Lehre  "  (1888) ;  *^Die  christliche  Lehrwissen-  mander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  besides  rec«iT- 

schaft  nach  den  bibl.  Urkunden  "  (1841) ;  **  Um-  ing  other  foreign  orders.    He  attained  the  rank 

riss  der  bibl.  Seelenlehre  "  (1848 ;  8d  edition,  of  general  in  1867. 

1871) ;  "  Leitfaden  der  christlichen  Glaubens-  Bibba,  Ebnst  vok.  Baron,  a  German  natQ- 

lehre "  (1862) ;  ^^Die  christliche  Liebeslehre"  ralist,  bom  at  Schwebheim,  Bavaria,  Jane  9, 

(2  vols.,  1872-74).  1806,  died  June  4, 1878.    After  studying  st  tbe 

Bbokmakn,   JoHAinr  Heinbioh,  a  German  University  of  WUrzburg  natural  sciences  and 

bishop,  bom  July  28,  1808,  died  July  80, 1878.  especially  chemistry,  he  published,  either  alooe 

He  studied  theology  in  the  University  of  Mttn-  or  coi^ointly  with  otlier  naturaliats,  a  number 

ster,  was  ordained  in  1828,  and  became  Bishop  of  chemical  and  medical  works.    In  1649  be 

of  OsnabrQck  and  Provicar  of  the  northern  made  extensive  travels  and   explorations  in 

missions.    At  the  Vatican  Council  he  voted  Brazil  and  Chili,  and  after  his  return  publisbed 

against  the  doctrine  of  Papal  infallibility,  and  an  interesting  account  of  them,  entitlea  *^  ReiaeD 

after  his  return  to  Germany  he  refused  for  a  in  BUdamerika  "  (2  vols.,  1854).     He  removed 

long  time  to  give  in  his  submission.    The  obit-  his  valuable  scientific  collections  to  Nuremberf:, 

nary  articles  on  Bishop  Beckmann  in  the  Old  where  Uiey  acquired  great  celebrity.    From 

Catholic  papers  of  Germany  asserted  that  he  1861,  when  he  published  his  "  Erinnenmgen 

remained  in  secret  sympathy  with  their  move-  aus  Stldamerika  *'  (8  vols.),  until  his  death,  be 

ment  up  to  the  end  of  his  life.  was  very  prolific  as  a  writer  of  novels,  which 

Bboqubbel,  Antoinx  CisAB,  a  French  phys-  are  especially  noted  for  beautiful  sketches  ol 

icist,  bom  at  Ch&tillon-sur-'Loing,  March  7,  landscapes^ 

1788,  died  in  Paris,  January  18,  1878,  having  Biddlxoomb,  Sir  Gbobgb,  a  British  BArd 
attained  an  age  of  nearly  90  years.  He  was  officer,  born  in  1807,  died  in  July,  1878.  He  en- 
educated  at  the  Polytechnic  School  of  Paris,  tered  the  navy  in  1828,  and  retired  as  captaiD  in 
and  served  as  an  officer  of  engineers  in  the  1867,  having  seen  considerable  service  in  tL« 
campaigns  of  1811,  1812,  and  1814;  but,  dis-  Baltic  His  high  reputation  as  a  navigator, 
satisfied  with  the  military  career,  he  retired  surveyor,  and  pilot  was  especially  gained  bj 
from  the  army  in  1815,  and  devoted  himself  his  survey  of  a  group  of  islands  whi^  he  dk- 
wholly  to  the  study  of  natural  science.  The  covered  in  the  Pacific.  He  was  the  author  oi 
first  fruits  of  his  studies  were  published  in  the  ^'  Naval  Tactics,"  *^  Steam  Fleet  Tactics,"  aod 
**  Annales  de  Physique  et  de  Chimie."  In  1829  other  works  on  naval  subjects.  He  was  knight- 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  ed  in  1878. 

Sciences  and  appointed  Professor  of  Physics  at  Bolokow,  Hbnbt  WiLLiAif  FKRDiHAKn.  a 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History.  In  this  chair  British  manufacturer,  bom  in  (rermany  in  1806, 
he  was  subsequently  succeeded  by  his  son  Ale-  died  June  18, 1878.  At  an  early  age  he  set- 
xandre  Edmond.  The  name  of  Becquerel  is  tied  in  England,  and  soon  became  one  of  the 
connected  in  the  history  of  physics  with  many  largest  iron  masters  in  the  north  of  England. 
important  discoveries.  His  experiments  on  the  He  was  the  first  Mayor  of  Middlesboroogrh,  a 
discharges  of  electricity  by  pressure  were  the  place  which  owes  much  of  its  prosperity  to  his 
starting-point  of  his  subseauent  investigations,  energy  and  enterprise ;  and  after  the  creation 
He  corrected  Yolta^s  **  tneory  of  contact,'*  of  Middlesborough  into  a  borough  in  1868,  be 
and  was  the  first  to  constract  an  electrical  ap*  was  its  representative  in  Parliament, 
paratus  with  a  constant  current  His  '^Re-  Bonomi,  Josbph,  an  English  archfldologi:^ 
cherches  sur  la  Chaleur  animale''  (1885-^88)  son  of  the  distinguished  Italian  architect  Joa^h 
have  rendered  important  services  to  physiology  Bonomi,  born  in  1796,  died  March  8, 1878.  He 
and  medicine.  Some  other  publications  proved  spent  some  time  in  Syria  and  fifteen  years  in 
very  useful  to  agriculture.  Among  the  most  Egypt,  and  was  the  first  to  point  out  the  re- 
important  of  his  works  are :  ^^  Traits  de  r£lec-  markable  monument  mentioned  by  Herodotos 
tricit6  et  du  Magn^tisme  "  (7  vols.,  1884-^40 ;  as  having  been  set  up  by  Sesostria  on  the  coast 
8  more  vols.,  1855-'56),  a  very  valuable  com-  of  Syria.  He  was  the  author  of  a  nnmber  of 
pilation  of  physical  discoveries ;  *^  Trait6  de  works,  among  which  are  ^*  Nineveh  and  its 
Physique  consid6r6e  dans  ses  Rapports  avec  la  Palaces,"  and  the  **  Sarcophagus  of  Oimenep- 


OfilTUABIES,  FOREIGN.  661 

thah  L*' described  by  Samael  Sbarpe.    He  was  effects.    He  was  also  eraioentlj  snooessfnl  as 

Oarator  of  Sir  John  Soane^s  Mnseam.  a  norelist.     The  best  known  of  his  novels 

Booth,  Jamks,  LL.  D.,  an  English  clergyman  are:  ^'Friedemann  Bach''  (8  vols.,  8d  edition, 

and  writer  on  scientific  subjects,  born  in  1814,  1872);  **8chnbarth  nnd  seine  Zeitgenossen  " 

died  April  22,  1878.     Besides  a  number  of  (4vols.,  1864);  ^'Beanmarchais"(4vol8.,1865); 

smaller  works  and  essays,  he  wrote  *^  A  New  *^ William  Hogarth*^  (8   vols.,  1866);    **Der 

Method  of  Tangentiid  Coordinates,*' and  anno-  dentsche   Miohel'*  (8  vols.,  1868) ;  and  *^Lud- 

tated  and  edited  "  Speeches  and  Addresses  of  wig  XIY.,  oder  die  KomOdie  des  Lebens  "  (4 

the  late  Prince  Consort."    As  an  edncational  vols.,  1870).    He  also  pnblished  a  collection  of 

writer  he  distingnished  himself  by  a  pamphlet  biographies  of  distinguished  men  of  modem 

entitled  "Examination  the  I^ovince  of  the  Germany,  "Die  Mfinner  der  neuen  dentsohen 

State "  (1846),  in  which  he  advocated  those  Zeit  *'  (1872  €t  mo.). 

principles  of  competitive  examination  which  Bbamb,  Julis  1x>itxb  Joskpr,  a  Senator  of 
the  English  Goyemment  and  universities  sub-  France,  bom  January  9,  1808.  died  February, 
sequeutiy  adopted  in  the  civil  service  and  mid-  1878.  He  was  a  member  of  tne  Corps  L^s- 
die-class  exammations.  A  theological  treatise  latif  from  1857  until  the  overthrow  of  the  Em- 
was  published  by  him  in  1870  on  "  The  Lord^s  pire.  In  1860  he  was  for  a  short  time  Minister 
Supper,  a  Feast  after  Sacrifice,  with  Inquiries  of  Public  Instruction.  In  the  Senate,  to  which 
into  the  Doctrine  of  Transubstantiation,  and  he,  was  elected  from  the  Nord  in  1876,  he  al- 
the  Principles  of  Development  as  applied  to  the  ways  acted  with  the  Bonapartists.  He  was 
Interpretation  of  the  Bible."  one  of  the  foremost  speakers  of  the  Protec- 

BjVmoKB,  Eabl  VmnLac,  one  of  the  most  tionist  party.     He  wrote  ^'L'£migration  des 

distinguished  Swedish  poets  of  modem  times,  Campagnes  "  (8vo,  Lille,  1859). 

born  at  Westerfis,  May  15,  1807,  died  in  Up-  Bbassais  Saint-Mabo,  Godefbot,  a  French 

sala,  December  24,  1878.    After  traveling  ex-  Cardinal,  bomFebraary4, 1806,  diedFebraary 

teosively  in  central  and  southern  Europe,  he  27,  1878.    He  was  created  Bishop  of  Rennes 

was  appointed  in  1889  adjunct  professor  at  the  in  1841.    Napoleon  IH.  raised  his  see  to  an 

University  of  Upsala.    In  1889  he  became  ex-  archbishopric,  and  on  September  16, 1875,  he 

traordinary  Professor  of  Modem  Literatures,  in  was  created  CardinaL 

1856  ordinary  Professor  of  ^sthetice^  and  in  Bulgabis,  DiMrrBi,  one  of  the  most  promi- 
1858  Professor  of  European  Linguistics.  He  nentstatesmenofmodemGreece,  bom  in1801, 
was  pensioned  in  1867.  Most  of  his  poems,  died  Januarr  10,  1878.  He  belonged  to  an 
among  which  the  lyric  poems  are  especially  old  family  of  Hydra,  and  took  an  active  part 
distinguished,  are  contidned  in  his  "Samlade  in  the  Grecian  war  of  independence.  After 
Skrifter"  (4  vols.,  1856-^69).  He  was  also  a  the  overthrow  of  Capo  d'Istria  in  1881,  which 
BQccessfuI  translator  of  German  (Uhland)  and  was  in  great  part  his  work,  he  became  for  a 
Italian  (Dante,  Tasso)  poets,  and  the  author  short  time  Mmister  of  the  Navy,  but  he  re- 
ef a  biography  of  his  father-in-law,  Tegn6r.  signed  soon  after  the  arrival  of  Emg  Otho. 
A  selection  of  his  poems  has  appeared  in  a  He  ^as  Minister  of  Finance  from  1848  to  1849, 
German  translation  (1844).  In  1847  he  was  and  during  the  Crimean  war  became  Prime 
elected  a  member  of  the  Swedish  Academy.  Minister  and  Minister  of  the  Interior.  .He  re- 

Botttabio,  Edoab  Paul,  a  French  historian,  signed  in  1857,  as  he  disagreed  with  the  policy 

born  September  9, 1829,  died  January  4,  1878.  of  the  court,  and  became  in  the  Senate  the 

His  principal  works  are :   '^  La  France  sous  leader  of  a  determined  opposition  against  the 

Philippe  le  Bel,'' and  *^  Louis  IX  et  Alphonse  de  Bavarian  dynasty.    After  the  dethronement 

Poitiers."    Each  of  these  two  works  received  of  King  Otho  in  1862,  he  was  prodaimed  re- 

a  prize  from  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  gent,  and  formed  a  definite  regency  in  union 

Bbaohvooel,  Albrbt  Emil,  a  G^nnan  author,  with  Canaris  and  Rnfos.    In  this  position  he 

bora  April  29,  1824,  died  November  27,  1878.  attained  tiie  most  brilliant  part  of  his  career. 

After  having  passed  through  the  gymnasium  of  possessing  an  almost  unlimited  power.   In  Feb- 

his  native  city,  Breslau,  he  was  apprenticed  to  ruary,  1868,  an  insurrection  of  the  army  com- 

an  engraver.    This  trade  he  left  upon  the  death  polled  him  to  resign,  and  he  lived  in  retirement 

of  his  mother  in  1845,  and  went  to  Vienna,  until  he  became  in  1865  again  for  a  few  months 

where  he  became  an  actor.    His  first  attempt  Prime  Minister.    During  the  frequent  changes 

on  the  stage,  however,  was  so  complete  a  fail-  of  ministry  which  characterize  the  recent  Us- 

ure  that  he  left  it    The  following  years  he  tory  of  Greece,  Bulgaria  was  several  times 

spent  in  study,  and  in  1864  he  became  secretary  appointed  Prime  Minister,  but  always  had  to 

for  KrolFs  theatre  in  Berlin.    Here  he  pro-  resign  after  a  few  months.    Greece  is  greatly 

duoed  his  drama  ^^  Narciss,'*  which  met  with  indebted  to  him  for  the  material  progress  which 

an  extraordinary  success  on  the  German  stage,  it  has  made  since  the  establishment  of  its  inde- 

and  at  once  made  him  famous,  not  only  in  Ger-  pendence. 

many,  but  throughout  the  civilized  world,  as  Buss,  Fbanz  Joseph  von,  a  Catholic  Jurist 

it  was  translated  into  all  the  important  Ian-  and  writer  of  Germany,  born  March  28,  1808, 

guages  of  Europe.   His  other  dramas,  although  died  February  1,  1878.     After  studying  at 

not  as  popular  as  ^*  Narciss,"  show  the  same  the  Universities  of  Freiburg,  Heidelberg,  and 

peculiarities,    a  great   talent   for  theatrical  Gdttingen,  he  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor 


652  OBITUABIES,  FOBEIGN. 

in  the  three  facilities  of  phOosophj,  medicine,  he  was  appointed  Solicitor-General  and  vm 

and  law.    He  became  in  1829  a  private  tutor,  knighted,  and  in  the  following  year  racceeded 

in  1838  extraordinary,  and  in  1886  ordinary  to  the  attorney-generalship,  which  office  he 

professor  in  the  law  faculty  of  the  TJniyersity  again  filled  in  1862.    In  1858  he  was  created 

of  Freibnrg  in  Baden.    As  a  member  of  the  I^rd  Ohanoellor  and  raised  to  the  peenee. 

8econd  Chamber  of  Baden,  he  belonged  at  first  He  resigned  the  chancellorship  in  1869,  butre- 

to  the  Liberal  party,  but  soon  became  an  en-  sumed  it  in  1866,  again  to  retire  in  1868.  He 

thnsiastic  and   zealous  champion  of  the  in-  was  an  eloquent  a:^  brilliant  advocate  w\i\k 

terests  of  the  Oatholic  party  of  Germany.    He  at  the  bar,  and  was  leading  counsel  in  the  cbWf 

was  one  of  the  most  actiye  leaders  of  this  eauses  eiUbrm  of  his  time.    In  the  House  of 

party  in  the  Diet  of  Baden,  in  the  German  Lords  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  leaders  ctf 

National  Assembly  of  1848,  and  in  the  German  the  Gonsenratiye  party.    He  was  succeeded  in 

Reichstag.    At  the  same  time  he  was  one  of  the  barony  by  his  oldest  eon,  Lieutensst-Gea- 

its  most  prolific  writers.     Among  his  numer-  era!  Frederick  Augustus  Thesiger,  commaDdiBg 

ous  works  the  foUowing  are  the  most  impor-  in  South  Africa. 

tant:  *^Ueber  den  Einfluss  des  Christenthams  Conrot.  Gsobos,  Bishop  of  Armagh,  bom 

auf  Becht  und  Staat"  (1841);  ''Der  Unter-  in  1882,  died  August  4,  1678.    Educated  h 

schied  der  kath.  und  protestant  TJniyersitAten  one  of  the  classi^  schools  of  the  diooeae  d 

Dentschlands  '*  (1846);   **  Die  Gemeinsamkeit  Armagh,  he  went  to  Rome  to  finish  his  stodies 

der  Rechte  und  Interessen  des  Eatholioismus  "  in  the  OoUege  of  the  Propaganda,  and  there 

(2  vols.,  1847-'60);  *'Die  Gesellschaft  Jesu"  obtmned  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Theology. 

(2  vols.,  185a-*64) ;  ^*  Gesohichte  und  System  Having  returned  to  Ireland,  he  became  anori- 

der  Staatswissenschaft  '*  (8  vols.,  1889).  ated  with  the  missionary  college  of  All  Hii* 

Oarbuthbbs,  Robkbt,  a  British  author,  bom  lows,  where  he  taught  divinity  for  aerenl 

November  6,  1799,  died  May  26,  1878.    He  years.    When  Archbishop  CuUen  was  creaud 

had  been  since  1828  editor  and  since  1881  also  Cardinal  in  1866,  he  selected  Dr.  Conroy  u 

proprietor  of  the  *^  Inverness  Courier."    He  his  secretary,  which  position  he  held  mtil 

was  the  author  of  a  life  of  Pope,  with  an  edi-  1871,  when  he  succeeded  Dr.  MeCabe  aa  Bisb- 

tion    of  Pope's   noetical  works,  and   edited  op  of  Armagh.    When  it  was  thought  ueee* 

Chambers's  **  Cyclopaedia  of  English  litera-  sary  to  send  a  delegate  of  Uie  Pope  to  Cantds 

tnre  "  and  an  edition  of  BoswelPs  "  Joumid  of  to  restore  harmony  among  the  Catholics  of  tbe 

a  Tour  to  the  Hebrides,"  and  fttmished  numer-  Dominion,  Bishop  Conroy  was  selected  for 

ous  contribations  to  the  ^^Encyclopiedia  Bri-  that  purpose  by  Cardinal  Fi-anchL    Heacqut- 

tannica  "  and  to  current  reviews  and  maga-  ted  himself  of  his  task  with  great  ability*  aod 

ziues.    He  labored  earnestly  and  successfully  then  made  a  trip  through  the  United  States 

for  the  literary  improvement  of  tbe  Highlands  and  the  British  dominions  in  order  to  be  able 

of  Scotland.  to  report  in  Rome  on  the  general  conditioo  ef 

Cabtcb,  Sir  Jambs,  a  British  lawyer,  bom  in  Catholicity  in  America.    He  had  arrived  at  St 

1805,  died  March  10,  1878.    He  was  educated  John's.  Newfoundland,  and  was  on  the  ere  of 

at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  was  called  to  embarking  for  home,  when  he  died* 

the  bar.  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1882,  was  ap-  Cobt,  f^aAKS  db,  a  Belgian  poet,  born  Jwe 

pointed  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  21,  1884,  died  January  20, 1878.    He  was  oce 

Court  of  New  Brunswick  in  1884,  and  Chief  of  the  most  prominent  and  active  promoter* 

Justice  of  that  province  in  1851.     He  held  of  the  Flemish  language,  published  a  larpe 

this  position  until  1866,  when  he  retired  on  a  number  of  poems  and  translations,  and  vis 

pension.    He  was  knighted  in  1859.  for  fifteen  years  editor  of  the  educatioDal  aiwl 

Chabkton,  Jban  Joseph  Vbts  db,  a  French  literary  jounial  "  De  Toekomst,'*  one  of  tU 

general  and  senator,  bom  July  8,  1818,  died  most  important  Flemish  pttiodiods. 

June  15, 1878.    He  served  with  distinction  in  Cozb,  Sir  Jambs,  a  British  phyaiciaD,  bon 

Algeria  in  1887,  in  the  Crimea,  and  against  in  1811,  died  May  9, 1878.    Having  gndoated 

Germany  in  1870,  when  he  was  taken  prisoner  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  l^t 

at  Sedan.    In  1871  he  was  created  a  general,  he  practiced  with  considerable  succeas  in  lona- 

and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  a  member  of  cy  cases,  and  was  appointed  a  Conunissiooer 

the  National  Assembly,  and  in  1876  to  the  Sen-  in  Lunacy  for  Scotland  in  1857.    For  his  ser- 

ate  from  the  department  of  Dr6me,  and  in  both  vices  in  this  position  he  was  knighted  in  1663. 

bodies  voted  with  the  Republicans.    He  was  Cbaio,  Sir  WnxiAM  Gibbok,  M.  P.,  bom 

regarded  as  an  authority  in  all  questions  relat-  August  2,  1797,  died  March  12,  1878w   H« 

ing  to  military  affairs,  and  <dways  took  an  ao-  passed  the  bar  as  an  advocate  in  1820,  sat  in 

tive  part  in  their  discussion.  Parliament  for  the  county  of  Edinborgh  fr^ 

Chblmsfobd,  Fbbdbbiok  Thbbiobb,  Baron,  1887  to  1841,  and  for  tbe  dty  of  Edinboiifrfa 

bom  July  15, 1794,  died  October  5,  1878.    At  from  1841  to  1862.    From  1846  to  1857  be 

an  early  age  he  entered  the  Royal  Navy  as  a  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  and  in  1869  wtf 

midshipman,  bnt  changed  his  profession,  and  appointed  Lord  Clerk  Register  and  Keeper  of 

was  called  to  the  bar  in  1818.    He  soon  be-  the  Signet  of  Scotland,  and  a  member  of  tLe 

came  a  leading  counsel  on  the  home  circuit.  Privy  Coimcil. 

and  became  King's  Counsel  in  1884.    In  1844  Cbbabt,  Sir  Edwabd  Sbbphebu^  a  British 


OBIXUABIES,  FOREIGN.  6S3 


lawyer  and  author,  bom  in  1818,  died  January  chased  for  the  Hiniatrj  of  the  Interior,  the 
27, 1878.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  Toileries,  etc  He  received  a  medal  of  the 
College,  Oambridge,  was  called  to  the  bar  at  first  class  at  the  Uniyersal  Exhibition  of  1867, 
Linooln's  Inn  in  1887,  and  was  appointed  in  besides  several  others  at  the  Paris  Exhibition. 
1840  Professor  of  Ancient  and  Modem  History  Danbigny  was  ^nerally  regarded  as  one  of  the 
in  the  Umversity  of  London.  This  post  he  first  French  painters  of  the  nataralistio  sohooL 
held  for  several  years,  and  in  1860  was  ap-  See  on  his  works,  E.  Danbigny,  ^^  Charles  Dan- 
pointed  Chief  Justice  of  Ceylon.  Among  his  bigny  et  son  (Euvre  "  (Paris,  1875) ;  Henriet, 
works  are:  ^* Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  *^ Charles  Danbigny  et  son  (Euvre  grave" 
World  *'  (1861);    «' HUtory  of  the  Ottoman  (Paris,  1876). 

Turks  " ;  *^  History  of  England  "  (vol.  i.  and  ii.,  Dawson,  Hxnbt,  a  British  landscape  painter, 

1869-'70;  was  to  be  completed  in  6  vols.);  bom  in  1811,  died  December  18, 1878L    Hebe- 

and  '^  Imperial  and  Colonial  Constitutions  of  gan  life  in  a  lace-factory,  but  the  love  of  art 

the  Britannic  Empire  '*  (1872).  manifesting  itself,  he  devoted  his  spare  time 

CsuEKSHAinc,  GxoBou,  an  English  caricatu-  to  painting,  and  adopted  art  as  Ms  profession 
rist,  bora  September  27, 1792,  died  February  1,  in  1886 ;  but  it  was  not  until  1872  that  his  pic- 
1878.  At  an  early  age  he  showed  great  talent  tures  were  placed  on  line  at  the  Academy, 
for  art  Mr.  Williiun  Hone,  the  celebrated  Among  his  paintings  are  **  The  Wooden  WaUs 
political  publisher  of  that  day,  was  the  first  to  of  Old  England," ''  The  Bainbow,"  ''  The  Rain- 
perceive  young  Cruikahank*s  talents,  and  in-  bow  at  Sea,'^  *^  The  Pool  from  London  Brid^" 
trodnced  his  earlier  sketches  to  the  public  in  '^  London  at  Sunrise,"  and  "The  Houses  of  Par- 
1819.  In  1880  he  produced  some  political  iUus-  liament." 

trations  ridiculing  the  Ministry,  which  were  Damrosai,  Gabsisl,  a  French  scholar,  bora 
•aid  to  have  convulsed  with  laughter  the  per-  in  1796,  died  October  14, 1878.  He  was  Pro- 
sons  at  whom  they  were  directed,  and  to  whom  f  essor  of  Mineralogy  in  the  Normal  School  and 
they  did  great  damage.  His  illustrations  to  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  in  Paris,  and  was 
the  novels  of  Dickens  and  Ainsworth  gained  the  author  of  several  text-books  on  natural 
for  him  considerable  renown ;  and  his  temper-  history  which  are  very  extensively  used.  He 
anoe  sketohes,  particularly  a  series  of  eight  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sd- 
plates  entitled  "  The  Bottie,''  while  they  alien-  enoes  in  1867.  His  literary  reputation  rests 
ated  from  him  some  of  his  former  friends,  have  especially  upon  his  works  on  crystdlography. 
done  much  to  promote  the  temperance  cause.  Dxntxbt  -  Roohbbbau,  Pixbbx  Mareb  Phi- 
He  was  an  araent  advocate  of  total  absti-  uppbAbistidk,  a  French  soldier  and  legislator, 
nenoe.  bom  January  11, 1828,  died  May  11, 1878.    He 

Gust,  Sir  Edwabd,  a  British  generd,  bom  in  served  with  distinction  in  the  Crimea,  in  Italy, 

March,  1794,  died  January  14^  1878.   He  served  and  in  Algeria,  but  gained  for  himself  the  great- 

with  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  the  Peninsula  est  renown  by  his  defense  of  Belfort  in  1870. 

during  the  campaigns  of  1811  to  1814,  and  sat  In  1871  he  was  elected  to  the  National  Assem- 

in  the  Hoose  of  Commons  from  1818  to  1882.  bly  from  three  departments,  accepting  that  from 

He  attained  field  rank  in  1861,  and  was  pro-  Charente-Inf6rieure.    He  acted  with  the  Left, 

moted  to  lieutenant-general  in  1869  and  to  full  and  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  M.  Thiers, 

general  in  1888.    As  member  of  Parliament  he  He  was  a  member  of  all  the  different  Chambers 

succeeded  in  maturing  a  system  of  public  com-  of  Deputies,  representing  Paris  in  the  present 

petition  for  public  buildings,  under  which  he  Chamber,  which  body  had  elected  him  qunstor. 

was  named  a  commissioner  for  rebuilding  the  He  took  an  active  interest  in  all  the  affiurs  of 

Houses  of  Parliament  and  for  the  selection  of  the  Reformed  Church,  of  which  he  was  amem- 

the  Wellington  monument.    He  distinguished  ber. 

himself  as  a  military  writer  by  his  *^  Annals  of  Duetl,  Joseph,  an  Austrian  politician,  bom 

the  Wars  of  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  in  1804,  died  January  18, 1878.    He  had  been 

Centuries,"  and  ^*  lives  of  the  Warriors  of  the  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of 

Seventeenth  Century "  (8  vols.),  for  which  Cracow,  mayor  of  that  city,  a  member  of  the 

works  he  received  fh>m  the  Emperor  of  Aus-  Diet  of  Galicia  and  of  the  Austrian  Beichsrath, 

tria  the  great  gold  medal  of  the  empire.  and  was  in  1869  created  a  member  of  the  House 

CznoiAK,  Jabosulv.  a  Bohemian  painter,  of  Lords.    He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of 

bora  August  1, 1881,  died  April  28,  1878.    He  medical  works,  written  partly  in  the  German 

excelled  in  genre  painting,  choosing  for  the  and  partiy  in  the  Polish  language, 

tabjects  of  bis  pictures  chiefi^  scenes  from  Doran,  Johk,  Ph.  D.,  a  British  popular  au- 

Montenegro  and  the  Heraegovina.      His  pic-  thor,  bora  in  1807,  died  January  26, 1878.    He 

tures  are  full  of  life  and  action,  intensely  ara-  first  became  known  to  the  world  of  letters 

matic,  with  fine  sentiment,  and  attract  strong  as  a  contributor  to  the  ^^Uterary  Chronicle." 

personal  sympathy  for  his  characters.  Among  his  numerous  works  are :  "  Table  Traits 

DAirBioirT,CHA]ELBsFBAHgois,aFrench paint-  and  Something  on  Them*'  (1864),  ** Queens  of 

or,  bora  February  16,  1817,  died  Febraary  20,  England  of  the  House  of  Hanover"  (1866), 

1878.    He  was  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche,  and  ''  History  of  Court  Fools  "  (1858),  and  ^'  lives 

was  represented  in  the  Paris  Exhibitions  since  of  the  Princes  of  Wales"  (1860).    He  was  at 

1888.    Several  of  his  landscapes  had  been  pur-  various  periods  acting  editor  of  the  ^^  Athena- 


654  OBrrUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

nm,''  of  the  '^  Notes  and  Qaeriee,"  and  other  editor  of  the  foreign  department  of  the  ^'Mon* 

periodioals.  ing  Post "  of  London,  returned  in  1861  to  Ber* 

DdniNO,  Thbodob,  a  Grerman  actor,  bom  in  lin,  and  was  elected  in  the  same  year  a  membef 

1808,  died  Angnst  17, 1878.    He  made  his  first  of  the  Prossian  Chamber  of  Depnti^   In  hTO 

appearance  at  Brombergin  1825,  and,  although  he  organized  the  correspondence  of  the  Lm* 

he  failed  on  this  occasion,  he  soon  gained  popa-  don  *^  Daily  News  "  at  the  seat  of  war,  wot 

lar  favor,  so  that  in  1826  he  received  a  perina-  to  London  in  1872,  and  there  wrote  in  tb; 

nent  engagement  in  Breslan.    He  played  with  English  langaage  on  the  abolition  of  serfdcn 

great  success  in  namerous  cities  of  Germany,  in  Russia  and  toe  English  liquor  tax.    In  tk 

until  in  1845  he  became  a  member  of  the  Ck)urt  last  years  of  his  life  he  traveled  extensiT^j  h 

Theatre  in  Berlin,  where  he  remained  till  his  tJie  East  and  in  Italy.   He  bad  pubhshed  nce^ 

death.    He  was  eaually  successful  in  tragedy  1868  the  *'  Yierteljahrsschrift  f&r  Yolkswiith- 

and  in  comedy,  and  was  considered  at  the  time  schaft  und  Knlturgeschichte." 

of  his  death  one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  Febnkobn,  Ainx>K,  a  German  sculptor,  bora 

greatest,  of  German  actors.  March  17,  1818,  died  November  16, 1878.  Hi 

D(7FF,  Alezandkb,  a  Scotch  missionary,  bom  received  his  education  in  Munich,  and  after- 

in  1806,  died  in  February,  1878.    After  having  ward  settled  in  Vienna.    His  principal  wori^ 

completed  his  studies  in  St.  Andrews,  he  went  are  the  equestrian  statues  of  Prince  Eo^eBt 

in  1680  to  India,  where  he  gained  great  dis-  and  Archduke  Gharles  in  Vienna.    In  1866  he 

tinction  as  the  founder  and  conductor  of  an  im-  became  insane  and  was  removed  to  an  asjlim 

portant  set  of  institutions  for  the  moral  and  where  he  died. 

religious  benefit  of  the  native  races.    He  opened  Fbanohi,  Albbsavdbo,  an  Italian  CardisiL 

a  high  school  for  Hindoos  in  Calcutta,  in  which  bom  June  25, 1819,  died  August  1,  1878.  Tit 

instruction  was  imparted  through  the  medium  son  of  a  Roman  notary,  he  inherited  an  spti- 

of  the  English  language  only,  a  method  which  tude  for  business,  supplemoited  by  a  happj 

met  with  great  success.    In  1864  he  returned  facility  for  making  friends  and  keeping  thcia. 

to  Scotland,  and  became  Professor  of  Theology  He  very  soon  found  his  way  into  the  diplomatir 

in  the  Free  Kirk  Collegu  at  Edinburgh.    He  service,  and  in  1868,  after  various  brilliant  m- 

published  several  works  on  India,  among  them  cesses  in  minor  trusts,  was  made  Nundo  is 

*^  New  Era  for  the  English  Language  and  Lit-  Spain.    Pius  IX.  made  him  a  Cardinal  in  ISTI, 

erature  in  India  "  (1857).  and  in  the  following  year  Prefect  of  the  Prop- 

Ehrenfbuchteb,  Fbikdsioh  Attoust  Edu-  aganda,  a  signal  mark  of  favor  and  confidence. 
ABD,  a  German  theologian,  bom  December  15,  He  was  generally  regarded  as  a  prominent  cid- 
1814,  died  March  20,  1878.  He  was  in  1845  didate  for  the  succession  to  Pius  IX^  and  w&a 
appointed  extraordinary  and  in  1849  ordina-  named  by  the  new  Pope,  Leo  XUJ.,  Secreury 
ry  Professor  of  Theology  in  G^ttingen.  He  of  State,  a  position  he  filled  with  great  abiBt}. 
was  also  from  1859  to  1864  a  member  of  the  Fbancis  Chablks  Josbph,  father  of  the  Em- 
Supreme  Oonsistory  of  the  Kingdom  of  Han-  peror  of  Austria,  bom  December  7,  180^  died 
over.  Among  his  principal  theological  works  March  8,  1878.  He  was  the  son  of  Francis  1^ 
are :  ^'Theorie  des  christlichenOultus''  (1840);  the  first  Emperor  of  Austria,  was  married  in 
^*  Entwicklungsgeschichte  der  Menschheit  *'  1824  to  the  Princess  Sophia,  a  daughter  of 
(1845) ;  **  Die  praktische  Theologie  *'  (1st  voL,  Kins  Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria,  and  had  6«t^ 
1859).  This  was  to  be  his  chief  work  and  to  children.  When  his  brother,  the  Emperor  Fer- 
embrace  three  volumes,  but  it  has  not  been  dinand,  resigned  in  1848,  he  renounced  his 
completed.  In  his  last  work,  **  Christenthum  right  to  the  Uirone  in  favor  of  hia  oldest  soc. 
und  modeme  Weltanschauung ''  (1876),  he  gave  who  then  became  Emperor  as  Francis  JoseDb  L 
a  history  of  the  attempts  to  show  the  harmony  Gbobob  V.,  ez-Xing  of  Hanover,  bom  jIaj 
between  Ohristianity  and  modern  science.  In  27, 1819,  died  June  12, 1878.  (See  Gxbmaict.) 
1856  he  founded,  with  Domer  and  others,  the  Gbsblsohap,  Eduabo,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
^'JahrbncherfUrdeutsche  Theologie,"  to  which  March  22,  1814,  died  January  5,  187a  Be 
he  contributed  many  articles.  studied  in  the  Academy  of  Dtkaseldorf,  and  €x- 

Evans,   Witxlam,  an   English   painter  in  celled  in  (^enre  painting,  although  he  also  fiir- 

water-oolors,  bom  December  4,  1797,  died  in  nished  some  good  historical  and  religious  p«iiit- 

the  latter  part  of  January,  1878.    In  1881  he  ings.    His  best  work  is  the  *'St.  Nicolas  Ei^e* 

was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Paint-  in  Dflsseldorf,  painted  in  1851. 

ers  in  Water-Colors,  and  from  that  time  until  Goldsxid,  Sir  Fbanoib  Hbnbt,  bom  May  1, 

a  few  years  before  his  death  was  a  constant  1808,  died  May  2,  1878.    He  was  called  to  the 

contributor  to  its  exhibitions,  sending  to  them  bar  at  Lincoln^s  Inn  in  1888,  being  the  fii>t 

many  and  often  large  and  important  works.  member  of  the  Jewish  faith  who  obtained  thit 

Fauoheb,  Julius,  a  German  political  econo-  position.    In  1860  he  entered  Parliament  85 

mist,  bom  in  1820,  died  May  14,  1878.    To-  member  for  Readiiiff,  and  rq>reaented  that  cod- 

gether  with  Prince  Smith  and  others,  he  es-  stituency  in  the  Liberal  interest  down  to  hi^ 

tablished  in  1846  the  first  Free-Trade  associa-  death. 

tion  in  Berlin.  He  was  in  succession  the  editor  Gbaht,  Sir  Fbakgxs,  a  British  painter,  bom 

of  two  German  Free-Trade  papers,  went  in  January  18,  1808,  died  October  5,  1ST8.    He 

1850  to  England,  where  he  became  in  1856  received  his  education  at  Harrow  and  at  Edin- 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  666 

bargh  High  School.    He  was  thirty  yeans  old  tant  offices.    In  1866  he  went  as  a  Oommis- 

when  he  appeared  as  an  exhibitor  in  the  Royal  sioner  to  Jamaica  to  inquire  into  the  origin  of 

Academy.    He  gained  a  special  reputation  as  the  rebellion  there,  and  in  recognition  of  his 

a  painter  of  sporting  scenes  and  of  portraits  of  services  was  created  a  Privy  Councilor.    la 

the  reigning  beauties  of  the  time.    He  was  July,  1871,  he  was  one  of  the  Oommissioners 

elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  on  behalf  of  Great  Britain  for  the  settlement 

1842,  an  Academician  in  1851,  and  President  of  British   and  American  claims  under  the 

in  1866.     In  that  year  he  was  also  knighted,  treaty  of  Washington.    He  had  been  a  mem- 

and  in  1870  was  created  a  D.  0.  L.  of  Oxford  her  of  Parliament  for  Southampton  since  1866. 

University.  Hall,  Sir  Wiluam  Hutchbon,   a  British 

GBEoa,  John,  an  Irish  bishop,  bom  in  1708,  admiral,  died  June  25,  1878.    He  entered  the 

died  May  26, 1878.    He  was  ordained  in  1822,  navy  in  1811,  and  served  with  distinction  in 

after  a  sucoessfiil  collegiate  course  in  Trinity  the  different  wars  in  the  East,  particularly  in 

College,  Dublin,  and  lie  acquired  some  fame  as  the  first  Ohina  war  in  1841,  and  in  the  Baltic 

a  preacher  while  he  was  attached  to  the  in-  in  1854-'55.     In  1867  he  was  nominated  a 

cumbency  pf  Holy  Trinity  Parish,  Dublin.  He  Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath.     He  was 

was  appomted  Archdeacon  of  Eildare  in  1857,  placed  on  the  active  list  of  rear-admirals  in 

and  became  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Oork,  1868,  and  of  vice-admirals  in  1869,  and  went 

Cloyne,  and  Ross  in  1862.  on  the  retired  list  of  admirals  in  1875. 

GaiF^trH,  Sir  Richabd  Johk,  a  British  civil  Halt,  Sir  William  O'Gbadt,  a  British  gen- 
engineer,  bom  September  20,  1784,  died  Sep-  eral,  died  March  19,  1878.  He  entered  the 
tember  22, 1878.  In  1825  he  was  appointed  army  in  1828,  became  major-general  in  1866, 
commissioner  for  the  general  valuation  of  lieutenant-general  in  1878,  and  brevet  migor- 
knds  and  tenements  in  Ireland,  and  in  1851  general  in  1877.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  of  the  Crimean  war,  was  appointed  to  the  corn- 
that  country,  which  office  he  held  till  1864.  mand  of  the  forces  in  Oanada  in  1878,  and  ad- 
He  was  credited  a  baronet  in  1858,  and  was  a  ministered  the  government  there  during  the 
member  of  various  learned  societies.  His  cele-  absence  of  the  Gk>vemor-General  in  1875. 
brated  geological  map  of  Ireland  was  begun  in  Hakel,  Gustav  Fbibdbioh,  a  German  jurist, 
1813  and  completed  in  1857.  bom  October  5,  1792,  died  October  18,  1878. 

Gr&itsibbn,  Earl  vox,  a  German  theologian  He  began  to  lecture  at  the  University  of  Leip- 

BTid  scholar,  bom  January  17, 1802,  died  Feb-  sic  in  1817,  was  appointed  extraordinary  pro- 

raary  28,   1878.     He  was   appointed    court  fessor  in  1821,  and  ordinary  professor  in  1888. 

preacher  and  consistorial  councilor  in  Stutt-  He  edited  a  large  number  of  Latin  MSS.  hav- 

gart  in  1886,  from  which  position  he  retired  in  ing  reference  to  Roman  law,  the  most  impor- 

1868.    He  was  equally  distinguished  as  a  wri-  tant  of   which  are  :  "  Oodez  Tbeodosianns  ^* 

ter  on  theology  as  on  art,  and  also  gained  some  (1837-^42),  and  *^  Lex  Romana  Yisigothorum  ^' 

distinction  as  a  poet.    In  1858  he  established,  (1849).    His  great  merits  in  behidf  of  a  better 

with  Schnaase  and  Schnorr  von  Karolsfeld,  the  knowledge  of  the  sources  of  the  Roman  law 

^  Christliche  Eunstblatt,"  of  which   he  re-  are  generally  recognized, 

matned  one  of  the  editors  until  his  death.  Habdt,  Sir  Thomas  Dufftts,  a  British  his- 

GusRioKKi  Heinbioh  Ernst  Febdinand,  a  torian,  bom  in  1804,  died  June  15,  1876.    At 

German  theologian,  bom  Febraary  28,  1808,  the  early  age  of  fifteen  he  became  a  junior 

died  February  4,  1878.    He  was  appointed  a  clerk  in  H.  M.  Record  Office,  was  appointed 

Professor  of  Theology  in  the   University  of  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records  in  1861, 

Halle  in  1829.    Being  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  and  was  knighted  in  1869.    Besides  editing  a 

Old  Latherans,  he  opposed  the  union  between  large  number  of  ancient  MSS.  and  records,  hf 

the  two  Protestant  churches  of  Prussia,  and  wrote  a  biography  of  Lord  Langdale,  a  *^  Dc 

was  in  consequence  removed  from  his  profes-  scriptive  Catalogue  of  Materials  relating  to 

sorsbip  in  1835,  but  was  reinstated  in  1840.  the  History  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to 

He  was  the  author  of  a  considerable  number  the  End  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VIL,"  "The 

of  theological  works,  the  most  important  of  Atbanasian   Greed   in  connection   with    the 

vhich  are :  "  Handbuch  der  Kirchengeschich-  Utrecht  Psalter,"  and  "  A  Further  Report  on 

te"  (2  vols.,  1888 ;  9th  edition,  1866) ;  «  All-  the  Utrecht  Psalter." 

gemeine  christliche  Symbolik  "  (1889);  "Lehr-  Habtmann,  Julius  von,  a  German  general, 

buch  der  christliohen  Arch&ologie  "  (1847).   He  born  in  1817,  died  April  80,  1878.    He  entered 

was  also  from  1840  until  his  death  one  of  the  the  Prussian  army  in  1836,  commanded  the 

editors  of  the  quarterly  "  Zeitschrift  fQr  Lu-  cavalry  division  of  the  Second  Army  in  the  war 

therische  Theologie,"  one  of  the  leading  Hter-  with  Austria  in  1866  with  the  rank  of  major- 

U7  organs  of  the  Gferman  Lutheran  Ohuroh.  general,  and  was  created  a  lieutenant-general 

GuB5BT,  Russell,  an  English  lawyer,  bom  in  1867.    In  the  war  with  France  he  was  again 

pi  1904,  ^ed  May  81,  1878.    He  was  educated  in  command  of  a  cavalry  division,  and  in  rec- 

in  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  was  called  to  ognition  of  his  services  was  created  a  general 

the  bar  at  Uie  Inner  Temple  in  1828,  and  was  of  cavalry.     He  retired  from  the  service  in 

elected  Recorder  of  London  in   1856,  after  1674. 

having  previously  filled  various  other  impor-  Hbdcakn,  Basili  Alexaitdbovitoh,  a  Rns- 


656  OBITIJABI£S,  FOREIGN. 

Bian  graera],  died  in  the  beginniDg  of  May,  land  under  Lord  Aberdeen's  Govenuneot, 

1878.    (See  ^*  Annual  Cyolop»dia  '*  for  1877.)  in  1855  was  promoted  to  be  Attornej-Gentnl 

HiLDBBRAND,  Bbuko,  a  German  statistician,  A  year  later  he  was  raised  to  the  Irish  beodi 

born  March  6,  1812,  died  January  29,  1878.  as  one  of  the  Jadges  of  the  Court  of  Common 

After  having  been  professor  in  the  Universities  Pleas.    He  was  at  one  time  an  active  poB^ 

of  Breslau  and  Marbnrg,  he  was  elected  in  cian  of  the  Liberal  party,  and  gained  dkififr 

1848  a  member  of  the  German  National  As-  tion  both  as  a  writer  and  speaker, 

senibly.    From  1861  to  1856  he  was  a  profes-  K&ubbg,  Hippolytk  Aims  Masix  TeoiI 

sor  in  Ztlrich,  then  went  to  Beme,  where  he  es-  Comte  de,  a  French  Senator,  born  Aogost  IS, 

tablished  the  first  statistical  bnreaa  in  Switz-  18(H,  died  April  14, 1878.    He  was  from  hk 

erland,  and  in  1861  went  to  Jena  as  Professor  youth  an  ardent  Legitimist,  and  therefore  n- 

of  Political  Economy  and  Director  of  the  Sta-  signed  a  position  as  judge  after  the  revoktioa 

tistical  Bureau.  Bis  principal  works  are:  "Ka-  of  1830.    He  was  elected  to  the  LegulatiTe 

tional6konomie  der  Gegenwart  und  Zukunft  ^'  Assembly  in  1849,  and  retired  to  privftte  life 

(1848),  and  ^^KurhessischeFinanzverwaltung*'  after  the  coup  d^Stat    In  1871  he  was  decttd 

(1850).    From  1863  he  published  the  "  Jahr-  from  Morbihan  to  the  National  Assembl j,  aiui 

bdoher  fUr  JTationalOkonomie  und  Statistik.^'  in  1876  to  the  Senate. 

Hilton,  John,  a  British  surgeon,  bom  in  Kohl,  Johann  Gsobo,  a  German  trtTel^. 

1804,  died  September  14,  1878.    He  received  bom  in  Bremen,  April  28,  1808,  died  there. 

his  professional  education  in  the  Royal  OoUege  October  28,  1878.    He  studied  law  at  the  rni- 

of  Surgeons,  was  chosen  in  1854  by  his  fellows  versities  of  G6ttingen,  Heiddber^,  and  Mnnieli. 

to  represent  them  in  Council,  was  appointed  but  was  prevented  from  completing  his  studio  \ 

in  1859  Professor  of  Human  Anatomy  and  Sur-  by  the  death  of  his  father,  and  accepted  a  posi-   • 

gery,  became  in  1865  a  member  of  the  Gourt  tion  as  tutor  in  Courland,  where  he  remsmed  ! 

of  Examiners  of  the  College,  and  in  1867  was  for  six  years.    After  returning  to  GeniuQj,   | 

elected  President  of  the  College.    He  was  the  he  published  several  works  on  his  travels  ii  i| 

authorof  a  number  of  valuable  works,  and  con-  Russia.    He  lived  for  some  tune  in  Dresdo,  | 

tributor  to  the  various  reports  of  the  societies  but  soon  resumed  his  travels,  which  were  I 

to  which  he  belonged.  gradually  extended  to  nearly  idl  the  coontries 

Kbil,  Ebnst,  a  German  publisher,  bom  De-  of  Europe,  and  resulted  in  the  publication  of 

oember  6, 1816,  died  March  28, 1878.    He  es-  numerous  works.    The  rich  material  vbich 

tablished  himself  in  1845  as  a  bookseUer  at  he  had  collected  relating  to  the  earlj  history 

Leipsio,  and  in  1846  produced  his  first  literary  of  America  induced  him  in  1854  to  visit  tb« 

venture,  a  monthly  publication,  the  **  Leucht-  United  States,  where  he  continued  his  eiplo- 

thurra.^*    In  1853  he  established  the  ^*  Garten-  rations,  and  published,  at  the  request  of  the 

laube,"  a  weekly  publication,  which  soon  took  officers  of  the  Coast  Survey,  "  Entdecknsp- 

the  first  place  among  German  periodicals,  ob-  geschichtederEflstenderVereinigtenStaaten'' 

taining  a  circulation  exceeded  by  no  ol^er  pub-  and  "  Geschichte  des  Golfstroms  und  seioer 

lioationof  the  kind.  Erforsohung'^  (1868).    He  gave  descriptions 

Ebim,  Theodor,  a  German  theologian,  bom  of  his  travels  in  North  America,  in  "  ?*am 
December  17,  1825,  died  November  17,  1878.  in  Canada"  (1856),  "Reisen  im  Nordwesta 
He  was  from  1851  to  1855  tutor  at  the  Uni-  der  Yereinigten  Staaten "  (1858),  and  "Kit«clil 
yersity  of  Tflbingen,  became  in  1860  Professor  Garni  oder  S'zfihlungen  vom  Obem  See  ^^  (1S59). 
of  Theology  at  ZUrioh,  and  in  1873  at  Giessen.  Several  of  these  works  have  been  translated 
His  most  important  work  is  a  new  life  of  Je-  into  English.  From  1858  he  lived  in  Bremen^ 
sus,  entitied  **  Geschichte  Jesu  von  Nazara  "  where  he  was  appointed  city  librarian  in  166S. 
(8  vols.,  1867-^72),  an  abrid^ent  of  which  A  paper  sent  to  the  Maine  Historical  Society, 
was  published  under  the  titie  **  Geschichte  and  published  in  English  under  the  title  ''A 
Jesu  "  (1878).  His  last  work  was  '^  Aus  dem  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  East  Ooast  of 
Urohristenthum  "  (1878),  a  collection  of  essays  North  America''  (Portland,  1869),  gave  inter- 
on  important  controTerted  points  in  the  early  esting  information  respecting  the  earlj  coa^ 
history  of  Christianity.  He  also  published  lines,  and  the  patents  of  the  first  proprietors 
severid  works  on  the  history  of  the  reforms-  of  the  Maine  settiements.  After  repeated); 
tion  of  southwestern  Germany,  and  a  coUec-  delivering  a  series  of  lecture^  he  published 
tion  of  sermons  (^^  Freundesworte  zur  Gemein-  them  under  the  tiUe  ^^  Geschichte  der  £nt 
de,''  2  vols.,  1861  and  1862).  He  was  regarded  deckung  Amerikas''(1861;  English  translatioat 
as  one  of  the  keenest  and  most  learned  repre-  1862).  Among  his  latest  publications  were 
sentatives  of  the  liberal  school  of  German  the-  **  G^hichte  der  Entdeckungen  und  Schiffahr- 
ology.  ten  zur  Magellanstraase*'  (1877),  and  "Die 

KxooH,  WiLUAv,  a  British  judge,  bom  in  nattirlichen  Lockmittel  des  Vdlkerverkehrs^^ 

1817,  died  September  80,  1878.    He  was  edu-  (1878). 

cated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  studied  law  Kbisgk,  Gsobo  Ludwig,  a  German  historian, 

at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  practiced  with  success  at  bom  February  28,  1805,  died  May  28, 1878. 

the  Irish  bar,  becoming  a  Q.  C.  in  1849.  In  1847  He  was  for  a  long  time  Professor  of  Geograpbr 

he  was  elected  to  Parliament  from  Athlone,  in  and  History  in  the  Gymnasium  of  Franliort 

1852  was  appointed  Solicitor-General  for  Ire-  Among  his  numerous  works  is  '^DentscheKol- 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  657 

tnrbilder  aas  dem  18.  Jahrbnndert  '*  (1874).  In  September,  1864,  be  again  became  the  head 

He  also  edited  Scblosser^s  '^Weltgeschichte  ftlr  of  the  Cabinet,  and  remained  in  this  position 

daadentsche  Yolk"  (18  vols.,  1848-'66).  until  April,  1866,  when  he  became  chief  of 

EtfoNBB,  Raphael,  a  German  philologist,  staff  of  the  army  operating  against  Austria.  In 
bom  in  Gotha,  March  22,  1802,  died  April  16,  oonsecjuence  of  the  defeat  of  the  Italian  armj 
1878.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  he  resigned  his  position,  and  was  then  elected 
University  of  GK>ttingen,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  After  the  death 
professor  at  the  Lyceum  of  Hanover,  which  of  his  adjutant  in  1878  he  published  the  dis- 
position he  retained  until  his  death.  His  cx>m-  patches  oi  the  latter  on  his  mission  to  Berlin, 
prehensive  ^ammar  of  the  Greek  language  m  which  Bismarck's  policy  was  characterized 
('*  AnsfUbrliche  Grammatik  der  griechischen  as  treacherous  to  Italy.  The  book  at  the  time 
bprache,*'  2  vols.,  18d4-'35 ;  2d  edition,  1869-  created  considerable  sensation,  and  caused  Bis- 
72),  which  introduced  many  results  of  com-  marck  to  denounce  the  author  in  the  Prussian 
parative  philology,  and  especially  referred  to  Chamber  of  Deputies,  while  the  oflScial  Ger- 
Sanskrit,  was  regarded  as  a  great  progress  in  man  organ  accused  Lamarmora  of  forgery.  In 
the  history  of  Greek  grammars.  His  **  Schul-  the  ItaUan  Chamber  of  Deputies,  Nicotera  ad- 
grammatik  der  griechischen  Sprabhe  "  (1886 ;  dressed  an  interpellation  on  the  subject  to  the 
5th  edition,  1878),  "  Elementargrammatik  der  Ministry,  who  censured  Lamarmora.  The  sec- 
griechischen  Sprache"  (1837;  27th  edition,  ond  volume  did  not  appear  in  consequence. 
1870),  ^*  Elementargrammatik  der  lateinischen  From  that  time  he  lived  in  complete  retire- 
Spraohe*'    (1841;    88th   edition,    1875),  and  ment. 

"  Schnlgrammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache^'        Lacdebdale,  Thomas  Maitlavd,  Earl  of,. 

(1842 ;  5th  edition,  1861)  were  very  exten-  bom  in  1808,  died  August  81, 1878.    He  en- 

sively  introduced,  and  translated  into  English  tered  the  navy  in  1816,  attained  the  rank  of 

and  several  other  languages.    The  first  volume  Admiral  in  1868,  and  that  of  Admiral  of  the 

of  a  new  oomprehen^ve  Latin  grammar  ('*  Aus-  Fleet  shortly  before  his  death.    He  was  a  rep- 

fOhrliche  Grammatikder  lateinischen  Sprache")  resentative  peer  and  Hereditary  Standard-Bear- 

appeared  in  1877 ;  the  work  was  not  completed  er  of  Scotland,  and  in  1873  was  made  first  and 

at  his  death.  principal  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen. 

La  Hittb,  Jbak  Ernest  Ditoos,  Yicomte  de,        Lecesne,  Jules Nioolab  Albzandbb,  a  FrenolL 

a  French  general,  born  in  1789,  died  in  Sep-  deputy,  born  September  7, 1 81 8,. died  February 

tember,  1878.     He  served  in  the  Spanish  war  8,  1878.    He  was  elected  to  the  Corps  L^shlr 

daring  the  first  empire,  and  took  part  In  the  tif  in  1869,  was  president  of  Gambetta's  Arma- 

Morea  expedition  and  in  the  capture  of  Algiers,  ment  Commission,  declined  a  nomination  for 

Ho  was  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  1849-  the  Assembly  in  1871,  but  was  elected  to  the 

'51,  was  a  member  of  the  Senate  under  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876,  and  reelected  in 

second  empire,  and  after  its  fall  lived  in  com-  1877.    He  was  an  ardent  Republican,  and  pos- 

plete  retirement.  sessed  a  great  knowledge  of  commercial  ques-- 

Lahabmora,  Alfonso  Febrebo,  Marchese  tions. 
di,  an  Italian  general  and  statesman,  bom  No-        Leo,  Hbivbioh,  a  German  historian,  bomt 
vember  17,  1804,  died  January  5,  1878.    He  March  19, 1799,  died  Anril  24, 1878.    He  stud- 
received  his  education  in  the  military  academy  led  at  first  medicine,  but  afterward  devoted' 
of  Sardinia,  and  entered  the  artillery  as  lieu-  himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy  and  history., 
tenant  in  1828.    He  took  part  in  the  war  of  He  became  in  1825  extraordinary  professor  at 
1848  against  Austria  as  major,  and  in  that  year  Berlin,  and  in  1828  extraordinary  and  in  1880 
was  raked  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-generaL    In  ordinary  professor  at  Halle.    In  1868  he  was- 
October  and  November,  1848,  and  again  in  made  life  member  of  the  Prussian  House  of 
February,  1849,  he  was  for  brief  periods  Min-  Lords.    As  a  student  Leo  had  taken  part  in  all. 
ister  of  War,  and  in  April,  1849,  quelled  the  the  liberal  movements  of  the  day ;  but  as  early 
iusarrection  in  Genoa.    On  November  8, 1849,  as  1820  he  began  to  speak  against  demagogues,, 
he  again  assumed  the  ministry,  and  with  great  and  from  that  time  he  became  more  and  more 
success  reorganized  the  army  after  the  pattern  attached  to  the  most  advanced  conservative* 
of  the  French  and  Prussian  armies.    In  1855  party  in  politics,  and  to  the  strictly  orthodox 
he  commanded  the  Sardinian  troops  in  the  Cri-  school  in  theology.    Among  his  most  impor- 
mea,  distinguishing  himself  particularly  before  tant  works  are:   ^^Geschichte  der  italien  Staa- 
Sebastopol.    Having  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  ten  "  (5  vols.,  1829-^80),  which  formed  part  of 
General  of  the  Army,  he  was  again  MiniHter  of  the  great  ooUection  of  historical  works  by 
VTar  from  1856  till  1859,  when  he  resigned  in  Heeren  and  Uhert,  and  was  translated  into, 
order  to  assume  the  command  of  the  troops  in  Italian  by  Alberi  (see  Albsbi)  ;  "  Zw6lf  BOcher* 
the  war  with  Austria.    After  the  conclusion  niederl&ndisoher  Geschiohten  "  (2  vola., '1^82- 
of  peace  he  was  Prime  Ifinister  until  January,  '85) ;  ^^Lehrbuoh  der  Universalgesoluchte  "  (6 
1860,  and  in  1861  went  to  Berlin  as  Extraor-  vols.,  1885-^44);  '^Leitfadenfftr  denUnterricht 
dinary  Ambassador.    In  November  of  the  same  in  der  Universalgeschichte  "  (4  vols.,  1888- 
year  he  became  the  first  Governor  of  Naples,  '40) ;  "  Yorlesungen  Hber  die  Geschichte  des 
and  in  this  position  displayed  great  energy  in  deutschen  Yolkes  und  Reichs  "  (6  vols.,  1854-> 
the  suppression  of  brigands  and  of  the  Camorra.  '66).    He  also  distingaished  himself  as  a  writeo 
Vol.  XVIII. — 42    A 


658  OBITUARIES^  FOREIGN. 

on  the  Old  German  and  Celtic  languages  and  the  Northern  Lights.^*  After  his  return  from 
literatares.  this  expedition  be  left  the  '^  Herald  "  and  eDterei! 
Lewss,  Gbobob  Hsnbt,  an  English  soholar,  the  employ  of  the  London  ^^Dailj  Newa.^'  In 
bom  April  18, 1807,  died  November  80,  1878.  the  interest  of  this  paper  he  was  employed  in 
He  at  first  devoted  himself  to  commercial  par-  European  Turkey  in  1876-^77,  and  went  thrw^ 
salts,  afterward  studied  medicine,  and  then  par-  the  Rosso-Tnrldsh  war,  stirring  up  the  £n{^ 
sued  the  study  of  philosophy.  He  spent  the  public  by  his  accounts  of  the  Bulgarian  strod- 
years  1888  and  1889  in  Germany,  studying  its  ties,  and  furnishing  some  of  the  beit  eorn- 
language  and  metaphysics.  In  1847,  having  spondence  of  the  war.  His  success  as  t  corn- 
previously  written  largely  in  the  leading  mag-  spondent  was  greatly  due  to  his  versatility.  Rr 
azines  and  periodicals,  he  published  his  *^  Bio-  was  equally  at  home  in  war  operations,  in  poli- 
graphical  History  of  Philosophy  from  Thales  tics,  in  diplomacy,  and  in  social  topics,  ud  it 
to  Gomte  "  (4th  edition,  1871).  In  the  follow-  the  time  of  his  death  had  complete  masUrj  (f 
ing  year  appeared  "  The  Spanish  Drama,"  in  the  French,  German,  and  Rusdan  langoAiKs, 
1849  "  The  Life  of  Robespierre,"  and  in  1863  and  could  make  himself  understood  in  Spanial, 
^^Gomte^s  Philosophy  of  the  Sciences."  Among  Turkish,  and  Bulgarian, 
his  more  recent  writings  are  a  ^*  Life  of  Goethe  "        Maonb,  Pibbbb,  a  French  statesman,  born  D^ 

gvols.,  1855;  8d  edition,  1875),  of  which  a  cember  8, 1806,  died  June  8, 1878.    In  18481k 

erman  tran^ation  was  prepai^dd  by  Frese  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  sod 

(11th  edition,  1877) ;  ^^  The  Physiology  of  Oom-  soon  showed  a  remarkable  aptitude  for  fioui* 

mon  Life"  (1860) ;  a  work  on  Aristotle  enti-  oial  matters.    In  1849  he  was  appointed Undff- 

tied  ^^  A  Chapter  from  the  History  of  Science  "  secretary  in  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  and  up  to 

(1866);   ^*  Problems  of  Life  and  Mind.    First  1855  was  on  several  occasions  Minister  of  Fob* 

Heries :  the  Foundation  of  a  Creed  "  (2  vols.,  lie  Works,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce.  Froc 

1878-75) ;  ''  On  Actors  and  the  Art  of  Act-  1854  to  1860  he  was  Minister  of  Finance,  ▼idcli 

ing"  (1875);  and ''The  Physical  Basis  of  Mind"  office  he  filled  with  great  success.    Hesg&ia 

(1877).    lie  was  also  the  author  of  several  nov-  held  that  office  from  1867  to  1869,  and  in  IbTO. 

els  and  dramas,  edited  ''  Selections  from  the  In  1871  he  was  elected  to  the  National  Atmt- 

Modem  British  Dramatists,"  and  was  the  first  bly  from  the  department  of  DordogncL  sod  in 

editor  of  the  "  Leader  "  (1849-'54)  and  of  t^e  1878  was  again  appointed  Minister  of  Finascc 

''Fortnightly  Review  "  (1865-'66).  in  the  Cabinet  of  the  Due  de  Broglie,  but  r^ 

LiNDBLAD,  Adolf  Fbbdbik,  a  Swedish  com-  signed  in  1874.  In  1876  he  was  elected  a  Sec- 
poser,  born  February  1^  1801,  died  August  28,  ator  from  the  Dordogne. 
1878.  He  studied  music  in  Berlin  and  Paris,  Mabia  db  las  Mebobdbs,  Queen  of  Spsin. 
and  established  a  music-school  at  Stockholm  in  born  Jane  24,  1860,  died  June  26, 1878.  Sbe 
1827,  which  he  conducted  up  to  the  time  of  was  a  daughter  of  the  Due  de  Montpensier,  tbe 
his  death.  He  composed  several  operas  and  youngest  son  of  King  Louis  Philippe,  and  wi» 
symphonies,  but  his  fame  rests  chiefly  upon  married  to  King  Alfonso  XII.  of  Spain  od  Jin- 
his  numerous  songs,  as  sung  by  his  pupil,  Jen-  nary  28,  1878.  The  marriage  was  one  puivly 
ny  Lind.  of  love,  and  had  been  bitterly  opposed  by  almo.4 

LoH£NiB,Lom8L£oKABODB,  a  French  scholar,  all  classes  in  Spain.    The  Duo  de  Montpenskf 

bom  in  1818,  died  April  2,  1878.    He  became  had  for  a  long  time  been  greatly  disliked  b;  tU 

in  1864  Professor  of  French  Literature  in  the  Spanii^  people.    The  intrigue  of  which  hu 

Polytechnic  School  of  Paris,  and  in  1874  was  father's  policy  made  him  the  instrument  wbro 

elected  a  member  of  tbe  French  Academy.  His  he  married  the  sister  of  Queen  Isabella  h$^ 

first  large  work  was  the  "  Galerie  des  Contem-  been  defeated  by  events,  but  the  evil  odor  of  it 

porains "  (10  vols.,  1840-*47),  which  he  pub-  still  hung  about  the  Duke's  political  position 

lished  under  the  nomdeplufns  of  "  Un  Homme  in  Spain.    But  the  King's  firmness  overcsme 

de  Rien."    This  was  followed  by  "  Beaumar-  all  opposition.    As  soon  as  the  marriage  wts 

ohais  et  son  Temps  "  (2  vols.,  2d  edition,  1858),  solemnized,  however,  a  complete  rerulaon  of 

aud  "  La  Comtesse  de  Rochefort  et  ses  Amis  "  feeling  took  place  among  the  Spanish  people. 

(1871).  The  Queen's  intelligence,  nobility  of  character, 

MacGahan,  John  A.,  a  British  war  corre-  and  lofty  and  pure  ideal  of  domestic  life  were 
spondent,  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1846,  died  admired  and  appreciated  by  the  entire  nation ; 
at  Constantinople,  June  10,  1878.  Upon  the  and  at  the  time  of  her  death  she  was  univer- 
outbreak  of  the  German-French  war,  he  entered  sally  beloved,  and  it  was  felt  by  all  that  her 
the  service  of  the  "  New  York  Herald,"  and  death  was  a  great  loss  to  the  nation, 
accompanied  the  army  of  Bourbaki,  describing  Mateb,  Juuns  Robxst  tost,  a  (^rman  phjg* 
its  defeat  and  retreat  into  Switzerland.  When  cist,  bom  November  25,  1814,  died  March  2i\ 
the  Russian  expedition  was  sent  to  Khiva,  1878.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  Umversitj 
MacGahan  followed  it  in  spite  of  the  prohibi-  of  Tnbingen,  and  afterward  went  to  Munich 
tion  of  the  Russian  authorities,  and  his  book,  and  Paris  to  complete  his  education.  In  an 
"  Campaigning  on  the  Ozus,"  is  one  of  the  best  essay,  "  Bemerkungen  tkber  die  Erftfte  der  un- 
existing  records  of  that  war.  He  afterward  belebten  Natur,"  in  vol.  IxiL  of  Liebig'i'|  Anna- 
accompanied  the  expedition  of  the  Pandora  to  len,"  he  asserted  for  the  first  time  the  idea  of 
the  North  Pole,  and  described  it  in  "  Under  the  correlation  of  heat  and  the  work  expended 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  669 

fn  its  prodnction.    He  prepared  a  complete  edi-  appointed  by  Mr.  Canning  to  a  writership  in  the 

tion  of  his  works  ander  the  title  of  **  Die  Me-  East  India  Company  in  1825,  served  in  India 

chanik  der  W&rme  "  (1867 ;  2d  edition,  1874).  in  many  distinguished  positions,  and  was  nlti- 

His  last  works  were  ^*  Natarwissensohaftliche  mately  Secretary  to  the  Goyemment  of  Madras 

VortrSge  "    (1871),  and   "  Die  Torricellische  and  a  member  of  Council.    On  his  return  from 

Leere  und  Hber  Ausldsung*'  ri876).  India  in  1858  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  In- 

Mehuoet  Au  Pasha,  a  Turkish  general,  died  dian  Council,  and.  in  this  position  served  for 

September  6,  1878.  (See  **  Annual  Cyclopes-  eighteen  years.     On  his  retirement  he  was 

dia  ^'  for  1877,  and  Tubkbt.)  made  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council. 

MiEBoeLAwsKi,  LiTDWiK,  a  Polish  revolution-  Mozlet,  Jambs  Bowunoan,  an  English  der- 
ist  and  military  writer,  bom  at  Nemours,  gyman,  born  in  1818,  died  January  4, 1878.  He 
France,  in  1814,  died  in  Paris,  November  18,  was  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where 
1878.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Polish  officer  in  he  graduated  B.  A.  in  1884,  was  soon  afterward 
the  French  army  and  of  a  French  mother.  As  elected  to  a  fellowship  at  Magdalen  College, 
a  pupil  of  the  military  school  at  Kalisz,  he  and  in  1856  was  presented  by  that  society  to 
ioined,  in  1880,  the  Polish  revolutionists,  and  the  vicarage  of  Old  Shoreham.  In  1869  he 
being  soon  made  an  officer,  he  greatly  dlstin-  was  appointed  Canon  of  Worcester,  and  in 
guished  himself.  After  the  suppression  of  the  1871  became  Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  and 
revolution  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Paris,  Canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was 
ftod  published  several  novels  of  a  political  ten-  the  author  of  a  number  of  theological  works, 
dency  in  Polish,  and  several  historical  works  among  which  are  ^*  A  Treatise  on  the  Augustin- 
ia  French.  In  1840  he  joined  the  Democratic  ian  Doctrine  of  Predestination  ^'  (1855),  *'  The 
party  of  the  Polish  emigration,  became  a  mem-  Primitive  Doctrine  of  Baptismal  Regeneration  '* 
ber  of  its  central  committee,  and  was  desig-  (1856),  and  ^' Eight  Lectures  on  Miracles — 
nated  as  the  military  chief  of  the  next  revo-  Bampton  Lectures  "  (1865). 
lution.  He  now  devoted  himself  with  great  M^llkb,  Juijtjs,  a  German  theologian,  bom 
energy  to  the  study  of  military  science,  and  April  10,  1801,  died  September  27,  1878.  He 
produced  several  works  of  great  value.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of  the  great  archasolo- 
was  the  leading  spirit  in  the  Polish  conspiracy  gist  and  historian  Earl  Otfried  Mtdler,  who 
of  1846,  and  was  arrested  and  sentenced  to  died  in  1875.  He  was  originally  destined  for 
death,  but  subsequently  pardoned.  Having  the  legal  profession,  but  devoted  himself  to 
been  liberated  in  March,  1848,  he  took  an  ac-  theology,  became  a  pupil  of  Neander,  and  was 
live  part  in  the  revolutionary  movements  of  greatly  influenced  by  him.  He  became  Profes- 
1848--'49  in  Polish  Prussia,  in  Sicily,  and  in  sor  of  Theology  in  the  University  of  Halle  in 
Baden,  but  was  everywhere  unsuccessfol,  and  1889,  and  retained  this  position  until  his  death, 
sabsequently  lived  in  retirement  in  Versailles.  His  principal  work  is  ^^  Die  christliche  Lehre 
He  again  joined  in  the  insurrection  of  1868,  von  der  S&nde"  (2  vols.,  5th  edition,  1867). 
bat  once  more  was  defeated,  and  returned  to  His  work,  '*  Die  evangelische  Union  '*  (1854), 
France.  He  wrote  several  more  works  on  the  was  regarded  as  the  ablest  apology  of  the  fun- 
revolutionary  movements  among  the  Poles,  in  damental  principle  on  which  the  union  of  Ger- 
wbich  he  severely  censured  the  Polish  nobility,  man  Lutherans  and  German  Reformed  into  the 

MrroHvix,  Sir  WnxiAV,  bom  in  1811,  died  United  Evangelical  Church  was  founded.    He 

May  1, 1878.  When  still  quite  young  he  became  was  one  of  the  assistant  editors  of  the  ^^  Stu^ 

editor  and  proprietor  of  the  ^^  Shipping  and  dien  und  Eritiken,*^  one  of  the  leading  theo^ 

Mercantile  Gazette,''  which  he  conduct^  for  logical  periodicals  of  Germany, 

over  thirty  years.    But  he  was  better  known  Murat,  Prince  Napoleon  Luoibx.  bom  May 

for  his  service  to  maritime  commerce,  especial-  16,  1808,  died  April  10,  1878.    He  was  tlie 

\j  for  the  establishment  of  the  International  second  son  of  King  Joachim  Murat  of  Naples 

Code  of  Signals,  which  has  since  been  quite  gen-  and  Caroline,  the  third  sister  of  Napoleon  I. 

erally  adopted  by  the  Governments  of  Europe  After  the  death  of  his  father  he  lived  for  some 

and  America.    For  these  and  other  services  be  time  in  Trieste  and  Venice,  and  then  went  to 

was  knighted  in  1867.    He  was  the  editor  of  a  the  United  States,  where  in  1837  he  married 

useful  work  entitled  ^'Maritime  19  otes  and  Que-  Miss  Caroline  Georgina  Eraser.    In  1848  he 

ries :  a  Record  of  Shipping  Law  and  Usage ''  returned  to  France,  was  elected  into  the  Con- 

(1874).  stituent  and  Legislative  Assemblies,  and  after 

MoxABAN,  Javbs  Hbitst,  an  Irish  lawyer,  the  coup  cTStat  received  the  rank  and  position 
bom  in  1805,  died  December  8,  1878.  He  was  of  a  prince  of  the  imperial  house.  After  the 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  called  expulsion  of  the  King  of  Naples  from  his  do- 
to  the  Irish  bar  in  1828,  was  appointed  Solicitor-  minions,  Prince  Murat  put  forth  his  didms  to 
(kneral  for  Ireland  in  1846,  Attorney-General  the  throne  of  Naples,  but  soon  (1861)  emphat- 
in  1847,  and  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  ically  disclaimed  it,  as  was  believed,  in  corn- 
Common  Pleas  in  1850,  from  which  position  pliance  with  a  remonstrance  from  the  Emperor 
he  retired  in  1876.  He  represented  Galway  in  Napoleon.  In  1870  he  was  shut  up  with  Ba- 
Parliament  for  a  short  time  in  1847.  zaine  in  Metz,  and  after  the  capitulation  of 

MoifTooMXBT,  Sir  Hknby  CoimroHAv,  Bart.,  that  fortress  was  sent  prisoner  to  (rermany. 

bomJunelO,  1808,  died  June  25, 1878.   He  was  Oldham,  Thomas,  a  British  geologist^  born 


660  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

in  May,  1816,  died  July  IT,  1878.    He  was  out  by  him ;  while  in  many  cases,  w  in  thit  o! 

ednoated  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  in  Earl  Mauch,  it  was  he  who  obtained  the  neca- 

1845  was  appointed  Professor  of  Geology.    In  sary  funds  for  the  proaecution  of  the  explora- 

1860  he  was  appointed  to  organize  the  geologi-  tion.    He  was  virtually  the  first  who  gave  u> 

cal  survey  of  India.    This  position,  in  which  Arctic  explorations  a  proper  course.   As  i 

he  displayed  great  activity,  he  held  up  to  1876.  cartographer  he  stands  among  the  foremost  of 

Pauxao,  Ohables  GUIIXA.VMB  Mabix  Apol-  modern  times.    His  maps  of  the  Polar  regions 

iJNAiBE  Antoine  Oousin-Montaitbak,  Gomtc  are  unexcelled,  while  fiis  large  map  of  tb 

de,  a  French  general,  born  June  24, 1796,  died  United  States  is  considered  one  of  the  best,  ii 

January  8,  1878.    After  serving  for  more  than  not  the  very  best,  of  this  country.    He  ak 

twenty  years  in  Africa,  he  was  in  1860  ap-  gave  to  Btieler^s  large  atlas,  of  which  be  pK- 

pointed  to  the  command  of  the  expedition  to  pared  the  latest  editions,  its  great  celebritj. 

China,  and  in  reward  for  his  services  was  ere-  Prsllbb,  FnnEDBiOH,  a  German  painter,  bom 

ated  a  Senator,  with  the  title  of  Comte  de  Pa-  April  26,  1804,  died  April  28, 1878.    He  stni- 

likao,  his  name  being  derived  from  Pa-li-kia-ho  led  in  Dresden,  Weimar,  Antwerp,  and  lulj. 

in  Ohina,  where  he  had  especially  distinguished  and  held  for  many  years  the  position  of  Pro- 

hlmself .    At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  fessor  of  Drawing  in  the  Weimar  Academy  of 

Prussia  in  1870,  he  was  appointed  Minister  of  Fine  Arts.    He  was  particularly  esteemed  U 

Wai  and  President  of  the  Cabinet,  which  po-  his  large  cartoons  and  for  his  frescoes,  fib 

sition  he  held  until  the  overthrow  of  the  em-  best  known  works  are  a  aeries  of  seven  tc- 

pire.    He  then  fled  to  Belgium,  and  in  Decem-  toons  from  scenes  in  the  Odyssey,  and  a  series 

ber,  1871,  published  a  vindication  of  his  ad-  of  landscape  from  the  same  poem, 

ministration.  Raspail,  FnANgoia  Vinoxiit,  a  Frencb  nsi- 

Penn,  John,  a  British  marine  engineer,  bom  nralist  and  politician,  bom  January  29,  ITH 

1806,  died  September  28,  1878.    His  name  is  died  January  8,  1878.    In  1815  he  went  & 

inseparably  connected  with  the  development  Paris,  and  soon  gained  considerable  repntaticn 

of  steam  as  a  propelling  power  at  sea.    He  was  by  several  discoveries  in  natural  science.  He 

eminently  successful  in  the  construction  of  was  one  of  the  most  violent  revolutionists  of 

trunk-engines,  designed  for  the  propulsion  of  France  in  the  present  century,  but  was  bonorec 

fighting-ships  by  the  screw,  and  capable  of  and  respected  even  by  his  opponents  for  bL« 

being  placea  so  far  below  the  water-lme  as  to  purity  of  character  and  his  learning.    He  wi» 

be  safe  from  an  enemy^s  shot.    At  the  time  of  wounded  in  the  revolution  of  1830.    He  after- 

his  death  he  and  his  firm  had  fitted  786  vessels  ward  opposed  Louis  Philippe,  and,  in  cod«- 

with  engines,  having  an  aggregate  actual  power  quence  of  several  articles  published  in  18S4, 

of  more  than  600,000  horses.    He  retirea  from  was  imprisoned  for  a  number  of  years.  lo 

business  in  1876,  leaving  it  in  charge  of  his  1848  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  peopk 

two  eldest  sons,  who  now  employ  over  2,000  but  was  soon  again  imprisoned  for  ^Ye  jean* 

workmen.  Upon  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  went  to 

Pbtbbmanv,  August,  a  German  geographer,  Belgium.    He  was  elected  to  the  Corps  Upi- 

bom  April  18, 1822,  died  September  26,  1878.  latif  in  1869,  and  to  the  Chamber  of  Depntia 

At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  entered  the  Potsdam  in  1876  and  1877.    As  the  oldest  member  of 

Cartographic  Institution,  and  as  a  pupil  of  Dr.  the  Chamber,  it  devolved  upon  him  botb  in 

Berghaus  speedily  gave  promise  of  nis  future  1876  and  1877  to  open  its  sessions.    In  tbe  kt- 

accomplishments.    From  Potsdam  he  went  to  ter  year  he  delivered  a  speech  on  the  oceaaon 

Edinburgh  to  assist  in  the  preparation  of  John-  remarkable  for  its  moderation.    He  was  tbe 

stcm^s  "  Physical  Atlas,''  and  here  distinguished  author  of  a  Uu*ge  number  of  works  on  natural 

himself  in  such  a  manner  that  he  received  a  history,  which  all  met  with  great  favor, 

call  to  London  as  Geographer  Royal.    There  Ravenswobth,    Hxnbt    Thomas   Ltodku, 

he  began  to  make  those  acquaintances  which  Earl  of,  bom  March  10^  1797,  died  Marcb  1^, 

afterward  aided  him  so  materiaUy  in  his  labors,  1878.    He  sat  in  Parliament  for  Nortbnmberj 

by  sending  to  him  from  all  parts  of  the  world  land  from  1826  to  1880,  for  Durham  from  1^37 

even  the  smaUest  and  least  important  bits  ot  to  1847,  and  for  Liverpool  from  1858  to  1851 

information.    In  1854  he  went  to  Gotiia  to  He  sucoeeded  his  father  as  Baron  Ra^ensvortb 

take  charge  of  the  newly  estabU^ed  geograph-  in  1856,  and  was  created  an  earl  in  1874.  He 

ical  institute  of  Justus  Perthes.    He  at  once  translated  the  odes  of  Horace  into  Engli^ 

established  the  '^Mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Per-  lyric  verse,  and  also  translated  and  poblisbed 

thes^  geographischer  Anstalt,"  a  monthly  maga-  the  last  six  books  of  the  JSneid. 

zine,  which,  although  taking  root  at  first  rath-  Reonault,  Hbztbi  Viotob,  a  Frencb  physi- 

er  slowly,  gradually  spread  through  the  world,  cist,  bom  July  21, 1810,  died  January  10,  IST'^* 

During  liis  residence  in  Gotha  he  ceaselessly  He  studied  at  the  Polytechnic  School  of  Pari^ 

strove  to  promote  geographical  science,  dis-  became  Professor  of  PhymcalSdenoe  there  aod 

tingui^hlng  himself  particularly  in  connection  in  the  College  de  France,  and  was  chief  eap- 

with  African  and  Polar  exploration.    No  Ger-  neer  of  mines  from  1847  to  1854.    His  '*  Coo^ 

man  expeditions,  and  very  few  from  other  coun-  616mentaire  de  Chimie  "  (4  vols.,  14tb  ecv- 

tries,  went  to  Africa  without  seeking  his  ad-  tion,  1871)  and  *'  Premiers  £l6mentB  de  Cbi- 

vice  and  having  their  course  practically  laid  mie  "  (6th  edition,  1874)  have  had  a  wide  cl^ 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  661 

cnlation.    His  other  works  are  chiefly  con-  principal  of  which  is  a  history  of  Italian  legis- 

tained  in  the  "  Annales  de  Ohimie  et  de  Phy-  lation  (3  vols.,  Turin,  1840-^57). 

siqne,"  and  in  the  *'  Comptes  Rendns  de  PAca-  Soott,  Sir  Geobgb  Gilbert,  a  British  arohi- 

d^mie  des  Sciences."    He  became  a  member  of  tect,  bom  in  1811,  died  March  27,  1878.    At 

the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  1840,  and  was  one  an  early  age  he  showed  a  taste  for  making 

of  the  fifty  foreign  members  of  the  Ro^al  So-  drawings  of  ancient  chnrches,  and  bis  father 

ciety  of  London,  the  Oonncil  of  which  in  1869  eventaally  placed  him  in  an  architect's  oflSce. 

conferred  upon  him  the  highest  gift  in  its  His  first  important  work  was  the  Martyr's  Me- 

power,  the  Copley  medal.  morial  at  Oxford,  in  1841,  which  was  followed 

RouLAND,  GusTAVB,  a  French  statesman,  in  1842  by  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas  in  Ham- 
bom  in  1806,  died  December  12,  1878.  He  burg.  Among  other  buildings  either  designed 
was  deputy  for  Dieppe  from  1846  to  1848,  and  or  restored  by  him  are  the  cathedrid  church  at 
Minister  of  Education  and  Worship  from  1866  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  the  cathedrals  of  Ely, 
to  1863,  when  his  resistance  to  episcopal  pre-  Lichfield,  Hereford,  Kipon,  Gloucester,  Chester, 
tensions,  particularly  a  reprimand  to  seven  St.  David's,  St.  Asaph,  Bangor,  Salisbury,  and 
bishops  who  had  signed  an  electoral  circular,  other  places,  the  new  Foreign  Office,  and  the 
led  to  his  resignation.  He  was  soon  afterward  new  Home  and  Colonial  Offices.  He  was  also, 
appointed  President  of  the  Council  of  State,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  Digby  Wyatt,  the  ar- 
He  was  a  Senator  from  1859  to  1870,  and  in  chitect  of  the  new  India  Office.  Among  his 
1876  was  elected  to  the  Senate  from  the  Seine-  writings  on  architecture  are :  "  Remarks  on 
lnf6rieure.  Although  elected  by  Conservatives,  Secular  and  Domestic  Architecture"  (1850), 
he  voted  on  several  occasions  with  the  Left.  '^  Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey  "  (1862), 
He  had  been  Governor  of  the  Bank  of  France  and  ^*  Conservation  of  Ancient  Architectural 
since  1864.  Monuments"  Q864).    He  was  elected  a  mem- 

R^Tow,  WiimLM,  a  German  military  an-  her  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1860,  and  knighted 

thor,  bom  in  Brandenburg,  May  25, 1821,  died  in  1872. 

in  Zurich,  August  28,  1878.    He  entered  the  Selwtn,  Rt.  Rev.  Geobgb  Augustus,  an 

Prassian  army  in  1838,  but  was  compelled  to  English  bishop,  born  in  1809,  died  April  18, 

leave  the  country  on  account  of  bis  brochure  1878.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's 

''  Der  deutsohe  Militftrstaat  vor  und  w&hrend  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  appointed  first 

der  Revolution."     He  then  entered  the  ser-  Bishop  of  New  Zealand  in  1841,  and  Bishop 

vice  of  Switzerland,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  of  Lichfield  in  1867.    He  was  the  author  of  a 

rank  of  migor  in  the  general  staff.    In  1860  number  of  theological  works. 

he  assisted  Garibaldi  as  chief  of  stafE^  and  Shildbb-Shuldnbb,  Jubij  Ivanovttoh,  a  Rus- 

foaght  with  distinction  at  Capua  and  at  the  sian  general,  died  May  19, 1878.  (See  *'  Annual 

Yolturno.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  Zctrich  Cyclopndia  "  for  1877.) 

and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his  literary  Smi  Mulbt  Hassan,  Sultan  of  Morocco,  bom 

labors.    In  1870  be  was  created  colonel  in  the  in  1837,  died  in  the  first  half  of  1878.    After 

Swiss  army,  the  highest  rank  attainable  in  times  his  father  had  ascended  the  throne  in  1869,  he 

of  peace.  Besides  descriptions  of  all  the  Euro-  was  sent  on  several  diplomatic  missions,  and 

pean  wars  of  modem  times,  up  to  the  last  Rus-  repeatedly  was  appointed  governor  of  a  nrov- 

so-Tarkish  war,  which  he  completed  shortly  Ince.    He  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  death 

before  his  death,  he  wrote  "  Die  Feldherrn-  of  his  father  in  1878.    He  was  a  very  liberal 

knnst  des  19.  Jahrhunderts "  (8d  edition,  1877  prince,  and  aimed  to  introduce  European  civ- 

-78),  "Geschicbte  der  Infanterie"  (2  vols.,  ilization. 

1857-58),    '^ Militfirisches  Handwdrterbuoh '*  Stibling-Mazwbll,  Sir  Wiluav,  a  British 

(enlarged  edition,  1868),  and  **  Die  Grenzen  der  author,  born  in  1818,  died  January  15,  1878. 

Staaten  "  (1868).  Under  the  pressure  of  pecuni-  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 

ary  troubles  and  disappointment  at  not  receiv-  where  he  graduated  B.  A.  in  1859.    He  repre- 

ing  a  desired  preferment,  he  committed  suicide,  sented  Perthshire  in  Parliament  from  1852  to 

ScLOPis  db  Salbbano,  Count  Paolo  Fbdebi-  1865,  when  he  was  defeated ;  but  he  was  again 

60,  an  Italian  jurist,  bom  in  1798,  died  March  elected  there  in  1874,  and  continued  to  repre- 

8, 1878.    Having  completed  his  studies  in  the  sent  that  constituency  until  bis  death.  He  was 

University  of  Turin,  he  received  his  first  ap-  chosen  Rector  of  St.  Andrew's  University  in 

pointroent  in  1825.    In  1848  he  accepted  the  1863,  of  Edinburgh  in  1871,  and  Chancellor  of 

office  of  Minister  of  Justice  and  of  Ecclesiasti-  the  tlniversity  of  Glasgow  in  1875.    Among 

cal  Affairs,  and  at  the  general  election  which  his  best  known  works  are :  **  Annals  of  the 

followed  was  chosen  a  deputy.  In  1849  he  was  Artists  of  Spain  "   (3  vols.,  1848),  *^  Cloister 

called  to  the  Sardinian  Senate,  of  which  he  be-  life  of  Charles  Y."  (1852),  and  *^  Velasquez 

came  Vice-President  and  afterward  President  and  his  Works "  (1855).     He  was  the  eldest 

until  1861,  when  he  resigned.  He  subsequently  son  of  Archibald  Stirling,  the  representative 

held  the  same  position  in  the  Senate  of  Italy  of  an  old  and  wealthy  &mily  of  Pertheliire. 

till  1864.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  arbitrator  Having  succeeded  to  the  estates  of  his  ma- 

at  Geneva  on  the  part  of  Italy,  and  was  made  temal  uncle.  Sir  John  Maxwell,  eighth  baro- 

President  of  the  Court  of  Arbitration.  He  was  net,  who  died  June  6,  1865,  he  added  the  sur- 

the  author  of  a  number  of  historical  works,  the  name  of  Maxwell  to  his  patronymic,  and  be- 


663  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

oame  ninth  baronet.  In  1876  he  married  the  an-  Jesuit  College  of  St.  Achenl,  near  Bordeaux,  b 

thoress  Mrs.  Oarolioe  Norton,  who  died  in  1877.  was  always  strongly  attached  to  the  principje? 

ToHBBKASKu,  Albxaitdbb  Vladimibotitoh,  of  the  Oatholic  Oburoh.  As  member  of  the  C^ic- 
Prince,  a  Russian  general  and  statesman,  bom  gress  of  1830,  he  voted  for  the  election  of  Prmee 
in  1824,  died  March  8,  1878.  He  was  a  de-  Leopold  of  Coburg  as  first  King  of  the  Bel- 
soendant  of  one  of  the  Circassian  Snltans  of  gians;  and  as  Secretary  of  the  Congreas  h 
Egypt,  and  his  family  had  at  times  even  allied  placed  his  name  under  the  declaration  of  m(l^ 
itself  by  marriage  with  the  hoase  of  Romanoff,  pendence.  From  1881  nntil  his  death  he  re- 
in 1861  he  was  chosen  by  the  Government  to  mained  one  of  the  leading  members  of  tie 
carry  through  the  emancipation  of  the  peas-  Second  Chamber.  In  1832-'84  he  was  Aic- 
ants.  By  his  eagerness  to  Rnssjiif y  the  Poles  bassador  at  the  Papal  Court ;  in  1834-^35  Gc'T- 
and  to  bring  them  over  to  the  Greek  Church,  emor  of  East  Flanders ;  and  in  1835-^9  a^c 
he  made  himself  extremely  unpopular.  At  the  Ambassador  at  several  Italian  courts.  Aftt: 
beginning  of  the  war  of  1877  he  was  at  first  the  overthrow  oftheLiberal  Ministry  of  Rogier, 
superintendent  of  the  hospitals  established  by  in  1855,  he  became  Minister  of  Foreign  Aiua 
the  Society  of  the  Red  Cross ;  subsequently  and  as  ^uch  gained  the  applause  even  of  bis 
he  became  provisional  Governor  of  Bulgaria,  political  opponents,  when  he  resolatelr  ao^i 
He  was  supposed  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  boldly  resisted  the  demands  of  Louis  Napolrt 
Bulgarian  throne.  in  the  question  of  refugees.    He  resigned  vhb 

Tkttffkl,  Wilhelm  Sioismund,  a  German  phi-  his  colleagues  in  1857,  and  became  one  of  tk 

lologist,  bom  September  27, 1820,  died  March  leaders  of  the  Catholic  opposition,  though  be 

8,  1878.      He  became  Professor  of  Classical  no  longer  displayed  his  former  energy.    Wbea 

Philology  in  the  University  of  Tubingen,  and  hispartyagain  obtained  the  ascendancy  in  18Ti\ 

retained  this  position  until  his  death  in  1849.  he  declined  to  enter  the  new  Catholic  Ministr?. 

His  principal  work  is  the  *^  Geschichte  der  rO«  WALua,  Robbbt,  a  British  landscape  ec- 

mischen  Literatur  ^^  (2  vols.,  8d  edition,  1875),  graver,  bom  in  1814,  died  November  23, 1876. 

which  has  been  translated  into  English  (Lon-  Many  of  his  best  works  are  after  Tarnen 

don,  1874)  and  several  other  foreign  languages,  drawings  for  the  **  Southern  Coast,"  ^^Ennlifiil 

He  continued  and  completed  the  **  liealencyclo-  and  Wales,"  Rogers's  poems,  and  the  anoo^ 

pfldie  des  klassischen  Alterthums,"  which  had  and  gift-books  of  the  time.    Among  his  lupr 

been  begun  by  Pauly,  and  contributed  to  it  a  works,  ^^  Lake  Nemi,'*  and  "  Approach  to  T«s- 

number  of  articles.    His  editions  of  Greek  and  ice,"  after  Turner,  are  consider^  the  best 

Latin  classics  are  highly  valued.  Watts,  Sir  Jambb,  a  British  merchant  ben 

Thompson,  Gbobob,  aa  English  reformer,  bom  in  1806,  died  April  7,  1878.  He  was  the  ^ 
in  1804,  died  October  7, 1878.  He  first  became  nior  partner  of  S.  &  J.  Watts  &  Co.,  one  of  tb« 
widely  known  to  the  public  in  connection  with  largest  commercial  establishments  of  Mancbes- 
the  agitation  against  slavery  in  the  British  colo-  ter,  and  was  knighted  in  1857,  when,  as  Hajcr 
nies,  and  contributed  largely  not  only  to  the  of  Manchester,  he  conducted  the  civic  reap- 
dowiif all  of  slavery,  but  also  to  the  abolition  tions  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  Consort  on  tbcir 
of  the  apprentice  system.  Subsequently  he  visits  in  connection  with  the  Art  Treasores  Ex- 
joined  the  Anti-Com-Law  League,  and  ad-  hibition. 

dressed  many  of  the  early  meetings  held  under  Whallbt,  Gbobob  Hamiiond,  a  Briti^  1a^- 
the  auspices  of  that  association.  He  also  took  yer  and  parliamentarian,  bom  in  1813,  died 
an  active  part  in  forming  the  India  Association.  October  7,  1878.  He  was  educated  at  Unirer- 
He  was  associated  with  Mr.  Garrison,  Mr.  Whit-  sity  College,  London,  and  was  called  to  the  bar 
tier,  and  the  members  of  the  Antislavery  So-  in  1836.  At  the  general  election  of  1852  Mr. 
ciety,  in  the  movement  for  abolition  of  slave-  Whalley  nnsuccessfully  contested  the  Mont* 
Tj  in  the  United  States.  A  visit  which  he  gomery  boroughs.  He  was  subsequently  r^ 
paid  to  this  country  in  1834  led  to  the  forma-  turned  for  Peterborough,  but  was  umeflte^l 
tion  of  upward  of  150  antislavery  societies,  on  petition.  He  was  defeated  in  the  same  dtj 
He  was,  however,  denounced  by  President  Jack-  in  1857,  but  was  returned  in  1859,  and  contiL- 
son  in  a  message  to  Congress,  and  compelled  ued  to  represent  it  up  to  the  time  of  his  deatb. 
to  leave  the  country.  During  €he  civil  war  he  He  was  best  known  in  the  earlier  part  of  bis  a- 
revisited  the  United  States,  and  a  public  re-  ,  reer  as  an  opponent  of  the  Jesuits,  and  more  re- 
ception was  given  to  him  in  the  House  of  cently  as  the  unflinching  supporter  of  Artbnr 
Representatives,  in  tho  presence  of  President  Orton,  the  impostor  who  claimed  the  Ticb* 
Lincoln  and  the  Cabinet.  Mr.  Thompson  was  as-  home  titles  ana  estates, 
sociated  with  Joseph  Hume,  Sir  Joshua  Walms-  Wildb,  Sir  Auhbd  Thomas,  a  British  gen- 
ley,  and  many  otner  public  men  in  the  Na-  eral,  bom  in  1819,  died  FebmMy  7, 1878.  H« 
tional  Parliamentary  Reform  Association.  In  entered  the  service  of  the  East  India  Gcmipao? 
1847  he  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  in  1888,  and  served  in  Afghanistan,  Beloocbi^- 
the  Tower  Hamlets.  tan,  the  Punjab,  and  during  the  mutiny.  I^ 

YiLAiN  XIIII.,  Charles,  Vicomte,  a  Belgian  1876  he  was  appointed  member  of  the  Coan- 

statesman,  born  in  BrasseU,  May  15, 1808 ;  died  oil  of  India,  and  in  1877  attained  the  rank  o\ 

in  his  castle  of  Leuth,  near  Maestricht,  Novem*  lieutenant-general, 

her  16,  1878.     Having  been  educated  in  the  Williams,  Wiluax,  an  English  bishop,  bore 


OHIO.  668 

in  1800,  died  February  9, 1878.  He  was  sent  The  local  indebtedness  in  the  foregoing  state- 
oat  at  an  earlj  age  to  preaoh  to  the  Maoris  of  ment  is  computed  to  September  1,  1878,  under 
Nev  Zealand,  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Waiapu  act  of  Maj  2,  1871,  the  public  funded  debt  of 
in  1859,  and  resigned  the  charge  of  his  see  in  the  State  to  November  15,  1878,  and  the  irre- 
1877  on  account  of  increasing  age.  He  was  ducible  State  debt  to  January  1, 1879. 
the  author  of  an  essay  on  **  Christianity  among  The  State  Auditor's  report  shows  that  while 
the  New-Zealanders,'*  and  a  ^*  Dictionary  of  the  State  fonded  debt  had  decreased  in  seven 
the  New  Zealand  Languge."  years  from  $8,588,546.87  to  $6,476,805,802  the 
Yblvbbton,  Sir  Hastings  Rkoinald,  a  Brit-  aggregate  of  local  indebtedness  had  consider- 
isb  admiral,  bom  in  1808,  died  July  24, 1878.  ably  more  than  doubled,  rising  from  $17,590,- 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1828,  was  in  command  547.97  in  1872  to  $41,205,840.62  in  1878.  The 
of  the  Mediterranean  Squadron  from  1868  to  increase  was  in  debts  of  cities  of  the  first  and 
1866,  subsequently  of  the  Channel  Squadron,  second  class,  whose  indebtedness  had  grown 
and  from  1870  to  1874  was  oonunander-in-chief  year  by  year  from  $11,<495,591.04  in  1872  to 
of  the  Mediterranean  Station.    From  1874  to  $85,799,851.70  in  1878. 

1877  he  was  Senior  Naval  Lord  of  the  Admi-  rph*  bidaooe  in  the  StoteTretBury  Novemiw 

ralty.   He  was  created  a  G.  0.  B.  in  1875,  and  i6,  istt,  including  dnfu  for  $}mio,ouo  oq 

attained  the  rank  of  admiral  in  the  same  year.  „.^^^!^]?^^ "?  collected,  wm  .    .    .     1987.009  M 

aivoiuou  Kuo  Aou^vi  ouuauim  mmm.  vuci  oatuv  j«a>>  ^be  receipts  during  the  flscel  year  1878,  In- 

ZdocbrmanN,  WilHBLM,  a  (rerman  poet  ana  eluding  dzafte  mede  upon  eonnty  treasuriee 

historian,  born  January  2,  1807,  died  Septem-  „ d°ring the  y«w for •TW.ooOjwere. . . . .     .     6,631,888  89 

k.v.  oo    1UTO       IT^  «*<..  4.1.  JL  ««4i«Vv»  ^^  A  »Jxi ..«•./>  Total  amount  of  ftindi  In  the  Trea8urjr,lnclnd- 

ber  22,  1878.     He  was  the  author  of  a  volume  jng  cMh  balances  at  the  beglnnli«  of  the 

of  poems  (8d  edition,  1854),  ^^Geschichte  der  year,  and  drafts  made  in  anticipation  of  tsaces 

td  der  Hohenstaufen  "  (2d  edition,  1865),  and  $860,ooo  of  the  above-named  drafts  re- 
histories  of  the  wars  of  1866, 1870-71,  and  the        deemed,  bays  been. 6,649,868  78 

wars  in  Turkey  in  1875-'78.  Leaylng  balanoe  in  the  Twasuiy  Noyember  l^ 

OHIO.    The  followmg  is  a  summary  exhibit  ^®'f®—                                ,«  ,. -^  q. 

of  the  finances  of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  year  ofdnSti!!!.' !!.'.*.'.'.' '.*.".'.*.*.'.'.'.*.'.'  «oo|aoo  So-  $918,694  9T 

1878,  the  condition  of  the -same  at  the  close  of  Total  esdmatediei^pto  for  i8T9,inchid^ 

the  year,  and  the  estimates  for  the  year  ending         - *??  *^^-i- ;;  v- •  v-  v:i'iiiTO ' '  •f'SS'lS  H 

\    •      h      1R   Ift'ro*  Total  estimated  disbursements  for  1879..      ^079,806  88 

vm  vmmvn  nmr  Lsaying  estimated  balsnee  In  the  Treasn- 

THE  rUHDED  DIBT.  ry, Ho▼emberl^  1879, of. $462,417  64 

03 the  15th ofNoyember,  1877, the flinded debt  „,     *  ,     .    ,.    '     ^..        

ofthestatewM $6,479,606  80  The  taxcs  levied  m  1877,  collectible  m  1878, 

Tbe  redemptions  during  the  year  were— loan  xvArt» 

of  1875  (being  aU  that  lemalned  of  said  loan)           S,700  00  ^^^^ 

State  taxes $4,660,8T9  68 

Lesylng  balanoe  outstanding  November  Oounty  and  local  taxes 92,954,271  16 

1^1873 $6,476,806  80     Delinquencies  and  forfeitures 2,001,006  74 

The  funded  debt  is  divided  as  follows:  Total  for  1878. $29,626,749  6$ 

ES!?l,^i:??*.S^'S5  SS;;  i.u»«       ^m  oo  ,  „The  taxes  levied  in  1878,  and  coUectible  in 

Loan  payable  June  80. 18S1, 6 per  cent  interest     4,072,640  80  1 879,  are  aS  foUo W8  : 

bjM  payable  December 81,  f 886,  6  per  cent     „^^^_     BtotetaxM $4,486,876  01 

™*«~^ g»«w.000  00     County  and  other  local  taxes 2l,«*28.069  » 

Total  foreign  debt $6,470,140  80     I>eM«l«»n«ie.  ««1  forfeitures %.^S^  M 

Bomeetle debt,  payable  at  Oolumbus—  Tota]forl879 $28,609,766  86 

Ousl  loan,  not  bearing  interest 1,666  00 

—  The  value  of  all  the  taxable  real  estate  and 

Totaiflmdeddebc $6,476,806  80  pergonal  property  in  Ohio,  according  to  the 

The  local  indebtedness  of  the  State  on  the  consolidated  tax  duplicate  for  1878,  is  as  fol- 

Ut  day  of  September,  1878,  was  as  follows:  lows : 

K«t  debt  or  counties. $8,169,617  42  Real  estate  In  dtles,  towns,  and  Tillages....     $881,892,967  00 

Ket  debt  of  townships,  Including  debta  created  Seal  estate  not  in  dties,  towns,  and  tU- 

by  bosrds  of  education  other  than  for  sepa-  lages 709,228,986  00 

ftto  schod  distrieta 160,966  72     Chattel  property 461,460,668  00 

Net  debt  of  dtles  (first  and  second  class) 86,799,851  70  

y^deU  of  incorporated  Tillages 917,417  64  TotsI  taxable  Tshies  for  1878 $1,652,577,604  00 

H«t  debt  of  school  dislricta  (special  or  sepa^  Net  decrease  in  the  valuations,  ss  compared 

iste) 1,163,098  14        withl877 $22,068,261  00 

■  The  total  Taluatlon  of  national  banks,  ss 

Total  local  debta $41,205,840  62        equalized  in  1877,  was $26,952,972  00 

As  equalised  in  1878 24,611,712  00 

The  amount  of  the  reimbursible  debt,  there-  

fore  ia Showing  a  decrease  of $2,441,260  00 

«,  «  Of  State  banks- 

f^ $6,476,806  80  Total, ss  equalized  in  1877...  $1,662,686  00 

L«»L 41,206,840  62  Total,  ss  equalised  in  1878...    1,892,122  00-         140,404  00 

^  ToWdebtndeemable $47,^646  92  Total  foiling  oflT  since  IBH $2,681,664  00 

Th«  trredoeibie  debt,  compoeed  of  school  and  _,                         -     .       r*           ^           .     .              - 

oth«r  trust  fonds,  upon  which  the  State  pays  The  report  of  the  State  Commissioner  of 

iatmt  St  6  per  cent  per  annum,  is 4,260,98$  78  Railroads  and  Telegraphs  shows  that  there  are 

ARTegato  public  debta  In  the  State $61,948,629  70  fifty-eight  roads  in  Ohio  operating  lines  as  f ol- 


364  OHIO. 

lows:  Mainline,  single  track,  4,630*78  miles;  1,629,817 bnsbels;  corn,  8,135,959  acrei,  10V 
single-track  branches,  3,707*55 ;  double-track,  884,306  boshels.  Of  the  hay  crops  there  vat 
183*23;  sidings,  1,118*01;  total  rail,  6,802*57.  1,739,818  acres  sowed  to  timothy,  yielding 
The  capital  stock  of  these  roads  is  as  follows:  2,160,384  tons  of  hay,  and  834,877  acr«  to 
Authorized,  $368,991,039.71 ;  paid  in,  $278,-  clover,  yielding  286,265  tons  of  hay  and  251,- 
883,871.56.  The  funded  debt  of  the  roads  984  bushels  of  seed.  About  44,890  acres  cf 
amoants  to  $284,489,425.82,  and  the  unfunded  meadow  land  were  plowed  under  for  muiDrt 
debt  to  $23,182,750.82;  total,.  $307,799,807.20,  There  were  42,541  acres  of  flax  under  eoiti- 
of  which  Ohio's  proportion  is  $170,726,770.82.  vation,  yielding  869,708  bushels  of  seed  acd 
Of  the  lines  laid  2,842*46  miles  is  with  steel  7,848,292  pounds  of  fiber.  Tliere  were  127. 
rails,  of  which  1,503*31  miles  are  in  Ohio.  685  acres  of  Irish  potatoes,  yielding  10,504,27^ 
There  are  9,450*40  miles  of  telegraph  along  bushels,  and  7,252  acres  of  sweet  potatoes, 
these  roads,  of  which  5,822*72  miles  are  in  yielding  126,854  bushels.  Over  29,407  aa^i 
Ohio.  The  roads  operate  2,418  locomotives,  were  planted  in  tobacco,  yielding  24,214^d5'.* 
479  express  and  baggage  cars,  1,047  passenger  pounds.  Ohio  produced  50,008,162  pooodEof 
cars,  88  parlor  and  sleeping  cars,  50,152  freight  butter  and  27,978,055  pounds  of  cheese  in  1677. 
cars,  and  1,617  other  cars.  The  employees  on  Nearly  16,105  acres  were  planted  to  sorghuiD, 
these  lines  number  47,294,  of  whom  25,146  are  yielding  7,507  pounds  of  sugar  and  1,180,25:< 
employed  in  Ohio.  The  loss  and  damage  paid  gallons  of  sirup.  There  were  produced  of 
by  these  roads  on  goods  or  baggage  was  $114,-  maple  sirup  824,036  gallons;  of  maple  saps, 
948.61;  to  passengers,  $6,473.95.  The  total  1,625,215  pounds.  About  142,368  hives  of  W 
amount  of  car  mileage  for  the  year  was  807,-  produced  1,534,902  pounds  of  honey.  Tlie  fruit 
227,286  miles.  Passengers  were  carried  as  fol-  products  were  as  follows  :  Orchard,  418,3b>l 
lows:  Local,  18,076,923;  through,  1,866,820;  acres:  apples,  6,248,677 bushels;  peaches, 48.v 
total,  16,626,151.  The  number  of  miles  traveled  085  bushels;  pears,  80,254  bushels.  Therewere 
was  59,003,887.  The  freight  tonnage  was  as  1,274  acres  of  vhoieyard  planted  in  1877,  making 
follows:  Local,  16,050,210  tons;  through,  10,-  a  total  acreage  in  Ohio  of  8,695  acres.  There 
676,055  tons;  making  a  total  of  81,209,771.  were  gathered  11,119,401  pounds  of  grapes,  and 
Total  movement  of  tons  carried  one  mile,  42.-  488,419  gallons  of  wine  were  made.  Then 
863,885*92.  The  tonnage  classified  is  as  fol-  were  15,747,040  pounds  of  wool  shorn,  and 
lows:  Coal,  7,480,478  tons;  stone  and  lime,  27,890  sheep,  valued  at  $88,820,  killed  bj 
850,080  tons;  petroleum,  1,191,978  barrels;  dogs.  The  iiguryto  19,820  sheep  by  dogs  is 
ores,  1,484,715  tons;  pig  and  bloom  iron,  638,-  placed  at  $30,984.  The  taxable  land  in  Ohio  is 
701  tons;  manufactured  iron,  71 1,739  tons  ;lum-  as  follows:  Cultivated,  8,664,791  acres;  pas- 
ber,  2,573,498  feet ;  grain  and  flour,  7,410,042  ture,  5,603,895  acres ;  woodland,  5,206,34-? 
tons;  live  stock,  1,809,395;  animal  products,  acres;  waste  land,  586.640;  total,  20,965,S71 
1,244,068;  manufactures,  1,669,445;  merchan-  acres.  There  were  740,200  horses,  valned  *t 
disc,  1,467,559;  miscellaneous,  1,688,484;  total  $36,771,500;  1,568,878  head  of  cattle,  ^,- 
80,720,192  tons.  The  earnings  for  the  year  794,802 ;  8,909,604  sheep,  $8,678,123 ;  254,411 
were  as  follows:  Passenger,  $14,636,435.76;  hogs,  $5,464,465;  and  27,804  mules,  $1,522,- 
freight,  $41,218,493.18;  mail,  $6,663,654.39;  226.  Deaths  of  animals  from  disease  dorlng 
express,  $1,244,512.66 ;  other  sources,  $1,126,-  theyear:  about  306,349  hogs,  valued  at $1,334,- 
551.87;  total,  $59,889,643.77.  The  operating  655;  59,106  sheep,  $148,700;  16,420  head  of 
expenses  of  the  roads  were  as  follows :  Main-  cattle,  $280,481 ;  11,047  horses,  $747,213. 
tenance  of  way  and  structures,  $9,841,207.09 ;  The  report  ofthe  Board  of  State  Charities  em- 
maintenance  of  cars,  $4,555,518 ;  motive  power,  bodies  a  great  quantity  of  matter  valuable  for 
$5,702,671.36;  conducting  transportation,  $16,-  the  study  by  legislators  and  citizens  interested 
650,180.69;  general,  $3,584,371.04;  total,  $40,-  in  the  workings  of  the  vast  system  of  bcDeyo- 
833,948.18.  There  are  operated  in  Ohio  4,790*-  lent,  penal,  and  reformatory  institutions,  which 
72  miles  of  road.  The  net  earnings  were  $19,-  is  now  carried  on  under  State  and  local  manage- 
730,461.20.  The  list  of  casualties  was  as  fol-  ment.  The  statistics  of  relief  afforded  in  con- 
lows  :  To  passengers  by  accidents  beyond  their  nection  with  infirmaries  present  the  following 
control,  7  injured;  by  their  own  carelessness,  aggregate  for  eighty-two  counties :  Whole  nnm- 
6  killed  and  9  injured.  To  employees  by  aoci-  ber  of  inmates  remaining  September  1,  1B77, 
dents,  22  killed  and  64  imnred ;  carelessness  on  6,526.  Whole  number  received  during  the  jear 
their  part,  41  killed  and  178  injured.  Over  ending  September  1, 1878,  6,072.  Whole  num- 
100  persons  were  killed  and  77  injured  while  ber  born  in  the  infirmaries  during  the  year,  S49. 
walking  tracks,  and  25  were  killed  and  27  in-  Total  number  of  inmates  for  the  year,  12,7t*5. 
jured  while  stealing  rides.  The  total  killed  dnr-  Whole  number  discharged  during  the  year, 
mg  1878  was  194,  and  iiyured  367.  5,030.  Whole  number  remaining  September  1, 
The  agricultural  statistics  show  that  during  1878,  6,475.  Whole  number  of  children  under 
the  year  1877  there  were  sowed  1,746,084  acres  sixteen  years  of  age  during  the  year,  2,078. 
of  wheat,  with  a  yield  of  27,806,566  bushels;  Number  of  children  remuning  September  I, 
rye,  74,580  acres,  914,106  bushels;  buckwheat,  1878,  boys,  799 ;  girls,  522.  Number  of  cbil- 
22,248  acres,  225,822  bustiels ;  oats,  923,444  dren  helplessly  crippled,  88.  Number  of  in- 
acres,  29,325,611  bushels;  barley,  56,165 acres,  sane,  males,  220;   females,  243.    Nomber  of 


OHIO.  665 

epileptics,  males,  217 ;  females,  200.  Nnmber  State  Library  in  the  United  States,  that  of 
of  idiotic,  males,  256 ;  females,  228.  Total  Kew  York  alone  excepted.  The  Dew  State  of 
carrent  expenses  of  infirmaries,  exclusive  of  California,  however,  is  rapidly  saining  on 
farm  prodnots,  for  the  year,  $484,817.54.  To-  Ohio,  and  at  the  present  rate  win  overtake 
tal  ralae  of  farm  products  for  the  year,  $157,-  her.  Over  80,000  persons  have  visited  the  li- 
781.60.  The  auditors  of  seventy-four  counties  brary  during  the  year.  » 
report  amount  expended  for  out-door  relief  The  report  for  1878  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor 
dnriui^  the  year  ending  September  1,  1878,  Statistics  says  the  labors  of  the  Bureau  during 
$221,078.49 ;  of  this  sum  paid  for  physicians*  the  year  have,  as  during  the  previous  year, 
fees,  $37,844.89;  per  diem  and  expenses  of  been  devoted  principally  to  ascertaining  the 
township  trustees,  in  connection  with  poor  actual  condition  of  the  wage-laborers  through- 
relief,  $1,268.51 ;  for  supplies,  food,  clothing,  out  the  State.  The  Commissioner  proceeds  to 
fuel,  etc.,  $102,409.21.  The  sheriffs  of  seventy-  say  that  there  are  a  large  number  of  idle  men 
nine  counties  report :  Total  number  of  prison-  in  the  State,  men  able  to  work  and  anxious  to 
ers  for  the  year  ending  June  80,  1878,  7,719 ;  secure  employment.  This  is  made  evident  by 
number  sentenced  to  jail,  1,727 ;  number  held  the  returns  of  employers  to  the  Bureau.  In 
for  trial,  8,881 ;  number  detained  as  witnesses,  nearly  every  industry  a  miyurity  of  the  estab- 
92;  number  insane,  263;  epileptic,  64;  num-  lishraents  in  operation  in  1872-78  report  in 
ber  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  826 ;  number  1878  a  decrease  of  employees  as  compared 
of  prisoners  in  jail  January  1, 1878,504;  num-  with  the  years  first  named.  Of  the  number 
ber  of  prisoners  in  jail  June  80,  1878,  509 ;  reported  as  employed,  a  large  proportion  have 
total  cost  of  keeping  prisoners,  for  the  year,  not  employment  fifty  weeks  in  the  year.  From 
$76,662.91 ;  number  of  escapes  during  the  year,  the  returns  received,  which  gave  the  weeks  em- 
74.  Statistics  of  operations  of  the  State  insti-  ployed,  it  has  been  ascertained  that  out  of  22,- 
tations  are  as  follows :  Average  number  of  in-  600  employees  11,442  were  employed  fifty  or 
mates :  Athens  Asylum,  571 ;  Cleveland  Asy-  more  weeks,  the  balance  having  employment  as 
lam,  581;  Dayton  Asylum,  492;  Longview,  follows:  1,568,  48  to  49  weeks ;  828,  46  to  47; 
660;  Toledo,  total  for  year,  187;  Columbus,  868, 44  to  45;  1,860, 42  to  48 ;  1,880,40  to  41; 
total  for  year,  1,226.  Institutions  at  Colum-  818,  88  to  39;  519,  86  to  87;  1,958,  80  to  85; 
bos:  Deaf  and  Dumb,  487  inmates,  $94,224.78  2,479,  less  than  80.  No  strikes  of  any  magni- 
current  expenses.  Blind,  156  inmates,  $42,-  tude  occurred  during  the  year,  but  the  Com- 
094.15  current  expenses.  Imbeciles,  $78,470-  missioner  does  not  think  this  state  of  affairs 
.27  current  expenses.  Penitentiary,  average  of  due  to  the  acquiescence  of  workmen  in  the 
inmates,  1,669;  current  expenses,  $201,118.84.  present  condition  of  affairs,  but  rather  to  the 
Current  expenses  of  asylums  for  the  insane :  inability  of  the  discontented  to  maintain 
Athens,  $108,881.75;   Cleveland,  $96,764.12;  strikes. 

Columbus,  $199,091;  Dayton,  $87,000 ;  Long-  The  Adjutant  -  General's  report  exhibits  a 

new,  $90,127.64 ;  Toledo,  $18,200.  Per  capita  marked  improvement  in  the  tone  and  condi- 

of  expenses  in  asylums  for  the  insane :  Athens  tion  of  the  military  service  of  the  State.    The 

(reorganized),   $180.97 ;   Cleveland,  $157.62 ;  report  shows  the  present  aggregate  active 

Colambus  (reorganized),  about  $200;  Dayton  force,    incompletely   uniformed,  armed,   and 

(reorganized),  $176.80  ;    Lagrange,  $187.12  ;  equipped,  to  be  8,508  men,  against  the  grand 

Toledo  (reorganized),  $182.    Cleveland  is  the  aggregate  shown  by  the  report  of  1877  to  be 

only  State  asylum  retained  under  the  former  8,787.    The  present  system  contemplates  an 

Saperintendent,  and  shows  much  the  lowest  army  of  20,000  soldiers,  equal  in  number  to 

per  capita  expense,  $157.62,  or  about  three  the  militia  force  of  the  State  of  New  York, 

dollars  a  week.    Reform  school  for  boys — 521  which  is  the  largest  and  most  complete  in  the 

inmates,  $54,280.54  current  expenses.  Union,  while  Ohio  has  but  little  more  than 

The  State  Commissioner  of  Common  Schools  half  the  population  from  which  to  subsist.    It 

reports  there  were  1,018,789  white  youth  in  is  suggestea  by  the  Adjutant-Gkneral  that  the 

the  schools  in  1878,  an  increase  of  14,644  over  numerical  strength  of  the  State  troops  should 

the  year  1877.    The  number  of  colored  youth  not  exceed  10,000  men  rank  and  file;  that  this 

of  sohool  age  was  23,174,  an  increase  over  1877  number,  properly  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped, 

of  71.    There  are  10,769  township  districts  and  would  be  equal  to  any  emergency  likely  to 

657  city,  village,  and  special  districts.    There  arise. 

were  481  school-houses  erected  in  1878,  a  de-  On  the  1st  of  December,  1877,  the  lessees 

crease  of  nine  over  the  year  before.    There  are  of  the  public  works  of  the  State  abandoned 

now  in  the  State  11,979  school-houses,  valued  their  contract  of  lease,  and  for  eleven  days  the 

at  $21,829,864.    There  are  employed  in  the  works  were  without  responsible  supervision. 

Hcbools  28,891  teachers,  of  whom  12,292  are  By  an  arrangement  between  the  lessees  and 

women  and  11,099  men.    There  is  an  increase  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  a  suit  was  com- 

in  the  number  of  teachers  of  1878  over  1877  of  menced  in  the  Superior  Court  of  Montgomery 

388.    The  percentage  of  daily  attendance  on  County  (decided  adversely  to  the  State),  to 

enrollment  in  the  State  in  1878  was  64*16.  determine  certain  legal  Questions  connected 

The  total  number  of  volumes  now  in  the  with  the  abandonment  of  the  lease.    Under 

State  Library  is  46,002,  making  it  the  largest  this  arrangement,  the  public  works  were  taken 


666  OHIO. 

charge  of  by  receivers  appointed  by  eaid  Court,  moot,  Adams,  Clinton,  and  Hig^hland.  Twelfth 

and  remained  in  their  cnarge,  awaiting  the  re-  — Jackson,  Lawrence,  Pike,  Boe^,  and  Scioto, 

suit  of  said  snit,  until  the  16th  of  May,  at  which  Thirteenth — Monroe,  Morgan,  Noble,  Atb€ss, 

time  the  General  Assembly  passed  a  joint  reao-  and  Washington.  Fourteenth — Ouemsey^Lick- 

lution  requiring  the  Board  of  Public  Works  to  ing,  Muskingum,  and  Perry.    Fifteenth--Rieb- 

take  charge  of  them  in  behalf  of  the  State,  land,  Knox,  Holmes,  Coshocton,  and  Tosean- 

The  management  of  the  works,  both  under  the  was.    Sixteenth — Ashland,   Wayne,  PorUg<^, 

receivers  and  Board  of  Public  Works,  has  been  and  Stark.    Seventeenth — ^Erie,  Hnron,  Lortiii, 

satisfactory,  and  the  works  properly  cared  for,  Medina,  and  Summit.     Eighteenth — CarroL 

showing  them  to  be  in  fair  average  condi-  Columbiana,  Belmont,  Jefferson,  and  HarrisaiL 

tion.    The  moneys  collected  have  been  as  fol-  Nineteenth — ^Ashtabula,  Lake,  Geauga,  Tmi' 

lows :  bull,  and  Mahoning.    Twentieth — Cuyabogi. 

Bj  reo«iy«n,  from  Deoembtf  1, 1ST!,  to  Bfay  1,  During  the  early  part  of  the  session  charges 

1S78. .  . . . . ^. . .  .......  v- . .  ... . . . ... . . -   Iflftjes  69  ^ere  preferred  against  John  O^Connor,  a  Rejh 

By  Board  of  Public  Workf ,  from  May  1  to  No-  _  /  . .    _  -_     ^»-      .                  ^        ^    \»   ^  v 

vomber  16, 1878. 112,780  S4  rt-scntative  from  Montgomery  County,  that  h 

was  during  the  war  a  bounty- jumper,  a  de- 

To  which  add  amoant  reported  aa  collected  bv  ^^^  fe^er,  and  aJso  a  penitentiary  convict  for  gna^ 

leaaeea,  from  November  15  to  December  1,  larceny.    The  charges  were  denied,  but  proc: 

i^^T W08  60  was  furnished,  and  O'Connor  at  last  admitted 

Total  ooUeoted  for  flacal  year. $200,828  48  their  truth,  but  denied  the  power  of  the  Legis- 
lature to  take  action  in  the  case.    A  resoistiun 

The  expenditures  for  all  purposes  from  reve-  declaring  his  seat  vacant,  and  striking  his  ntDie 

nues  have  been :  from  the  rolls,  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  64  to 

Und«  rw»l?«rt,  from  December  1, 1877,  to  May  1 8  aS  the  last  act  of  the  session. 

UnLdir;;rtteiofB<;i;dofpiibUcW^              »«.     »  The  state  Convention  of  the  Prohibition 

May  15  to  November  1&,  1878 95^495  40  party  was  held  in  Columbus,  February  21»:. 

Total  expenao.  by  Board  of  Public  Work,  and  It  put  in  nomination  the  foHow^^^^ 

receiren,  from  December  1, 1677,  to  Norem-  For  Secretary  of  State,  J.  N.  Robinson,  of  Jl^ 

m   ^I'^l^P ; i::^ ViV  •^*^''^^'  dina  County:  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

To  which  add  amoant  reported  aa  expended  by  xmt    t?    "d™  \v^  -i/ilJf:   n^-.^*.-     ^                v- 

lea»ee^  ttom  November  15  to  December  I,  W.  Jj.  KOSS,  Of  Miami   Oounty;    for  member 

1877 ^584  84  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  Delmont  Lockt. 

Total  expenditnrea  for  flacal  year imisMW  ^'  Laurence  County.    The  platform  adopts 

expressed  sympathy  with  all  engaged  lu  tern- 

jalanoB  to  credit  of  worka  for  flacal  year. $58^80  48  perance  work,  invited  sympathy  from  men  d 

'lo  which  maybe  added  for  water  rents  doe  on  Si          ..        j'          i  j  a  j.  i          u-f^j           v  r 

November  1, 1678,  bat  nnoollectad  at  that  date      15,709  19  &^  parties,  demanued  total  prOblDltlon,  abOil* 

tion  of  official  patronage,  and  election  of  t^ 

Neteamings. 868,978  58  ^j^j  officers  by  a  direct  vote;  caUed  for  sp- 

The  sixty-third  General  Assembly  organized  propriate  labor  for  those  confined  in  jail«,  dt- 

on  the  7th  of  January,  with  a  Democratic  ma-  manded  a  law  giving  laborers  first  lien  on  prop- 

jority  in  both  the  Senate  and  House,  and  cod-  erty  for  work  done,  against  subsidies  of  l&n<i 

tinned  in  session  until  May  16th.    During  that  to  corporations,  for  laws  to  prevent  stock  aitd 

time  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  general  laws  grain  gambling,  the  prevention  of  land  monop- 

were  passed,  among  them  being  a  series  of  acts  oly,  prohibition  of  labor  by  children  under  focr* 

reorganizing  the  several  reformatory  and  be-  teen  years  in  mines  and  factories,  abolition  o' 

nevolent  institutions  of  the  State,  so  that  their  class  legislation,  equal  sufi&age  and  eligibilitT 

control  was  placed  in  Democratic  hands.  to  office  without  regard  to  sex,  and  repeal  of 

Another  act  was  the  redistricting  of  the  all  laws  agdnst  the  civil  rights  of  women,  the 

State  in  advance  of  the  regular  redistribution  separation  of  the  money  of  the  Government 

of  Congressional  seats  following  the  census  of  from  all  banking  institutions,  the  Government 

1880.    The  measure  hung  in  the  Legislature  only  to  issue  paper  money  subject  to  prompt 

for  some  time,  but  was  finally  adopted  with  redemption  in  gold  or  silver,  the  isane  of  omiil 

the  following  arrangement  of  districts :  First  Government  bonds  interconvertible  with  paper 

and  Second  Districts — Hamilton  Oounty  divi-  money,  for  stringent  Sunday  laws,  for  compni- 

ded  as  before,  with  the  Twentieth  Ward  in  the  sory  education,  and  for  the  reduction  of  official 

Second  District    Third — Butler,  Montgomery,  salaries. 

and   Warren.     Fourth — Clark,    Champaign,  On  Februaiy  22d,  a  Convention  of  delegates 

Greene,  Logan,  and   Union.     Fifth — Preble,  from  the  National,  Workingmen's,  Greenback, 

Darke,  Miami,  Shelby,  Auglaize,  and  Mercer,  and  Labor  Reform  organizations  was  held  in 

Sixth — Allen,  Van  Wert,  Putnam,  Paulding,  Toledo,  and  the  National  party  of  the  United 

Defiance,  Williams,  Fulton,  and  Henry.    Sev-  States  organized.    rSee  United  SrAna.) 

enth — ^Lucas,  Wood,   Hancock,   Ottawa,  and  The  Republican  State  Convention  was  held 

Sandusky.    Eighth— Crawford,  Seneca,  Wyan-  in  Cincinnati,  June  12th.   The  following  ticket 

dot,  Hardin,  Marion,  and  Morrow.    Ninth —  was  nominated :  For  Secretary  of  State,  Melton 

Fayette,   Franklin,   Delaware,   Madison,  and  Barnes,  of  Guernsey  Oounty;  for  Judge  of 

Pickaway.    Tenth — Fairfield,  Gallia,  Hocking,  Supreme  Court,  William  White,  of  Clark  Conn- 

Meigs,  and  Vinton.    ElevenUi— Brown,  Cler-  ty ;  for  Member  of  Board  of  Public  Wo^k^ 


omo.  667 

George  PaoL  of  Sammit  Oonnty.    The  platform  io  an  nnnsoally  long  seMlon,  pissed  no  law  for  the 

adopted  was  as  follows :  beneilt  of  the  people  of  the  State,  but  they  revohi- 

'^  tionized  every  State  institution  to  make  places  for 

The  principles  of  the  Republican  party  as  written  Pomoon^io  partisans.    They  subordinated  the  wel- 

in  the  hittoir  of  the  country,  as  speoMcally  declared  flure  of  the  insane,  the  blind,  the  mute,  and  orphans 

ia  the  national  pUtfurin  of  the  party,  as  made  sacred  to  the  interest  of  the  Democratic  party.    The  Con- 

by  the  blood  ofpatriots  shed  in  defense  of  the  Union  "titution  having  never  contemplated  more  than  one 

and  freedom,  we  hereby  reafRrm.  Congressional  districting  of  the  Sute  during  a  term 

To  the  soldiers  who  sacrificed  so  much  In  defense  o^ten  years  between  the  taking  of  the  censuses,  we 

of  our  oommon  country  there  is  a  debt  of  gratitude  condemn  the  recent  outrageous  and  unjust  redistnot- 

due,  which  can  never  be  ftilly  discharged.     The  *ng  of  the  State  by  the  Legislature,  in  violation  of 

pledges  made  by  the  Bepublican  party  and  by  our  w^afiTO  «nd  at  the  dUctation  of  Speaker  Randall,  by 

patriotic  people  is  a  binding  and  sacred  obligation  which,  on  the  basis  of  the  vote  of  the  kst  Presi- 

D«ver  to  be  forgotten,  never  to  be  impaired,  but  to  dential  election,  when  a  m^ority  of  the  votes  oast 

the  fullest  extent  to  be  fhlfilled.    We  therefore  de-  "*«"  Republican,  the  Democrats  would  be  enabled 

nounoe  as  impatriotic,  heartless,  and  infamous  this  to  carry  fourteen  out  of  twenty  Congressional  dis- 

act  of  the  Ohio  Legislature,  introduced  by  a  deserter,  tncts. 

bouDty-jumper,  and  convict,  intended  and  calculated  mt     r^               .    ^         ^             .                <■    « « 

to  drive  from  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  the  or^  The  Democratic  State  Oonvention  was  held 

phaos  and  children  of  deceased  or  disabled  soldiers,  at  Oolnmbus,  June  26th.     The  following  ticket 

or  to  rob  the  widows  and  families  of  such  patriots  of  ^|^  p^  Jn  nomination:    For  Secretary  of 

th«  pittance  paid  to  them  bj;  the  Government  of  the  g^^^^  p^^  g  p^     ^  Summit  County ;  for 

lotted  States,  and  demand  its  unconditional  repeal.  '^'~*^  *'•■            *  ^v*  _^    ai         j      a   tt' 

The  financial  question  having  been  disposed  of  by  J«dge  of  Supreme  Court,  Alexander  8.  Hume. 

Con^ss,  and  the  country  at  present  needing  repose  of  Butler  County ;  for  Member  of  the  Board 

in  order  that  capital  may  seek  employment  and  that  of  Public  Works,  Rush  R.  Field,  of  Richland 

industries  may  revive,  thus  increasing  the  demand  County.    The  following  platform  was  adopted  : 

tor  labor,  the  situation  ought  to  be  aooepted,  and  we  *^                            °  ^                            '^ 

oppose  tne  further  agitation  of  the  question  at  this  The  Democratic  party  of  Ohio,  in  Convention  as« 

timoasix^urioustobusiness  and  devoid  of  other  than  sembled.  hereby  reaffirms  the  following  clauses  in 

evil  results.  the  platform  of  the  Convention  of  July  25, 1877,  en- 

The  disposition  exhibited  by  the  conservative  men  dorsed  bv  a  minority  of  more  than  22,000  last  fall  by 

in  the  South  to  oppose  the  revolutionary  method  on  the  people  of  Oliio :  We  renew  its  pledge  of  devo- 

the  part  of  Nortnem  Democrats,  as  shown  first  in  tion  to  the  Union,  and  the  Constitution  with  its 

their  refussl  to  oppose  the  consummation  of  the  elec-  amendments.    It  declares  as  essential  to  the  preser- 

torsi  count,  and  more  lately  in  the  expression  of  sen*  vstion  of  the  Oovemment  a  faithful  adherence  to  the 

timents  in  disapprobation  of  the  proposed  attack  following  principles :    A  strict  construction  of  home 

upon  the  President's  title,  is  received  as  a  promising  rule ;  supremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  militorv  power ; 

omen,  and  the  Bepnblioans  of  Ohio  cordially  greet  separation  of  Church  and  State  ^  e<^uality  of  all  citi- 

each  oitisens  of  the  South  as  adhere  in  good  faith  to  sens  before  the  law ;  liberty  of  individual  action  un- 

the  terms  upon  which  the  issues  of  the  war  were  set*  vexed  by  sumptuary  laws :  absolute  acquiescence  iu 

tied,  inoludmg  the  constitutional  amendments  guar-  the  lawfully  expressed  will  of  the  minority ;  opposi- 

•nteeing  equal  civil  and  political  rights,  free  speech,  tion  to  all  subsidies ;  the  preservatiop  of  the  public 

ft  free  press,  and  an  imtrammeled  ballot  to  ail  citi-  lands  for  the  use  of  actus!  settlers,  and  the  mainte- 

KQt.    Upon  these  conditions  alone  can  sectional  nance  and  protection  of  the  common  school  system, 

strife  by  allayed  and  the  sectional  linen  which  now  As  pertinent  to  the  issue  now  pending  before  the 

separate  in  a  great  measure  the  South  from  the  North  people, 

be  obliterotea.  Jatolwd^  That  an  investigation  of  the  frauds  com- 

A  tariff  for  revenue  should  be  maintained  and  so  mitted  at  the  last  Presidential  election  in  Florida 
a(^'i9ted  as  to  secure  incidental  protection  to  home  and  Louisiana  ought  to  have  been  made  by  the  Eiec- 
inloHtry.  toral  Commission.  Its  refusal  to  do  so  wss  a  viola- 
True  economy  requires  that  the  Gbvemment  should  tion  of  the  spirit  of  the  law  under  which  it  was  or- 
mike  sufficient  appropriations  to  oarrv  forward  the  ganized  and  a  gross  outrage  upon  the  people  of  the 
work  on  all  public  buildings  without  aelay,  and  this  United  States ;  and  while  the  decision  as  made  by 
should  especially  be  the  aim  when  the  supply  of  the  Forty-fourth  Congress  of  the  question  as  to  who 
labor  is  in  excess  of  the  demand.  should  be  declared  President  of  the  United  States 

The  mining  interests  of  Ohio  require  an  inspection  for  the  present  Presidential  term  was  in  our  judg- 

law,  intelligently  administered,  and  we  condemn  the  ment  final,  that  decision  ought  not  to  preclude  an 

action  of  the  Qovemor  in  prostituting  that  depart-  authentic  investigation  and  exposure  of  all  the  frauds 

ment  (the  objects  of  which  should  be  to  protect  life  connected  with  that  election  and  the  due  accounto- 

and  promote  the  comfort  of  the  miners)  to  a  mere  bility  of  all  who  were  guiltily  connected  with  them, 

partissn  purpose.  Baolvedj  That  the  commercial  and  industrial  stag- 

The  revolutionary  movement  inaugnrsted  under  nation  that  has  so  long  prevailed  throughout  the 

over  of  investigations,  but  really  as  an  attack  upon  country,  and  the  oonseouent  wide-spread  wont  and 

the  President's  title,  calculated  as  it  is  to  Mexican-  suffering,  is  due  directly  to  the  pernicious  financial 

ize  the  affairs  of  this  country,  to  cause  general  dis-  legislation  of  the  Republican  parfy,  which  we  here- 

truit,  to  prostrate  our  industries,  and  aggravate  and  by  arraign  for  its  acts,  and  charge : 

proloni;  the  distress  of  the  laboring  and  industrial  1.  That  at  a  time  when  the  country  was  weighed 

ctutei,  we  unqualifiedly  condemn.    President  Hayes  down  with  debt  created  on  the  basis  of  a  full  volume 

havinff  been  di^y  elected  and  his  title  subsequently  of  paper  added  to  both  the  precious  metals  as  money, 

setUea  under  the  Constitution  by  the  highest  tribu-  It  enacted  a  sweeping  change  in  the  measure  of  value 

Bal,  and  bj  the  act  of  both  pohtical  parties,  it  can  wholly  in  the  interest  of  moneyed  capital  by  demon* 

aot  be  questioned,  and  we  recognize  in  his  Aamlnis*  etizing  silver  and  decreeing  the  destruction  of  legal* 

tntion  the  highest  integrity  and  patriotism ;  the  tender  paper,  and  thereby  wronfffully  added  in  ef- 

Doit  sincere  effort  to  promote  political  purity  and  feet  hundreds  of  millions  to  the  burden  of  debt  and 

harmony  and  secure  generol  business   prosperity  taxes  upon  the  people, 

throaghout  the  whole  country.                              *  S.  By  pursuing  its  merciless  policv  of  contracting 

The  nresent  Legislature  is  a  warning  to  the  people  the  paper  currency  and  hoarding  gold  it  has  increased 

of  the  dtste  and  a  proof  of  the  dangerous  character  continuouslv  the  value  of  money  and  securities  that 

•f  the  Democratic  party.    The  miy  ority  of  that  body,  partake  of  the  enhancement  of  money,  and  deoreooed 


668  OHIO. 

the  valae  of  all  other  property,  and  especially  of  cap-  8.  We  denounce  as  crimes  Mtainst  the  people  the 

ital  deeiij^ned  for  productive  use,  and  required  for  law  making  the  greenback  onlj  a  partial  legal  ten* 

the  employment  or  labor,  thus  repressing  instead  of  der,  the  act  creating  the  national  bankiiiff  aehscc, 

fostering  industiy,  compelling  idleness  instead  of  the  act  changing  currency  bonds  Into  coin  bonds,  tLe 

sustaining  trade  and  commerce ;  and  now  this  party  act  exempting  bonds  from  taxation,  the  act  repcalisi: 

in  Ohio  puts  forward  in  its  platform  the  declaration  the  income  tax,  the  act  demonetizinff  silTer,  the  set 

that  the  financial  education  has  been  settled.    We  for  issuing  interest-bearing  bonds  lorthe  jpurebaM 

deny  this  declaration,  and  while  we  congratulate  of  silver  bullion  to  be  converted  into  aubaidiaiyeoo!, 

the  country  that  the  downward  courae  of  bankruptcy  the  act  for  the  forced  resumption  of  spede  paymeote. 

und  ruin  involved  in  the  Kepublican  party  has  been  the  act  for  the  indefinite  mcrease  of  the  caliccsl 

partial! V  averted  by  the  Democratic  measures  passed  bank  circulation,  and  the  enormous  .ooDtractioc  cf 

at  the  late  session  of  Congress  ^storing  the  debt-  the  volume  of  the  circtdating  medium.    We  re<3f- 

paying  power  to  silver  dollars,  made  a  law  in  spite  nize  tiie  financial  legislation  of  the  Government  frcio 

of  a  Presidential  veto,  and  stopping  the  further  de-  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war  aa  the  arbitmy 

struotion  of  greenbacks,  we  demand,  as  further  acta  dictation  of  the  syndicate  of  bankers  and  usnrert, 

of  justice  as  well  as  measures  of  relief,  the  repeal  of  with  the  single  and  settled  purpose  of  robbing  tLt 

the  resumption  act  and  the  lawful  liberation  of  the  many  toennch  the  few. 

coin  hoaraed  in  the  Treasurr ;  the  removal  of  all  re-  4.  To  remedv  and  counteract  the  evila  eomplaiced 

strictions  to  the  coinage  of  ailver  and  the  re^stab-  of.  we  demand  that  the  Oovamment  shall  issce  a 

lishment  of  silver  as  a  money  metal  the  same  as  full  legal-tender  paper  money  adequate  in  Tolme 

gold,  as  it  was  before  its  fraudulent  demonetisation ;  for  the  employment  of  labor,  the  diatiibutioD  of  its 

tne  gradual  substitution  of  United  States  legal-tender  products,  tne  requirements  of  busineaa,  and  for  tLi 

paper  for  national-bank  notea  and  its  permanent  es-  payment  of  all  interest-bearing  bonda  aa  fast  a&  n- 

tablishment  aa  the  sole  paper  money  of  the  country,  deemable ;  the  withdrawal  and  cancellation  of  tL 

made  receivable  for  all  duea  to  the  Government  ana  bank  notes  designed  to  circulate  aa  currency,  tU 

of  equal  tender  with  coin,  the  amount  of  such  issues  non-exemption  from  tsxation  of  all  private  prcptrtj. 

to  be  so  regulated  by  legislation  or  organic  law  as  to  the  passace  of  a  graduated  income  tax,  the  unhmitK 

give  the  people  assurance  of  stability  in  volume  of  coinage  of  ^old  and  silver,  and  the  repeal  of  the  E|^-e> 

currency  and  consequent  stabilitv  of  value ;  no  Air-  cie  resumption  act,  and  that  all  legalized  mono&olies 

ther  increase  in  the  bonded  debt,  and  no  further  be  abolished  and  their  establiahment  in  the  futsR 

sale  of  bonds  for  the  purohaae  of  coin  for  resumption  prohibited. 

Surposes.  but  the  gradual  extinction  of  the  public  6.  We  recognize  the  mutual  dependence  of  capital 

ebt,  rigid  economy  in  the  reduction  of  expenaitures  and  labor  ana  deprecate  all  attempts  to  antag^oiic 

in  all  branches  of  the  public  service,  and  a  tariff  for  them.    Combinations  of  capital  to  rob,  and  stiiiei 

revenue  only.  of  labor  to  resist  robbery,  are  destructive  of  the  trac 

Jiesohedj  That  the   interests  of  the   industrial,  interests  of  labor.   We  denounce  alike  Uie  ComKis- 

wealth-producing  classes  is  the  paramount  interest  nism  which  demanda  an  eoual  divisioo  of  propeitj 

of  the  people  of  the  United  States.    Those  whose  and  the  infamous  financial  leffislation  which  takes  tJ 

labor  and  enterprise  produce  wealth  should  be  secure  from  the  many  to  enrich  the  few.   We  demand  cLetp 

in  its  enjoyment.  Our  warmest  sympathy  is  extended  capital  and  well-paid  labor  in  the  place  of  dear  ayi- 

to  the  laboring  classes  who  have  been  tnrown  out  of  tal  and  cheap  labor. 

employment  by  the  ruinous  financial  policy  and  un-  0.  To  secure  the  rights  snd  protect  the  intarepts  cf 
just  legislation  of  the  Republican  party,  and  we  employer  and  employed,  bureaus  of  statistics  should 
pledge  the  Democratic  partv  to  the  reversal  of  that  be  established  and  competent  persona  appointed  u> 
poliov  and  a  restoration  of  all  the  rights  they  are  inquire  into  and  report  the  condition  and  wagea  d 
entitled  to  upon  its  ascendancy  to  power.  the  working  classes  in  all  departmenta  of  industrr. 
Jtetolvtd^  That  there  can  be  no  legitimate  employ-  that  wise,  judicious,  and  equitable  lawa  may  be  ei.- 
ment  of  organized  force  in  this  country  except  to  acted  in  regard  to  the  hours  of  labor  and  the  em- 
execute  the  law  and  to  maintain  public  peace ;  that  ployment  of  minors  in  manufacturing  establi»L- 
no  violence  should  be  countenanced  to  obtain  redress  ments. 

for  any  alleged  grievance,  but  should  be  repressed  7.  Public  lands  should  be  sacredly  set  sp^rt  fcr 

at  every  cost  until  reliex  can  be  secured  by  legal  the  homesteada  of  actual  settlers,  and  auch  h  ci^b- 

metho(M.  tion  should  be  had  as  will  encoursge  and  sia  the 

We  congratulate  the  country  upon  the  adoption  landless  in  securing  homes, 

of  the  constitutional  and  pacific  policy  of  local  self-  8.  The  contract  system  of  employing  the  inicstes 

government  in  the  States  of  the  South,  so  long  ad  vo-  of  our  prisons  works  great  injustice  to  mechanics 

cated  by  the  Democratic  party,  andwhich  has  brought  and  manufacturerSj  and  should  he  aboliahed. 

peace  and  harmony  to  that  section  of  the  Union.  9.  The  importation  of  servile  labor  from  ether 

The  State  Convention  of  the  National  Green-  ^o^n^'lea  should  be  prohibited  under  tiiesevei^t 

V     u  T   v       ^~7       V  •     i^  IV       T  1    ooj  penalties,  while  the  immigration  of  libexty-loTug 

back  Labor  party  met  m  Oolambns,  July  28d.  people  should  be  encouraged. 

The  ticket  nominated  was :  Andrew  Hoy,  of  lo.  We  deprecate  and  denounce  all  seditions  asd 

Jackson  County,  for  Secretary  of  State ;  0.  A.  violent  measures,  and  appeal  onhr  to  the  good  sfose, 

White,  of  Brown  County,  for  Judge  of  the  ^OY®  o^ Justice,  and  patriotism  of  the  p«>ple,  and  in- 

Supreme  Oonrt;  J  R  Fjdlis,  of  Lucas  Conn-  ;^Sgi^Mr^„^a,tj;oJlSoi'°'*  """^ 

ty,  for  Member  of  Board  of  Iniblic  Works.  n.  We  demand  proper  aanitazy  aafeguards  sLd 

The  resolutions  adopted  were  as  follows :  regulations  for  workshops,  mines,  and  factories. 

1.  We  endorse  and  reaffirm   the  declaration  of  ^\  We  favor  the  enactment  of  lawa  giving  m^- 

principles  of  the  National  party  adopted  at  Toledo,  chanics  and  laborers  a  first  lien  for  their  fiill  wa^ 

February  22d,  1878.  !?•  W«  are  opposed  to  anjr  further  laaue  of  uiter^ 

9.  Want  of  harmony  of  sentiment  on  the  financial  est-beanng  bonds  of  the  United  Sutea  for  any  pw^ 

question  in  both  the  Bepublican  and  Democratic  PO*®  whatever, 
parties  renders  it  absolutely  necessaiy  that  those 

who  demand  financial  reform  should  sbandon  the  The  total  vote  cast  for  Secretary  of  State 

old  organizations  and  unite  together  in  the  Nstionol  ^og  589,092,  being  an  increase  of  84,082  over 

Greenback  Labor  party,  to  save  buainess  men  from  ^^  ^^^e  of  1877.     The  oflScial  declaration  of 

bankruptcv,  working  classes  from  starvation,  the  . ,            ,.           '    -  i,^ 

whole  country  from  revolution,  and  the  nation  from  t°f,  ^'^sult  was  as  foUows : 

repudiation.  Secretary  of  State— Barnes,  Repub.,  2t4,- 


OHIO.  OLD  CATHOLICS.             669 

120;    Paige,  Dem.,  270,966;   Roj,  Nat,  88.-  12,068;   Gib.  Atherton,  Dem.,  14,850;   T.J. 

832 ;  Robinson,  Pro.,  5,674.    Barnes's  ploral-  Maginnis,  Nat,  2,491.     Atherton's  majority, 

itj  over  Paige,  8,154.  2,287. 

Judge  of  oapreme  Conrt — ^W.  White,  Repub.,  Fifteenth   District — G.  A.  Jones,  Repnb., 

274,887;  Hume,  Dem.,  270,839;  C.  A.  White,  11,039;   G.  W.  Geddes,  Dem.,  15,617;   Geo. 

Nat,  87,926 ;  Ross,  Pro.,  6,607.    White's  pin-  W.  Pepper,  Nat,  1,889 ;  —  Kahr,  Pro.,  266, 

ralitjr  over  Hnme,  8,498.  Geddes's  minority,  4,578. 

Member  of  Board  of  Pablio  Works — PanI,  Sixteenth  District — ^Wm.  McKinley,  Jr.,  Re- 

Repnb.,  278,927;   Field,  Dem.,  271,178;  Fal-  pnb.,  15,489;   Aqiiilla  Wiley,  Dem.,   14,255; 

lis,  Nat,  88,088 ;  Locke,  Pro.,  5,677.    Paul's  A.  M.  Hunter,  Nat,  1,272 ;  J.  A.  Bush,  Pro., 

plnrality  over  Field,  2,749.  94.    McKinley's  majority,  1,284. 

Elections  for  Congressmen  were  also  Iield,  Seventeenth  District— James  Monroe,  Re- 
in most  of  the  districts  four  tickets  bein^  in  pub.,  17,258 ;  Lewis  Miller,  Dem.  and  Nat, 
the  tield.    The  result  was  the  election  of  elev-  14J575.    Monroe's  majority,  2,678. 
en   Democrats  and  nine  Republicans.     The  Eighteenth  District — J.  T.  Updegraff,  Re- 
official  figures  were  as  follows :  pub.,  15,820 ;   D.  F.  Lawson,  Dem.,  12,641 ; 

First  IHstrict— Bei\j.  Butterworth,  Repub..  G.  £.  Smith,  Nat,  2,798 ;  —  Grimes,  Pro.,  26. 

12,756;  Milton  Sayler,  Dem.,  12,086;  Milford  Updegraflrs  majority,  2,679. 

Spahn,  Nat,  156 ;  W.  G.  Halpin,  Nat,  16 ;  P.  Nineteenth  District--J.  A.  Garfield,  Repub., 

II.  Clark,  Sr.,  Soc.,  275.    Butterworth's  ma-  17,166;  J.  C.  Hubbard,  Dem.,  7,558;  G.  W. 

jority,  720.  Tuttle,  Nat.,  8,148 ;  —  Reeves,  Pro.,  98.    Gar- 

Seoond  District — ^Thos.  L.  Yonng,  Repub.,  field's  miyority,  9,618. 
12,914;   L.  W.  Goss,  Dem.,  11,940;    G.  W.  Twentieth  District— Amos  Townsend,  Re- 
Platt,  Nat,  272 ;  S.  Ruthenberg,  Soc.,  260.  pub.,  18,081 ;  J.  M.  Poe,  Dem.,  7,271 ;   Gil- 
Young's  mi(jority,  974.  bert  Shove,  Nat,  4^984 ;  W.  H.  Doan,  Pro., 

Third  District— £.  Schultze,  Repub.,  14.350 ;  2,085.    Townsend's  minority,  5,810. 

J.  A.  McMahoD,  Dem.,  15,487;  M.  P.  Nolan,  OLD  CATHOLICS.    In  Germany,  the  Old 

Nat,  821 ;  David  Staley,  Pro.,  121.  McMahon's  Catholic  Church  passed  through  a  severe  criris 

migority,  1,087.  in  1878.    The  fiftn  Synod,  which  was  held,  as 

Fonrth  District — J.  W.  Eeifer,  Repnb.,  15,-  in  former  years,  at  Bonn,  decided  the  vexed 

879 ;    W.  y.  Marquis,  Dem.,  10,822 ;   W.  A.  question  of  priestly  celibacy  by  the  adoption 

llanoe,  Nat,  867 ;    W.  J.   Fiery,   Pro.,  829.  of  a  resolution  in  favor  of  its  abolition.     In 

Keifer's  mi^jority,  5,057.  compliance  with  a  resolution  adopted  by  the 

Fifth  District — Harrison  Wilson,  Repub.,  12,-  fourth  Synod,  the  Synodical  Council  had  made 

848 ;    Be^j.  LeFevre,  Dem.,  14,676 ;  Stephen  inquiries  as  to  the  consequences  which  the  abo- 

Johnston,  Nat,  2,892;  J.  H.  Blackford,  Pro.,  lition  of  priestly  celibacy  might  have  in  the 

819.     LeFevre's  miyjority,  1,828.  several  German  states  in  regard  to  the  legd 

Sixth  District — J.  L.  Price,  Repub.,  12,072 ;  position  of  the  Church.    From  the  official  re- 

W.  D.  Hill,  Dem.,  16,110;  W.  C.  Holgate,  Nat,  plies  received  it  appeared  that  in  Prussia,  Ba- 

2,544.    Hill's  majoriU*,  4,088.  den,  and  Hesse  the  Governments  regftrded  the 

Seventh  District— J.  B.  Luokey^Repub.,  11,-  subject  as  a  purely  ecclesiastical  question,  and 

278 ;  F.  H.  Hurd,  Dem.,  18,182 ;  Henry  Eahio,  would  not  in  the  least  change  their  attitude 

Nat,  7,893.    Hurd's  minority,  1,904.  with  regard  to  the  Old  Catholics,  whether  they 

Eighth   District — Charles   Foster,   Repub.,  should  abolish  priestly  celibacy  or  not  In  Ba- 

14,982;  E.  B.  Finley,  Dem.,  16,287;   O.  C.  varia,  however,  it  appeared  probable  that  the 

Brown,  Nat,  845 ;  —  Deal,  Pro.,  298.    Fin-  Government,  in  case  priestly  celibacy  should 

ley*a  majority,  1,255.  be  abolished,  would  treat  die  Old  Catholics 

Ninth   District — Lorenzo  English,  Repub.,  as  a  non-Catholic  sect,  and  disregard  thence- 

16,798 ;  Geo.  L.  Converse,  Dem.,  17,786 ;  C.  forward  their  claims  to  a  share  in  the  property 

r^ewis,  Nat,  1,275 ;  J.  H.  Coulter,  Pro.,  508.  of  the  Catholic  Church.    The  migority  of  the 

Converse's  migority,  988.  Synodical  Council,  in  union  with  the  Bishop, 

Tenth  District — Y.  B.  Horton,  Repub.,  12,-  therefore  advised  the  Synod  to  postpone  by  a 

245  ;  Thomas  Ewing,  Dem.,  12,579 ;  —  Smart,  formal  vote  the  decision  of  the  question  until 

Nat,  176.    E wing's  majority,  884.  1888.    The  minority  of  the  Synod,  however. 

Eleventh  District — ^W.  W.  McEnight,  Repub.,  was  of  an  opposite  opinion,  and  by  a  large  ma- 

13,997;  H.  L.  Dickey,  Dem.,  15,855;  John  Jority  (75  a^inst  22)  declared  in  favor  of  the 

Printy,  Nat.,  1,104.    Dickey's  majority,  1,858.-  immediate  abolition.    The  views  of  the  synods 

Twelfth  District — Henry  S.  Neal,  Repub.,  were  expressed  in  the  following  declaration : 

14,566;  James  Emmitt,  Dem.,  12,498 ;  —  Sin-  1.  That  the  law  of  compulsory  celibacy  is  only 

ten,  Nat,  670 ;   W.  J.  Kirkendall,  Pro.,  69.  a  question  of  discipline,  not  of  doctrine.    2. 

Neal's  majority,  2,078.  That  it  is  not  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the 

Thuleenth  District — ^N.  H.  Van  Vorhes,  Re-  Gospel  and  with  the  spirit  of  the  Catholic 

pub.,   11,827;   A.  J.  Warner,  Dem.,  11^0;  Church.    8.  That  thereby  scandalous  and  im- 

GMdea,  Nat.,  756 ;  McElheny,  Pro.,  573.   War-  moral  offenses  are  induced.    4.  That  a  volun- 

ner's  majority,  128.  tary  celibacy  is  by  no  means  condemned ;  but^ 

Fourteenth  District — ^Isaao  Morton,  Repub.,  5.  That  the  canonical  prohibition  of  clerical 


670              OLD  CATHOLIOS.  OREGON. 

marriage,  from  subdeacon  upward^  shall  be  no  and  eleven  were  still  preparing  for  the  Dim- 
longer  binding  on  the  Old  Catholio  Cbnrch.  istry. 

Nineteen  priesU  and  fifty-six  lay  deputies  yoted  Although  the  Old  Catholics  of  Auttria  hid 
for  the  abolition,  and  the  Bishop  and  ^y^  been  recognized  in  October,  1877,  as  an  inde- 
priests,  with  sixteen  laymen,  against  it.  In  con-  pendent  religions  body,  under  the  desigDAtioL 
sequence  of  this  decision  several  of  the  found-  of  Old  Catholic  Church,  their  congregatioi^ 
ers  and  prominent  men  of  the  Church  resigned  were  not  regarded  by  the  Austrian  law  sAhJ]; 
as  members  of  the  Synodical  Council  and  with-  organized  until  they  should  have  pastors  sgains: 
drew  from  the  Synod,  though  none  of  them  whom  the  Austrian  Government  raised  no  oV 
left  the  Old  Catholic  communion.    The  Arch-  jectidn.  Thus  the  congregation  of  Vieuoawss 
bishop  of  Utrecht,  in  the  name  of  the  Old  Cath-  not  fully  recognized  until  September  29, 187S. 
olic  Church  of  Holland,  had  sent  a  letter  warn-  when  a  pastor  whose  election  had  been  ap- 
ing the  German  Church  against  taking  this  proved  by  the  Government  was  solemnly  in- 
step ;  but  a  suspension  of  the  friendly  relations  ducted  into  his  office, 
between  the  two  Churches^  which  bad  been  In /toZy  the  Old  Catholic  Church  is  still  vitli* 
expected  on  many  sides,  did  not  take  place,  out  a  formal  organization,  and  its  Bishop  elect 
The  statistical  report  presented  by  the  Synodi-  Prota-Giurleo,  had  up  to  the  end  of  1878  wa 
cal  Council  showed  a  total  of  Old  Catholics  in  received  the  episcopal  consecration.  Theorgtr 
Germany  of  51,864  persons,  a  slight  falling  off  of  the  Church,  the  **  Emancipatore  Catto1ic<K* 
since  1877,  when  it  was  reported  58,640.   The  of  Naples,  asserted  that  the  number  of  sdht- 
number  of  enrolled  members  had,  however,  rents  had  notably  increased  during  the  jen 
increased  by  about  250,  a  proof  that  the  Church  1877,  especially  among  the  high  dignitaries  of 
bad  made  progress  among  the  young  unmarried  the  Church  and  the  laity  of  the  provinces  of 
men.    The  largest  falling  off  was  in  Bavaria,  Calabria,  Apulia,  Basilicata,  and  Salerno.  Th€ 
the  greatest  progress  in  rrussia.    The  Bava-  '^Emancipatore*'  repeatedly  announced  tk: 
rian  Old  Catholics  held  a  convention  soon  after  the  consecration  of  the  Bishop  elect  and  tb^ 
the  close  of  the  Synod,  and  passed  a  resolution  complete  organization  of  the  Chnrch  were  net: 
that  the  decision  of  the  Synod  in  the  celibacy  at  hand. 

question  was  regarded  as  not  binding  for  the  In  France  the  Old  Catholics   are  Itkevisc 

Old  Catholics  of  Bavaria.  without  organization.    Father  Uyacinthe,  it  a 

Ttie  Synod  of  the  Christian  Catholics  of  meeting  of  the  Anglo-Continental  Society  of 

Switgerland  held  its  fourth  annual  session  at  England,  which  was  attended  by  about  80  Ad* 

Aarau,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  Aargau,  on  glican  bishops,  announced  his  determinatictL 

May  25th,  and  disposed  of  its  business  within  a  .to  resume  at  Paris  his  labors  for  a  reforms- 

few  hours.  The  most  important  question  before  tion  of  the  Catholic  Church  of  France  on  an 

the  Synod  was  that  of  the  reception  of  the  Old  Catholio  basis.     He  received  from  the 

Lord's  Supper  in  both  kinds.    The  priests  and  meeting  the  promise  of  an  active  aapport 

congregations  of  French  Switzerland  are  gon-  OREGON.    The  people  of  Oregon  appear  u- 

erally  in  favor  of,  and  those  of  German  Switz-  have  enjoyed  uninterrupted  prosperity,  net- 

erland  opposed  to,  changing  the  practice  of  the  w^ithstanding  the  financial  embarrassment  thAt 

Roman  Catholio  Church.    The  Synod  agreed  has  prevailed  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  Tie 

upon  a  compromise,  worded  as  follows:    1.  many  disturbances  and  depressions  in  trade 

Communion  of  both  kinds  is  likewise  Catholic  and  commerce  in  other  States  have  prodiK«d 

and  permissible.    2.  Tlie  right  of  introducing  there  no  material  injury.    On  the  contnrr. 

the  same  is  reserved  to  the  cantonal  and  dis-  although  several  counties  in  the  eastern  part  of 

trict  synods,  and  to  the  congregational  boards  the  State  have  been  exposed  to  tiie  ravages  cf 

of  the  Church,  particularly  in  those  cantons  in  a  desolating  Indian  war,  the  development  of 

which  no  supenor  authority  exists.    With  re-  the  commerce,  though  stow,  has  been  sure  scd 

gard  to  holy  days,  the  Synod  determined  that  steady,  and  the  varied  industries  have  generallj 

only  Christmas,  New  Tear's,  Ascension,  and  All  manifested  a  healthy  activity,  and  have  met 

Saints*  days  should  be  regarded  as  high  festivals  with  reasonable  returns, 

when  they  fall  on  week  days,  and  that  all  other  At  the  close  of  the  financial  year  ending  on 

holy  days  should  be  either  discontinued  or  else  September  1,  1876,  the  balance  in  the  State 

transferred  to  the  next  Sunday ;  but,  on  the  oth-  Treasury  was  $68,894.54.      The  receipts  for 

er  hand,  that  Good  Friday  should  be  ^'  kept  holv  the  two  ensuing  years  were  $828,561 .91.    Th.e 

in  a  way  corresponding  to  its  high  importance."  expenditures  were  $779,560.81,  leaving  a  bal- 

The  Synod  consisted  of  120  delegated  members,  ance  in  the  Treasury  on  September  1,  1878,  of 

Bishop  Herzog  transmitted  a  statistical  report,  $112,895.64. 

from  which  it  appears  that  the  Church  had  61  The   liabilities  of  the   State   are   as  fol- 

organized  parishes  and  71  priests.    Although  lows: 

no  less  than  eleven  priests  had  left  the  Chur<m.  Bonda  beiHn;  7  per  eeot  intowt : 

there  was  an  increase  of  five  in  the  number  oi    S?H1*"I  JSJiJ^jlJ?^ ^*'**'1d 

priests.    The  population  connected  with  the  iSck^iiSn'ffir^oiitifiit^                         '" 

Church  was  estimated  by  the  Bishop  at  80,000       tendAiiid iiOi,<M»» 

to  95,000.    Nine  students  of  the  Theological  Modoc  to  boiidi,ptyiMe  out  of  g«H»i  fluid..    i«.s»Te 

Faculty  of  Berne  had  been  ordained  priests,  |8M,(a»7f 


OREGON.  671 

nrm«htt>rwud $820,019  78  conviotB  of  late.    The  state  Capitol  is  in  an 

w^SISSd^^rSStl?  ^,SSte  JS?'3f  Vw«np.  unfinished  condition  through  the  f aUnre  of  the 

overilowad,  tMLa,  6  per  cent  United  sutes  last  Legislature  to  make  an  appropriation  for 

Inad  Mle,  and  other  bod  fiiods $1381600  00  Ua  /»nmnlAtinn 

Oatotanding  warranto  payable  fW>m  Auda  de-  118  COmpieilOD.                                                   .         . 

lived  from  apedaitozvT. 192,975  89  The  long-continned  business  depression  m 

California,  and  the  low  fares  by  steamer  from 

$881,675  82  Qj^  Francisco  to  Portland,  have  contributed  to 

Tbtai  babiutiea $851,095  88  hring  into  the  State  during  the  summer  an  in- 
flux of  tramps  and  ragabonos,  who  have  already 

During  the  past  two  fiscal  years  there  have  become  a  nuisance  to  the  people.    There  is  a 

been  paid  from  the  Treasury  on  account  of  great  increase  of  crime  all  over  the  State,  and 

oatstanding  warrants  $82,648.28  principal  and  outrages  of  the  most  daring  character  are  fre- 

$42,776.18  interest  out  of  funds  derived  from  qnenuy  reported.    Some  portions  of  the  State, 

the  n>ecial  tax  authorized  to  be  levied  by  the  and  particularly  the  towns,  are  annoyed  by  the 

last  Legislative  Assembly.     There  has   also  presence  of  idle  and  lawless  men,  who  will  do 

been  paid  of  this  class  of  warrants  $4,728.77  anything  but  work  to  make  a  living, 

principal  and  $2,411.00  interest  out  of  the  gen-  The  wheat  crop  for  the  year  has  proved  to 

eral  fond.    There  are  also  warrants  of  this  be  better  than  was  anticipated.    In  fall  and 

kind  outstanding  that  have  been  advertised  early  spring  sown,  on  good  ground  and  well 

for  payment,  which  have  not  been  presented,  put  in,  a  jrleld  of  twenty-five  to  forty  bushels 

amounting  to  $4,451.23,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  per  acre  is  reported  in  a  great  many  cases,  and 

general  fund,  and  the  cash  remains  in  the  Trea-  only  in  late-sown  spring  wheat  is  there  a  de- 

sarj  to  be  applied  to  this  purpose.    In  addi-  oided  falling  below  the  average.    The  crop  east 

tion  to  this  last  amount  there  is  the  sum  of  of  the  Cascades  is  said  to  be  less  abundant  pro- 

$475.08  in  the  Treasury  for  the  payment  of  ad-  portionately  than  in  the  valley,  but  still  that 

vertiaed  warrants  of  this  character,  to  be  paid  section  will  have  a  surplus  of  over  a  million 

out  of  the  outstanding  warrant  fund.  bushels  to  find  its  way  to  market,  and  the  Wil- 

In  scarcely  any  State  has  so  ample  a  founda-  lamette  Valley  will  probably  snip  four  mil- 

tion  for  public  schools  been  so  early  laid  as  in  lions  more,  if  circumstances  combine  to  draw 

Oregon.    There  is  a  State  University  with  89  it  all  out.    The  quality  of  the  new  wheat  is 

collegiate  and  128   preparatory  students,  an  reported  generally  good. 

Agricultural  College,  and  a  system  of  public  The  salmon  fisheries  are  a  most  important 

schools  in  which  the  growth  has  been  steady,  interest  of  the  State ;  a  large  amount  of  capi- 

rapid,  and  healthy  during  the  last  six  years,  tal  is  invested  in  them,  and  a  large  number  of 

Teachers*  institutes  are  extremely  popular,  and  persons  are  employed.    Parties  interested  in 

have  a  full  attendance  of  teachers  and  large  these  fisheries  on  the  Columbia  River  have  lo- 

aadiences.    There  is  al«o  a  mute-school  and  an  cated  a  hatchery  up  the  Clackamas  River.   The 

institution  for  the  blind,  which  are  well  sua-  fish  taken  in  the  Columbia  are  mostly  canned, 

tained,  although  the  number  of  those  who  re-  The  first  cannery  was  established  in  1868  by  a 

quire  instruction  in  snch  schbols  is  small.  Mr.  Hume,  who  journeyed  from  Maine  to  Cal- 

Coos  County  is  unsurpassed  in  the  State  and  ifornia  and  started  a  cannery  on  the  Saora- 

perhaps  on  the  coast  for  the  extent  of  its  coal  mento  River,  whence  he  soon  transported  his 

deposits,  and  for  ttie  variety,  abundance,  and  enterprise  to  the  banks  of  the  Columbia,  at- 

excellent  quality  of  its  timber.    But  its  trade  tracted  by  the  superiority  both  in  number  and 

19  greatly  retarded  by  the  dangerous  navi^a-  quality  of  the  Oregon  fish.    He  had  up-hill 

tion  from  shifting  bars  in  Coos  Bay  and  at  the  work  for  a  time,  until  his  brand  of  fish  became 

mouth  of  Coquilla  River.    In  1878  the  currents  known  in  the  Eastern  and  English  markets, 

inside  the  bar  at  Coos  Bay  formed  a  natural  after  which  the  demand  rapidly  increased,  and 

jetty,  and  passed  out  where  there  is  at  present  the  business  became  so  profitable  that  canner- 

a  sand-spit  to  be  seen  at  all  stages  of  the  tide,  ies  were  erected  at  every  eligible  point  between 

The  water  on  the  bar  at  that  time  was  thirty  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  the  Cascades,  150 

feet  in  depth.    But  there  was  nothing  to  fix  miles  above.    There  are  now  twenty-eight  large 

these  eccentric  currents,  and  they  were  so  canneries  upon  the  river,  more  than  two  thirds 

changed  by  storms  and  other  causes  during  the  of  which  are  at  Astoria.    The  catch  of  salmon 

next  year  as  to  open  up  new  outlets,  and  the  last  season  reached  the  large  number  of  1,260,- 

bars  were  shifted  to  different  places,  the  water  000  fish,  averaging  about  twenty-three  pounds ; 

over  them  being  reduced  to  less  than  half  its  the  fish  are  taken  in  nets,  and  upward  of  forty 

previous  depth.  miles*  length  of  these  nets  are  set  out  every  fine 

A  large  body  of  swamp  lands  was  donated  night.    The  boats  start  out  about  4  p.  m.,  500 

to  the  State  by  the  United  States,  and  has  been  or  600  of  them,  toward  the  bar,  about  twelve 

placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Board  of  School  miles  below  Astoria.    The  catch  greatly  varies, 

Commissioners.    These  lands  are  sold  on  easy  the  highest  number  this  season  being  a  little 

terms  to  persons  reclaiming  them,  and  are  of  over  12,000  on  the  29th  of  May.    The  prize 

much  value.  fish  of  that  great  catch  weighed  sixty-two 

The  State  Penitentiary  is  prosperously  con-  pounds.    The  fishermen  earn  an  average  of  $5 

ducted,  and  there  has  been  a  large  increase  of  a  day  through  the  season,  the  canneries  fur- 


672 


OBEGON. 


nisbing  nets  and  boats.  Tbe  canneries  are  im- 
mense wooden  boildings,  upon  piles,  witb  tbe 
riFer  flowing  under  tbeir  floors.  Tbe  work  at 
tbe  canneries  is  tbns  described : 

On  tbe  arrival  of  the  boats  ia  the  morninfi:  the  fish 
are  taken  in  hand  by  the  cleaners,  who  are  skilled 
Chioamen,  and  who  polish  off  a  fish  and  pass  it  on 
to  the  outUng-maohines  in  wonderfully  quick  time. 
From  the  cuttinff^maohines  the  pieces  are  carried  in- 
doors to  tbe  packers,  who  fill  the  cans  and  pass  them 
on  to  the  cappers,  who  quickly  put  tops  on  them  and 
send  them  along  to  the  cooking-tanks.  Before  Anal- 
ly dosing  the  cans,  each  one  is  carefiilly  tested  by 
an  expert,  and,  if  tne  slightest  leak  is  detected,  the 
can  is  put  aside  for  examination,  the  leak  is  found, 
and  the  can  dosed  up.  The  cans  are  then  varnished, 
labeled,  and  packed  in  cai^es  holding  four  dozen  one- 
pound  or  two  dozen  two-pound  cans :  the  cases  are 
branded,  and  the  fish  are  ready  for  shipment.  The 
whole  operation  of  cleaning,  canning,  and  cooking 
is  done  oy  Chinamen,  and  must  be  performed  with 
great  celerity,  particularly  when  the  niglit's  catch 
has  been  heavy,  as  no  flab  are  allowed  to  remain 
over  to  another  day.  The  large  canneries  have 
sometimes  to  go  through  as  many  as  8,000  fish,  fill- 
ing 48,000  cans,  in  one  day.  The  upper  floors  of  the 
buildings  are  filled  with  busy  employees  making 
cans,  nearly  9,000,000  cans  being  required  by  the 
Astoria  canneries  for  their  season's  work,  which 
lasts  about  100  days.  The  twenty-ei^bt  canneries 
on  the  river  put  up  450,000  oases  contaminff  11,600,- 
000  pounds  of  salmon  last  season,  though  tney  com- 
plain that  fish  are  getting  scarcer  each  ^ear ;  but  if 
the  number  offish  passing  up  the  river  is  diminish* 
ing,  the  nets  and  fishermen  are  increasing,  and  there 
is  real  danger  that  all  the  salmon  that  come  into  the 
river  will  be  destroyed.  The  cost  of  fish  has  ritfen 
with  the  demand  and  the  multiplication  of  canneries 
from  ten  cents  to  fifty  cents  per  fish,  and  the  profits 
are  proportionately  lessened.  The  following  is  a 
correct  estimate  of  the  cost  of  a  four-dozen  case  to 
the  cannery  at  this  season*s  prices :  Cans,  48  at  8c., 
$1.44 ;  fish,  8i  at  50c.,  $1.76 ;  labels.  10c ;  cases, 
18o. ;  lead  and  tin,  12c. ;  labor  and  ftiel,  80c. ;  total, 
$4.89;  worth,  at  $1.26  per  dozen,  $6;  leaving  but 
61o.  margin  to  cover  rent,  interest,  insurance,  and 
repairs  to  buildings^  boats,  and  nets.  The  canneries 
in  British  Coluiubia  and  Alaska  get  their  fish  for 


five  cents  each,  and  thiu  save  $1.57  per  esse, str- 
ing which  must  moke  the  Northern  rivers  fonci- 
dable  competitors  to  the  Columbia  in  tbe  ctcxoac 
business.  It  is  obvious  that  the  indastir  hen  ba 
reached  its  maximum,  and  that  it  can  not  be  kept  ?p 
at  its  present  rate  without  rapidly  exhaustive  C^c 
supply  of  fish. 

The  cases  of  canned  salmon  np  to  Angcst 
1st  were  845,000,  or  aboat  50,000  les  than  ifi 
1877.  In  1876  the  production  was  488,7S0; 
so  that  in  two  years  tbe  decrease  has  been  22 
per  cent 

The  export  of  wool  to  San  Francisco  in  1$77 
was  16,417  bales,  weighing  4,929,675  pouniN 
being  an  increase  of  150,000  pounds  over  the 
preceding  year.  Tbe  export  for  1878  was  «i- 
pected  to  reach  6,500,000  pounds  prerioas  ta 
the  outbreak  of  tbe  Indian  troubl&s  wbieb 
would  reduce  it.  The  export  of  canned  beef 
in  1876-'77  amounted  to  28,000  cases.  Ia 
1877-78  it  fell  to  8,000  cases.  But  the  de- 
mand for  cattle  from  eastern  Oregon  aod 
Washington  Territory  increased  greatly,  ssd 
at  remunerative  prices. 

Manufactures  nave  very  sligbtly  increasel 
in  tbe  State  during  tbe  year.  Many  offer? 
have  been  made  by  large  £ai$tern  concenu  to 
locate  in  the  State,  if  an  exemption  from  tait- 
tion  for  fifteen  or  twenty  years  could  be  df 
tained.  It  is  regarded  as  settled  that  Bhip^ 
can  be  built  at  Portland  25  to  80  per  cent. 
cheaper  than  elsewhere  in  tbe  United  Sut^ 
or  Europe.  Immediately  after  being  bailt^a 
vessel  can  secure  a  profitable  grain  freight  to 
England. 

Mining  has  developed  about  as  much  this 
year  as  last.  In  southern  and  eastem  Oregon 
mining  prospects  are  good.  Coal  and  timber 
exports  from  Ooos  Bay  and  Puget  Soond  hsTe 
not  been  so  large  as  formerly ;  while  the  ex- 
ports of  lumber  (except  to  San  Francisco)  hire 
shown  a  fSalling  off. 


Abstract  of  OregoyCn  Exports  for  the  Year  eriding  August  1, 1878,  compared  neith  Preceding  ^«z^ 


Balrnon  exports  to  San  Frsndfloo,  Anrnst  2, 18TT,  to  Jsnnsr/  19, 1S78L  snd  April  to  Jnlr  81, 1 
1878,m,82TcaBe»,Tyufl f 

Wheat,  flour,  oeta,  hope,  potatoes^  lumber,  hides,  pickled  salmon,  treasore,  and  all  other  do-  ( 
mesdc  products,  except  ooal  and  wood,  from  Columbia  Blver  to  San  IVandsoo,  Talae. . . .  i 

Coals  to  Ban  Fraodaco  nom  Coos  Bay,  Talae 

Lumber  and  other  oroducts  from  Coos  Bay  and  coast  of  Oregon 

Wool  exports,  via  »an  Frandsoo,  value 

Total  via  San  Francisco 

Wheat  and  flour  exports  direct  to  United  Kingdom,  112,097  tons  wheat,  81,617  barrels  floor, ) 

value f 

Canned  salmon  exports  direct  from  the  Columbia  Elver  to  Great  Britain;  total  dlraet  ship-  \ 

ments.  221,108  cases J 

Beef  and  mutton  exports,  canned  and  nnoanned,  value 

Wheat,  flour,  and  other  products  exported  to  Sandwich  Islands,  Paget  Soond,  British  Oh  ) 

lumbla,  Alaska,  and  elsewhere,  value ) 

Oold  aod  silvor  (products  of  Oregon  mines)  exported  for  the  year  ending  Aogost  1, 1878 

Other  products,  principally  cattle  to  Eastem  States 

Total  Oregon  exports 

Increase  in  value  of  exports  over  1876-*77 


lSTT-^8. 


isr*^. 


$080,956         |1.79e,t» 


S,T6&»667 

816,410 

151,1M 
998,805 

$6,184,491 

4,878,087 

1^6,064. 

188,895 

687,686 

1,880,86? 
870,000 


2«K» 

81i.4;8 

7M.M 


•fijn9,lM 
8^000 

787,8M 
86M» 

88<.«0 

i,i«Vooe 


$11.^1  JSi 
8,(n8,«18 


The  assessment  roll  for  the  year  1877  repre-  Mnch  desire  exists  in  the  State  to  secure  a 

sents  the  gross  valne  of  property  in  the  State  railroad  connection  with  tbe  Atlantic  Ststea. 

at  $64,778,906,  and  the  valne  of  taxable  prop-  The  Salt  Lake  enterprise,  eqaally  with  tb« 

erty  at  143,824,511.  Wmnemucca  proposed  road,  depend  for  tbeir 


OREGON.  673 

existence  upon  the  Union  and  Central  Pacifio  they  ooald  not  take  with  them,  and  murdered 
Railroad  Oompanies,  who,  it  is  apparent,  are  the  herdsmen.  Settlers  everywhere  had  left 
not  disposed  to  give  Oregon  the  desired  con-  their  homes  and  stock  exposed  to  the  savages, 
nection  nntil  they  see  that  the  Northern  Pa-  and,  with  little  more  than  their  clothing  and  a 
citio  or  some  other  road  has  assarance  of  sue-  few  hluikets,  had  fled  to  the  towns  for  pro- 
cess. Within  the  year  there  have  heen  thirty-  tection.  Heppner,  Umatilla,  Pendleton,  and 
ii?e  miles  of  railroad  opened  from  Taooma  to  Weston  were  crowded  with  refugees.  It  was 
Pajallup,  twenty  miles  from  Seattie  to  its  coal  evident  at  the  outset  that  the  Indians  intended 
mines  at  Newcastle,  seventeen  miles  from  tomake  this  a  more  destructive  campaign  than 
Tenino  to  Olympia— all  in  Washington  Terri-  any  that  had  preceded  it.  Their  plans  indi- 
tory;  and  there  is  now  under  construction  cated  mature  preparations  and  great  determina- 
thirty-three  miles  of  road  from  Dayton,  Ore-  tion  on  their  part.  The  people,  on  the  other 
gon,  to  Sheridan  and  Dallas,  in  Tamhill  and  hand,  were  not  anticipating  any  outhreak,  and 
Polk  Counties,  expected  to  he  opened  for  of  course  were  wholly  unprepared  to  meet  it. 
traffic  soon.  The  last  ^hree  iire  narrow-gauge  When  it  came  upon  them  they  were  soon  worn 
roads.  This  narrow-gauge  system  is  being  down  with  anxiety  and  with  the  arduous  and 
fully  appreciated  in  Oregon,  where,  from  the  fatigoing  labors  incident  to  their  situation, 
nature  of  the  country,  it  can  be  more  cheaply  Constant  dread  of  attack  and  fear  of  the  loss  of 
ooDstracted,  secure  greater  advantages  to  the  the  property  which  they  had  abandoned  in  their 
State  at  large,  and  be  more  profitable  to  its  flight  from  their  homes  had  produced  a  condition 
owners  than  broad-gaug^e  railroads.  of  things  amoonting  aJmost  to  a  panic.  This  war, 

The  Indian  disturbances  have  been  serious  however,  was  of  short  duration,  lasting  less  than 
m  eastern  Oregon  during  the  year.  In  June,  a  month  in  Umatilla  County,  but  it  was  more 
1878,  a  roving  band  of  Bannacks,  including  disastrous  than  any  that  had  preceded  it,  in  the 
probably  some  Shoshones,  began  a  campaign  destruction  of  property  and  in  its  discouraging 
of  robbery  and  murder  upon  settlers  in  the  and  demoralizing  effect  upon  the  people.  It 
vicinity  of  Stein's  Mountain.  From  this  locality  has  left  that  section  in  a  very  deplorable  con- 
they  moved  northward,  gathering  up  renegade  dition,  financially  and  otherwise.  In  Wash- 
Piates,  Snakes,  Malheurs,  and  probably  Indians  ington,  Oregon,  and  Idaho,  there  are  about 
of  other  tribes  on  their  way.  At  Silver  Creek  27,000  Indians,  nearly  all  of  them  east  of  the 
a  battle  was  fought  with  them,  in  which  they  Cascade  Mountains.  There  are  included  in 
were  defeated  and  held  in  check  for  a  short  their  reservations  nearly  17,000  square  miles 
time.  From  this  point  they  directed  their  or  10,000,000  acres  of  land,  or  about  870  acres 
march  toward  Camas  Prairie,  Umatilla  County,  to  each  individual  Indian ;  and  of  these  lands 
abating  none  of  their  fury  against  citizens  and  about  148,000  acres  are  reported  tillable.  In 
their  property.  The  whole  country  was  alive  the  Oregon  reservations  alone  there  are  6,022 
with  f eskiful  apprehensions.  All  along  the  square  imles  or  8,664,080  acres  of  land  to  7,000 
route  settlers  fled  with  their  families  for  safety,  Indians,  making  more  than  650  acres  to  each 
leaving  their  stock  and  other  property  at  the    Indian. 

mercy  of  the  savages.  The  Indians  ravaged  The  election  for  State  officers  in  Oregon  is 
the  country  wherever  they  went,  but  fortu-  biennial,  and  is  held  on  the  flrst  Monday  of 
nately  General  Howard  pursued  them  so  stead-  June.  The  State  Greenback  Convention  as- 
ily  that  they  had  no  time  to  extend  their  dep-  sembled  at  Salem  on  April  8d.  The  foUow- 
redations  beyond  their  immediate  line  of  travel,  ing  nominations  were  made :  For  Congress,  T. 
TheyreachedCamasPrairieearlyin July, hotly  F.  Campbell;  for  Governor,  M.  Wilkins:  for 
pressed  by  the  troops  under  General  Howard.  Secretary  of  State,  W.  A.  Gates ;  for  State 
On  the  6th  of  that  month  Captahi  Sperry  with  Treasurer,  F.  Sutherlin ;  for  State  Printer,  D. 
a  small  company  of  volunteers  had  a  flght  with  W.  Craig  ;  for  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
them  at  Willow  Springs,  thirty  miles  from  Pen-  W.  W.  Parker.  The  following  platform  was 
dleton,  in  which  he  had  two  men  killed  and    adopted : 

eight  wounded.    In  this  flght  Captain  Sperry       j^^      I„  ^^^  „  ^f .      .^        „^„. 

and  his  men  displayed  great  courage  and  stead-  pliehing  the  freedom  of  an  enslaved  race,  its  libera- 
Idoss.  It  is  very  generally  suspected,  though  tors  have  themselves  beoome  enalaved  to  capital; 
it  is  not  deflnitely  known,  that  these  Indians    •od  ^    .   ,.       *      ^    . 

were  aUies  of  the  Snakes  from  north  and  south  ^al^^'  enS«d' Ui  l^sortln^the  m^^^^^^^ 
of  the  Columbia  River  and  from  the  UmatiUa  values  of  the  nftion  by  iniquitous  legislation,  and 
Keservation,  who  were  on  their  way  to  join  have  destroyed  the  remunerative  industries  of  the 
the  main  body  of  those  already  on  the  war  people,  and  crushed  out  the  business  enterprises  that 
path.  They  were  very  destructive  among  herd-  gjve  employment  to  workinjnnen,  whereby  millions 
OM  anA  o4-/w»v  Ti  ♦Mo  .A«^rv««  i-y^^'m^  ™««^  ♦k^r.  <>*  labonnff  men  and  their  families  are  on  the  verffe 
ers  and  stock.  In  this  region  there  were  thou-  of  starvation,  and  are  beingfed  at  thesoup  houses  of 
sands  of  sheep  and  large  bands  of  horses  and  charity,  producing  a  sute  of  misery,  poverty,  and 
cattle,  which  went  far  toward  making  up  the  destitution,  tbst  nothing  but  an  immediate  and 
wealth  of  the  country.    Many  of  these  nerds    promnt  system  of  rwene  legislation  can  remedy : 

SZ  f^Zff.  ?S^^lV  hi  r.7JS{anrwlfn  ^^^S^^^^-^,  That  this  o,«mization  is  In  fiivor  of  as- 
along  the  route  traveled  by  the  Indians,  who    ruining  in  the  nationaf  platform  the  nameof  The 

m  every  instance  destroyed  all  the  stock  that    National  Greenback  and  Workingmen*a  Par^j ;  and 
Vol.  XVIII. — iS    A 


674 


OREGON. 


in  Bute  Conventloii  MMmbled  we  adopt  tbe  follow- 
ing: 

1.  It  IB  the  ezclusiye  function  of  the  General  Gov- 
enunent  to  ooin  and  create  money  and  rebate  its 
value.  All  bank  isaues  deai^ed  to  circulate  aa  money 
abould  be  auppreased;  their  circulating  medium, 
whether  of  metal  or  paper,  ahould  be  iaaued  by  the 
Government  and  made  a  ttxU  legal  tender  for  all 
debta,  duties,  and  taxes  in  Uie  United  Btatea  at  its 
stamped  value. 

9.  There  shall  be  no  privileged  daaa  of  creditors. 
Official  salaries,  pensiona,  bonda,  and  all  other  debts 
and  obligations,  public  or  private,  shall  be  discharged 
in  legal-tender  monev  of  the  United  States,  strictlv 
according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  laws  under  whicn 
they  were  contracted. 

8.  That  the  coinage  of  silver  be  placed  on  the  same 
footing  aa  that  of  sold. 

4.  (^ngresa  shall  provide  said  mon^  adeouate  to 
the  payment  of  the  national  bonds  aa  they  become 
due,  to  the  employment  of  labor,  the  e(^uitable  dis- 
tribution of  its  products,  and  the  requirementa  of 
business,  fixing  a  minimum  amount  per  capita  to  the 
)opulation  aa  near  aa  may  be,  and  otnerwise  regulat- 
ng  ita  volume  by  wise  and  equitable  provisions  of 
aw^  BO  that  the  rate  of  interest  will  secure  to  labor 
Its  just  reward. 

6.  That  said  national  greenback  money  shall  be 
interchangeable  with  the  eold  and  silver  coins  of  the 
nation,  dollar  for  dollar,  ^r  ever. 

6.  It  is  inoonsistent  with  the  genius  and  spirit 
of  popular  government  that  any  species  of  private 
property  should  be  exempt  from  bearing  its  jast 
share  of  tbe  public  burdens ;  private  and  corporate 
property  should  be  taxed  according  to  ita  aasessed 
value. 

7.  That  defalcations,  bribery,  fivud,  stealing,  and 
breach  of  trust  in  office  shall  be  declared  and  ranked 
in  law  among  the  crimes  that  are  infamous,  and  Con- 
gress shall  provide  by  law  that  the  penalties  of 
elony  be  entoroed  against  them. 

8.  By  petition  we  aak  Congrass  to  amend  the 
traaty  with  the  Chinese  Government  so  aa  to  be  a 
treatyof  commerce,  and  not  of  Immigration. 

9.  We  demand  tne  repeal  of  the  specific  contract 
law  of  the  State  of  Oregon. 

10.  That  we  demand  of  our  next  Legislature  the 
repeal  of  the  law  creating  the  office  of  State  Printer 
of  Oregon,  and  that  the  public  printing  be  let  by  con* 
tract  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder. 

11.  That  the  lien  laws  of  Oregon  be  extended  to 
the  protection  of  all  laboren. 

12.  That  we  demand  the  regulation  of  the  portage 
transportation  of  freight  at  the  Dalles  by  stringent 
lefflslative  enactments,  so  aa  to  insure  impartiality ; 
all  freight  to  be  moved  In  the  order  of  its  arrival ; 
and  that  we  request  the  Legislature  of  Washington 
Territory  to  enact  a  almilar  law  in  reference  to  the 
portage  at  the  Cascadea. 

18.  That  we  demand  the  abolition  of  the  grand 
jury,  unless  ordered  by  the  court:  also,  that  tbe 
public  debt  of  the  State  shall  hereafter  be  confined 
atrictly  within  tbe  llmita  of  the  Constitution. 

14.  The  Government  should  by  general  enact- 
ments encourage  the  developement  of  our  agricul- 
turalj  mineral,  mechanical,  manufacturing,  and  com- 
meroial  resources.  All  useless  offices  should  be  abol- 
iahed  and  the  most  rigid  economy  enforced  in  every 
branch  of  the  public  service. 

The  Democratio  State  Convention  assembled 
at  Portland  on  April  10th,  and  waa  organized 
by  the  appointment  of  M.  V.  Brown  as  Presi- 
dent The  following  nominations  for  Congress 
and  State  officers  were  made:  For  Congress, 
John  Whiteaker;  for  Governor,  W.  W.  Thayer; 
for  Secretary  of  State,  Thomas  G.  Reames; 
for  State  Treasurer,  A.  H.  Brown;  for  State 


s 


Printer,  A.  Noltner;  for  SuperintMideDt  of 
PabUo  Schools,  T.  J.  Stitea.  The  following 
platform  was  then  adopted : 

The  Democracv  of  Oregon,  in  Conventioii  mmb* 
bled,  make  the  following  declaration  of  principkt: 

1.  That  a  simple  government,  honestly  sad  eeo* 
nomically  administered,  confined  in  its  opWitioBstc 
the  administration  of  justice  and  the  presemtioB  of 
the  public  peace,  is  the  only  safeguard  sgsjset  tbe 
abuses  of  power  to  which  pereons  in  an&ritx  iit 
prone,  and  the  corrupt  and  lavish  a^prepristioo  of 
the  public  funds  to  coiporations,  which  fas»  thtm- 
terized  the  National  Administration  for  the  past 
seventeen  yean. 

2.  That  we  heartily  approve  the  action  of  Coogiw 
in  remonetizing^  silver.  That  we  believs  thstiU 
money  made  or  issued  by  the  Government  should  bt 
of  equal  value,  and  that  we  are  in  favor  of  psyicf  C 
the  obligations  of  the  Government  in  jfreesbuks, 
BO  called,  when  the  pecuniary  intereat  or  tbe  people 
is  promoted  thereby,  except  where  otberviie  «i* 
preasly  provided. 

8.  That  we  regard  the  forced  reaumption  of  tpede 
payments  as  greatly  aggravating  the  depressiooitd 
distress  consequent  on  a  longseaaon  of  mflstion  lod 
extravagance.  We  therefore  favor  the  repeal  of  tke 
act  requiring  resum^ion  January  1, 1879. 

4t.  Tnat  the  fatuity  of  near  twenty-four  millkc 
doUan  now  paid  the  national  banka  bv  the  GoTcia- 
ment  b  simply  levying  tribute  upon  tne  peopl«  ftt 
the  benefit  of  the  capitalist.  We  therefore  faror  tbt 
repeal  of  the  law  nnder  which  they  were  estabKibed 
and  the  direct  issue  b^  the  Govenunent  of  eomo^ 
receivable  for  all  pubhc  dues  aufilcient  to  sopplj  tU 
place  of  the  present  bank-note  circulation. 

6.  That  we  heartily  endone  the  effort  sow  bfo; 
made  in  Cong^aa  to  reduce  our  present  tariff  lirt  *v 
a  strictly  revenue  standard.  That  the  intereetoof  tk 

Seat  maaa  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  li«  ia 
e  patha  of  unreatricted  commerce. 

6.  That  we  favor  continued  agitation  on  the  nt- 
ject  of  Mongolian  immigration  to  this  eounti^  ccul 
the  Federal  Government  is  moved  to  modd^  ou 
treaties  with  the  Chinese  Empire  ao  aa  to  prolilH 
it,  and  thus  save  those  of  our  fellow  eitizece  vh 
depend  upon  labor  for  support  from  uigust  tod  di* 
gradinff  competition. 

7.  That  the  eighteen  yean  of  miamle  of  tbe  BepiK 
lican  party  ia  indubitable  proof  that  that  paity  » t: 
longer  to  be  trusted.  That  much  of  ita  leffisUtio& 
in  Congress  baa  tended  to  make  the  rich  ricotf  ted 
the  poor  poorer,  and  we  arraign  that  party  before  tin 
people  for  its  class  legislation,  for  naving  fostered 
and  upheld  rings,  for  its  repeated  efforts  to  over- 
come toe  voice  of  the  people  by  an  mgnat  and  imecfi- 
stitutional  use  of  the  military  arm  of  the  Goven- 
ment|  and  for  forgeries  peipetrated  under  its  oiBctil 
sanction,  whereby  B.  B,  Hayea  was  placed  in  the 
Presidential  chair  contrary  to  the  expressed  will  cf 
an  overwhelming  minority  of  the  people  of  thisooim* 
try. 

8.  That  we  demand  auch  legialation,  8ute  tod 
Federal,  as  will  prevent  the  abuses  growinff  out  of 
compensation  for  extra  services,  anei  will  hmit  the 
pa^  of  officials  to  a  single  salary ;  eecura  the  proLi- 
oition  of  all  perquisites,  that  fruitAil  source  of  eo^ 
ruption  whereby  the  compensation  allowed  by  Isv  to 
those  in  public  employment  is  fluently  doubled: 
the  elimination  fVom  public  aSttan  of  that  specie*  of 
dishonesty  known  as  favoritism,  whereby  perMotl 
friendships  are  rewarded  and  penonal  obngsti^Bt 
discharged  at  the  expense  of  the  pubtio,  vithoiit  re 
gard  to  efficiency. 

9.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  govenmeet  to 
maintain  its  supremacy  in  regard  to  the  aatbcrtf 
not  delegated  in  tbe  Constitution  of  the  United  8Ute«, 
and  to  vindicate  ita  juriadiction  against  enoroedh 
ments  from  an^  source  whatever.  That  in  tbe  sd- 
miniatratlon  of^8taAe  affain  the  preacrvation  of  pri- 


OREGON.  675 

vat«  right  A&d  promotion  of  JuBtioe  shonld  be  the  tion  of  such  lines  of  rail#aT  eomaanioation  as  witl 

principal  aim ;  that  taxation  should  be  equal  and  develop  the  resouroes  of  the  country  and  oonneot 

uniform,  and  eztravasant  expenditures  of  the  pub-  our  State  with  other  parts  of  the  Union,  under  such 

lio  revenaes  be  avoided.    Economy  should  be  the  restrictions  as  will  ampl^  protect  the  rights  of  the 

watchword,  and  rigorous  laws  be  enacted  for  the  people  from  uqjust  discrimination  and  extortionate 

management  and  preservation  of  the  various  funds  charges ;  and  that  in  the  grants  of  lands  to  railroads 

belonsing  to  the  state.  we  favor  the  sale  of  the  same  hj  the  Government  to 

10.  That,  we  are  in  favor  of  improvement  by  the  the  people  at  the  lowest  price  for  public  lands,  giv- 
General  Government  of  the  rivers  and  harbors  of  the  ing  the  proceeds  only  to  the  corporations. 

State ;  of  the  opening  of  the  Columbia  River  at  the  o.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  maintaining  the  public 

Cascades  and  Dalles ;  of  the  improvement  of  the  faith  and  credit  by  the  honest  fuliillment  of  our  na- 

Snake  River,  and  of  a  subsidy  for  the  Portland,  Salt  tional  contracts  in  their  spirit  as  well  as  in  the  letter. 

Like,  and  South  Pass  Railroad ;  of  an  extension  of  That  the  present  condition  of  our  public  credit,  and 
time  to  complete  the  Northern 
rich  reasonable  conditions 

rights  and  interests  of  the  peof^ _    , 

the  settlers  upon  the  lands  donated  to  it.    Also  for  party,  and  we  are  opposed  to  the  repeal  ox  the  re- 

a  sabsidy  for  the  speedy  completion  of  a  railroad  sumption  act  and  to  repudiation  in  any  form ;  that 

Gonaeetion  between  Oregon  ana  California.  we  favor  a  uniform  currency,  founded  upon  a  coin 

11.  That  universal  education  and  the  ffeneral  dif-  basis,  interchangeable  and  convertible  at  par  at  the 
fasion  of  learning  being  the  principul  bulwark  of  pleasure  of  the  holder. 

American  liberty,  we  are  in  favor  oi  sustaining  and  7.  That  we  condemn  in  the  most  positive  manner 

protecting  our  public  school  system  for  the  faithfUl  the  reckless  and  comi|»t  Democratic  administration 

cdaoation  of  the  riaing  generation.  of  our  State  affidrB,  which  baa  in  the  last  eight  years 

heaped  up  a  State  debt  of  nearly  $1,000,000  in  direct 

The  Repablioan  State  Oonvention  assembled  violation  of  the  Constitution,  and  that  has  created 

.t  Portland  on  April  ITth  and  was  org^ized  r.2Sror,i,'=.'f.2dXrL';.M^'5 

bv  the  appointment  of  J.  O.  Peebles  as  Presi-  mismanaged  the  dtate  school  and  university  funds, 

dent.     The  following  nominations  for  Oon-  loaning  them  to  partisan  favorites  on  straw  securi* 

gress  and  State  officers  were  made :  For  Oon-  ties. 

greM,  H.  K.  Hines;  for  Governor,  0.  0.  r^y'^}  ^^^^"^ ''t^^^^^,^'^^^\ '''^}^  ^  ^ 
Seekman ;  for  SecretiJry  of  State,  R.  P.  Ear-  J^bttd'e?.  "'^°'" 
hart;  for  State  Treasurer,  £.  Hirsob ;  for  State  9.  That  the  attempt  by  the  leaders  of  the  Demo- 
Printer,  W.  B.  Carter ;  for  Superintendent  of  cratic  party  of  Oregon  to  defraud  the  people  out  of 
Schools,  L.  J.  Powell.  The  following  plat-  ^^  electoral  vote  was  an  outrage  unparalleled  in  the 
form  w«.  then  adopted :  S^'iSio''u'o'?a  "^^  »d  d«wrving  the  con- 

1.  The  Republican  party  of  Oregon  in  Conven-  10.  That  we  heartily  endorse  the  elTorts  of  the 

tion  assembled  look  with  pride  upon  the  general  members  of  Congress  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  so 

eoDdact  and  history  of  the  party,  and  reaffirm  our  modify  the  existing  treaty  with  China  as  to  restrict 

derotion  to  the  fundamental  principles  upon  which  it  to  commercial  purposes  only, 

the  Republican  party  was  founded.    Among  these  _,             1^     ^  xu      1    x*                      *  n 

are  unswerving  fldelity  to  the  Constitution  and  per-  -In®  result  Of  the  election  was  as  follows: 

DetuityoftheUnion;  the  jpreservation  of  the  liber-  For    Congress — Hines,   Repab.,    16,598;    J. 

ties  and  equal  rights  of  all  dtixena  throughout  the  Wbiteaker,  Dem.,   16,744 ;   T.  F.   Campbell, 

i"a1vei!^ii^oVthrS^ifnS^^^  ^^'^  ^'^®^-    ^^'  Govemor-0.  C.  Beekman, 

enforcement  of  public  and 'private  iLhts  and  the  R«pab.,  16,162  ;  W.  W.  Thayer,  Dem.,  16,196; 

ponishment  of  violence  and  crime ;  pure  and  eco-  M.  Wilkins,  Gr.,  1,877.    For  Secretary  of  Stato 

nomical  administration  of  everj  department  of  the  — R.    P.    Earhart,    Repnb.,    16,838;    T.   G. 

(4oTernment,  State  and  Nationaf;  and  we  pledge  the  Reames,  Dem.,  16,042;  W,  A.  Cates,  Gr.,  1,- 

the  proiperity  of  the  people.  648 ;  A,  H.  Brown,  Dem.,  16,671 ;  F.  Suth- 
^.  That  a  well-instructed  people  alone  can  be  per-  erlin,  Gr.,  811.  For  State  Printer — W.  B. 
manently  free.  It  is  therefore  essential  that  the  Carter,  Repub.,  16,480;  A.  Noltner,  Dem., 
public  school  system  shsll  be  maintidned  in  order  16,856;  D.W.Craig,  Gr.,  1,487.  For  Sa- 
that  every  child  may  receive  such  education  as  will  -v.»l;«*J«^*.«*  ^f  t>«ki;T  a^v Jrvio  t  t  i>^»a11 
pare  the  way  to  useful  citizenship,  and  we  are  un-  penntendent  of  Pnblio  Sobools-l..  J.  Powell, 
alterably  opposed  to  any  diversion  of  the  public  KepQb.,  16,169;  1.  J.  Stltes,  Dem.,  16,097; 
school  money.  W.  W.  Parker,  Gr.,  1,487.  The  total  vote  of 
8.  That  while  we  are  in  favor  of  a  revenue  for  the  the  State  was  88,920,  being  an  increase  of 
Ja°^'X'^^"."ur.S[a^^SSt°°f  4,W7  over  that  of  the  Presidential  election  in 

those  duties  as  to  encourage  the  development  of  ^^iS'     ^             -r      .  «            .                    ,     -  -.^ 

theindostrial  interests  of  the  whole  country,  and  we  The  Oregon  Legislature  is  composed  of  80 

eotomeud  that  policy  of  national  exchange  which  so-  Senators  and  60  members  of  the  House ;  16  Sen* 

cure*  to  the  workingmen  Uberal  wages,  to  the  agri-  ators  held  over  from  the  last  session,  of  whom 

eQltaial,  coal,  and  wool-growmg  interests  remunera-  -^q          Democrats,  4  Republicans,  and  1  Inde- 

tive  pnoes,  and  the  nation  commercial  prosperity  »T«i^A^«iruyv.a»iw, -x  A.w4/i*w.av.€»«i>.  a"«^  ^  **a«^ 

a&dindependenoe.                                 tr     mt     *  pendent.    The  session  commenced  on  Septem- 

4.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  such  legislation  on  the  ber  9th.  The  Senate  consisted  of  18  Demo- 
psrt  of  Congress  aa  will  authorize  settlers  to  appro-  crats,  10  Republicans,  and  2  Independents, 
Fonhe?"^*'  »™oaata  of  timber  aa  may  be  necessary  ^nd  ^^g  organized  by  the  election  of  John 

5.  Tha?w;  are  in  favor  of  judicious  appropriations  Whiteaker  for  Presid^t  The  House,  conadst- 
^y  the  General  Government  for  the  improvement  of  mg  of  88  Democrats,  26  Republicans,  and  2 
"^  rivers  and  seaports,  as  well  as  for  the  construe-  Independents,  was  organized  by  the  election 


676  OREGON. 

of  J.  M.  TbompBon,  Speaker.    Sabseqaentljr  non,  the  aame  as  if  tbey  were  unmarried.  Tor 

James  H.  Slater  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator.  oivU  ii\)arie6  committed  by  the  wife,  damagei 

Mr.  Slater  is  a  resident  of  eastern  Oregon,  and  can  be  recovered  of  her  alone,  except  in  csms 

to  that  circamstance  owes  his  snccess  at  this  where  he  is  jointly  responsible.    Convejanc-es 

election.    He  was  born  in  Sangamon  County,  or  liens  from  one  to  tne  other  shall  be  Talii 

Illinois,  in  1826.    His  early  education   was  One  may  constitute  the  other  nis  or  her  attor- 

limited,  but  he  succeeded  in  mastering  the  in-  ney,  to  act  for  mutual  benefit,  or  attornej  in 

trioacies  of  the  law,  and  has  been  a  successful  fact.    The  wife  may  recover  the  wases  of  ber 

practitioner  at  the  bar.    He  emigrated  to  Ore-  personal  labor  in  her  own  name,  and  exercue 

S)n,  and  for  many  years  has  been  a  prominent  all  rights  at  law  in  her  own  name.    Keither  U 

emocratic  politician  there.    He  was  elected  liable  for  debts  of  the  other  incurred  before 

to  the  Temtorid  Legislature  in  1867,  and  marriage.    Expenses  of  family  and  edncaticc 

again  in  1868,  and  then  became  a  member  of  of  children  shiul  be  chargeable  upon  propertr 

the  lower  House  of  the  first  State  Legislature,  of  both  husband  and  wife,  or  of  either  of 

In  1866  he  was  elected  District  Attorney  for  them. 

the  Fifth  Judicial  District  of  Oregon,  and  filled  Foreign    corporations  arc  admitted  to  do 

that  office  two  years.    In  1870  he  was  elected  business  in  the  State  on  equal  footing  with 

to  represent  the  State  in  Congress,  but  was  native, 

not  renominated  for  a  second  term.  A  Fish  Commissioner  is  to  be  appointed  for 

Among  the  acts  passed  at  this  session  was  an  Columbia  River.     Fishermen  must  procart 

amendment  to  the  libel  law,  which  adds  to  the  license  from  said  Commissioner ;   owners  of 

section  on  that  subject  in  the  statute  a  clause  boats  using  gill-nets  are  to  pay  tlO  for  a  j- 

that  any  publication  made  to  imure,  defame,  cense  for  one  season  for  every  one  used ;  for 

or  maliciously  annoy  any  family  or  person  weir  or  trap,  $60,  and  for  dip-net  $2;  uA 

shall  come  within  the  provisions  of  the  law,  every  fisherman  working  is  to  pay  $5.   Tbe 

and  requiring  the  Circuit  Judge  to  read  the  law  Commissioner  to  be  allowed  a  fee  of  25  oente 

to  the  grand  jury  at  every  term  of  court,  and  for  each  license  issued  to  a  man,  60  oenta  for 

the  prosecuting  attorney  to  bring  suit  in  every  license  to  boat,  $1  for  lioense  to  seine  or  trap, 

case  that  comes  to  his  ^owledge,  whether  the  and  26  cents  for  dip-net,  to  be  reserved  out 

party  injured  complains  of  the  offense  or  not.  of  the  moneys  received  for  licenses.    Tbe  fotd 

An  act  was  passed  creating  a  separate  Su-  arising  from  issuing  of  licenses  shall  be  paid 

preme  Court,  to  be  elected  in  June,  1880,  con-  to  any  person  or  persons  carrying  on  a  hatch- 

sisting  of  three  Justices,  and  in  the  mean  time  ery ;  or,  if  there  are  more  hatcheries,  to  be 

the  Governor  is  to  appoint  such  a  Court,  and  divided  among  them, 

also  to  appoint  five  Justices  of  the  Circuit  The  following  memorial  to  Congress  on  the 

Court.    The  business  of  the  Courts  has  in-  subiect  of  the  Chinese  inunigration  was  adopt- 

creased  so  that  the  Circuit  Judges  have  not  ed  by  both  Houses  of  the  L^alature : 

time  to  sit  as  a  Supreme  Court  and  properly  «,„       ,,^          -,.,...,^ 

try  the  cases  that  come  before  them.    The  ^J^BdnorabUSmaUyths  Untied  Siciii: 

Constitution  provides  that  when  the  State  has  ,v^2?',°?S?"*^*^'  theLegiBlative  AMemWj  of 

200,000  popufation  it  may  have  a  separate  Su-  %\1^h:'<;?Xue'diri^^                    im,^. 

preme  Court.    There  has  been  no  recent  cen-  tation  of  oooly  alaves,  or  Chinese  laborera,  to  tkii 

sus  of  the  State ;  hence  the  population  is  a  State  is  a  violation  of  tnaty  Btipulationa,  urbicb  pro- 

matter  of  conjecture.     The  only  criterion  is  the  ^»de  that  such  immigration  ■hall  be  voluntaiy,  ati 

number  of  votes  cast  at  the  last  election,  and  ^  f  ^%^  "T.T  ^?^r\l^*3^^2"«/"*^1^ 

♦k:-  .ov^.  J^  1-                «"«•««  WJV.V.V**,  ouu  jjjjj    ^f  Q„y  giate,  but  of  the  entire  Pacific  ooait,b7 

this  affords  only  an  approximate  basis.    The  the  reduction  of  wages  to  atarvaUonpticea. 

number  was  about  86,000.     It  is  likely  that  That  snoh  importation  of  said  Cluneae  and  otbcr 

there  was  not  a  full  vote  on  that  occasion,  Asiatic  slave  labor  tends  to  drive  white  and  all  other 

since  it  is  rare  that  all  the  voters  are  called  out  ^^  ^^^,\  <>?*  o*'  our  country,  and  will  nltimitfely 

at  any  election.    The  number  of  voters  now  SSoWcJ;^i"nt^^^^^^^^^^ 

m  the  State  may  exceed  40,000.    At  the  rate  That  at  least  76  per  cent,  of  all  tbe  eanungi  of 

of  five  inhabitants  for  each,  the  pro)K)rtion  said  Chinese  or  oooly  labor,  instead  of  b^  ipcnt 

usually  allowed,   the  number  of  inhabitants  ^^  our  midst,  and  thus  oontributing  to  oar  prospc^ 

would  now  be  200,000.  ;*y» »  ^^\  to  China  never  to  return,  thua  wuhdwr- 

An  act  relating  to  the  property  of  married  }Sf  ^ot^i^^'"  e^h;^7ti>'?^^ 

women  provides  that  property  owned  by  a  wo-  the  best  interest  of  this  State  and  of  the  enun  P«- 

man  at  the  time  of  marriage,  or  acquired  there-  ciflo  ooaat 

after  by  gift,  devise,  or  inheritance,  shall  not  be  That  such  Chinese  laborers  do  not  contrihot*  to 

and  the  wife  may  manage,  seU,  convey,  and  de-  gy  pauperism  ahd  drime  are  a  Mntinaal  aoun*  cf 

vise  the  same  as  the  husband  can  his  property,  expense  to  the  country  and  municipalitiei  of  tbu 

The  property  of  either  husband  or  wife  shall  State. 

not  be  liable  for  debts  or  contracts  of  the  That  the  treaty  of  18«8  between  the  United  Swt« 

other     Action  may  be  mjintamed  by  h«l«nd  S^^^^fc  ^".S^inVSS  SSf^'c'SSri.t; 

or  wife  against  the  other  for  recovery  of  prop-  oordanoe  with  iu  intent  and  meaning.    The  right  cf 

erty  of  which  the  other  has  obtained  posses-  free  migration  and  immigration  which  it  recognise* 


PARAQUAT.  677 

vss  to  be  entirely  Tolnntirj,  and  to  be  used  in  view  observed,  and  the  Uuited  States  ought  to  revoke  the 

of  expatriation.    The  Chineae  have  no  riffht  to  be  privilege. 

tdmittod  under  the  oiroamatancea  under  which  they  Therefore,  we,  your  taid  memorialiBts,  pray  your 

come  here.    The^  are  usually  brought  in  hordes  in  a  honorable  body  to  modify  the  treatv  between  the 

condition  of  aemi-alavery,  and  obligated  to  perform  United  States  and  the  Empire  of  China,  so  aa  to 

s  term  of  aervitude.    The  privilege  accorded  to  con-  atop  and  prohibit  the  importation  or  immigration  of 

trscdng  partiea  was  upon  condition  that  the  imoii-  Chrneae  and  other  Asiatic  laborers  to  thia  coast, 

grstioo  to  either  country,  by  the  oitiiens  or  subjects  ..^                 .          m  m    .      »         ^vt.i 

of  the  other,  should  be  a  voluntary  individual  act.  After  a  session  of  forty  days,  the  Legisla- 

China  has  wholly  failed  to  have  that  consideration  tare  a^oomed. 


PARAOUAY  (Rspf^uoA  del  Pabaouay),  oles  of  import  were  silk,  woolen,  linen,  and 

an  independent  state  of  8onth  America.    For  cotton  fabrics,  wine,  sngar,  coffee,  etc. 

territorial  division,  area,  population,  etc.,  ref-  The  state  railway,  bought  by  Messrs.  Tra- 

erence  may  be  made  to  the  **  Annual  Cydo-  vasso  &  Co.,  has  been  sold  by  the  purchasers 

paedia"  for  1874.  to  a  North  American  Joint-stock  company  for 

The  President  of  the  Republic  is  Sefior  Don  £100,000,  who  propose  to  extend  the  line  to 
Candido  Bareiro,  formerly  Minister  of  Finance,  Villa  Rica.  It  is  beUeved  that  this  line,  prop- 
elected  in  1876.  The  Vice-President  in  Sellor  erly  worked,  will  bring  settlers  and  trade  into 
Don  Adolfo  Saguier.  the  healthiest  and  most  productive  and  popn- 

The  revenae  of  the  republic  is  mainly  de-  lated  portions  of  the  republic,  and  greatly 

rived  from  duties  on  imports,  amounting  in  promote  its  recovery.    This  railway  was  com- 

1876  to  $295,564.    The  expenditure,  exdosive  menced  by  Lopez  I.,  in  1859,  under  the  engi- 

of  the  expenses  of  the  legation  at  Buenos  neers  Burrel,  Yalpy,  and  Thompson,  who  had 

Ayres,  the  interest  on  the  home  and  foreign  6,000  soldiers  for  workmen.    It  was  bnilt  in  a 

debts,  the  maintenance  of  the  army,  eta,  stood  solid  manner  as  far  as  Paraguary,  45  miles  from 

as  follows:  Asuncion,  just  half  way  to  VUla  Rica,  the  pro- 

Coagnn $24,670  posed  terminus,  when  the  war  broke  out  in 

£jS?^rf'th 'interi u'9H  ^®^^  *°^  P^*  *  ^'^P  ^  **'®  works,     Snbse- 

Ministiy  of  Fm«ign  AftirB'.*'.'.'.'.'*.'.'.''.V.V.".*.'.!'.'.''.    wso  Quently  the  wear  and  tear  of  transporting  the 

Minis^  or  FtosDcas 14,544  Bra2dlian  army  and  suppUcB  from  Asunclon  to 

M!SbSyrfw£f!*.^f.!^^^.T.'^^^                  S;m«  Azcurra  left  the  line  in  a  ruinous  condition, 

— ■ —  until  placed  in  good  repair  by  Messrs.  Travasso 

Totd  szpenditare $238,680  &  Oo.  in  18r6-'77.   Few  railways  in  the  world 

The  public  debt  of  Paraguay  comprises  the  traverse  a  more  picturesque  country.  The 
war  indemnity  of  $200,000,000  to  Brazil,  $35,-  orange  and  palm  groves  of  Luque,  the  superb 
000,000  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  $1,-  lake  of  Ipacaray  stretching  out  to  the  foot  of 
000,000  to  Uruguay;  the  home  debt  of  $2,-  the  CordiUera,  the  peak  of  Itangu^  the  val- 
088,212,  and  a  foreign  loan  negotiated  in  ley  of  Pirayd,  the  Oerro  Batovi,  and  the  semi- 
London  in  1872,  amounting  to  $7,350,000,  and  oirde  of  mountains  approaching  Paragnary  are 
bearing  interest  at  8  per  cent  Another  for-  of  surpassing  beauty.  The  second  section,  to 
eign  loan  of  $2,500,000  authorized  by  the  ViUa  Rica,  passes  over  a  country  scarcely  les9 
Paraguayan  Legislature  in  1876,  to  pay  the  in-  interesting,  and  these  regions  offer  an  inex- 
terest  on  the  foreign  debt,  having  failed  in  hanstible  field  for  scientific  explorers. 
London,  the  Government  has  been  unable  to  A  treaty  of  limits  was  concluded  between 
meet  its  obligations  toward  the  bondholders,  Paraguay  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  and 
and  the  prospect  for  creating  a  bank  under  signed  at  Buenos  Ayres  on  February  3,  1876. 
Ensliah  auspices  no  longer  exists.  The  finan-  It  provides  for  the  division  of  Paraguay,  on  the 
cLuand  commercial  condition  of  the  republic  eastern  and  southern  parts,  from  the  Argentine 
bas  not  been  materially  improved,  although  Republic,  by  the  middle  of  the  channel  of  the 
the  indications  of  local  trade  are  gradually  de-  Paran4  River,  from  its  confluence  with  the 
veloping  and  the  people  appear  quite  ready  to  Paraguay  until  its  left  bank  becomes  one  of  the 
devote  themselves  to  industrial  pursuits.  boundaries  of  Brazil,  the  island  of  Apipe  be- 

The  total  value  of  the  imports  for  the  year  longing  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  the 

1862  was  $1,284,196,  and  for  1876  $657,466.  island  of  Tacireta  to  the  republic  of  Para- 

The  exports  in  1862  were  $186,989,  and  in  gnay,  as  was  declared  by  the  treaty  of  1856. 

1876  $892,887.     The  chief  staples   exported  On  the  western  part,  Paraguay  is  divided  fh>m 

in  1876  were :    Verba  maU  or  Paraguay  tea  the  Argentine  Republic  by  the  middle  of  the 

{Uei  Paragua^eim$),  8,876,650  lbs. ;  tobacco,  channel  of  the  Paraguay  River  from  its  confiu- 

^8,574  lbs. ;  starch,  277,900  lbs. ;  maize,  239,-  ence  with  the  Paran4,  the  Ohaco  Territory 

^^0  lbs.;  preserved  fruit,  82,500  lbs.;  19,792  being  definitely  acknowledged  as  belonging  to 

^idea;  11,856,950  oranges;  cigars,  26,039,992  the  Argentine  Republic  as  far  as  the  principal 

1^;  leather,  lumber,  eta    The  principal  arti-  channel  of  the  Pilcomayo  River*    The  iaIiiDd 


678  PENKSYLVANIA. 

of  At%)o  or  Cerrito  belongs  to  the  Argentdne  said  States  the  enactment  of  nniform  Isvi  fii' 

Bepablic,  and  the  other  iskuids  either  to  Para-  ing  the  rate  of  interest  for  the  loan  or  advaint 

gaay  or  to  the  Argentine  Republic  according  of  moneji  and  the  penalty  (if  any)  for  chargiiig 

to  their  contiguity  to  either  country,  the  chan-  or  taking  usury. 

nel  of  the  rivers  beingoomnion  for  the  naviga-  A  communication  was  received  from  Got- 

tion  of  both  states.    The  territory  between  the  emor  Hartranit  directing  the  attention  of  tli 

Pilcomayo  River  and  Bahia  Negra  is  divided  Legislature  to  the  rapid  growth  of  the  oil  biifi- 

into  two  sections,  the  first,  included  between  nees  of  the  State  during  the  past  few  j&n, 

Bahia  Negra  and  the  Rio  Verde,  already  be-  and  the  direct  and  vital  interest  of  a  large  «e^ 

longing  to  Paraguay:  and  the  second  section,  tion  of  the  State  and  class  of  its  citizens  in  tk 

between  the  Rio  Verde  and  the  Pilcomayo,  production  and  transportation  of  that  conh 

long  a  subject  of  dispute  between  the  Argen-  modity.    As  the  legislation  proposed  failed  to 

tine  Republic  and  Paraguay,  is  finally  declared  meet  the  views  of  the  different  parties  or  in 

to  belong  to  the  latter,  the  question  having  reconcile  the  different  interests  concerned,  tLe 

been  submitted  by  the  contracting  parties  to  Governor  suggested  the  propriety  of  the  Legi$- 

arbitration  by  the  President  of  the  United  lature  authorizing  a  commission  whose  datj  i: 

States  of  America,  whose  decision  was  pub-  shall  be  during  the  legislative  interim  to  give 

lished  toward  the  end  of  1878.  the  subject  a  thorough  examination,  coll«t 

PENNSYLVANIA.  After  an  unusually  long  statistics,  and  prepare  legislation  acceptable  to 

session  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  days,  the  Leg-  all  classes  and  just  to  all  interests.    In  tk 

islature  adjourned  on  May  24th.    The  oompen-  Governor's  view  the  hazard  of  the  proposed 

sation  of  the  members  is  ten  dollars  per  diem  changes  in  the  existing  laws  of  the  c^rrsiu 

for  one  hundred  and  fifty- six  days,  when  it  system  of  the  State  under  competition  with 

ceases.    The  session  of  1871  lasted  from  Janu-  highways  of  traffic  in  other  States,  and  tbt 

ary  8d  to  May  29th,  being  one  hundred  and  apprehended  effects  upon  the  gigantic  railvat 

forty-four  days.    The  session  of  1885-86  and  enterprises,  are  of  so  complicated  and  far- 

that  of  1888-'89  each  extended  over  two  hun-  reaching  a  character  that  before  any  defiiut« 

dred  days.  action  is  taken  it  would  be  well  to  obtain  lI 

Much  interesting  business  was  transacted  the  information  possible,  and  endeavor  to  se 

during  this  session  of  1878,  although  chiefiy  of  cure  such  concurrent  legislation  in  other  Stat<» 

local  importance.    An  opinion  of  the  Attorney-  as  will  prevent  discrimination,  and  at  the  sani« 

General  was  presented  in  the  House  on  Janu-  time  do  no  injury  to  the  highways  and  tb« 

ary  28th,  showing  the  manner  in  which  insti-  trade,  commerce,  and  revenues  of  the  Com- 

tutions  were  decided  by  the  Executive  to  be  mon wealth.    A  resolution  was  passed  in  tie 

sectarian  or  not.    He  says :  Senate,  authorizing  the  Governor  to  appoint 

The  prohibition  in  the  Constitution  against  appro-  J^^ree  Oommisdoners  for  the  purpose  aforesaid, 

priatin^  money  to  any  denominational  or  sectarian  but  was  lost  in  the  House, 

institution  has  reference  to  the  mauaffement  and  not  A  resolution  was  adopted   instructing  tb 

to  the  object!  of  the  corporation.    The  question  is,  Representatives  of  the  State  in  Congress  to 

whether  it  is  under  sectanan  jontrol!    Although  -.-.j^.^  ^^^  *.^.,»«:^»  ^4  ♦k^  .v.^j^^r!  »^x 

the  beneflciaries  of  the  institution  may  -mbrace  all  ?PP^"®  ^P^  reduction  of  the  national  aray. 


appropriation  fh)m  the  State.            ,  ,     .i.    /.  An  act  was  passed  authoririnir  the  paTmcnt 

The  question  was  fully  considered  by  the  Gov-  ^/7u                 I'-w^^  »iauuvi  i*au|5  uik,  pa,» 

emor  in  the  case  of  an  appropriation  to  the  Jewish  ?'  ^®  necessary  expenses  incident  to  the  caJ- 

Hospital  at  the  session  of  1876.  and  his  veto  to  that  in?,  out  of  mihtia  durmg  the  riots  of  the  p^^ 

bill  expresses  his  oondusions  after  much  deliberation  ceding  summer ;  also  another  to  facilitate  the 

and  consultation.  transfer  to  the  United  States  of  the  title  to  tk 

The  management  is  the  only  safe  test  by  which  the  Antietam  Cemeterv 
denominational  or  sectarian  character  of  the  insti-  ^^**^*y^  vy^jtu^icij.  ,  ,  a  ^  -i  j  * 
tutionoan  be  determined.  In  fact,  there  is  no  such  A  bUl  was  considered,  but  fjailed  to  pa>i 
thinff  as  a  ohantable  or  eduoational  institution  which  relative  to  the  payment  of  damages  sustained 
oonnnes  its  beneflis  exclusively  to  persona  of  a  aingle  by  the  citizens  of  Pennsylvania  during  the  hU 
faith  or  denomination.  qJ^U  ^ar.  The  amount  has  been  reexamined 
The  sum  of  $710,000  was  appropriated  to  by  the  Commissioners  appointed  for  that  par- 
pay  the  military  and  other  expenses  of  the  pose,  and  the  total  was  $8,462,625.90,  distrib- 
riots  at  Pittsburg  in  the  preceding  year.  One  uted  as  follows:  In  York  County,  $216,366.15: 
million  dollars  was  appropriated  for  the  sup-  Adams,  $489,488.99 ;  Franklin,  $2,471,48a95; 
port  of  common  schools,  and  the  bill  providing  Fulton,  $66,604.98 ;  Cumb^land  and  Perrr, 
for  the  compulsory  education  of  children  was  $211,778.76 ;  Bedford,  $6,818.08 ;  Somerset 
defeated.  A  resolution  was  adopted  authorix-  $120.  Upon  these  leases  ttke  State  of  Pennsyl- 
ing  and  requesting  the  Governor  to  appoint  vania  has  heretofore  paid  $800,000,  leariog  an 
a  committee  of  three  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  nnpaid  balance  of  $2,652,616.96.  The  bill  pro- 
communicate  with  the  Governors  of  the  ad-  vided  for  the  issue  of  certificates  of  loan  to 
joining  States  (and  of  such  other  States  as  they  cover  this  amount,  at  6  per  c^it  interest  to 
may  deem  proper)  on  the  advisability  of  rec-  be  computed  from  January  1, 1878,  and  paj- 
ommending  to  the  respective  Legislatures  of  able  semi-annually  on  the  first  day  of  July  u^ 


PENNSYLVANIA.  679 

Janaary  of  each  year,  for  the  period  of  twenty  two-thirds  Tote  as  it  was  formerly  to  get  a 

years,  and  the  principal  of  said  oertificates  of  m^ority. 

loan  to  be  paid  on  Jannary  1, 1898,  which  cer-  The  debt  of  the  State  on  December  1,  1878, 
tificates  shoald  be  signed  by  the  GoYemor  and  was  $21,875,620.  Of  this  amount  $8,504,899 
State  Treasurer,  and  countersigned  by  the  An-  is  provided  for  by  bonds  of  the  Pennsylvania 
ditor-General,  and  be  free  from  all  taxes  except  and  Alleghany  Vdley  Railroads,  and  a  balance 
those  imposed  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  of  $968,680  in  the  sinking  fund,  leaving  $18,- 
Upon  the  issuing  of  these  certificates  the  State  870,721  unprovided  for.  The  Oonstitution  of 
shoold  become  sole  owner  of  the  claims,  and  the  State  requires  an  annual  reduction  of  the 
sboold  proceed  to  press  the  collection  of  the  debt  of  not  less  than  $250,000.  The  debt  con- 
same  from  the  General  Government  of  the  sists  of  the  following  obligations: 

United  States.  OveMoa  Vmn    v       which  Intarost  hM  been 

The  Committee  on  Labor  and  Indnstry  in  rtop^and'mrtpreeented "op  peyment....      $48,848  98 

the  House   reported  with  a  preamble  the  fol-  Redeemable  Iosim  of  O  and  S  per  eent.,  npon 

lowing  resolutions,  which  were  adopted :  Sf^rjJ^JSSt'T.^'^^'!^  "^^^^          181,tro  oo 

Bstolfwl,  That  the  House  of  RepresenUtives  (the    |?  P«'  cent,  paytbto  to  1879. 4Mi,O00  00 

Senate  ooncturmg)  moet  eameBtly  and  reapectfully  Fo^i^SdTh^af^^SL^t  wabie  to  i                   W  00 

reoommend  that  our  Senators  and  T»epw»entati  vea  in  gi,  per  cent,  red^ble  InftTT.  and  payable  to 

CoQgreaa  deviae  some  means  of  aiding  and  enoour-     ..   i^gg 9418,000  00 

adng  the  immediate  building  of  the  Texaa  Paoiiio  five  per  cent  redeemable  to  187T,  and  payable 

Kailroad,  or  any  other  needed  nationil  improvement     -  to  1833 90,400  00 

consiitent  with  prudent  economy  and  protection^  tb  ^**,P?«^"*-  «<le«n>*We  to  1889,  and  payable  ^^^^^  ^ 

our  nAtinn&l  intATAat  \  to  1899 9,8Tl,o00  00 

our  national  mMTeai.                     ■,  ^t^  ^  ^^,         j     *  Fire  per  cent  ledeemable  to  1889.  and  payable 

JUfolved,  That  we  reoommend  that  they  adopt  -"j'^^^jj""*- "««»"••""»"  *«»»t'««  p*/*""     T98,9fi0  00 

■ome  practical  plan  for  funibhmg  the  neceaBary  Fire  per  oent  wdwnuile*  in  ioi'and  i^^^^ 

means  by  which  a  portion  of  the  aurplus  labor  of        to  1909. 8,000,000  00 

the  country  may  be  settled  on  the  pnolic  domains.     Biz  per  cent,  agrienltoral,  payable  to  1999 600,000  00 

and  assisted  until  such  times  aa  they  can  be  self-     ?ejlef  notes  to  dreolatlon $98.1  JT  00 

wBUining;  and  that  we  earnestly  protest  against  £SS2 5rt^i?d2toSf^         'l^^ 

any  change  at  the  present  time  of  the  tantt  lawa  of  SomSuccrSdS? certiflcaSi.: V./.     ^  96  S 

the  nation.  Chambersburg  certmcates  rniHaimed        148  86 

In  Pennsylvania  almost  the  entire  revenue  ^ 

U  derived  from  an  indirect  tax  upon  corpora-        Total  debt,  December  l,  1878 |9l,87^890  86 

tions.    Of  the  total  income  of  the  State  Trea-  *  „  «^„««^„  — «.,«i  «^««:«*-  -«^  *^,x««^:*.,«^- 

dae  from  corporations  escapes  assessment  there     Balance  on  hand,  Norember  80, 1 877 $454,775  60 

isnodoubt    The  Standard  OU  Company,  for    »•▼«>«• 8,961,88188 

instance,  derive  their  whole  business  from  a    Totaireceipto H412.857  88 

great  production  of  the  State,  and  yet  their    Payments ^^m,iio  95 

contribution    to   the  Treasury  for  the  year    Balance,  Norember  80, 1878 $60,486  88 

aiDoanted  to  about  $800.    The  corporations 

are  the  agencies  that  are  selected  for  the  pur-  The  estimated  receipts  and  expenses  for  the 

pose  of  collecting  this  revenue.    What  they  year  ending  November  80,  1879,  were  as  fol- 

pay  into  the  Treasury  of  the  State  they  levy  lows : 

upon  the  consumers  of  their  products,  upon     Balance,  Norember  so,  1878 $60,486  88 

the  employees  of  their  lines  of  transportation,     B»tta»t«l  ferenue.  1879  (State  Treasorer) 8,896,000  00 

npon  the  holders  of  their  shares,  and  upon  the        Total  ayaiiable  fhnd $3,445,486  88 

purchasers  of  their  policies.     There  is  no  por-  Estimated  expenseefcr  Igro,  taclnding  unpaid 

tion  of  the  population  of  the  State  that  Aoes  W«»Pri»«tons  (State  Tourer) J,61W47W 

not  in  this  indirect  way  contribute  to  the  pay-  Estimated  defldt  to  general  fhnd,NoTember80, 

ment  of  the  taxes.    While  a  system  which  pre-        ^^^ $9,178,060  97 

sents  so  easy  and  advantageous  a  means  of  The  revenues  of  the  general  fund  for  1878 
raising  revenue  is  likely  to  be  still  further  have  fallen  below  the  revenues  of  1877  some 
elaborated  instead  of  being  disturbed  by  the  $600,000,  and  the  estimated  revenues  of  1879 
Legislature,  it  is  attended  with  evils.  The  are  $900,000  below  the  same  standard,  making 
representative  does  not  hesitate  to  vote  away  altogether,  for  the  two  years  in  which  the  defi- 
large  soms  of  public  money  for  doubtful  ol>-  eiencies  will  have  principally  accumulated,  a 
jects  when  it  is  obtained  so  easily  by  assessing  falling  off  of  the  revenues  of  a  million  and  a 
corporations.  The  provision  of  the  Oonstitu-  half.  This  deficiency  is  ascribed  to  two  causes 
tion  that  no  appropriation  shall  be  made  to  in-  —extraordinary  appropriations  and  decreased 
fttitatioDS  not  under  the  absolute  control  of  t!ie  revenue.  The  sum  of  $678,000  can  be  laid  to 
Commonwealth,  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  the  extraordinary  appropriations  required  on 
^  not  proved  a  very  effective  protection  account  of  the  Insane  Hospitals  for  the  south- 
east extravagant  expenditure.  By  making  eastern  district  and  at  Warren,  the  building  of 
oombioationa  it  teems  to  be  as  easy  to  get  a  the  new  Western  and  Eastern  Penitentiaries, 


680  PENNSYLVANIA. 

the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  the  State  Agri-  of  iu  industrleB,  and  the  diffuBion  of  gTettar  eoo- 
cnltoral  CoUege^  «d  the  expenee.  «.d  drnms  S2.5°^ru';^Sr<£l&J.'Lrti?"T°^^'S 
for  the  not3  of  1877,  amounting  altogether  to  ^^^\  g^^  j^  ^^^  inoreaa©  of  the  value  of  mtDofv 
$1,925,000.  This  deficit  also  is  estimated  upon  tures,  and  the  deoreaae  in  the  coet  of  miutaifiisi 
the  gross  amounts  appropriated,  and  oonsidera-  order,  would  halanoe  the  original  outlaj,  and  tLi 
hie  sams  will  he  covered  hack  into  the  Trea-  annual  appropriations  neceaaaiy  to  eatabUih  al 
Bory,  Thus  the  appH>pri««on.  to  pay  for  sap-  TCi*  SLfw^?  ir^'^Xd'^  r'u.'rS 
pressing  the  nots  of  1877  were  $710,000,  and  eight  yeara  the  State  has  expended  $888,905,30 oTjf 
the  amount  paid,  with  almost  all  claims  settled  and  above  the  ordinair  miktia  expenaea  in  the  lap- 
and  paid,  is  $584,811.68 ;  so  that  it  is  safe  to  preaaion  of  riota,  which  are  not  to  be  considered  a 
assume  that  $100,000  of  this  appropriation  will  ^^f.  reaulta  ot^an  unuaually  lawleaa  dispodtifln,  ba 
^  *.  x.  ^  'Z.ji  fir  tr  rather aa  the  deaperate  atrugglea of  umorant mtn to 
not  be  required.  cuttheGordianknotofadafioulty  thatonlythed- 
In  1877  the  revenue  from  the  tax  on  corpo-  moat  akiU  and  patience  will  ever  enable  lodetjt:) 
ration  stocks  was  $2,086,776,  and  in  1878  $1,-  untie,  it  will  be  acknowledged  that  the  gun  i&tbii 
864,256.83.  The  tax  on  gross  receipts  increased  one  item  alone  would  go  a  couaiderable  way  toward 
from  $74,406  in  1877  to  $647,688  in  1878  un-  *V=W.?r/ci^ot  ^Sf^lat  .TiS? 
der  the  new  law.  This  shows  a  loss  of  a  quar-  ^^  quicker  or  better  meaaure  than  to  iooww  ix 
ter  of  a  million  dollars  in  the  annual  revenues  value  and  variety  of  production,  and  improve  Ut 
from  the  change.  The  revenue  from  the  tax  bread- winning  powers  of  the  laborer;  in  other  words, 
on  insurance  companies  has  fallen  from  $600,-  fo  diftise  the  teohnical  and  wtiatio  knowledge  vluA 

887  in  1877  to  $22^,240  in  1878     The  revenue  o^fra^tie^'c^aTSii^^idT^^"^^^^^ 

from  the  tax  on  bank  stocks  has  fallen  from  faotured  article,  and  to  foater  the  intelligent  coCpm- 

$898,863  to  $251,190,  a  loss  of  nearly  $150,-  tion  of  laborera  among  themaelvea  and  with  etpiul. 

000  from  this  source  in  1878.     In  1877  the  tax  so  aa  to  utilixe  to  the  beat  advantage  the  claaiwigts. 

on  collateral  inheritances  was  $878,028,  and  ^i,^^/^®""f  *^"^?**^fel,^^iJf  "ifP^^^ 

in  1878  $288,886,  a  loss  of  nearly '$10  W  •ren^e.S^^^ft  Sf  .nC^^ 

Tavern  licenses  paid  mto  the  Treasury  $881,-  appears  to  me  to  be  the  paramount  reaaon  fortfji- 

130  in  1877,  and  $327,721  in  1878.     These  are  tern  of  indnatrial  and  tedinical  training. 

the  chief  sources  to  which  is  due  the  decline 

in  the  revenues.  "Hie  suhject  of  municipal  indehtcdness  his 

The  total  numher  of  hanks  in  the  State  re-  attracted  the  attention  of  several  State  Legi*- 
porting  in  1878  was  117,  with  $28,400,000  on  latures,  under  the  conviction  that  the  bani- 
deposit.  Of  these  seventy-seven  were  repre-  ruptoy  of  the  largest  cities  is  only  a  question 
sented  as  savings  hanks  and  trust  companies,  of  time,  and  that  the  system  must  be  defec- 
with  $16,790,000  of  deposits.  Since  that  year  tive  which  is  attended  by  such  conseqnencts. 
the  oflScial  records  show  the  failure  or  suspen-  In  1875  and  1876  the  subject  of  municipal  n^ 
sion  of  thirty-one  institutions,  whose  deposits  form  was  generally  agitated.  This  had  a  ten- 
aggregated  $8,200,000,  Eighteen  of  these  sus-  dency  to  check  the  reckless  extravagMce  of 
pended  banks  were  so-cidled  savings  banks,  preceding  years,  yet  the  financial  condition  d 
with  deposits  amounting  to  $6,650,000.  About  the  larger  cities  has  scarcely  improved  ma, 
68  per  cent.,  or  $4,500,000,  of  the  deposits  of  In  May,  1876,  an  act  passed  the  Pennsrk&nu 
the  eighteen  broken  savings  banks  was  invest-  I^slature  to  appoint  a  Commission  on  Mo- 
ed  in  discounts  upon  ordinary  business  paper,  nicipal  Reform.    Its  report  was  made  at  the 

For  the  details  relating  to  public  schools  subsequent  session  of  the  Legislature,  but  no 

reference  is  made  to  the  "  Annual  Oy clopcBdia  "  action  has  been  taken  upon  it.    The  OomiBi^ 

for  1877.   The  improvements  in  1878  were  very  sion  reported  a  well-digest«d  code  founded 

favorable.    On  the  change  of  the  system  of  upon  the  only  principles  upon  which  a  penw- 

education  to  a  course  that  is  practical  and  tech-  nent  reform  in  municipal  government  may  be 

nical,  the  views  of  Governor  Hartranft  are  expected.     These  principles,  as  set  forth  or 

similar  to  those  of  Governor  McOlellan  of  New  the  Commission,  may  be  briefly  stated  m  fol- 

Jersey.    The  Governor  thus  addresses  the  Leg-  lows:    1.  Increased  powers  of  appointment 

islatare :  And  removal  and  supervision  by  the  KiTor 

over  the  executive  departments,  and  the  com- 

.  ^°  th®  aubject  of  industrial  and  technical  train-  pigt^  separation  of  the  executive  and  le^'sl*- 

ing,  I  wish  only  to  call  your  attention  to  ita  relation  L„«  a,««*:«,«o      o    ti.a  .«<v>»Aa»44^  «#  «FArMJitf 

to  the  larger  labor  question.     Aa  the  frontiers  of  ^^®  functions.     2.  The  necessity  of  providJ^ 

civiliiation  recede,  the  difficulty  of  tranaferring  the  for  an  annual  tax  rate  to  cover  all  wmnal  ap- 

Burplua  population  of  our  labor  oentera  ia  yearly  in-  propriations,  and  the  prohibition  of  anr  ex- 

oreaalng.    Our  mining  and  manufacturing  distriota  penditure  for  any  purpose  over  the  amoantji 

are,  consequently  crowded  with  capital  and  labor,  specifically  appropriated.    8.  The  absolote  de- 

which  the  present  diversities  of  industry  can  not  ^s„,  ^.  Mj!i*.Sz^^  K.4  ^x.^  ^^^^^  ♦«  ^^»ta  j^pU^. 

abaorb.    Tfie  natural  spread  of  populatioi  tends  in  ^^}  or  limitation  of  the  power  to  create  deM^ 

a  meaaure  to  reatore  the  equilibrium,  but  the  period  In  the  State  of  New  York  a  commission  was 

of  growth  ia  probably  reached,  when  it  is  neoea-  appointed  in  1875  to  devise  a  plan  for  tbegor- 

sary  to  find  employment  for  an  increasing  popula-  ernment  of  cities,  whose  conclusions  were  sub- 

tion.   Nothing,  it  seems  to  me,  will  so  much  extend  gtantially  the  same  as  those  above  mentionei 

the  sphere  of  activity  aa  a  system  of  industrial  edu-  "*«*»»'•»"/  v    ^iT^     ^  r  T    ,    1    v:*#  ^»i.Antir<» 

cation.    Such  a  ayatem  would  be  ooatly,  and  the  ^  may  be  thus  stated:  1.  A  chief  executive 

return  to  the  State,  in  the  eztenaion  and  elevation  officer,  clothed  with  the  autlionty  or  genenu 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


681 


npemBion,  and  with  the  nnfettered  power  to 
uppoint  the  other  principal  exeoatiye  offioera, 
except  thoee  two  (the  chief  flnanoial  and  chief 
law  officer)  whose  daties  immediately  affect  the 
natter  of  public  expenditures,  and  with  the 
power  of  removal,  suoject,  however,  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Gk>vernor.  2.  The  determination 
in  each  jear  of  the  sum  of  money  requisite  to 
be  expended  for  all  objects  and  purposes,  and 
what  part  thereof  is  to  be  raised  by  taxation 
md  the  levying  of  the  latter  sum.  The  appro- 
priation, at  the  same  time,  of  the  whole  sum 
to  be  expended  to  the  several  objects  and  pur- 
poses. The  prohibition  of  any  expenditure  be- 
foad  the  sums  appropriated  by  making  all  con- 
tracts or  engagements  in  excess  thereof  void. 
I A  farther  enforcement  of  the  maxim  "  Pay 
»  yoa  go,"  by  a  prohibition  against  borrowing 
(ooney  or  incurring  debt,  except  under  certain 
specified  conditions  not  likely  to  arise  often. 

The  Pennsylvania  Commission,  in  their  re- 
port, uy  in  relation  to  the  code :  **  If  time  and 
experience  should  develop  defects,  they  can 
)aaly  be  supplied  by  future  legislation,  and 
re  feel  assured  that  the  benefits  resulting 
from  the  adoption  of  the  system  we  propose 
w^ill  amply  compensate  for  any  mistake  or  omis- 
>ioQ  in  mere  matters  of  detul,  which  are  of 
ninor  importance." 

The  following  remarks  of  Governor  Hart- 
'anft  on  this  important  subject  of  foture  legis- 
ation  are  too  applicable  to  be  overlooked : 

Admitting  fdlly  all  that  the  CommiaBion  aay  aa  to 
hedifflcaltvand  delioaoy  of  repealing  all  thelegiala- 
ionapon  theatatnte-booka  referring  to  manioipali- 
k%y  I  Am  itill  of  the  opinion  that  no  permanent  retonn 
|u  b«  iiutly  ezpectea  while  these  loopholes  of  eacape 
rom  tao  proviaiona  of  a  general  plan  exiat ;  and  I 
l««m  it  of  primary  importanoe,  at  any  riak,  that  thia 
locnmiilation  of  speoial  leglalation  ahoald  be  awept 
'tjT.  and  the  righta  veated  thereunder  be  put,  if 
visible,  without  manifeat  and  laating  ii^aatice,  in 


he  m  of  merging  into  the  general  eyatem.  There 
I  maon  foroe  in  the  objeotion  of  the  minority  report, 
bit  *'  the  bill  propoaed  doea  not  apedacally  repeal 
aj  law,*'  and  that  *'  it  ta  bat  one  more  added  to  the 
lameroaa  aota  goverclng  our  cities'' ;  and  it  ia  very 
babtful  whether  aection  twenty-aeven  of  the  aohed- 
lie  of  the  bill,  whioh  providea  that  "  the  Ooonoila 
f  eziftinff  eitiea  ahaU,  within  one  year  from  the  ap* 
roral  of  Qua  aot,  deaiffnate  by  ordirianoe  anoh  of  the 
p^itl  aeta  of  Aaaemoly,  or  parte  thereof  in  force, 
nd  Dot  iaeonaiatent  herewith^  aa  they  aevendly  de- 
ira  to  retain  in  their  reapective  oitiei,  and  all  aota 
.)t  BO  deaigoated  ihall  be,  and  the  aame  are  hereby, 
epealad  from  and  after  the  approval  of  aald  ordi- 
iias«,>>  wi II  lead  to  any  praotioal  resnlta.  It  ia  barely 
Mnblo  that  what  the  Commiaaion  heaitated  to 
adertake  will  be  aatiafkotoriiy  performed  by  the 
lUet*  Coanoila.  Bat  even  thia  objeotion,  of  what- 
r<r  foroe  it  may  be,  ought  not  to  deter  you  horn  the 
•amge  of  the  act.  If,  in  the  praotioal  operation  of 
iie  Mt,  obnozioua  apecial  leglalation  anould  atill 
ttrrive  or  be  revived,  it  la  aomethlnff  which  experi- 
nee  alone,  perhapa,  can  prove ;  and  it  will  be  atill 
1  the  power  of  the  Legialature,  when  ita  pemroioua 
nflaence  shall  have  been  clearly  demonMtrated,  to 
ip«al  it,  or  bring  it  into  harmony  with  the  improved 
ivttem,  *  r 

I  rej^ret,  alio,  the  auppoaed  neoeaaity  of  retaimng 
nd  exteodiog  the  elaaaifloation  of  citiea ;  the  rea- 
foe  io  sapport  thereof  aeem  to  me  rather  aepcioua 
^M  ■onnd.    From  an  examination  of  the  provi- 


aiona of  the  bill.  I  think  but  little  difficulty  or  in- 
oonvenienoe  will  be  found  in  adapting  ita  machin* 
ery  uniformly  to  all  olaaaeaof  oitiea.  The  creation 
or  ieveral  claaaea,  oontaining  but  a  single  city  each, 
aubjecta  the  ayetem  and  the  tax>payera  to  the  dan- 
gers of  the  moat  injurioua  apecial  leglalation.  To 
avoid  the  evila  of  auch  leglalation,  the  Commiaaion 
propoae  an  amendment  to  the  Couetitutiou  that  the 
General  Aasembly  ahall  paaa  no  lawa  relating  to  the 
affaire  of  any  olaaa  which  embracea  but  one  city, 
'*  unleaa  upon  application  made  by  joint  reaolution 
of  the  CoonciU  thereof,  paaaed  by  tne  votea  of  two 
thirda  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  branch,  re- 
corded bv  yeaa  and  naya,  approved  by  the  Mayor.*' 
But  if  it  DC  thought  neceaaary  to  make  a  diatinction 
between  large  ana  email  citiea,  the  trouble  of  paae- 
ing  auch  an  amendment  will  be  obviated,  and  every 

f>ractical  requirement  filled,  and  the  evila  of  apecial 
egialfltion  m  a  great  meaaure  avoided,  bv  dividing 
the  citiea  of  the  State  into  two  claaaea — tnoae  con- 
taining one  hundred  thousand  inhabitanta  or  over  to 
oonatitute  one  olaaa.  and  all  with  a  population  of  leaa 
than  one  hundred  tnouaand  the  other. 

In  oonduaion,  I  hope  the  bill  will  be  early  brought 
forward  for  diacuaaion  and  finally  paaaed  substan- 
tially aa  it  is ;  if  not  for  the  government  of  all  the 
citiea  of  the  Commonwealth,  at  least  for  all  citiea  con- 
taining one  hundred  thouaand  inhabitanta  or  over, 
or  thoae  which  now  oonatitute  the  first  and  aeoona 
claases.  As  applied  to  thoae  cities,  I  think  the  lead- 
ing principlea  of  the  bill,  before  referred  to,  will 
meet  the  general  and  unqualified  endoraement  of  the 
oitizena  and  tax -payers,  and  ita  machinery  and  opera- 
tion be  greatly  better  than  the  preaent  organisation. 
The  management  of  amaller  citiea  is  generally  more 
economtcal  and  judioioua  than  the  adminiatration  of 
larger  onea,  and  perhaps  the  only  change  needed  in 
the  code  of  1874.  to  adapt  it  perfectly  to  their  gov- 
ernment, is  the  aoeolute  prohioition  of  the  power  to 
borrow  money  for  any  purpoae  whatever,  in  order 
that  council  men  may  not  be  tempted  to  get  a  cheap 
reputation  for  economy,  at  the  expense  of  proaperity . 
by  willfully  levying  a  tax  rate  manifestly  too  small 
to  cover  the  neoeasary  expenditures  then  appropri- 
ated, without  reference  thereto,  leaving  every  year 
a  large  deficit  in  the  shape  of  a  floating  debt,  to  be 
finally  added  to  the  bonded  indebted neas. 

The  evila  whioh  thia  bill  ia  intended  to  correct 
can  not  long  continue  without  the  moat  deplorable 
oonaequenoes,  and  the  million  and  a  quarter  oitizena 
of  the  citiea  of  the  Commonwealth  are  looking  anx- 
iously to  the  Le^slature  for  relief  fh>m  the  aouaea 
and  dangera  which  they  are  unable  themselves  to 
reform  or  esoape  under  the  present  system  of  muni- 
cipal government. 

The  penal,  reformatory,  and  eleemosynary 
institutious  of  the  State  are  in  a  satisfactory 
condition.  The  Eastern  and  Western  Peniten- 
tiaries are,  however,  overcrowded,  and  will 
continue  to  be  until  the  completion  of  the  new 
Western  and  Middle  constructions.  In  the 
Eastern  institution  there  are  1,180  convicts, 
with  only  680  cells. 

The  yield  of  early  fruit  in  the  State  was  be- 
low the  average;  the  yield  of  the  crops  was 
above  the  average,  with  the  exception  of  bar- 
ley. The  rate  of  farm  wages  for  1877  and  1878 
was  as  follows : 


18TS. 


By  the  month  (whole  year),  with  board . . . 

By  the  month  (rammer),  with  board 

By  the  day  (with  board),  re^nlir  work 

By  the  day  (without  board),  reffulsr  work . 
By  the  month  f  whole  year),  without  board 
By  the  month  (inmmerX  without  board. . . 
Estimated  cost  of  board  per  day 


18TT. 

lis  89 

15  10 

80 

1  16 

SO  97 

86  or 

85 

811  U 

14  05 

70 

95 

18  41 

S4  07 

88 


I 

i 


682  PENNSYLVANIA. 

In  fourteen  counties  in  western  Pennsylva-  to  ahead  of  1,200  feet  of  oQ.    The  pnmpisf 

nia  there  are  51,675  farms  and  1,267,000  sheep,  stations  are  expected  to  be  fonr  in  nnnber, 

producing  a  yearly  fleece  of  5,000,000  pounds  their  distances  from  each  other  differing  £^ 

of  wool,  worth,  at  40  cents  per  pound,  $2,000,-  cording  to  the  surface  of  the  country.  Tk^ 

000.    To  this  sum  add  the  value  of  the  sheep  first  station,  at  Parker  Gity,  is  to  force  the  oL 

at  $3  each — $3,801,000 — and  the  total  for  sheep  85  miles;   the  second  pumping  station  Til] 

and  fleece  of  one  year  is  $6,801,000.  drive  it  26  miles  farther ;  the  third  70  mDo 

The  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  more ;  and  the  last  station,  to  be  situated  o3 
reports  that  the  true  jute-plant  can  not  be  the  western  slope  of  the  Tuscarora  MonsUm, 
profitably  cultivated  in  rennsylvania.  The  im-  will  send  it  into  Baltimore,  a  distance  of  VA 
portation  amounts  in  value  to  $7,000,000.  The  miles  farther.  It  is  extremely  difiicolt  to  cii- 
investigation  relative  to  the  cultivation  of  Jute  culate  the  hydraulic  pressure  in  a  long  line  i£d 
has  developed  the  fact  that  there  are  in  the  to  estimate  the  contraction  and  expaufflon  dot 
State  already  several  native  or  acclimated  plants  to  changes  in  temperature, 
which  will  produce  a  fiber  equal  or  superior  to  A  State  Convention  of  the  National  psm 
that  of  India  jute,  and  it  can  not  be  doubted  was  held  in  Philadelphia  on  May  8th.  I)e!^ 
that  energy  directed  to  the  improvement  and  gations  were  present  from  nearly  all  the  coos- 
cultivation  of  these  will  meet  with  a  greater  ties  in  the  State,  and  were  about  230  in  nco- 
reward  than  in  the  acclimatization  of  the  jute.  ber.  In  1876  this  party  cast  in  PennsjlTsiiift 
Prominent  among  these  is  the  mallow  family,  5,000  votes,  which  had  increased  in  1877  :o 
notably  the  Indian  mallow  (AhuHlon  cnsa/neen-  nearly  55,000.  The  (Convention  was  penra- 
noU)^  and  the  wild  primrose  ((£VK)tA^a  Mennis).  nently  organized  by  the  election  of  Frssk  ^. 
The  former  grows  wild  in  nearly  all  portions  Hughes,  of  Schuylkill,  as  chairman.  The  pk- 
of  the  State,  and  from  samples  obtained  it  is  form  adopted,  after  long  discussion,  wasBsid- 
evident  that  the  plant  may  be  made  to  yield  a  lows : 

fiber  fully  equal  to  that  of  jute,  with  this  ad-  mu   tt  .*  j  a.  *     v               ^  *...  .   4 »  -:*«,r 

«ro»fa<^  ,•«  ;^a  A.»^.  ♦k«4.  ^i^  J^^iA^^  «»—  v«  Tho  Uuited  States,  by  reason  of  its  v««t  temteir, 

vantage  in  its  favor,  that  the  residue  may  be  ^rtile  boU,  varied  proHucUona,  rich  minenli,  iLd 

used  for  the  manufacture  of  paper.  temperate  climate,  could,  wiieiy  goTenied,  BostiD 

The  petroleum  export  has  grown  to  be  tbe  in  comfort,  and  even  luzuiy,  a  population  tesfcld 

third  in  value  of  all  the  exports  of  the  country,  greater  than  that  at  present  occupying  it.   htxa- 


eatahlishftd  r<ite  of  trimftnortAfinn   waa  ftl  RO  legislation  In  favor  of  non-productive  capital  la-i 

estaoJisnea  late  or  transportation  was  f  i.ou  ^^j^^^  ^he  intereata  of  the  laboiera  of  the  eooatiy 

per  barrel,  which  should  have  given  to  the  "fte  policy  adopted  has  reduced  tbe  value  of  prop* 

railroad  companies  $18,500,000;   but,  instead  erty^  public  and  private,  over  one  half,  vhile  ii«tif'» 

of  that,  the  railroad  companies  had  actually  re-  «li  State,  municipal,  and  private  debt*,  nomiway 

ceived  only  $5,000,000,  the  other  $18,500,000  ^^'^ J^,?»  5*''?,T''v  ^  ""•'5?,^i;^h.!S^t^ 

having  ^JJ'^l.e^'from  the  ^oj^kholkers  K^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

and  from  the  shippers,  and  paid  to  the  Stand-  inevitable  result.    For  such  control  both  tbe  Kepib^ 

ard  Company.    Applications  by  the  parties  op-  lican  and  Democratic  parties  are  responsible,  is  tfct 

pressed  or  nearly  ruined  by  the  unequal  com-  wisdom  of  such  policy  has  been  affirmed  by  th«  Bt- 

petition  were  made  to  the  Legislature  without  n^TrX'bS^^p:^!- to^J? 8;» 

success.    Finally  suits  were  commenced  against  adopted  in  Pennsylvania.    Wisdom  would  dieutt 

the  railroads  under  the  act  forbidding  a  dis-  as  the  remedy  for  the  existing  evila  not  only  tlM 

crimination  between  the  shippers  of  freight,  repeal  ofthe  pernicious  laws  and  the  eeUbliBhffiepi 

These  are  still  pending.    Pipe  companies  have  ©^  »  ^««  ^i  judicious  financial  eystem,  tom^^ 

idao  been  charterod.  of  whinh  the  works  of  th«  ***«  interest  of  the  productive  labor  ot  tbe  oOTntir, 

also  oeen  onartereo,  or  wnicn  tne  worics  or  tne  ^^^  ^^^  ^,,^  condemnation  by  the  people,  muaStmc 

seaboard  Pipe-Line  Company  are  the  most  ex-  at  tbe  ballot-box,  of  tbe  Demooratio  and  BcpubUca 

tensive.    This  company,  established  for  the  parties,  by  whom  the  producing  intererts  of  Uieeoso* 

purpose  of  constructing  a  pipe  line  for  trans-  try  have  Been  betrayed.    Therefore,  it  is 

porting  petroleum  to  tbe  seacoast,  similar  to  ^^^^  P'^?iJ^^«*HL^u°^?^^  ^tt^ 

♦K^  i;«%^<.  «ri.s^i.  !»««.«  K.^«  ;«  ««-..  «•?  ♦!.«  ^;i  -«  publican  party  of  the  country  la  entitled  to  m  wd- 

the  Imes  which  have  been  m  use  m  the  oil  re-  J^^n^  of  the  people  or  wortby  of  their  support,  ma 

gions  for  several  years,  have  commenced  the  that  their  recorda  in  the  past  have  been  tncli  u  to 


actual  construction  of  the  works.     The  ob-    render  any  pledge  they  may  make  in  the  taxm^B- 
jective  point  is  Baltimore.    The  line,  which    reliable  and  unworthy  of  credit,  to  be  rejKard€d  « 


paat 

aay  D 

fere 

pledges  made  under  fear  of  public  wrath,  to  be  no- 


will  be  238  miles  in  length,  wUl  cost,  it  is.  es-  l^'T^Trt^^J^^f  SJraSZ^to  in(5- 

timated,  $8,000  per  mile,  or  $1,750,000.    It  is  25^13  alU^^T                ^     *^  ^ 

proposed  to  use  a  six-inch  pipe,  affording  a  Resolved^  That  we  reaffirm  and  endorse  th«  y^- 

discharging  capacity  of  6,000  barrels  a  day.  form  of  principles  adopted  bv  the  Toledo  Nationu 

The  line  is  to  be  worked  at  a  pressure  of  400  C<'£^«?*»5°,S?  ^^  ^  ^^'^  of  Pebruaiy,  i£»-     , 

pounds  per  square  inch,  ^.d'the  pi,^  to  be  w^S?;'^X!!?gKr^?Sir5»SJ 

tested  for  1,800  pounds  per  square  mch.    The  re|ulation  of  the  volume  and  value  of  such  nwn*; 

pressure  of  400  pounds  at  the  stations  is  equal  by  wise  and  judidous  legialadon  depends  tbe  pros- 


.    PENKSTLYANLL  688 

perity  ind  weUkre  of  tbe  nitloii,  snoli  power  should  the  damage,  if  any,  when  Jadiciallx  aaoertained,  to 

M  walottilj  ^oarded  and  oonlroUed,  and  no  power  be  paid  by  the  State. 

to  naulafce  either  the  volame  or  value  of  money  iwwJfM,  That  we  demand  the  ptaaage  and  enforce- 

should  be  given  to  banka  or  other  moneyed  oorpora-  ment  of  euch  hbws  aa  will  prevent  all  oombinationa, 

tioQS,  who.  by  meana  of  suoh  power,  oould  aabaerve  discriminationa,  or  granting  of  rebatea  by  tranaporta- 

prirate  ends,  and  at  will  oontraot  or  expand  the  cui^  tion  oompaniea,  and  compelling  the  oommon  carrier 

reoorof  the  country,  and  thus  hold  all  the  producing  to  furnish  the  same  faoiUtiea  and  perform  the  aame 

uid  laboring  intereata  in  abaolute  bondage.  aervioe  for  the  same  price  to  all  men. 

Rnolttd^  That  the  preaent  national  banking  sya-  BtBolvtd^  That  we  demand  the  immediate  repeal 

tern  ii  Qot  only  burdensome  to  the  people  by  reason  of  the  resumption  act  of  1876. 

of  the  sabstitution  of  an  inferior  onrrenoy  for  money  BtBolvedj  That  we  demand  an  equal  and  just  taxa- 

At  s  heavy  expense  to  the  oountir,  in  the  useless  tion  of  all  property  whatsoever,  except  that  used  by 

ptyment  of  interest  on  bonds,  but  by  reaaon  of  the  the  Federal  Government  and  used  or  held  for  Oov« 

power  in  them  suoh  banks  are  obbdning  permanent  ernment  purposes. 

OQtrol  of  the  Oovernment,  and  are  becoming  the  Retohed^  That  we  demand  the  payment  of  Gov- 

ftbsolute  masters  of  all  the  business  interests  of  the  ernment  bonds  aooording  to  the  original  oontraot,  in 

ooantiy ;  and  that  in  the  interests  of  the  manufko-  the  lawful  money  of  the  nation. 

tiirer,  farmer,  mechanic,  and  laborer,  the  national-  BtBolved^  That  to  aijniiflouitly  designate  our  State 

biok  ourrenoy  ahould  be  withdrawn  from  circuit-  organisation,  designed  to  secure  financial  and  labor 

ttoD,  sod  Aree  legal-tender  money  aubstituted  by  the  reform,  we  iidopt  the  name  of  l^ational  Greenbaok- 

6o7emmeot  in  ueu  thereof.  Labor  party  of  Pennsylvania. 

RetolMdy  That  aa  the  wealth  of  the  nation   is  mi.     ^  i«      •              «  ^                 i         ^     i.  ^ 

f)aaded  on  Ubor,  the  laborer  should  be  protected  in  Tno  loliowmff  resolntion  was  also  adopted, 

his  jut  rights.    It  is  desirable  that  the  houra  of  and  onlered  to  be  inserted  in  the  platform : 

Isbor  fthouia  be  so  limited  as  to  afford  the  laborer  an  whtreat.  The  struggles  of  seven  centuries  for  civil 

opportumty  to  cultivate  bia  mental  faoulUea  and  en-  YiUi^y  have,  in  thisSuntiy,  culminated  in  securing 

joy  rational  aooial  interoourae  with  hu  frienda :  to  to  all  an  equal  right  to  the  ballot ;  and 

eamsoch  r««sonable  wagea  as  may  be  an  equitable  fTAerw^We  believe  the  intelligent  and  honest 


proportion  of  the  profits  of  hia  todustry,  and  this  so  exeroise  of  this  privilege,  judiciously  directed  to  the 

that  he  may  ameliorate  his  condition  and  obtain  the  n^noes  of  the  obuntryT  wfU  secure  general  prosper- 

comforts  and  luxunea  of  life,  and  thus,  by  increaslnff  j^     through  a  more  equitable  diatoibution  of  the 

eoMumptlon,  open  new  avenuea  for  mduatry  anj  pi^ducUof Ubor:  ther^ore 

T  \V^  '?'    :      •  fo  ,®^«?««  ^"  Children,  and  *'  Smolved.  That  this  Convention  condemns  all  hiw- 

thas,  through  unl veraal  education,  elevate  labor  and  lesBuess,  violenoe,  or  disorder  to  aooomplish  its  ends, 

the  character  of  the  laborer.    For  the  purpoae  of  believing  that  the  happiness  of  the  whole  people 

ittomingthese  ends,                  *     .       »        v     ,j  can  only  be  permanently  secured  through  the  ballot. 

Jiaolwtdj  That  the  orison  oontraot  system  should  /       r^             ^                      -• 

bo  prohibited ;  that  the  Federal  and  State  govern.  jhe  nominations   made  were  as  follows: 

K  J?'laL7rt^^hTSS2S?ac\^^^^^^^  For  Governor,  SamnelR.Mj«on;  for  Lieuten- 

Arming,  and  laboring  interests  of  the  coun^  be  ant-Governor,  Chnstopher  Shearer ;  for  Judge 

protected'  of  the  Supreme  Ooort,  Bex^amin  S.  Bentley ; 

1.  By  lowering  the  rate  of  interest  on  money,  and  for  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs,  James  L. 

to  effect  thia  by  the  Government  issuing  tne  legal*  Wright. 

tender  money  sufficient  for  the  wanU  of  trade,  and  q,?^  n««««««^«  «#  4.v^  t>.^^«m:^<>^  ^^^^  •. 

lejnilsting  it^  value  and  ita  volume  by  wiae  and  judi-  The  Convention  of  the  Kepnblican  party  as- 

eioos  legislation.  sembled  at  Hamsbnrg  on  May  15th.    It  was 

i  By  the  protection  of  American  industries  by  organized  by  the  appointment  of  William  P. 

the  enactment  of  a  tariff,  based  on  conaUtuUonal  Stokley  as  pennanent  chairman.    The  follow- 

umiti,  for  revenue,  but  with  diacnminations  for  pro-  i^^  •>i««.ftv.«»  ^^^  ^k^n  ^ii^nf  ai1  . 

tectioi  to  the  Isbir  of  the  farmer,  the  miner,  the  ^«  platform  was  then  adopted : 

maDufscturer^  and  the  producing  interest.  The  Republican  party  of  Pennsylvania,  adhering 

S.  By  holding  public  landa  for  the  use  of  the  ao-  to  ita  historioal  record  and  to  ita  principles  bereto- 

toal  settler,  and  not  to  be  granted  aa  aubsldiea.    To  fore  often  sfflrmed,  declares : 

holdsuchoorporationa  to  a  strict  accountability,  and  1.  That  it  ia  uncompromisingly  opposed  to  f^ee 

vhea  the  terms  of  the  grant  have  not  been  complied  trade  in  whatever  disguiae  presented,  undiaugingly 

vith,  10  reclaim  auob  lands  aa  having  been  forfeited,  devoted  to  home  industry,  and  hereby  avows  ita  spe- 

aad  as  having  reverted  to  the  Ctovemmeot.  oial  and  direct  hostility  to  the  tariff  biU  now  pending 

4.  Bv  opening  new  fielda  for  labor  in  the  construe-  in  Congress^  the  same  being  in  the  interest  of  impori- 
ti'm  of  work  oi  national  importance,  either  directly  era  and  foreign  manufacturera,  and  in  opposition  to 
bj  the  Government  itself,  or  by  rendering  aaaiat-  American  tabor. 

Mee ;  in  no  ease  to  be  in  tne  form  of  subsidies,  but  9.  That  labor  being  the  great  aouroe  of  national 

ftll  oatlaya  of  the  Government  to  be  adequately  se-  wealth,  the  proaperity  of  the  nation  must  depend 

cored.  upon  tne  extent  to  which  labor  ia  protected  andiem- 

5.  By  enoouraging  our  ship-building  intereata  and  ployed,  and  that  our  Government,  being  a  govern- 


to  oompete  with  foreign  ones.  be  profitably  employed. 

C.  To  afford  a  aafe  depository  for  monev,  and  to  8.  That  Amenoan  oommeroe  ahould  be  fostered 
protect  the  people  against  the  fhiud  and  loss  ooca-  and  home  enterprise  developed  by  the  national  Gov- 
itooed  by  aavinga  banka  and  trust  oompaniea.  A  ernment,  to  the  end  that  our  manufacturing,  mining, 
?HUl  depository  system  should  be  established,  flrom  agricultural,  and  induatrial  interests  may  flourish, 
vhieh,  upon  money  being  deposited,  certificatea  of  our  people  find  employment,  and  the  country  be  re- 
deposit  bearing  a  lew  rate  of  interest  should  be  stored  to  permanent  proaperity. 
ii^medj  vhioh  oertifloatea  ahould  be  payable  on  de-  4.  That  the  public  lands  belong  to  the  people  and 
aand  in  full  legal-tender  Government  monev.  ahould  be  reserved  exclusively  for  actual  settlerB,  so 

Benlvfd^  That  we  demand  the  repeal  bv  toe  State  that  the  industrious  poor  may  be  enoouvaged  and 

^ovemment  of  all  charters  and  apeoial  pnvileges  in-  aided  to  enter  upon  and  occupy  them, 

eootistent  with  the  preaent  Conatitntion  of  the  State,  5.  That  we  are  now,  aa  ever,  opposed  to  the  pay- 


684  PENK8YLVAKU.   . 

ment  of  claims  from  the  Bfttional  Trearaiy  to  thoie  euritj  of  the  noteholder,  and  protection  of  the  eipitil 

lately  engaged  in  or  sympathixing  with  the  rebellion,  inveated  should  be  provided  for. 

No  oonqueror  ahould  be  forced  to  paj  indemnity  to  Treaauiy  notes  issued  in  exchange  for  bondi  Ui> 

the  conquered,  and  the  presentation  or  bills  demand-  ing  a  low  rate  of  interest,  is  the  hist  form  in  wLid 

ing  over  $800,000,000  at  the  present  session  of  a  the  credit  of  the  Ooveniment  can  be  given  for  pfper 

Democratic  House  is  a  warning  to  the  country  of  the  currency. 

cost  and  danger  of  retaining  in  power  a  party  whose  Labor  and  capital  have  equal  demands  upon  ud 

chief  aim  is  to  make  reprisals  on  the  tax*payers  for  equal  responsibility  to  law.    Commerce  ana  mtzsc- 

losses  which  the  crime  of  treason  brought  upon  the  faotures  snould  be  encouraged,  so  that  steadT  er* 

Southern  people.  ployment  and  fair  wages  may  be  yielded  to  labcf, 

6.  That  we  view  with  alarm  the  growing  depres-  while  safety  of  investment  and  moderate  retoiD  fi* 
Bion  of  many  of  the  leading  trade  Interests  of  the  its  use  belong  to  capital.  Violence  or  breacbn  (f 
State  and  country,  reaulting  largely,  it  is  believed,  order  in  support  of  the  real  or  supposed  righte  ti 
from  unfair  advantages  and  discriminating  rates  of  either  shoula  be  promptly  auppieaaed  by  the  itrdf 
freiffht  and  transportation  privileges  given  by  many  arm  of  the  law. 

of  the  transportation  companies  of  the  State  and  The  Republican  paitj  by  ita  legialmtion  in  1^. 

country  to  a  favored  few,  to  the  wejudice  of  our  gen-  which  reauced  the  tanff  on  bituminous  eosi  fi-n 

eral  producing  interesta,  and  tnis  Convention  ear-  one  dollar  and  twenty4lve  cents  to  aeventy-fiTect&ti 

nestly  recommends  the  enactment  of  such  lawa  by  the  per  ton,  and  upon  iron,  steel,  wool,  metals,  jat^r. 

State  and  national  Legialaturea  aa  wiU  correct  this  glasa,  leather,  and  all  manufactures  of  Mch  oi  tbe: 

growing  evil.  ten  per  cent. ,  struck  a  fatal  blow  at  the  industries  ic<i 

7.  That  the  Southern  BepubUcans,  white  and  col-  labor  of  Pennsylvania. 

ored,  have  our  earnest  sympathv  in  the  unequal  con-  The  public  landa  are  the  common  property  of  t}:i 

test  to  which  they  are  subjectea  for  civil  liberty  and  people,  and  they  should  not  be  sola  to  spenikS'  :i 

the  maintenance  of  their  constitutional  privileges ;  nor  granted  to  railroad  or  other  corporationB,  bt: 

and  that,  in  the  interests  of  their  guaranteed  rignts,  should  be  reserved  aa  homesteada  lor  actusl  ttv 

we  demand  from  the  General  Government  for  iheza  tiers. 

an  equal  and  fair  ballot,  and  that  equality  before  the  Our  public  debt  ahould  be  held  at  home,  sad  tbe 

law  which  should  be  the  boaat  of  every  government,  bonds  representing  it  ott|[ht  to  be  of  email  dcocsL- 

8.  JZsio^etf,  That  the  administration  of  Governor  nations,  m  which  Uie  aavinga  of  the  niasa«a  but  U 
Hartranft  meeta  the  hearty  endorsement  and  unquaU-  aafely  inveated. 

fled  approval  of  the  party  that  elected  him,  and  con-  Thorough  investigation  into  the  electoral  freed  fi 

tinues  to  honor  him.  He  haa  proved  himself  an  able  1876  should  be  made^  firaud  ahould  be  ezp06ed,trc:l: 

magistrate,  a  true  patriot,  and  a  wise  officer,  and  hia  vindicated,  and  criminals  punished.    But  we  op|>-:>s« 

party  tenders  to  him  the  praiae  due  to  personal  up-  any  attack  upon  the  President's  title  aa  dangert&it} 

rightness,  to  political  devotion,  and  to  official  recti-  our  institutions  and  fruitless  in  its  reanlts. 

tude.  The  Bepublican  puty,  controlling  Uie  lepslati^ 

,       ,  of  the  State,  has  renised  to  execute  many  of  tb«  re- 

The  following  nomiDations  were  then  made :  forms  of  the  new  Constitution.  Among  otncr  tlicp, 

For  Governor,  Henry  M.  Hoy t ;  for  Lieutenant-  i*  ^^  nefflected  and  refused  to  compel  tibe  aec^jt. 

Governor,  Charles  W.  Stone;  for  Judge  of  the  fP^^o?^,'"  ,^^  ^^  proviMona  by  the  corporationi . f 

Q.^,>*AmA  n^«»*    T»»«A«  -p  c*l— «♦♦.  4J^  c»^.^  the  State;  to  prevent  undue  and  unreasonable  d:~ 

Supreme  Court,  James  P.  Sterrett^or  Secre-  crimination  in  charges  for  transportation  for  fitirii 

tary  of  Internal  Affairs,  Aaron  K.  Dunkel.  and  passengers,  and  without  abatement  of  diawba 

The  Democratic  Convention  assembled  at  to  any ;  to  give  to  all  eoual  meana  for  transpoitii^ 

Pittsburg  on  May  22d,  and  was  organized  by  ^«  ™^  material  of  the  6ute  in  such  manner  sua  !^ 

permanent  chairman.    The  platform  adopted  of  the  people  was  kept.    The  Kepublican  party  m- 

was  as  follows:  ates  new  offices  and  adds  enormona  perquisites  t' 

The  Democracy  of  Pennsylvania  unanimoualy  de-  S*^'?'  •^^  ^^  '^•^  ^»*J.  ^^ont^,  ^^^u^'t 

elnre  ■  ^^^  ^*  ^  manage  its  political  maohmery.    Itt  so* 

Thit  the  Bepublican  party,  ite  measures  and  its  ministration  of  the  Stote  government  grows  m^w 

men,  are  responsible  for  the  financial  distress,  the  fxpensive  with  each  year  of  ita  rule.  Xegirittia 

misery  and  want  that  now  exist.    It  hss  had  con-  J'"  been  directed  by  B^ublican  lobbyista,  who  it 

trol  of  the  legislation  of  the  country,  and  has  enact-  *?"»  manipulateand  oontrol  the  nommations  of  il  t 

ed  and  perpetuated  a  policy  that  has  enriched  the  few  Bepubhoan  party,  and  lU  candidates  are  Os  mi^ 

and  impoverished  the  maiy.    Ita  system  of  finance  ^^°  <>^  FiJ^^  T^^^  #^^f V*^  •<»?P*«^  •«  ^' 

has  been  one  of  favors  to  moneyed  Monopoly,  of  un-  ^f e versibfe  m^datea  of  abaolute  hereditary  povtt . 


destroyed  every  enterprise  that  gave  employment  to  ?.'««  peoP«j  «na  we  invite  all,  oi  eyeiy  snaas  oi  p> 
hibor.  Its  present  hold  upon  Federal  powef  was  se-  ]\^'^  opinion,  to  umte  with  mi  in  dehvenag  tie 
cured  by  fraud,  peijury,  and  forgery.    Its  laws  are    Commonwealth  from  their  hateful  rule. 


umust  and  its  onicticea  are  immoral.    They  distress  The  following  nominations  were  made :  For 

the  people  and  destroy  their  substance.    The  only  r««««-«rv-    a*«;i»»«*  tt    r^ni .   «^»  T;An*..n«rt 

remedy  for  these  evihils  an  entire  change  of  policy.  Governor,  Andrew  H.  Dill ;  for  LieuteDSDl- 

and  the  dethronement  of  those  in  power;  uid  we  Governor,  John  Fertig;  for  Judge  of  the  So- 

resolve,  preme  Court,  Henry  P.  Ross ;  for  6ecretai7  d 

That  ftirthor  contraction  of  the  volume  of  United  internal  Affairs,  J.  Simpson  Africa. 

States  l«Rrf-tender  notes  is  unwlr»e  and  upnecesyry.  The  State  election  was  held  on  Kovember 

They  should  be  received  for  customs  duties,  and  re-  w^C       j           i*j  T    *ri            t?^-  r'^«^«./^» 

issued  as  fast  as  received.  ^*"»  *"*"  resulted  as  loUows :  For  Governor, 

Gold,  silver^  and  United  States  legal-tender  notea  Hoyt,   Republican,  819,190;    Dill,  Democrel, 

at  par  therewith  are  a  just  basis  for  paper  circula-  297,187 ;  Mason,  National,  81,768;  Lane,  Pro- 

t^^'P-  ,               ^.       ,  .V    «  ^     ,  ^               .  hibition,  8,769.    The  other  candidates  for  State 

-d  ♦l°'*\''''''°*^*''1  o' ,^*»« /,1^«"'  Oovernment  oflBcers  received,  each,  a  less  vote.    Charie? 

with  the  business  interests  of  the  people,  through     irT^l     *"^'^»^'^"»  «o^t*,  »  *«»  

national  banks,  tends  to  monopoly  and  centrklixation,  W-  ^^ne  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor 

but,  in  changing  the  system,  uniformity  of  notes,  se-  Aaron  E.  Donkel,  Secretary  of  InteniaJ  AJsam ; 


FABTID. 

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PENNSYLVANIA.  685 

JamesP.Sterrett,  Judge  of  the  SnpremeOourt  Twenty-fifth  Distriot— White,  Repnb.,  10,- 

The  Lc^alature  was  divided  as  follows :  744 ;  Onifey,  Dem.,  9,081 ;  Mosgrove,  Gr.,  8,874. 

Twenty-sixth  District — ^Diok,  Bepub.,  14,- 
010 ;  Bard,  Dem.,  6,558 ;  Plummer,  Gr.,  12,713. 
Twenty-seventh  District — Osmer,  Repnb., 
11,205 ;  Allen,  Dem.,  8,551 ;  Gamp,  Gr.,  5,127. 
In  the  case  of  Meister  ct.  Moore^n  error  from 
the  Circuit  Conrtof  the  District  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  Supreme  Oonrt  at  Washington  held  that  the 

The  result  of  the  election  for  members  of  statutes  of  any  State  providing  for  the  pres- 

Congress  was  as  follows :    First  District  -  enoe  of  a  minister  or  magistrate  at  the  solemni- 

Bingham,  Repub.,  13,751 ;  McCandless,  Dem.,  zation  of  marriage  do  not  render  a  marriage  at 

6,324 ;  Stevenson,  Gr.,  4,223.  common  law  invalid  for  non-conformity.  Such 

Second  District — O^Neill,  Repub.,  14,063 ;  statutes  regulate  the  mode  of  entering  into  the 

Gihsoo,  Dem.,  9,177;  Eeyser,  Gr.,  402.  marriage  contract,  it  is  said,  but  they  do  not 

Third  District — Sheddon,  Gr.  and  Repub.,  confer  the  right  and  hence  they  are  not  within 

7,9Vo ;  Randall,  Dem.,  10,717.  the  principle  uiat  where  a  statute  creates  a 

Fourth  District — ^Eelley,  Repub.  and  Gr.,  right  and  provides  a  remedy  for  its  enforce- 

17,786 ;  Banes,  Dem.,  11,697.  ment,  the  remedy  is  exclusive.    A  statute  may 

Fifth   District — Harmer,    Repub.,    16,784;  take  away  a  common-law  right,  but  the  pre- 

Dallam,  Dem.,  11,742;  Stephens,  Gr.,  1,539.  sumption  is  against  the  intention  to  do  so,  un- 

Sixth  District— Wurd,  Repub.,  18,041 ;  Gus-  less  it  is  clearly  expressed.    Whatever  direc- 

ter,  Dem.,  8,285 ;  Hibbw^,  Gr.,  709.  tions  statutes  may  give  respecting  its  formation 

Seventh  District — Gk)dshalk,  Repub.,  15,092 ;  or  solemnization,  the  courts  have  usually  held 

James,  Dem.,  13,754 ;  Acker,  Gr.,  569.  a  marriage  good  at  common  law  to  be  good 

Eighth  District — ^Maltzberger,  Repub.,  6,428 ;  notwithstanding  such  statutes,  unless  they  con- 

Clrmer,  Dem.,  12,419 ;  Toder,  Gr.,  2,830.  tain  express  words  of  nuUity.    In  this  case  the 

Xhith  Di8trict--Smith,  Repub.,  15,486 ;  Wil  marriage  was  with  an  Indian  girl  by  declara- 

son,  Dem.,  8,605;  Clair,  Gr.,  273.  tion  and  cohabitation.    Reversed.    Mr.  Justice 

Tenth  District — ^Whitaker,   Repub.,  4,429;  Strong  delivered  the  opinion. 

Bachman,  Dem.,  16,678 ;  Longaker,  Gr.,  7,329.  The  case  of  Henry  Whelan  against  the  city 

Eleventh  District^Albright,  Repub.,  8,116;  of  Pittsburg,  which  involved  the  liabUity  of 

Xlotz,  Dem.,  8,211 ;  Brockway,  Independent  the  city  to  pay  $6,000,000  of  bonds  issued  for 

Dem.,  4,879 ;  Orvts,  Gr.,  5,193.  the  improvement  of  Penn  Avenue,  was  decided 

Twelfth  District — ^Roberts,  Repub.,  9,124;  against  the  city.     The  grounds  urged  by  the 

Wright,  Gr.  and  Dem.,  11,817.  city  to  sustain  her  exemption  from  liability 

Thirteenth  District — Fisher,  Repub.,  5,698 ;  were :  First,  that  the  bonds  Issued  under  the 

Ryon,  Dem.,  7^20;  Brumm,  Gr.,  7,128.  Penn  Avenue  act  and  its  supplements  did  not 

Fourteenth  District — Killinger,  Repub.,  13,-  constitute  part  of  the  funded  debt  of  the  city 

659;  Withington,  Dem.,  12,033;  Earley,  Gr.,  of  Pittsburg;   that  the  holders  of  said  bonds 

3,962.  were  bound  to  look  for  the  interest  thereon 

Fifteenth  District'Overton,  Repub.,  13,145 ;  due  and  to  become  due  to  the  assessments 

Dimmiok,  Dem.,  3,783 ;    De  Witt,  National,  made  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  upon 

9,321.  the  properties  abutting  on  the  streets  or  ave- 

Sixteenth  District— Mitchell,  Repnb.,11 ,133 ;  nues  improved,  and  that  no  authority  or  power 

Smith,  Dem.,  5,849 ;  Davi^  Gr.,  10,063.  had  been  given  or  delegated  to  the  Councils 

Seventeenth  District  —  OampbeU,    Repub.,  of  the  city  to  levy  a  general  tax  or  any  tax 

12 J 68;  Coffroth,  Dem.,  12,472;  Adams,  Gr.,  to  pay  the  interest  on  said  bonds  out  of  the 

2,275.  general  revenues  of  the  city.    Second,  that  the 

Eighteenth  District — Fisher,  Repub.,  14,878;  bonds  in  question  were  issued  in  disregard  of 

Stenger,  Dem.,  14,671 ;  Dougherty,  Gr.,  754.  the  Constitution,  which  limits  the  debt  of  the 

Nineteenth  District — Cochran,  Repub.,  12,-  city,  and  on  the  requisition  of  commissioners, 

S22;  Beltzhoover,  Dem.,  17,819;  Slayton,  Gr.,  without  any  previous  appropriation  made  for 

621.  their  payment  by  Councils,  as  required  by  the 

Twentieth  District — Yocum,  Gr.  and  Re-  Constitution.    The  Court  decided  that  neither 

pab.,  13,454;  Curtin,  Dem.,  13,381.  of  these  grounds  of  defense  could  be  sustained, 

Twenty-first  District — Bailey,  Repub.,  9,349 ;  and  conclude  by  saying :  *'  We  are  all  of  opin- 

Wise,  Dem.,  12,880 ;  McFarland,  Gr.,  3,819.  ion  that  the  bonds  in  controversy  are  the  bonds 

Twenty-second  District — ^Errett,  Repub.,  9,-  of  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  and  a  part  of  its 

099 ;  Duff,  Dem.,  7,260 ;  Kirk,  Gr.,  7,447.  funded  debt ;  that  they  were  issued  by  lawful 

Twenty-third  District — ^Bayne,  Repub.,  9,-  authority,  and  for  a  sufScient  consideration ; 

104;   McKenna,  Dem.,  5,621 ;  Watson,  Gr.,  and  that  honor,  good  faith,  and  the  law  of  the 

2,781.  land  alike  require  that  the  city  should  provide 

Twenty-fourth  District — Shallenberger,  Re-  for  their  payment." 

pab.,  11,261;  Clendennin,  Dem.,  10,025;  £m-  Another  case  involving  a  question  of  great 

enon,  Gr.,  1,901.  interest  to  municipalities  was  decided  by  t^e 


68G  PENNSYLVANIA,  PERU. 

Supreme  Court  of  the  State  In  Janaarj,  1878.  It  to  prevent  their  sMriflee  i&  detail,  eod  by  ptAm 
related  to  the  assessment  of  taxes  on  farming  enoroocbment.  If  the  rights  of  property  cin  be  td* 
lands  included  in  extended  city  limits  and  i!  ^^Tgfeill^e^'cfwt^^^^ 
known  as  Kellj  w.  City  of  Fittsborg.    As  long  eroment,  it  is  confiscation,  not  legd  contriboSsB. 
ago  as  1867  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Pittsbnrg  Planted  on  the  broad  foundations  of  the  rights  d 
were  so  extended  as  to  embrace  a  large  tract  of  °*«p»  I  "hall  stand  alone,  if  no  one  go  with  me,  md« 
country  composed  chiefly  of  farm  lands  and  in-  ^e^  of  pTJ^dt^^i^v^e^^^^^^^ 
cludmg  several  entire  townships.    The  plaintiff  ^i,^  unanu  of  monlcipal  plao^  may  deviil  ' 
m  the  suit  owned  a  farm  of  eighty  acres,  bound- 
ed by  farms,  except  an  a^aoent  parcel  of  about       PERU  (Rep6buoa  dkl  Pxb6),  an  Me^ 
twenty  acres,  laid  off  into  lots.  On  one  side  of  his  dent  state  of  South  America, 
tract  was  about  one  thousand  acres  in  farms,        The  census  of  1876  sets  down  the  popoktioa 
and  surrounding  and  between  it  and  the  city  of  Peru  at  2,699,946.    The  Pl^dent  k  Git- 
were  other  farms.   His  land  was  used  for  farm-  eral  Mariano  Ignacio  Prado,  inittalled  in  o£ce 
ing  and  dairy  purposes  only.  It  was  not  brought  on  August  2,  1876.    The  President  orguized 
into  the  city  with  his  consent,  nor  was  it  sur-  a  new  Cabinet  December  17, 1878,  as  foUov«: 
veyed  into  lots.    It  was  distant  from  gas-pipes  Interior,  Sr.  Don  Juan  Corrales  Melgar ;  i^ 
and  lamps,  water-pipes,  sewers,  police-beats,  tice  and  Public  Worship,  Dr.  Don  Mariu>. 
and  fire-apparatus.    It  had  no  streets  or  lanes  Felipe  Paz-Soldan ;  Foreign  Affairs  and  Prni- 
maintained  for  city  uses,  except  those  prior  dent  of  the  Council,  Sr.  Don  M.  Irigoyeo ;  Wtr 
existing  roads  which  were  and  continued  to  be  and  Marine,  General  Domingo  del  SoUr;  Y\- 
sufficient  for  the  use  of  his  farm.    In  conse-  nance,  Sr.  Izcne.  The  President  of  the  Saprnct 
(juence  of  being  brought  within  the  city  limits  Court  is  Sr.  Don  T.  A.  Ribeyro ;  PostrntiUr- 
it  was  taxed  a  sum  of  $2,117  on  a  valuation  of  Greneral,  Sr.  Don  F.  de  P.  Mufloz;  Inspector- 
$244,000  for  city  purposes  alone,  exclusive  of  General  of  the  Army,  General  M.  RiTvolt; 
county,  poor,  and  school  taxes,  while  the  pro-  Commandant- General  of  the  Navy,  Bear- Ad- 
ductive  yearly  value  of  the  land  as  a  farm  was  miral  A.  de  la  Haxa. 
•a  total  of  $800.    Upon  the  constitutional  rights       The  Peruvian  Consul-General  in  New  York 
involved  in  this  state  of  facts,  the  Judges  of  the  is  Mr.  J.  C.  Tracy. 

Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  became  en-       The  Archbishop  of  Lima  is  P.  Orueta  y  Ci<- 

gaged  in  a  grave  and  dignified  but  serious  judi-  trillon. 

cial  quarrel.    The  majority  of  the  Judges  car-       The  navy  of  Pern  is  composed  of  18  vesEek 

ried  a  decision  in  favor  of  the  municipal  tax.  of  8,896  horse-power  and  66  guns.    The  vmr 

Two  of  the  Judges,  however,  filed  dissenting  has  been  reduced  to  8,000  men,  forming  6  It^ 

opinions.    One  says :  talions  of  infantry,  8  rogiments  of  cavalrT,  aad 

The  true  question  is  the  authority  of  the  city  to  ^  brigades  of  wtilleiy.    There  are  besides  m 

burden  »uch  property  in  its  exlBting  condition  with  gendarmes  and  1,200  policemen  {wgilanta). 
taxes  for  merely  city  purposes.    The  power  to  ex-        A  preliminaryse86ion  of  Congress  was  op(c^ 

tend  the  Umits  is  conoedea.    It  is  often  necessary  as  on  the  12th  of  July,  and  the  Civil  partr,  in  op- 

a  wise  preparation  to  bring  such  lands  into  a  state  pogition  to  the  Government,  secured  an  oTer- 

'^c^i:tn^^''^Z^^^^^^^  Uelming  migority  and  on^uly  26^^^^^ 

municipal  jurisdiction  gives  no  power  to  tax  farms  Sr.  Don  Manuel  Pardo,  formeriy  President  of 

having  no  need  of  city  improvements  for  exclusively  the  Republic,  as  President  of  the  Senate,  m 

city  purposes.    Taxes  levied  on  mere  farm  lands  to  Captain  Camilio  Carillo.  the  distinguished  wi- 

pay  city  levies,  appreciable  only  to  the  built-up  or  ^^jg*  Speaker  of  the  Lower  House.    On  tbf 

true  city,  ui  nothmff  more  than  an  order  to  farmers  ^   •  "^  K^p^cMk^  v.  i»iv  .i^w^^.  **«« 

to  payYor  the  beilfeflt  of  the  city  residents.    The  ??^,^^?r««7.  of  Penivian  independence.  Jnli 

taxmg  power  may  be  exercised  to  the  full  extent  of  28th,  President  Prado  opened  Congress  m  per- 

the  public  exigency,  but  it  Is  bounded  in  its  exercise  son,  and  in  his  message  reviewed  at  some  Ifflgui 

by  its  own  nature,  essential  characteristics  and  pur-  the  condition  of  the  country,  which  he  thooglrt 
pose.    It  must  therefore  visit  all  alike^  in  a  reason- 
able, practicable  wa 
is  taxation.    Like  tl                                 _ 

f>le  in  districts  and  by  turns,  but  still  it  must  be  pub-      .  ^  w  . 

ic  in  its  purpose  and  reasonably  just  and  equal  in  its  the  national  honor,  the  Government  was  dolor 

distribution.  All  men  participate  more  or  leas  in  the  ^11  that  was  possible  to  reestablish  thecredi: 

general  advantage  of  government,  but  there  can  be  ^^  <.r  ^  ««.««ijj^   ^^a  »,^«m  ^^*>  ^..^  nnril  rh»: 

So  such  postulate  for  tte  imposition  of  local  burdens  ^^  }^^  repubbc,  andwould  not  ^rt  ""^/j*; 

for  specific  benefits.  A  court  must  regrard  a  substan-  end  was  attained.    The  seizure  of  the  ttnasca 

tlal  return  and  not  a  merely  speculative  or  shadowy  by  an  English  ship  of  war  was  alluded  to  lO 

benefit  which  amounts  to  no  more  than  a  pretext.  these  terms :  **  If  an  unexpected  incident  w» 

*-lTt"J™\E~P®'^*®i  T^*K  * K?«^S?  *f  "ri'^^!^  at  one  time  sufficiently  serious  to  endanger  c«r 

taxation,  for  they  may  have  the  benefit  of  gas,  water,  ^  .     j,        ,  ..  •^i  ^^       j. -d  •«.:.  ^»  <l*tv 

police,  Jnd  other  city  advanUges.    But  when  the  fnendly  relations  with  Great  Britain,  that  d4!> 

property  is,  as  here,  a  farm,  not  subject  to  the  tax  for  ger  18  removed  by  the  conciliatory  manner  n 

these  cit;^  purposes,  it  is  manifest  that  olasnjieation  which  our  reclamation  was  answered.   Bot  toil 

has  nothing  to  do  with  the  case.     This  farm  is  not  answer,  although  amicable,  is  not  altogethtf 

^>^^^Lt^V^vVd'j^^^^^^  of  «?tis^«c^»  r '  it  is  based  oiv  s  denisl  of  our 

local  taxation  whefe,  in  my  judgment,  thU  Court  "ght.    The  Government  has  repeated  its  de^ 

Ghould  stand  firmly  aa  the  bulwark  of  human  rights,  mand  for  redress,  and  expects  that  it  will  oe 


PERU.  687 

eonoeded  bj  Great  Britain^  iakiog  into  oonsid-  Peru  having  failed  to  pay  the  interest  on  its 
eration  the  honorable  deakinffB  which  always  foreign  debt,  the  British  bondholders  addressed 
dtdtingoish  the  Oabinet  of  her  Majesty.'*  With  a  memorial  to  the  Marquis  of  Salisbary,  Secre- 
Bolivia  negotiations  were  pending  for  a  friendly  tary  for  Foreign  Affairs,  suggesting  an  import 
settlement  of  the  customs  question,  and  a  new  duty  of  £6  per  ton  on  all  guano  imported  into 
and  satisfactory  treaty  was  shortly  promised.  England,  five  sixths  of  which  to  be  applied  to 
The  rulways  and  the  mining  operations  in  the  the  redemption  of  the  bonds ;  but  it  is  not 
Cerrode  Pasco  would  be  vigorously  pushed  for-  probable  that  the  British  Government  will  in- 
ward to  completion,  funds  being  forthcoming  terfere  in  that  way  for  the  benefit  of  the  bond- 
from  the  nitrate  oonagnment  contract.  To  holders.  They  claim  that  the  original  security 
avoid  the  serious  distarl^nces  attendant  on  the  given  for  the  bonds  held  by  the  British  bond- 
popular  elections,  Congress  was  requested  to  holders  covered  the  following  interests :  1.  llie 
give  its  attention  to  a  thorough  reform  of  the  national  good  faith.  2.  All  the  stock  and  de- 
electoral  system.  posits  of  guano  belonging  to  the  republic.    8. 

A  law  was  subsequently  voted  by  Congress  The  net  proceeds  of  the  exportation  to  Europe 
amending  the  Constitution,  so  that  hercSifter  and  America.  4.  The  railways  from  Arequipa 
Congress  wiU  assemble  annually,  instead  of  to  Puno,  from  Megia  to  Arequipa,  and  from 
every  two  years  as  heretofore.  The  ordinary  Callao  to  Oroya.  5.  All  the  lines  constructed 
session  will  be  of  sixty  days,  and  that  terra  can  with  the  proceeds  of  the  loans,  and  ike  pro- 
not  be  exceeded.  Should  circumstances  render  ceeds  of  the  working  of  the  lines  mentioned, 
it  necessary,  the  Executive  has  the  power  to  6.  The  works  of  irrigation  that  might  be  car- 
convene  an  extraordinary  session  for  the  pur-  ried  to  an  end.  7.  The  general  receipts  of 
pose  of  treating  special  questions,  in  which  case  the  republic  from  customs  and  other  sources, 
the  session  wiU  he  limited  to  forty  days.  Since  the  default  on  the  interest  of  the  bonds, 

The  Government  has  issued  a  decree  order-  Peru  has  let  out  contracts  to  other  parties  for 

log  the  foundation  of  a  Fine  Arts  Institution  guano,  which  the  bondholders  claim  will  be 

for  the  teaohinff  of  painting,  sculpture,  music,  ruinous  to  their  interests ;  and  so  long  as  Peru 

declamation,  imd  arcnitecture.    The  purpose  of  respects  those  contracts,  the  bondholders  have 

the  Gk>vemmAnt  in  creating  this  institution  is  little  prospect  of  being  paid, 

to  offer  to  young  men  the  opportunity  of  ac-  The  receipts  for  the  two  financial  periods  of 

quiring  Imowledge  that  may  open  to  them  a  new  1 878-74  and  1875-^76  were  respectively  $62,- 

career.     This  measure  is  expected  to  prove  753,908  and  $66,601,664,  and  the  expenditures 

beneficial  in  the  work  of  socm  improvement  165,600,886,  and  $65,063,122.    The  receipts  in 

Don  Manuel  Pardo,  chief  of  the  Civil  party  1877  amounted  to  $27,082,956,  and  the  expen- 

and  President  of  the  Seuate,  was  assassinated,  diture  to  $26,254,581,  leaving  a  balance  of 

on  entering  the  Senate,  November  16th,  by  Ser-  $916,401  on  the  1st  of  January,  1878.    The 

geant  Montoya  of  the  Lima  garrison.    He  had  Government  has  presented  to  Congress  the 

been  President  of  Peru  from  August  2, 1872,  general  budget  for  the  two  years  1878  and 

to  1876,  and  was  widely  and  favorably  known  1879.   The  revenue  is  estimated  at  $87,862,026, 

tliroughoat  South  America.    The  apparent  mo-  and  the  outlay  at  $42,778,568,  which  may  be 

tive  for  his  assassination  was  the  possibility  reduced  by  economy  in  the  administration, 

that,  by  doing  away  with  the  leader  of  the  Civil  There  is  no  direct  taxation  in  Peru,  and  the 

party,  dissension  and  rivalry  would  appear  in  revenue  is  mainly  derived  from  the  sale  of 

Its  ranks,  and  his  political  opponents  would  re-  guano  and  nitrate  of  soda,  and  from  duties  on 

main  in  power;  but  the  Civil  party  was  so  well  imports,  which  yielded,  in  1878,  $8,400,000; 

organized  by  Sefior  Pardo  that  its  direction  has  1874,  $7,097,000 ;  1875,  $7,082,000 ;  1876,  $5,- 

become  oomparatively  easy,  and  its  success  is  541,664 ;  1877,  $4,005,689.    The  total  imports 

assured  in  future  elections.    Sergeant  Montoya  in  1877  amounted  to  $24,179,094,  and  the  ex- 

and  thirteen  ot^er  persons  were  committed  for  ports,  including  products  and   merchandise, 

trial  for  the  assassination.    Among  those  ar-  were  valued  at  $52,497,747.     These  figures 

rested  as  implicated  in  the  crime,  but  subse-  show  conclusively  that,  were  it  not  for  the  im- 

quently  released,  were  two  generals  and  Mrs.  roense  indebtedness  of  the  country,  it  would 

Pierola,  wife  of  the  well-known  revolutionist,  not  belie  its  traditional  fame  for  riches. 

In  the  absence  of  official  returns  of  the  pub-  The  exportation  of  nitrate  from  the  year 

lie  debt  of  Pern  mnoe  1876,  it  is  estimated  as  1874  to  1877  inclusive,  according  to  official 

follows :  data,  was  as  follows,  at  an  average  price  of  $8 

HomedeM $2i,7S8,5Sl  per  cwt. :  1874^  4,761,970  cwt.,  $14,285,910; 

EqastortanboDd..... ...........        $88^  1875,  6,152,773  cwt.,  $18,458,819;  1876, 5,966,- 

Boodj^of  the  Ptoco  and  lima  Ell-      ^^^  ^23  cwt.,  $17,899,269 ;    1877,  4,262,689  cwt, 

Loaaofisra (»,70T,900  $12,788,067.     The  Government  has  entered 

Me^^'iii^ivi^'of'mi  'Ji'S  y^^^.*  contract  with  a  group  of  Peruvian  and 

•mogmnant  of  Jaiy,  I97«t       f    ii<i^i«<^  foreign  capitalists  for  the   consignment  and 

Amonntpf  n^^  eoopona ^JiS'ili  8al«  of  the  nitrate  manufactured  in  the  Gov- 

Total  fordgn  debt g04jM,58T  yg^rs,  and  covers  all  the  European  markets, 

Total  pauie  debt |tt»,iM,i08  and  will,  it  is  presumed,  be  extended  to  those 


688                       PERU.  PIUS  IX. 

of  the  United  States.    The  limit  of  prodao-  Coinage  is  free  and  unlimited,  the  mint  reo«T- 

tion  is  fixed  at  5,000,000  quintals,  never  to  ex-  ing  bullion  and  returning  its  value  in  ooia. 

ceed  6,000,000.    The  Government  will  issue  Silver  is  found  in  all  the  western  range  of  tk 

bonds  to  the  amount  of  £5,000,000  sterling,  Andes,  from  lat  8''  to  22*"  S.    The  district  of 

£4,000,000  of  which  will  be  applied  to  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  produced,  from  1630  to  mi 

payment  for  property  expropriated,  and  the  ^75,000,000.    A  tunnel,  on  the  plan  of  the 

remaining  million  handed  over  to  the  exeou-  Sutro  Tunnel  in  Nevada,  is  projected  at  C&ro 

tors  of  Mr.  Meiggs,  to  fulfill  contract  obliga-  de  Pasco,  and  is  calculated  to  open  lOOjiX-O 

tions  and  carry  on  the  work  upon  the  Ouzco  square  yards  of  surface  and  $500,000,000  wortJ) 

and  Ghimbote  Railways.     These  bonds  are  of  ore.    Other  mines  of  equal  value  may  be 

guaranteed  by  the  property  itself,  and  tlie  com-  opened  when  better  railroad  facilities  exist  in 

pany  will  pay  from  the  net  proceeds  of  the  the  province  of  Puno.    Before  the  int^od1l^ 

nitrate  an  interest  of  8  per  cent  yearly  and  an  tion  of  the  modem  system  of  railwajB,  tbt 

annual  sinking  fund  of  4  per  cent,  on  the  full  difficulties  encountered  in  smelting  silver  were 

amount  of  £5,000,000.    The  company  will  also  incredible,  the  ores  being  transported  on  moles' 

pay  off  the  remaining  obligations  of  the  Gov-  backs  over  rugged  mountain  paths.   Tfaeezeeii* 

emment  to  the  associated  banks.    The  arrange-  tors  of  Mr.  Meiggs's  contracts  with  the  Goren- 

ment  is  regarded  very  favorably,  as  the  re-  ment  of  Peru  have  appropriated  tbe  sdid  cJ 

public  receives  a  certain  income  on  its  property,  $1,000,000  to  be  employed  in  the  mineiif 

the  bonds  are  properly  guaranteed,  and  a  de-  Cerro  de  Pasco.    Machinery  for  an  80-9Un:p 

cided  impulse  wUl  be  given  to  the  country  by  mill  has  been  purchased  at  San  Francisco,  aid 

the  resumption  of  works  on  the  two  great  has  already  reached  Peru.   The  mills  will  w(i 

railways  mentioned,  and  the  opening  of  the  be  in  operation,  and  will  turn  out  about  KK* 

wonderfully  rich  mineral  region  around  Yura-  tons  of  ore  daily.    A  certain  portion  of  tbe 

marca.  ores  to  be  extracted  will  belong  to  the  state. 

The  average  exportation  of  guano  during  the  and  will  probably  amount  to  a  very  condden^ 

last  ten  years  is  estimated  at  400,000  tons  per  ble  sum.    The  financial  future  of  Pern  mar  k 

year,  valued  at  $28,000,000.    The  other  prod-  very  advantageously  influenced  by  Ihe  ener* 

nets  exported  from  Peru  are  alpaca  and  llama  ffetic  working  of  these  fJBjnous  argentiferoK 

wools,  cotton,  and  sugar,  the  value  of  which  in  deposits. 

1877  was  $6,562,729.  PIUS  IX.,  GiovAmn  Maria  MASTAi-Fn- 

In  1876  the  entries  at  the  various  ports  were  bbtti,  the  257th  Roman  Pontiff  died  FebnuiT 

9,022,  of  which  4,864  were  of  steamers.    The  7th.    Bom  at  Sinigaglia,  in  the  province  i< 

clearances  were  9,880,  of  which  4,826  were  Ancona,  May  13,  1792,  he  was  originallj  d^ 

of  steamers.    Most  of  the  ships  leaving  Callao  tined  by  his  parents  for  the  profession  of  arm?; 

in  ballast  go  to  the  guano  islands  for  cargoes,  but  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  having  developed 

The  merchant  marine  of  Peru  in  1876  consisted  symptoms  of  epilepsy,  he  was  forced  to  reli^ 

of  147  sailing  ships,  of  49,860  tons,  and  8  steam-  quisn  the  military  career,  and  resolved  to  devote 

ers,  of  1,768  tons.  himself  to  the  Church.    Upon  the  completioQ 

In  1877  there  were  in  the  republic  1,184  of  his  ecclesiastical  studies,  which  had  been 

miles  of  railway  in  operation,  and  when  the  more  than  once  intermitted  in  conseqoeDf« 

railway  system  is  completed  there  will  be  over  of  political  disturbances  and  the  infirm  sUte 

1,700  miles.    Peru  has  entered  upon  the  most  of  his  health,  he  was  ordained  priest  in  l^l^- 

extensive  system  of  railroad-building  of  any  Inasmuch  as  the  canon  law  expressly  urdiibit< 

country  in  the  world,  in  proportion  to  popu-  the  ordination  of  epileptics,  a  speoial  dispeD- 

lation.    These  roads,  important  as  they  are,  sation  from  the  Pope  was  requisite.    His  first 

have  not  yet  yielded  any  dividends,  but  they  field  of  labor  was  in  one  of  the  parishes  of  tk« 

were  needed  to  develop  the  country.    The  late  city  of  Rome ;  here  he  diatinguisbed  liina^ 

Mr.  Henry  Meiggs,  the  most  daring  railroad-  by  his  exemplary  devotion  to  his  pastoral  do- 

builder  of  modern  times,  was  willing  to  build  ties,  and  especially  by  the  diaritable  interest 

the  roads  and  to  take  the  bonds  of  the  Govern-  which  he  took  in  the  poor  and  the  unfortnsste. 

ment  in  payment,  and  nearly  $200,000,000  were  After  four  years  of  meritorious  service  in  this 

expended  for  railroads  and  other  public  im-  humble  station,  he  was  selected  by  Cardinil 

provements.    The  country  will  probably  be  Gonsalvi  to  accompany  to  Ghili,  in  the  csfttci- 

financially  embarrassed  until  the  railway  lines  ty  of  auditor,  or  secretary,  Monsigiiore  Mos. 

are  completed,  and  the  agriculture  lands  and  dispatched  to  that  country  as  extraordnarT 

the  mines  feel  the  influence  of  easy  and  cheap  delegate  apostolic.    The  duties  of  this  oiee 

transportation.  he  £scharged  with  great  discretion.  ^  He  was 

There  are  in  Peru  over  15,000  mines,  of  much  concerned  at  beholding  the  spiritosl  des- 

which  only  about  600  are  actually  worked,  titution  of  the  Indians  in  the  interior  of  il«" 

During  the  last  ten  years,  $86,000,000  worth  country,  and  did  missionary  work  among  them, 

of  silver  has  passed  through  the  Lima  mint  for  At  Santiago  he  made  a  very  favorable  impre^ 

coinage  or  assay.    Gold  and  silver  pay  an  ex-  sion,  and  his  many  charitable  acts  were  long 

port  duty  of  8  per  cent.    There  is  but  a  small  remembered.    On  his  return  to  Borne  in  18*25, 

production  of  gold,  but  silver  is  largely  pro-  Pope  Leo  XII.  appointed  him  one  of  his  <|o- 

duoed  and  exported  either  as  metal  or  ores,  mestic  prelates,  and  President  of  the  Hospice 


PIUS  IX.  689 

of  St  Miohael.    He  was  raised  to  the  episco-  lished  free  ports  of  entry,  encouraged  the  for- 
pat«  in  1827,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-foar,  and  mation  of  agricultaral  societies,  and  entertained 
named  Archbishop  of  Spoleto.  By  his  prudence  pians  for  the  improvement  of  waste  lands, 
and  firmness,  tempered  by  his  natural  goodness  W  ith  his  express  approval,  reading-rooms  and 
of  heart,  he  corrected  many  grievous  evils  in  mechanics'  clubs  were  opened,  and  a  normal 
his  diocese.   He  introduced  many  important  re-  school  was  founded  for  the  education  of  trades- 
forms  among  the  clergy  and  the  religions  orders,  men.   He  in  person  made  visitations  of  raonas- 
and  exerted  himself  zealously  in  promoting  the  teries,  schools,  hospitals,  and  similar  institu- 
canse  of  popular  education.    In  1883  he  was  tions,  to  learn  for  himself  how  they  were 
tniDiiferred  to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Imola,  conducted.    In  a  word,  he  attempted  to  dis- 
in  Romagna,  a  diocese  at  that  time  sorely  dls-  charge  all  the  duties  of  a  paternal  ruler  toward 
tracted  by  factions.     The  people  were  pro-  his  people.    His  day-dream  at  this  time  was 
f oandly  discontented,  and  ready  to  rise  in  re-  of  a  confederated  Italy,  but  it  was  by  no  means 
volt ;  but  the  pacific  counsels  of  their  new  his  purpose  to  surrender  one  jot  or  tittle  of  his 
Bishop  prevailed,  and  soon  peace,  order,  and  prerogative  as  the  head  of  a  paternal  govern- 
matnal  confidence  had  resumed  their  sway,  ment,  ruling  by  divine  right.    As  might  have 
His  extraordinary  success  in  conciliating  dis-  been  foreseen,  his  reforms  and  concessions  were 
affected  communities  won  for  him  the  respect  deemed  insufficient  by  the  radical  leaders,  and 
of  his  superiors,  and  afterward  led  to  his  ele-  a  system  of  popular  agitation  was  organized 
yation  to  the  Papal  chair.    In  1836  he  was  sent  by  Mazzini  and  others,  determined  to  accept 
as  N'uncio  to  Naples.    It  happened  that  the  nothing  short  of  a  republican  form  of  govem- 
cbolera  was  then  raging  in  that  city,  and  he  ment.    On  April  19, 1847,  the  Pope  granted  a 
took  an  active  part  in  all  the  efforts  made  for  Consulta  or  High  Council,  composed  of  deputies 
the  relief  of  the  destitute  sick.    In  1810  he  was  from  each  province,  whose  functions  were  to 
raised  to  the  oardinalate,  but  still  continued  to  be  simply  advisory.    The  people  clamored  for 
govern  the  diocese  of  Imola.    On  the  death  of  a  truly  popular  assembly  and  for  radical  ad- 
Gregory  XVI.,  June  1,  1846,  Cardinal  Mas-  ministrative  changes ;  they  demanded  the  or- 
tai-f  erretti  was  the  first  choice  of  all  men  of  ganization  of  a  civic  guard,  in  view  of  the 
liberal  views  for  his  successor.    The  French  threatening  attitude  of  Austria.    On  July  6th 
Ambassador,   Count  Rossi,  afterward  Prime  the  Pope  decreed  the  formation  of  this  civic 
Minister  of  Pius  IX.,  exerted  himself  to  in-  gnard,  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  his 
flaence  the  Cardinals  in  his  favor,  pointing  out  official  advisers.    The  Consulta  met  November 
the  need  of  reform  in  the  Government,  and  15th,  and  immediately  demanded  a  purely  seca- 
conciliation  of  the  disaffected  populations,  and  lar  administration,  freedom  of  the  press,  eman- 
the  eminent  fitness  of  Cardinal  Mastai-Ferretti  cipation.  of  the  Jews,  and  the  suppression  of 
for  that  work.    He  was  elected  Pope  on  the  the  Jesuit  Society.    In  March,  1848,  the  Roman 
16th  of  June,  on  the  second  ballot,  before  the  municipality  obtained  from  the  Pope  the  prom- 
arrival  in  the  city  of  the  Austrian  Cardinals,  ise  of  a  liberal  Constitution,  with  elective  Oham- 
who  were  known  to  be  opposed  to  his  nomina-  bers  vested  with  ordinary  parliamentary  pow- 
tion.    One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  consult  with  ers.    This  new  Constitution  was  promulgated 
Count  Rossi  on  the  reforms  most  likely  to  recon-  March  14th.    The  Government  was  to  be  con- 
cile  the  Papal  sovereignty  with  the  claims  of  stituted  as  follows :  First  was  the  College  of 
Italian  patriotism.    On  July  Ist,  Pius  submit-  Cardinals,  which  was  responsible  to  none  but 
ted  to  the  commission  of  six  cardinals,  whom  the  Pope  himself,  and  which  deliberated  in 
be  had  charged  with  the  duty  of  carrying  on  secret  consistory.    Next  was  a  Council  of  State 
the  Grovemment,  sundry  projects,  among  them  appointed  by  the  Pope,  whose  province  it  was 
those  of  dismissing  the  Swiss  Guard,  of  granting  to  frame  laws  and  advise  the  sovereign.    Then 
fall  amnesty  to  all  political  offenders,  of  adopt-  came  the  Parliament  proper,  consisting  of  an 
inc;  effectual  means  to  restore  the  public  credit.  Upper  Chamber,  composed   of  life-members 
and  of  reforming  the  entire  civil  and  criminal  named  by  the  Pope,  and  a  Chamber  of  Depu- 
codes,  together  with  the  administration  and  ties  elected  by  the  people,  on  the  basis  of  one 
the  judiciary.    The  majority  of  the  commission  deputy  to  a  constituency  of  80,000  souls.    In 
were  opposed  to  these  changes ;  nevertheless,  legislation  the  initiative  belonged  to  the  min- 
P'ms  dismissed  the  mercenary  troops,  and  pro-  isters,  but  a  bill  might  be  introduced  by  any 
claimed  the  general  amnesty.     The  Govern-  deputy  on  the  demand  of  ten  of  his  colleagues, 
ments  of  Austria  and  of  several  of  the  minor  This  crude  attempt  at  reconciling  absolutism 
states  of  Italy  were  irritated  by  these  innova-  with  popular  government  failed  of  course  to 
tions,  but  the  Pope  would  not  listen  to  their  satisfy  the  demands  of  the  political  a^tators, 
remonstrances.    He  appointed  commissions  of  and  the  troubles  of  the  Papacy  continued^  to 
jorists  to  report  on  the  reforms  which  were  increase.    A  few  days  after  the  promulgation 
needed;  he  reduced  his  own  household  ex-  of  this  Constitution,  Piedmont  declared  war 
Ptoses,  abolished  aU  pensions  not  granted  for  against  Austria,  and  the  Pope  was  urged  to 
^eat  public  services,  imposed  a  three  years'  espouse  the  cause  of  his  country  and  also  de- 
tas  on  all  the  beneficed  clergy  and  all  wealthy  clare  war.    He  refused  to  assume  the  offensive, 
ebnrob  corporations,  reduced  the  taxes,  char-  but  blessed  his  army  on  its  departure  for  the 
^red  ndlroad  and  telegraph  companies,  estab-  frontier,  under  explicit  instructions  to  actstrict- 
VoL.  xviii.^44    A 


690 


PIUS  IX. 


PORTUGAL. 


ly  on  the  defensive.    The  AaBtrians  on  their 

?art  invaded  the  Papal  territory,  defeating  the 
*ope*8  army,  which  had  been  greatly  enlarged 
in  nnmber  (25,000)  by  volunteers.  The  popu- 
lar indignation  against  the  Pole's  ministers 
compelled  them  to  resign,  and  m  September 
a  new  ministry  was  formed,  with  Oount  Rossi 
at  its  head.  He  was  assassinated  November 
15th.  A  few  days  later  the  Pope  fled  in  dis- 
guise from  Rome,  and  took  refuge  in  Gaeta,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  republic  was  now 
proclaimed  at  Rome.  Pius  remained  nearly 
eighteen  months  at  Gaeta.  Rome  was  invested 
by  a  French  army  under  General  Ondinot,  to 
whom  it  surrendered  July  1,  1849.  Until  the 
return  of  the  Pope  on  April  12,  1850,  the  gov- 
ernment was  administered,  under  the  protection 
of  the  French  army,  by  a  Papal  commission. 
In  view  of  the  unsettled  state  of  Italy  and  the 
failure  of  his  early  attempts  at  liberalizing  the 
government,  the  Pope  now  declared  himself 
unable  to  proceed  with  the  reforms  which  had 
been  set  on  foot  before  the  revolution.  In 
September,  1860,  a  Sardinian  army  of  50,000 
men  invaded  the  Papal  territory,  and  defeated 
the  little  Papal  army  under  Laraorici^re  at 
Ancona.  All  the  States  of  the  Church  were 
now  seized  by  the  Sardinian  troops,  with  the 
exception  of  Rome  and  Givitd  Vecchia,  and 
certain  districts  that  were  occupied  by  the 
French  army.  Finally,  on  the  20th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1870,  an  Italian  army  entered  Rome, 
and  the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope  was  at  an 
end.  From  that  day  until  his  death  Rus  secluded 
himself  in  the  palace  of  the  Vatican^  where  he 
was  pleased  to  consider  himself  a  pnsoner. 

In  administering  the  affairs  of  the  Church, 
Pius  IX.  displayed  enterprise,  firmness,  and 
untiring  devotion.  Three  of  his  acts  as  head 
of  the  Church  are  destined  to  make  his  pon- 
tificate for  ever  memorable  in  the  history  of 
Catholicism.  The  first  of  these  was  the  defi- 
nition of  the  dogma  of  the  Immaculate  Concep- 
tion of  the  Virgin  Mary,  which  was  solenmly 
promulgated  December  8, 1854,  in  the  presence 
of  a  great  multitude  of  bishops  congregated  from 
all  quarters  of  the  globe.  The  second  act,  the 
publication  (December  8,  1864)  of  the  famous 
Encyclical  and  Syllabus,  was  a  condenmation, 
under  the  most  solemn  sanctions,  of  many  of 
the  principles  which  are  currently  held  to  per- 
tain to  the  essence  of  modem  civilization,  such 
as  freedom  of  conscience  and  of  the  press,  the 
separation  of  Church  and  State,  secular  educa- 
tion, etc.  The  last  of  his  three  great  acts  was 
the  definition  of  the  dogma  of  Papal  infalli- 
bility in  the  Council  of  the  Vatican  on  July 
18,  1870.  The  efisential  portion  of  the  decree 
which  contains  the  definition  of  this  tenet  of 
Roman  Catholicism  is  as  follows :  ^*  We  teach 
and  define  that  it  is  a  dogma  divinely  reveal- 
ed, that  the  Roman  Pontiff,  when  he  speaks 
ex  cathedra — that  is,  when  in  discharge  of  the 
office  of  pastor  and  teacher  of  all  Christians, 
by  virtue  of  his  supreme  apostolic  authority, 
he  defines  a  doctrine  regarding  faith  or  mords 


to  be  held  by  the  universal  Church — ^ia,  by  tlie 
divine  assistance  promised  to  him  in  Blessed 
Peter,  possessed  of  that  infallibUity  with  wbich 
the  divine  Redeemer  willed  that  his  Choitb 
should  be  endowed  in  defining  doctrine  regard- 
ing faith  or  morals ;  and  that  therefore  sacb 
definitions  of  the  Roman  Pontiff  are  of  them- 
selves, and  not  from  consent  of  the  Church, 
irreformable."  By  these  measures  he  defined, 
more  clearly  than  had  ever  been  done  before, 
the  attitude  of  the  Roman  Church  in  the  face 
of  modem  civilization  and  modem  skeptidsni^ 
and  the  record  which  in  these  three  acts  ht 
made  for  his  Church  can  never  be  canceltd. 
He  occupied  the  Roman  See  for  a  period  bj 
many  years  longer  than  that  of  any  of  his  pred* 
ecessors,  and  in  his  case  the  traditional  beHef 
that  no  Pope  would  ever  preside  over  the 
Church  for  as  many  years  (twenty-five)  as  Pe- 
ter was  contradicted.  '^Non  videbis  annos 
Petri "  ("  Thou  shalt  not  see  the  years  of  Pe- 
ter ")  are  the  words  addressed  to  every  Pope 
at  his  coronation.  But  Pius  died  in  the  thiitr- 
second  vear  of  his  pontificate. 

PORTUGAL,  a  kingdom  in  southwesten 
Europe.  King,  Luiz  I.,  bom  Oci»ber  31, 18SS; 
succeeded  his  brother.  King  Pedro  V.,  Xc*- 
vember  11,  1861 ;  married  October  6,  1862,  to 
Pia,  youngest  daughter  of  King  Victor  Eman- 
uel of  Italy.  Issue  of  the  union  are  two  soos: 
Carlos,  bom  September  28, 1868,  and  Alfos^ 
born  July  81, 1 866.  Father  of  the  King,  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg,  titalar  King  of  Por- 
tugal, bom  October  29,  1816,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saze-Cobnrg;  mar- 
ried April  9j  1886,  to  Queen  Maria  II.  of  Pur- 
tugal ;  obtamed  the  titie  King  September  16, 
1887 ;  widower  November  15,  1853 ;  Regent 
of  Portugal  from  November  15,  1858,  to  Sep- 
tember 16,  1855. 

The  area,  accordingto  the  "  Annnario  Ests- 
tistico  do  Reino  de  Portugal"  (1877),  is  35^ 
848  square  miles ;  the  population,  according  to 
the  **  Diario  do  Governo,"  No.  75,  for  1878, 
is  4,441,087.  The  area  and  population  of  the 
several  provinces  were  as  follows: 


FROVINCIS. 


Minho 

Tns  06  Montet. 

BelnAlU 

Beirm  Balxm . . . . 
Eatremadnra... 

Alemtejo 

Algarve 


ai  1671. 


Total  eonttnentaL. 

^     Axorea 

•*    Madein.... 


Total  kingdom 


2,821 

n^jm 

4.299 

8T4,'«T 

4,5U 

9».X» 

4,701 

8^<03 

8,984 

S!W,<I 

9.499 

842>T9 

1,876 

\njn% 

ai,«M 

4,057<Bt» 

999 

9«1.746 

815 

121,:M 

8N84S 

4,4Al,eS7 

The  movement  of  population  in  the  kingdom 
in  1875  was  as  follows:  Marriages,  8S,09o; 
births,  158,597;  deaths,  106,673;  excess  of 
births,  46,924. 

The  area  and  population  of  the  Portngae^e 
possessions  in  Asia  and  Africa  were^  aooording 
to  the  latest  dates,  as  follows : 


PORTUGAL. 


691 


poasnsiONS. 

0 

biOm. 

Vqmlalioa. 

I.  rossnsioits  nr  xntCA. 

Cape  Verd  Isknds  (nliio  in* 
habited) 

1,487 

86 

8S8 

68 

14 

812,988 
888,088 

1,896 
81 
10 

6,588 

1-49 

00,704  (1875) 

In  SencffunbU  (BImm,  6tc)L . 
Sio  Tbomi 

8,882  (1678) 

88,441  (1876) 

1.465  (1878) 

Principe 

Ajuda. 

4,600  (1878) 

8,000,000 
80U,U0U 

892,884 
88.495 
18,883 

ADsoIa,  Bttogndft,  MoMune- 

(i«»» 

Moambiqae,  Soikia,  tte. 

n.  rossBfluon  iif  abia. 

In  India : 
Got.  SalMtte,  Bardei,  ete. . 

Datnaun  aod  Tenitoiy 

Diu  and  OoivoIjl 

Indian  Arehlp^ago : 
Timor  and  AmbolM 

Chbia: 

850,000 
71,884  (1871) 

Total 

704,182 

8,801,883 

The  following  are  the  cbief  articles  of  im- 
port and  export  (valne  expressed  in  contos) : 


MI8CKLLANK0U8. 


Cereals 

Seeds  and  fraita 

Colonial  produce. 

Beverages 

Animals  and  animal  provisions. 


A  Arddes  of  fi>od. 


Minerals 

Metals 

Wood 

Hides  and  skins 

Materiala  ftir  spinning  textures. 
Otlier  manolhetared  artiolea. . . . 

G  lass  and  pottery  ware. 

Droga. 


h. 


Baw  materials  and  manoflwtared 
artldea. 


Total 80,064 


Imporli. 

■■portk 

4,105 

884 

480 

8.881 

8,476 

906 

819 

11,888 

6,870 

8,641 

18,656 

8.988 

6,568 

929 

8,888 

7,198 

3,808 

814 

892 


82,409 


18,600 

8,198 
484 

1,809 
874 
578 
606 
48 
808 


6,888 


84,888 


The  following  were  the  gross  sams  of  the 
bad^et  estimates  for  the  financial  year  1878- 
79  (valae  expressed  in  contos  and  milreis :  1 
conto  =  1,000  milreis;  1  milreis  =  $1.08;  6,701 : 
480  means  5,701  contos  and  480  milreis) : 

BXTXMUE. 

1.  Direct  tasMi 6.846:880 

1  R<«l«ter. 8,718:440 

8.  Ia&«et taxes 1^489:870 

4.  XatJooal domain 8,861 :084 

&  Other  receipts 1,199:808 


1. 
1 
8. 

i. 
\ 
«. 
7. 
S. 


Total 86,408.870 

IXPENDITURl. 

Interrat  oa  home  and  foreini  debt 11,870  :  894 

Mlnlstnr  of  Finance 4,75S  :  885 

of  Foreign  AlBdrs 887:009 

of  the  Interior 9,124:808 

ofWonhipandJnatlee 694:874 

"        ofWar. 4,189:749 

of  tlieKaTT  and  Colonies 1.608:654 

of  Public  Works 8,470:860 


Total 88,881:808 

The  trade  of  Portugal  in  1875  was  as  fol-. 
lows  (yalae  expressed  in  contos) : 


ooomtrhs. 


Great  BrltataL 

Franoe 

bpain 

OermaoT 

BoMla 

Sweden  and  Korwaj. 

X«tb«riaads 

Bndl 

TnitM  States 

i^octofniese  eoioniea.. 
Othar  ooontzfea. 


Total,  1875 

•*     1874 

Transit  trade  and  reSxporta. . 


■sporU. 

18,918 

1,878 

1,881 

819 

197 

94 

856 

4,171 

sn 

1,099 
868 

94,888 
81999 

8,808 


The  movement  of  shipping  in  1876  was : 


OLEAUO. 

TLAO. 

SlIIlBg 

*--. 

8dlli( 

--». 

^•ffoinffTctaeli.... 
Coat 

898 
6.447 
8,789 

68 

878 

1J0O8 

1,070 
6,496 
8,864 

94 
889 

#br«to» 

L887 

_To«sL 

8,809 

1.889 

9,858 

9,890 

The  commercial  navy  consisted  in  1878  of 
671  vessels,  of  which  44  were  steamers.  The 
total  length  of  railways  in  operation,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1878,  was  1,079  kilometres.  The  aggre- 
gate length  of  telegraph  lines  was  8,711 ;  of  tel- 
egraph wireSj8,042  kilometres ;  number  of  sta- 
tions, 167.  The  number  of  dispatches  sent  in 
1877  was  686,518.  The  number  of  post-offices 
in  September,  1878,  was  649,  of  which  88  were 
on  the  islands.  The  number  of  inland  letters 
in  1876-'77  was  10,470,162;  of  newspapers, 
6,021,744;  and  of  printed  matter,  postal  cards, 
and  samples  of  goods,  187,462. 

The  military  system  is  based  on  the  law  of 
June  28,  1864,  which  has  been  modified  by 
several  decrees  of  the  year  1868,  as  well  as  by 
decrees  of  October  4, 1869,  December  16, 1876, 
and  April  26, 1877.  The  strength  of  the  army 
in  1878,  on  the  peace  footing,  was  computed  at 
1,648  officers  and  82,281  men;  on  the  war 
footing,  2,688  officers  and  76,886  men.  The 
actual  strength  of  the  army  on  August  81, 1878, 
was  1,676  officers  and  83,821  men. 

The  navy  in  1878  consisted  of  22  steamers 
of  8,770  horse-power  and  121  guns,  and  12 
sailing  vessels  of  86  guns ;  together,  84  vessels, 
with  166  guns. 

The  King  opened  the  Oortes  on  January  2d. 
He  spoke  favorably  of  the  condition  of  the 
finances,  and  of  the  development  of  the  colonies. 
Slavery  was  being  vigorously  suppressed.  Mea- 
sures would  be  proposed  in  connection  with 
primary  education,  and  for  the  improvement 
qf  the  telegraph  and  postal  services.  Earnest  at- 
tention was  called  to  the  proposal  for  consti^ot- 
ing  a  harbor  of  refhge  in  the  north.  The  much- 
needed  bridge  over  the  Douro  was  a  great 
success.  The  country  was  in  a  peaceful  state, 
and  was  likely  to  remain  so.  On  January  26th, 
the  Ministry  resiffned  in  consequence  of  a  vote 
of  censure  passed  by  the  House,  and  a  new  one 
was  formed  on  the  29th,  composed  as  follows : 
President  of  the  Oouncil  and  Minister  of  War, 
A.  M.  de  Fontes  Pereira  de  Mello ;  Finances,  A. 
de  Serpa  Pimentel:  Interior,  Rodrigues  Sam- 
pido;  Justice  and  Worship,  Barjon  de  Freitas; 


692 


PB£SBYTEBIANS. 


Navy  and  Oolonies,  Bibeiro  da  Fonseca;  For- 
eign Affairs,  J.  d' Andrade  Oorvo ;  Publio  Works, 
Commeroe,  and  Industry,  L.  A.  de  Garvalho. 
On  February  25th  the  Chambers  adopted  a 
bill  authorizing  the  Government  to  construct 
the  Beira  Alta  Bailroad,  if  the  proposals  of 
private  companies  were  not  suitable.  The  line 
is  to  unite  Coinibra  with  Salamanca,  and  is 
to  afford  direct  communication  between  Lisbon 
and  Central  Europe.  Other  important  bills  of 
the  session  were  those  providing  for  the  increase 
of  salaries  of  teachers  in  the  publio  schools, 
the  reorganization  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
the  reform  of  postal  affairs,  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  compulsory  elementary  education.  The 
session  of  the  Chambers  was  closed  on  May  4th. 

Elections  for  municipal  and  general  coun- 
cilors were  held  throughout  the  kingdom  in 
the  early  part  of  August,  and  resulted  favor- 
ably for  the  Government.  Elections  for  mem- 
bers of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  were  held 
on  October  18th,  and  also  resulted  favorably 
for  the  Government.  Another  change  took 
place  in  the  Cabinet  in  the  first  week  of  De- 
cember, when  Senhor  Monteiro  was  appointed 
Minister  of  Justice.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Peers,  and  belongs  to  the  Govern- 
ment party. 

PBE8BYTEBIAN8.  I.  Pbkbbttebian 
Chuboh  ts  thb  Ukited  States  of  Ambbioa. 
— ^The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  this  Church  as  they  were  reported  to  the 
General  Assembly  which  met  in  May,  1878. 
The  table  is  arranged  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
growth  of  the  Church  during  the  last  year, 
and  since  1872: 


The  numbers  of  ministers,  churches,  m€s* 
bers  of  the  Church,  and  members  of  SundaT 
schools  are  shown  by  synods  as  follows: 


8TN0D8. 

ithdiK 

ChmAm. 

"^ 

Kbck 

AltwnT 

Atkmtio 

Baltimore 

Central  New  York 

China. 

Cincinnati  • 

IM 

dS 

129 

1T7 

47 

158 

1« 

60 

128 

ISi 

12T 

IBl 

1(5 

158 

102 

41 

89 

114 

101 

12S 

167 

SO 

9S 

188 

102 

127 

51 

866 

816 

116 

870 

ITO 

48 

60 

175 

116 

129 
125 
141 
1« 

88 
158 
168 

68 
172 
246 
100 
178 
147 
182 
168 

19 
144 
168 
182 
179 
254 

81 

68 
155 
116 
206 

91 
2C5 
166 
118 
294 
195 

65 
105 
168 
127 

18,W 

9,004 

15,508 

2i.ni 

2Q.40S 

194t 
HIM 

Cleveland. 

Colorado 

O^ombiia. 

Erie 

20,640,  »<aS(i 

I.B88      S.T1* 

lt,48T     U4d 

Geneva. 

14,015     1iU7 

Harrlibiuv 

njx»   Kits 

lUlnoia,  North 

17,481     ^^ 

Illlnoia,' Central 

iSfin   luie 

minola,  Sooth 

India. 

10,009 

m 
i2,sn 

]«,616 
6,446 

11,^ 
9,IH 
&970 

1^7M 

Indiana,  North. 

11,G 

Indiana,'  Fk>ath.     

ii.m 

Iowa,  North 

Iowa,  Bouth 

6,04 

Kanaas 

Kentucky 

Ix>ng  lala&d 

j  i» 

M1<£lgBn 

15^'  iim 

MinnMota. 

6,1» 
10^ 

2,679 
45,9S4 
86^ 

an 

MiMonri 

iiyn 

Nebraska. 

m 

New  JenwT. . , 

Ml«9 

New  Totk. 

tk& 

FieUto 

6,971      l& 

Philadelphia 

sum   a.m 

Pitttbiuv 

26,260'  K,m 

TenneMee 

8,9n      tl>4 

Toledo 

10,065  ,  1<l.4fi2 

Western  New  York 

Wifloonain 

20,894 
8,071 

uw 

».«i 

Tola! 

4JB01 

6^ 

667,655 

599,"^} 

SYNODS,  ETC. 

Svnoda 

IreabytorleB 

CandidateB 

lioentiatea. 

Miniatert 

Idoensurea 

Ordinations 

Installations. 

Pastors*  dissolutions 

Ministers  received 

Ministers  dismissed..... 

Ministers  deceased 

Chnrehes 

Churches  organised. 

Churches  dissolved. 

Churches  received 

Churches  dismissed 

Added'-ezamlnation. . . . 

Added^certlfieate 

Communicanto 

Baptisms — adult 

Baptisms— Infiuit 

Sunday-school  members. 

ooirmBtmoxs. 

Rome  mlss\ons 

Foreign  missions 

Education 

SubUcafelon 
hurch  erection 

Belief  ftud 

Freedmen 

Bustentatkm 

Oeneral  Assembly 

Ministers'  salaries. 

CongregationaL 

MisoeUaneous 

Total 


187«. 

1877. 

85 

87 

166 

175 

767 

672 

888 

821 

4,441 

4,801 

170 

162 

142 

188 

401 

240 

221 

224 

56 

69 

85 

82 

79 

97 

4,780 

5,158 

188 

106 

68 

66 

10 

2 

12 

2 

28,756 

48,068 

21,619 

20,702 

466,164 

657,674 

8,825 

15.268 

16,781 

18,092 

485^762 

681,606 

$419388 

$898,294 

845,870 

418,879 

176,962 

18^656 

48,454 

88,645 

178,696 

120,982 

76,896 

58,851 

46,686 

48.016 

41,078 

28,956 

81,442 

88,868 

2  597,842 

5,012,907 

6,27K2i8 

1,110,816 

76^651 

$10,086,626 

$8,295,861 

1878. 

87 

178 

686 

881 

4,907 

178 

157 

289 

201 

49 

21 

79 

5,209 

164 

47 

6 

2 

82,277 

21,688 

567,855 

11,610 

19,826 

699,688 

$888,484 
870,779 
96,847 
80,761 
97,565 
52,266 
48,588 
19,946 
40,462 

6^88^669 
818,649 

$8,281,956 


The  Board  qf  Education  reported  to  tbt 
General  Assembly  that  436  candidates  b^ 
been  accepted  during  the  year,  of  whom  S2 
were  fitting  to  labor  in  the  Grerman  langoage, 
7  in  the  French,  Portngnese,  Welsh,  and  other 
Jangnages,  and  59  for  senrioe  among  the  freed- 
men. 

The  GommitU€  on  Freedmen  reported  t4)  tk 
General  Assembly  that  their  total  receipts  for 
the  year  had  been  $51^255,  and  tbdr  total 
ezpenditares  $50,888.  They  had  under  thdr 
care  129  missionaries  of  all  kinds,  189  ehutb- 
es  with  10,257  communicants,  120  Simd&T 
schools  with  7,456  scholars,  and  87  parochial 
schools  with  8,989  scholars. 

The  Library  of  the  Proebyttnan  Sutenmi 
Society  contained  on  the  18th  of  Haj,  ISTi 
11,000  volumes. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Mtmem  reported  Xq 
the  General  Assembly  that  th«r  receipts  for 
the  year  had  been  $468,861.66,  and  thei#  tf- 
penditnres  $511,180.92.  The  operations  of  ue 
year,  although  they  had  been  conducted  litn 
care  to  avoid  debt,  had  resulted  in  another  oe- 
flciency  of  $47,829.  There  was  an  increase  of 
four  ordained  missionaries,  seven  female  mis- 
sionaries, three  native  ministers,  and  eight  Ii* 
centiates.  An  increase  of  20  per  cent  io  ^ 
ceipts,  in  addition  to  special  contributioM  iiw 
to  the  amount  needed  to  remove  the  existing 
debt,  would  be  required  to  carry  on  the  wori 


PRS8BTTEBIANS.  693 

of  the  Board  daring  tbe  ensuing  year.    The  minute  in  which  the  decision  was  entered  npon 

Board  had  the  direction  of  missions  among  the  record  contained  an  explanation  that  ^*tbe 

seren  Indian  tribes  of  the  United  States.    lo  Assembly  finds  great  pleasure  in  calling  atten- 

Mexico  there  are  5  stations  and  several  out-  tion  to  the  enlarging  efforts  and  the  growing 

etations;  in  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  1  influence  of  the  women  of  the  Presbyterian 

tttation ;  in  Brazil,  8  stations  and  several  oat-  Ohurch,  in  the  work  committed  to  the  denom* 

stations;  in  Chili,  4  stations;  in  Liberia  and  ination;  and  points  with  peculiar  satirfaotion 

the  Gaboon  an<l  Oorisco  in  Africa,  11  stations  and  emphatic  approbation  to  the  noble  record 

and  4  out-stations ;  in  Lodiana,  Furrukhabad,  to  which  these  women  are  daily  adding  by 

and  Kolapoor,  in  lodia,  18  stations  and  17  out*  their  efficiency  and  devotion." 

stations;  in  Siam  and  Laos,  4 stations;  in  Oan-  The  Bev.  John  Miller,  of  the  Presbytery  of 

ton,  NLngpo,  Shantung,  and  Peking,  in  Obina,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  had  been  tried  by  his 

10  stations  and  several  out-stations ;  among  Synod  for  heresy  for  having  published,  in  a 

the  Chinese  in  California,  2  stations ;  in  Japan,  book  entitled  **  Questions  awakened  by  the 

2  stations;  in  Persia,  8  stations  and  81  out-sta-  Bible,"  the  doctrines  that  the  soul  is  not  im- 

tions;  and  in  Syria,  6  stations  and  43  out-sta-  mortal,  that  Christ  as  a  child  of  Adam  was 

lions.  Connected  with  these  missions  were  124  personally  accounted  guilty  of  Adam's  sin,  and 

American  and  65  native  missionaries,  109  na-  like  other  children  of  Adam  inherited  a  corrupt 

live  licentiates,  and  190  American  and  484  na-  nature,  and  expressed  a  dinial  of  the  doctrme 

tive  lay  missionaries.    The  whole  number  of  of  the  Trinity ;  and  he  was  suspended  from  the 

commanioants  was  10,391,  distributed  among  ministry  of  the  church  until  he  should  make  a 

the  missions  as  follows:  North  American  In-  satisfactory  renunciation  of  his  alleged  errors, 

dian,  1,348 ;  Mexican,  2,619 ;  South  American,  and  should  promise  no  longer  to  proclaim  them. 

977;  African,  624;  Indian,  802;  Siamese,  123;  The  Synod  of  New  Jersey,  to  which  he  ap- 

Japanese,  4772Chinese,  1,623 ;  Persian,  1,134 ;  pealed,  having  sustained  the  Presbytery,  he  ap- 

Syrian,  664.    The  total  number  of  schohirs  in  pealed  to  the  General  Assembly.    The  decision 

the  hoarding  and  day  schools  was  16,906,  viz. :  of  the  Assembly  was  given  against  Mr.  Miller 

among  the  £idian  tribes,  452 ;  in  Mexico,  295 ;  and  in  favor  of  the  Presbytery  and  the  Synod, 

in  South  America,  476 ;  in  Africa,  211 ;  in  In-  and  a  minute  recording  the  decision  was  en- 

dia,  8,186;  in  Siam,  287;  in  China,  630;  among  tered,  in  which  the  Assembly,  while  urging 

the  Chinese  in  Calijfomia,  167 ;  in  Japan,  238 ;  upon  all  fidelity  to  the  doctrinal  standards,  em- 

in  Persia  1,242 ;  in  Syria,  4,019.  bodied  the  advice  to  every  one  who  might  en- 

The nineteenth  OeneralAaMmblyotthe'PreB'  tertain  views  irreconcilable  with  its  standards 

brterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  Amer-  '^  to  take  the  authorized  course  after  consulta- 

ica  met  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  May  16th.    The  Bev.  tion  with  his  Presbytery,  and  peacefully  with- 

Francis  L.  Patron,  D.  D.,  was  chosen  Moder-  draw  from  the  ministry  of  our  Church." 

ator.    The  Assembly  met  in  the  church  in  The  Bev.  W.  C.  McCune,  of  the  Presbytery 

which  the  reunion  of  the  Old  School  and  New  of  Cincinnati^  was  charged  before  his  Presby- 

School  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  tery  with  having  engaged  actively  in  promoting 

was  consummated  in  1869 ;  and  the  opening  and  codperating  with  a  so-called  **  Christian 

day  of  the  session  was  signalized  by  the  nn-  Union "  organization,  or  a  church  having  the 

veiling  of  a  memorial  tablet  in  the  building  in  obliterating  or  ignoring  of  denominational  lines 

honor  of  the  event,  in  which  the  members  of  the  as  one  of  its  principles;  with  having  taught 

Assembly  took  part.    Among  the  most  impor-  that  denominational  organizations  requiring  the 

tant  subjects  wMch  engaged  the  attention  of  the  assent  of  ministers  to  nxed  creeds  were  sinful ; 

Assembly  were  three  cases  of  appeal  from  the  and  with  having  claim<^  to  be  a  minister  of 

decisions  of  the  lower  courts  on  ouestions  in-  the  Presbyterian  Church  while  at  the  same 

Tulving  the  doctrine,  usages,  and  discipline  of  time  serving  as  a  minister  in  a  separate  **  un- 

the  Church.  denominational"  church.    The  Presbytery  ac- 

The  Rev.  Isaac  M.  See,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  quitted  him  of  the  charges,  and  gave  him  letters 
having  permitted  a  woman  to  preach  and  teach  of  dismissal  as  a  sound  and  faithfril  minister. 
in  his  church,  had  been  tried  by  the  Presby-  The  prosecutors  carried  the  case  to  the  Synod, 
tery  of  Newark  for  an  offense  against  the  Scrip-  which  sustained  the  Presbytery,  whereupon 
tores  and.  against  t^e  order  and  discipline  of  an  appeal  was  taken  to  the  General  Assemoly. 
the  Church,  and  for  having  made  statements  The  Assembly  decided  in  favor  of  the  proseou- 
of  erroneous  views  in  defense  of  his  action,  tors,  affirming  that  the  charges  against  Mr. 
The  Presbytery  declared  that  his  conduct  might  McCune  had  been  proved,  that  the  Presbytery 
open  the  way  to  disorder  and  mischief,  and  ad-  had  erred  in  not  sustaining  the  charges,  in  not 
monished  him  to  abstain  from  it  in  the  future,  reprimanding  Mr.  McCune  for  his  unsound 
It  also  admonished  him  that  his  view  on  the  sub-  statements  and  his  disloyal  action,  and  in  dis- 
ject contained,  in  its  judgment,  **  the  germs  of  missing  him  to  another  denomination  as  in 
destructive  errors."  He  appeided  from  this  de-  good  standing ;  and  that  the  Synod  had  erred 
ciflon  to  the  Synod  of  New  Jersey.  The  Synod  in  refhsing  to  sustain  the  complaint  against  the 
having  given  a  decision  sustaining  the  Presbyte*  Presbytery  for  its  action, 
rj,  he  appealed  to  the  General  Assembly.  This  A  modification  of  the  constitution  of  the  sua- 
hody  also  refused  to  sustain  his  appeal.    The  tentation  department  of  the  Board  of  Home 


694 


PBESBTTERIAKS. 


Missions  was  effected.  The  separate  depart- 
ments of  the  Board  were  ordered  to  be  discon- 
tinued and  their  two  treasuries  consolidated, 
and  the  churches  receiving  aid  from  the  Board 
were  divided  into  two  classes,  to  be  called  sus- 
tentation  pastorates  and  mission  churches.  Sus- 
tentatlon  pastorates  are  Required  to  be  regu- 
larly constituted,  to  take  up  annual  collections 
for  the  Board  according  to  some  systematic 
plan,  and  to  contribute  not  less  than  $600  of 
money  toward  the  annual  support  of  the  pas- 
tor, and  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  $6.60  per 
member,  upon  which,  with  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Presbytery,  the  Board  shall  supple- 
ment the  salary  so  as  to  make  it  at  least  $900. 
The  annual  rental  value  of  the  parsonage,  where 
one  is  occupied  by  the  minister,  may  be  de- 
ducted from  the  amount  to  be  paid  by  the 
Board.  The  continuance  of  aid  in  cases  where 
the  existence  of  a  sustentation  pastorate  would 
prevent  the  grouping  of  churches  which  ought 
to  be  united  in  the  support  of  a  single  minister, 
was  discouraged.  It  was  further  ordered  that 
churches  renewing  applications  for  aid  should 
be  required  to  make  an  annual  decrease  in  the 
amount  asked  for  whenever  such  decrease 
should  be  practicable;  and  that  no  church 
should  receive  aid  either  in  sustentation  or  as 
a  mission  church,  except  in  special  cases  to  be 
agreed  upon  by  the  Presbytery  and  the  Board. 

A  new  basis  of  representation  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  was  adopted.  It  provides  that 
the  commissioners  to  the  General  Assembly 
shall  consist  as  nearly  as  possible  of  ministers 
and  elders  in  equal  numbers ;  that  the  ratio  of 
representation  shall  be  one  commissioner  f^om 
each  Presbytery  containing  not  more  than  2,- 
600  ministers  and  communicants  combined,  and 
two  commissioners  from  each  Presbytery  con- 
taining more  than  2,500  and  less  tiian  5,000 
ministers  and  communicants  combined;  and 
that  no  Presbytery  hereafter  organized  shall 
be  entitled  to  a  representative  till  it  shall  have 
not  less  than  500  ministers  and  communicants 
combined. 

Resolutions  were  adopted  protesting  against 
the  appropriation  of  public  moneys  to  denomi- 
national institutions,  approving  the  efforts  of 
the  International  Sabbath  Association  and  of 
all  others  to  put  down  **  Sabbath  desecration  by 
railroad  companies,  and  any  other  methods  of 
Sabbath  desecration  or  pleasure,^*  and  advising 
the  people  of  the  Church  to  discourage  attend- 
ance upon  public  gatherings,  even  professedly 
religious  ones,  which  involve  such  desecration 
of  the  Sabbath ;  and  calling  the  attention  of 
those  who  control  the  secular  press  to  the  pro- 
priety and  duty  of  giving  less  prominence  to 
the  details  of  crime,  especially  of  all  forms  of 
licentiousness. 

XL    PBESBTTEBIAir    GhUBOH  OF  THE  UnITED 

States. — ^The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 
statistics  of  this  Church  as  they  were  reported 
to  the  General  Assembly  in  May,  1878.  The 
statistics  for  1877  are  also  given  for  compari- 
son: 


STirODS,  KTC. 


gynods 

I'rBsbyteriet 

Mlniiten  and  UoentUtes 

Cudldatef 

Ghorches 

Uoensarot 

OrdliuitionB 

loatollatloos 

Flutonl  rektloiiB  dlsaolTed 

Chttrchet  org«nlwd. 

Chnrchet  diaeohred 

JChureliea  receirod  ttom  other  d»- 

nomlnfttloiiB 

Cbnrebea  dUmlaaed  to  oUier  deD<Hn- 

InadoDB 

MIntoten  reoelTed  from  other  de- 

OOmilMtlDQft. 

MlDUtetB  diamlaMd  to  other  denom- 

iDAtloas ' 

Kumber  of  mUn^  elders 

Number  of  deeocms 

Members  added  on  ezunlnstlon 

Members  sdded  oa  oertiilcmte 

Whole  Qumber  of  oommoolesnts 

Adnlts  baptised 

Infiuits  baptized 

Number  of  baptised  oon-oommuiii- 1 

cants f 

Children  in  Bondaj  schools  sod  Bi-  \ 

ble  ctesMS I* 

OOlTTBXBXmOHI. 

Bnstentatlon 

Evangelistic  ftand. 

Inralld  ftmd 

Vonign  missions 

Education 

Publication 

Presbyterial. 

Fsstors^  sahuies 

CoDgnt(Ktioaa\ 

Miscellaneous 


ISTT. 


W%. 


es 

1,116 
1T« 

1,S80 
M 
41 
M 
M 
4S 
IS 


1 


1  . 

MS9  , 

B^  . 

&0M 

112^ 

tMT 

4,966 

S2,68S 
66,624 


$a9,1W 

12,786 

9,470 

89,488 

80,068 

10,495 

llw623 

61t.6A0 

892,098 

68,20s 


li 
(5 

iti 

i,^i» 

II 

a 

.• 

« 

21 


S 
T 
S 

ejJT5 

8.ir. 

lliiT- 
iMI 

«i'4 


life 
lll<< 


Total 11,110,971  ILOe^W 

_ *       . 

The  Executive  Committee  of  PvhUtatm:^ 
ported  to  the  General  Assembly  that  theflsseu 
of  the  Publishing  House  were  valued  at  tl9.* 
084,  and  its  liabilities  amounted  to  $26,.S1S. 
showing  an  excess  of  liabilities  of  $7,264.  Tlie 
Committee  had  endeavored  to  sell  the  proper- 
ty of  the  publishing  house  at  Richmond,  Vs.. 
without  success,  as  they  had  not  been  able  to 
obtain  an  ofifer  bearing  a  fair  proportion  to  it- 
value.  The  report  of  3ie  Committee  gave  a  it- 
view  of  the  embarrassments  which  the  e!^al>- 
lishment  suffered,  growing  out  of  the  defalca- 
tion of  a  former  agent  and  the  diffieultr  of 
making  collections.  The  business  of  publica- 
tion had  been  carried  on  during  the  past  je&r 
by  contract. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Committee  on  S»h 
tentation  for  the  year  for  all  Uie  fond?  undo: 
its  charge  had  been  $53,632,  of  which  f  16,6.52 
were  for  sustentation,  and  $776  for  the  colore*! 
evangelistic  fund.  The  receipts  of  the  Coir- 
mittee  on  Beneficiary  Education  for  the  ye*:: 
ending  May  1,  1878,  were  $11,023.  Seveniy- 
nine  candidates  had  made  applications  for  as- 
sistance, of  whom  41  were  attending  theologi- 
cal seminaries.  The  Committee  on  the  Mi- 
tution  for  training  Colored  Minieten  at  Tuscs- 
loosa,  Ala.,  reported  that  the  inatitation  )\*^ 
been  opened  with  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Dickson,  P.  D-- 
as  instructor,  and  had  been  attended  b/  tro 
students.    Many  had  been  prevented  from  at- 


PB£SBYT£BIANS.  696 

tending  by  the  want  of  means  of  support  while  for  coDgregational  expenses,  $198,388 ;  to  the 

engaged  in  their  studies,  and  with  this  fact  in  Boards,  $95,687 ;  general  contributions,  $50,- 

view  provision  was  recommended  for  taking  998 ;    total  contributions,  $788,666 ;    average 

contributions  for  the  support  of  soch  students,  contribation  per  member,  $10.65 ;  average  sd- 

and  for  the  introduction  of  a  system  of  manual  ary  of  pastors,  $928 ;  amount  of  contributions 

labor.  by  Sunday  schools,  $28,210. 

The  receipts  of  the  OommitUs  of  Foreign  The  contributions  for  the  Board  of  Borne 
Misii&nt  had  been  $47,225,  of  which  $10,107  Misnons  were  $82,571.  The  receipts  of  the 
had  been  given  by  Women^s  Missionary  Asso-  Board  of  Publication  were  $28,040,  and  the 
ciations  and  $5,992  by  Sunday  schools ;  the  ex-  expenditures  $26,482.  The  capital  stock  of 
penditures  had  been  $52,650,  and  the  debt  had  the  publishing  establishment  was  valued  at 
been  increased  to  $9,251.  The  force  engaged  $75,097.  The  Board  of  Church  Extension  re- 
in the  work  of  the  missions  consisted  of  75  ported  their  receipts  $12,699  for  the  general 
periions,  of  whom  S3  were  American  mission-  fund  and  $14,475  for  the  loan  fund.  The  Board 
aries  and  their  assistants,  and  42  were  native  of  Education  reported  that  their  receipts  had 
laborers.  The  missions  to  the  Cherokee  Indians  been  $8,581,  and  their  expenditures  $1,920, 
and  to  the  United  States  of  Oolombia  had  been  and  that  tiieir  net  indebtedness  was  $1,082. 
for  the  most  part  discontinued,  on  account  of  Seventeen  students  preparing  for  the  ministry 
the  lack  of  means  to  sustain  or  reinforce  them,  had  been  aided. 

Other  missions  were  in  danger  of  dissolution        Thoreceiptsof  the  Board  of  Foreign  Miuiona 

for  a  similar  cause.    More  than  150  persons  were  $47,551,  showing  a  decrease  of  $26,464. 

bad  joined  the  Ohurch  on  profession  of  faith  Their  appropriations  had  amounted  to  $62,580, 

ilarini;  the  year  at  the  several  mission  stations,  leaving  a  deficiency  of  $14,97P.    The  mission 

Report  was  made  of  the  condition  of  the  mis-  in  Syria  had  been  transferred,  pursuant  to  the 

sioQd,  which  were  continued  in  Brazil  and  directions  of  the  previous  General  Assembly, 

Greece,  and  among  the  Cherokee  Indians.  to  the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church,  and  the  mis- 

The  General  Aseemhly  of  the  Presbyterian  sion  at  Canton,  China,  to  the  Pacific  coast  of 

Chnrch  in  the  United  States  met  at  Enoxville,  the  United  States.    Permission  had  been  gained 

Tenn.,  May  16th.    The  Bev.  T.  £.  Peck,  D.  D.,  from  the  Khedive  of  Egypt  for  the  members  of 

of  Virginia,  was  chosen  Moderater.    A  report  tlie  native  churches  in  that  country  to  own 

was  presented  from  the  delegates  of  the  Church  sites,  build  churches,  and  carry  on  the  wor- 

who  had  attended  the  General  Presbyterian  ship  of  God  in  their  own  way.    Acknowledg- 

Cooncil  held  at  Edinburgh  in  July,  1877,  which  ment  was  made  to  the  students  of  the  Divinity 

embodied  a  statement  of  the  advantages  which  Hall  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of 

the  delegates  believed  had  been  or  would  be  Scotland  for  a  remittance  of  $6,872  in  aid  of 

gained  by  the  meeting  of  the  Council.    The  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  train- 

Assembly  approved  the  diligence  of  the  dele-  ing-school  and  college  at  Osioot,  Egypt.    The 

gates,  and  ordered  their  report  to  be  published  following  is  an  abstract  of  the  statistics  of  the 

in  the  appendix  of  the  Minutes.    The  subject  missions  under  the  care  of  the  Board :  Mis- 

of  the  simplification  of  the  ecclesiastical  ma-  sions,  India  and  Egypt — stations,  44;  foreign 

chlnery  of  the  Church  was  presented  in  the  missionaries,  18;  unmarried  female  missiona- 

report  of  a  special  committee  which  had  been  ries,  11 ;  native  ordained  ministers,  6 ;  licen- 

appointed  to  consider  it.    The  report  covered  tiates,  8;  native  laborers,  154;  total  laborers, 

the  whole  ground  of  the  changes  which  were  174.    Communicants — ^Egypt,  856 ;  India,  218 ; 

thought  ne^ed  to  secure  a  simpler  working  of  total,  1,069 ;  increase — ^Eg]n>t,  126 ;  India,  40 ; 
the  machinery  of  the  Church,  and  presented  in  *  total,  166.     Scholars  in  Sabbath  schools — 

detail  the  several  modifications  which  had  been  Egypt,  1,162 ;  India,  247;  total,  1,409.    Teach- 

sQggested,  without  making  definite  recoramen-  ers  and  officers — India,  15;  Egypt,  92;  total, 

dations.    The  subject  was  not  disposed  of  by  107.    Scholars  in  Egypt — ^in  day-schools,  1,404; 

the  Assembly.    A  report  was  adopted  lament-  in  boarding-schools,  51;  in  training-school,  75 ; 

ing  the  sin  and  evil  of  desecrating  the  Sabbath,  in  Theological  Seminary,  11;  females  taught 

especially  by  railroad  trains.     A  permanent  at  home,  476 ;  total,  2,017.    Contributions  of 

Committee  on  the  Sabbath  was  appointed.  native  members  in  Egypt,  $5,058. 

III.  UiimDPBBSBTTBRiANCHUBOH  ofNortr        The  rcccipts  of  the  Board  of  Missiom  to  the 

AxBBica..~Tbe  following  is  a  summary  of  the  Freedmen  had  been  $8,448.    They  had  met  all 

statistics  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  their  current  expenses  daring  the  year,  and  had 

of  North  America  as  they  were  reported  to  the  made  a  payment  on  the  indebtedness  of  the  pre- 

Oeneral  Assembly  in  May,  1878 :  Number  of  vious  year.    The  Board  had  a  school  at  Knox- 

^odfl,  9 ;  of  presbyteries,  56 ;  of  ministers^  ville,  Tenn.,  with  a  total  enrollment  of  209  pn- 

^7;  of  congregations,  792;   of  mission  sta-  pils;  a  branch  school  at  East  Enoxville,  with 

tions,  67 ;  of  members,  78,648  ;   of  Sunday  78  scholars,  and  a  school  building  nearly  com- 

Bchoola,  709;  of  officers  and  teachers  in  the  pleted  at  Chase  City,  Va.    Besides  the  ordi- 

^^^  6,072 ;  of  Sanday-sohool  scholars,  59,-  nary  common-school  branches.  Latin,  Greek, 

^;  of  students  of  theology,  87;  of  baptisms,  higher  arithmetic,  and  the  geology  of  Tennes- 

^5d  adnlts  and  8,725  infants.    Amount  of  con-  see  were  taught  in  the  school  at  Enoxville. 
tribatioDs:  for  salaries  of  ministers,  $488,748;        The   twentieth   General   Assembly  of   the 


696  PRESBYTERIANS. 

United  Presbyterian  Church  of  North  Ameri-    For  pj^byteriai  purpoMs t|^ 

oa  met  at  Cambridge,  O.,  May  22d.    The  Rev.    yia^ii^Snli' "  " """"""-'■','/"""" """.'    m^ 


S.  G.  Irvine,  D.  I).,  of  Oregon,  was  elected 

Value  of  choreta  property ^T^I^UT 


Moderator.     Apaper  was  adopted  recommend-    -    Total contributtona %^7^ 


ing  the  appointment  of  deacons  in  the  different 

congregations  of  the  Church,  in  the  manner  Many  of  the  items  are  defectively  reported, 

prescribed  in  the  Book  of  Government  and  The  receipts  of  the  .^oorvfi^i^Ju^tiaA  bad 

Discipline ;   urging  the  Synods  to  take  steps  been  $46,478.    Its  assets  were  valned  at  $76,- 

for  securing  such  civil  legislation  in  respect  to  019,  and  its  liabilities  amounted  to  $12,305. 

thetenureof  ecclesiastical  property  as  is  needed  The  Board  had  the  charge  of  one  quartedj 

to  enable  congregations  to  commit  to  deacons  Veview,  one  general  weekly  paper,  and  thrc« 

the  charge  which  now  rests  upon  ordinary  Sunday-school  papers,  all  of  which,  except  tk 

trustees;  and  giving  permission  for  the  ap-  smaller  Sunday-school  paper,  had  suffered  a  W 

pointment  of  pious  women  as  assistants  to  dea-  of  subscribers. 

cons,  ^*  it  being  understood,  however,'*  the  reso-  The   General  Assembly  of  the  Cumberluid 

lution  provided,  ^^  that  those  so  devoting  them-  Presbyterian  Church  met  at  Lebanon,  TeniL, 

selves  and  banded  together  shall  not  be  formed  May  16th.    The  Rev.  D.  K  Bushnell,  of  Call- 

into  sisterhoods  living  apart  from  ordinary  so-  fornia,  was  chosen  Moderator.     The  foreiga 

ciety.''    The  practice  of  preaching  by  unli-  mission  of  the  Assembly  in  Japan  was  in  oper* 

censed  students  was  declared  to  be  unlawful,  ation,  with  one  missionary  in  the  field,  id 

and  all  Presbyteries  were  directed  to  suppress  one  who  had  temporarily  returned  home.  A 

it  to  the  full  extent  of  their  authority. — The  third  missionary  was  ordained  during  the  scr 

report  of  the  Committee  of  Correspoudence  on  sion  of  the  Assembly,  with  the  intention  of  hii 

the  subject  of  the  General  Presbyterian  AUi-  starting  for  Japan  in  a  short  time.    Att^ntuc 

ance  recommended  the  appointment  of  dele-  was  directed  to  the  missions  in  the  Indian  Ter- 

gates  to  the  Council  of  the  Alliance  to  be  held  ritory  and  to  the  German  mission  in  St  Loci^ 

in  Philadelphia  in  1880,  who  should  be  in-  Mo.    The  Committee  on  Education  made  a  re- 

structed  to  use  their,  influence  to  secure  a  port  upon  the  condition  of  the  West  Tennesstf 

constitutional  guarantee  that  the  principles  of  College;  Lincoln  University,  Lincoln,  HI.;  Tiin- 

the  United  Presbyterian  Church  in  regard  to  ityUniversity,Tehuacana, Texas;  Waynesborg 

psalmody  shall  be  respected.  College  Pa. ;  and  Cumberland  University,  Leb* 

IV.  Rkfobmbd  Pbesbytebian  Chuboh. — ^The  anon,  Tenn. ;  all  of  which  were  represented  a? 
General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  being  in  a  prosperous  condition.  A  Uieologi* 
Church  of  North  America  met  in  the  city  of  cal  department  nad  been  established  in  Trinitj 
New  York,  May  16th.  The  Rev.  A.  G.  Wylie,  University,  with  a  secured  endowment  so  fa: 
of  Philadelphia,  was  chosen  Moderator.  The  of  $26,000,  in  which  the  Rev.  W.  E.  B^estn, 
Committee  of  Conference  with  the  Synod  of  D.  D.,  had  been  elected  Professor.  A  training- 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  who  had  school  for  young  preachers  had  been  establisL^d 
been  appointed  at  a  previous  meeting  of  the  at  8an  Jos^,  Cal.,  by  the  Pacific  Synod.  A 
General  Synod,  with  a  view  to  the  promotion  committee  was  appointed  to  assist  and  advise; 
of  an  organic  union  of  the  two  bodies,  made  a  the  brethren  of  the  Cumberland  Presbjten&Q 
verbal  report,  and  were  discharged.  The  trea-  Church,  colored,  in  securing  needed  literetarc 
surer  of  the  TheologicaJ  Seminary  reported  that  and  in  establishing  a  good  school,  the  partlcipa- 
the  funds  of  the  seminary  in  his  charge  amount-  tion  of  which,  however,  ahould  not  place  tb« 
ed  to  $31,007,  and  that  he  had  received  $21,-  Assembly  under  any  obligation  toward  tbect^- 
185,  and  paid  out  $2,172.  ored  brethren.    The  report  on  publication  ap- 

V.  CuMBEBLAND  Pbesbttebian  Chuboh. —  provcd  the  plan,  which  a  previous  Assembly 
The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  had  adopted,  of  concentrating  efforts  upon  the 
the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church,  as  given  publication  of  a  single  weekly  journal  for  tbe 
in  the  reports  of  the  General  Assembly  of  wholeChurch,  and  stated  that  while  the  Aaseo- 
1878:  bly  did  not  undertake  by  authority  toprerent 
Number  of  proBbyteries 112  the  publication  of  weekly  papers  by  indiTidual 

u       1?*"'^'®/' ^"SIS  membersof  the  Church,  nor  did  it  require  fiucli 

candidates 187  persons  to  apply  to  It  for  permission  to  do 

"       congregationa 2,847  the  Same,  it  nevertheless  requested  the  whole 

"    d^M;:;;::.v.v.'.v.v:;.";:::;:;;;:::.'    ^u  church  to  comwne  in  the  support  of  this  poi- 

"       additionV.V. ".V. .' .* '     .* ...V.".  .V.V.*. '. ".          9,768  icy.    Resolutions  were  adopted  recommending 

"       SomMiainte m2M  areturn  to  the  old  System  of  holding  camp-nH?ei* 

«       Simdaj-BchooiMhotareV.V.V.'.' .*.'.'.* .*.'.**.'     6i:687  i^gs  whenever  such  meetings  may  be  deemed 

**       officers  and  teachers  in  Sonday  schools.      6^97  practicable  and  profitable,  and  urging  the  min* 

ooNTBiBunoivs.  istors  and  people  of  the  Church  to  use  th^  iQ* 

From  Bandar  schools $7,708  fiaence  in  all  suitable  wayB  in  opiwation  to  the 

^2' JS3j„lCoLv.v;:;:;:\\\":::::::::.:::::^     J;???  desecration  of  the  sabbath. 

**  education ...        6,800  VI.     ASBOOIATB    ReFOSMBD    Pb18BTTEBU5 

«  PJ^Wcation    2,627  OHTrRCH.—The  Associate  Reformed  Prwbjt^ 

**  ehorch  buUdfng  and  repairing 68,551  '^"^»^"'    .'■"''/*-*t^"V^  j.fcwv*««v^   T^i.-«rtTi 

•*  tnstorsandsnppUes..:. 166^608  nan  Synod  of  the  South  met  at  >ew  Leiianon, 


PBESBTTEBIANa  697 

Monroe  Coanty,  Ya.,  August  16th.  The  Rev.  a  Sahbath  attendanoe  of  24,400,  7,908  families 
W.  S.  Moffatt  was  chosen  Moderator.  The  in  connection  with  the  Ohorch,  4,700  comma- 
Treasarer  of  Enhine  College  reported  that  the  nicants  in  the  mission  stations,  and  4.886  in  Uie 
amoant  of  the  endowment  funds  of  the  instita-  supplemented  congregations.  Bowra  of  French 
tion  was  $79,222,  and  that  his  receipts  and  ex-  Boangelieation,  — Receipts,  $23,500.  Fortjr- 
penditures  for  the  year  had  been  $7,871.  Sev-  four  ministers  and  students  were  regularly  em- 
eu tj-one  students  had  been  enrolled  during  the  plojed. — ^The  missions  of  the  Church  were  con- 
year.  The  Theological  Institution  had  been  ducted  among  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest 
attended  hj  six  students.  The  receipts  of  the  Territory ;  among  the  coolies  brought  from  In- 
Foreign  Mission  Fund  had  been  $2,658,  and  the  dia  and  China  to  labor  in  the  pluitations  on 
expenditures  in  its  behalf  $680.  The  amount '  the  island  of  Trinidad ;  in  the  New  Hebrides 
of  the  invested  funds  for  foreign  missions  was  islands  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean ;  in  die 
$2,664.  The  Synod  employed  one  missionary  Province  of  Indore,  in  central  India ;  and  in 
in  Egypt,  who  was  working  in  cooperation  with  the  island  of  Formosa, 
themissionofthe  United  Presbyterian  Church.  The  fourdi  Cfeneral  Assembly  of  the  Pres- 
The  establishment  of  an  independent  mission  byterian  Church  of  Canada  met  at  Hamilton, 
in  Mexico  was  determined  upon,  and  the  Rev.  Ont.  June  12th.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Jenkins,  of  St. 
Neill  E.  Pressly  was  appointed  missionary  to  Paurs  Church,  Montreal,  was  chosen  Moder- 
take  the  charge  of  it.  Twelve  persons  received  ator.  The  subject  of  the  hymnology  of  the 
appointments  as  home  missionaries,  four  of  Church  was  brought  before  the  Assembly  by 
whom  would  labor  in  Texas.  The  Synod  hav-  overtures  from  several  synods,  which  suggest- 
ing lost  its  church  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  by  the  ed  that  an  eflfort  should  be  made  to  promote 
secession  of  a  majority  of  its  congregation,  the  greater  uniformity.  A  committee  wasappoint- 
adhering  pastor  of  the  church  was  authorized  ed  to  consider  the  subject,  which  afterward 
to  visit  tne  churches  of  the  Synod  for  the  reported,  recommending  the  provision  of  "  a 
purpose  of  securing  means  to  supply  another  hymn-book  which  may  be  allowed  by  the  As- 
charoh  lot  and  building.  sembly  for  such  congregations  as  desire  the 

Vn.  Prbsbttxbian  Chuboh  or  Canada. —  use  of  a  hymn-book  in  their  service  of  praise,'^ 
The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  not  with  the  design  of  restricting  the  liberty 
this  Church  as  they  were  reported  to  the  Gen-  of  congregations  now  using  hymn-books,  but 
eral  Assembly  in  June,  1878 :  Number  of  pas-  of  making  a  selection  which  may  commend  it- 
toral  charges,  740;  of  ministers,  618;  of  church-  self  for  general  adoption.  Upon  the  ftirther 
es  and  congregations,  1,389 ;  of  families  con-  recommendation  of  this  report,  a  committee 
nected  with  the  same,  60,466;  of  communicants,  was  appointed  to  provide  a  selection  chiefly, 
98,371 ;  of  baptisms,  9,261 ;  total  amount  prom-  but  not  exclusively,  from  the  four  hymn-books 
ised  for  stipends,  $492,782  ;  amount  raised  now  in  use  in  the  churches,  and  publish  the 
for  congregational  purposes,  $868,048 ;  total  same  as  a  book  of  praise  allowed  by  the  Gen- 
amoant  of  contributions  for  all  purposes,  $1,-  eral  Assembly.  Attention  was  given  to  the 
027,859,  or  $41,244  over  the  total  contributions  fact  that  a  body  consisting  of  a  number  of 
of  tiie  previous  year.  The  increase  in  the  num-  members  of  the  former  Presbyterian  Church  in 
ber  of  communicants  from  the  previous  year  Canada  in  connection  with  the  Church  of  Scot- 
was  4,588.  land,  who  had  refused  to  go  into  the  union,  had 

Theaccountsofsomeofthefunds  are  still  kept  applied  to  be  incorporated  under  the  name  of 
in  the  separate  names  of  the  several  churches  their  former  Church,  whereby  they  would  be  in 
which  entered  into  the  union  by  which  this  a  position  to  assert  daims  inconsistent  with  the 
body  was  formed  in  1874.  The  summaries  in-  rights  conferred  upon  this  Church  by  the  union, 
eluded  the  following:  Widows^  and  Orphans^  and  with  its  interests.  The  Committee  on  the 
Fands^  $41,855 ;  number  of  beneficiaries,  so  far  Protection  of  Church  Property  was  therefore 
as  reported,  117.  A  committee  was  ordered  by  instructed  to  watch  and  resist,  in  tiie  name  of 
the  General  Assembly  to  consider  and  report  the  Assembly,  ^'  any  application  for  legislation 
as  to  the  amalgamation  of  the  several  funds  affecting  the  interests  of  the  united  Church 
nnder  this  head.  Aged  and  Ir^ftrm  Ministers^  as  legally  identical  with  the  severd  churches 
Fwnds, — ^Receipts,  $4,576;  expenditures,  $6,177  which  were  merged  in  and  now  constitute  the 
—of  which  $4,560  were  paid  in  the  eastern  Presbyterian  Church  of  Canada."  The  Com- 
section  of  administration  to  twenty  annuitants,  mittee  on  Sunday  Schools  reported  that  four- 
Eome  Missions, — ^The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  teen  Presbyteries  had  held  Sunday-school  con- 
the  eastern  section  were  $9,672,  and  their  ex-  ferences  in  accordance  with  their  recommenda- 
peDditores  $10,202.  Fourteen  preachers  and  a  tions,  and  that  efforts  had  been  made  by  them 
considerable  number  of  young  men  were  in  the  to  secure  the  reading  of  the  Bible  in  the  pub- 
field,  and  a  Presbytery  had  been  formed  in  lie  schools  as  a  text-book.  In  a  report  on  col- 
^ewfoundland  since  the  union.  The  Commit-  lege^  which  was  adopted^  the  Assembly  de- 
tee  of  the  western  section  reported  that  their  cided  that  the  British  churches  should  be  asked 
receipts  had  been  $80,485,  and  their  expendi-  to  take  a  part  in  the  founding  of  Christian  ed- 
tares  $36,802.  The  Committee  had  charge  of  ucational  institutions  in  Manitoba,  and  $100,- 
120  mission  fields,  855  preaching  stations,  89  000  was  named  as  the  sum  needed  to  secure  the 
supplemented  congregations,  102  churches  with  proper  equipment  of  Manitoba  College. 


698  PRESBYTERIANS. 

Vin.  OmrBOH  OF  Sootulkd. — The  Gensral  room  for  the  free  derelopraent  of  native  tbon^ 
Aisembly  ot  the  Established  Churchy  of  Scot-  and  affinity.'*  The  subject  was  referred  to  tk 
land  met  at  Edinburgh,  May  28d.  The  Earl  of  Foreign  Mission  Committee,  with  instroctioivs 
Rosljn  represented  the  Qaeen  as  Lord  High  to  oo^er  with  other  Presbyterian  churches  sGd 
Commissioner.  The  Very  Rev.  Principal  Tul-  missionary  societies,  and  report  to  the  neit 
loch  was  chosen  Moderator.    The  financial  re>    Assembly. 

ports  showed  that  the  sam  realized  during  the  IX.  Freb  CHUBon  of  Scotland.— The  Gfn- 
year  for  religious,  benevolent,  and  other  pur-  eral  Assembly  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotla&d 
poses  of  the  Church,  had  been  £878,706,  or  met  at  Glasgow,  May  28d.  The  Rev.  A.  Bonar. 
£11,000  less  than  the  sum  reported  one  year  pre-  D.  D.,  was  elected  Moderator.  The  finaDckl 
viously.  The  Committee  on  Jewish  Missions  reports  showed  that  the  total  income  of  (he 
reported  concerning  the  work  carried  on  at  Church  for  the  year  had  been  £575,71S,  or 
Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Alexandria,  Beyrout,  £10,528  more  than  the  income  of  the  previoi:! 
and  Salonica.  Its  income  had  fallen  ofi  so  that  year.  The  amount  raised  for  the  SuiUntati* 
its  expenditures  exceeded  its  receipts.  The  re-  Fund  was  £179,087,  a  sum  sufficient  to  aUov 
port  of  the  Home  Mission  Committee  showed  an  equal  dividend  of  £167,  and  raise  the  sr- 
that  it  had  devoted  much  attention  to  church-  pend  of  ministers  whose  congregations  reach 
building.  Fifteen  new  parishes  had  been  erect-  the  standard  requisite  to  qualify  them  for  p&r- 
ed  under  the  auspices  of  the  Endowment  Com-  ticipation  in  the  surplus  to  £200.  The  Chrd 
mittee  during  the  year.  The  Education  Com-  Externum  Building  Fund  Committee  bad  n- 
mittee,  upon  making  its  report,  was  instructed  oeived  £82,190  of  the  £100,000  they  were  ts- 
to  consider  the  propriety  of  endeavoring,  by  deavoring  to  raise  for  church  extension.  TU 
communication  with  other  churches,  *^  to  bring  most  important  question  before  the  Assembl; 
about  united  action  in  maintaining  inspection  in  was  the  appeal  in  the  case  of  Professor  Kob^n- 
religious  knowledge,  and  affording  grants  for  son  Smith,  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in- 
excellence  therein."  The  Committee  on  Sun-  volving  charges  of  heresy.  Professor  SmitL 
day  Schools  reported  that  the  number  of  such  had  contributed  articles  to  the  new  edition  of 
schools  was  1,847,  with  16,269  teacJiers  and  the  ^^  Encydoptedia  Britannica,'Mncluding  coe 
170,618  scholars.  Overtures  were  presented  on  the  Bible,  in  which  he  had  embodied  sose 
asking  for  a  relaxation  of  the  form  of  subscrip-  of  the  conclusions  reached  by  modem  critici?a 
tion  to  the  Confession  of  Faith  taken  by  elders  concerning  the  authorship  of  some  of  the  boob 
upon  their  induction.  The  Assembly  denied  of  the  Scriptures,  and  concerning  inspiraticc. 
the  request  by  dismissing  the  overtures.  A  dis-  which  were  held  to  be  contrary  to  those  sei 
cussion  arose  on  the  presentation  of  the  re-  forth  in  the  Confession  of  Faith.  He  lii<I 
port  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Missions,  been  tried  befoi*e  the  Presbytery  of  Aberdeo 
upon  a  proposal  for  the  establishment  of  some  on  a  libel  in  tliree  counts:  1.  The  pablishicr 
kind  of  union  among  the  Presbyterian  churches  and  promulgating  of  opinions  which  contrp- 
for  the  conduct  of  missions  to  the  heathen.  An  diet  or  are  opposed  to  doctrines  set  forth  in 
understanding  was  reached  that  the  Committee  the  Scriptures  or  the  Confession  of  Faith: 
would  report  on  the  possibility  of  such  coOp-  2.  The  publishing  and  promulgating  of  epic* 
eration  in  India.  On  this  subject  the  Commit-  ions  which  are  in  themselves  of  a  dangerous 
tee  on  Union  with  other  Churches  reported  and  unsettling  tendency  in  their  bearings  on 
that  they  had  addressed  certain  ministers  and  doctrines  set  forth  in  the  Scriptures  and  the 
elders  in  other  churches,  inviting  cooperation  Confession ;  and  8.  The  publishmg  of  writings 
in  Christian  work,  and  had  found  that,  while  concerning  the  books  of  Scripture  which,  by 
opinions  were  different  regarding  cooperation  their  neutrality  of  attitude  in  relation  to  d(x^ 
at  home,  a  general  conviction  existed  that  trines  set  forth  in  the  Scriptures  and  the  Cop- 
some  agreement  might  be  arrived  at  among  fession,  and  by  their  rashness  of  statement  b 
the  churches  in  the  foreign  field,  which  would  regard  to  the  critical  construction  of  the  Scrip" 
make  them  recognize  each  other^s  presence  in  tures,  tend  to  disparage  the  divine  ch&rsc- 
it,  80  as  to  give  no  appearance  of  competing  ter  and  authority  of  these  books.  The  Pres- 
missions  at  any  one  place.  The  report  was  bytery  found  the  eight  particulars  under  tLv 
adopted,  and  the  Committee  on  Union  was  re-  first  count  irrelevant,  found  the  second  coipiit 
appointed  to  carry  on  its  labors,  with  instruo-  relevant,  and  did  not  reach  the  consideradoQ 
tions  to  watch  over  the  motions  before  th.e  of  the  third  count.  An  anpeal  was  taken  to 
House  of  Commons  for  inouiring  into  the  posi-  the  Synod,  which  sustained  the  Presbytery  oo 
tion  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Scotland  the  first  count,  but  reversed  its  decision  od 
with  a  view  to  union.  An  overture  was  re-  the  second  count.  An  appeal  was  then  Ukes 
oeived  from  the  Presbytery  of  Glasgow  asking  to  the  General  Assemblv.  The  AseemblT  re- 
for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  which  versed  the  findings  of  the  Presbytery  on  the 
should  frame  or  recommend  a  formula  of  Chris-  second  particular  of  the  first  count,  which  con* 
tian  doctrine  for  the  especial  use  of  the  native  demned  the  opinion  that  ^*  the  book  of  io- 
churches  in  connection  with  the  mission  in  In-  spired  Scripture  called  Deuteronomy,  which  i& 
dia,  which  should  "sufficientlv  secure  the  ac-  professedly  an  historical  record,  does  not  pos^^j® 
knowledgment  of  the  essential  truths  held  by  this  character,  but  was  made  to  assonie  it  p 
the  Church  catholic,  and  at  the  same  time  leave    a  writer  of  a  much  later  age,  who  therein,  in  the 


PRESBYTERIANS.  699 

name  of  God,  presented  in  dramatic  form  in-  less  than  £200  per  annnm  was  112,  against  141 
stractions  and  laws  as  proceeding  from  the  in  1876-'77.  The  average  stipend  of  the  min- 
mouth  of  Moses,  thongh  these  never  were  and  isters  was  £262,  or  £8  more  than  the  average 
never  conid  have  been  uttered  by  him.*'  The  of  the  preceding  year.  The  total  receipts  for 
Assembly  held  that  this  part  of  the  libel  was  home  mission  and  evangelistic  work  daritig  the 
relevant,  '*  to  the  effect  that  the  statements  year  had  been  £7,482.  The  funds  for  foreign 
qaoted  in  the  minor  propositions  as  those  of  missions  had  amounted  during  the  year  to  £42,- 
Professor  Smith  regarding  the  Book  of  Deu-  406.  The  Church  sustains  nine  missions,  in 
teroQomy  amount  to  what  is  expressed  in  the  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  Old  Calabar,  Caffrnria,  In- 
said  particular,  and  are  opposed  in  their  legiti-  dia,  China,  Spain,  Algeria,  and  Japan ;  in  all 
mate  results  to  the  supposition  of  the  book  being  of  which  were  48  ordained  European  mission- 
a  thoroughly  inspired  nistorical  record,  accord-  aries,  6  European  medical  missionaries,  5  Eu- 
ing  to  the  teaching  of  the  Westminster  Con-  ropean  male  teachers,  11  European  female 
fession,  while  his  declarations  on  the  subject  teachers,  9  ordained  native  missionaries,  90 
of  the  inspiration  are  the  reverse  of  satisfactory  native  evangelists,  179  schoolmasters,  80  native 
and  do  not  indicate  his  reception  of  the  book  female  teachers,  10  other  agents,  68  principal 
in  that  character."  The  Presbytery  was  sus-  stations,  128  out-stations,  8,427  communicants, 
tained  on  the  other  points,  except  as  to  one  1,820  inquirers,  186  week-day  schools,  10,808 
charging  I^fessor  Smith  with  holding  opin-  pupils,  with  a  total  educational  agency  of  888. 
ions  of  a  dangerous  and  unsettling  tendency.  The  Church  has  for  several  years  past  devoted 
Qpon  which  the  libel  was  amended  so  as  to  one  tenth  of  its  entire  income  to  foreign  mis- 
read, "  as  also  the  publishing  and  promulgating  sion  work. 

of  writings  concerning  the  books  of  Scripture  The  Synodoi  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 
which,  by  their  ill-considered  and  unguarded  of  Scotland  met  at  Edinburgh,  May  18th.  The 
setting  fortii  of  speculations  of  a  critical  kind,  Kev.  David  Croom,  of  Edinburgh,  was  chosen 
tend  to  awaken  doubt,  especially  in  the  case  Moderator.  Resolutions  were  adopted  renew- 
of  students,  of  the  divine  truth,  inspiration,  ing  the  testimony  of  the  Synod  against  State 
and  authority  of  any  of  the  books  of  Scripture,  Churches,  and  condemning  all  attempts  at  leg- 
or  on  the  doctrines  of  angels  and  prophecy,  as  islative  compromise  or  alternative  on  the  ques- 
set  forth  in  the  Scriptures  themselves  and  in  tion  of  disestablishment ;  condemning  the  mo- 
the  Confession  of  Faith."  Upon  this  amend-  tions  of  which  notice  had  been  given  in  Par- 
ed charge,  the  case  was  remanded  to  the  Pres-  liament  with  reference  to  religious  dcnomina- 
bnerj.  tions  in  Scotland  as  either  evading  the  main 
The  Committee  appointed  by  the  previous  issue  or  dming  at  ends  purely  sectional,  and  at 
Assembly  on  t^e  suDJect  of  disestablishment  the  reconstruction  of  the  establishment ;  assert- 
made  a  report,  recommending  the  adoption  of  ing  that  public  opinion  in  Scotland  had  mani- 
a  petition  to  Parliament  for  the  termination  of  fested  itself  widely  in  favor  of  disestablish- 
the  connection  between  Church  and  State  in  ment  ^  and  declaring  that  no  settlement  which 
Scotland.  The  Assembly  resolved — 1.  That  it  was  simply  Presbyterian  or  sectional,  or  which 
did  not  regard'  the  maintenance  of  an  ecclesi-  would  leave  a  legal  status  with  one  church  or 
astical  establishment  in  the  present  oircum-  polity,  could  be  accepted  as  either  expedient  or 
staoces  of  the  country  as  the  appropriate  equitable.  The  Committee  appointed  at  the 
means  of  fulfilling  the  State's  obligations  to  previous  meeting  of  the  Synod  in  reference  to 
religion  and  the  Church;  2.  Declaring  the  the  revision  of  the  Subordinate  Standards  of 
Bolemn  conviction  that  the  connection  be-  the  Church  reported  a  declaratory  statement 
tween  the  Church  now  established  and  the  on  the  subject,  which  was  adopted,  as  fol- 
State  is  wholly  indefensible,  and  ought  with  lows: 
as  little  delay  as  possible  to  be  brought  to  ^,           ,    ^       ,    ,      ,.,,«,,. 

a  termination;  8.  To  petition  Parliament  in  a.^^^^  iHt.^°^^^"u"  ^^*^^  the  Subordinate 
tAPm.  ^f  ♦»»«  •J/v4.:r.n  ^^^^^^ir^4-  ♦i,^  n^n^^Uf  AA  Standards  of  thin  Clmroh  are  accepted  requires  as- 
tenns  of  the  motion,  reappoint  the  Committee  .ent  to  them  as  an  exhibition  of  the  sense  in  which 
to  watch  over  the  subject,  and  take  such  mea-  the  Soriptnrea  are  understood ;  whereas  these  stand- 
sores  as  may  be  fitted  to  accomplish  the  object  ards,  being  of  human  composition,  are  necesssrily 
aimed  at  in  the  deliverance.  imperfect,  and  the  Church  has  already  taken  excep- 

X.  Unitkd  Presbttbrian  CnuEOH  op  Soot-  J!^L^*j?t*L'„w««^^^ 

..^.^     OIL      j.j.-^i          _x               i.ji.1.1.  important  suojeot;  and  wneroas  there  are  other  suD- 

UNn.--The  stotistical  reportspresented  to  the  jgeu  in  regard  to  which  it  baa  been  found  desirable 

(general  Assembly  of  this   Church  for  1878  to  set  forth  more  fully  and  dearlv  the  Tiew  which 

showed  that  the  number  of  members  was  178,-  the  S^od  takes  of  the  teachinff  of  Holy  Scripture : 

554,  and  the  aggregate  average  attendance  at  therefore,  the  Synod  hereby  declares  as  follows : 

pabUc  worship  on  the  Lord's  Day  was  187,-  ,  ^-  JA»'  '^  "^S^a^a^^  ^"5^"°*  of  redemption  as 

i\ift     #r»           *^         w*«  ^ivi  o  Ax«j  fToo  *w.,  taught  m  the  Standards,  and  in  consistency  there- 

019.    There  were  reported  from  684  congrega-  with,  the  love  of  God  to  idl  mankmd,  his  gift  of  his 

tions  841  Sunday  schools,  with  10,746  teachers  Son  to  be  the  propitiation  for  the  sins  of  the  whole 

find  79,816  scholars,  besides  698  advanced  Bible  world,  and  the  free  offer  of  sdvation  to  men  without 

classea,  with  693  ministers  and  elders  as  teach-  distinction  on  the  wound  of  Christ's  perfect  sacriflce, 

on  oni  OK  AA1   <i^i,^i»..      Tk«  f^*-!  i^^^^^  ^^  wc  mattcrs  which  nare  been  and  continue  to  be  re- 

T  nu  ^^}  BC^olars.    The  total  mcome  of  ^^^  ^y  this  Church  aa  ▼iul  in  the  system  of  ros- 

the  Church  for  the  year  1877  was  £879,079.  Jel  truth,  and  to  wliich  ahe  desires  to  give  special 

Ine  number  of  ministers  whose  incomes  were  prominence. 


700  FRESBTTEBIANS. 

2.  That  the  dootrioe  of  the  Divine  deorees,  indud-  trine  and  discipline  came  ap  on  the  appeal  d 

ing  the  doctrine  of  election  to  eternal  life,  ia  held  the  Rev.  Fergus  FerffOflon  from  the  actioQoi 

in  connection  and  harmony  with  the  truth  that  "  God  x*,  _  T>»^v^,r*^»U  /><?  /2.i«a<*<«w  •Miins^  h\m    u» 

will  have  all  men  to  he  saved,"  and  has  provided  a  g>«  Presbytey  of  Glasgow  agwostfcm  Mr. 

salvation  sufficient  for  all,  adapted  to  all,  and  offered  Ferguson  had  been  tried  by  the  ftesbytey 

to  all  with  the  grace  of  his  Spirit  in  the  gospel ;  and  and  found  guilty  of  teaching  doctrmeBCODtisrj 

also  with  the  responsibility  of  every  man  for  his  to  the  Standards  of  the  Church:  1.  Ontk 

dealing  with  the  free  and  unrestricted  offer  of  eternal  doctrine  of  the  atonement ;  2.  In  holding  tLi 

'1;  That  the  doctrine  of  man's  total  depravity,  and  ™®?  ""^  justified  not  by  an  impnt«tioii  of 

of  his  loss  of  »*  all  ability  of  will  to  anv  spiritualgood  righteousness,  but  by  occupymg  a  just  positksi 

accompanying  salvation."  is  not  held  as  implying  in  regard  to  God ;  8.  In  denying  the  dvSM- 

sucli  a  condition  of  man's  nature  as  would  affect  his  tion  between  the  covenant  of  works  and  tie 

nf?hS«?'J^?h^t"hf  J.^®nor«r^^^^  coveuant  of  grace,  and  in  teaching  that  tie 

of  Chnst,  or  that  he  may  not  experience  the  strivings         ,  *     ^  V^   j      •*!.  «  :  4i»-»  *v^, 

and  restiining  influences  of  the  Spirit  of  God,  Sr  only  covenant  of  God  with  man  w  that  tkr 

that  he  can  not  perform  actions  in  any  sense  good,  that  love  God  and  do  his  will  shall  be  blessu: 

though  such  actions,  as  not  springing  from  a  renewed  4.  In  denying  that  roan  by  his  fall  ^^  has  lo*i 


Spirit,  who  worketh  when  and  where  and  how  he  Christ,  and  that,  therefore,  those  who  in  Vi^ 

pleaseth;andwhilethedut]r  of  sending  the  gospel—  world  have  had  no  opportunity  to  believe  ia 

the  ordinary  means  of  salvation—tothelieathen,  who  Christ  will  have  it  in  the  world  to  come;  6 

are  sunk  in  a  state  of  sm  and  misery  and  perishing  ▼«  v^m:«^  4.1,-4.  v^^ii  :-  «^*  .  «i«a.»  «*  ^ffcrMi 

for  lack  of  knowledge,  is  dear  and  imperative,  the  ^^  holding  that  hell  is  not  a  place  of  etot^ 

Chnrxsh  does  not  require  the  acceptance  of  her  Stand-  punishment,  but  a  loss  of  soDSDip  to  uofl  «». 

ards  in  a  sense  which  might  imply  that  any  who  die  banishment  from  the  presence  of  Christ,  to*! 

in  infancy  are  lost,  nor  does  she  bind  tnose  who  that  the  penalty  of  sin  as  active  suffering  cii 

accept  these  Standsrds  to  hold  that  God  never  in  ^^^^^  j^^  eternal.    In  his  defense,  the  appellat, 

me^an^'  saves  without  the  use   of  the  ordinary  ^^He  not  denying  that  the  words  of  his  t^ch- 

5.  That  this  Church  holds  that  the  Lord  Jesus  ing  had  been  correcdy  quoted,  disputed  the  rel- 
Christ  is  the  only  King  and  Head  of  the  Church,  and  evaucj  of  the  libel  against  him,  claimed  th&t 
**  Head  over  all  things  to  the  Church,  which  is  his  many  of  the  expresaons  which  formed  tte 
body,"  and  firmly  renews  her  protest  against  all  ^  ^^  ^  ^j^  chanres  against  him  had  been 
compulsory  or  persecuting  and  intolerant  principles  ,  Y  Y,  ^.,  ,"?  «««•*«"'  t^^^u  »;*'i 
in  religion,  and  deckres,  as  hitherto,  that  she  does  m«<le  hypothebcally  and  not  poffltively  inj 
not  require  approval  of  anything  in  her  Standards  the  object  of  calling  attention  to  suppoeed  (ll^• 
that  teaches  or  may  be  supposed  to  teach  such  prin-  crepancies  between    the    Staudards  and  the 

^''tf  ®fku  .  -nv  ..,.,.:. ..                      *     J     *  Word  of  God,  and  in  aid  of  a  movement  for 

6.  That  Chnst  has  kid  it  as  a  permanent  and  uni-  ^^^  rectification  of  the  creed,  and  demanded  to 
versal  obligation  upon  his  Church  at  once  to  main-  »•"''  *^^""^»"""  "*  **"^  *.*«w.  ««^  .  .„^  -uv 
tain  her  own  ordinances  and  to  "preach  the  gos-  he  tned  by  a  comparison  of  his  doctrines  inj 
pel  to  every  creature " ;  and  has  ordained  that  the  the  text  of  the  Scriptures  rather  than  witfi 
means  of  fulfilling  this  obligation  are  to  be  provided  that  of  the  Standards.  During  the  hearlDgot 
^y^^^rS/^®?^^  offerings  of  his  people.  the  appeal  Mr.  Ferguson  was  questiooed  k- 

7.  That,  m  accordance  with  the  practice  hitherto  „^«^4.j!l«  i>:«  v^ijo.r  ««*!  m«;iA  a  mnr^k  Bftriafl^ 
observed  \n  this  Church,  liberty  of  opinion  is  al-  spectmg  his  belief,  and  ™de  a  more  Batbia^^ 

lowed  on  such  points  in  the  Standards  not  entering  tory  statement  than  that  which  he  had  miae 
into  the  substance  of  the  faith  as  the  interpreUtion  before  the  Presbytery.  The  Synod  decioec 
of  the  "  six  days"  in  the  Mosaic  account  of  the  crea-  that  it  sustained  "the  Presbytery  on  the  edi- 
tion, the  Church  guarding  against  the  abuse  of  this  ^  ^  »    ij^f    in  view  of  the  explanation  it 

' Wc*°o±ilSe"r4l'.rtSi'tSSi%^n«  ™^^^  had  received,  rese.^ed. to  i»Og?.«t  on  «d« 

be  inserted  in  the  Rules  and  Form  of  Procedure,  pomts.     A  committee  was  appomted  to  cobM 

for  the  guidance  of  the  presiding  minister  on  every  with  Mr.  Ferguson  with  a  view  of  ascertaiDiBf 

occasion  on  which  the  questions  of  the  formula  are  what  was  most  advisable  to  be  done  in  brin^r- 

"""  Trioderator  shall  then  sav :  I  have  now  to  J^?  ^^^  ^  ^^^^^     ^f^' !^ZK 

T)ut  to  you  the  questions  of  the  formula  and  to  re-  tamed  further  explanations  from  him  mrm 

q^uire  your  assent  to  them,  in  view  of  the  explana-  ence  to  the  several   points  m  the  C"*[fr 

Sions  contained  in  the  Declaratory  Statement,  anent  which  were  of  a  satisfoctory  character,  and  tae 

**^2^^^J?^*'^°'l*®  Standards  passed  in  the  year- — ."  ffeneral  eiphmation  that  while  in  some  thiop 

th?5.f.°rnr;ueS'of'^?or^.ih*5?f2:s.^  1-:?^'%  ^y^^  ^  rL^r  'rJi- 

forth  be  read  as  follows :  "  Do  you  acknowledge  the  m  the  Confession  he  waa  in  fundamental  osr 

Westminster  Confession  of  Faith  and  the  Larger  mony  with  its  essential  doctrines;  ana  totf. 

and  Shorter  Catechisms  as  an  exhibition  of  the  while  he  claimed  no  liberty  to  contravene  tlie 

sense  in  which  you  understand  the  Holy  Scrip-  Confeasion,  he  claimed  the  Uberty  of  holdioj 

'^•'  on  the  basis  of  the  Scriptures  viewa  of  tniti 

The  statement  was  ordered  sent  down  to  that  might  go  beyond  it.  The  Synod  ^^*^ 
the  Presbyteries  for  their  action  upon  it,  with  the  report  of  the  Committee,  and  agreed  tore- 
instructions  to  them  to  send  any  suggestions  store  Mr.  Ferguson  to  the  exercise  of  his  ma>* 
which  they  might  have  to  make  upon  it  to  the  isterial  functions.  ^ 
Committee  by  the  Ist  of  October.  XL  PRBaBTTBBUjr  Chubch  of  EhglaJd. 

A  case  involving  important  questions  of  doc-  The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  c 


PRESBYTERIANS.  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.   701 

tbb  Charch  as  they  were  reported  at  the  meet-  that  79,167  families  were  represented  in  the 
ing  of  the  Synod  in  May :  N'nmber  of  comma-  congregations,  being  an  increase  daring  the 
nicants,  50,587 ;  of  ministers,  267 ;  of  Sunday  year  of  709  families.  The  number  of  Sunday 
schools,  872,  with  5,589  teachers  and  53,008  schools  was  1,099,  with  8,510  teachers  and 
scholars;  total  amount  received  for  stipends  72,909  scholars.  The  total  amount  of  money 
daring  the  year,  £71,857 ;  total  income  of  the  raised  for  church  purposes  was  £154,953,  £12,- 
Church  for  all  purposes  during  the  same  peri-  000  in  advance  of  any  sum  raised  in  previous 
od,  £229,414.  The  sum  of  £125,825  had  been  years,  and  nearly  double  the  amount  that  the 
received  toward  a  ^^  Union  Thanksgiving  Fund"  Church  was  able  to  raise  in  1865,  when  its 
of  £250,000,  which  it  was  proposed  to  estab-  statistics  were  first  put  into  tabular  form, 
liflh  in  commemoration  of  the  consummation  The  sum  of  £21,000  had  been  secured  for  the 
of  the  nnion  between  the  English  Presbyterian  endowment  fund  of  the  Theological  College, 
Church  and  the  United  Presbyterians  of  Eng-  and  was  to  be  applied  to  the  provision  of  build- 
land,  of  which  £17,519  had  been  added  during  ings.  The  report  on  elementary  education 
the  year.  The  year's  income  of  the  widows'  showed  that  687  schools  were  entirely  under 
and  orphans'  fund  had  been  £2,518,  and  that  Presbyterian  management,  and  that  of  147  new 
of  the  snstentation  fund  £26,047.  The  Synod  schools  taken  under  the  National  Board  during 
had  a  church-building  ftmd  of  £22,430.  The  the  year,  14  were  Presbyterian.  Resolutions 
receipts  of  the  Synod  during  1877  fof  foreign  were  adopted  declaring  the  adherence  of  the 
missions  were  £18,018.  Seventy-two  stations  Assembly  to  the  principle  of  united  non-secta- 
had  been  formed  in  the  districts  of  Amoy  and  rian  education  as  opposed  to  the  denomina- 
Svatow,  China,  and  the  island  of  Formosa,  tional  system.  The  subject  of  the  use  of  in- 
in  connection  with  which  15  European  mis-  strumental  music  in  worship  was  again  dis 
sionaries  and  57  native  evangelists  were  em-  cussed,  the  Committee  on  that  subject  report- 
ployed,  and  81  theological  students  were  en-  ing  that  six  out  of  the  eight  conpcgations 
rolled.  The  whole  number  of  converts  was  using  harmoniums  had  agreed  to  discontinue 
2,117.  Two  hundred  persons  had  been  bap-  them,  and  that  they  hoped  the  two  congrega- 
tized  during  the  year.  tions  which  still  held  out  would  yet  be  persuad- 

The  third  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  ed  to  follow  their  example,  but  deprecating  the 

in  England  met  in  Manchester,  April  29th.  making  of  the  matter  a  subject  of  church  disci- 

The  lUv.  Professor  Chalmers,  of  the  London  pline.    The  Committee  was  reappointed.    A 

College,  was  chosen  Moderator.    The  business  report  was  made  upon  the  Jewish  mission,  de- 

of  the  Synod  consisted  chiefly  of  a  review  of  scribing  the  work  carried  on  at  Vienna,  Bonn, 

tiie  affairs  of  the  Church  in  reference  to  its  and  other  places.    A  petition  to  Parliament 

BtatiBtica,  funds,  home  and  foreign  missions,  was  adooted,  praying  for  the  assimilation  of 

edacationid  institutions,  and  Sunday  schools,  the  English  law  of  burials  to  that  of  Ire- 

The  Sunday  schools  of  the  Church  were  put  land. 

under  the  supervision  of  the  sessions,  which  PROTESTANT    EPISCOPAL    CHURCH, 

were  made  responsible  for  the  admission  and  The  table  on  page  702  is  a  summary  of  the 

dismissal  of  superintendents  and  teachers.  The  statistics  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 

Synod  recommended  the  establishroent  of  a  in  the  United  States  for  1877-78,  as  they  are 

proprietary  grammar  school,  at  which  the  sons  given  in  Whittaker's  ^^  Protestant  Episcopal 

of  Presbyterians  could  receive  an  education  Almanac  and  Directory  for  1879." 

in   accordance   with   the   principles   of  the  The  **  Church  Almanac "  of  the  Protestant 

Charch.  Episcopal  Tract  Society  publishes  only  such  sta- 

XII.  Pbbsbttbbian  Chitboh  nr  lBBLAin>. —  tistics  as  are  officially  recorded  in  the  Diocesan 
The  Irish  Presbyterian  Chnrch  consisted,  ac-  Convention  journals  for  the  current  year.  It 
cording  to  the  statistical  reports  for  1878,  of  gives  the  whole  number  of  the  clergy  (including 
87  Presbyteries,  of  which  86  are  in  Ireland  the  bishops)  as  3,380 ;  of  parishes,  about  2,900 ; 
and  one  in  India.  The  86  Presbyteries  in  Ire-  of  communicants  in  48  dioceses  and  10  mission- 
land  numbered  626  ministers,  559  congrega-  ary  districts,  312,718;  of  Sunday-school  teach- 
tions,  79,154  families,  and  106.110  cotnmuni-  ers  in  89  dioceses  and  6  missionary  districts, 
cants,  with  1,099  Sunday  schools,  having  8,510  28,365;  of  Sunday-school  scholars  in  40  dio- 
teachers  and  72,909  children.  The  Presbytery  ceses  and  9  missionary  districts.  268,555 ;  and 
of  Katiawar  and  Gi\jerat  in  India  had  the  charge  the  amount  of  contributions  as  $5,788,266. 
of  six  principal  and  six  minor  stations,  with  The  receipts  of  the  Domeitie  Committee  of 
niue  oraained  missionaries  and  a  native  church  the  Board  of  Missions  for  the  year  ending  Sep- 
of  1,720  adherents.  The  total  income  of  the  tember  1,  1878,  were:  from  collections,  contri- 
Church  for  the  year,  exclusive  of  that  accruing  butions,  and  interest  on  investments,  for  domes- 
from  the  two  colleges  and  the  invested  funds,  tic  missions  proper,  $108,461 ;  designated  for 
was  £154,953.  work  among  the  colored  people  of  the  South, 

The  General  Aaembly  of  the  Presbyterian  $14,300 ;  designated  as  special  contributions 

Ohorch  in  Ireland  met  at  Belfast,  June  6th.  for  individual  bishops,  schools,  and  other  in- 

The  Rev.  Professor  Witherow,  Professor  of  stitutions,  $25,864 ;  total,  $143,266.    The  debt 

Pastoral  Theology  in  Derry  College,  was  cho-  of  $5,138  standing  against  the  Committee  in 

Ben  Moderator.    The  statistical  reports  showed  the  previous  year  had  been  paid  off,  and  the 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  OHDSCH. 


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n™ 

Sli^T 

Nnmb«orMs)u<p4,M;  ortMptliin(dni1iiglIia]rc4 
ofomflrDutloiUpiflfTiS;  of  cud1dAt«i Ibr ord(n« Sfl 
"■ -■ '■•  -irimliim;  of  BiindJij-«chg 


Committee  had  Bufficient  meaoB  on  hand  to  paj 
oflF  their  prewnt  indebtadnesB.  The  report  of 
the  Committee  dwells  upon  the  iraportanoe  of 
the  work  among  the  colored  people.  The  in- 
stitution for  the  training  of  colored 
at  Raleigh,  N.  0.,  has  room  for  the  i 
dation  of  more  than  100  pupils,  a  landed  estate 
of  100  acres,  and  endowment  fnnds  of  about 
t20,000.    It  baa  been  fonnd  that  the  difflcnll^ 

■  ButiniM  NporMd  l^tt-TL 


arising  in  oonseqnenoe  of  the  colored  peo^ 
not  being  able  to  read  the  serrices  in  the  Pn« 
er-Book  is  overcome  b;  means  of  their  qoicl 
and  retentive  memories.  Special  reportBirH 
received  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Bod 
from  the  HiBaionary  Bishops  of  Montana,  lMi% 
and  Utah,  Nevada,  Western  Teias,  and  Ndrtit 
ern  Texas,  of  the  condition  of  the  Chorcli  t 
their  several  dioceses.  The  mttwonsr;  di^trid 
of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  was  stil]  niilii 
a  miaaionary  bishop  of  itg  own. 

The  receipts  of  the  Indian  Commiftu  tt 
the  same  year  were  $3^,410,  in  addition  a 
which  the  Committee  received  And  disbnna* 


ments  exceeded  the  gross  amount  which  lia 
Committee  had  at  its  command  by  $!1!.95,kJ 
tlie  Qsual  montlily  pay  to  miBBionAries  wu  nil ' 
dne  at  the  end  of  the  year  for  two  mvax. 
The  work  in  charge  of  the  Committcf  th 
among  the  Uneidaa  in  Wisconsin,  the  Qip;^ 
was  in  Uinneaota,  several  scattered  baotU  of 
SioDX  in  Minnesota,  the  Dakotas  in  the  ait 
sionarydistrictof  Niobrara,  and  the  Sbosboiif 
in  the  Territory  of  Wyoming ;  it  frave  emfJoj- 
ment  to  one  missionary  bishop,  10  whiM  oA 
10  native  clergymen,  16  nstive  eatecbistt  icd 
teachers,  sod  16  woman  helpers — GSlabonrtji 
all. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Foreign  Conmthi 
for  the  year  ending  In  Beptember,  187B,  woi 
tlSe,gTl,  or  $20,000  more  than  the  receipt>of 
any  previous  year.  The  debt,  which  Btood  i 
the  previoQB  year  at  (18,484,  was  at  th«  tiin 
of  making  the  report  $17,008.  The  misiuii 
wwe  in  Africa.  China,  Japan,  Hayti,  and  )lti- 
ico,  and  the  following  is  a  summary  of  ttutr 
statistics:  African  Mission  (Cape  Palmu,  bi- 
noe  and  Bassa,  and  Monrovia  and  Cape  Mooni 
districts — 1  bishop,  fl  clergymen,  S  candidalo. 
8  poBtnlants,  2  physicians,  2  whi(«  and  10  d>- 
tive  teachera,  8  ohnrches,  10  schoolhonws,  tSJ 
attendants  on  worship,  29S  comronnicanl&  Tt 
confirmations,  8ST  scholars  in  day  and  board- 
ing schools,  S22  Banday-Bchool  scholars,  umI 
$210  of  contribntions.  China  Mission  (Shtnf- 
hai  district,  Wuchang,  and  Hankow) — I  bishcF. 
B  foreign  and  8  native  clergymen,  10  csiJi- 
dates,  1  physician,  8  woman  miesionaries,  49  na- 
tive oatecbists,  teachers,  Bible  -  readers,  t^i 
hospital  assist^ts,  GTS  attendants  on  worahi;. 
221  communicant^,  48  candidates  awaidngroD- 
firmation,  083  scholars  in  day  and  boirdiiiil 
schools  and  348  in  Sunday  schools,  and  |l,ore 
of  contributions,  Japan  (stations  at  Osalii  nJ 
Tokio) — 1  bishop,  6  foreign  preflbyf*rs,  1  native 
deacon,  1  physician,  6  foreign  female  l«acherK 
10  catecbists,  teachers,  and  Bible-readrn,  i 
foreign  and  48  native  common! cants,  16  con- 
Urmations,  CI  scholars  in  boarding  and  Aaj 
schools  and  120  in  Snnday  schoola,  and  p^l 
of  contributions.  Hayti — 1  bishop,  10  cler^- 
men,  14  lay  readers,  4  candidate*,  8  missionarr 
stations,  357  commnnicants.  89  conGnnatioBS. 
986  parishioners,  164  •cbolan  in  parish  sod 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  OHUROH.  703 

72  in  Sanday  schools,  and  $1,804  of  contriba-  been  $5,800.    The  Society  had  educated  daring 

tioDS.    Mexico— 2  bishops  elect,  4  presbyters,  the  year  at  varioas  seminaries  60  students,  of 

50  congregations,  79  laj  readers  (supported  by  whom  16  had  been  ordained. 

the  people),  8,600  communicants,  1  orphanage  The  Church  Society  for  promoting  Christian- 

with  a  superintendent,  8  teachers  and  84  bene-  ity  among  the  Jews  was  organized  in  the  city 

Sciaries,  8  schools  with  260  scholars,  8  Sunday  of  New  York  on  January  10,  1877,  and  was 

schools  with  280  scholars,  1  theological  school  shortly  afterward  incorporated.    Bishop  Pot- 

trith  7  students,  and  11  candidates  for  orders,  ter,  of  New  York,  was  chosen  its  President. 

Appropriations  were  made  for  the  Church  in  It  is  proposed  to  carry  on  the  mission  work 

Mexico  of  $14,000  per  aunum.    The  work  of  throughout  the  United  States,  from  New  York 

the  Church  has  been  extended  to  eighty  dif-  City  as  a  center.    It  is  claimed  in  the  prospeo- 

ferent  towns,  villages,  and  *  estates,  but  for  tus  of  the  Society  that  under  the  operations  of 

wmt  of  means  is  regularly  kept  up  at  only  fifty  the  English  Society  with  a  similar  object  more 

[>]aces.  than  20,000  Jews  have  embraced  Ohristianity 

The  contributions  to  the  Woman^s  Board  of  and  been  baptized.    More  than  100  Hebrews 

M'mions  for  the  year  were  $97,927.28.     The  have  been  oniained  to  the  ministry  of  the  An- 

report  stated  that  the  Board  had  supported  glican  Ohurch,  and  four  have  become  bishops, 

loring  the  year  100  scholarships  in  the  differ-  among  whom  are  the  present  Lord  Bishop  of 

}Dt  mission  schools,  had  supplied  $400  for  the  Huron,  and  Bishop  Schereschewsky,  of  Shang- 

mpport  of  three  woman  agents  in  the  domes-  hai.    Twelve  Jews  were  baptized  by  the  clergy 

ic  field,  had  furnished  four  scholarships  in  the  of  New  York  during  1877.    The  Society  had, 

freedmen's  school  at  Raleigh,  N.  0.,  had  com-  soon  after  its  organization,  a  school  in  which 

)Ii:ted  a  fund  for  finishing  t£e  electrotype  plates  fifty  Jewish  children  were  trained  in  Ohristi- 

)f  the  Dakota  Prayer-Book,  had  with  its  auz-  anity. 

liaries  projected  funds  for  the  endowment  of  The  twenty-second  annual  report  of  the  So- 

oar  scholarships  in  the  Missionary  College  in  ciety  for  the  Increase  of  the  Ministry  shows 

^hino,  and  had  sent  a  missionary  to  Africa  af-  that  its  receipts  for  the  year  ending  Septem- 

er  having  made  provision  for  her  support  for  her  1, 1878,  were  $21,212,  and  its  expenditures 

1  term  of  years.  $26,949.    During  the  year  116  scholars  had 

The  American  Church  Missionary  Society  received  aid  from  the  treasury  of  the  Society, 

now  auxiliary  to  the  Board  of  Missions)  re-  and  28  had  been  ordained. 

>orted  receipts  for  the  year  ending  August  81,  The  Rev.  J.  H.  Eccleston,  who  had  been 

1878,  of  $31,840.     Thirty-seven  missionaries  elected  in  1877  to  be  Bishop  of  the  new  Diocese 

lad  heen  commissioned  during  the  year,  of  of  West  Virginia,  declined  on  January  9,  1878, 

r horn  81  continued  to  labor  at  its  close,  and  to  accept  the  office.    Another  Diocesan  Oouncil 

138  stations  had  been  supplied  in  17  dioceses  assembled  on  February  27tb,  when  the  Rev. 

md  missionary  jurisdictions.  George  W.  Peterkin,  Rector  of  the  Memorial 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Evangelical  Edu-  Ohurch,  Baltimore,  Md.,  was  elected  Bishop. 
ntum  Society  was  held  in  November.  Several  His  election  was  approved,  and  he  was  conse- 
[uestions  were  discussed  relative  to  promoting  crated  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  on  May  80th. 
be  greater  eflScienoy  of  the  Society,  and  qnes-  The  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  S.  Harris  having  de- 
ions  respecting  the  rationalistic  controversy,  dined  in  December,  1877,  to  accept  the  office 
rhe  Execntire  Committee  were  authorized  to  of  Bishop  of  the  new  Diocese  of  Quincy,  111.,  a 
eoeive  and  expend  money  for  the  benefit  of  special  convention  of  the  diocese  was  held  at 
my  one  studying  for  the  ministry  in  schools,  Quincy,  February  27th,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Alex- 
olleges,  theological  seminaries,  or  under  other  ander  Burgess,  of  Christ  Church,  Springfield, 
onditions,  as  weU  as  of  persons  who  had  been  Mass.,  was  chosen  Bishop.  He  accepted  the 
trdaioed  deacons,  but  had  not  completed  their  office,  and  was  consecrated  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
oarse  of  study.  Sympathy  was  expressed  May  16th.  Dr.  Burgess  is  a  son  of  the  late 
rith  the  work  of  the  Church  among  the  col-  Chief  Justice  Thomas  Burgess,  of  Rhode  Island, 
»red  people  of  Virginia,  and  especially  with  and  a  brother  of  the  late  Bishop  Burgess,  of 
be  effort  to  supply  t^ose  people  with  an  edu*  Maine.  He  was  graduated  from  Brown  Uni- 
ated  ministry.  The  Society  determined  that  versity  in  1888,  and  has  held  the  rectorship  of 
en  prize  scholarships  of  $100  each  should  be  churches  in  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  Augusta  and 
banded  in  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  and  that  Portland,  Me.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  Spring- 
hree  scholarships  of  $50  each,  one  for  each  field,  Mass.  He  was  President  of  the  House  of 
lasa,  should  be  founded  in  each  of  the  Episco-  Deputies  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  General 
>al  theological  schools  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Convention  of  1877. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Alexandria,  Va.,  and  Gam-  The  election  of  the  Rev.  George  F.  Seymour, 
>ier,  Ohio,  to  be  awarded  at  the  close  of  the  D.  D.,  as  Bishop  of  the  new  Diocese  of  Spring- 
rear  by  the  faculties  of  the  institutions.  The  field.  111.,  in  1877,  had  been  approved  in  Feb- 
•eceipts  of  the  Society  for  the  year  had  been  ruary,  1878,  by  the  consenting  vote  of  twenty- 
f 20,301,  and  its  expenditures  $15,968.  The  four  dioceses,  or  a  sufficient  number  to  com- 
>ermaneDt  fund  amounted  to  $19,000  cash,  be-  plete  the  diocesan  confirmation.  Eleven  dio- 
ildes  $15,000  in  estates  and  beauests.  The  ceses  failed  to  give  their  consent.  The  consent 
unount  of  bequests  left  during  tne  year  had  of  the  Bishops  was  afterward  given.    Dr.  Sey- 


704  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  PRUSSIA. 

monr  declined  to  accept  the  office,  bat  the  of  New  York  Cit^,  the  Re^.  D.  R.  Goodm 

Diocesan  Convention  at  its  first  annual  meet-  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  the  Rev.  Henry  Forrester, 

ing,  Maj  28th,  having  nnanimoQBlj  requested  of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  the  Rev.  S.  C.  Thnll 

him  to  withdraw  his  declination,  he  did  so,  and  D.  D.,  of  Comberland^  Md.,  the  Rev.  Edvajd 

was  consecrated  Bishop  in  Trinity  Church,  Sullivan,  D.  D.,  of  Chicago,  IlL,  and  tlie  Btr 

New  York,  June  11th.  T.  N.  Dudley,  D.  D. ;  **  The  Sunday  Qoestion^ 

Bishop  Samuel  A.  McCoskrej  in  March  re-  — ^papers  by  the  Rev.  D.  R.  Goodwin,  D.  D.,  of 
signed  the  office  of  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  the  Rev.  £.  A.  Wa»li- 
Michigan,  assigning  affliction  by  disease  as  the  burn,  D.  D.,  of  New  York  City,  and  addresks 
reason  for  his  action.  Charges  of  immorality  by  Mr.  John  W.  Andrews,  of  C<dambQs,  Obi* 
were  afterward  made  against  him,  whereupon  the  Rev.  R.  S.  Alsop,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  tit 
he  withdrew  his  resignation,  and  asked  that  an  Rev.  George  F.  Bugbee,  of  Covington,  Ky^  tie 
investigation  be  made  of  his  conduct,  as  pro-  Rev.  Dr.  W.  R.  Huntington,  and  the  Rev.  Dr. 
vided  by  the  canons  of  the  Church.  He  atter-  J.  H.  Hopkins ;  '*  The  Mutual  Relations  of  C&}- 
ward  reconsidered  his  later  action,  and  on  May  ital  and  Labor  *' — papers  by  Mr.  B.  £.  Green, 
25th  renewed  the  resignation  and  relinquish-  of  Dalton,  Ga.,  Hon.  Abraro  S.  Hewitt,  of  Ktr 
ment  of  his  office,  with  the  request  that  the  York  City,  and  the  Rev.  John  W.  Kramer, 
same  be  acted  upon  by  the  House  of  Bishops  D.  D.,  of  New  York  City,  and  an  address  l^ 
at  some  convenient  season,  after  which  he  the  Rev.  Thomas  Gallaudet,  D.  D.,  of  New 
sailed  for  Europe.  A  special  meeting  of  the  York  City;  ** Christ  in  the  Persons!  life^- 
House  of  Bishops  was  called,  to  assemble  on  papers  by  the  Rev.  W.  N.  McVickar,  D.  D.  d 
August  28th,  to  consider  the  case  and  act  upon  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  the  Rev.  8.  C.  Tbrtl 
it.  The  House  of  Bishops  decided  on  Septem-  of  Cumberland,  Md.,  and  addresses  by  the  HtT. 
her  8d  that,  whereas  Bishop  McCoskrey  had  J.  M.  Pringle,  of  Henderson,  Ky.,  and  th«  Ect. 
abandoned  his  diocese  and  left  the  territory  of  N.  S.  Rulison,  of  Cleveland,  O. 
the  United  States  while  grave  allegations  ex-  PRUSSIA,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  tomx 
isted  against  him,  thereby  declining  to  promote  part  of  the  German  Empire.  King,  itilliaiD  L. 
any  investigations  of  these  allegations,  and  German  Emperor  and  King  of  F^ssia.  (T*« 
whereas  no  action  of  his  under  such  circum-  an  account  of  the  royal  family,  see  Gut- 
stances  could  make  effective  his  voluntary  res-  many.) 

ignation,  relinquishment,  and  abandonment  of       The  Prussian  Ministry  was  composed  in  IST^ 

his  sacred  office  except  by  his  deposition  from  as  follows :  President,  Prince  von  Bismarit 

the  same,  therefore  ne  was  deposed  from  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affdrs  and  Chancellor  of 

sacred  ministry  and  from  all  offices  thereof,  the  German  Empire;  Vice-PreadeDt,  Coast 

In  accordance  with  these  resolutions  the  sen-  Otto  zu  Stolberg- Wemigerode  (appointed  Mij 

tence  of  deposition  was  publicly  pronounced  29,   1878);   Minister  of  Finances,  Hobitdit 

by  the  Presiding  Bishop,  and  was  read  in  the  (March  80^  1878) ;  Count  zn  Eulenbnrg,  Min^- 

churches.  er  of  the  Interior  (March  80,  1878) ;  Dr.  Letn- 

The  fifth  annual  Church  Congreu  was  held  hardt  (December  5,  1867),  Minister  of  Justice; 

at  Cincinnati,  O.,  beginning  October  15th.   The  Dr.  Falk  (January  22,  1872),  Minister  ofEc- 

opening  address  was  delivered  by  Assistant  clesiastical,  Educational,  and  Medical  Affairs; 

Bishop  Dudley,  of  Kentucky,  as  Chairman.  The  General  von  Eomeke  (November  9, 1873X  ^' 

first  topic  for  discussion,  ^^The  Interpretation  isterofWar;  August  Maybacb  (March  SO,  187^). 

of  the  Bible  in  Relation  to  the  Present  Con-  Minister  for  Commerce  and  Public  Works ;Dr' 

dition  of  Learning  and  Science,"  was  oonsid-  Friedenthal  (September  19, 1874X  Minifierof 

ered  in  papers  by  the  Rev.  Frederick  Gardiner,  Agriculture ;  Von  Bfllow  (June  6, 1876),  Seere- 

D.  D.,  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  the  Rev.  Edwin  tary  of  State  in  the  Foreign  Office;  HofmiM 

Harwood,  D.  D.,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  (June  6, 1876),  President  of  the  Imperial  Chic- 

Professor  John  McCrady,  of  the  University  of  eery. 

the  South,  and  in  addresses  by  the  Rev.  W.  P.        The  table  on  page  705  gives  the  area  and 

Du  Rose,  of  the  same  institution,  the  Rev.  population  of  the  d^erent  provinces  of  ^^^ 

Edmund  Rowland,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  the  sia  in  1876. 

Rev.  C.  C.  Tiffany,  of  New  York,  the  Rev.  T.        In  the  budget  for  the  year  1878-'7»  the  rt- 

S.  Bacon,  of  Oakland,  Md.,  and  the  Rev.  Allan  ceipts  and    expenditures  were   estimated  at 

S.  Woodle.    The  other  topics  discussed  during  718,857,764  marks.    The  sources  of  rewcQi 

the  session  of  the  Congress,  with  the  authors  were  as  follows : 
of  the  papers  and  the  speakers  upon  them, 
were  as  follows :  "  The  Novel  in  its  Influence  soubobs  op  bevejub.        ^ 

upon  Modern  Life  " — papers  by  the  Rev.  W.  i.  Miniatiy  of  Finance SSHli 

R.  Huntington,  D.  D.,  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Butler.  J-      :      ^I^JST^ M«^ 

D.  D.,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  the  Rev.  Samuel  a.   «    of  juBtte»:::::::;:::;:::;::.*.::.*i:.*  «^"j^ 

Osgood,  D.D.,  of  New  York  City;  "The  New  »•      ;;      *J5»lS|ft'*^ if«^fre 

TestamentDoctrineof  Absolution"— papers  by  ?;      «       Sf^^^rSip^ucitioiand'Mkidn^^^    i^^^'^f 

theRev.  James  DeKoven,D.D.,  of  Racine,  Wis.,  8*.      **      ofForaignAihin **' 

and  the  Rev.  James  S.  Bush,  of  West  Brighton,  ••      "      "'^•' J^ 

N.  Y.,  and  addresses  by  the  Rev.  C.  B.  Smith,  Total ns«»MM 


PBUSSLL 


706 


FBOVIMGB. 


'Mt  ProHlA... 
TestPrnMia... 
tnndMibiiij^. . . 
'oiDcnolA . .  ■  ■  • 

\ 
I 

tI0D7  

eUetvif-Hditein  OndiuiTe  of  Lracnbarg) 

(anofer 

PettphaBft. 

UM6-NiiMa 

thlB*  PMrrtuM. 

lobnuaoSkn 

Total 


fal  *»gHJf 


14,tTT 

9,846 

1S,400 

11,180 

1&,5M 
9,746 
T.061 

14,786 
T,799 
6,046 

10,416 
441 


184,180 


FOrVLATIOV. 


800,066 
606,418 

1^.048 
T18,701 
774,840 

1,886,888 

1,078,440 
086,776 

1,007.780 
978,74a 
718,186 

l,91^979 
81,888 


18,698^0 


966,806 

684,649 

1,0674)68 

748,080 

881,888 

l,007,8n 

1,096,048 

667,100 

1,009,668 

988,900 

749.719 

1,888,408 

84,648 


18,000,084 


ToiiL 


1,806^1 
1,848,060 
8,18^411 
1,469,890 
1,606,084 
8,848,699 
8,168,988 
1,078,986 
8,017,898 
1,900,697 
1,467,898 
8,804,881 
66.466 


98^749^ 


The  ezpenditares  are  divided  into  permanent 
firtdattemde)^  tranaitory  (einmalige)^  and  ex- 
raordinary  (aniterordmUiehe)  disbaraements. 
rhe  coD^uing  or  permanent  are  anbdiyided 
nto  current  ezpenoitarea  (BetrieUmugab€n\ 
idminiotratire  ezpenditorea  (Staatt-VenDal- 
'ungtanigab&n\  and  chargea  on  the  consolidate 
)d  fand  (Botationen),  The  different  brancli- 
»  of  ezpenditorea  were  aa  follows : 

BBANOHXa  OF  BXPEHDITUBBB. 


IQDiitiyorTtiuiiee 67,840,000 

•*       ofCommacw. 199.891,745 

*"       oTStato 008,870 

Total  evTont  ospendltBrei 867,569,110 

AmmaTBAnn  axpurmruBn. 

KtnlitiyorFbMiiee 118,887,161 

*  ofOMnnMroe. 19,910,716 

"  ofJoattee 69,406,000 

**  ofthelnterior. 86,810,048 

■*  oTAnlcnltore. 10,479,549 

^  of  WordiSp  and  lattnedon 40.896,041 

*  ofStata 8,876,788 

*  ofForai^AfflUn 411,600 

Total  admlaiftntfToeipeiidltafei 899,666,881 

CBAAQBi  QW  TBI  OOmOUDATBD  FDMD. 

UditloutothaaiowBdotettoDtoftheKlBg....  4,500.000 

lotrnttoapublledaM 48,768,979 

ItakHvAuaofdeM 17,478,618 

Umalttio  and  nMBaMmoDt 1,801,408 

Ambw  of  Lords  (HoRenhaai) lOl^SlO 

^kHBlMrofDepatlai. 1.199,580 

Total  ch«aea  on  coMoHdatod  ftmd 78.908,880 

Total  orilnaiyapaidltiiraa 640,099,ni 

TVaoiltoiy  and  aaoraordinaiy  Mponditnrea    78^857,998 

TotaL 718,857J64 

The  pabUo  debt  of  the  kingdom,  inclnsive  of 
I  proTinoea  annexed  in  1860,  was  aa  follows 
9Q  March  81, 1877 : 


LCooioBdataddibtoflSia. 141,889,600 

^        •             •    Ofl870. 606,809,100 

I        *            «    ofl87Saiidl876 100,000,000 

iloa^ouoBdatadloaiu 111,478,900 

Mtatora&wajdebt 46,8^,616 

{•PnferaooakMDoflSOO 87,080,000 

t  War  debt  of  the  Knnnaik  and  Keunark. . ..  9,748,988 

I.  TotaldabtofPniMla 968,886,448 

n.  D«btofprof1iMaaaDMSodlBl866. 95,29&.084 

10.  lUtiDgdibtoaUed  AAolMMiotinMi^M      80,000,000 

Total 1,008,000,479 

^«6ide8  Ihia,  there  were  ontatanding  rentea 
Vol.  xviiL — 46    A 


to  the  amount  of  26,800,000  marks,  and  a  debt 
not  bearing  interest,  making  the  total  capital 
1,085,958,058. 

The  Prassian  Diet,  assembled  on  Janaarj 
8th.  The  principal  sabjects  before  it  were  the 
laws  proyioinff  for  the  execution  of  the  Feder- 
al laws  (Beiehifuitisiguetu)^  and  the  anpple- 
mentary  estimates  to  carry  oat  the  organic 
changes  in  the  Cabinet  proposed  by  Prince 
Bismarck.  The  former  were  finally  passed  in 
March,  after  haying  been  under  consideration 
in  the  committees  of  both  Houses.  The  dis- 
cussion on  the  supplementary  estimatea  waa 
begun  in  the  Lower  House  on  March  28d. 
Prince  Bismarck  energetically  supported  the 
proposal  submitted,  especially  in  regard  to  the 
creation  of  a  Ministry  of  Railways.  He  aaid  a 
different  administration  of  the  railways  must 
be  instituted,  otherwise  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble for  him  to  remain  in  power.  Without  a 
solution  of  the  question  aa  to  the  person  who 
waa  to  hold  the  office,  it  waa  impossible  to 
think  of  settling  the  Imperial  Railway  question. 
On  the  same  day  a  letter  from  the  Ministrr  of 
State  was  read,  announcing  that  the  King  had 
accepted  the  resignation  of  Herr  Camphausen, 
tiie  Minister  of  Finance.  This  resignation  waa 
caused  by  differences  which  had  arisen  be- 
tween Prince  Bismarck  and  Herr  Oamphausen. 
(See  Gbbmakt.)  Herr  Hobrecht,  Chief  Bur* 
gomaster  of  Berlin,  was  appointed  in  his  place, 
and  Count  Stolberg-Wermgerode  was  appoint- 
ed Vice-President  of  the  Ministry,  and  rep- 
resentative of  the  Imperial  Chancellor.  On 
March  7th  the  supplementary  estimates  were 
read  for  the  first  time,  and  the  debate  on  the 
second  reading  then  began.  A  motion  pro- 
posing that  the  administration  of  the  foresta 
and  crown  lands  should  be  transferred  from 
the  Ministry  of  Finance  to  that  of  Agriculture 
was  rejected,  aa  waa  also  the  proposal  for  the 
creation  of  a  Ministry  of  Railways.  The  only 
grant  voted  was  that  required  for  the  salary  of 
the  Vice-President  of  the  Ministry.  On  March 
24th  Dr.  Achenbaoh,  the  Minister  of  Com- 
merce, sent  in  his  resignation,  in  consequence 
of  the  severe  criticisms  made  by  Prince  Bis- 
marck, in  his  speech  in  the  Lower  House  on 
the  administration  of  the  Railway  Department 
by  the  Board  of  Trade.  Herr  Maybaoh,  Under- 


706                     PRUSSIA.  PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS. 

Secretary  to  the  Department,  was  appointed  the  law  bj  wbich  religjona  orders  and  congre- 
his  saccessor.  Count  Ealenbnrg  also  re-  gations  are  dissolved.  This  was  oppoeed  bj 
signed^  and  was  replaced  by  Count  Botho  zn  Dr.  Falk,  the  Minister  of  Public  Worship,  vho 
Eulenburg.  The  Diet  closed  on  March  29th.  alluded  to  the  negotiations  between  G^nnanj 
The  Diet  was  opened  again  on  November  and  the  Vatican,  and  declared  that  the  Got- 
19th  by  Count  Stolberg,  who  read  the  follow-  ernment  could  not  agree  to  the  proposal  to  ki 
ing  speech  from  the  throne :  matters  rest  by  not  giving  effect  to  the  exist- 
Dreadful  events  have  happened  sloce  the  dose  of  i?«  ^^i  "S®  House  finally  reacted  the  m.> 
last  session.  His  Mige8ty»B  life,  twice  threatened  by  tion.  On  December  18th  the  House  passed  t 
criminal  attacks,  has  been  gracioiuly  preserved  and  resolution  by  a  large  minority  ft^HiTig  upon  \te 
almost  miraculously  strengthened  by  Providence.  Government  to  bring  about  as  speedily  as  pes- 
But  the  days  of  trial  have  become  days  of  patriotic  aiKi^  thtu  trAnsfor  nf  t>iA  rv>ntrn1  nf  tliA  YVnGsi*^ 
uprising.  "The  people  have  a«un  minifested  their  "  n^I^^l!^^^  ^V?/  K^ 
love  and  their  devotion  to  the  King.  The  patriotiam  railway  system  to  the  empire.  The  Diet  ad- 
evinced,  and  the  deep  impression  produced  by  those  joumed  on  the  ZOth  for  the  Christmas  Tacatiocs. 
terrible  incidents,  encourage  hopes  that,  thanks  to  PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS.  Annual  Mma^ 
the  cooperation  of  all  conservative  elemenU,  we  <?/•  iVssuZsn^  Hates,  at  the  third  9m9um  of  iki 
shall  ffradually  succeed  in  overcommg  aberrations,  jpi^*-.  ^/yi  n^*m,^^^  «>*«i«».««.«^^  ru^i^^i^  a 
to  restrain  which  certain  imperial  lawslave  been  re-  f^^'^^  CongretB,  eammenemff  Det^Ur  i 
cently  enacted.    The  ties  of  love  and  affection  con-  -IciYo. 

necting  the  people  with  the  dynasty  have  been  man-  Fbllow-Cxtissks  ov  ths  Sefaiz  Aim  Hotrss  or  Bir- 

ifested  afresn  in  the  confidence  with  wliich  they  have  bbsbntattvbs  : 

welcomed  his  Imperial  and  Boyal  Highness,  the  Our  heartfelt  gratitude  is  due  to  the  Dirine  Beia;, 

Crown  Prince,  upon  his  temporarv  assumption  of  who  holds  in  Uls  hands  the  destinies  of  Daticsks,  tlr 

the  reins  of  government — a  confidence  which  has  the  continued  bestowal,  during  the  last  year,  ci 

greatly  contributed  to  enable  his  Imperial  and  Royal  countless  blessings  upon  our  country. 

Highness  to  carry  out  his  difficult  task  in  accordance  We  are  at  peace  with  all  other  nations.    Our  pvl- 

with  his  Majesty's  intentions.  lio  credit  has  greatly  improved,  and  is,  perbara. 

The  Government  relies  upon  ^our  oo()peration  for  now  stronger  than  e^er  before.    Abundant  faarTcsti 

the  removal  of  financial  difficulties.    The  consider-  have  rewarded  the  labors  of  those  who  til)  the  acil. 

able  surplus  accruing  from  laat  year's  accounts  is  our  manufacturing  industries  are  reviving,  and  it  -.» 

almost  entirely  required  to  cover  our  increasing  con-  believed  that  general  prosperity,  whi<^  baa  been  »o 

tributioQS  toward  the  German  exchequer.    The  in-  long  anxiously  looked  for.  is  at  last  within  oar  i«sc^. 

terest  on  the  public  debt  has  likewise  considerably  The  enjoyment  of  healtn  by  our  people  gcneisi.f 

increased,  ana  there  are  other  unavoidable  expenses  has,  however,  been  interrupted  darug  the  past  aes- 

to  be  met.    Unless  important  interests  are  to  be  sonby  the  prevalence  of  a  fatal  peatilenoe,  the  yellov 

nefflected.  retrenchment  is  almost  impossible.    The  fever^  in  some  portions  of  the  Southern  States,  ere- 

influx  of  lar^e  sums  from  extraordinarv  souroes  re-  atiug  an  emergency  which  called  for  prompt  Mad  q- 

corded  in  this  yeaHs  budget  has  ceasea ;  while  the  traordinary  measures  of  relief.   The  disease  app«ait4 

ordinary  and  regular  revenue,  suffering  ftom  the  as  an  epidemic  at  Mew  Orleana  and  at  other  fktts 

continued  depression  of  trade,  does  not  allow  us  to  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  soon  after  midcnm&cf. 

oount  upon  any  sensible  addition  to  the  previous  fig-  It  was  rapidly  spread  by  Aigitives  from  the  infected 

ures.  The  revenue  is  insufficient  to  cover  the  ordinary  cities  and  towns,  and  did  not  disappear  until  eu^ 

and  regular  expenditure  of  the  state.    The  means  ly  in  November.    The  States  of  Louiaiana,  Micai^- 

required  to  amend  this  state  of  things  will  be  found  sippi,  and  Tennessee  have  suffered  severely.    AboLi 

in  taxes  and  imports  handed  over  to  the  German  onehundred  thousand  cases  are  believed  to  have  c<^ 

exchequer.     Meanwhile  current   expenditure  will  curved,  of  which  about  twenty  thousand,  soooi^iLf 

have  to  be  partly  defrayed  by  loans.  to  intelligent  estimates,  proved  fktaL    It  is  impocsi- 

_^                                                             J       T  .«  ^^®  *^  estimate  with  any  approach  to  accuracT  tl* 

The  remainder  of  the  speech  referred  to  bills  loss  to  the  country  oecaaioned  by  this  epideisie.    It 

of  domestic  import  to  be  laid  before  the  House,  if*  to  be  reckoned  by  the  hundred  millions  of  doUas». 

Among  other  plans  enumerated,  the  Govern-  The  suffering  and  destitution  thstreeulted  ezelsed 

ment  contemplated  the  construction  of  new  %t^\a':^'S ^r!^X^{.%  \^.r 

railways  ana  canals,  and  the  purchase  of  some  to  the  assistance  of  the  afflicted  communities.    Voi- 

rail way  lines  belonging  to  joint-stock  oompa-  untary  contributions  of  money  and  auppUes,  in  every 

nies.     On  the  following  day  Herr  Hobrecht,  n««ded  form,  were  speedily  and  gencroaalj  ftr- 

the  Minister  of  Finance,  laid  the  budget  for  »"*»«^-    ^he  Government  was  able  to  respond  in 

1878-7?  before  the  H^e     The  to^^^^^^^  '^^T^^Z^^^^^Xl^^^^^^ 

was  estimated  at  73,750,000  marks,  and  bat  requisite  directions  for  the  purpose  being  gives  :a 

for  the  last  remnant  of  the  French  indemnity  the  confident  expectation  that  this  action  of  the  £x- 

being  distributed  in  1876,  it  would  have  oc-  •cutive  would  receive  the  sanction  of  Coogres*. 

curred  a  year  sooner..    It  was  mainly  occa-  .^^ ^^f^T  t^wTntriv^t?^^^^^^ 

sioned  by  the  steady  mcrease  of  military  ex-  gent  to  cities  and  towns  which  applied  for  thee:, 

penditure,  and  the  falling  off  of  the  proceeds  Aill  details  of  which  will  be  Aimished  to  ^ 

from  Government  railways,  mines,  and  forests,  by  the  nroper  Department. 

The  Minister  urged  that,  to  provide  for  this  The  fearftil  spread  of  this  pestileDoehss^ 

deficit,  the  state^hould  be  reHeved  f^om  the  LIST^^i^Si^SSi^^^^^ 

payment  or  its  contriDUtion  to  the  imperial  quarantine,  but  have  the  sanitary  saperviaioga  of  is- 

expenses,  by  the  creation  of  special  sources  of  temal  commerce  in  times  of  epidemios,  sndl  hold  as 

income  for  the  empire  itself,  and  by  a  reform  "dvisory  relation  to  the  State  and  muniwp*!  health 

in  the  system  of  commercial  taxation.    On  SS^^^^S;  nubU^^ 

pecember  nth  the  House  discussed  a  motion  Sd*8tate  authorities  are'unable  to  nvnlatoTYhe 

by  Herr  Wmdthorstm  favor  of  an  alteration  of  national  quarantine  act  approved  Apiil   89,  isrs» 


of  llAtk>C&l 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS.  707 

whioh  WM  pMted  too  late  in  the  last  aeaaion  of  Con-  neotion  in  my  last  messaffe,  that  whateTer  authority 
gren  to  provide  the  meand  for  carrying  it  into  prao-  rests  with  me  to  this  end  I  shall  not  hesitate  to  put 
ticai  operation  during  the  past  season,  is  a  step  in  forth,  and  I  am  unwilling  to  forego  a  renewed  appeal 
the  direction  here  indioated.  In  vie  w  of  the  necessi-  to  the  Legislatures,  the  courts,  the  executive  authori- 
ty for  the  most  effective  measures,  by  quarantine  ties,  snd  the  people  of  the  States  where  these  wrongs 
aod  otherwise,  for  the  protection  of  our  seaports,  have  been  perpetrated,  to  give  their  assistance 
aad  the  country  generally,  from  this  and  other  epi-  toward  bringing  to  justice  the  offenders  and  prevent- 
ddtntos,  it  is  recommended  that  Congress  ffive  to  the  ing  a  re]>etition  of  the  crimes.  No  means  within  mv 
whole  subject  early  and  careful  consideration.  power  will  be  spared  to  obtain  a  full  and  fair  investi- 
The  permanent  paoillcation  of  the  countr;^  bv  the  gation  of  the  slleged  crimes,  and  to  secure  the  con- 
complete  protection  of  all  oitiaens  in  every  civil  and  viction  and  just  punishment  of  the  guilty, 
pohticil  nght  ooutinues  to  be  of  paramount  interest  It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  principal  appropriation 
with  the  great  bodv  of  our  people.  £very  step  in  made  for  the  Department  of  Justice  at  the  last  ses- 
this  direction  is  welcomed  with  public  approval,  and  sion  contained  the  following  clause :  **  And  for  de- 
every  interruption  of  steady  and  uniform  progress  ft'aving  the  expenses  which  may  be  incurred  in  the 
to  the  desirea  consummation  awakens  general  un-  enforcement  ot  the  act  approved  February  twenty- 
esjineas  and  wide-spread  condemnation.  The  re-  eighth,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-one,  entitled 
cent  Congressional  elections  have  ftirnished  a  direct  '  An  act  to  amend  an  act  approved  May  thirtieth, 


the  Southern  States.  All  disturbing  influences,  real  purposes,'  or  any  acts  amendatory  thereof  or  supple- 
or  imsginaiy,  had  been  removed  from  all  of  these  mentarv  thereto."  It  is  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney- 
States.  General  that  the  expenses  of  these  proceedings  will 


'^ood  dtixens  who  maintained  the  authority  of  the  I  respectfully  urge  upon  your 

natiooal  Government  and  the  integrity  and  perpetui-  Congressional  elections,  in  every  district,  in  a  very 

ty  of  the  Union  at  such  a  oost  of  treasure  and  life,  as  important  sense,  are  justly  a  matter  of  political  inter- 

a  wide  and  neoeasarv  embodiment  in  the  organic  law  est  and  concern  throughout  the  wuole  country, 

of  the  just  results  of  the  war.    The  people  of  the  for^  Each  State,  every  political  party,  is  entitled  to  the 

mil  slave-holding  States  accepted  these  results,  and  share  of  power  which  is  confeired  by  the  legal  and 

give,  in  every  practicable  form,  assurances  that  the  constitutional  suffrage.    It  is  the  right  of  every  citi- 

tnirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  llfteenth  amendments,  sen,  possessing  the  oualiflcations  prescribed  by  law, 

aad  laws  passed  in  pursuance  thereof,  should  in  to  oast  one  unintimidated  ballot,  and  to  have  his  bal- 

pod  faith  be  enforced,  rigidly  and  impartially,  in  lot  honestly  counted.    So  long  as  the  exercise  of  this 

letter  and  spirit,  to  the  ena  that  the  humblest  citi-  power  and  the  enjoyment  of  this  right  are  common 

Ida,  without  distinction  of  race  or  color,  should  un-  and  equal,  practically  as  well  as  formally,  submis- 

der  them  receive  full  and  equal  protection  in  person  sion  to  the  results  of  the  suffrage  wiU  be  accorded 

and  property  and  in  political  rights  and  privileges,  loyally  and  cheerfully,  and  all  the  departments  of  Gov- 

Bj  taese  constitutional  amendments,  the  Southern  emment  will  feel  the  true  vigor  of^the  popultf  will 

•action  of  the  Union  obtained  a  large  increase  of  po-  thus  expressed.     No  temporary  or  admmistrative 

liticsi  power  in  Congress  and  in  the  Electoral  (Jol-  interests  of  Government,  however  urgent  or  weighty, 

le^e.  and  the  oountiy  justly  expected  that  elections  will  ever  displace  the  seal  of  our  people  in  defense 

woQid  proceed,  as  to  the  enfranchised  race,  upon  of  the  primary  rights  of  citizenship.    They  under- 

the  same  circumstances  of  leml  and  constitutional  stand  that  the  protection  of  liberty  requires  the 

freedom  and  protection  whidi  obtained  in  all  the  maintenance,  in  full  vigor,  of  the  manly  methods  of 

other  States  of  the  Union.    The  friends  of  law  and  free  speech,  free  press,  and  a  f^  suffrage,  and  will 

order  looked  forward  to  the  conduct  of  these  eleo-  sustain  the  full  authonty  of  Govemmsnt  to  enforce 

tioQs,  as  offering  to  the  general  judgment  of  the  the  laws  which  are  framed  to  preserve  these  inesti- 

couQtrjT  an  important  opportunity  to  measure  the  mable  rights.    The  material  progress  and  welfare  of 

degree  in  which  the  right  of  suffrage  could  be  exer-  the  States  depend  on  the  protection  afforded  to  their 

cii«d  by  the  colored  people,  and  would  be  respected  citizens.    There  can  be  no  peace  without  such  pro- 

by  their  fellow-citizens :  but  a  more  general  enjoy-  tection,  no  prosperity  without  peace,  and  the  whole 

meat  of  freedom  of  suffrage  by  the  colored  people,  country  is  deeply  interested  in  the  growth  and  pros- 

and  a  more  just  and  ^nerous  protection  of  that  free-  perity  of  all  its  parts. 

d)ai  by  the  communities  of  which  they  form  apart,  While  the  countiy  has  not  yet  reached  complete 

were  generally  anticipated  than  the  record  or  the  unity  or  feeling  and  reciprocal  confidence  between 

elections  discloses.    In  some  of  those  States   in  the  communities  so  lately  and  so  seriously  estranged, 

which  the  eolored  people  have  been  unable  to  make  I  feel  an  absolute  assurance  that  the  tendencies  are 

their  opinions  felt  in  the  elections,  the  result  is  main  in  that  direction,  and  with  increasing  force.    The 

\j  dae  to  influences  not  easily  measured  or  remedied  power  of  public  opinion  will  override  all  political 

bj  legal  protection ;  but  in  the  States  of  Louisiana  prejudices,  and  all  sectional  or  State  attachment,  in 

aid  South  Carolina  at  large,  and  in  some  particular  demanding  that  all  over  our  wide  territory  the  name 

Congressional  districts  outside  of  those  States,  the  and  character  of  citizen  of  the  United  States  shall 

records  of  the  elections  seem  to  compel  the  condu-  mean  one  and  the  same  thing,  and  cany  with  them 

aion  that  the  rights  of  the  colored  voters  have  been  unchallenged  security  and  respect, 

overridden,  ana  their  participation  in  the  elections  Our  relations  with  other  countries  continue  peace* 

not  permitted  to  be  eitner  general  or  free.  fhl.     Our  neutrality  in   contents  between  foreign 

It  will  be  for  the  Congress  for  which  these  eleo-  powers  has  been  maintained  and  respected. 

tions  were  held  to  make  such  examinations  into  The  Universal  Exposition  held  at  Faris  during  the 


tire  and  Jadioial  Departments  of  the  Government,  citizens  to  this  great  Exposition  was  well  employed 

earh  in  its  province,  to  inquire  into  and  punish  vio-  in  energetic  and  judicious  efforts  to  overcome  this 

tations  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  have  disadvantage.    Tnese  efforts,  led  and  directed  by  the 

oocurred.   I  can  but  repeat  what  I  said  in  this  con*  Commissioner-General,  were  remarkably  suooessAil, 


708  PUBLIC  DOOHMENTS. 

and  the  exhibition  of  the  produete  of  Ameriean  in-  After  an  interral  of  seTenl  ymn^  the  CbiiMM 

dustiy  was  crediuble  and  ^ratifying  in  scope  and  Ooveinmeut  haa  again  tent  envoya  to  the  Uicted 

ebaraoter.    The  reports  of  toe  United  States  com-  States.    They  ha^e  been  received,  and  a  pcriBaiisi 

missioners,  giving  its  results  in  detail,  will  be  duly  lection  is  now  established  here  by  that  Govemincst. 

laid  before  you.    Our  participation  in  this  interna-  It  is  not  doubted  that  this  step  will  he  ofadrauf^ 

tional  oompetltion  for  toe  favor  and  the  trade  of  the  to  both  nations  in  promoting  friendly  relations  im 

world  may  be  ezpeoted  to  produce  usefii]  and  impor-  removing  causes  of  dtiferenoe. 

tant  results,  in  promoting  intercourse,  friendship,  and  The  treatr  with  the  Samoan  lalands,  having  Uec 

odmmeroe  with  other  nations.  duly  ratified  and  accepted  on  the  part  of  both  Gor- 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  emments,  is  now  in  operation,  and  a  anrvtj  aai 

February  28,  1878,  three  commiBsioners  were  ap-  soundings  of  the  harbor  of  Pago-Pago  have  b«s 

pointed  to  an  international  conference  on  the  sub-  made  by  a  naval  veaael  of  the  United  States,  wia 

]eot  of  adopting  a  common  ratio  between  gold  and  a  view  of  ita  occupation  aa  a  naral  station,  if  focsi 

silver,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing,  intemation-  desirable  to  the  service. 

ally,  toe  use  of  bimetallio  money,  and  aecuring  fixity  Sioce  the  resumption  of  diplomatic  ralationB  witk 

of  relative  value  between  those  metsls.    Invitations  Mexico,  correspondence  has  oecn  opened  and  itl 

were  addressed  to  the  various  Governments  which  continues  between  the  two  QoTemments  upon  tk 

had  expressed  a  willingness  to  partidpate  in  its  de-  Tarlous  questions  which  at  one  time  aeemed  to  ii.-- 

liberations.     The  conference  held  its  meetings  in  danffer  their  relations.    While  no  form^  agreemfd 

Paris,  in  August  Isst.    The  report  of  the  commis-  haa  Deen  reached  as  to  the  troubles  on  the  bor<ki, 

sioners,  herewith  submitted,  will  show  its  results,  much  has  been  done  to  repreee  and  diminish  tbem. 

No  common  ratio  between  gold  and  ailver  could  be  The  effective  force  of  United  States  troops  ca  tl« 

agreed  upon  by  the  conference.    The  general  con-  Bio  Grande,  by  a  strict  and  faithAil  oomplianoe  viti- 

elusion  was  resched  that  it  is  necesssry  to  maintain  instructions,  has  done  much  to  remove  the  soorea 

in  the  world  the  monetary  Amotions  of  silver  as  well  of  dispute,  and  it  is  now  understood  that  a  likefom  d 

as  of  gold,  lesving  the  selection  of  the  use  of  one  Mexicsn  troops  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  is  iIk 

or  the  other  of  these  two  metals,  or  of  both,  to  be  makiog  an  energetic  movement  against  the  mattt^ 

made  by  each  State.  ing  Indian  tribes.    This  Government  looks  with  tie 

Congress  having  appropriated  at  its  last  session  greatest  satisfaction  upon  every  evidence  of  streogtii 

the  sum  of  $6,600,000  to  pay  the  award  of  the  Joint  in  the  national  authority  of  Mexico,  and  apoo  «v«7 

Commission  at  Halifax,  if,  after  correspondence  with  effort  put  forth  to  prevent  or  to  punish  incaniosi 

the  British  Government  on  the  sublect  of  the  con-  upon  our  territory.    Beludant  to  aaaume  any  aebifi 

formity  of  the  award  to  the  requirements  of  the  or  attitude  in  the  control  of  these  iDcnrsioos,  tf 

treaty  and  to  the  terms  of  the  question  thereby  sub-  militarv  movements  across  the  border^  not  impen- 

mittedto  the  Commission,  the  President  shall  deem  tively  demanded  for  the  protection  of  the  Uvea  scd 

it  his  duty  to  mske  the  payment,  communications  property  of  our  own  citizens.  I  shall  take  the  csrHec: 

upon  these  poiots  were  addressed  to  the  British  Gov-  opportunity,  consistent  witn  the  proper  disckane* 

emment  through  the  legation  of  the  United  States  of  this  plain  duty,  to  recognise  the  abili^  of  ik 

at  London.    Failing  to  obtain  the  concurrence  of  Mexican  Government  to  restrain  effectiverf  viok" 

the  British  Government  in  the  views  of  this  Govern-  tions  of  our  territory.    It  is  proposed  to  hold  aext 

ment  respecting  the  award,  I  have  deemed  it  my  veat  an  International  Exhibition  in  M€3deo,asdUif 

duty  to  tender  the  sum  named  within  the  year  fixed  believed  that  the  displav  of  the  agrionhval  mi 

bv  toe  treaty,  accompanied  by  a  notice  of  the  grounds  manufactnrinff  produota  ox  the  two  nations  will  toA 

or  the  payment,  and  a  protest  against  any  other  con-  to  better  nndarstandini^  and  inereaaed  oommcrcMl 

atruction  of  the  same.     The  correspondence  upon  intercourse  between  their  people, 

this  subject  will  be  laid  before  you.  With  Braxil,  and  the  republics  of  Central  tod 

The  Spanish  Government  haa  offldallv  announced  South  America,  aome  steps  nave  been  taken  Cevsnd 
the  termination  of  the  insurrection  in  Cuba,  and  the  the  development  of  closer  commercial  intereoQiw- 
restoration  of  peace  throughout  that  island.  Confl-  Diplomatic  relatione  have  been  resumed  with  Co- 
dent  expectations  are  expressed  of  a  revival  of  trade  lombia  and  with  Bolivia.  A  bonndax;  qnestioii  b«- 
and  prosperity,  which  it  is  earnestly  hoped  msy  prove  tween  the  Argentine  Bepnblio  and  Faragoav  bis 
well  founded.  Numeroua  claims  of  American  citi-  been  submitted  bv  those  Govemmenta  for  sr^itn- 
lens  for  relief  for  injuries  or  restoration  of  property  tlon  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  I 
have  been  among  the  incidents  of  the  long-continued  have,  after  careful  examination,  given  a  decisica 
hostilities.    Some  of  these  claims  sre  in  process  of  upon  it. 

sd^ustment  by  Spain,  and  the  others  are  promiaed  A  naval  expedition  up  the  Amaaon  and  Msdcin 

earlv  and  oareAil  consideration.  Bivers  haa  brought  back  information  valuable  bctU 

Toe  treaty  made  with  Italy,  in  regard  to  recipro-  for  scientific  and  commercial  purpoeea.  A  like  ex- 
cel consular  privileges,  haa  been  duly  ratified  and  pedltion  is  about  visiting  the  coast  of  Africs  «£<! 
proclaimed.  the  Indian  Ocean.    The  reporte  of  diplomatic  asd 

No  questions  ofgrave  importance  have  ariaen  with  consular  officers  in  relation  to  the  development  d 

any  otner  of  the  l!aropean  powers.  our  foreign  commerce  have  Aimiahed  many  fiMSi 

The  Japanese  Government  has  been  desirous  of  a  that  have  proved  of  public  interest,  and  have  fttim* 

revision  of  auoh  parts  of  its  treaties  with  foreign  ulated  to  practical  exertion  the  enterprise  of  our 

Eowers  as  relate  to  commerce,  and,  it  is  understood,  P^inple. 

as  addreased  to  each  of  the  treaty  powera  a  re-  Toe  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasorr  fm- 

quest  to  open  negotlationa  with  that  view.     The  nishes  a  detailed  atatement  or  the  operationa  of  tha 

United  States  Government  has  been  inclined  to  re-  Department  of  the  Government,  and  of  the  eca<ii- 

gard  the  matter  favorably.    Whatever  restrictions  tion  of  the  public  finances. 

upon  trade  with  Japan  are  found  injurioua  to  that  The  ordinaiy  revennea  fh>m  all  aourcee  for  the  fe- 

people  can  not  but  affect  ic^juriously  nations  holding  cal  year  ended  June  80',  1878,  were  $8(7,7€S,8?1>' ; 

commercial  intercourse  with  them.     Japan,  after  a  the  ordinary  expenditurea  for  the  same  period  wen» 

long  period  of  seclusion,  has  within  the  paat  few  1286,964,826.80— leaving  a  surplus  revenue  fer  tie 

years  made  rapid  strides  in  the  path  of  enlighten-  year  of  $90^799,661.90. 

ment  and  progress,  and,  not  unreaaonably,  is  look-  The  receipts  for  the  present  fisosl  year,  endici; 

ing  forward  to  the  time  when  her  relatione  with  the  June  80, 1879,  actual  and  eetimated,  are  mB  foUov* : 

nations  of  Europe  and  America  shall  be  aasimilated  Actual  receipta  for  the  firat  quarter  eommenriBi 

to  those  which  tney  hold  with  each  other.    A  treaty  July  1,  1878,  $78,869,748.48;  eatimafted  rseeipu  fnr 

looking  to  this  end  has  been  made,  which  will  be  tlie  remaining  three  quarters  of  the  year,  $191,11^.- 

submitted  for  the  consideration  of  the  Senate.  266.67 ;  total  receipta  for  the  current  fiaeal  year,  ae- 


PUBUO  DOCUMENTa  711 

DOW  quiet  aod  orderly  and  Belf-supporting  were  once  «  fa!r  oompeoBation  be  allowed  the  late  oommifBloD- 
aa  aavA^e  as  any  that  at  preaeot  roam  over  the  plaina  ere  for  the  expenae  inourred  and  the  labor  performed 
or  in  tJie  moontaina  of  the  far  Weat,  and  were  then  by  them  aince  the  25th  of  June  laat. 
oonaLdered  inaooeaaible  to  oivilizmg  inilaencea.    It  I  invite  the  attention  of  Congress  to  the  recom- 
may  be  impossible  to  raiae  them  Ailly  up  to  the  level  mendations  made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
of  the  wliite  population  of  the  United  Statea;  but  with  reffardto  the  preservation  of  the  timber  on  the 
we  ationld  not  forget  that  the^  are  the  aborigines  of  public  lands  of  tbe  United  Statea.    The  protection 
the  ooantry,  and  called  the  soil  their  own  on  which  of  the  public  property  is  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the 
our  people  have  grown  rich^  powerful,  and  happ^.  Government.  The  Department  of  the  Interior  ahould, 
We  owe  it  to  them  aa  a  moral  duty  to  help  them  m  therefore,  be  enabled  oy  sufficient  appropriations  to 
attaining  at  least  that  degree  of  ciTilization  which  enforce  tne  laws  in  that  respect.    But  this  matter 
they  znew  be  able  to  reach.    It  is  not  only  our  duty  appears  still  more  important  as  a  question  of  public 
— it  ie  elao  oar  intereat  to  do  ao.    Indians  who  have  economv.    The  rapid  destruction  of  our  foreitts  is 
become  si^oaltaristo  or  herdsmen,  and  feel  an  inter-  an  evil  mmght  witn.the  gravest  consequences,  espe- 
est  in  property,  will  thenceforth  ceaae  to  be  a  war-  eially  in  the  mountidnoua  districts,  where  the  rocky 
like  And  aiaturbing  element.    It  is  also  a  well-au-  slopes,  once  denuded  of  their  trees,  will  remain  so 
theatioated  fact  that  Indiana  are  apt  to  be  peaceable  for  ever.    There  the  ipjury^  once  done,  can  not  be 
and  quiet  when  their  children  are  at  school,  and  I  repaired.    I  fully  concur  with  the  Secretary  of  the 
am  gratified  to  know,  trom  the  expressions  of  Indiana  Interior  in  the  opinion  that,  for  this  reason,  le^sla- 
theouielTea  and  from  many  concurring  reports,  that  tion  touching  the  public  timber  in  the  mountamous 
there  ia  e  steadily  increaaing^  desire,  even  amons  In-  States  and  Territories  of  the  West  should  be  espe- 
dians  belonging  to  oomparativel^r  wild  tribes,  to  have  cially  well  considered, and  that  existing  law8.inwhich 
their  ohil^n  educated.    I  invite  attention  to  the  theaestruotionof  the  forests  is  not  sufficiently  guard- 
reports  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  tbe  Com-  ed  against,  should  be  speedily  modified.    A  general 
miaaiooer  of  Indian  Afifairs,  touching  the  experi-  lawconceming  this  important  subject  appears  to  me 
meats  reoently  Inau^pirated,  in  taking  fifty  Indian  to  he  a  matter  of  urgent  public  necessity. 
children,  boys  and  girls,  from  different  tribes^  to  the  From  the  organization  of  the  Government,  the 
Hasiplon  Normal  Agricultural  Institute,  in  Virginia,  importance  of  encouraging  bv  all  possible  means 
where  ibsy  are  to  receive  an  elementary  English  ed-  the  increase  of  our  agricultural  produotiona  has  been 
ncation  and  tnuning  in  agriculture  and  other  useful  acknowledged  and  urged  upon  the  attention  of  Con* 
worlL,  to  be  returned  to  tneir  tribes,  after  the  com-  gross  and  the  people  as  the  surest  and  readiest  meana 
pleted  course,  aa  interpreters,  instnictors,  and  ex-  of  increasing  our  substantial  and  enduring  prosperi- 
ainples.     It  is  reported  that  the  officer  chained  with  tv.    The  words  of  Washington  are  aa  applicable  to- 
the  selection  of  those  children  might  have  had  thou-  aay  as  when,  in  his  eighth  annual  message,  he  said : 
asadjs  of  young  Indians  sent  with  him  had  it  been  **  It  is  not  to  be  doubted  that,  with  reference  either 
poasible  to  muce  provision  for  them.    I  agree  with  to  individual  or  national  welfare,  agriculture  is  of 
the  Secretory  of  tne  Interior  in  sayine  that  '*  the  re-  primary  importance.    In  proportion  as  nations  ad- 
ault  of  thia  interesting  experiment,  if  favorable,  mar  vance  in  population  and  other  circumstances  of  mu- 
be  destined  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  aa-  turity,  thla  truth  becomes  more  apparent,  and  ren- 
vaneementof  civilisation  among  the  Indians."  ders  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  more  ana  more  an 
The  (question,  whether  a  change  in  the  control  of  object  of  public  patronage.    Institutions  for  promo- 
the  Indian  service  should  be  made,  was  at  the  laat  ting  it  grow  up,  supported  by  the  public  purse ;  and 
session  of  Congress  referred  to  a  committee  for  in-  to  what  object  can  it  be  dedicated  with  greater  pro- 
qairy  and  report.    Without  desiring  to  anticipate  priety  f    Among  the  meana  which  have  been  em- 
thst  report,  I  venture  to  expreaa  the  hope  that  in  the  ployed  to  this  end,  none  have  been  attended  with 
decision  or  ao  important  a  question  the  views  ex-  greater  success  than  the  establishment  of  boards 
pressed  sbovo  may  not  be  loat  siffht  of,  and  that  the  compoaed  of  proper  characters,  charged  with  col- 
decision,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  arrest  further  agi-  lecting  and  diffusing  information,  and  enabled,  by 
talion  of  this  aubject,  such  agitation  being  apt  to  premiums  and  smaU  pecuniary  aids,  to  encourage 
prodace  a  disturbing  effect  upon  the  service  as  well  and  aasist  the  spirit  of  discovery  and  improvement, 
ss  on  tbe  Indians  themselves.  this  species  of  establishment  contributing  doubly  to 
In  the  enrollment  of  the  bill  making  appropriationa  the  increase  of  improvement  by  stimulating  to  en- 
for  sundry  civil  expenses,  at  the  last  session  of  Con-  terprise  and  experiment,  and  by  drawing  to  a  com- 
press, that  portion  which  provided  for  the  continue-  mon  center  tbe  results  everywhere  of  individual 
tion  of  the  Hot  Springa  commission  waa  omitted,  skill  and  observation,  and  spreading  them  thence 
As  tbe  commission  had  completed  the  work  of  tak-  over  the  whole  nation.    Experience  accordingly  hath 
in^  testimony  on  the  many  conflicting  claims,  the  shown  that  they  are  very  cheap  instruments  of  im- 
snspension  of  their  labors  before  determining  the  mense  national  benefit." 

jiightM  of  daimanta  threatened  for  a  time  to  embarraaa  The  great  preponderance  of  the  agricultural  over 
tbe  intereata,  not  only  of  the  Government^  but  also  any  other  interest  in  the  United  States  entitles  it  to 
of  a  large  namber  of  the  citizens  of  Hot  St)rings,  who  all  the  consideration  chdmed  for  it  by  Washington. 
were  wiuting  for  final  action  on  their  daima  before  About  one  half  of  the  population  of  the  United  States 
beg^inning  contemplated  improvements.    In  order  to  is  engaged  in  agriculture.    The  value  of  the  agricul- 
prevent  aerious  diffioultiea  which  were  apprehended,  tural  products  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  1878 
end  at  the  solieitation  of  many  leadinff  citizens  or  is  estimated  at  three  thousand  millions  of  dollars. 
Hot  Springs,  and  others  interested  in  the  welfare  of  The  exports  of  agricultural  products  forthe  year  1877, 
tbe  town,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was  author-  as  appears  from  the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
ized  to  request  the  late  commissioners  to  take  charge  were  five  hundred  and  twenty-four  millions  of  do!- 
of  the  reoorda  of  their  proceedings,  and  to  perform  lars.    The  great  extent  of  our  country,  with  its  di- 
sueh  work  aa  could  properly  be  done  by  them  under  versity  of  soil  and  climate,  enables  ua  to  produce 
such  circumstances,  to  facifitate  the  fhture  adjudica-  within  our  own  borders,  ana  by  our  own  laoor,  not 
tion  of  the  daima  at  an  early  day,  and  to  preserve  only  the  necessaries  but  most  of  the  luxuries  that 
tbe  statue  of  the  claimants  until  their  rights  should  are  consumed  in  civilized  countries.    Tet,  notwith- 
be  finally  determined.  The  late  commissioners  com-  standing  our  advantages  of  soil,  climate,  and  inter- 
plied  with  that  request,  and  report  that  the  tea-  communication,  it  appears  trom  the  statistical  state- 
timony  in  all  the  cases  has  been  written  out,  ex-  ment  in  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
exnined,  briefed,  and  so  arranged  aa  to  facilitate  culture,  that  we  import  annually  from  foreign  lands 
en  early  settlement  when  authorized  by  law.    It  is  many  millions  of  dollars*  worth  of  agricultural  pro- 
recommended  that  the  requisite  authority  be  given  ducts  which  could  be  raised  in  our  own  country, 
et  aa  early  a  day  in  the  session  aa  posaible,  and  that  Numerous  questions  ariae  in  the  practice  of  ad- 


710  PUBUO  DOCUMENTS. 

stamps,  money-order  business,  and  ofBoial  stamps,  Indian  tribes,  and  of  that  braneb  of  tbe  poblie  s&> 
were  $29,277,616.95.  The  sum  of  $290,486. 90,  incJud-  trice  which  njinisten  to  their  interests.  While  tit 
ed  in  the  foregoing  statement  of  expenditures,  is  conduct  of  the  Indiana  general!;^  has  been  order}}. 
chaigeable  to  precedinff  years,  so  that  the  actual  ex-  and  their  relations  with  their  neighbors  Aiesdiy  ic4 
penmturea  for  the  flscafyear  ended  June  80, 1878,  are  peaceful,  two  local  disturbances  have  occurred,  wbkl 
$38,874,647.50.  The  amount  drawn  from  the  Trea-  were  deplorable  in  their  character,  but  remaictrd. 
Bury  on  appropriations,  in  addition  to  the  revenues  happily,  confined  to  a  comparatively  small  nuKhT 
of  the  Department,  was  $6,807,652.82.  The  expen-  of  Indians.  The  disoontent  among  Ihe  Bannocks, 
ditures  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80, 1880,  are  which  led  first  to  aome  acts  of  violence  on  the  pan 
estimated  at  $86,671,900,  and  the  receipts  from  all  of  some  members  of  the  tribe  and  finally  to  the  out- 
sources at  $80,664,028.90,  leaving  s  deficiency  to  be  break,  appears  to  have  been  caused  by  sn  insL& 
appropriated  out  of  the  Treasury  of  $5,907,676.10.  ciency  of  food  on  the  reservation^  and  this  incu£- 
The  report  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  com-  ciency  to  have  been  owing  to  the  insdequscy  of  tie 
pensation  of  postmasters  snd  oT  railroads  for  carry-  appropriations  made  by  Congress  to  the  wants  of  tb 
ing  the  mail  is  regulated  by  law,  and  that  the  fan-  Indians,  at  a  time  when  the  Indians  were  prevectti 
ure  of  Congress  to  appropriate  the  amounts  required  from  supplying  the  deficiency  hj  huntings.  Aftt^ 
for  these  purposes  does  not  relieve  the  Government  an  arduous  pursuit  by  the  troops  or  the  United  6utn. 
of  responsibility,  but  necessarily  increases  the  defi-  snd  several  engagements,  the  hostile  Indians  vtre 
ciency  bills  whicii  Congress  will  be  called  upon  to  reduced  to  subjection,  ana  the  larger  part  of  tbesi 
pass.  surrendered  themselves  as  prisoners.     In  this  cozh 

In  providing  for  the  postal  service,  the  following  nection,  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  rccommo 

questioDS  are  presented :  Should  Congress  annually  dation  made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  tbst  & 

appropriate  a  sum  for  its  expenses  largely  in  excess  sufficient  fhnd  be  placed  at  the  di^posal  of  the  £i 

of  Its  revenues,  or  should  such  rates  of^postage  be  ecutive,  to  be  used,  with  proper  sccoontsbOity,  ct 

established  as  will  make  the  Department  selt-sus-  discretion,  in  sudden  emergencies  of  the  Indian  scr- 

taining  I  Should  tbe  postal  service  be  reduced  by  ex-  vice. 

eluding  from  the  mails  matter  which  does  not  pay  The  other  case  of  disturbance  was  that  of  a  bitd 

its  wayt  Should  the  number  of  post-routes  be  di-  of  Northern  Cheyennes,  who  suddenly  left  their  rts- 

minished?  Should  other  methods  oe  adopted  which  ervation  in  the  Indian  Territory  and  marched  rspid- 

will  increase  the  revenues  or  diminish  the  expenses  ly  through  tbe  States  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  in  tse 

of  the  postal  service  f  direction  of  their  old  hunting-grounds,  committlLf 

The  International  Postal  Congress,  which  met  at  murders  and  other  crimes  on  toeir  way.     IVomdoo 

Paris  May  1, 1878,  and  continued  in  session  until  ments  accompanying  the  report  of  the  Secretary  ci 

June  4th  of  the  same  year^  waa  composed  of  dele-  the  Interior,  it  appears  that  this  diaorderiv  l^aii 

gates  from  nearly  all  tne  civilized  countries  of  tbe  was  as  fully  supplied  with  the  necessaries  of  life  s^ 

world.    It  adopted  a  new  convention,  to  take  the  the  four  thousand  seven  hundred  other  Indians  ▼&'-< 

riace  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Berne,  October  9,  remained  quietly  on  the  reservation,  and  that  tY? 

874,  which  goes  into  effect  on  the  1st  of  April,  1879,  disturbance  waa  caused  by  men  of  a  restless  atd 

between  the  countries  whose  delegates  have  signed  mischievous  disposition  among  the  Indiana  than- 

it.    It  was  ratified  and  approved,  by  and  with  the  selves.    Almost  the  whole  of  this  band   hsve  wc- 

consent  of  the  President,  August  18, 1876.    A  sy-  rendered  to  the  military  authorities,  snd  it  is  sgn:i- 

nopsis  of  this  Universal  Postal  Convention  will  be  fying  fact  that,  when  some  of  them  nad  taken  refbfv 

found  in  tbe  report  of  the  Postmaster-General,  and  in  the  camp  of  the  Red  Cloud  Sioux,  with  whom  tbt j 

the  full  text  in  the  appendix  thereto.    In  its  origin  had  been  in  friendly  relations,  the  Sioiuc  held  tbcr. 

the  Postal  Union  comprised  twenty-three  countries,  as  prisoners  and  readilv  gave  them  up  to  the  off c«^ 

having  a  population  or  three  hundred  and  fifty  mil-  of  the  United  States,  thus  giving  new  proof  of  ti  e 

lions  of  people.    On  the  1st  of  April  next  it  will  loyal  spirit  which,  alarming  mmora  to  the  contnrr 

comprise  forty-three  countries  ana  colonies,  with  notwithstanding,  they  have  uniformly  shown  e\cV 

a  population  of  more  than  six  hundred  and  fifty  mil-  since  the  wishes  thev  expressed  st  the  oonncil  if 

lions  of  people,  and  will  soon,  by  the  accession  of  September,  1877,  had  been  complied  with. 

the  few  remaining  countries  and  colonies  which  Both  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  the  Secrt- 

maintain  organizea  postal  services,  constitute,  in  tarr  of  War  unite  in  the  recommendation  that  pr<'- 

fact  as  well  as  in  name,  as  its  new  title  indicates,  a  vision  be  made  by  Congress  for  the  orffaniEetict  cf 

Universal  Union,  regulating,  upon  a  uniform  bsKis  a  corps  of  mounted  **  Indian  auxiliaries^'  to  be  undtr 

of  cheap  postage-rates,  the  postal  intercourse  be*  the  control  of  the  army,  and  to  be  used  for  the  per- 

tween  ail  civilized  nations.  pose  of  keeping  the  Indians  on  their  reaerraticri 

Some  embarrassment  has  arisen  out  of  the  conflict  and  preventmg  or  repressing  disturbanoe  on  tl-tir 

between  the  customs  laws  of  this  country  and  the  part.    I  earnestly  concur  in  this  reoo^lmendati^s. 

provisions  of  the  Postal  Convention,  in  regard  to  the  It  is  believed  that  the  organisation  of  such  a  body  ^^f 

transmission  of  foreign  books  and  newspapers  to  Indian  cavalry,  receiving  a  moderate  pay  from  tb« 

this  country  by  mail.    It  is  hoped  that  Congress  Government,  would  considerably  weaken  the  r?rt- 

will  be  able  to  devise  some  means  of  reconciling  tbe  less  element  among  the  Indians  by  withdrairir.^ 

difiiculties  which  have  thus  been  created,  so  as  to  from  it  a  number  of  young  men  and  givin?  thtc: 

do  Justice  to  all  parties  involved.  congenial  employment  under  the  Govemmect,  it  be- 

The  business  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  of  the  ing  a  matter  of  experience  that  Indians  in  cfur  ttr- 

courts  in  many  of  the  circuits,  has  increased  to  such  vice  almost  without  exception  are  faithful  in  tLo 

an  extent  during  the  past  years  that  additional  legis-  performance  of  the  duties  assigned  to  them.    SccL 

lation  is  imperative  to  relieve  and  prevent  tbe  delay  an  organization  would  materialTy  aid  the  aray  in  tlr 

of  justice,  and  possible  oppression  to  suitors,  which  accomplishment  of  a  task  for  which  its  numeriasl 

is  thus  occasioned.    The  encumbered  condition  of  strength  is  sometimes  found  InsuiBcicnt. 

these  dockets  is  presented  anew  in  tbe  report  of  tbe  But,  while  the  emplovment  of  force  for  the  pr^ 

Attorney-General,  and  the  remed;^  suggested  is  ear-  vention  or  repression  of  Indian  troublea  ia  of  ccca- 

nestly  urged  for  Con^ssional  action.    Tbe  creation  sional  necessity,  snd  wise  preparation  ahouid  t^ 

of  additional  circuit  judges,  as  proposed,  would  af-  made  to  that  end,  greater  reliance  must  be  pUced  <>r 

ford  a  complete  remedy,  and  would  involve  an  ex*  humane  and  civilizing  agencies  for  the  ultimate  ^^^ 

pense^at  the  present  rate  of  salaries— of  not  more  lution  of  what  is  called  the  Indian  problem.     It  msr 

than  $60,000  a  year.  be  verr  difficult,  and  require  much  patient  effort,  t'- 

The  annual  reports  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  curb  tne  unruly  spirit  of  the  savage  Indian  to  th' 

and  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  present  restraints  of  civilized  life,  but  experience  sbowB  thrt 

an  elaborate  account  of  the  present  condition  of  the  it  is  not  impoasible.    Many  of  toe  tribes  wbicli  wre 


PUBLIO  DOOUMENia  711 

nov  qutet  and  orderly  and  Belf-supporting  were  once  a  fair  oompenaation  be  allowed  the  late  oommif  sion- 

aa  savage  aa  any  that  at  present  roam  over  the  plaina  ere  for  the  expense  inourred  and  the  labor  performed 

or  in  the  mountains  of  tne  far  West,  and  were  then  by  them  since  the  25th  of  June  last, 
oonstdered  inaooesaible  to  oivilizing  inflnenoea.    It        I  invite  the  attention  of  Congress  to  the  recom- 

may  be  impossible  to  raise  them  fiilly  up  to  the  level  mendations  made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 

of  the  white  population  of  the  United  States;  but  with  regard  to  the  preservation  of  the  timber  on  the 

we  should  not  forget  that  they  are  the  aborigines  of  pablio  lands  of  tbe  United  States.    The  protection 

the  oouniry,  and  called  the  soil  their  own  on  which  of  the  public  property  is  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the 

our  people  bave  grown  rich,  powerful,  and  happy.  Government.  The  Departmentofthe  Interior  should, 

We  owe  it  to  them  aa  a  moral  duty  to  help  them  m  therefore,  be  enabled  oy  sufficient  appropriations  to 

atcaining  at  least  that  degree  of  civilization  which  enforce  tne  laws  in  that  respect.    But  this  matter 

they  mar  be  able  to  reach.    It  is  not  only  our  daty  appears  still  more  important  as  a  question  of  public 

—it  ia  aiao  ourintereat  to  do  ao.    Indians  who  have  economv.    The  rapid  destruction  of  our  forests  is 

become  agrioulturiata  or  herdsmen,  and  feel  an  inter-  an  evil  mmght  witn.the  gravest  consequences,  espe- 

est  in  property,  will  thenceforth  cease  to  be  a  war-  eially  in  the  mountainoua  districts,  where  the  rocky 

like  and  aiaturbing  element.    It  is  also  a  well-au-  slopes,  once  denuded  of  their  trees,  will  remain  so 

thentioated  fact  that  Indians  are  apt  to  be  peaceable  for  ever.    There  tbe  injury^  once  done,  can  not  be 

and  quiet  when  their  children  are  at  school,  and  I  repaired.    I  fully^  concur  with  the  Secretary  of  the 

am  gratified  to  know,  trom  the  expressions  of  Indiana  Interior  in  the  opinion  that,  for  this  reaaon,  leffisla- 

themaelvea  and  from  many  concurring  reports,  that  tion  touching  the  public  timber  in  the  mountainous 

there  ia  a  steadily  increasing  desire,  even  amonff  In-  States  and  Territories  of  the  West  should  be  espe- 

diana  belonging  to  comparatively  wild  tribes,  to  have  oially  well  considered,  and  that  existing  laws,  inwhich 

their  children  educated.    I  invite  attention  to  the  theaestructionof  the  forests  is  not  sufficiently  gui^rd- 

reporta  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  tbe  Com-  ed  against,  should  be  speedily  modified.    A  general 

misaioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  touching  tbe  experi-  law  concerning  this  important  subject  appears  to  me 

menta  recently  inaufpirated,  in  taking  fifty  Indian  to  he  a  matter  of  urgent  public  necessity, 
children,  boya  and  girla,  flrom  different  tribes^  to  the        From  the  organization  of  the  Government,  the 

Uamptoa  Normal  Agricultural  Institute,  in  Virginia,  importance  of  encouraging  bv  all  possible  means 

where  thoy  are  to  receive  an  elementary  Englisli  ed-  the  increase  of  our  agricultural  productions  haa  been 

ncation  and  training  in  agriculture  and  other  uaefnl  acknowledged  and  urged  upon  the  attention  of  Con - 

woilt,  to  be  returned  to  tneir  tribes,  after  the  com-  gresa  and  tne  people  aa  the  surest  and  readiest  meana 

pleted  course,  aa  interpreters,  instructors,  and  ex-  of  increasing  our  substantial  and  enduring  prosperi- 

atoplea.     It  ia  reported  that  the  officer  charged  with  tv.    The  worda  of  Washington  are  as  applicable  to- 

the  selection  of  tnose  children  might  have  had  thou-  aay  as  when.  In  his  eighth  annual  message,  he  said : 

sands  of  younff  Indians  sent  with  him  had  it  been  **  It  is  not  to  be  doubted  that,  with  reference  either 

possible  to  make  proviaion  for  them.    I  agree  with  to  individual  or  national  welfare,  agriculture  is  of 

the  Secretory  of  tne  Interior  in  saying  that  **  the  re-  primary  importance.    In  proportion  as  nations  ad- 

suit  of  thia  interesting  experiment,  if  favorable,  mar  vance  in  population  and  other  circumstances  of  roa- 

be  destined  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  aa-  turity,  thia  trutii  beoomea  more  apparent,  and  ren- 

Taneement  of  civilization  among  the  Indians."  ders  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  more  ana  more  an 

The  question,  whether  a  change  in  the  control  of  object  of  public  patronage.    Institutions  for  promo- 

the  Indian  service  should  be  made,  was  at  the  last  ting  it  grow  up,  supported  by  the  public  purse ;  and 

sessioQ  of  Congress  referred  to  a  committee  for  in-  to  what  object  can  it  be  dedicated  with  greater  pro- 

quiry  mod  report.    Without  desiring  to  anticipate  priety  f    Among  the  meana  which  have  been  em- 

tnat  report,  1  venture  to  express  the  hope  that  in  the  ployed  to  this  end,  none  bave  been  attended  with 

ddciaioa  of  ao  important  a  question  tne  views  ex-  greater  success  than  the  estabUshroent  of  boards 

preaaed  above  may  not  be  lost  sisht  of,  and  that  the  oompoaed  of  proper  characters,  charged  with  col- 

deciaion,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  arrest  further  agi-  lecting  and  difftising  information,  and  enabled,  by 

tation  of  thia  aubject,  such  agitation  being  apt  to  premiuma  and  smaU  pecuniary  aids,  to  encourage 

produce  a  disturbing  effect  upon  the  service  as  well  and  assist  the  spirit  of  discovery  and  improvement, 

as  on  the  Indians  themselves.  this  species  of  establishment  contributing  doubly  to 

In  the  enrollment  of  the  bill  making  appropriationa  the  increase  of  improvement  by  stimulating  to  en- 

for  aondry  civil  expenses,  at  the  last  session  of  Con-  terprise  and  experiment,  and  by  drawing  to  a  com- 

gresa,  that  portion  which  provided  for  tbe  continua-  mon  center  the  results  everywhere  of  individual 

tion  of  the  Hot  Springs  oommiasion  was  omitted,  skill  and  observation,  and  spreading  them  thence 

As  the  oonunisaion  had  completed  the  work  of  tak-  over  the  whole  nation.    Experience  accordingly  bath 

ing  testimony  on  the  many  conflicting  claims,  the  shown  that  they  are  very  cheap  instrumenta  of  im- 

Buapcnsion  of  their  labors  before  determining  the  mense  national  benefit." 

righta  of  daimanta  threatened  for  a  time  to  embarraas  The  great  preponderance  of  the  agricultural  over 
the  intereata,  not  only  of  the  Government,  but  also  any  other  interest  in  the  United  States  entitles  it  to 
of  a  large  number  of  the  citizena  of  Hot  Springs,  who  all  the  conaideration  claimed  for  it  by  Washington. 
were  waiting  for  final  action  on  their  claims  before  About  one  half  of  the  population  of  the  United  Statea 
beginning  contemplated  improvements.  In  order  to  is  engaged  in  agriculture.  The  value  of  the  agricul- 
prevent  aerioua  diffloulties  which  were  apprehended,  tural  producta  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  1876 
and  at  the  aolicitation  of  many  leading  citizens  of  is  estimated  at  three  thousand  millions  of  dollars. 
Hot  Springs,  and  othera  interested  in  the  welfare  of  The  exports  of  agricultural  products  forthe  year  1877, 
the  town,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was  author-  aa  appears  Arom  the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
ized  to  request  the  late  commissioners  to  take  charge  were  five  hundred  and  twenty-four  millions  of  dol- 
of  the  reoorda  of  their  proceedings,  and  to  perform  lars.  The  great  extent  of  our  country,  with  its  di- 
such  work  as  could  properly  be  done  by  them  under  versity  of  soil  and  climate,  enables  us  to  produce 
snch  circumstances,  to  facilitate  the  fhture  adjudica-  within  our  own  borders,  ana  by  our  own  laoor,  not 
tion  of  the  claims  at  an  early  day,  and  to  preserve  only  the  necessaries  but  most  of  the  luxuries  that 
the  atatua  of  the  claimants  until  their  rights  should  are  consumed  in  civilized  countries.  Tet,  notwith- 
be  finally  determined.  The  late  commissioners  com-  standing  our  advantages  of  soil,  climate,  and  inter- 
plied  with  that  reqaest,  and  report  that  tbe  tea-  communication,  it  appears  from  the  statistical  state- 
timony  In  all  the  cases  has  been  written  out,  ex-  ment  in  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
amined,  briefed,  and  so  arranged  as  to  facilitate  culture,  that  we  import  annually  from  foreign  lands 
an  early  settlement  when  authorized  by  law.  It  is  many  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  agricultural  pro- 
recommended  that  the  requisite  authority  be  given  ducts  which  could  be  raised  in  our  own  country. 
at  aa  early  a  day  in  the  session  aa  possible,  and  that       Numeroua  questions  ariae  in  the  practice  of  ad- 


T12  PUBLIC  DOOUMENTa 

vaneed  aflfrioultnre  which  can  only  be  aoswered  by  of  the  park  weat  and  aentb  of  the  WaahingtonMofr 

experiments,  often  ooatly  and  sometimes  froiUess,  ument.    The  report  of  the  board  of  aurrey,  hereto- 

which  are  beyond  the  means  of  private  individaals,  fore  ordered  by  act  of  Congress,  on  the  impMTciDest 

and  are  a  just  and  proper  charge  on  the  whole  na-  of  the  harbor  of  Washington  and  Geoigetown,  is  re- 

tion  for  the  benefit  of  the  nation.    It  is  good  poliev,  spectftilly  commended  to  consideration, 

especially  in  times  of  depression  and  uncertainty  in  The  report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Distriot  of 

other  business  pursuits,  with  a  vast  area  of  uncul-  Columbia  presents  a  detailed  statement  of  the  aflain 

tivated  and  hence  unproductive  tenitoiy,  wisely  of  the  District*    The  relative  ezpendituras  hy  t^ 

opened  to  homestead  settlement,  to  encourage,  by  United  States  and  the  District  for  local  poipoMs  ire 

every  proper  and  le^timate  means,  the  occupation  contrasted,  showing^  that  the  expenditures  h]r  tb< 

and  tillage  of  the  soil.    The  efforts  of  the  Depart-  people  of  the  District  greatly  exceed  those  of  tb« 

ment  of  Aflrriculture  to  stimulate  old  and  introduce  General  Ctovemment.    The  exhibit  la  made  i&  etft- 

new  agricultural  industries,  to  improve  the  quality  nection  with  estimates  for  the  requisite  repair  of  tb 

and  increase  the  quantity  of  our  products,  to  deter-  defective  pavements  and  aewers  oi  the  city,  whiet  ii 

mine  the  value  of  old  or  establish  the  importance  of  a  work  of  immediate  neeessitr,  and,  in  the  same  ao* 

new  methods  of  culture,  are  worthy  of  your  carefVil  nection.  a  plan  is  nresented  for  the  pennaneot  fc&d* 

and  favorable  consideration,  and  assistance  by  such  ing  of  tne  ontstanoing  securities  of  tne  Districl. 

appropriations  ofmoney  and  enlargement  of  facilltiea  The  benevolent,  reformatory,  and  penal  isititB- 

as  may  seem  to  be  demanded  by  the  present  favora-  tions  of  the  District  are  all  entitled  to  the  favonbk 

ble  conditions  for  the  growth  and  rapid  development  attention  of  Congreas.    The  Beform  School  oeedi 

of  tbia  important  interest.  additional  buildim^s  and  teachers.    Appropriatkiis 

The  abuse  of  animals  in  transit  is  widely  attract-  which  will  place  alTof  these  institutions  in  aoooditicti 

ing  public  attention.    A  national  convention  of  so-  to  become  models  of  usefulness  and  benefioeoct  viB 

cieties  specially  interested  in  the  subject  has  recently  be  regarded  by  the  countiy  as  libeiali^  wisc^  be- 

met  at  Baltimore,  and  the  facta  developed,  both  in  stowed. 

regard  to  cruelties  to  animals  and  the  effect  of  such  The  Commissioners,  with  evident  inatioe,  reqcot 

cruelties  upon  the  public  health,  would  seem  to  de-  attention  to  the  discrimination  maoe  by  Congre«& 

mand  the  careful  consideration  of  Congress,  and  the  against  the  District  in  the  donation  of  land  for  tie 

enactment  of  more  efficient  laws  for  the  prevention  support  of  the  public  schools,  and  ask  that  the  use 

of  these  abuses.  liberality  that  has  been  shown  to  the  inhsbituti 

The  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  Bureau  of  of  the  various  Btatea  and  Territories  of  the  Tsited 

Education  shows  verv  gratifying  progress  through-  States  may  be  extended  to  the  District  of  Colnmbii. 

out  the  country,  in  all  the  interests  committed  to  the  The  Commissioners  also  invite  attention  to  ihn 

care  of  this  imj^ortant  office.   The  report  is  especially  damage  inflicted  ui>on  public  and  private  intereru 

enoouraging  with  respect  to  the  extension  of  the  aa-  by  the  present  location  of  the  depots  and  switchisf* 

vantages  of  the  common-school  system  in  sections  tracks  of  the  several  railroada  entering  the  dty,  tsi 

of  the  country  where  the  general  enjoyment  of  the  ask  for  legislation  looking  to  their  removal  Tbt 

privilege  of  free  schools  is  not  yet  attained.   To  edu-  recommendations  and  suggestions  contained  in  tke 

cation  more  than  to  any  other  agency  we  are  to  look  report  will,  I  trust,  receive  the  careftil  oonsider&tkfi 

as  the  resource  for  the  advancement  of  the  people  in  orCon^ss. 

the  requisite  knowledge  and  appreciation  of  their  Sufficient  time  has,  perhapa,  not  elapsed  sineetbc 

rights  and  responsibilities  as  citizens,  and  I  desire  to  reorganization  of  the  govemuient  of  the  District,  cfi* 

repeat  the  suggestion  contained  in  my  former  mes-  der  the  recent  legislation  of  Congress,  for  the  ex* 

sage  in  behalf  of  the  enactment  of  appropriate  mea-  pression  of  a  confident  opinion  aa  to  its  suceetifU 

sures  by  Congress  for  the  purpose  of^ supplementing  operation  ^  but  the  practical  results  already  sttsioed 

with  nationuf  aid  the  local  systems  of  education  in  are  so  satisfactoir  tnat  the  fHenda  of  the  new  gor- 

the  several  States.  emment  may  well  urge  upon  Congress  the  wifidco 

Adequate  accommodationa  for  the  great  library,  of  its  continuance,  without  easential  modifiestim, 

which  IS  overgrowing  the  capacity  of  the  rooms  now  until,  by  actual  experience,  its  advantages  and  <U- 

oocupied  at  the  Capitol,  should  be  provided  witliout  fects  may  be  more  fully  ascertained, 

further  delay.    This  invaluable  collection  of  books,  B.  B.  HATES, 

manuscripts,  and  Ulustrative  art  has  grown  to  such  Ezacrnvx  MAKsioif,  I)ieemb4r  %  18T& 
proportions,  in  connection  with  the  copyright  system 

of  tne  country,  as  to  demand  the  prompt  and  careful  '-~~— 

attention  of  Congress  to  save  it  from  imunr  in  its  •„,,--•,«»-•«»  a»  ..-^.^^.a*  .^...m 

present  crowded  and  insufficient  quarters,    is  this  nrvxstiGAnoH  o»  buctosax.  nams. 

library  is  national  in  ita  cdiaracter,  and  must,  from  Report  of  ths  CommiUH  qf  h^weeUaatiim  wk  Ut 

the  nature  of  the  case,  increase  even  more  rapidly  in  EUdoral  thaudi.^The  Committee  of^tbe  House  tf- 

the  ftiture  than  in  the  past,  it  can  not  be  doubted  pointed  *^  to  inquire  into  the  alleged  fHuduIent  etc- 

that  the  people  will  sanction  any  wise  expenditure  to  vass  and  return  of  votes  at  the  last  PreaidcntUj 

preserve  it  and  to  enlarge  its  usefulness.                      •  election  In  the  States  of  Louisiana  and  Florida"^ 

The  appeal  of  the  Kegenta  of  the  Smithsonian  confined  their  investigations  to  the  above  Ststtt. 

institution  for  the  means  to  orffanize,  exhibit,  and  although  authorized  by  a  subsequent  resolution  of 

make  available  for  the  public  benefit  the  articles  Congress  to  extend  them  to  other  States.    The  c- 

now  stored  away  belonging  to  the  National  Museum,  pher  dispatches  were  reserved  for  a  speeial  report. 

I  heartily  recommend  to  your  favorable  considera-  The  sittings  of  the  Committee  were  open.    Over  ^^'' 

tion.  witnesses  were  examined,  and  S,000  finely  prinUd 

The  attention  of  Congress  is  again  invited  to  the  p<4?eB  of  testimony  taken, 

condition  of  the  river-front  of  the  city  of  Washing-  The  substance  of  the  report  of  the  migority  ia  a» 

ton.    It  in  a  matter  of  vital  importance  to  the  health  follows : 

of  the  residents  of  Uie  national  ca)>ital.  both  tempo-  I.  /2<>rkfa.— The  exercise  of  revisoTT  power  bv  xht 

rary  and  permanent,  that  the  low  lands  in  fh>nt  of  Board  of  Canvassers  of  the  State  of  Florida  was  iSk- 

the  city,  now  subject  to  tidsl  overflow,  should  be  re-  gal.    This  power,  wYiich  had  no  lawfkil  existent, 

claimed.    In  their  preaent  condition,  these  flats  ob-  was  fraudulently  employed  for  partiaan  ends,  in 

struct  the  drainage  of  the  city,  and  are  a  dangerous  such  manner  that  the  vote  of  certain  counties  aad 

source  of  malarial  poison.    Tne  reclamation  will  im-  precincts  in  which  the  msjority  was  Dcmocratie 

prove  the  navigation  of  the  river,  by  restricting  and  was  rejected  on  account  of  irregularities,  while  tb« 

consequently  deepening  its  channel ;  and  is  slso  of  irregular  and  fhiudulent  retuma  of  Republican  ta- 

importanoe,  when  considered  in  connection  with  the  joriUes  were  counted  in.    The  genuine  returns  osde 

extension  of  the  public  ground  and  the  enlargement  to  the  Board  of  Canvassers,  which  it  was  their  aok 


PUBLIC  DOOUMENTa  713 

dn^  to  oompUe,  gaift  «  minority  of  91  votes  to  the  can,  wuoxoluded  because  two  Bepublioan  inspectors 
TilOMi  £l«eton.  testified  that  they  had  absented  themselves  from  the 
The  eleetiop  law  of  the  State  of  Florida  provides  poll  at  different  times  dorioff  the  day.  In  Monroe 
that  at  thm  close  of  the  polls  the  inspeotors  snail  pro-  County  401  Democratic  ana  69  Bepublican  votes 
ceed  to  count  the  ballots,  and  thai  the  canvass  shall  were  cast  oat  because  the  canvass  had  not  been  fin- 
bo  pablic  and  continuooa  until  completed;  that  if  ished  on  the  election  day,  the  inspeotors  having 
the  votea  oast  exceed  the  number  of  voters  on  the  adjourned  and  completed  it  the  following  morning. 
clerk'a  list,  the  excess  shall  be  publicdy  drawn  out  The  vote  of  Campbellton  Precinct  in  JaolLson  County 
bj  lot  and  destroyed;  that  sealed  certiflcMes  shall  was  rejected  because  the  inspectors  had  left  the 
be  aont  to  the  Joage  of  the  county  and  Clerk  of  the  ballot-box.  ssfely  locked,  to  take  dinner ;  and  that 
Cireait  Court,  who,  with  the  assistance  of  a  Justice  of  Friendship  Precinct,  because  the  inspectors  went 
of  tho  Poace,  shall  publicly  canvass  the  returns  for  to  a  neighboring  house  to  ^et  lights,  and  there  com- 
the  ooaaty,  and  forward  certificates  of  the  result  to  the  pleted  the  count ;  the  vote  in  these  precincts  was  486 
Seoretavy  of  State;  and  that  within  thirty-five  days  for  the  Tilden  Electors  and  121  for  the  Hayes  £lec- 
aiier  the  aleotion  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Attor-  tors.  Fraudulent  and  irregular  returns  were  ad- 
nej-Ooneral,  and  the  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  mitted  and  counted  by  the  Canvaasing  Board  from 
shall  eanvass  the  returos  of  the  counties.  The  only  Archer  Precinct,  Alachua  County,  in  which  219  fic- 
dtserotloiiary  power  given  them  is  to  exclude  such  titious  names  were  added  to  the  poll-list,^  and  aa 


county  retoms  as  snail "  be  shown  or  shall  appear    many  additional  Bepublican  votes  included  in  the 


ing  oix  file  the  documents  relating  to  the  false  re-  warded  an  affidavit  to  the  oaavassers  declaring 
torna.     Their  discretionary  power  was  adjudged  in  return  fraudulent.    This  forgery  was  committed  by 
1870  by  tba  Supreme  Court,  in  the  case  of  Bloxham  the  colored  inspector  and  clerk,  Vance  and  Black, 
«s.  Tbia  State  uanvassers,  to  consist  in  determining  at  the  house  and  upon  the  demand  of  one  Dennis, 
*"*  irba4her  the  papers  received  by  them  purporting  chairman  of  the  Bepublican  committee,  who  subse- 
to  be  retama  were  in  fact  such,  and  were  genuine,  quently  admitted  the  fraud,  the  figures  not  having 
iatalli^ble,  and    substantially  authentic^ed    by  been  filled  in  at  the  polls,  although  the  certificate 
law."     The  Supreme  Court  reaffirmed  this  deciiion  bad  been  signed  and  sealed,    lu  Leon  County,  one 
in  18T6,  in  Drew's  case,  defining  the  duty  of  the  Bowes,  inspector,  had  a  number  of  small  ballots 
State  Canvassers  to  be  limited  to  compiling  the  r»-  printed  on  thin  paper  with  the  intention  of  stuffing 
toroa  reoeived  from  the  county  Canvassing  Bosrds  the  ballot-box,  78  of  which  were  found  in  the  box ; 
and  oompating  the  aggregate  vote.  and  these  he  admitted  on  different  occasions  having 
Tho  State  Board  announced  on  the  6th  of  Decern-  surreptitiously  inserted.    In  a  precinct  in  Jefferson 
ber,  1876,  iht  election  of  the  Hayes  Electors  by  a  County,  Bell,  inspector,  abstracted  a  package  of  bal- 
ing ority  of  920  voters,  and  also  the  election  of  lots  contsining  100,  probably  all  Democratic,  and  se- 
Stearoa,  the  Bepublican  candidate  for  Governor,  cretlysubstitutedabundleof  100  Bepublican  tickets. 
Thia  reaalt  was  reached  by  excluding  the  entire  re-  These  frauds  were  revealed  after  the  recanvass  which 
tnrna  of  Manatee  County,  and  parts  of  the  returns  of  gave  the  governorship  to  the  Democratic  candidate. 
Uacnilton,  Konroe,  and  Jacksoo  counties,  amount-  Several  of  the  participants  were  rewarded  by  posi- 
in^  to  over  1,000  votes.    The  Tilden  Electors  assem-  tions  in  the  Government  service. 
bled  and  oast  their  votes  duly  for  Tilden  and  Hen-  After  the  decision  of  the  Court  ordering  a  recan- 
drioka,  after  having  brought  an  action  avo  toarranio  vass  of  the  vote  for  Governor,  the  two  Bepublican 
to  try  the  title  of  the  Hayes  Electors.    The  decision  canvassers  volunteered  to  recanvass  the  electoral 
afterward  rendered  in  this  action  affirmed  the  ImtbI  vote  also  in  correspondence  with  the  judicial  deci- 
title   of  the  Tilden  Electors  to  their  office.    Tne  sion ;  and  they  actually  did  obtain  a  count,  appa- 
Damooratio  candidate  for  Governor,  Drew,  obtained  rently  according  to  the  face  of  the  returns,  wmch 
a  mandamus  directing  the  canvassers  to  recanvass  gave  the  State  to  Tilden :  this  was  bv  adopting  a  re- 
the  ooantv  retnms  and  brinff  in  a  return  according  turn  for  Baker  County  which  they  had  rejected  as 
to  their  uoe,  whleh  was  suosequently  done,  and  defective  in  the  first  canvaas  and  also  in  toe  recan- 
Drew  waa  declared  dulv  elected  and  took  the  office,  vass  for  Governor.    The  regular  return  was  signed 
At  the  nteeting  of  the  Legislature  in  January,  1877,  by  the  Clerk  of  the  Court  and  a  Justice  on  the  day 
an  aet  was  passed  declaring  it  the  duty  of  the  canvass-  appointed  by  the  County  J  udre ;  but  the  Judge  him- 
era  to  reoanvass  the  votes  for  Electors  according  to  self,  Driggers,  on  hesnng  that  the  State  h£i  been 
the  jadgment  rendered  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and  canied  by  the  Democrats,  refhsed  to  act  in  the  can- 
direetinff  them  to  do  so ;  which  accordingly  they  vaas  which  he  had  ordered,  and  in  the  evening,  in 
did,  ft&£ng  a  minority  for  the  Tilden  Electors  of  91  cozg unction  with  the  Sheriff,  Allen,  and  one  Green, 
v'otea.    The  Governor  then  issued  a  certificate  de-  whom  he  had  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
elaring  that  the  Tilden  Electora  had  duly  met  and  purpose,  prepared  a  second  certifioate,  in  which  the 
voted  on  the  day  appointed  by  law.  entire  vote  of  two  of  the  four  precincts  of  the  county 
Althoagh  the  State  of  Florida  had  affirmed  by  all  was  arbitrarily  left  out.  The  State  Canvassers  claimed 
the  departments  of  its  ^ovemmeut  at  the  earliest  that  if  they  were  not  authorised  to  go  behind  the  face 
poaaihie  moment,  and  prior  to  the  second  Tuesday  of  the  returns  they  must  accept  this  one,  which  waa 
in  Febraarv,  that  the  Tilden  Electors  were  the  law*  aigned  by  three  officers,  the  law  providing  that  the 
fal  and  only  Electors,  yet  beeaose  their  title  could  Sheriff  should  take  part  in  the  canvass  in  case  either 
not  he  deeided  by  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  6th  of  the  Judge  or  the  Clerk  refused,  in  place  of  the  fHill 
Deeember,  owing  to  the  fraudulent  withholding  of  return  which  was  signed  by  only  tne  Clerk  and  a 
the  certiiloates  of  the  Canvassing  Board  till  the  last  Justice. 

moment,  the  Electoral  Commission  decided  that  the  The  Electoral  Commission  by  a  strictly  party  vote 

Hayea  Blectors,  by  virtue  of  the  fraudulent  certifl-  refused  to  recognise  the  vote  cast  according  to  the 

eate  of  the  Governor,  were  in  possession  of  the  office  Constitution  ana  the  laws  of  Florida,  counting  instead 

on  the  day  appointed  by  law  for  the  casting  of  the  that  of  the  usurping  Electors.  The  action  of  the  State 

eleetoral  vole.  authorities  in  returning  the  State  for  Rayes  and 

The  reason  alleged  by  the  Canvassing  Board  for  Wheeler,  in  the  light  of  the  facts  discovered,  apj^ears 

rejeetinr  the  total  vote  of  Manatee  County,  S68  for  clearly  an  intentional  wronff,  knowingly  committed 

the  Tilden  to  96  for  the  Hayea  Eleetors,  wss  that  under  the  encouragement  of  the  visitmg  statesmen. 

there  waa  no  olerk  to  conduct  the  reffistration.    This  The  visiting  statesmen  afterward  reoeived  the  follow- 

wasowingto  the  fiulure  of  the  Bepublican  €k>vemor.  ing  appointments:  Edward  H.  Noyes,  Minister  to 

Stearns,  to  appoint  such  clerk.    The  vote  of  one  poll  France ;  John  A.  Easson,  Minister  to  Austria ;  Lew 

in  Hamilton  Coun^,  8S0  Democratic  to  189  Bepuoli-  Wallace,  Governor  of  New  Mexico ;  John  little,  At- 


714  PUBUO  DOOUMENTa 

torney-Geueral  of  Ohio.  FnuioiB  C.  Barlow,  wbo  de-  penont  holding  poaitiocB  io  tlie  oaitom-honie  od 

cUred  his  honest  conviction  that  Tilden  was  elected,  poat-otBoe,  and  in  the  police  force  of  New  Orliiu. 

and  William  £.  Chandler,  who  attacked  Mr.  H^es  The  number  of  colored  voters  faliely  regisUrtd  ti 

in  a  pamphlet,  were  not  appointed  to  office.    The  the  opening  of  the  oampaign  amounted  to  SS,C«e. 

persona  who  were  active  in  obtaining  the  wrongful  Nevertheless,  at  the  close  of  the  election  it  tiai»d 

count  and  implicated  in  the  election  frauds  were  all  out  that  the  Tilden  Electors  had  received  a  mijcnst 

appointed  to  positions  in  the  Government  service,  of  6,406  votes.    The  vote  (160,9M)  waa  the  laifat 

II.  Z&umana. — The  Returning  Board  of  Louisiana  ever  cast  in  the  State.    Tne  returns  were  not» 

Sossessed  by  statute,  though  contrary  to  both  the  oompanied  by  a  single  protest,  except  one  from  Cog* 

tate  and  Federal  Oonstitutions,  it  is  thought,  die*  cordia  Parish  against  a  Bepublican  fraud.    Tbe  Kk> 

cretionary  power  over  the  returns  in  some  cases,  and  laming  Board  had  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  retsni 

in  the  election  of  1876  usurped  such  power  in  cases  except  in  cases  of  protect.    But  in  this  unexpectet: 

where  none  was  given  them,  fraudulently  rejecting  event  it  became  neceaaarv  that  something  should  bt 

10,000  Democratic  votes  and  reveming  the  choice  <^  done  in  order  to  save  tne  State  and  the  Union  k 

the  people.  Hayes.    The  Betuming  Board,  contrary  to  lav,  re 

The  supervisors  of  registration,  appointed  by  the  fhsed  to  elect  a  Democrat  into  their  body.   It  vii 

Governor  for  each  parish,  had  in  effect  the  power  of  understood  in  the  State,  and  throughout  iht  eocs* 

deciding  upon  the  right  of  any  citixen  to  rote,  and  trv  at  large,  that  the  Beturning  Soard  would  Ij 

could  also  influence  elections  by  virtue  of  their  power  whatever  meana  count  in  the  State  for  Hayes.  Bsea 

to  appoint  the  number  and  locality  of  the  polling  action,  it  was  generally  believed  abroad,  would  be 

places.    They  were  to  pronounce  upon  the  freedom  sufficiently  excusable  since  the  Democratic  m^onty 

and  fairness  of  the  election,  and  any  protest  made  by  waa  only  rendered  possible,  it  waa  supposed,  b;  i 

them  and  attested  bv  three  citizens,  which  accompa-  system  of  organized  terrorism.  Beports  spread  sbrw 

nied  the  returns,  should  be  consiaered  by  the  Be-  of  the  intimidation  of  the  blacks,  and  the  assomptice 

tuminff  Board ;  and  after  taking  evidence  upon  the  that  no  negroes  would  vote  the  Democratic  ticket  a- 

alle/^ations,  the  Betuming  Boardf  might  at  their  dis-  cept  through  constraint  or  fear,  were  not  in  hamoLj 

oretion  cast  out  the  whole  vote  of  the  polls  reflected  with  a  marked  change  of  sentimeot  which  had  takes 

upon,  but  could  not  revise  or  purge  the  returns,  place  in  the  minds  ofmany  of  the  colored  voten.  Tbe 

Among  the  modes  in  which  the  registrars  could  in-  aiowin^  and  fallacious  promises  made  them  hf  tiv 

fluenoe  the  event  of  an  election  was  that  of  withhold*  nil  politidans  had  remained  unfulfilled.    Mors  tbe 

ing  the  public  announcement  of  the  polls  till  the  last  this,  tbeir  indignation  had  been  arouaed  bv  the  isii' 

day,  to  the  oonAision  of  the  opposition  partv;  also  appropriationoftheirBchoolAmdsbyBepnbliciscfi- 

that  of  fixing  the  polls  in  such  localities  that  the  cials.    Meanwhile  the  Oonaervativea,  their  old  bui- 

different  parties  should  not  vote  at  the  same  polls,  ters,  were  endeavoring  to  propitiate  them  by  rruL- 

and  then,  hj  inciting  diaturbances  at  the  polls  where  ising  them  equality  in  theatres,  cars,  and  hotels,  Yj 

the  opposition  vote  wss  massed,  obtain  a  pretext  for  sitting  on  the  same  platfonn  at  public  meetioft.  bt    I 

forwarding  a  protest  against  the  freedom  of  the  eleo-  regalmg  them  with  oarbecues  and  music,  and  otb«r     i 

tion  at  those  polls,  to  the  end  that  the  hostile  vote  in  flattering  manifestations  of  friendly  equality.   Tie 

the  pariah  might  be  rejected,  aod  the  concentrated  accession  of  the  blacks  to  the  Demoorstie  paity  vi5     { 

vote  of  their  own  party  retained.  The  right  of  voters  verv  marked  in  the  large  parishes  of  East  and  Wtrt     i 

to  vote  in  any  poll  of  the  parish  facilitated  the  mass-  Feliciana.    A  plot  had  been  laid  before  tbe  ckccidi 

ing  of  the  party  vote.    The  re^strars  might  further-  to  have  the  vote  in  these  overwhelmingly  CoDsem- 

more  falsely  increase  the  registry  of  the  party,  and  tive  parishes  cast  out  on  the  ground  of  mtimidatirfi. 

then  allege  ihtimidatien  as  the  reason  for  the  defl*  The  registrar  ofEaat  Feliciana,  the  adventurer  JazLci 

ciency  of  the  vote  cast.  £.  Anderson,  had  a  man  pretend  to  shoot  at  bim  snd 

The  Bepublican  assertion  that  the  color  line  divi-  precipitately  fled  as  though  afhud  of  his  life.   It  vm 

ded  the  politics  of  the  State,  which  was  substantially  the  intention  that  he  should  not  return  and  that  co 

tme  in  1870,  had  been  shown  to  no  longer  hold  good  election  should  be  held.    But  the  Democrsts  sooftt 

by^  the  examination  of  the  Committee  of  the  Forty-  him  out  and  bribed  him  to  come  back ;  so  that  tbe 

third  Congress  into  the  gubernatorial  election  of  election  did  take  place,  and  Anderson  sent  is  tbe 

1874.    The  white  and  black  voters  in  the  State  are  return  with  his  attest  thst  it  had  been  free  sod  fiir. 

eqaal  in  numbers ;  and.  while  the  Bepublican  vote  is  In  West  Feliciana  also  the  registrar,  Don  WtUr, 

entirely  confined  to  the  black  race,  who  are  controlled  declared  the  election  in  hia  return  trt^  and  ftir  in  «fl 

b^  a  few  white  party  managers  and  office-holders,  the  respects.    It  was  part  of  the  plan  that  the  KcpabK- 

witnesses  before  the  said  Committee  not  having  been  cans  should  not  vote  in  either  of  thene  pariahai :  a 

able  to  name  five  white  Bepublicans  who  were  not  East  Felidana  they  did  actually  abstain  from  voticf, 

office-holders  or  family  connections  of  offlce-holdem,  and  no  Bepublican  ticketa  wereprinted  or  diitiibs- 

the  Democratic  party  had  then  already  been  aug-  ted,nor  a  single  ballot  cast;  in  West  Felidsna  a  part 

mented  bv  enough  of  the  black  population  to  carry  of  tbe  Bepubficana  did  cast  their  ballots.    The  vote 

the  State  for  the  Conservatives,  had  the  returns  been  in  Bast  Feliciana  waa  2,S46  Democratio,  0  BepoMi- 

fairly  made.    This  process  of  defection  has  been  can :  in  West  Feliciana,  1,248  Democratic,  778  St- 

going  on  ever  since,  owing  to  the  patent  abuses  of  publican. 

tbe  Eellogir  government,  to  the  disappointment  of       The  only  way  in  which  the  result  of  the  election 

the  blacks  in  their  hopes  of  material  prosperity,  and  In  the  State  could  be  reversed  by  the  Betamicg 

the  increasing  stringency  of  the  times,  which  they  Board  with  any  pretense  of  a  cause  was  by  indscis^ 

ignorantlj  ascribed  to  misgovemment,  and  to  the  registrars  to  make  protests  after  the  election,  sssi^' 

active  eflforts  of  the  Conservatives  to  conciliate  the  ing  fear  as  the  resson  of  their  not  having  been  for- 

colored  population  and  win  their  votes.    The  "ELe*  warded  with  the  returns,  and  by  ooUoctingtestimocy 

publicans  sout?ht  to  contravene  the  conclusions  of  of  some  sort  of  intimidation  in  support  of  the  prc- 

the  report  to  the  Forty-third  Congress  by  taking  a  tests.    Anderson  and  Weber  were  toe  prindpelic- 

fiotitious  census  in  1876,  in  which  an  excess  of  26,000  straments  used  for  this  purpose.  They  wers  indwed 

colored  adults  over  the  adult  white  population  waa  to  aign  protests  by  persuasions  snd  promises,  acd 

reported.    The  registration  in  1876  was  fraudulently  a  crowd  of  ignorant  plantation  negroes  were  takes 

swelled  to  correspond  with  this  census.    Begistrars  down  to  New  Orlesns,  and  awed  and  entrapped  br 

were  enjoined  bv  the  Bepublican  managers  to  secure  leading  queations  into  testifying  to  various  seUci 

as  many  votes  lor  the  party  aa  there  were  colored  violencewhich,  where  they  had  any  foundation,  i«ere 

voters  reported  in  the  false  census.    Kellogg  had  ap-  occurrences  long  preoeding  the  election,  snd  totally 

pointed  as  supervisors  of  registration  in  the  most  unconnected  with  politica.    Other  supervisors  were 

important  parinhea  creaturea  of  his  own,  non-resi-  persuaded  to  make  supplemental  proteata  after  tk«j 

dents  in  the  parishes,  which  was  contraiy  to  law —  nad  certified  in  the  retuns  thst  the  elaetioDS  hid 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS.  715 

be«n  fairy  fall,  and 
lAod  Punah,  bM  re 

trftordinaiy  preMiin ^ .  __ 

to  do  to.  rant,  where  they  met  Sherman ;  and  that  they  re- 
Am  in  East  Feliciana,  so  in  the  other  ne^ro  pariah-  oeived  from  him  aatiafaetorj  aaauranoea  of  reward 
eS|  the  aame  claim  of  intimidation  waa  made,  bud-  for  letting  their  proteata  stand,  which  asBUraDoea 
ported  bjr  the  aame  claaa  of  witneaaea,  and  in  the  they  determined  the  following  day  to  have  in  writ- 
Mme  «  parte  and  dangerona  way :  and  though  fdlly  ing,  and  thereupon  sent  Mr.  Sherman  a  letter  to 
dbproved  and  in  direct  conflict  with  the  Ailmesa  of  that  effect,  to  which  he  returned  a  aatiafaotory  reply, 
tha  ?ote,  and  with  all  the  known  facta  and  oircum-  Many  of  his  atatementa  were  corroborated  bj  other 
itances,  the  claim  of  intimidation  waa  nevertheleafl  evidence.  The  letter  fh>m  Mr.  Sherman,  if  it  had 
allowad,  and  so  much  of  the  vote  of  theae  parishes  any  existence,  was  directed  to  Weber.  Emile  We- 
ti  was  neceaaaiy  rejected.  And  the  Board  so  man-  ber  teatifled  that  he  found  it  among  bis  brother's 
sged  it  as  to  reject  1,010  votes  in  West  Feliciana,  papers  and  destroyed  it.  A  letter  was  shown  to 
1,73S  in  East  Feiioiana.  1,458  in  Saat  Baton  Kouj^^e,  Sypber,  former  member  of  Congresa,  bv  Don  We- 
1,517  in  Ouachita— in  all  5,706  votes,  while  rejectmg  ber,  wluoh  he  believed  to  be  a  genuine  letter  from 
bat  359  BepnbUoan  votea :  and  yet  49  witnesses  to  Mr.  Sherman.  Thia  differed  in  ahape  and  hand- 
intimidation  in  Weat  Feiioiana  were  contradicted  by  writing  from  a  spurious  letter,  perhaps  a  copy,  art- 
5i7  witoesses,  51  in  Ouachita  by  727  witnesses,  68  in  fully  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Committee,  which 
East  Baton  Biouge  by  457  witnesses,  and  26  in  East  Mrs.  Jenlu  testified  was  the  original  letter,  which 
Fdlioiana  by  1,196  witnesses.  Throughout,  the  action  ahehad  procured  to  be  forged  for  the  deception  of 
of  the  Board  waa  partiaan,  arbitrary,  and  flagrantly  Anderson  and  Weber.  Considerable  pains  seem  to 
unjust.  For  illustration :  In  New  Orleans  one  re-  have  been  taken  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  Com- 
tora  showed  297  or  299  Democratic  votes ;  because  mittee  and  of  the  public  to  this  forgerT,  perhaps 
tba  last  flgnre  waa  ao  made  that  it  could  not  oeiv  with  the  object  of  naving  it  acceptea^  first  aa  the 
taialj  be  said  whether  it  was  mesnt  for  a  7  or  9,  they  original  document,  and  afterward  proving  its  spuri- 
rujo^ed  the  whole  poll.    In  Vernon  they  ohanged  oua  origin. 

the  returns  by  adding  to  them  176  Bepublican  votea  The  influence  and  encouragement  of  the  visiting 
tad  subtracting  fix>m  the  Democrats  178  votes.    In  statesmen  and  the  presence  of  the  Federal  troops 
IbdHa,  where  the  Bepublioao  election  officers  omit-  sustained  the  Betuming  Board  in  their  fraudulent 
tei  to  write  *'  voted  ^  upon  the  registration  certifl-  purpose  of  deolariuff  the  State  for  Hayes,  without 
cata  of  the  first  hundnd  voters,  they  rejected  the  which  aid  they  woiud  not  have  thua  outrsffed  the 
wnole  poll— 822  Democratic  and  11  Bepublican  votes  moral  aense  of  the  community.   As  soon  as  the  mili- 
— ilthough  there  waa  no  pretense  that  the  vote  was  tary  waa  withdrawn  the  control  of  the  State  paased 
▼Foni^.   In  Concordia  aua  Nachitochea  they  counted  into  the  hands  of  the  Demoorata ;  the  Democratic 
l,d->4  votes  not  appearing  on  the  returns,  and  which.  Governor  took  possession  of  the  offloe  legally,  al- 
hy  the  rule  applied  to  Democratic  parishes,  should  though  Packard,  the  Bepublican  candidate,  had  re- 
not  have  been  counted.    In  De  Soto  they  accepted  ceived  2,866  more  votes  than  the  Ha^ea  Electors, 
protests  and  returns  which  had  evidently  been  in-  The  persons  most  conspicuous  in  the  election 
Mrtad  in  the  packages  after  they  were  mailed.  frauds  were  afterward  rewarded  with  lucrativeposta 
Many  of  Uie  witnesses  who  sustained  the  charges  in  the  Government  service.     J.  Madison  Wells, 
of  intimidaUon  before  the  Betuming  Board,  when  President  of  the  Betuming  Board,  was  made  Sur- 
•umined  by  the  Committee,  retractcMl  their  former  veyor  of  the  Port  of  New  Orleans ;  Thomaa  C.  An- 
td4timeny.    Fifteen  witnesses  in  Feliciana,  flrom  a  dorson.  Deputy  Collector  of  Port ;  Eenner,  Deputy 
number  whom  Mr.  Sherman  desired  the  Committee  Naval  Officer.   Kellogg,  the  Governor,  waa  elected  to 
t*?  call,  appeared,  and  onlv  two,  Swayze  and  Dula,  the  United  States  Senate ;  Packard  appointed  Consul 
held  to  their  original  declarations.    The  latter  aa-  to  Liverpool ;  and  the  other  political  managers,  the 
■ertad  that  Weber  had  influenced  the  other  witness-  Electors,  and  the  Supervisors,  given  most  aesirable 
«9  to  corroborate  hia  new  teatimony  after  he  had  re-  positions.    The  visiting  statesmen  also  received  the 
tncted  lus  former  statements.   Mr.  Sherman  desired  following  appointments :  John  Sherman,  Secretary 
thst  ninety  witnesses  be  examined  upon  acts  of  vio-  of  Treasury  ;   John  M.  Harlan,  Justice  Supreme 
leooe  in  Feiioiana;  but,  after  the  Committee  had  Court;  Stanley  Matthews.  Senator  fVom  Ohio;  James 
etpressed  willingness  to  hear  them,  they  were  not  A.  Garfield.  Administration  candidate  for  Speaker ; 
pralaoed.    Anderson  and  Jenks,  the  principal  wit-  Eugene  Hale,  offered  Postmsster-GeoeralAhip ;  Kd- 
nessesto  iotimidatlon  in  Bsat  Feiioiana.  afterward  ward  S.  Stouffhton,  Miniater  to  Buasia;  William  D. 
retracted  before  the  Committee  their  rormer  evi-  Kelley,  Member  of  Congress ;  John  A.  Kasson,  Min* 
d«QCfl,  as  did  also  Emile  Weber,  the  brother  of  Don  ister  to  Austria ;  J.  B.  Hawloy,  Commissioner  to 
Weber  of  West  Feliciana,  who  had  in  the  mean  time  Paris ;  John  Coburn,  Hot  Springs  Commissioner, 
been  killed.  Anderson*s  storv  before  the  Committee  III.  The  Fhrged  EUdoral  CSir<t>i<»/«t.— The  Elect- 
WM  that  there  waa  a  Bepublican  conspiracy  to  pre*  ors  met  on  the  6th  of  December.    Two  of  them,  Le- 
vant Bepublican  TOtes  being  cast  in  the  Felicianas,  visee  and  Brewster,  at  the  time  of  the  election  held 
and  thereby  to  afford  a  pretext  for  rejecting  the  vote  offices  under  the  Federal  Government.    These  they 
of  those  psrishea.  In  which  there  was  a  large  bona  had  resigned,  as  renderinff  them  ineligible  as  Elect- 
fiU  Ddmocratic  mdority ;  that  the  registration  and  ors.     They  were  then  elected  into  the  vacanciea 
el^oa  in  both  panshee  had  .been-  perfectly  ikir  and  caused  by  their  previous  ineligibility.    The  Electors 
free;  that  upon  arriving  at  New  Orleans  he  was  urged  did  ballot  separately  for  the  President  and  Vice- 
to  protest  his  parish;  that  he  resisted,  on  the  ground  President,  aa  the  Constitution  provides  that  thoy 
that  there  was  no  foundation  for  such  a  protest;  that,  should,  but  wrote  both  names  upon  the  same  slip 
under  pressure,  he  prepared  a  paper,  which  Judge  of  paper.    They  then  signed  a  certificate  of  the  Tote, 
Campbell^  the  oounsel  for  the  Bepublican  party  di-  which  was  a  single  certUloate  and  not  two  separate 
recting  such  matters,  declared  to  be  worthless ;  thai  ones,  as  the  law  requirea,  fhr  the  two  distinct  votes  for 
thereupoD,  at  the  request  of  Pitkin,  the  United  States  President  and  V ioe-Preaident.    They  firther  omit* 
HttihaU  Campbell  prepared  an  effective  protest  for  ted  to  sign  the  endorsement  on  the  envelope,  oertifV- 
bim  to  sign ;  that  Campbell  was  subseouently  sent  ing  to  the  contents.    One  copy  was  mailed  to  Wash- 
for  to  oome  and  take  the  verification  of  tnis  protest :  Ington.  one  put  on  file,  and  one  carried  by  Thomaa 
that  he  then  refused  to  verify  it,  but  that  he  signed  C.  Anaerson  to  Washixiffton,  and  presented  to  Mr. 
it  nd  left  it  with  Pitkin,  with  the  important  parts  Ferry,  Preaident  of  the  Senate,  who  declined  to  ac- 
of  it  Dot  filled  up :  that  he  subsequently^  called  on  cept  it  aa  beinff  irregular  in  form.    Anderson  hss- 
rUkin  to  reelaim  it,  who  refuaed  to  give  it  to  him ;  tened  back  to  New  Orleans.   A  new  set  of  certificates 
thst  thereupon  he  began  making  complaint,  and  the  was  prepared,  and  antedated  the  6th  of  December. 


716  PUBUO  DOCUMENTS. 

This  was  signed  with  great  seerecr  by  Kellogg,  The  report  was  Bigned :  Garkson  N.  Potter. 

Burph,  Joseph,  8heldon,^ks,  andBrewstep.  But  T^iUiam  R.  Morrison,  Eppa  Hnnton,  WiUiara 

Levisee  aocT  Joffnon  were  absent,  and  their  names  g    y^Q-er,  John  A.  McMahon,  Joseph  C.  S. 

were  forged  to  the  new  bsts.   This  cnme  is  charged,  "',     Jv^*    'XfvTv   -^^  ^^^""^""i  •^••wf**  ^-  "• 

falsely  it  is  probable,  to  Blanchard,  clerk  to  Govern-  Blackburn,  W  illiam  M.  Bpnnger. 

or  Kello||^g.    This  forged  certificate  was  forwarded  JK^pori^Otfifiiiofv^.— The minoritj presented! 

to  Washington.    There  were  laid  before  Congress  jepoitin  which  tber  express  their  disacnt  from  motc 

and  the  Electoral  Comndssion  two  Bepublican  cer^  of  the  conclusions  or  the  miyofity,  and  also  as  to  their 

tificates  and  one  Democratic  oertiflcate.    Bat  it  hap-  pertinence  to  the  investiffation.    The  maloritj  n- 

pened,  probably  by  design,  that  the  printed  copies  ftined  to  investigate  the  alleged  ftanda  afe  tEe  baBciV 

presented  to  the  electoral  Commission^one  by  a  box  in  Florida,  and  yet  aasnmed  to  deode  which  vst 

private  printer  instead  of  by  the  Public  ranter  as  is  the  popular  vote  had  gone.    When  the  rerdatioti  d 

usual,  were  two  copies  of  the  forged  certificate,  in-  the  cipher  dispatohea  was  pubUshed,  tba  nu^tj 

stead  of  one  of  the  genuine  but  detective  and  one  of  reserved  them  for  a  separate  report,  although  the/ 

the  forged  but  correct  certificate.    The  Commission  bore  directly  and  materially  upon  the  enl^ect  of  eltt- 

never,  therefore,  had  an  opportunity  of  considering  tion   ftauds  in  Florida.    No  evidenee  had  bct& 

the  formal  defects  of  the  certificate  which  they  ao-  brought  to  show  that  any  member  of  the  Caavite' 

cepted.  ing  Boards  in  Florida,  Lonisiana,  and  South  C&ro- 

When  the   Democrats  regained  the  control  the  lina  was  corruptible.    When  the  eipfaer  dispatcbe* 

Betuming  Board  was  abolished ;  so  that  there  no  were  published,  it  became  evident  that  the  chufct 

longer  exists  in  the  United  States  any  tribunal  em-  of  corruption  were  but  the  slandera  of  foiled  aQborc- 

powered  to  count  or  r^ect  votes  at  their  discretion,  en  of  corruption.    The  parties  to  the  attenapted  bxi- 

The  danger  of  a  body  thus  combining  judicial  and  beries  were  compelled  to  admit  on  the  witneaa-eUci 

adminlittrative  ftmctions  can  not  be  overrated ;  nor  the  sendinff  of  tne  criminating  messages.    Mr.  Pd- 

can  that  of  interfering  by  the  Federal  treops  in  the  ton  wss  obliged  to  bc«r  llie  largest  ahere  of  tb» 

local  elections.    But  the  greatest  danger  to  free  and  blame.    Mr.  Marble  had  been  the  loudeat  in  the  or 

honest  elections,  and  the  fundamental  cause  of  abuses,  of  fraud,  and  when  obliged  to  confeae  the  anthof 

is  from  the  fact  that  the  api>ointment  to  all  the  of-  ship  of  some  of  the  damaging  dispatebee.his  pretex: 

fioes  is  intrusted  to  the  President :  so  that  the  whole  that  he  had  sent  them  as  **  danger  aigDela ''  merited 

patronage  of  the  Government,  embracing  110,000  of-  the  contemptuous  laughter  with  whieh  it  was  n- 

fices,  is  made  the  ^rixe  for  which  both  parties  oon-  oeived.    Mr.  Smith  Weed  could  aaaune  the  bold 

tend  at  every  Presidential  election.  position  that  it  was  right  to  rescue  stolen  gooci. 

The  report  of  the  minority  is  summed  up  in  the  The  denials  of  Messn.  Felton  and  Tilden  of  tb« 

following  conclusion :  oomplioity  of  the  latter  can  not  remove  the  taint  of 

Finally,  we  conclude :  Firti,  That  due  effect  wss  suspicion  which  rests  upon  him.  Meaen.  WoclU j, 
not  given  to  the  vote  of  the  Electors  appointed  by  Marble,  and  Smith  Weed  were  on  terma  of  intimacv 
the  State  of  Florida  at  the  Presidential  election  of  with  him.  They  were  selected  by  hia  nephew  sc'd 
1876,  by  reason  of  false  and  fraudulent  returns  for  liimished  with  tne  ^pher.  Mr.  Marble'a  diapatebei 
the  said  Eleotore  by  the  Csnvassing  Board  of  that  were  sent  to  15  Gramerey  Park,  and  the  othen,  a 
State,  whereby  the  choice  of  the  people  of  that  State  being  more  apt  to  awake  suspieioD,  to  Bavcmejcr. 
was  annulled  and  revened  \  and  that  the  action  of  the  After  Tilden  nad  put  an  end  to  the  negotiations  f(i 
Board  of  State  Canvassers  in  mailing  the  returns  waa  the  bribery  of  the  South  Carolina  eanva^aers,  jrt 
couDtenanoed  and  encouraged  by,  among  othere,  the  Mr.  Pelton  remained  in  fhll  control,  oootinnea  U« 
Hon.  Edward  H.  Noyes,  who  has  since  Men  appoint-  Florida  negotiations,  and  attempted  to  bribe  an  Cre- 
ed the  Minister  for  this  country  to  France.  gon  Elector.    Mr.  Tilden  coula  not  have  taken  u 

Second.  That  due  effect  was  not  given  to  the  vote  acknowledged  part  in  an  open  bargain  for  the  Sootii 

of  the  Electore  appointed  by  the  State  of  Louisiana  Carolina  Canvasping  Board;  and  when  the  propocs- 

at  the  Presidential  election  of  1876,  by  reason  of  the  tion  was  put  to  him  by  Mr.  Cooper,  ba  oimld  ool 

false  and  fraudulent  action  of  the  Betuming  Board  have  acted  otherwise  than  he  did.    After  the  nubli- 

of  that  State,  whereby  the  choice  of  the  people  of  oation  of  the  diaptches,  Mr.  Tilden  did  net  oocr  to 

that  State  was  annulled  and  reversed ;  and  that  the  exonerate  himself  until  he  feared  that  a  auDiiDcei 

action  of  the  Returning  Board  was  countenanced  and  would  be  sent  to  him. 

encouraged  by,  among  othere^  the  Hon.  John  Shei^  With  regard  to  the  asserted  corruptibility  cf  tb« 

man,  who  has  since  been  appomted  Secretary  of  the  Betuming  Boards,  it  was  shown  that  in  8oiath  Csioii- 

Treasury.  na  Smith  Weed  waa  played  upon  by  men  ahrevdei 

J%ird,  That  a  conspiracy  existed  in  the  State  of  than  himself  for  purposes  in  a  manner  jnstiflahle.  la 

Louisiana  whereby  the  Bepublican  vote  in  all  the  Florida  the  ehaive  that  the  Canvaasing  Board  could  be 

precincts  of  the  parish  of  East  Feliciana,  and  in  some  bought  rests  on^  on  hearsay  evidenee.  The  attack  'm 

of  the  precincts  of  West  Feliciana,  at  the  general  the  report  on  General  Noyea is  altogether  iinwsnaat- 

election  in  November,  1876,  was  purposely  withheld  ed.    The  fket  that  the  canvassen  returned  the  Stste 

from  the  polls  to  afford  a  pretext  for  the  exclusion  for  Hsyes  is  taken  aa  a  reaaon  for  imputiBg  frasd  or 

by  the  Betuming  Board  for  that  State  of  the  votes  oormption:  whereas  it  appean  that,  if  the  rale  adro- 

(sast  in  those  precincts  for  Electors  for  i*resident  and  cated  by  the  m^ority  had  been  followed,  and  it* 

Vice-President.  Board  had  been  simply  authoriaed  to  sum  up  tht 

Faufik.  Thst  two  of  the  signatures  to  the  seoond  votes  appearing  upon  the  face  of  the  tetoma,  there 

certiflcate  of  the  electoral  vote  of  the  State  of  Louia-  would  nave  been  40  minority  for  Hayea;  if  the  rs]« 

iana  returned  to  Coogreas  and  referred  to  the  Eleo-  laid  down  by  the  Supreme  Court  had  been  adoptwS. 

toral  Commission  were  forged;  and  that  William  the  muority  would  nave  been  SCO;  and  iftheyfasd 

Pitt  Kellogg,  then  Governor  of  that  State,  and  now  proceeded  according  to  the  advice  of  the  I>emoct«ti€ 

a  Senator  of  the  United  States,  and  H.  Conqueat  Attorney -Genersl,  pursing  the  county  returns  of 

Clarke,  his  private  secretary,  now  a  clerk  in  the  fraud,  they  would  have  had  900  minority. 

Treasury  Department,   were  privy  to  such  for-  With  regard  to  Louisiana,  there  la  no  reiiable  eri- 

gery.  dence  that  the  alleged  Sherman  letter  had  any  ei- 

Fifth.  That  Samuel  J.  Tilden  and  Thomsa  A.  istence.    The  evidence  taken  before  the  Committee 

HendrickR  were,  and  Butherford  B.  Hayes  and  Wil-  regarding  violenoe  and  intimidation  in  the  "  boll- 

liam  A.  Wheeler  were  not,  the  real  choice  of  a  ma-  dosed"  pariahes  rather  sustains  than  contradicts tbe 

iority  of  the  Electon  duly  appointed  by  the  several  original  affidavits  presented  to  the  Betuming  Board 

States,  and  of  the  persons  who  exereised  and  were  and  the  Visiting  Committee.    The  forged  oertiflcau, 

entitled  to  the  right  of  suffrage  at  the  last  general  as  the  records  show,  was  not  the  one  oooaidered  ly 

election  in  the  United  States.  the  Electoral  Comnussion. 


PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS.  717 

The  xninoritj  report  was  siffned  bj  Messrs.  by  bnroing,  aooording  to  th«  reffolstionsof  thooom- 

Hisoock,  Cox,  and  Reed.  R*'*^    ^«*'  without  the  knowledge  of  the  Teleffreph 

„    ,    .     ^J^   .     ^            .-«..-«,  CompMiy.akigexMimberofthediipatoheshaabeen 

£mtl€r*m  JOmarUp  iSi^pMi.— Mr.  Beqjamm  F.  Butler  ftbetnMSted  from  the  trunk  while  it  was  in  custody  of 
preeenfettd  a  long  report,  in  whioh  he  maintaina  that  the  Committee.  Of  these  some  seren  hundred  were 
the  opimtiiig  in  of  Hayes  waa  aooompliahed  through  in  May,  1878,  in  the  possession  of  G.  K.  Bullock, 
a  sene*  of  sross  and  reprehensible  irregularities  and  who  was  the  messenger  of  the  Committee.  Appoint- 
frauds  ;  and  that  the  dignity  of  the  Supreme  Court  ed  consul  to  Cologne,  he  delivered  them  on  Hs  de- 
was  pruadioed  by  the  appointment  of  its  Judges  to  parture  to  J.  L.  Evans,  member  of  the  House.  The 
sit  in  too  Electoral  Oommisaioa.  He  holde  that,  if  latter  placed  them  in  the  charge  of  Mr.  Brady,  who 
there  was  any  legal  title  to  the  Qovemorship  in  Lou-  had  copies  taken,  and,  after  oonaultation  with  Mr. 
Liianaat  all,  Packard  was  lenllyoonstitutea  Govern-  Hale  and  others,  ftamished  these  copies,  a  part  of 
or ;  that  the  sendiog  of  the  McVeigh  commission  to  them  to  William  E.  Chandler,  and  a  part  of  Uiem  to 
Louiaiaaa  by  Mr.  Hayes  was  an  act  directly  contrary  the  New  York  **  Tribune.*'  Some  of  the  originals 
to  the  Gonatitntion  and  outside  of  the  lecntimate  au«  were  delivered  to  the  "  Tribune,"  and  the  rest  to 
thority  of  the  Executive;  and  that  Ihrthermore  ita  Mr.  Butler  of  the  Committee.  The  dispatches  were 
motive  waa  to  carry  out  a  corrupt  agreement  and  bai^  translated  by  Mr.  Hassard  and  others  m  the  **  Tri- 
gain  made  by  his  frienda  with  his  connivance.  He  bune^offlce.  Of  the  dispatches  which  were  returned, 
hnida  that  there  was  no  hiU  and  fair  election  in  Lou-  none  of  Bepublican  otifpn  were  found  of  a  compro- 
iaiaoa  in  1879.  The  electoral  vote  of  that  State,  he  mising  character.  Some  between  Measrs.  Tyner  and 
t h  i  nks,  should  not  have  been  counted  at  all  for  either  Zaohariah  Chandler,  relating  to  the  payment  of  moo- 
Preaidential  candidate.  The  vote  of  the  "bulldosed**  ey  for  campaign  purposes  w  Indiana,  were  remem- 
pariahea  might  have  been  fairly  and  legaUy  rejected  bered  by  telegraph  employees.  It  is  probable  that 
by  the  Betumin|f  Board  on  their  proper  judffmenl,  during  the  time  when  the  dispatchea  were  in  the 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  precincts  not  affecting  keeping  of  the  Bepublican  Committee,  Bepublican 
the  result.  Beiecting  the  vote  of  these  parishes,  the  eiph^dispatchee  wero  suppressed  as  well  as  Demo- 
sotoal  Tote  of  the  State  was  cast  for  Packard,  and  for  onitic  ones  stolen.  From  the  shape  of  the  packagea 
a  portion  of  the  Tilden  Electors,  leavmg  two  of  the  in  the  trunk,  one  fourth  of  the  contents  might  have 
Hayes  Sleotors  unelected.  If  the  Presidential  vote  been  romoved  without  being  missed, 
of  the  State  had  been  decided  by  such  a  count  and  The  near  fiiende  of  Mr.  Tflden  who  sent  the  cipher 
return,  Tilden  would  have  received  the  Presidency,  dispatches  seem  to  have  feared  that  the  corrupt 
as  ho  would  also  had  the  electoral  vote  of  the  State  canvassers  would  declaro  the  States  of  Florida  and 
been  totally  ignored.  The  two  Houses  of  Congress  gouth  Carolina  for  Hayea ;  and,  being  convinced  that 
sboold  have  declared  that  Louisiana  would  not  be  the  popular  vote  had  been  caat  for  Tilden,  to  have 
eoanted  for  either  candidate,  thus  giving  a  lesson  to  been  willing  to  submit  to  the  payment  of  moneys, 
over-sealons  partisans.  The  Electoral  Commission  which  they  wen  informed  some  of  the  canvassers 
was  no  solution  of  the  difficulties  ragarding  the  count-  denianded  by  way  of  blackmail.  These  negotiations 
io^  of  a  disputed  electoral  vote.  Another  such  ezi*  wero  not  authorised  by  the  Democratic  National  Com- 
gency  would  lead  to  a  rovolutlon.  He  holds  that  the  mittee,  nor  by  the  candidate,  Mr.  Tilden.  In  the 
Cocamission  waa  unconatitutional,  and  its  decision  ease  of  Soutn  Carolina  the  negotiations  had  ad- 
of  no  binding  force ;  and  that  the  result  has  shown  vanced  so  fkr  that  one  Hardy  S(Momoo,  claming  to 
that  it  waa  against  public  policy,  tending  to  encour-  aot  for  the  Board  of  Canvassers,  went  to  Baltimore 
age  oerrapt  political  methods,  sanctioning  the  send-  to  receive  $60,000  or  $80,000 ;  and  when  an  applica- 
ing  of  aemi-offloial  partisans  into  a  State  for  the  pur-  tion  was  made  to  Mr.  Tilden  to  advance  the  same, 
poae  of  advising  how  the  electoral  vote  should  be  be  at  once  rofhsed  and  the  negotiation  was  broken 
gjven,  or  how  the  popular  vote  should  be  counted,  off.  In  Florida  two  propositions  wero  transmitted. 
He  oonolndes  that  thero  is  not,  nor  ouieht  there  to  be,  and  one  of  these  was  directed  to  be  accepted  condi- 
soy  indefeasible  title  to  an  elective  office,  which  can  tionally.  Thero  has  been  no  evidence  produced  con- 
not  be  reviewed,  refizamined,  and  pasaed  upon  by  necting  Mr.  Tilden  in  any  way  with  these  transac- 
proper  proceedings,  authorised  by  Congross,  to  be  tions.  He  has  denied  all  knowledge  of  them  under 
taken  beforo  and  ultimately  decided  by  the  Supreme  oath.  No  charge  has  been  made  from  any  source 
Jadioial  Court.                                                 ^  ^  against  Mr.  Hendricks. 

Apart  of  iU  OmrnHUu  on  the  IwoutigaUon  of  Else- 

ioratIiFaud§  on  th4  Cipher  DiMatokt8.--The  Commit*  The  report  was  signed :  Glarkson  N.  Potter, 

tee  for  the  investigation  of  frauda  in  the  electoral  William  R.  Morrison,  Eppa  Hunton,  William 

pany  ordered  its  servants  to  forward  all  dispatches  Blackbnrn,  William  M.  Springer. 
relating  to  the  Pnsidential  election  to  New  York,  A  Card  from  Mr.  TU<Un,—l  have  read  the  publi- 
in  the  aatumn  of  1876,  in  order  to  protect  them  from  cations  in  the  *'  Tribune  **  of  the  8th  of  October,  pur- 
pa  blseation  in  consequence  of  a  possible  legal  requi-  porting  to  be  translations  of  cipher  telegrams  relat- 
aition  from  the  courta  or  from  Congress.  Tney  were  \ng  to  the  canvass  of  votes  in  Florida  at  the  Presiden- 
aasorted  by  Mr.  Oary,  attorney  for  the  company,  the  tial  election  of  1876,  and  have  looked  over  those 


the  Hooae  on  Louisiana  affaire,  aud  by  the  Committee  formation  about  them,  except  what  has  been  derived 

of  the  Senate  on  •Privileges  and  Sleetions,  of  whioh  from  or  since  the  publications  of  the  "  Tribune.'* 

ICr.  Morton  waa  chairman,  calling  for  certain  Oregon  So  much  for  these  telegrams,  generallv.   I  shall  speak 

dUpetches.    These  were  sepan^ed  from  the  mass  yet  more  specifically  as  to  some  of  tnenu 

end  epecially  inventoried.    The  rest,  in  number  29,-  I%rti,  Tnose  which  relate  to  an  offer  purporting 

975,  wero  aubsequently  forwarded  to  Washington  in  to  have  been  made  in  behalf  of  some  member  of  the 

eotnpliance  with  a  general  subpoBna  from  the  Morton  State  Board  of  Canvassen  of  Florida,  to  give,  for  a 

Commtttee,  and  delivered  to  the  clerk  of  the  Com-  pecuniary  compensation,  certificates  to  the  Demo- 

mittee^  Mr.  Bnrbank,  or  another  in  charge  of  the  erotic  Eleeton  who  had  been  actually  chosen.    None 

eommittee  room,  and  locked  in  a  trunk  in  the  com-  of  these  telegrams  nor  any  telegram  communicating 

mittee  room,  on  the  S5th  of  January,  1877.    The  such  an  offer  or  answering  such  an  offer,  or  relating 

tranfc  waa  rotnrned  to  the  offlcen  of  the  Telegreph  to  auch  an  offer,  waa  seen  by  me,  translated  to  me, 

Company  on  the  18th  of  Maroh.     The  dispatches  or  the  contents  of  it  in  any  manner  made  known  to 

taken  to  New  York«  and  in  due  time  destroyed  me.    I  had  no  knowledge  of  the  existence  or  purport 


718  PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS. 

of  any  telegram  relating  to  that  subjeet,  nor  did  I  I  bad  a  perfoetly  fixed  purpose,  from  wbich  I  nerer 

learn  the  foot  that  euoh  an  offer  of  the  Florida  certifi-  deviated  in  word  or  act,  a  purpose  which  waa  kno«Ek 

catee  had  been  made  until  lon^  after  the  6th  of  De-  to  or  aasamed  bj  all  with  whom  I  waa  in  hshibui 

oember,  at  whioh  time  the  oertifloates  were  delivered  Communication.    If  the  Preaidenej  of  the  Uniud 

and  the  electoral  votes  cast ;  and  when  the  informa-  States  was  to  be  disposed  of  by  certificates  to  be 

tion  casually  reached  me,  as  of  a  past  event,  it  waa  won  f^m  corrupt  returning  boards,  by  any  fono  of 

accompanied  by  the  statemvnt  that  the  oner  had  venal  induoementa,  whether  of  omoes  or  mootj,  I 

been  rejected.  was  resolved  to  take  no  part  in  the  shameful  ooiii}>e- 

iketmdly.  As  to  the  publications  in  the  *'  Tribune  "  tition,  and  1  took  none, 

of  this  morning,  purporting  to  be  translations  of  ci-  The  main  interest  of  the  victory  wbi^  resulted  a 

pher  telegrams  relating  to  the  canvass  of  votes  in  m;^  election  waa  the  expectation  that  through  ti^ 

South  Carolina  in  1876,  which  I  have  seen  since  1  chief  magistracy  a  system  of  reforms,  similar  to  tLii 

wrote  the  foregoing,  I  can  speak  of  them  no  less  def-  which  bi^  been  accomplished  in  our  oaetro^liB  asd 

initely  and  positively.    No  one  of  such  telegrams,  in  our  State  administration,  would  be  achie\td  xi 

either  in  oipner  or  translated,  was  ever  shown  to,  or  the  Federal  Government.    For  thia  obieet  it  vu 

its  contents  made  known  to  me.    No  offer  or  negotia-  necessary  that  I  should  be  untnunmel^d  by  any  com' 

tiou  in  behalf  of  the  State  Canvassers  of  SouthCaro-  mitmeot  in  the  choice  of  men  to  exeoote  the  officiu 

lina,  or  of  any  of  them,  or  any  dealing  with  any  of  trusts  of  the  Government,  and  untrammeled  by  ut 

them  in  resneot  to  the  certiflcatea  to  the  Electors,  obligations  to  special  interests.    I  had  been  Dri&> 

was  evir  autnorlxed  or  sanctioned  in  any  manner  by  inated  and  I  was  elected  without  one  ItmitatioD  <>f 

me,  directly  or  through  any  other  person.  my  perfect  independence.    To  have  soneDdered  ^: 

I  will  add  that  no  offer  to  give  the  certificates  of  compromised  the  advantagea  of  thia  poaitioD  bj  i 
any  returning  board  or  State  canvassers  of  any  State  degrading  competition  for  retumingA)oard  eefti£- 
to  the  Democratic  Electors  in  consideration  of  prom-  cates  would  have  been  to  abandon  all  that  msdc  ri> 
ises  of  office,  or  money,  or  property — no  negotiation  toiy  desirable— eveiything  which  eonld  have  fu* 
of  that  nature  in  behalf  of  any  memoer  of  such  board  tained  me  in  the  larger  atruggle  that  victory  wioli 
or  with  any  such  member — ^no  attempt  to  influence  have  imposed  upon  me.  I  waa  resolved  to  go  isio 
the  action  of  any  such  member,  or  to  influence  the  the  Presidential  chair  in  fUl  command  of  all  mj  re- 
action of  any  Elector  of  President  and  Vice-Presi-  sources  for  osefhlness,  or  not  at  all. 
dent  by  such  motives,  was  ever  entertained,  con-  While  thus  abstaining  from  an  ignominiovie^- 
sidere<L  or  tolerated  by  me  or  by  anvbody  within  petition  for  such  certificates,  I  saw  thcae  ccrti£cAtt5 
mv  influence  by  my  consent,  or  with  my  knowl-  obtained  for  the  Republican  Electors  who  hsd  l<\ 
edj^  or  acquiescence.  No  such  contemplated  trans-  been  chosen  by  the  people,  and  denied  to  the  Decc- 
action  could  at  any  time  have  come  within  the  range  eratic  Electors  who  nad  been  chosen  by  the  p<of4e. 
of  mv  power,  without  that  power  being  inatantly  ex-  These  false  and  fVaudulent  oertiflcat^  now  c  o* 
erted  to  crusn  it  out.  fessed  and  proved  to  have  been  obtained  by  ocmtt 

A  belief  waa  doubtless  current  that  certiflcatea  inducements,  were  afterwsrd  made  the  pretexts  r« 

f^om  the  State  of  Florida,  conforming  to  the  actual  tsking  f^om  the  people  their  rightful  choice  fortLt 

vote  of  the  people,  were  in  the  mancet.    **  I  have  Presidency  and  Vice>Presidency. 

not  the  slightest  doubt  in  the  world."  said  Mr.  Sal-  These  certiflcatea  were  declared,  by  the  tribucel  U 

tonstall,  wuo  was  in  Florida  at  the  time,  in  a  recent  which  Congress  had  abdicated  the  funotion  oi  dtcii- 

interview  with  the  **  Hersld,''  "  that  that  (Florida)  ing  the  count  of  disputed  eleotoral  votes,  to  be  thi 

vote  could  have  been  bought,  if  Mr.  Tilden  had  been  absolute  and  indisputable  conveyance  of  title  to  tie 

dishonorable  enough  to  desire  it  done,  for  a  great  chief  magistrscyoi  the  nation, 

deal  less  than  $50,000  or  $20,000."    It  was  known  The  SUte  of  Florida,  which  had  united  all  ber  a- 

that  either  one  of  the  two  members  who  composed  ecutive,  leffislative,  and  judicial  powers  to  testi^  t) 

a  muority  of  the  Florida  Board  of  State  Canvassers  Congress,  fonff  before  the  count,  who  were  her  gexA- 

ooula  control  its  action  and  snve  the  certiflcates  to  tne  agents,  wnlch  had,  by  statute,  csoaed  a  nou- 

the  Democrats.    Either  one  of  them  could  settle  the  Tass,  the  issue  of  new  certificates,  and  a  formsl  »ot- 

Presidential  controversy  in  favor  of  the  Democratic  ereign  authentication  of  the  right  of  the  true  Llt^ 

candidates, who  lacked  nut  one  vote.  tors  to  deposit  the  votes  entitled  to  be  counted,  tm 

How  accessible  to  venal  inducements  they  were  is  held  to  be  incapable  of  communicating  to  Cocgrcsi 

shown  by  the  testimony  of  McLin,  the  chairman  of  a  fact  which  everybody  then  knew,  and  which  ess 

the  Board  of  State  Canvassers,  in  hia  examination  not  now  be  disputed. 

before  the  Potter  Committee,  in  June  last.  He  ad-  Congress,  though  vested  by  the  Constitutioo  vitit 
mitted  that  the  true  vote  oi  the  people  of  Florida  the  authority  to  count  the  electoral  votes,  tbcacl' 
waa  in  favor  of  the  Democratic  Electors,  and  that  the  unrestricted  either  as  to  the  time  when  it  abocid  re- 
fect even  appeared  on  the  face  of  the  county  returns,  oeive  evidence  or  as  to  the  nature  of  that  evidenct, 
including  among  them  the  true  return  from  Baker  and  though  subiect  to  no  appeal  from  its  d«ci»i^ 
County,  notwithstanding  the  great  frauds  against  the  was  declared  to  nave  no  power  to  guide  its  own  eotcl 
Democrats  in  some  of  the  county  returns.  He  also  by  any  information  it  could  obtain,  or  by  anv  slIthc^ 
confessed  that  in  voting  to  give  the  certiflcates  to  ity  which  it  might  accept  ftom.  the  wronged  and  be< 
the  Republican  Electorshe  acted  under  the  influence  trayed  State  whose  vote  was  about  to  De  fslsiJiec 
of  promises  that  he  should  be  rewarded  in  case  **  Mr.  The  monstrous  conclusion  wsa  tbua  reached  tbst  tbc 
Hayes  became  President"  ;  adding  that  **  certainly  act  of  one  man  holding  the  deciding  vote  in  s  bcerd 
these  promises  must  have  had  a  strong  control  over  of  state  canvaasers  (for  without  hia  eoneoneocc  the 
my  jud^ent  and  action."  After  the  certiflcates  of  fVauds  of  the  other  returning  boards  would  httv 
the  Louisiana  Betuming  Board  had  been  repeatedly  failed)  in  giving  certiflcatea  known  at  the  time,  soi 
offered  to  Mr.  Hewitt  and  others  for  money,  they  now  byhimselioonfeased,tobefa]8eandfTsuduItmt, 
were  given  in  favor  of  the  Republican  Electors  who  and  confessed  to  have  been  obtained  by  the  pronu'c 
had  been  rejected  by  a  large  majority  of  the  voters,  of  offloe--cerliflcates  whose  charseter  was  ksovn 
and  the  members  or  this  Ketummg  Board  now  pes-  months  before  Congress  could  becrin  the  oount— mwt 
sess  the  most  important  Federal  offices  in  that  State,  prevail  over  all  the  remedial  powers  of  the  State  of 

The  pregnant  lact  always  remains  that  none  of  the  Florida  and  of  the  Congreaa  of  the  United  Statef 

corrupt  boards  gave  their  certificates  to  the  Demo-  combined,  and  must  dispose  of  the  chief  roa^stnej 

eratic  Electors,  but  they  all  gave  them  to  the  Repub-  of  this  Republic                              8.  J.  TILDES- 

lioan  Electors.  Ksw  Toxk,  Oeklb^r  It,  1878. 


BEFORMED  OHUBOHES.  719 


R 

REFORMED  OHUROHES.    Rbfobicxd  od  of  the  Board  of  Saperintendents,  the  Theo- 

GHimoH  vs  Amxbioa  (formerly  B^ortned  Dutch  logical  Seminary  at  New  Bniuswick,  N.  J.,  had 

Ghwrh). — ^The  following  ia  a  summary  of  the  been  attended  by  40  stndents,  and  the  graanat- 

8tati8tio8  of  this  Church  as  they  were  reported  ing  class  numbered  14  members.  About  1,800 

to  the  Greneral  Synod  at  its  annual  meeting  in  volumes,  many  of  them  representing  rare  works, 

Jone,  1878 :   Number  of  churches,  608 ;  of  had  been  added  to  the  library  at  New  Bruns- 

ministers,  642 ;  of  families,  48,922 ;  of  commu-  wick  during  the  year. 

nioantfl,  79,418 ;  of  persons  reeeived  on  con-  JSbpe  Oollwe^  at  Holland,  Mich.,  was  in  an 

fession  of  faith,  8,948 ;  of  baptisms,  8,874  of  embarrassed  nnandal  condition,  in  conseauence 

infants  and  1,044  of  adults ;  of  Sunday-schools,  of  which  the  Ideological  department  haa  been 

648,  with  77,541  scholars.    Total  amount  of  susjpended. 

religions  and  benevolent  contributions,  $206,-  The  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church 

778,  showing  an  increase  of  $6,259,  or  2^  per  in  America  met  at  Utica,  N.  T.,  June  5tJi. 

cent.,  over  the  contributions  of  the  previous  The  Rev.  Jacob  Chamberlain.  M.  D.,  of  the 

year.  mission  at  Aroot,  India,  was  elected  President 

The  Board  of  Direction  reported  to  the  Gen-  The  business  transacted  by  the  Synod  related 
eral  Synod  that  the  total  amount  of  fxmds  be-  chiefly  to  the  condition  of  the  funds  and  the 
longmg  to  the  body  was  $451,411.  Among  the  benevolent  and  educational  enterprises  of  the 
more  important  special  funds  are  the  follow-  Church.  A  fraternal  delegate  from  the  Presby- 
ing:  Endowment  fund  of  Hope  College,  $19,-  terian  Church  South  addressed  the  Synod  re- 
256;  fund  of  the  Professorship  of  Didactio  specting  the  need  of  teachers  and  preachers  to 
and  Polemic  Theology  at  Hope  College,  $6,120 ;  work  among  the  people,  white  and  colored,  of 
Centennial  Seminary  fund,  $451 ;  permanent  the  Southern  States,  and  particularly  respecting 
Seminary  fund,  $182,088,  less  a  permanent  the  institution  for  the  education  of  colored  young 
Seminary  deficit  fond  of  $84,757 ;  widows^  fund,  men  established  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
$49,807  (income  during  the  year,  $8,265);  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.;  whereupon  the  Synod  re- 
disabled  ministers'  fund,  $19,614  (income  from  solved  that  it  would  welcome  any  agent  whom 
all  sources  $4,011);  education  fond,  $94,687  the  Southern  Presbyterians  might  appoint  to 
(income,  $2,645);  parochial  school  frmd,  $10,-  procure  funds  for  the  endowment  of  a  prof essor- 
860.  ship  in  the  Institute,  and  recommended  this  en- 

Tbe  receipts  of  the  Board  o/Edueatiany  ao-  terprise  to  the  people  of  the  Church.    It  also 

cording  to  the  report  made  to  the  General  Syn-  recommended  an  enlarged  cooperation  in  the 

od,  had  been  $19,108.    The  Board  had  aided  work  of  the  Southern  brethren  among  the  col- 

eigbty-three  students,  fourteen  of  whom  had  ored  people,  and  also  in  the  general  mission 

entered  the  ministry.     Thirteen  students  had  field  of  the  South,  the  same  to  be  given,  *^  of 

been  received  during  the  year.  course,*'  through  the  recognized  committees 

The  Board  of  Domeitie  Mieiione  TepoTt&a  to  of  tlie  Presbyterian  Church  South.    The  at- 

the  General  Synod  that  their  total  receipts  for  tention  of  the  Synod  having  been  called  to  the 

the  year  had  been  $27,642,  or  $8,444  less  than  fact  that  the  Sunday-school  lesson-leaves  in 

the  receipts  ofthe  previous  year.    The  church-  ordinary  use  had  the  effect  of  keeping  the 

building  fund  also  showed  a  total  deficit  of  scholars  from  the  direct  use  of  the  Scriptures, 

$10,451.    The  Board  had  employed  94  mission-  and  of  lessening  the  demand  for  Bibles,  a  reso- 

aries,  and  had  aided  102  churches  and  missions,  lution  was  passed  recommending  the  constant 

with  which  were  connectea  6,787  families  and  use  of  the  Bible  together  with  the  lesson-leaf 

8,896  members.    Three  churches  had  been  or-  in  the  Sunday-schools,  the  lesson-leaf  to  be  em- 

ganized,  and  thirteen  churches  had  become  ployed  in  preparation,  the  Bible  in  recitation, 

self-sustaining.    There  were  reported  as  under  A  letter  was  received  from  the  native  members 

the  care  of  the  Board  184  Sunaay-schools  (of  of  the  Church  in  connection  with  the  mission 

which  15  had  been  organized  daring  the  year),  in  China,  in  which  the  wish  was  expressed  that 

having  an  average  attendance- of  11,889  schol-  the  Chinese  church  might  speedily  become 

srs.  strong  enough  to  assume  the  work  of  evangel- 

The  property  under  the  care  of  the  Board  of  izing  the  country  without  farther  help  from 

Pvhlication  had  been  put  into  the  hands  of  a  the  Board  of  Missions.    The  Synod  made  an 

receiver  daring  the  year,  for  the  purpose  of  appropriate  response  to  this  letter.  A  resolution 

secarinflr  a  sati^actory  adjustment  of  its  affairs,  was  passed  expressing  the  hope  that  some  lay- 

and  had  been  restored  to  the  control  of  the  man  would  establish  and  endow  a  lectareship 

Board  for  only  one  month  previous  to  the  meet-  of  missions  for  the  Theological  Seminary  at 

ing  ofthe  General  Synod.   The  exhibit  showed  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.    A  committee  was  ap- 

that  the  assets  of  the  establishment  amounted  pointed  to  consider  and  report  to  the  next  Gkn- 

to  $12,848,  and  its  liabilities  to  $9,054.  eral  Synod  concerning  a  method  for  the  ap- 

According  to  the  report  to  the  General  Syn-  pointment  and  superintendence  of  evangelists 


720 


REFORMED  CHURCHES. 


to  work  in  oonneotion  with  the  Church  with- 
out investitare  with  the  fall  ministerial  office. 
The  qaarto-millennial  anniversary  of  the  Col- 
legiate Reformed  church  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  being  also  the  two  hundred  and  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  the  organization  of  the  first 
church  in  the  city,  was  celebrated  November 
2l8t.  A  history  of  the  church  from  its  forma- 
tion in  1628  was  read  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  £. 
Vermilye,  in  which  it  was  recorded  that  it  had 
had  twenty-eight  pastors  and  six  edifices.  It 
had  trained  27,000  children,  and,  having  started 
with  fifty  persons  to  sit  down  at  its  first  com- 
munion, now  numbered  11,000  commtmicants. 
Nearly  $400,000  of  the  funds  of  the  church 
had  been  devoted  to  outside  charity.  The 
services  were  attended  and  participated  in  by 
ministers  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal,  Presby- 
terian, Baotist,  Methodist  Episcopal,  and  Con- 
§*egational  churches.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Morgan 
iz,  Rector  of  Trinity  Church,  the  next  oldest 
church  in  the  city,  spoke  of  the  pleasant  re* 
lations  that  had  always  subsisted  between  the 
clergymen  of  the  two  churches  in  respect  to 
all  works  of  benevolence  and  religious  progress. 
II.  Rbfobbibd  Chuboh  in  thb  UzirrKD  States. 
— ^The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics 
of  this  Church  as  they  are  given  in  the  "  Al- 
manac of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States,"  (Philadelphia)  for  1879: 


SYNODS. 


Bjnod  of  the  United  States. 

Synod  of  Ohio 

Bynod  of  the  Northwest 

Synod  of  Pittsburgh 

Synod  of  the  Potomee. 

Geimui  Synod  of  the  East 

Totsl-Hriz  synods. . . . 


MlBi»- 

Coofiv* 

IfMnhiwa 

IM. 

fBtioai. 

904 

480 

68,061 

168 

840 

84,660 

18S 

SOS 

16.460 

OS 

114 

9,788 

1» 

847 

86,880 

88 

80 

T,786 

no 

1,8«8 

147,788 

■elieet 
idMilan. 

88,780 

80,184 

9,698 

6.660 

15,176 

6,671 

88,999 


Number  of  classes,  45 ;  of  infants  baptized, 
12,828;  of  adults  baptized,  880;  of  Sunday- 
schools,  1,287 ;  of  candidates  for  the  ministry, 
167.  Amount  of  contributions:  For  benevo- 
lent purposes,  $61,727;  for  congregations] 
purposes,  $582,229.  Of  the  members,  90,998 
are  designated  members  unconfirmed.  The 
Western  slmanac  of  the  same  name  (Dayton, 
O.)  gives  for  comparison  the  statistical  footings 
of  1868  and  1858,  from  which  the  growth  ot 
the  Church  appears  to  be  represented  by  an 
increase  in  ten  years  of  189  ministers,  190 
congregations,  and  29,878  members,  and  in 
twenty  years  of  864  ministers,  849  congrega- 
tions, and  66,656  members.  Five  theological 
institutions  and  seven  colleges  are  under  the 
care  of  the  Church,  of  which  the  Theological 
Seminary  at  Tiffin,  Ohio,  has  educated  171 
ministers,  and  Heidelberg  College,  at  the  same 
place,  has  educated  more  than  8,400  students. 
The  Ohio  Board  of  Missions,  at  Columbiana, 
has  twenty  stations  under  its  care.  The  Mis- 
sion Board  of  the  Northwest  labors  mostly 
among  the  Germans.  The  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  General  Synod  is  on  the  point 


of  establishing  a  mission  in  Japsn.  Other 
mission  societies  are  the  Board  of  UmDOs 
Union,  and  tiie  Eastern  Board  at  Harrisbug, 
Pa.  Three  educational  societies  exist  to  pro* 
mote  the  education  of  young  men  for  the  min- 
istry. Two  orphans*  houses,  a  sodetj  for  the 
relief  of  ministers  and  their  widows,  ind  tro 
Boiurds  of  Church  Erection  are  sopportedin 
oonneotion  with  the  Chnroh.  The  pnblici* 
tions  of  the  Church  embrace  two  genenl 
weekly  newspapers,  two  monthly  familj  pub- 
lications, and  two  cliildren's  papers  for  Soodty- 
schools. 

The  QeMftaX  Sffnod  of  the  Reformed  Cbordi 
in  the  United  States  met  at  Lancaster,  Pi, 
May  16th.  The  Rev.  Dr.  D.  Van  Home  ve 
chosen  Moderator.  The  session  was  diftiB- 
guished  by  the  adoption  of  measures  for  id- 
Justing  the  differences  on  the  subjects  of  tb^ 
ology  and  ritual  which  had  disturbed  the 
Church  for  several  years.  The  first  of  tboe 
measures  was  a  paper  which  was  introdvc^d 
unexpectedly,  but  was  unanimously  adopted 
reciting  the  evils  which  grew  out  of  tLeie  dif- 
ferences, and  ordering  the  i^pointment  of  i 
Commission  to  con«der  them.  The  Cooudu- 
sion  is  to  be  formed  of  ministerial  and  kj 
delegates,  appointed  by  the  several  district 
syuMis  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  choreh 
members  within  their  bounds,  is  to  oontiis  i 

Proportionate  representation  of  the  two  tn- 
encies  or  parties  in  the  Church,  and^ihtll 
consider  ana  solemnly  deliberate  over  all  pit' 
ters  in  controversy  witliin  the  Church,  with  i 
view  of  devising  a  plan  of  amicable  a(|jo^' 
ment  to  be  reported  to  the  next  General  Sjn- 
od,  on  some  such  basis  of  mutnal  agreemect 
aa  shall  commend  itself  as  best  to  the  mind  of 
the  said  Commission,  guaranteeing  unity  in  «- 
sentials,  liberty  in  doubtful,  and  chant jr  in  sll 
things  pertaining  to  the  Church."  The  detiils 
of  the  appointment  and  constitution  of  tha 
Commission  were  fixed,  and  a  sapplemestiry 
paper  was  adopted,  admonishing  m  membm 
and  ministers  of  tne  Synod  ^*  to  use  their  offi- 
cial and  personal  infiuence  in  the  coltiTitioB 
of  mutual  confidence  and  peace,"  requesting 
the  editors  of  the  Qhurch  papers  to  infiue  as 
far  as  possible  a  spirit  of  oonoliation  and  eoe- 
cord  into  their  publications,  the  professors  is 
the  educational  institutions  to  cultivate  a  spirit 
of  charitableness  and  peace  in  the  mindi  of 
their  students,  and  members  of  ecdesiasticsl 
bodies  under  the  supervision  of  the  General 
Synod,  in  their  deliberations  and  decisions,  to 
have  a  due  regard  for  each  other'^s  coDscies* 
tions  convictions,  so  as  to  advance  pesoe.  Ser- 
oral  measures  respecting  the  liturgy  and  hjian- 
books,  which  were  to  have  formed  a  part  of 
the  order  of  proceedings,  were  postponed,  or 
referred  to  the  Commission.  The  President  of 
the  General  Synod  was  appointed  temporsrr 
chairman  of  the  Commission,  for  the  pnrpose 
of  convening  and  organizing  it,  and  was  in- 
structed to  call  it  to  meet  at  Harriaburg,  P^* 
on  the  last  Wednesday  of  November,  187a 


REFORMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  721 

An  article  embodying  a  oonstitution  for  a  court  lowinfi;  resolutions  were  adopted  respecting  the 
of  appeal  was  reported  hj  a  committee  ap-  relation  of  the  Church  and  its  communicants 
pointed  to  consider  the  subject,  and  was  laid  to  popular  amusements : 
over  for  further  consideration  tUl  the  next  ^^  That  us  the  .enBe  of  thU  CouncU  it  I. 
meetmg  of  tlie  Ueneral  Bynod.  Ihe  Synod  the  duty  of  our  parishes  to  exclude  from  all  meet- 
decided  to  be  represented  in  the  General  Coun-  ings  that  haye  tne  sanction  of  the  Church,  and  for 
cil  of  Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Churches  to  which  it  is  therefore  responsible,  all  theatrical  ex- 
be  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1880,  and  delegates  hibitiona,  dances,  and  gaming,  as  tending  to  lower 
^^^^  ^T^T^^i^^^  ♦y*  tk^  o— «A  iJ^n^^u  »  .»»«.»^.  *'!«  ^o**®  <>»  Christian  parity,  hinder  the  growth  of 
were  appomted  to  the  same  in  such  a  manner  personal  piety,  and  weaken  the  influence  of  the 
as  to  give  a  representation  to  each  of  the  dis-  cuuroh  in  the  community. 

trict  synods.  Be^olvtd,  That  this  Council  aflTectionately  warns 

REFORMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  The  ^he  communicants  of  the  Church  it  represents  sf^ainst 

statistical  returns  of  this  Church,  which  were  'f'^Afu^wSfH'wiu'S!!!?^^^^^^  "^Jif !? 
^  J  ▲    XL    n           in         M  •    *&#       1  oMo  <>>  "i^B  world  would  find  their  chosen  joys,  such  as 
presented  to  the  General  Council  m  May,  1878,  the  theatre,  the  public  dance,  and  kindre<l  places; 
represented  a  larger  proportion  of  the  parishes  and  they  exhort  them  to  afford  examples  of  that 
than  had  reported  in  previous  returns,  but  Christian  nurity  which,  though  in  the  world,  is  not 
were  still  not  complete.    So  far  as  they  were  **^J?*,^  j^«u  ^  ..v    r^       .,           .,    j. 
present  therBho'wed  that  theOhnrch  com-  .tf^Jlt.^^he^cJ'h^'^'lfl'^ol'SLlSt^ol'S 
prehended   80   regularly  organized    churches  and  worldly  modes  of  raising  funds  forchurch  and 
and  60  missionary  stations  in  the  United  States  charitable  purposes,  as  having  a  tendency  to  stifle 
and  British  America,  with  which  were* con-  the  Christian  duty  and  pririiege  of  (fiving  for  the 
nected  lOO  ministers  and  17,057  persons.    The  Fjpniotion  of  the  Lord's  work  Trom  simple  love  to 
number  of  communicants  report^  was'  6,808 ;  ^^'"'  '"^  paralyang  Chnstuin  benevolence, 
of  Sunday-school  scholars,  7,814 ;  of  teachers       A  report  was  adopted  on  the  subject  of  the 
in  Sunday-schools,  744;  of  persons  baptized,  diaconate,  which  advised  that   the  office  of 
715;   of  persons  confirmed^  616;  amount  ot  deacon  should  be  made  manifestly  distinct  from 
collections  for  benevolent,  religious,  and  paro-  that  of  presbyter ;  tliat  the  deacon  should  not 
chial  purposes,  and  for  church  buildings,  $280,-  be  allowed  to  assume  charge  of  a  church  ex- 
785;  valae  of  church  property,  $600,031,  sub-  cept  in  very  extreme  cases,  and  then  only  on 
ject  to  incumbrances  of  $188,760.    Adding  the  written  consent  of  the  Bishop ;  and  that 
the  value  of  the  lands  held  for  educationid  he  should  not  be  allowed  to  administer  baptism 
purposes  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  the  total  value  or  the  Lord^s  supper  except  by  the  special 
of  the  property  held  by  the  Church  was  $800,-  license  of  the  Bishop.    The  Reformed  Epis- 
021,  showing  an  increase  of  $172,000  since  copal  congregations  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
1S77.     During  the  year  14  congregations  had  land  were  authorized  to  form  a  General  Synod, 
occupied  their  own  churches,  6  congregations  which  should  be  empowered  to  frame  and  revise 
hod  taken  steps  to  erect  churches,  and  7  new  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  for  the  use  of  the 
congregations  had  been  formed.    The  Church  congregations  under  its  iurisdiction,  "  provided 
was  represented  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  that  the  E*rotestant  and  evangelical  principles 
United  States  as  follows :  In  New  York  City,  of  this  Church,  as  set  for^  in  the  Declarations 
2  churches;  in  Chicago,  111.,  8;  in  Philadel-  of  Principles,  be  maintained  therein,  and  re- 
phia.  Pa.,  8 ;  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  4 ;  in  Boston,  tained  as  found   amended.'^    Commissioners 
Mass.,  4 ;  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  1 ;  in  Jackson-  were  appointed  to  confer  with  commissioners 
villo,  Fla.,  1 ;  in  Taliahassee,  Fla.,  1 ;  in  Wash-  from  the  English  General  Synod,  to  prepare 
ington,  D.  C,  1 ;  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  1.    The  and  report  such  changes  in  the  offices  and  or- 
establishment  of  the  Church  in  England  was  ganic  law  of  the  Church  as  should  be  necessary 
a  noteworthy  feature  in  the  history  of  the  year,  to  secure  to  the  congregations  in  each  conn- 
Reports  were  made  to  the  General  Council  of  try  their  own  more  immediate  self-government, 
the  progress  of  the  Church  among  the  colored  A  draft  of  a  Catechism  was  submitted  to  the 
people  in  the  South,  where  much  success  had  Council  by  the  committee  having  the  subject 
been  attained.   Fourteen  colored  chnrches  had  in  charge,  and  was  referred  to  the  next  meet- 
been  organized  in  the  neighborhood  of  Charles-  ing  of  the  Council  for  action.    An  amendment 
ton,  S.  0.  to  the  Constitution  of  the  Church,  providing 
The  sixth  Oenerdl  Council  of  the  Reformed  for  the  appointment  of  additional  lay  delegates, 
Episcopal  Church  met  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  May  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  every  one  hundred 
8th.     Bishop  Fallows  was  chosen  President,  communicants,  instead  of  one  to  every  fifty. 
The  reports  of  the  Bishops  showed  that  the  was  approved,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
growth  of  the  Church  had  been  prosperous  in  next  General  Council. 

all  of  their  districts  in  the  United  States  and  Trinity  Church,  Southend,  the  first  house 
Canada.  Bishop  Fallows  reported  concerning  of  worship  built  by  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
the  consecration  of  Bishop  Gregg  as  Bishop  of  Church  in  England,  was  opened  April  28d  by 
the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church  in  England,  Bishop  Gregg.  Notice  was  given  about  the 
and  of  his  visit  to  England  in  company  with  same  time  of  the  intended  opening  of  a  church 
Bishop  Gregg.  While  in  England  he  nad  called  at  Little  Hampton,  upon  which  the  Bishop  of 
upon  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  had  Chichester  issued  a  pastoral,  warning  the  mem- 
been  coarteously  received  by  him.  The  fol-  hers  of  the  Church  of  England  in  the  pariah 
Vol.  zviii.— 46    A 


723  RESEARCHES  AND  EXPERIMENTS. 

that  any  Bishop  officiating  without  the  sano-  cast-iron  shafts  erected  about  12  feet  high  txJ^ 

tion  of  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese  was  an  intru-  10  inches  in  diameter,  in  convenient  sod  cfts 

der,  and  in  the  commission  of  an  act  of  schism,  places,  and  also  pipes  of  various  sizes  accorolBs 

and  that  no  blessing  could  follow  the  accepting  to  circumstances,  from  the  sewers  and  dma 

of  the  ministrations  of  snoh  an  intruder.    Bish-  at  the  rear  of  houses  to  the  housetop,  as  hi^l 

op  Gregg  replied  from  the  pulpit,  affirming  the  as  the  chimney-stack ;  these  pipes  or  vectik> 

validity  of  his  orders  and  defending  his  con-  ing  shafts  being  surmounted  by  cowla,  g&i'k 

duct.    During  June  Bishop  Gregg  held  an  or-  by  vanes,  so  that  their  opening  shall  alwj> 

dination  at*  Southend,  when  seven  candidates  face  the  wind.    The  air  or  wind  will  fi'r-^ 

were  admitted  to  deacon's  orders,  and  some  down  the  air  within,  and  pass  into  the  se^r 

presbyters  were  ordained,  who  it  was  under-  and  travel  along  it,  entering  all  drains,  m 

stood  would  labor  at  watering-places.     The  raudfying  to  find  an  outlet.    Experiments X2:!? 

first  anniversary  meeting  of  the  ministers  and  *^  to  see  if  the  force  of  the  wind  and  air  coo.<: 

members  of  this  Church  in  England  was  held  be  conducted  into  the  sewers,  in  this  way  u 

in  London,  July  5th.    A  sermon  was  preached  force  out  the  gases  and  keep  up  a  constant  cor 

hy  Bishop  Gregg.  rent  of  fresh  air,"  have  shown  that  there  I* 

RESEARCHES  AND  EXPERIMENTS,  always  a  downward  current  in  the  ventilanit 
MouchoV%  Solar  Boiler, — The  results  of  experi-  shaft  and  an  upward  rush  of  pure  air  in  all  tir 
ments  made  by  Mouchot  in  Algeria,  to  deter-  gullies  and  drains  in  its  immediate  neigb tor- 
mine  the  amount  of  heat  obtainable  in  that  hood.  A  shaft  was  constructed  from  a  draii 
climate  by  the  use  of  his  "  solar  boiler,"  are  to  the  roof  of  a  house,  the  distance  from  ti.t 
interesting.  Reemploys  reflectors  either  of  cowl  to  the  sewer  heing  18  feet.  Theauntg^ 
solid  silver  plate,  or  else  of  brass  with  a  slight  results  of  seven  experiments  were :  Temp^- 
coating  of  suver  deposited  in  the  electric  bath,  ture  outside  sewer,  48*28°  F. ;  inside  feirtf. 
The  variations  of  mtensity  in  the  sun^s  heat  48*86°.  Velocity  of  wind  outside,  4*61  mii«^ 
during  the  course  of  a  day  were  studied,  and  per  hour ;  at  junction  of  &  inches  drain  in  sever, 
the  result  showed  that,  as  a  rule,  with  an  un-  1*81  mUe  per  hour.  Cubic  feet  of  air  fuite^ 
clouded  sky,  these  variations  were  inconsid-  into  sewer  per  hour,  4,210. 
erable  between  8  ▲.  m.  and  4  p.  m.  Next  an  The  Danube  and  the  Aach. — It  not  QQ&r 
effort  was  made  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  qnently  happens,  in  years  of  great  droo^K 
utilizable  solar  heat,  to  be  obtained  first  at  a  that  the  water  of  the  Danube,  near  its  soorve, 
given  place  and  at  different  seasons  of  the  year,  almost  entirely  disappears  in  the  fissores  sii 
and  then  throughout  the  whole  of  Algeria.  In  holes  in  the  river^s  bed.  The  proprietors  tf 
this  investigation  he  employed  a  solar  boiler  manufacturing  works  farther  down  stream  kT« 
whose  rendement  (that  is,  the  quantity  of  heat  frequently  hlocked  these  openings,  to  prevtL' 
collected  by  it  per  minute  per  square  metre  of  losses  of  water.  But  otner  manufacturer?, 
surface)  was,  at  Algiers,  7  calories  in  April,  8  owning  works  on  the  Aach,  a  tributary  of  L&k(^ 
in  May,  8*5  in  June  and  July.  These  figures  Constance,  at  the  distance  of  a  few  miles  free. 
are  exceeded  in  some  localities.  For  instance,  the  Danube,  and  at  an  elevation  500  or  6<'i 
on  the  Chellia  Peak,  altitude  2,828  metres,  at  feet  less,  contended  that  these  holes  and  fisaref 
11  A.  M.  of  August  19th,  the  apparatus  gave  9'7  in  the  bed  of  the  Danube  open  into  water-pa- 
calories  ;  at  Cued  Mzy,  at  noon  of  September  sages  connecting  with  the  source  of  the  Aacl 
26th,  it  gave  9*8  calories.  M.  Mouchot  remarks  hence  they  applied  to  the  conrts  for  an  injoDc- 
upon  the  significance  of  these  figures.  A  reti'  tion  to  prevent  the  stopping  of  these  ootjH& 
dement  of  7  calories,  he  observes,  shows  that  a  To  test  the  correctness  of  this  theory,  UV.M' 
refiector  of  one  square  metre  surface  would  kilogrammes  of  common  salt  was  thrown  int^ 
boil  a  litre  of  water  in  less  than  twelve  minutes,  the  Danube  at  the  point  where  its  Tolome 
and  would  in  one  hour  produce  1,822  litres  of  is  most  sensibly  diminished.  This  salt  rd^>- 
steam  at  normal  pressure.  peared  in  the  water  at  the  source  of  the  Aaet 

Ventilation  of  Sewers. — ^It  is  a  fact  well  Another  experiment  was  made,  consistinf  i3 

known  to  sanitary  engineers  that  if  the  air  mixing  fiuoresceine  with  the  Danube  wat^r  ti 

contained  in  sewers  could  be  kept  continually  the  same  point    On  October  9th,  at  5  p.  x- 

moving  in  one  direction,  so  that  stagnation  about  50  litres  of  the  fiuoresceine  was  poimd 

could  not  take  place,  the  dangers  attending  the  into  one  of  the  openings  in  the  river-bed.   Oo 

development  of  sewer-gases  would  be  avoided,  the  morning  of  October  12th  the  observers 

Vertical  shafts  have  been  tried  for  the  pur-  stationed  at  the  source  of  the  Aach  perceirei 

pose  of  causing  the  sewer-gas  to  ascend,  but  the  coloration  of  the  water,  which  was  of  ta 

without  avail.    Similar  shafts  are  again  pro-  intense  green,  and  grew  deeper  and  deeper  to 

Eosed  by  a  London  engineer,  R.  Parker;  but  tone  till  the  evening  of  the  same  day;  aboct 

e,  instead  of  using  them  as  uptakes,  furnishes  8  p.  m.  of  the  18th  the  green  color  had  eotirtif 

them  with  cowls  whose  openmgs  are  always  disappeared. 

presented  to  the  wind.    Through  these  open-  •  Utilization  of  Blaet-furnaee  Slag,—^  f^* 

ings  the  wind  enters  the  sewers  and  keeps  up  years  ago  the  annual  product  of  blast-fnTQace 

a  current,  which  constantly  changes  their  gas-  slag  in  the  Cleveland  district  (Engiand)  ak>B« 

eous  contents  by  driving  them  out.    Mr.  Par-  amounted  to  between  three  and  four  miUjoo 

ker's  plan  contemplates  the  use  of  a  number  of  tons,  and  this  waste  material  was  aocomaladog 


RESEARCHES  AISTD  EXPERIMENTS.  723 

At  a  rate  wLich  threatened  at  no  distant  day  to  systematic  observation,  while  the  conventiona] 
camber  the  whole  ground.  The  only  nse  that  postures  of  all  previous  artists  were  condemned 
could  then  be  found  for  this  material  was  in  as  untrue  to  nature.  Thus  the  matter  stood, 
the  construction  of  marine  works,  and  a  small  neither  side  acknowledging  defeat,  till  Mr. 
fraction  was  thus  disposed  ot  Now  this  slag  is  Muybridge,  a  photographer  of  San  Francisco, 
made  into  bricks,  paving -blocks,  building-sand,  brought  into  the  dispute  the  evidence  of  facts, 
concretes,  and  the  like,  and  the  demand  is  ful-  wbich  appears  to  have  been  a  surprise  to  both 
\j  equal  to  the  supply,  even  when  the  furnaces  of  the  parties,  and  indeed  to  every  one  who  has 
are  in  full  blast.  Streets  and  crossings  are  seen  the  beautiful  series  of  instantaneous  pho- 
paved  with  slag  blocks,  and  river  walls,  water-  tographs  produced  by  Mr.  Muybridge.  That 
courses^  and  similar  constructions  consume  vast  gentleman  has  perfected  an  automatic  electro- 
quantities  annually.  Bricks  of  this  material  photographic  apparatus  for  recording  the  ac- 
are  largely  employed  for  building  in  London,  tion  of  the  horse  in  motion.  In  t£ucing  the 
and  blocks  for  paving.  But  perhaps  the  most  negatives  he  employs  a  series  of  cameras  op- 
scientific  system  yet  introduced  for  utilizing  erated  by  electricity,  and  so  placed  as  to  nx 
slag  is  its  employment  for  glass-making :  the  with  absolute  accuracy  the  several  phases  in 
slag  is  run  direct  from  the  iron-fbrnace  into  the  the  continuous  action  of  the  horse  while  mak- 
gl&^is-furnaoe,  there  mixed  with  other  materials,  ing  one  stride.  The  exposure  for  each  nega- 
and  used  for  making  bottles  and  other  articles  tive  is  about  the  two-thou:iandth  part  of  a  sec- 
of  coarse  glassware.  ond.    Six  different  positions,  showing  the  va- 

Ctilizijig  Exhaust  Steam, — ^The  apparatus  rious  motions  of  the  horse^s  legs  in  walking, 
contrived  by  Mr.  James  Atkinson  for  utilizing  have  been  photographed.  From  these  photo- 
the  waste  heat  of  exhaust  steam  by  employing  graphs  it  would  appear  that  the  walking  horse 
it  to  raise  the  temperature  of  the  feed- water  always  has  two  feet  on  the  ground,  and  for  a 
sapplied  to  boilers  will,  it  is  claimed,  save  at  brief  interval  in  each  stride  three  feet.  Twelve 
least  20  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  producing  the  positions  representing  the  various  motions  in 
steam,  besides  increasing  the  durability  of  the  trotting  have  in  like  manner  been  photo- 
boiler.  Mr.  Atkinson's  heater  consists  of  a  graphed.  In  none  of  these  pictures  do  we  rec- 
oumber  of  straight  tubes,  screwed  into  a  tube-  ognize  anything  like  the  conventional  figure 
plate,  which  forms  the  base  of  an  inclosed  of  a  trotting  horse  in  motion.  M.  J.  Marey, 
cylindrical  vessel  containing  the  tubes  and  the  author  of  a  work  on  animal  locomotion  (^*  An- 
water  to  be  heated.  Tliese  heating  tubes  are  imal  Mechanism  "),  and  who  has  shown  rare 
closed  at  their  upper  ends,  but  are  open  at  the  ingenuity  in  studying  the  paces  of  the  horse, 
bottom  to  the  exhaust  steam,  for  which  a  short  has  expressed  his  admiration  of  Muybridge^s 
pa&oage  is  provided.  Small  circulating  tubes  instantaneous  photographs  of  the  horse,  and  is 
jraw  any  air  out  of  the  heating  tubes  which  confident  that  in  like  manner  the  naturalist 
woold  prevent  them  from  being  filled  with  will  be  enabled  to  determine  the  true  motions 
steam.  The  latent  heat  of  a  portion  of  the  of  birds,  insects,  and  all  other  animals, 
exhaust  steaoi  is  transmitted  through  the  heat-  Fopulation-Demity  and  Death-Bate,---E.ow 
ing  tubes  to  the  feed-water,  which  is  forced  density  of  population  affects  death-rate  is  very 
through  the  heater,  and  passes  into  the  boiler  clearly  shown  by  Dr.  Farr.  There  are  in  aU 
at  a  temperature  of  from  210°  to  212**.  For  England  and  Wales  619  sanitary  districts,  and 
this  contrivance  it  is  claimed  that  while  it  is  these,  being  classed  according  to  their  respeo- 
ia  no  way  inferior  to  others,  as  proved  by  tive  death-rates,  form  eighteen  groups.  A  study 
practical  results  attained,  it  possesses  perfect  of  these  eighteen  groups  shows  that  mortality 
freedom  from  back-pressure  on  the  engine,  increases  as  the  density  of  population.  Thus, 
greater  facilities  for  cleaning  out  and  examin-  in  the  ten  years,  1861-^70,  at  one  end  of  the 
in?,  a  better  arrangement  for  purifying  the  scale  the  annual  deaths  per  1,000  of  the  pop- 
f«^-water,  increased  durability,  greater  sim-  ulation  are  15,  16,  17;  at  the  other  end  of  the 
plicity  in  general  construction,  and  consequent-  scale  the  deaths  are  81,  88,  89.  The  acres  to 
Ij  greater  cheapness  in  manufacture.  The  same  the  person  in  the  former  three  are  12,4,  and 
principle  maybe  applied  to  heating  liquids,  air,  8;  in  the  latter,  1*01,  *05,  and  *01.  The  inter- 
or  other  gases,  for  manufacturing  purposes;  mediate  rates  of  mortality  are  18,  19,  20,  21, 
also  rooms  and  buildings.  22,  23,  24,  and  26,  and  the  acres  to  a  person 

The  Paeee  of  the  Horee.—k  few  years  ago  a  are  4,  83,  2*9,  21,  11,  05,  -02.    Now,  exdud- 

rather  excited  discussion  was  carried  on  in  the  ing  the  London  districts,  about  which  there  is 

English  newspapers  concerning  the  position  some  difficulty,  there  are  seven  groups  of  dis- 

of  the  legs  of  the  horse  when  in  motion,  the  tricts  where  the  mortality  is  17,  19,  22,  25,  28, 

occasion  of  the  controversy  being  the  exhibi-  82,  and  89.    In  these  districts  the  number  of 

tlon  in  the  National  Academy  of  Miss  Thomp-  persons  per  square  mile  is  166, 186,  879,  1,718, 

son  8  celebrated  painting  of  **  The  Charge  at  4,499,  12,851,  and  68,828.    Thus  in  Liverpool, 

BalakUva."    The  action  of  the  horses  in  this  which  is  the  densest  and  unhealthiest  district 

piece  was  by  many  of  the  art  critics  declared  in  England,  there  were  68,823  per  square  mile, 

to  be  unnatural  and  impossible.    On  the  other  of  whom  89  per  1,000  died  annually.    Or  the 

tide  it  was  maintained  that  the  horses  were  same  facts  may  be  differently  stated  thus :  The 

repr««nted  m  natural  postures,  ascertained  by  nearer  people  live  to  each  other,  the  shorter 


724  RE8EAE0HES  AND  EXPERIMENTS. 

their  lives  are.    Thus  the  proximity  of  people  the  amoant  of  turning  mnst  be  small  and  tU 

in  58  districts  is  147  yards,  and  there  the  mean  direction  very  uncertain.    It  becomes  a  qot^ 

duration  of  life  is  51  years :  in  845  districts  the  tion,  then,  whether  danger  may  be  better  avoid- 

proximity  is  189  yards,  and  the  mean  duration  ed  by  stopping,  or  by  turning  at  full  spe«d. 

of  life  45  years;  in  137  districts  the  proximity  When  the  helm  is  under  sufficient  commaDd, \\ 

is  97  yards,  and  the  mean  duration  of  life  is  is  held  to  be  the  safest  course  to  adopt  the  Ut- 

40  years ;  in  47  districts  the  proximity  is  46  ter  alternative ;  and  the  reasons  appear  to  U 

yards,  and  the  mean  duration  of  life  is  85  years ;  conolufflve.    A  screw  steamship  wnen  at  fall 

in  9  diistricts  the  proximity  is  28  yards,  and  the  speed  requires  five  lengths,  more  or  less,  in 

mean  duration  of  life  is  82  years.    In  Manches-  which  to  stop  hersell ;  whereas,  by  using  her 

ter  district  the  proximity  is  17  yards,  and  the  rudder  and  steaming  on  full  speed  ah^  fk 

mean  duration  of  life  is  29  years ;  in  Liverpool  should  be  able  to  turn  hersdf  through  a  qu^- 

district  the  proximity  is  7  yards,  and  the  mean  rant  without  having  advanced  five  lengths  to 

duration  of  life  is  26  years.   This  is  a  determined  her  original  direction.    That  is  tosay,  asU[ 

law,  and  the  duration  of  life  being  given  in  one  can  turn  a  circle  of  not  greiater  radius  than  focr 

set  of  conditions,  the  duration  of  life  in  another  lengths,  more  or  less ;  so  that,  if  running  at  kZ 

set  of  conditions  is  determined  from  the  prox-  speed  directly  on  to  a  straight  coast,  she  ehoiOd 

imities.  be  able  to  save  herself  by  steaming  on  ahttd 

Steering  Great  Steamships. — Within  a  year  and  using  her  rudder  after  she  is  too  near  to 

or  two  there  have  been  several  disasters  to  save  herself  by  stopping ;  and  any  obliquitj  ii 

iron-clad  ships  of  war  and  other  vessels  pro-  the  direction  of  approach,  or  any  limit  to  the 

peUed  by  screws,  caused  by  the  difficulty  of  breadth  of  the  object  ahead,  is  to  the  adTtn- 

promptly  controlling  the  movements  of  such  tage  of  turning,  but  not  at  all  to  the  advanti^ 

vessels  by  the  steering  apparatus,  especially  of  stopping.    A  method  introduced  at  Kev 

when  the  screw  is  reversed  or  the  veesel  is  York,  which  consists  in  taking  up  the  sla^k  uf 

moving  slowly.    The  subject  was  deemed  of  the  tiller-rope,  has  proved  very  successfnl  i& 

sufficient  importance  to  call  for  an  investiga-  experiments. 

tion  at  the  hands  of  a  committee  of  the  British  The  Paper  Ifannfaetare. — An  instructive  ei* 
Association,  and  accordingly  a  number  of  very  position  was  open  at  Berlin  during  the  sommtf, 
distinguished  members  were  commissioned  to  viz.,  an  exhibition  of  paper.  Besides  vrttx^ 
make  an  inquiry.  From  their  experiments  it  and  printing  papers  and  the  other  usual  foncs 
appears  that  the  distance  required  by  a  screw  of  tnis  useful  material,  there  were  ezhiU:rd 
steamer  to  bring  herself  to  rest  from  full  speed  (all  of  paper)  materials  for  house-building,  for- 
by  the  reversal  of  her  screw  is  independent,  or  niture,  railway-wheels,  boats,  utensils  of  Tari* 
nearly  so,  of  the  power  of  the  engines,  but  de-  ous  kinds,  ornaments,  etc.  On  the  occasion  of 
pends  on  the  size  and  build  of  the  ship.  On  this  exposition  statistios  were  publi^ed  show- 
the  average  such  a  vessel  can  not  be  brought  ing  the  amount  of  paper  consumed  in  different 
to  a  stop  in  less  than  from  four  to  six  lengths  countries.  The  United  States  use  the  hr^ 
of  her  hull.  The  main  object  of  the  Commit-  proportion,  and  Scandinavia  tiie  least.  It^y'^ 
tee  was  to  ascertain  how  far  reversing  the  screw  consumption  is  small,  and  that  of  Russia  much 
did  or  did  not  interfere  with  the  rudder's  ac-  smaller.  The  quantities  used  jE>«r  C4i;»to  in  sec- 
tion during  the  process  of  stopping.  It  was  eral  leading  countries  are  stated  as  follows: 
found  to  be  an  invariable  rule  tnat  during  this  United  States,  80*8  lbs. ;  Germany,  ]8'2 ;  lof- 
interval  of  stopping  by  reversal  of  the  screw,  land,  11;  France,  7*92;  Au8tro-Hung8rT,5*5; 
the  rudder  produces  none  of  its  usual  effects  to  Russia,  1*98;  Italy,  8*08;  Scandinavia,  11; 
turn  the  ship,  but  that  its  effect  is  then  to  turn  Belgium,  11*22 ;  Switzerland,  18*8ft.  Further, 
the  ship  in  the  opposite  direction  from  that  in  it  is  stated  that  600,000,000  people  use  Chines^ 
which  she  would  turn  were  the  screw  going  paper  and  that  24,000,000  write  on  leaves,  eic^ 
ahead.  In  the  mean  time  the  vessel  is  at  the  while  280,000,000  use  neither  paper  nor  asj 
mercy  of  any  other  influence  that  may  act  substitute.  The  number  of  exhibitorB  at  tk 
upon  her.  Thus  the  wind  may,  when  the  screw  Exposition  was  about  600.  A  house  of  papt?r, 
is  reversed,  cause  the  ship  to  turn  in  a  direc-  with  furniture  of  the  same  material,  was  ex* 
tion  the  very  opposite  of  that  which  is  desired,  hibited ;  also  a  sailing  vessel  of  paper. 
Also,  the  reversed  screw  will  exercise  an  influ-  A  Sfd>»titute  for  Silk. — ^The  attempt  to  ntL- 
ence,  which  increases  as  the  ship^s  speed  is  ize  as  a  material  for  textile  fabrics  the  lyfr:i 
lessened,  to  turn  her  to  starboard  or  port,  this  or  silk-like  thread  with  whidi  Pmna  nohHk 
being  particularly  the  case  if  the  ship  is  light  a 'Mediterranean  species  of  muasel,  attadk^ 
in  draught.  In  no  case  has  a  ship  tried  by  the  itself  to  objects,  was  made  in  antiquity  witb 
Committee  been  able  to  turn  with  the  screw  some  success,  and  has  been  repeated  in  mod- 
reversed  on  a  circle  of  less  than  double  the  ra-  em  times.  The  supply  of  the  material  hms 
dius  of  that  in  which  she  would  turn  when  precarious,  the  utilization  of  this  material  bi? 
steaming  ahead.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  if,  to  never  led  to  any  practical  result  But  now 
avoid  a  collision,  for  instance,  the  screw  be  re-  a  German  naturalist,  Tycho  Talberg,  propose 
versed,  no  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  rudder,  to  use  the  filaments  or  byssus  of  the  comznon 
Tbe  ship  may  turn  a  little,  and  those  in  charge  edible  mussel  {MytUus  eduUe)  for  the  mane- 
may  know  in  what  direction  she  will  turn,  but  facture  of  a  fabric  resembling  silk.    This  bT»> 


RESEARCHES  AND  EXPERIMENTS.  72& 

909  is  of  a  silky  texture  and  very  tongh,  and  ex-  but  from  feeble  voltaic  batteries — for  example, 
periments  have  shown  that  it  is  well  adapted  five  Leclanofa6  cells ;  the  proportion  of  nitro- 
for  spinning.  Bat  again  the  question  of  sup-  sen  thus  fixed  in  seven  montns  on  paper  and 
ply  occurs,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  a  sufa-  dextrine  being  1*92  thousandths,  which  will 
cient  quantity  of  the  byssus  can  be  obtained  represent  about  1'2  hundred^s  of  matter  analo- 
at  prices  which  would  enable  the  material  to  gous  to  the  nitrogenized  compounds  of  vegeta- 
compete  with  silk.  Nevertheless,  it  must  be  bles.  It  would  thus  appear  tnat  the  slow,  con- 
borne  in  mind  that  greater  difficulties  than  tinuous  action  of  feeble  atmospheric  currents 
these  have  been  successfully  overcome.  If  the  on  vegetation  has  a  far  more  important  bearing 
commercial  value  of  the  new  material  were  on  agriculture  than  the  formation  of  nitrous 
(ally  demonstrated,  there  is  no  doubt  that  some  and  nitric  acid  with  their  ammonaical  salts  by 
means  of  Increasing  the  supply  of  the  byssus  tiie  violence  of  the  lightning-flash, 
would  be  devised.  A  ReaUtering  Sounding  Apparatus, — Lieu- 

The  Shotti  of  Algeria,--}£,  de  Lesseps,  who  tenant  Pinheiro,  of  the  Brazilian  navy,  has 
lately  retnmed  from-a  visit  to  Tunisia,  has  given  invented  an  instrument  which  gives  a  delinea- 
to  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences  an  account  tion  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  It  has  received 
of  the  work  being  done  by  Rondaire  in  survey-  the  name  of  sondograph.  It  is  suitable  only 
ing  the  region  of  the  Shotts.  M.  Rondaire  is  for  sounding  undulating  bottoms,  such  as  the 
accompanied  by  two  engineers,  a  physician,  a  shifting  sand-banks  and  shoals  of  the  mouths 
parser,  a  draughtsman,  and  twelve  ehasteurs  of  Brazilian  rivers,  and  is  not  designed  for 
(PAfrique,  M.  de  Lesseps  is  quite  satisfied  rocky  or  broken  ground.  It  is  composed  of 
that  there  exist  indisputable  evidences  of  the  an  indicator  whicn  takes  cognizance  of  the 
former  presence  of  the  sea  in  the  Shotts.  The  contour  of  the  bottom,  and  a  register  furnishes 
re^on  around,  now  a  sandy  desert,  is  dotted  a  graphical  trace  of  it.  The  indicator  is  formed 
all  over  with  Roman  ruins,  going  to  show  that  of  a  wooden  stem,  fitted  at  its  lower  extremity 
the  locality  was  once  inhabited  by  a  thrifty  to  a  hollow  roller,  which  rolls  upon  the  hot- 
population.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  torn,  and  retains  specimens  of  it  for  examina- 
the  ruins  is  that  of  a  structure  that  might  bear  tion.  This  stem  is  articulated  at  its  upper  ex- 
comparison  with  the  Ooliseum  of  Rome.  It  tremity  around  a  horizontal  axis,  which  carries 
was  erected  by  Gordianns,  proconsul  of  Africa,  a  graduated  arc  intended  to  show  the  different 
who  at  the  age  of  eighty  years  (a.  d.  238)  was  inclinations  that  it  takes  for  the  given  levels 
compelled  by  the  leaders  of  a  local  rebellion  of  the  bottom,  which  depend  on  the  versed  sines 
to  assume  the  imperial  title.  of  these  angles.    On  the  same  axis  is  a  toothed 

Atmospheric  Electricity  and  Plant- Life, —  wheel,  which  by  a  pinion  and  eccentric  com- 
Eiperiments  made  by  Grandean  go  to  show  mnnicates  a  rectilinear  movement  to  a  style, 
that  atmospheric  electricity  is  a  powerful  agent  which  traces  over  a  band  of  paper  put  in  move- 
in  promoting  assimilation  in  plants.  He  finds  ment  by  a  chronometrio  motor  a  continuous 
that  plants  defended  from  the  atmospheric  elec«  curve,  which  gives  in  this  way  the  graphical 
tricity  build  up  50  to  60  per  cent  less  of  nitro-  relation  of  the  changing  levels  and  the  speed 
genized  matter  than  those  exposed  to  it.  The  of  the  ship.  As  the  direction  and  speed  of  the 
proportion  of  ash  is  higher  and  that  of  wa-  ship  can  readily  be  determined,  a  section  show- 
ier lower  in  plants  sheltered  from  atmospheric  iug  the  soundings  dong  the  ship^s  route  can 
electricity.  The  electric  screen  inclosing  the  be  plotted.  M.  Pinheiro's  sondograph  may 
plants  experimented  on  was  formed  of  four  become  useful  in  hydrographical  work  at  the 
triangles  of  iron.  The  plants  were  maize,  tobac-  mouths  of  rivers  subject  to  sand-bars  and  shift- 
co,  and  wheat ;  all  other  conditions  remained  ing  channels. 

natural,  but  of  the  two  specimens  pitted  against  New  Photographic  Process, — A  new  pho- 
eaoh  other,  one  was  screened  from  atmospheric  tographic  process,  invented  by  Deyrolle,  sub- 
electricity  and  the  other  was  not.  The  plants,  stitutes  sensitized  paper  for  the  heavy,  brittle 
after  being  allowed  to  grow  for  several  months,  plates  of  glass  at  present  in  general  use,  and 
were  measured,  weighed,  and  analyzed.  All  hence  it  is  specially  suited  for  tourists  and 
the  experiments  exhibited  the  above  percentage  travelers.  In  this  process  the  paper  for  the 
in  the  most  striking  manner.  The  plants  test-  negatives  is  covered  with  a  special  coating 
ed  were  tall,  but  low-growing  plants  are  equally  insoluble  in  ether,  ^cohol,  or  water,  and  hence 
inflaenced  by  atmospheric  electricity.  This  fiEtct  it  undergoes  all  the  operations  of  photography 
may  serve  to  explain  the  absence  of  herbage  without  change.  Besides  being  quite  equal  to 
under  certain  trees.  It  should  also  be  men-  glass  plate,  this  paper  possesses  sundry  advan- 
tioned  that  the  total  development  of  the  plant  tages  of  its  own.  first  the  layer  of  collodion 
is  proportional  to  that  of  the  nitrogenized  mat-  is  so  firmly  attached  to  the  coating  of  the  paper 
ter,  as  in  growth  under  normal  conditions,  that  it  can  not  be  injured  by  contact  wit£  a 
These  results  are  confirmed  by  the  researches  hard  object,  or  even  by  slight  friction.  Then, 
of  Berthelot,  who  in  a  note  to  the  Paris  Acad-  the  picture  can  be  developed  by  total  immer- 
emy  of  Sciences  draws  attention  to  the  discov-  sion  in  the  developing  liqmd,  instead  of  pouring 
ery  made  by  him  that  free  nitrogen  unites  itself  the  latter  on  the  collodion  layer,  as  in  the  case 
to  organic  matter  under  the  action  of  electrio  of  plates  of  glass — an  operation  which  requires 
corrents  not  only  from  ordinary  induction  coilSy  some  dexterity  and  long  practice.    This  paper 


7S6  BESEARCHES  AND  EXPEBDfENTS. 

retains  all  its  sensitivity  for  about  two  years,  again,  and  lastly  a  final  layer  of  normal  colk- 
provided  it  be  sheltered  from  li^bt  and  moist-  dion.    The  olich^  is  now  left  to  dry  for  tweotj- 
nre;  it  is  not  affected  either  by  heat  or  cold,  four  hoars.    Then  the  paper  is  separated  at  one 
After  the  light- impression  has  been  made  on  comer  by  a  finger >nail  from  the  coating  fonned 
the  collodioni2ed  paper,  the  latter  is  first  dipped  on  it,  when  it  may  easily  be  stripped  off  alto- 
in  common  water,  care  being  taken  to  make  gether,  leaving  the  paper  clean  and  white.  lU 
the  immersion  complete.    Here  it  must  remain  negative  cliche  is  at  least  as  clear  as  though  h 
for  at  least  five  minntes,  or  until  the  paper,  were  of  glass,  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  not 
which  was  beginning  to  curl,  becomes  perfectly  being  brittle,  of  occupying  little  space,  of  na 
fiat.    In  the  mean  time  the  following  solution  being  spoiled  by  nibbing,  and  finally  of  giricg 
is  prepared,  in  quantity  only  sufficient  for  the  better  proofs  than  can  be  got  from  g^ass  cBchk 
pictures  to  be  developed  at  once,  for  oftentimes        Compowte  PortraiU. — ^An  ingenious  metbod 
it  decomposes  in  the  course  of  a  day  or  two :  has  been  devised  by 'Mr.  Frauds  Galton  fi<r 
distilled  water,  1  litre;  glacial  acetic  acid,  20  obtaining  " composite  portraits " — thatistpor- 
grammes ;  citric  acid,  20  grammes ;  pyrogallic  traits  (photographic)  not  of  individuals  ^pi- 
acid,  8  grammes.    Into  a  basin  with  fiat  hot-  rately,  but  of  aggregates  of  individuals,  so  that 
tom,  and  of  a  size  corresponding  to  that  of  the  each  one  contributing  an  equal  share,  the  resch 
proof  treated,  is  poured  enough  of  this  solution  will  represent  the  sum  of  their  features.  la 
to  completely  submerge  the  proof;  a  depth  of  order  to  make  a  composite  portrait,  in  the  &M 
three  or  four  millimetres  is  amply  sufficient,  place  photographs  of  the  races  which  are  to 
Into  this  is  dipped  the  proof  after  taking  it  make  it  up  are  collected.    Suppose  there  &re 
from  the  water  and  draining  it,  the  collodion-  eight  of  these  photographs :  they  are  carefnlij 
ized  side  uppermost.    After  inclining  the  basin  laid  one  over  tne  other,  with  the  eyes  as  near.y 
in  every  direction  so  as  to  cause  the  liquid  to  as  possible  superimposed.    (Of  course  the  p- 
pass  several  times  over  the  proof,  a  portion  of  traits  should  all  be  similar  in  attitude  and  sizr,< 
it  is  poured  into  a  glass,  and  there  a  few  drops  The  portraits  being  thus  arranged,  a  photo- 
of  the  following  solution  are  added  to  it :  dis-  graphic  camera  is  directed  upon  them.  If,  cot, 
tilled  water,  100  grammes ;  crystallized  silver  it  would  require  an  exposure  of  say  eighty  sec- 
nitrate,  6  grammes.    This  is  stirred  well,  so  onds  to  give  an  exact  photographic  copy  of  an; 
as  to  mix  thoroughly.    The  whole  is  poured  one  of  them,  this  time  is  divided  among  the 
into  the  basin,  which  is  again  inclined  as  before,  eight,  each  one  being  exposed  snccessirelj  f«r 
The  image  now  appears;  seven  or  eight  min-  the  space  of  ten  seconds.    The  sensitive  pl&t« 
utes  suffice  to  completely  develop  it,  with  the  in  the  camera  is  then  developed,  and  the  print 
sky  or  the  lighted  parts  of  an  intense  black,  taken  from  it  is  a  ^* generalized  picture''  ^ 
When  the  proof  is  sufficiently  developed,  it  is  composite  portrait.    Those  of  its  outlines  tOI 
put  into  water  and  then  dipped  in  a  solution  be  found  sharpest  and  darkest  which  are  com- 
of  hyposulphate  of  soda,  40  per  cent.,  to  fix  it ;  mon  to  the  largest  number  of  the  components; 
it  is  then  freely  washed  in  water  in  the  usual  the  purely  inmvidual  peculiarities  leave  iittk 
way,  and  dried  between  leaves  of  blotting-paper,  or  no  visible  trace.    These  individual  peca- 
To  obtain  positive  proofs,  we  detach  from  the  liarities   being  necessarily  dispersed  equals 
paper  the  layer  of  collodion,  thus  getting  the  on  both  sides  of  the  average,  the  outline  of 
image  on  a  thin  transparent  pellicle.  The  opera-  the  composite  is  the  average  of  all  the  comp>> 
tion  is  very  simple,  consistmg  merely  in  adding  nents.    It  is  a  band  and  not  a  fine  line,  becso^ 
to  the  collodion-layer  firm  and  transparent  sub-  the  outlines  of  the  components  are  seldom  ex- 
stances  until  the  cliche  has  attained  the  proper  actly  superimposed.    The  band  will  be  darkest 
thickness.    To  this  end  a  normal  collomon  of  in  the  middle  whenever  the  component  par- 
the  following  composition  is  prepared :  gun-  traits  have  the  same  general  type  of  featured, 
cotton.  25  grammes ;  sulphuric  ether,  (  litre ;  and  its  breadth  or  amount  of  blur  wiU  messare 
alcohol  of  4^°,  \  litre.    Lay  the  proof  on  a  plate  the  tendency  of  the  oomponenta  to  derkte 
of  glass,  having  first  turned  up  the  edges  all  from  the  common  type.    Mr.  Galton  points  oat 
round^  so  that  the  liquids  to  be  poured  upon  sundry  ways  in  which  these  composite  portrait? 
it  shall  not  overflow.    On  the  collodion  layer  might  be  of  use.    One  use,  which  will  readilj 
containing  the  image  pour  the  normal  collo-  occur  to  the  intelligent  reader,  ia  that  of  fur* 
dion,  beginning  at  one  ef  the  comers  of  the  nishing  typical  pictures  of  races  of  men.  Tbns^ 
proof  most  remote  from  the  operator.    Then  if  the  photographs  of  a  large  nnmber  of  iiMii* 
incline  it  slightly,  so  as  to  cause  the  liquid  to  viduals,  taken  at  random  from  among  the  rep- 
fiow ;  and,  after  the  entire  surface  has  been  resentatives  of  a  race,  be  in  this  way  made  to 
covered,  the  excess  of  liquid  is  poured  back  form  a  generalized  portrait,  there  is  no  doab' 
into  the  bottle.    Then  the  cliche  is  laid  fiat  in  that  the  distinctive  race  features  will  appear 
a  roomy  box,  or  in  auy  other  place  where  it  with  the  minimum  of  individual  traits.  Another 
will  be  sheltered  from  dust,  and  left  for  a  few  use  of  this  process  is  to  obtain  by  pbotographj 
moments  to  dry.    When  fully  dried,  or  when  a  really  good  likeness  of  an  individual.    The 
it  is  no  longer  sticky,  we  again  pour  over  the  inferiority  of  photographs  to  the  best  works 
layer  of  normal  collodion  caoutchouc  dissolved  of  artists,  so  far  as  general  resemblance  is  coq- 
in  benzine.    When  this  is  dry,  we  apply  a  sec-  oemed,  Ues  in  their  catching  no  more  than  a 
ond  layer  of  normal  collodion,  then  caoutcbuuo  single  expression.    But  now,  if  many  photo- 


RESEARCHES  AND  EXPERIMENTS.  727 

gnpha  of  a  person  were  taken  at  different  the  voice,  the  reflected  colors  will  be  seen  to  be 
times,  their  composite  would  possess  those  in  in  regnlar  motion,  and  there  will  be  eddies  of 
which  a  single  photograph  is  deficient.  The  color  about  fixed  centers  of  rotation.  The  forms 
last  nse  of  the  process  proposed  by  Mr.  Galton  presented  are  of  infinite  variety  and  great  beau- 
is  one  suggested  by  his  own  special  study —  ty.  The  contrast  between  the  steady  and  mov- 
that  of  heredity.  ^^  A  composite,"  he  writes,  ing  portions  of  the  figures  is  very  striking,  and 
*'  of  all  the  brothers  and  sbters  iu  a  large  fam-  the  effects  of  changing  tint  which  accompany 
ilj  would  be  an  approximation  to  what  tlie  the  progressive  thinning  of  the  film  gorgeous 
average  of  the  produce  would  probably  be  if  in  the  extreme.  When  the  film  are  about  to 
the  family  were  indefinitely  increased  in  num-  disappear,  patches  of  inky  blackness  invade 
her ;  but  the  approximation  would  be  closer  if  the  field,  until  at  laxt  there  is  sometimes  noth- 
we  also  took  into  consideration  those  of  the  ing  left  but  an  ebony  background,  with  here 
eoQstos  who  inherited  the*  family  likeness.  As  and  there  a  scrap  of  light.  Mr.  Sedley  Taylor 
regards  the  parentage,"  he  adds,  "  it  is  by  no  has  studied  these  interesting  phenomena  with 
means  sufiScient  to  take  a  composite  of  the  two  great  assiduity,  using  for  the  purpose  the  Tis- 
parenta ;  the  four  grandparents  and  the  uncles  ley  **  phoneidoscope  "  (from  the  Greek  phon^, 
and  aunts  on  both  sides  should  be  included."  sound,  eidoSj  figure,  and  ihapeirij  to  see).  The 
If  these  two  composite  portraits — of  the  parent-  results  of  his  researches  are  briefly  stated  in  a 
age  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  the  produce  (de-  communication  to  an  English  scientific  Journal, 
scendants)  on  the  other — ^be  compared,  they  Before  giving  a  rhumS  of  them,  we  will,  for 
will  show  the  hereditary  transmission  of  fea-  the  sake  of  clearness,  describe  the  Tisley  pho- 
tares.  neidoscope :  An  L-shaped  cylindrical  brass  tube 

An  Enemy  of  the  Coffee^Plant. — In  a  com-  is  permanently  fixed  on  a  wooden  stand,  with 

rounication  to  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  its  two  limbs  vertical  and  horizontal.     The 

Dr.  Joubert  writes  ft'om  Brazil  that  in  many  vertical  limb  terminates  in  a  narrow,  fiat,  cir- 

of  the  provinces  of  that  empire  the  coffee  plan-  cular  ring.    The  open  orifice  of  the  horizontal 

tations  are  menaced  by  a  minute,  thread-like  limb  is  fitted  into  a  caoutchouc  tube  of  equal 

worm,  one  fourth  of  a  millimetre  in  length,  bore,  ending  in  a  trumpet-shaped  mouthpiece, 

which  attacks  the  roots,  producing  thereupon  For  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  films  op* 

knots  and  swellings  like  those  on  the  root  of  erated  on,  there  is  a  series  of  metallic  disks 

the  grape-vine  when  infested  by  the  phylloxera,  pierced  with  apertures  of  various  shapes  and 

The  parasite  appears  to  have  a  preference  for  sizes.    On  covering  one  of  these,  by  means  of 

the  more  vigorous  plants  of  seven  to  ten  years*  a  camelVhair  brush,  with  a  weak  solution  of 

growth,  and  these  quickly  succumb  to  the  at-  castile  soap,  a  film  of  considerable  durability 

tack,  the  leaves  turning  yellow  and  the  whole  is  formed.    The  disk  should  first  be  held  in  a 

plant  withering.    The  swellings  on  the  roots  vertical  plane,  until  the  colored  bands  have 

contain  each  a  worm,  and  of  the  latter  as  many  begun  to  show  themselves,  and  then  laid  gen- 

as  fifty  millions,  it  is  estimated,  will  be  found  tly  upon  the  horizontal  ring  prepared  for  its 

preying  on  a  single  plant !  reception.    Mr.  Taylor  says : 

The  Phoneidoeeape. — If  a  film  of  water  ren-  ««,,         -^             .^t        ^,        ^ 

dered  ^d  by  fixture  of  soap  ba  made  to  ...'^^tX^^^^i'^rrJS^^Zlt^^^^^^^ 

close^  the  month  of  a  wme-glass,  it  will,  when  tuning-forks  of  different  pitch,  with  their  resonance- 

held  in  a  vertical  plane,  at  first  appear  uniform-  boxes  close  to  the  mottthpieoe  of  the  phoneidoscope. 

Iv  white   over  its  entire  surface;    but,  as  it  As  lontr  as  the  same  aperture  is  used  and  the  ill m  kept 

grows  thinner  by  the  descent  of  the  fluid  par-  »*  «"«  4««"?  of  consistency  by  frequent  renewal,  each 

♦:«i^«  ^^1^—  v««:«  4.^  ^^^^^^  «*  4.k^  ♦^•v      Tt^-«  tiote  will  call  forth  ita  own  color-ngtire.    More  mter- 

ticles,  colors  begin  to  appear  at  the  top.    These  ^^^^^^  ^^g^t,  still  are  obtained  by  Singing  the  diaton- 

colors  arrange  themselves  m  horizontal  bands,  lo  or  chromatic  scale,  on  aome  suigle  vowel,  into  the 

and  become  more  brilliant  as  the  thickness  of  phoneidoscope. 

the  film  diminishes:  finally,  the  upper  part  be-  T^  «/«*»  of,  ^^%  ^^  observed  by  employing 

comes  black,  and  soon  the  bubble  bursts.    But  ?"';?'^  ?OT-P>P«*  of  different  <»«»^«  ;  for  example, 

♦.f  •     4    J    i          s  '        Z  *'**^™  *'*•' ^"2;*     •"""  treble  C's  belonging  to  stopped  and  open  diapa- 

if,  mstead  of  remainmg  at  rest,  the  particles  of  .ons,  claribella,  and  hautboys,  respectively.    % 

the  film  are  made  to  vibrate  by  sound-waves  sounding  them  consecutively  in  the  above  order,  tg- 

impinging  on  the  surface,  the  color  phenomena  ures  rapidly  increaaing  in  complexity  are  obtained, 

are  totally  different.    These  very  curious  effects  J^^ua^  ^r«  dw  to  Combined  Sounds.^Jt  the 

can  be  readily  produced  without  the  aid  of  any  frrMpT^h?^^^^^^^^                   SltTr^- 

artificial  instruments.  The  forefinger  and  thumb  pUed  to  the  same  flhn,  very  different  figures,    when 

being  hent  so  as  to  form  a  circle,  a  soap-film  is  both  are  applied  together,  there  results  a  figure  dif- 

drawn  across  them  with  the  other  hand.     By  ferent  from  either  of  thoae  due  to  each  fork  by  itaelf 

turning  the  wrist,  the  angle  of  inclination  to  —acompromise  between  the  two. 

fK/^  i;«!k*  ^»«   u«  ««>«.,-«*t!i- «^:.,-4.^^       A  w.^  ^(Wto  q/ JSea<».— When  two  sounds  of  very  nearly 

the  hght  can  be  accurately  adjusted.    A  mo-  th?S„ne  pitch  coexist,  alow  fluctuations  of  intensity 

tion  of  the  elbow  alters  the  distance  between  called  *'  beats  "  are  known  to  be  produced.    If  a  film 

the  film  and  the  mouth  of  the  operator,  and,  is  exposed  to  the  simultaneous  action  of  two  sounds 

by  slightly  separating  or  bringing  together  the  •<>  related^  the  fixed  parU  of  the  resulting  fl^re  take 

be  regulated  so  as  to  give  any  desired  degree  entire  beat.                              -^          j 

of  sensitiveness.    If;  now,  a  note  be  struck  by  Z>»wonanW.— When  the  effect  we  call  discord  is 


728  RHODE  ISLAND. 


produced,  the  color-figure  presents  a  tremulous  ap-  conferred  upon  the  body,  whose  jnrisdicti(^ 

pearance  like  that  shown  by  the  tip  of  a  singiug  gas-  includes  the  entire  State. 

The  political  campaign  opened  with  the  ccs- 

RHODE  ISLAND.    The  "January  session  vention  of  the  Prohibition  party,  which  wo 

of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Rhode  held  in  Providence  on  March  7tli.    Tiie  mJt 

Island  and  Providence  Plantations"  for  the  declaration  of  principles  made  was  contained  a 

year  1878  began  on  January  18th,  and  came  the  following  resolution : 

to  an  end  on  April  12th.    Few  laws  of  special  Batolvtd^  That,  believing  as  we  do  in  the  riils. 

importance  were  passed.     Aipong  the   more  eousuessof  prohibition,  ana  in  its  necesaityss  an' .»• 

noteworthy  was  one  "  to  limit  the  indebtedness  iablished  pnnoiple  in  tne  jurisprudence  of  this  Sute, 

to  be  incurred  by,  and  the  taxes  which  may  be  X*"  "n«'^«<"y /fcl*'®  o^  unswerving  purpose  bj 

:*»,v^«rv.i    «^^«    tin....  ^.^.1   «;«.;^«  M     tu;o  ...««  the  help  of  God  to  carry  forward  thxa  agitation  mta 

imposed  upon    towns  and  cities. '    This  was  we  hav J  secured  the  deired  object, 
passed  April  10th,  and  is  as  follows : 

Seotiok  1.  The  outstanding  notes,  bonds,  and  con-  ^  \  resolution  was  also  adopted  cidling  npci 

tracts  of  towns  and  cities  shall  be  paid  and  be  ful-  the  Legislature  to  "  enact  a  law  prohibiting  tse 

filled  aocordinff  to  the  tenor  thereof,  and  all  public  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks."     The  foUovia; 

works  now  authorized  to  be  prosecuted  shall  bo  pros-  were  nominated  as  candidates  for  State  offices: 

ecuted,  and  all  indebtedness  authorixed  to  be  incurred  y^,y  Governor,  Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  of  Kcw- 

on  account  thereof,  by  any  special  act  of  the  Qenersl  v*  v.vT^t  uv»,  v^uai«^  v/.  t  «»  *^'*«^  ^^» 

Assembly,  may  be  inSurr^d  m  the  same  way  as  if  this  V^^^\  lor  Lieutenant-Governor,  Albert  C.  Hot- 

act  had  not  been  passed.  ward,  of  East  Providence ;   for  Secretarr  cf 

Sbo.  2.  After  the  passage  of  this  act  no  town  or  State,  Joshua  M.  Addeman,  of  ProWdence;  fc: 

city  shall  incur  any  debt  in  excess  of  <Af¥«jMr«a^«i»ii  Attorney-General  Willard   Savles,  of  Pr<';. 

of  tlie  taxable  property  of  such  town  or  ctv,  includ-  ^           J      General  Treasurer,  Samuel  Cki, 

ing  the  indebtedness  of  such  town  or  city^  at  the  ytf,^    .      v«vuw-o*  xtv<wuA«;i,  ».^<uuuci  vioi*, 

time  of  the  passage  of  this  act;  but  the  giving  of  a  ^*  l«incoln. 

new  note  or  bond  for  a  preexisting  debt,  or  for  The  Republican  Convention,  which  wasbM 
money  borrowed  and  applied  to  the  payment  of  such  in  Providence  on  the  2lBt  of  March,  ntrtoiDatfli 
prefixisting  debt,  is  excepted  f^om  the  Provisions  of  precisely  the  same  ticket,  and  adopted  no  \\a- 
this  section ;  provided,  that  any  sinking  fund  shall  be  jL..^  tU/*  AvII^..:^^  JIo^i»*;^«  -..»-  ..^..Un- 
deducted in'(£mputing  such  iidebtedSess.  ?^™-  Th«  following^  resoluUon  was  adopter 
Seo.  8.  No  town  or  cit/  shall  assess  its  ratable  in  regard  to  the  organization  of  future  conuD- 
property  in  any  one  year  m  excess  of  one  per  centum  tions: 


iiuiuD,  ur  lur  o* w»i«^*ii«f jr  rc^ioi™  iur auuiajfCB  uhudou  ticipation  in  the  Ofganixation  of  the  a 

by  the  elements ;  but  assessments  for  specific  bene-  ^1,^^^  ^hey  are  rightfully  chosen :  and 
fits  conferred  by  the  opemng  or  improving  of  any         whereae.  This  Is  accomplished  by  the  presentati  t 

public  highway,  or  for  any  public  sewer,  shall  not  be  ^f  oountewadentiah  that  have  no  autbentidtT  ii. 

taken  to  be  within  the  provisions  of  this  section.  f^^^  ^^^  ^^  presented  solely  with  the  riew  to  te. 

An  act  was  also  passed  establishing  the  fiscal  embarrwe,  and  thwart  the  choice  of  the  regxn:.' 

year,  so  as  to  correspond  with  the  calendar  «  fk^^,Tu^ 'contests  in  the  preUminsry  orj^t.. 

year,  and  requiring  oincial  reports  to  be  made  nation  tend  to  produce  dissatisfaction  and  'miit  li- 

to  the  ^^  adjourned  "  or  January  session  of  the  action  less  weighty :  therefore, 
Legislature.     An  act  "  to  prevent  and  punish       BeeoltHd,  That  the  Chdnnan  of  the  BeptiWicLC 

wrongs  to  children  "  prohibits  the  use  or  em-  ^tate  Committee,  or  such  other  member^  «•<: 

1°.^  vMij'i.  r  Committee  as  he  may  designate  for  this  purpose,  t'. 

ployment  of  any  child  nnder  sixteen  years  of  j^^d  hereby  is  authomed  and  directed,  ^r«l.iLf 

age  "for  the  vocation,  occupation,  service,  or  the  Con  vention  to  order  and  reading  the  call,  to  plKt 

purpose  of  rope  or  wire-walking,  begging,  or  as  upon  the  temporary  roll  of  said  Convention  only  ic  I 

a  gymnast,  contortionist,  equestrian  performer,  delegates  as  were  elected  at  the  primary  n^ttip 

or  acrobat,  in  any  place  whatsoever ;  or  for  or  f"^  ,**T*"i  *^J*i^  ^^  ^"^  ^'iTw  ^  ^^  ^V^ 

v»  «v.  vw»u,   u  u,uj  ^t<»>.«  *TuaM>v/«*«i  ,  v»  M.^,M.  V*  tees  (or  their  lawful  successors)  that  were  rccognii-o 

in  any  obscene,  indecent,  or  immoral  purpose,  by  the  preceding  Republican  State  Convention,  aci 


, . .      ^                                   ,     .         -,  ., ,  as  appear  on  the  roll  so  made  up :  and  that  credentii^; 

penalties  for  persons  so   employing  children,  authenticated  in  writing  by  ward  or  town  oonunitt«t» 

and  for  those  having  custody  of  children  who  sliall /^'ma/a<M  entitle  the  delegates  named  thertio 

permit  such  employment.    A  State  Board  of  to  seats  in  said  Con  vention:  provided,  howevrr^thAi 

HAfllth  wftA  MtAhlishftd    rnnfiiRfinir  nf  hit  nor-  nothing  in  the  above  shall  be  eonstrucdtopreTtct 

iieaiin  was  estaoiisnea,  consisting  oi  six  per-  ^^^  presentation  of  other  credentials  after  tBe  tk^ 

sons  appointed  by  the  Governor,  whose  full  tion  of  Chairman  as  above  said ;  and  prorided  ft'- 

term  of  office  is  to  be  six  years,  one  member  ther,  that  no  town  committee  ahall  be  recn^rnw-i 

going  out  each  year.    Three  members  at  least  who  shall  have  neglected  to  issue  a  call  for  a  esacti 

must  be  **  well-educated  physicians  and  mem-  1"  form,  as  prescribed  by  the  State  Central  Commit- 

bers  of  some  medical  society  incorporated  by  **®* 

the  State " ;  and  the  Governor  is  authorized  to  The  Democratic  Convention  took  place  it 

remove  any  member  for  cause  at  any  time,  on  Providence  on  the  22d  of  March.    The  Domi- 

the  written  request  of  two  thirds  of  the  Board,  nations  were  as  follows:  For  Governor,  JsAtc 

The  usual  powers  of  Boards  of  Health  were  Lawrence ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Thomas  Dt- 


BHODE  ISLAND.                                                 729 

718;  Secretary  of  State,  H.  H.  Robinson;  At-  tion  act,  and  that  GoTernment  aball  issae  a  legal- 

torney- General,  Oharlee  H.  Page;    General  tender  paper  currency  baaed  not  upon  gold  and  bU- 

TrAMfirAr  ThnrnAA  W    RtKmw      A  mainritv  nf  I®^  ^'^"^  "®  inadequate  to  the  demands  of  trade, 

ireasurer,  inomas  W.  begar.     A  majonty  ol  fluotuating  and  therefore  deluaive  meaaures,  but 

the  Oommittee  on  Kesolutions  gabmittea  the  baaed  upon  the  real  and  immovable  wealth  in  the 

following  platform  :  nation ;  and  that  thia  paper  currency  shall  not  be  a 

1.  That  we,  the  Democracy  of  Rhode  Island  in  P>'oml;«  ^  pay,  as  the  greenback  now  U,  but  a  full 
convention  assembled,  reaffirm  the  national  Demo-  "W.  tender,  receivable  in  payment  for  aU  debis, 
emtio  platform  adopted  at  8t,  Louis  in  1876,  as  an  PHgJ***  f^^  pn^f  te,  aa  well  aa  for  customs  duties, 
ftuthofitative  statement  of  the  principles  of  our  party ;  ^i  demand  the  abolition  of  the  national  banks, 
and  we  congratulate  our  political  brethren  of  the  which  usurp  one  of  the  prerogativea  of  a  sovereign 
whole  country  that  these  principles  were  endorsed  pownment— manufaotonng  money— which  is  le^sl- 
»t  the  last  national  election  by  the  suffrages  of  a  ma-  ^^^  *°  ™»J?  '*«  .^«*«^.  *?  Jiearly  double  its  original 
jority  of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mUlion  of  Ameri-  •"*;,"t  ^'"®>»  ^  addition  to  the  millions  it  an- 
can  citixena                         *  nually  draws  from  the  nation  through  government, 

2.  That  we  denounce  upon  the  Kepublican  party  *™p,?»o«  •  dureot  tribute  on  the  people  of  seventeen 
Btern  retribution  for  the  great  national  crime  by  millions  a  year  besides. 

which  the  people  were  defrauded  of  their  rights,  and  ,  ..^ «  demand  a  protective  tariff  tantamount  to  pro- 
persons  installed  as  President  and  Vice-President  nibition,  so  that  foreign  manufacturers  and  producers 
who  were  not  elected  by  the  people,  and  have  no  ^'  ^'^^  ''S  can  manufacture  and  produce  at  home 
legal  claim  to  said  offices  under  the  Constitution  of  ?^  not  underseU  American  manufacturers  and  pro- 
the  United  States;  and  we  demand  of  the  present  Queers  m  AmencMi markets. 

Con;?resa  the  adoption  of  such  legislative  enactment  ,   ^®  demand  that  the  bondholders  ahall  be  naid  in 

or  constitutional  imendraent  as  shall  effectually  pre-  '*^''"  money  of  the  United  State»--greenbaoks-the 

vent  the  repetition  of  thia  outrage  upon  a  free  peo-  **"«  T^®^  **>«/  P*><*  ^^^  the  bonds. 

Tf\^                                            -a     r               *^  We  demand  that  no  more  of  the  public  landa  nor 

8*.  That  we  congratulate  our  sister  Statea  of  the  P^^^^j?  moneys  be  given  to  rwlroad  or  any  other  cor- 

Soathintheirdeliverancefromtheourseofcarpet-bag  PO»t">n»»  »nd  that  auoh  part  of  the  public  domain 

rule  Ihroujyh  the  adoption  of  Democratic  prmciples  "-S?^  remama,  after  giving  two  hundred  and  fifteen 

by  the  ds/atto  national  Administration  in  its  South-  mi'"onB  of  acres  to  roilroad  corporations,  be  reserved 

ern  policy,  and  we  sympathize  with  our  brethren  of  ^^'  *°*°;l  "title",  who  should  be  aided  by  our  Gov- 

Loauiana  in  their  attempts  to  bring  universal  exe-  «™n;ont  in  their  endeavor  to  procure  for  themselves 

cration  and  deserved  punishment  upon  the  couspira-  «>mK>rtaWe  homes  in  the  West. 

tort  through  whose  mstrumentality  fraud  became  .  ^                  ,.          •        ^i           ^ 

first  triumphant  in  American  history.  Alter  some  disoassion,  tlie  motion  was  ta- 

4.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  a  stable  currency,  the  bled,  and  the  platform  of  the  majority  adopted. 
honest  payment  of  our  national  debt,  and  are  op-  The  election  took  place  on  the  8d  of  April, 

^y  belm  aireT""^  ^^  ^^'""^  ^""^  °''^''°**  ^  *°^  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  Republican 

5.  Thrtwe  ITreopposed  to  all  schemes  for  robbing  jnd  Prohibition  candidates.  The  total  vote 
the  public  Treasury,  and  bestowing  public  lands  in  'or  Governor  was  19,681,  of  which  Van  Zandt 
.lid  of  private  corporations  and  monopolies,  which  received  11,436 ;  Lawrence,  7,681 ;  Foster, 
haje  characteriaed  the  era  of  Kepublican  misrule.  Greenback  candidate,  683  :  and  31  were  scat- 

.lU&rr.ral[\Teltt\Lr,tenT/^S;  t«ri-8-  J"*  Z"}*!'.'? plaraUty  over  Lavrence 

:iiduatrial  classes,  by  fiudinK  profitoble  employment  was   8,805  ;    majority   over   all,   8,191.      The 

t:ir  honest  labor,  and  aafe  investment  for  hoarded  Legislature,   chosen    at  the  same   time,   con- 

cap'^^l*  sisted  of  26  Republicans  and  11  Democrats  in 

t«L '^^1''?  i®^^*rS  ??r  "n'^??^  qI*^  in  the  doo-  the  Senate,  and  65  Republicans  and  17  Demo- 

tnneofthe  fathers  that  the  United  States  IS  a  Fed-  ^-ofo   ;«  *i^  TI/^«fl/»    ^^Lfn.,  *^^^  T?«r^«M:««« 

eral  Republic  of  free  and  independent  States  an  set  ^"^^^^  .^  ^^f  .^^^^\^^y^J^.^  Republican 

forth  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  united  mwonty  14  m  the  Senate,  88  in  the  House, 

under  a  government  of  limited  powers  for  mutual  and  52  on  joint  ballot 

protection  and  advantage,  and  leaving  to  the  States  In  view   of  the  prospective  repeal   of  the 


8.  That  we  are  in  favor  of  such  a  thoroufrh  reform  sider  what  reasonable  and  proper  ameudmenrH 
indrsviaionoftheFederaltariif,  as  shall  operate  to  are  essential  to  the  general  statutes."  Tlie 
atimulale  rather  than  reatnct  our  trade  with  foroitrn  f,.Urkm\ntr  {naf^^var^nv  o^f  *y^  nvaiTAnf  t.*.^# 
nations,  and  encourage  American  commerce,  which  ^"llo^^°»  msolvency  act,  to  prevent  pref- 
baa  been  disabled  £d  well  nigh  destroyed  by  Be-  ®*'«>ace  and  secure  an  equal  distnbution  of 
pQblioan  miarule.  the  property  of  debtors  among  creditors,  was 

9.  That  we  tender  our  thanka  to  the  Democrata  passed : 

and  Conaervatives  in  Congress  for  le^ialatinflr  iu  the  ,^ 

intersats  of  eoonomy,  and  reducing  expenditures  in       Sionoir  1.  Whenever  the  property  of  any  debtor 

th«  various  departmenta  of  the  Government.  *hall  have  been  attached  or  levied  upon  by  any 

10.  That  we  demand  for  our  disfVanohised  fellow  creditor,  the  debtor  may  at  any  time  before  such 
citiiens  in  this  State  the  extension  of  the  same  Fed-  property  shall  be  aold  and  the  proceeds  thereof  ap- 
eral  (foarantee  of  their  right  of  suffirage,  which  ia  ac-  pli®<l  to  the  payment  of  the  daim  or  judgment  upon 
corded  under  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  of  the  Con-  vhich  such  attachment  or  levy  shall  have  been  made, 
ititation  to  the  emancipated  slaves  of  the  South.  within  aizty  days  after  such  attachment  or  levy,  dis- 

«--_,.  ,     .      ,  ,  .  solve  such  attachment  or  levy  bymaking  and  having 

Ihe  following  was  submitted  by  a  minority  recorded  in  the  records  of  the  town  or  dtj  where 

of  the  Committee,  and  the  motion  made  that  the  aaaifl^or  residea,  or  where  any  of  the  real  eatate 

it  be  substituted  for  the  financial  clause  of  the  *•  located,  an  assignment  of  all  the  property  and 

mainri^v  MniM>f  •  estate  of  such  debtor,  not  exempt  bylaw  from  at- 

51     y  reponJ  •  taohment,  to  some  citisen  of  this  State,  for  the  equal 

We  demand  the  immediate  repeal  of  the  resump-  benefit  of  all  his  creditors,  in  proportion  to  their 


730                                                   RHODE  ISLAND, 

respeoliTe  oIbiids,  except  as  is  provided  in  the  third  An  amendment  was  also  made  to  the  ^^Hqnor 

section  hereof.  law,"  ffivinff  local  option  on  the  question  ol 

8x0.  9.  Whenever  any  debtor,  being  insolvent,  «     '  „^  ♦^  ♦ifl  ^:*j,„«/^#  n.^^  j^«^     tv^  i 

shall  do  any  act,  or  make  any  conveyance,  whereby  ^^^  ^^  the  citizens  of  Prondence.    The  fol- 

any  one  of  his  creditors  shall  obtain  a  preference  lowmg  amendment  to  the  Constitution  vas 

over  any  oUier  of  his  creditors,  or  knowingly  omit  to  referred  to  a  joint  committee  on  the  subject 

do  any  act  which  he  might  lawfully  do  to  prevent  of  liquor  legislation,  with  instructions  to  re- 

^:±^\^^^:!^r^itlin!:^^^::^:  ^^!^'^  i^^e^^^  ^-ercon  at  the  Mays* 

any  three  or  more  of  his  creditors,  holding  not  less  ®^^^  * 

than  one  third  of  the  debts  in  amount  of  such  debtor,  Abticle  Y.— Ssctxok  1.  The  sale  of  intoxicsHrp 
may  file  a  petition  in  equitv,  either  in  term  time  or  in  liquors,  unless  the  same  sliall  be  of  foreign  produ- 
vacation,  in  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  county  where  tion  and  imported  under  the  laws  of  the  Uniui 
such  debtor  resides,  but  which  may  be  heard  in  any  States,  and  contained  in  the  original  packa^  ic 
county ;  and  after  notice  to  the  debtor  and  to  the  which  the  same  were  imnorted^  and  in  quautibei  net 
creditors  sought  to  be  preferred,  of  the  time  and  less  than  the  laws  of  tne  United  States  prescribe, 
place  of  hearing  thereon,  the  Court,  sitting  in  banc,  shall  not  be  permitted  within  the  limits  of  this  6utf, 
Hhall  proceed  summarily  to  hear  the  parties,  and  if  it  save  for  the  purpose  of  exportation,  except  In  kc!. 
shall  appear  to  the  Court  that  such  debtor  is  insol-  of  the  towns  and  cities  therein  ss  shall  vote  as  hen- 
vent,  and  has  been  giving  or  is  about  to  give  a  pref>  inafter  provided  to  license  such  sale  at  a  ipeeUI 
erence  to  any  of  his  creditors  over  others  of  such  elective  meeting  that  may  be  called,  wameo,  asc 
creditors,  the  Court  shall  appoint,  from  the  nomina-  held  in  every  town  and  dty  in  thia  State,  as  often  u 
tions  by  the  creditors,  a  receiver,  who  shall  take  once  in  each  year,  but  not  oftener,  for  the  sole  foi- 
possession  of  all  the  property,  evidencea  of  prop-  pose  of  voting  upon  the  question  of  whether  or  or; 
erty,  books,  papers,  aebts,  choaes  in  action,  and  such  town  or  city  will  ncense  such  side;  and  so 
estate  of  every  kmd  of  the  debtor  not  exempted  by  licenses  to  sell  intoxicating  liquora  as  a  bevenft 
law  from  attachment,  indudinff  property  attached  or  shall  hereafter  be  granted  by  any  town  or  citj  vit> 
levied  upon,  in  the  manner  and  subject  to  the  limit*-  in  this  State,  unless  three  fifths  of  the  electon  cf 
tion  hereinbefore  provided,  and  all  property  con-  such  town  or  city  voting  at  such  special  electire 
veyed  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  meeting  shall  have  consented  to  and  approved  the 
convert  the  same  to  money,  and  marshal  and  dis-  granting  of  such  licenses. 

tribnte  the  same  amoni^  the  several  creditors  of  the  Sso.  2.  No  person  shall  be  allowed  to  vote  at  atr 

insolvent,  whether  their  claims  are  due  or  to  become  special  elective  meeting  that  may  be  called,  wsratc, 

dub,  who  shall  come  in  and  prove  their  respective  and  hold  under  the  provisions  of  this  amecdmeDt  to 

claims  within  such  time  and  in  such  manner  as  the  the  Constitution  unless  he  shall  be,  at  the  time  of  tie 

Court  shall  direct ;  and  the  Court  shall  order  such  holding  of  such  meeting,  qualified  to  vote  upon  arr 

debtor  to  file  a  schedule  of  his  debts  and  to  whom  proposition  to  impose  a  tax  in  the  town  or  cit7 

due,  and  of  his  property,  and  to  do  whatever  mav  be  where  he  shall  offer  to  vote, 

neoesfiary  and  proper  to  carry  this  act  into  effect ;  Sxc.  8.  The  Qeneral  Assemhlj  of  this  State  thtV, 

und  all  proceedings  therein  or  thereunder  shall  be  in  have  power  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  article 

accordance  with  the  course  of  equitv,  and  such  as  by  appropriate  J egislation. 

Irescrtbr  '^*"  ^^  ^^""^'"^  ""^^  ""^  ^^  ^^^""'^  '''^'''  '"'^  "^^*'"  ^^*^°  ^'  ^^®  Legislnture  began 

'  8x0.  8.'  No  assignment  hereafter  made  for  the  »*  Newport  on  the  28th  of  May.     Varions  re- 

benefit  of  creditors  sliall  give  to  any  one  creditor  any  ports  and  propositions  were  made,  bnt  Xla 

preference  over  the  claims  of  any  other  creditor,  ex*  more  important  ones  went  over  for  considen- 

°5Poi?^l  creditor  be  the  United  States  or  the  State  tion  at  the  adjourned  session  in  Januarv,  1671'. 

exceeding  one  hundred  dollars  to  any  one  person.  place  on  the  otn  of  Norember.     The  "3  a- 

Sxc.  4.  Conveyances  and  payments  made  and  se-  tional  Greenback  "  party  held  a  State  ConTen- 

curi ties  given  by  an  insolvent  debtor  or  by  a  debtor  tion  in  Providence  on  the  14th  of  October, 

in  contemplation  of  inaolvency,  within  sixty  days  ^^d  adopted  the  following  declaration  of  prill. 

of  the  commencement  of  proceedings  agamat  such  ^s-.i^a .                                                     *'         r 

debtor  under  this  act,  with  the  view  of  giving  a  pref  cipies : 

erence  to  any  creditor  upon  a  pre<^xisting  debt,  or  to  The  necessity  for  the  existence  of  our  organixati*  c 

any  peraon  under  liability  for  such  debtor  over  an-  is  in  our  duty  to  save  ourselves  and  rescue  our  fel- 

other  creditor,  shall  be  void  as  to  all  creditors  re-  low-citizens  from  the  idleness,   bankruptcy,  rat, 

ceiving  the  same  who  shall  have  reasonable  cause  to  crime,  and  despondency,  leading  to  self-destnict)<ic. 

believe  that  such  debtor  was  insolvent  at  the  time  brought  upon  us  by  the  incompetence  and  com.;* 

of  such  preference.  tion  of  the  old  parties. 

Sso.  6.  The  Court  may,  at  anv  time  during  the  Jietohsd,  That  this  Convention  declares  its  crc- 

pendenov  of  any  petition  filed  under  the  second  sec-  fidence  in  and  adhesion  to  the  National  Greenback 

tion  of  tnis  act,  allow  new  parties  to  come  in  and  be  party, 

joined  in  such  petition.  Beaohtd^  That  as  members  of  the  National  Grefo- 

Sso.  6.  This  aol  shall  not  apply  to  any  action  or  back-Labor  party,  we  of  Khode  Island  heartily  i2jut« 

proceeding  which  shall  have  oeen  commenced  be-  with  our  brethren  and  co-workers  in  oUier  States  io 

fore  the  passage  hereof.  demanding — 

Sko.  7.  Costs  in  cases  upon  which  attachments  or  1.  The  immediate  repeal  of  the  resumption  act. 

levies  are  made,  which  are  dissolved  under  the  pro-  2.  The  retirement  or  all  existing  paper  monpv  cf 

visions  of  this  sot,  shall  be  preferred  and  be  first  every  kind  whatsoever,  now  authonzed in  the  United 

paid  by  the  reoeiver  to  be  appointed  hereunder.  States,  and  the  substitution  therefor  of  a  better  cer- 

8x0.  8.  All  actions  and  proceedings  to  be  com-  rency,  in  the  form  of  abaolute  paper  money,  ieaaed 

menoed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  may  be  com-  solely  and  directly  by  the  Government  of  the  United 

roenced  and  prosecuted  in  the  name  of  the  reoeiver  States,  and  that  toe  same  shall  be  a  full  legal  tecdtr 

appointed  hereunder.  lor  all  debts  and  dues,  and  receivable  as  such  bj 

8x0.  9.  All  aotsand  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  here-  governments  and  people  everywhere  within  the  o^ 

with  are  hereby  repealed.  tional  jurisdiction,  and  that  the  oirealation  of  anf 

8x0. 10.  Thia  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  other  paper  mone^  be  forbidden, 

its  passage.  8.  The  calling  m  and  payment,  without  unneecf 


RHODE  ISLAND.  781 

tuj  deU^,  of  ftll  our  bonds,  thus  relieving  labor  $44,266,882.80,  the  number  of  depositors  being 

from  ao  intolerable  burden  of  interest  accruing  at  98,053.     There  was  a  decrease  of  $6,801,115  in 

the  rate  of  $8.17  every  second  of  time ;  stopping  the  ^^  amount  of  deposits  for  the  year. 

premiam  of  greater  profits  on  money  mveated  in  •««»«""""«  v*  "^i^yotw  *"*  i,uv  j««.. 

wch  bonds  tlTan  could  be  realized  upon  it  if  invested        The  school   statistics  for   the   year   ending 

in  business  \  restoring  real  property  to  its  leffitimate  April  30th  are  as  follows : 

place  as  prmie  security  for  savings-bank  deposits 

and  for  loans ;  breaking  up  the  present  bondhold-  ^^^  schools. 

log  combination,  the  personification  of  the  money  Number  of  different  pnpll*  eorolled 41,098 

power  now  so  destructive  of  private  and  public  mo-  Average  number  belonging ifU'l ! I 

rality,  corrupting  to  the  public  press  and  to  other  6V!^^^!^!f ^°'St 

m*trument.fities  by  whi<5h  the  public  intelligence  l^i^n^i'^^\\\\\\:—^^^^^^^ 

and  public  opinion  are  moldetL  and  so  full  of  men-  Kumber  of  teachers  legolarly  employed. 877 

see  and  peril  to  every  libertv  of  the  American  people.  Amount  paid  male  teachers $98,619  86 

i.  That  the  purity  of  the  oallot  shall  be  protected  Average  wages  paid  male  teachers  per  month. . . .  $76  00 

by  the  condiirn  punishment  of  any  person  or  persous  Amount  paid  female  teachers $809,780  AS 

guihyofthe  crime  of  trafficking  in  votes.  Averse  wages  paid  female  teachers  per  month..  $45  86 

5.  That  the  far-reaching  hand  of  the  money  power,  wmviia  oranAr  a 
M  it  appears  in  the  withliolding  by  the  AssocUted  ^     ^      ^^       ivimimo  schools. 

Pr«M  of  telegraphic  news  from  publications  which  Number  of  dfflfeient  pnofls  enroUeO. 4,MJ 

itdislikesorfears  shall  be  torn  fm  the  throat  of  iJSJS  JSSi^™^^^^^^  J;il5 

public  mtelligenoe  by  law,  and  telegraph  companies  xnTnW  ©f  schools 86 

be  forced  to  sell  the  public  news  on  equal  terms  to  Averagenumberof  teaehmlmployed.'..'.!!!...  174 

anybody.  Average  length  of  schools «....  12  weeks 

6.  The  adoption  of  land-limitation  laws,  and  the 

policy  of  selling  public  lands  to  actual  settlers  only.  becsifts. 

7.  Tue  establisliment  of  national  and  State  bureaus  state  appropriation  for  day  and  evening  schools .  $98^  01 
for  the  collection  and  publication  of  reliable  data  as  Town  appropriation  for  day  and  evening  achools.  881,488  68 


a  basis  for  sound  public  opinion  and    intelligent     Town  appropriation  for  land,  bulldtogs,  and  ftir- 

lejrUIation  upon  industrial  and  financial  questions,    jJ^^SS^'s^^ SiS  m 

and  that  the  officers  of  such  bureaus  shaU  be  persons    ^^  ^^^  siid  itaid^ittd'rii.itha  wii^*.     SSw  97 


having  the  confidence  of  the  industrial  classes. 

S.  Equal  taxation  of  all  property  of  individuals  or  Total $709,444  48 

coiporations. 

Jteaolv^d^  That  we  call  upon  Congress  to  enforce  a  xxpenditurxs. 

republican  form  of  government  in  Kbode  Isljnd.  Teachers'  wages  snd  other  current  expenses  of 

i^^Mi,  That   the   National    Greenback-Labor       day  schools $471,988  48 

party  is  the  party  of  the  whole  people,  and  that  we  Teachers'  wages  and  other  current  expenses  of 

point  with  confidence  and  pride  to  every  plank  in    ^  ovenhig  schools 92,W8  41 

our  pUtform,  aa  corroborative  of  our  declaration    ?i*iyl»XiJlS^;;iA;;^*;;ji';;*,;;;4;i^^^^^ li^Si  SJ 

that  that  party  seeks  no  special  privileges  for  any     Land,  buildings,  fhmlture,  and  apparatus m^  81 

cla»s  or  interest,  but  plants  itself  upon  the  firm  ^^^^1 $679,770  96 

ground  of  justice  and  riffht,  immutable  and  eternal. 

and  calls  upon  our  brethren,  the  honest  masses  or  cost  or  instrvction. 

all  parties,  to  unite  with  us  to  make  our  govern-  Current  expendltnrs  for  dsy  schools  per  capita 

ment  ^  the  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people       of  pnpUsenroUed $11  74 

snd  for  the  people  "—a  democracy  in  fact  aa  well  Current  expenditure  for  dsy  schools  per  capita 

ssinname  of  average  attendance 18  09 

Current  expenditure  for  dsy  schools  for  each  pu- 

The  total  vote  for  members  of  Congress  in    ^P*r»  inatmction  per  month. i  w 

.         J.  ^  ,   .               ,o  ^Kj    Ai->v  -D        vf  ^-  Current  expenditure  In  evening  schools  per  cap- 

the  two  districts  was  18,4o4,  the  Repablican      lu of pnpUs enrolled. .„. 4  90 

majority  being  4,620.     In  the  First  District,  Current  expenditure  in  evening  schools,  per  capita 

Nel3onV.Aldrich,Repnblican,  received  6,968;       of  average  attendance lo  0$ 

Thomas  Davis,  Democrat,  1,882 ;  and  Lycargas  taxation. 

Sajles,  National  Greenback,  627.    In  the  Sec-  Average  town  tax  for  public  schools  on  each  iioo, 

end  District,  lAtimer  W.  Ballon,  Republican,  J^J^^^  «°  ^  ^*"  <>'  *»>•  »*•*•  ^■^"•"o"  o'            i^ 

n^cetved  6,660 ;  I.  B.  Bamaby,  Democrat,  4,485 ; 

and  J.  F.  Smith,  National  Greenback,  311.  The  State  Normal  School  had  134  pnpils 

There  were  119  scattering  votes.  during  the  term  ending  January  24,  1879. 

The  condition  of  the  State  Treasury  at  the  The  State  institutions  under  the  care  and 

end  of  the  year  is  shown  in  the  following  state*  management  of  the  Board  of  State  Charities 

ment:  and  Correction — ^the  Prison  and  Providence 

Babnee  to  Treasury  April  soth •M,8n  15  Oouuty  JaU,  the  Workhouse  and  House  of 

Beedpts  fiwn  Hay  ist  to  December  8in 878,(H»  09  Correction,  the  Asylum  for  the  Incurable  In- 

i89&fiM  T4  ^^'^^^  ^^^  ^^®  Almshouse — are  now  all  located 

PiymentiftciniCay  1st  to  December  8isL 49«,906  8«  on  Uie  State  Farm  in  the  town  of  Cranston, 

_  and   contain   altogether    about  850  inmates. 

F^dlMJ^SrSute;;;;;;;;";;;.-:^^       nX  S  The  new  prison  and  jall  has  been  completed 

Paid  from  the  Treasury  to  the  CommissioDers  and  delivered  up  to  the  State  Board,  and  the 

p^l!5\??**IS?!L\--::;«V«;.v:#  ;i;:i:;;*-     *^^  ^  prisoners  were  transferred  from  the  old  insti- 

£«n»d  to  Interest  on  inyestmsnts  of  the  above  f  ^.        *     n       *j  •     j.i i  l*.  _x    *  xr^ 

fiud  up  to  December  81st 09,901 18  tution  in  Providence  in  the  latter  part  of  No- 

r  -^   ^        *_.  .  ^ ,..  ..v  o.  *           ^^  /^fl  «^a  ira  vcmbcr.    The  number  of  inmates  of  the  pris- 

UsTtog  the  at  lymded  debt  of  the  state. H^MS  T8  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  353.    J^^^ 

The  total  amount  of  deposits  in  the  39  say-  Workhouse  and  House  of  Correction,  220;  of 

inga  bulks  in  the  State  on  November  20th  was  the  Insane  Asylum,  216 ;  of  the  Almshouse, 


733               RHODE  ISLAND.  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH. 

161.    The  cost  of  supporting  these  institntions  Art.  IT.,S€C.  1,  if  he »»  otherwise  qudifled,  and  if  tu 

for  the  year  wa«  a  little  over  $150  000  fnTe'lCS.tewh'Xf.^SLbidcESS^^ 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  the  question  ^^  ^^f^  ^^  ^^^^      »                                         ' 

was  raised  whether,  nnder  the  property  quali-  2.  Any  huBband  married  since  DeoemberS,  \fffl, 

fication  for  the  suffrage,  a  man  is  entitled  to  or  whose  wife  has  acquired  the  pit^rtir  on  vbieh 

vote  in  consequence  of  his  wife's  ownership  of  i'o  claims  the  right  to  vote  since  December  S.  IKl 

real  estate.    The  inquiry  was  submitted  to  the  i»  entitled  to  vote  under  Art.  U.,  Bee  1,  iT  h«  ii 

1       «'«'«»*^     -^"«  ^/    /Y           o»*w*uiM«««  w  w  «  Otherwise  qualified  and  if  the  property  is  sn  eeiate 

Supreme  Court  by  the  Governor  m  the  follow,  ^f  inheritanoe  of  the  value  prescribed  in  the  CoDiti- 

ing  form:  "Can  a  husband  under  the  State  tution,  provided  he  has  had  issue  by  his  wife  cs^^bk 

Constitution,  Art.  II.,  Section  1,  be  entitled  to  of  inheriting  it;  but  otherwise  not. 

vote  by  virtue  of  any  right  or  interest  which  „^,xTm  -Krarr^  t»  tt 
he  may  have  as  husband  in  the  real  estate  of  his  ROKITANSKY,  Baron  Kabl  von,  an  At* 
wife ;  and  if  so,  under  what  circumstances! "  triai^  anatomist  and  physiologist,  died  in  Yien- 
According  to  the  section  of  the  Constitution,  »»» ^^^7  23d,  aged  seventy-four  years.  He  va 
no  one  can  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage  unless  *  native  of  KOniggratz,  Bohemia,  studied  medi- 
he  is  "really  and  truly  possessed  in  his  own  cine  in  the  Universities  of  Prague  and  Vienci, 
right  of  real  estate  ...  of  the  value  of  one  attained  his  medical  degrees  in  1828,  and  soaa 
hundred  and  thirty-four  dollars  over  and  above  ^^  ^^s  appointed  an  assistant  and  proaector 
all  encumbrances,  or  which  shall  rent  for  seven  ^  the  Vienna  Institute  of  Pathological  AEa^ 
dollars  per  tonum  over  and  above  any  rent  omy.  Later  he  was  Professor  of  Pathological 
reserved  or  the  interest  of  any  encumbrances  Anatomy  in  that  institution,  and  bo  continued 
thereon,  being  an  estate  in  fee  simple,  fee  tail,  down  to  the  year  1874,  when  he  resigned. 
for  the  life  ofanyperMn^  or  an  estate  in  rever-  During  his  lifetime  Rokitanskj  assisted  at  no 
sion  or  remainder,  which  qualifies  no  other  less  than  30,000  autopsies,  and  from  these  k 
person  to  vote."  Shortly  after  the  adoption  drew  abundant  material  to  illustrate  his lectnre^ 
of  the  Constitution  in  1844  an  act  was  passed  a^^  ^  enforce  his  doctrines  in  his  published 
in  relation  to  the  property  of  women,  which  works.  His  aim  ever  was  to  describe  with  the 
provided :  "  The  real  estate,  chattels  real,  house-  utmost  exactness  the  lesions  of  organs,  and  to 
hold  furniture,  plate,  goods,  stock  or  shares  in  differentiate  them  from  one  another;  andthcs 
the  capital  stock  of  any  incorporated  company  ^^^  ^®  contribute  toward  laying  the  positiTe 
of  this  State,  or  debts  secured  by  mortgage  on  ^^^  scientific  foundations  of  pathological  dis- 
property  within  this  State,  which  are  the  prop-  sification.  To  Rokitansky,  more  perhaps  tlM 
erty  of  any  woman  before  marriage,  or  which  ^o  *"iy  other  man,  is  due  the  perfection  of  mod- 
may  become  the  property  of  any  woman  after  ^"^  diagnosis.  At  the  time  of  his  death  be 
marriage,  shall  be  and  are  hereby  so  far  se-  was  President  of  the  Imperial- Royal  Academy 
cured  to  her  sole  and  separate  use,  that  the  ®^  Sciences  at  Vienna, 
same,  and  the  rents,  profits,  and  income  there-  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  The  pon- 
of,  shall  not  be  liable  to  be  attached  or  in  any  tificate  of  Pius  IX.,  the  longest  in  historv,  ter- 
way  taken  for  the  debts  of  the  husband,  either  minated  eariy  in  the  year  1878*  When  Hnra- 
before  or  after  his  death ;  and  upon  the  death  ^^  succeeded  his  father  Victor  Emanoel, 
of  the  husband  in  the  lifetime  of  the  wife,  shall  ^i^s  IX.  on  the  17th  of  January  protested, 
be  and  remain  her  sole  and  separate  property."  0°  ^^^  2d  of  February  he  gave  his  last  aUoeu- 
The  act  also  provides  that  the  receipt  or  dis-  t^on  to  the  Cardinals,  dying  on  the  7th.  The 
charge  of  the  husband  fer  rents  and  profits  ©lection  of  a  new  Pope  had  been  looked  for- 
shall  be  a  sufficient  receipt  or  discharge,  until  ^^^  ^  ^^^  anxiety ;  but  no  obstacles  were 
notice  in  writing  is  given  by  the  wife ;  after  raised  by  the  new  masters  of  Rome  to  the  as- 
which  the  receipt  or  discharge  of  the  wife  alone  sembling  of  the  Conclave.  On  the  18th  of 
shall  be  sufficient.  It  still  further  provides  February  the  Cardinals  met  to  the  number  of 
that  nothing  in  the  act  shall  be  construed  to  w^J-  ^°  ^®  20th  Cardinal  Joachim  Peed, 
impair  the  righta  of  the  husband  upon  the  Archbishop  of  Perugia,  received  fortr-fire 
death  of  the  wife  as  tenant  by  courtesy.  In  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^*™®  ®^  ^®®  ^^^^-  ^^\ 
1872  the  General  Statutes  introduced  an  im-  announcement  was  made  to  the  f^ple,  and 
portant  modification  by  enacting  that  the  real  ^^e  new  Pope  gave  his  blessing  in  St.  I^ej^r.^ 
property  of  a  married  woman  "  shall  be  aft*>-  He  was  crowned  m  that  basilica  on  the  3d  of 
luUly  secured  to  her  sole  and  separate  use,"  March.  He  is  a  native  of  the  Pontifical  State^ 
iestead  of  "  so  far  secured  to  her  sole  and  sep-  ^^^  a*  Carpineto,  March  2,  1810.  He  had 
arate  use  that  the  same,  and  the  rents,  profits,  shown  ability  in  government  as  delegate  a; 
and  income  thereof,  shall  not  be  liable  to  be  Spoleto  and  Perugia,  and  in  diplomacy  as  ^ulh 
attached  or  in  any  way  taken  for  the  debts  of  ^^^  to  Belgium.  He  had  been  Archbishop  of 
the  husband."  After  discussing  the  bearings  Perugia  since  January  19,  1846.  Hecommo- 
of  the  law  on  the  question,  the  Judges  con-  nicated  his  election  to  the  Powers.  The  first 
eluded  briefiy  as  follows :  ^t  of  his  pontificate  was  the  restoration  of  tbe 
,  .  .  ._  ,  ,  *.  ,1^.  .^  .  .  Catholic  hierarchy  in  Scotland.  This  had  long 
nh  ^K^  husband  who  mamed  his  wife  previoua  to  engaged  the  attention  of  Pius  IX.,  and  was  de- 
December  2,  1872,  and  whose  wife  acquired  the  ^.*^"«^  **  .  *  1..  j  ^*v  *  rv^  »v^  *.v 
property  on  which  he  claima  the  right  to  vote-pre-  cided  upon  previous  to  his  deatb.  On  the  4tH 
vioua  to  December  2, 1872,  la  entitled  to  vote  under  of  March,  1878,  Pope  Leo  AlII.  by  letter  apos- 


ROMAN .  OATHOLIO  CHURCH.  733 

tolio  restored  the  ancient  archiepiscopal  sees  Hence,  too,  have  oome  legislotioDs  aprooting  the 

of  St.  Andrews  and  Glasgow,  and  created  the  P'^'^•  oonititution  of  the  CkthoUc  Ohiiroh,  t^t  we 

VI  fc^fc.  Auuxcns  a*ix*  v.i«we"">  »"    '^        Ttrv:*  havo  to  deploTO,  «8  done  m  many  regions.    Henoe 

episcopal  sees  of  Aberdeen,  Dunkeld,  Whit-  ^^^  flow^diaregard  of  Episoopil  aSihority ;  hin- 

horn  or  Galloway,  and  Argyll  and  the  Isles,  drancea  oppoaed  to  the  ezeroiae  of  the  ecoleaiaatical 

The  Catholics  of  Scotland,  who  had  from  the  miniatry;  the  diapernion  of  aooietiea  of  relifioua 

time  of  the  Reformation  been  snbject  to  vicars  ponona,  and  the  oonflaeation  of  goods  by  which  funo- 

apo^lio-fi«t  one  for  all  8cotl«.d  then  t.o  JJJS^^J^^SS/'SSJSt.S^'clllJS^'JLrZK.^S^^ 

and  afterward  three,  for  as  many  aistrtcts— had  ^^^q  stolen  trom  the  wholeaome  maoagemeut  of  the 

thus  a  regular  episcopal  organization.     The  Church. 

Pope  made  this  one  of  the  subjects  of  his  alio-  And,  again,  a  Uoentious  and  wicked  freedom  of 

cation  to  the  Cardinals  on  March  28th.    On  It'^ll^.^^l^^'nii*^^^/  whUe,  on  the  other  hand, 

1.    «„!«^  v^   — .«^:,»f./i  n««^;«oi  t?,.o«/»>»?  the  right  of  the  Church  to  instruct  and  educate  youth 

Ills  accession  he  appointed  Cardinal  Franchi,  ^^^ .»                 ^^^  ^i^l^^^^  ^^  hindered.    Nor 

becretary  of  State  and  Master  of  tlie  bacred  of  j^  less  hoatile  meaning  U  the  usurpation  of  the 

Palaces ;    Odrdinal  Simeoni,  Secretary  of  the  civil  principality,  which  Divine  Providence,  many 

Propaganda :  Cardinal  Saoconi,  Prodatary ;  and  *gM  *go,  graatod  to  the  Boman  Pontiff,  to  the  end 

Cardinal  Morochini,  Chamber  ain.  ^^'^  ™'3r  and  promptly,  he  might  employ  the 

vaiVAAua*  ju.v/ivvuaut,  x/^a»^v«4  ^**'  Dowcr  given  him  by  Christ  for  the  eternal  benefit  of 

In  April  he  issued  his  first  Encyclical,  fore-  iupeoplea. 

shadowing  his  policy,  as  follows :  We  have  enumerated  thia  mournful  accumulation 

_     „,,     _,.      ,      ...     ^       ^Ti-T             J  of  miaeriea.  Venerable  Brethren,  not  to  add  to  your 

To  all  the  Pidnarck9,  Ptvmata^  ArMuhovs,  and  gorrowa,  heavy  enough  in  bearing  the  wretched  con- 

^**^^'  *  DD '^/r      ^<^'»"*«»»<>*  ^/  ^^  AjH)dolte  dition  of  affaire,  but  because  we  understand  that,  b^ 

S4e.    Jao  FF»  XUL  :  ^lii,  exposition,  vou  will  the  more  fully  aee  the  heavi- 

ysnsABi.B  BBKTnBXs :  Greeting,  and  the  Apos*  ness  or  responsibility  that  calla  on  our  ministry  and 

tolio  Benediction !  leal.  and  how  earneatly  we  must  work  to  defend  and 

Lifted,  though  unwortliy,  to  the  summit  of  Apoa-  vindicate  the  Church  of  Christ,  and  the  dignit]^  of 

tolic  Kminenoe  by  the  unsearchable  will  of  God,  we  thia  Apoatolic  See,  wounded  by  ao  many  calumniea, 

have  found  ourselves  pressed  forthwith  by  an  ear^  especially  in  the  crookedness  of  these  times. 

nest  desire,  and  in  some  way  a  necessity,  to  address  It  is  known  and  manifest.  Venerable  Brethren,  that 

you  in  writing ;  not  merely  to  ahow  the  feeUng  of  the  plan  of  human  civilization  {eivUis  kumamiatia) 

our  inward  love  for  you,  but  that  we  may,  by  the  has  no  solid  foundations,  except  stayed  on  principles 

power  divinely  committed  to  us,  strengthen  you,  of  eternal  truth,  and  on  the  law  of  what  ie  riffht  and 

who,  with  ns,  are  called  to  share  our  troubles,  and  to  just ;  and  unless  an  .affectionate  regard,  reuly  sin- 

bear  with  ua  the  battles  of  thia  age  {korum  tempo-  cere,  pervadea  the  will  of  men,  and  controls  gratefully 

rum  dinUeatiofum),  the  occaaiona  and  rules  of  their  relations  with  each 

For,  in  these  first  days  of  our  Pontificate,  we  find  other, 

ourselves  ill  fStuse  of  woea  that  are  weighing  down  the  But  who  will  dare  deny  that  it  was  the  Church 

whole  human  race  I  that,  by  preaching  the  Gospel  everywhere  among  the 

The^  are  the  openljr  avowed  assaults  on  first  truths,  nations,  introduced  the  light  of  truth  amonff  aavage 

OQ  which,  as  foundation  atonea.  the  fabric  of  human  peoples,  addicted  to  vile  superstitions,  and  moved 

society  reata,  and  is  held  together ;  the  frowardneaa  them  to  a  recognition  of  God  as  their  Creator,  and 

of  minds  Ibllo  wing  the  bent  of  their  paasiona,  without  to  a  respect  for  themselves  t   It  was  the  Church  that 

repaid  to  legitimate  authority,  the  continual  cause  took  on  the  misfortune  of  slavery,  and  called  men  to 

of 'quarrels,  whence  come  internal  conftlcta  and  bitter  the  original  dignity  of  a  most  noble  nature.    Hhs 

sad  bloo  Jy  wars ;  contempt  of  laws  governing  morals  she  not,  In  all  regions  of  the  earth  where  she  baa  db- 

aad  justice ;  unbridled  lust  for  things  that  perish  in  played  the  sign  of  our  redemption,  been  the  protect- 

theuslng,  and  forgetfulneaa  of  thinga  eternal,  even  to  or  of  aclencea  and  arta^  even  at  ner  own  expenae. 

the  orazy  rage  that  leada  so  many,  erery  where,  auda-  and,  by  most  excellent  institutions  of  charity,  oarea 

ciously  to  lay  violent  handa  on  themselves  j  the  profii-  for  the  aolace  of  all  kinds  of  miseries  ?  By  founding 

ffste  sdmlnlatratlon,  waate,  and  malveraation  of  pub-  or  accepting  the  care  of  these,  the  Church  has  cher- 

iic  property ;  not  to  speak  of  the  shamelessness  of  ished  tne  race  of  man,  privately  and  publicly,  has 

those  who,  wherein  they  are  most  conspicuously  rescued  it  f)rom  the  wretchedness  that  marked  it,  and 

oolprita,  faahion  themselves  so  that  they  may  seem  has  fashioned  it,  with  exquisite  care,  to  a  form  or 

as  if  Chey  lud  done  these  things  aa  defenders  of  llrlng  agreeable  to  the  dignity  and  the  hope  of  what 

country,  liberty,  or  of  this  or  tbuit  right.    A  death-  man  may  become. 

dealing  plague,  to  sum  up,  that  la  creeping  through  Let  any  one  of  sane  mind  compare  this  age  in  which 

the  pulses  of  aoolety,  never  permita  It  to  have  rest,  we  live,  that  is  in  bitter  antagonism  to  religion  and 

sad  is  the  portent  of  new  upheavals  and  of  wofui  the  Church  of  Christ,  with  those  more  auspicious 

ruins.  times  when  the  Church  whs  cherished  aa  a  mother 


the  race  of  man,  and  is  the  arbiter  and  aafeffuard  of  ode  In  which  peoples  showed  themselves  the  most 

every  legitimate  authority,  has  been  deapued  and  observant  of  tne  laws  and  rule  of  the  Church  were 

reiocted.  marked  by  the  most  happy  condition  of  society. 

The  foes  of  dvil  order  have  understood  this  so  quietness  of  life,  and  wealth  and  prosperity, 

well  that,-  aa  the  surest  way  to  subvert  the  founda-  But  if  the  benefits  we  have  enumerated  have  sprung 

tioQs  of  human  aociety,  they  have  sought^  first  of  all,  from  the  ministry  and  salutary  help  of  the  Church, 

by  obstinate  attacks  and  most  vile  calumnies,  to  brlntf  how  foolish  It  Is  to  imagine  that  the  Church  of  Christ 

into  disfaTor  and  hatred  the  Church  of  Goo.    As  li  can  disapprove  or  reject  these,  and  not,  rather,  count 

the  Church  could  be  In  antagonism  to  true  and  abid-  them  as  of  her  glory,  ahe  being  their  nurse,  their 

iog  eivilixation,  ther  seek  to  undermine  her  power  miRtress,  and  their  mother. 

uid  authority  by  oaily  assaults ;  and  they  would  There  Is,  indeed,  a  kind  of  human  culture  repug- 

ovevthrow  the  Supreme  Power  of  the  Boman  Pontiff,  nant  to  the  hol;|r  doctrines  and  laws  of  the  Churo  i. 

who,  by  hia  office,  ia  the  guardian  and  the  champtou  It  Is  a  counterfeit  of  eivilixation.    It  challengea  the 

ef  the  eternal  and  immutable  lawa  of  what  ia  good  name,  but  lacks  the  substance,  and  is  altogether 

sod  of  what  la  just.  empty.    The  proof  of  it  is  found  in  looking  at  those 


734  ROMAN  CATHOUO  CHURCH.    . 

populfttionB  on  whom  the  lifht  of  the  Gospel  has  not  protection  Italy  emeri; ed  eafe  from  destmciton  Vr 

shone.    In  their  manner  of  living,  a  sham  of  human  narbariana,  kept  the  andent  ikith  uncorrupted,  aoa, 

culture  may  be  presented,  but  solid  and  true  resnlta  in  the  night  and  miserv  of  ruder  times,  fostered  th« 

for  good  are  wanting.  light  of  science  and  tne  splendor  of  the  arts,  tad 

Bj  no  manner  of  means  is  that  to  be  accounted  a  kept  them  flourishing.    This  our  city,  the  See  of  ifct 

perfection  of  civil  life  in  which  any  legitimate  power  Popes,  is  a  witness.     Not  only  is  it  the  best  fsr- 

whatsoever  is  braxenly  set  at  defiance.    Nor  is  that  nishea  citadel  of  the  faith,  but  the  aitylam  and  hose 

to  be  esteemed  liberty  that  prowls  around,  in  a  vile  of  the  fine  arts :  and,  as  such,  has  drawn  to  it  tie 

and  shameful  way,  by  a  reckless  propagation  of  er^  recognition  ana  admiration  of  the  whole    wcrid. 

rors,  by  giving  loose  rein  to  depraved  desires,  by  Since  the  grandeur  of  these  results  has  pasaed  tuo 

offering  impunity  to  wrongs  and  orimea,  and  by  ter-  history,  it  ia  easy  to  understand  that  only  by  ctiI 

rorizing  the  best  of  every  class  of  citizens.  purpose  and  vile  calumny,  for  the  deoeivinfr  of  men. 

For,  since  these  are  wrong,  wioked«  and  out  of  can  it  be  uttered,  and  printed,  that  this  Holy  Sec  k 

order,  they  have  no  power  to  advance  the  human  au  obstacle  to  the  civil  culture  and  happinees  c: 

family,  or  to  procure  happiness :  MtMroi  antem /acU  Italy.    If,  therefore,  all  the  hopes  of  Italy,  a&d  <f 

populoB  peectUum  (Prov.  ziv.  84).    It  is  of  certain  the  whole  world,  are  ao  olosely  attached  to  tbat 

truth  that  intellects  corrupted,  and  hearts  also,  popu-  most  salutary  power  which  the  authority  of  tbt 

lations  must  be  plungea  into  every  trouble,  and  Holy  See  fully  possesses,  for  the  common  adTanta^ 

Hhaken  out  of  condition,  ai^d,  sooner  or  later,  come  and  good,  and  all  the  faithful,  bound  by  ckNMst 

to  ruin.  bonds  to  the  Roman  Pontiff^  there  ia  nothing  more 

But,  in  regard  to  the  Roman  PontiiFs  and  their  dearlv  our  duty  than  to  maintain  whole  anduniai- 

works,  what  could  be  more  unjust  than  to  impeach  the  paired  the  dignity  of  ite  Roman  See,  and  hold  ti- 

Popes  of  Rome  in  regard  to  the  interests  or  all  civil  aether  more  and  more  closely  the  union  of  the  hkil- 

Hociety,  of  which  they  have  so  greatly  merited  the  bers  of  the  Church  with  its  Head,  of  ita  childivs 

thanks  t   Our  predecessors,  most  truly,  for  the  ad-  with  their  Father. 

vantage  of  populations,  have  never  hesitated  to  enter  Wherefore,  first  of  all,  in  every  way  we  can.  «c 

into  ooDflicts  of  everjr  kind,  to  undertake  the  most  must  assert  the  rights  and  the  liberty  of  tbia  Hojt 

difficult  labora,  and  to  expose  themselves  to  the  See.    We  can  never  cease  to  urge  the  obedience  dsc 

rudest  difficulties.   Their  eyes  turned  toward  heaven,  to  our  authority,  that  the  hindrancea  may  be  takefi 

they  have  been  deaf  alike  to  the  threats  of  the  wicked,  away  that  stop  the  Aill  freedom  of  our  ministiy  ssd 

and  to  the  flatteries  or  aolicitationa  that  sought  to  power,  and  that  we  may  be  restored  to  the  estate  is 

make  them  waver  in  their  duty.  which  the  judgment  of  Divine  Wiadom  eatabliskcd 

It  was  this  Holv  See  that  ffathered  and  molded  the  the  Prelates  of  Rome, 

remnants  of  the  old  sodety  that  had  fallen  into  decay.  We  are  moved  to  the  demand  of  thia  reatituticn. 

It  was  the  friendly  torch  that  showed  the  way  to  Venerable  Brethren,  bvnoeraltineaaof  ambition,  by 

the  human  kindness  that  beamed  over  Christian  no  greed  of  power.    It  is  because  of  the  duty  ve 

ages.    It  waa  the  anchor  of  safety  in  cruel  tempests  have  to  aocoropliah.    It  is  because  we  are  bound  to 

by  which  the  human  race  waa  tossed.    It  was  the  do  it  by  the  sacred  oath  we  have  taken. 

one  sacred  bond  of  concord  that  held  together  na-  And,  moreover,  not  only  because  tbia  tempon! 

tions,  otherwise  separated,  and  differing  in  their  principality  is  necessarv  to  yarding  and  keepicg 

customs.   Finally,  it  waa  the  common  center  whence  the  entire  freedom  of  toe  spiritual  power,  bat  be> 

not  only  teaching  of  faith  and  practice  was  sought,  cause  it  is  most  surely  proved  that,  when  the  Um^ 

but  also  counsel  and  rulings  in  regard  to  peace  attd  poral  power  of  the  Apostolic  See  u  in  ouestioD,  is 

the  settlement  of  disputea.    Why  multiply  words?  regards  also  intimately  public  welfare  and  the  pcac« 

It  is  the  glory  of  the  Popes  that  they  ever  stood  as  a  of  the  whole  human  familjr. 

wall  and  a  bulwark  to  prevent  human  society  from  And  here  we  may  not  fail  to  recall,  aa  part  of  cnr 

sinking  back  again  into  its  former  barbarism  and  duty,  by  which  we  are  bound  to  preaerve  the  rigl.t» 

superstition  1  of  the  Church,  what  our  predeoeaaor,  Pina  IX.,  o) 

Oh  that  this  aalutaTy  authority  had  never  been  holy  memory,  uttered  and  repeated,  aguinat  the  c<<- 

negleoted  nor  repudiated  1   Then  civil  authority  had  cupation  of  the  civil  principality,  aa  well  aa  agmin^-t 

never  lost  the  august  and  sacred  glory  that  belongs  the  violation  of  the  rights  belonginff  to  the  Kon-an 

to  it  of  right,  and  which  alone  makes  noble  and  Church.    These,  we,  m  this  Encyclical  Letter,  r*> 

worthy  of  man  the  condition  of  obedience  to  law.  new,  and  confirm  in  every  manner. 

Then  never  could  there  have  broken  forth  so  many  At  the  aame  time  we  address  our  voice  to  th«> 

and  such  seditions  and  wars,  that  have  laid  waste  princes  and  rulers  of  peoplea,  and,  in  the  awtol 

all  lands,  with  slaughten  and  devastationa.    Nor  name  of  God  Most  High,  again  and  again  we  implon 

would  countries  once  so  flourishing  have  fallen  from  them  that  they  will  not  reject  the  aid  of  the  Church. 

the  height  of  their  prosperity,  to  experience  the  pres-  offered  to  them  in  a  time  so  neoessaiy.     We  beeeecfc 

sure  of  advenity.    The  peoples  of  the  Orient  are  them  that,  with  united  oonsent,  they  will  mjgr—  U» 

conspicuous  examplea.    They  broke  away  from  the  gather  in  amit]r  around  this  source  of  antbonty  and 

gentle  bands  that  tied  them  to  this  Apostolic  See:  of  succor,  and  join  themselves  to  it,  more  and  icorr, 

and  they  have  lost  their  political  autonomy,  ana  by  the  pleasant  yoke  of  love  and  of  resp|ect>    kf ay 

with  it  the  splendor  of  their  ancient  nobility  of  char-  God  bnng  it  to  pass  that  they,  appreciating  tlV 

acter,  and  the  glory  they  had  in  the  arts  and  sd-  truth  we  speak,  and  considering  with  tbcmaelv^s 

enees.  that,  aa  St.  Augustine  says.  **  tke  doetr%n4  pf  Chrut^ 

But,  while  other  countries  may  attest  the  benefits  ^foOtvtd^  would  b€  a  f^nat  a€UceraMC€/or  a  mpwMM.*^ 

fiowing  from  union  with  the  Apostolic  See,  in  one  and  wat  in  the  safiety  and  respect  lor  the  Chnreh 

age  after  another,  the  region  of  Italy  stands,  in  thia  they  would  find  their  own  and  the  public  safety  in- 

respect,  preeminent ;  because,  being  nearest,  it  haa  eluded,  would  turn  their  thoughta  and  their  ec- 

received  the  richer  fruits  of  it.  deavors  to  relieving    the    wrongs    by  which  the 

To  the  Roman  Pontifi^,  assuredly,  Italy  owes  the  Church  and  ita  Visible  Head  are  afflicted ;  and  that 

substantial  glory  and  magnificence  in  which  she  so  it  may  come  about  that  the  peoplea  they  gowem, 

shines  amorur  the  nations  of  the  world.    Their  au-  entering  the  patha  of  peace  ana  justice,  may  e^joy  a 

thority  and  fatherly  care  many  a  time  shielded  Ituly  happy  epoch  of  prosperity  and  glory  t 

from  the  attacks  of  enemies,  and  furnished  aid  and  But  you,  Venerable  Brethren,  that  the  oonoord  ot 

help,  that  the  Catholic  Faith  should  ever  be  kept  the  entire  Catholic  fiock  with  its  Supreme  Pastor  may 

true  in  the  hearts  of  Italians.    Examples,  to  pass  by  be  eontinually  increaaed,  and  made  more  intimale, 

othera,  are  to  be  found  in  our  predecessora  St.  Leo  we  appeal  to  yon  now  with  an  especial  affection,  end 

the  Great,  Alexander  III.,  Innocent  III.,  St.  Pius  eamestlv  exhort  you,  aa  kindled  with  the  love  of  ocr 

v.,  Leo  X.,  and  other  Pontiff,  by  whose  Inbon  and  holy  religion,  that,  with  sacerdotal  seal  and  paiEtoral 


BOHAN  OATHOUO  CHURCH. 


736 


watehfalness  oTer  the  faithful  committed  to  joujjoxi 
will  attach  them  more  and  more  oloaely  to  this  Chair 
of  Tnith  and  Jostice,  that  they  mn^  receive  all  its 
doctnnea  with  an  inward  consent  of  intellect  and  of 
will,  aad  that  opinions  opposed  to  the  decrees  of  the 
Chorch  thej  utterly  reject,  no  matter  how  wide- 
spread these  opinions  may  have  been. 

In  this  matter  oar  predecessors,  and  especially 
Pius  IX.,  of  holy  memory,  In  the  (Ecumenical  Coun- 
cil of  the  Vatican,  having  in  view  the  wo^ds  of  St. 
Paul  (ColosB.  ii.  8),  **  Let  no  one  deceive  you  b^  phi- 
losophy and  vain  nonsense,  after  traditions  of^man, 
after  the  elements  of  this  world,  and  not  after 
Christ,"  hsve  not  omitted,  occasion  offurinff,  to  re- 
prove and  strike  with  Apostolic  censure  growing 
errors. 

Following  their  example,  we  confirm  and  renew 
all  those  condemnations  from  our  Apostolic  See  of 
truth,  and  at  the  same  time  we  fervently  pray  to 
the  Father  of  Lights  to  grant  that  all  the  faithful, 
fully  united  in  the  same  f«eliDffs  and  sentiment,  may 
think  and  speak  in  accord  with  us.  It  is  your  duty. 
Venerable  Brethren,  to  devote  your  assiduous  cares 
to  scatter  afar  in  the  field  of  the  Lord  the  seed  of 
your  heavenly  doctrines,  and  to  cause  the  prinoiplos 
of  the  Catholic  faith  to  penetrate  early  in  the  souls 
of  the  faithful,  so  that  they  may  push  their  roots 
deeper  and  be  preserved  in  that  shelter  from  the 
c^ota^on  of  errors.  The  greater  the  efforts  of  the 
enemies  of  religion  to  present  to  inexperienced  per- 
sons, and  especially  to  youth,  teaching  which  may 
obscure  their  minds  and  corrupt  theur  hearts,  the 
more  must  you  labor  zealously  for  the  success,  not 
slooe  of  a  good  and  solid  method  of  education,  but 
especially  to  make  the  teaching  itself  conformable 
in  science  and  discipline  to  the  Catholic  faith,  par- 
tiouhurly  in  philosopny,  on  which  depends  in  a  great 
msoner  the  just  oirection  of  other  sciences,  and 
which,  far  from  tending  to  destroy  Divine  Revela- 
tion, is  likely  rather  to  smooth  the  way  for  it  and  to 
defend  it  against  its  enemies,  as  has  been  taught  us 
in  tbo  example  and  writings  of  the  great  Auffustine, 
of  the  Angelic  Doctor,  and  other  masters  of  Chris- 
tiAn  science. 

It  is,  however,  necessary  that  education  of  youth, 
in  order  to  insure  the  veritable  faith  and  religion, 
an  1  be  a  real  safeguard  to  morals,  should  commence 
viih  the  earliest  years  and  in  the  very  interior  of  the 
family.  Now,  that  familv.  so  deplorably  disturbed 
in  our  time,  can  be  reestablished  in  its  dignity  by  no 
'>ther  means  than  by  the  laws  according  to  which  the 
Divine  Maker  himself  established  it  in  the  Church. 

Jesus  Christ,  in  elevating  into  the  dignity  of  a 
sacrsment  the  ceremony  of  marriage,  which  he 
deigned  to  use  as  a  symool  of  His  union  with  the 
Church,  has  not  only  rendered  more  holy  the  con- 
jugal union,  but  has  prepared  for  the  parents,  as 
well  as  for  the  children,  the  most  efficacious  aids  by 
vhieh  they  may  more  readily  arrive  in  aocomplish- 
io^  their  mutual  duties  at  the  possession  of  tempo- 
nl  and  eternal  felicity.  But  when  impious  laws, 
hsying  no  regard  to  tne  respect  due  to  this  great 
sacrament,  have  placed  it  in  the  same  category  as 
purely  civU  contracts,  the  result  is  the  deplorable 
eoQsequence  that,  the  dignity  of  Christian  marriage 
Uihg  violated,  tne  citizens  have  substituted  Xe^aX 
concubinage  for  the  legitimate  union,  the  married 
eouple  have  neglected  their  mutual  duties  of  fidelity, 
the  children  have  not  observed  the  respect  and  obe- 
dience which  they  owed  to  their  parents,  the  ties  of 
domestic  affection  have  been  relaxed,  and,  what  is  a 
nost  detestable  example,  the  gravest  prejudice  to 

Gblie  morals,  pernicious  and  regrettable  seDaratioiis 
▼e  very  often  succeeded  to  an  insensate  love.  It 
is  impossible.  Venerable  Brethren,  that  the  sight  of 
these  lamentable  calamities  should  not  awaken  our 
Mai,  and  should  not  incite  you  to  recommend  seri- 
ousIt  and  constantly  to  the  faithful  confided  to  your 
^i^Ianee,  to  lend  a  docile  esr  to  the  doctrines  which 
tiest  of  the  ssndity  of  Christian  marriage,  and  to 


obey  the  laws  by  which  the  Church  regulates  the  du- 
ties of  parents  and  children. 

It  is  thus  you  will  bring  about  the  desirable  reform 
in  the  morab  and  manner  of  living  of  each  man  in 
particular ;  for,  as  an  unsound  tree  produces  rotten 
branches  and  miserable  fhiit,  the  saa  blot  which  de- 
praves families  is  contagious,  and  becomes  a  cauae 
of  vice  and  sin  in  each  indiviaual.  On  the  contrary, 
if  the  family  is  governed  by  the  rules  of  Christian 
life,  each  member  of  it  will  gradually  become  accus- 
tomed to  cherish  religion  and  piety,  to  reject  with 
horror  false  and  pernicious  doctrines,  to  practice 
▼irtue,  to  render  obedience  to  the  authorities,  and  to 
repress  the  insatiable  egotism  which  so  much  low- 
era  and  enfeebles  human  nature.  With  this  object 
it  would  certainly  be  very  useful  to  direct  and  en- 
courage those  associations  which  have  principally 
been  established  of  lateyeart  to  the  great  advantage 
of  Catholic  interests.  Those  matters  which  are  em- 
braced in  our  hopes  and  wishes  are  immense,  Ven- 
erable Brethren,  and  above  human  strength;  but 
as  Qod  has  founded  His  Church  for  the  salvation  of 
the  people,  promising  to  aid  them  even  unto  the  con- 
sumnmtion  of  the  world,  we  are  firm  in  the  confi- 
dence that  the  human  race,  stricken  by  so  many 
woes  and  calamities,  will  end,  thanks  to  your  efforts, 
by  seeking  safety  and  prosperity  in  submission  to 
the  Church  and  in  the  infallible  ministry  of  this 
Apostolic  Chair. 

And  now,  Venerable  Brethren,  before  closing  this 
letter,  we  feel  the  necessity  of  communicating  to  you 
otir  joy  at  seeing  the  admirable  union  and  concord 
which  reign  among  you  and  unite  you  so  thoroughly 
to  this  Apostolic  See ;  and  we  are  really  persuaded 
that  this  perfect  unity  is  not  alone  an  impregnable 
bulwark  against  the  assaults  of  oar  enemies,  but  also 
a  happy  presage  of  better  times  for  the  Church.  It 
gives  us  a  great  encouragement  in  our  weakness,  and 
raises  our  spirits  in  a  wonderful  degree,  by  assistinff 
us  to  sustain  with  ardor  the  difficult  mission  which 
we  have  received,  and  all  the  fatigues  and  labors  on 
behalf  of  the  Church  of  God.  l^ither  can  we  sep- 
arate from  these  reasons  for  jov  and  hope  that  we 
have  manifested  to  you  the  declarations  of  love  and 
obedience  which  in  the  commencement  of  our  Pon- 
tificate you.  Venerable  Brethren,  have  offered  to  our 
humble  person,  as  well  as  so  many  priests  and  faith- 
ful, proving  this  by  the  letters  sent  to  us,  by  the 
offerings  made,  the  pilgrimages  accomplished,  and 
so  many  other  marks  of  piety  that  that  devotion  and 
charity  which  vou  had  never  ceased  to  witness  to- 
ward my  worthy  predecessor  still  remain  constant, 
stable,  and  firm,  and  have  not  been  weakened  b^ 
the  coming  of  a  successor  who  so  little  merits  this 
heritage.  At  the  slight  of  such  splendid  testimonies 
of  the  Catholic  faith,  we  must  humbly  confess  that 
the  Lord  is  good  ana  merciful ;  and  to  you,  Venei^ 
able  Brethren,  and  all  the  desriy  beloved  children 
fVom  whom  we  have  received  them,  we  express  the 
deep  feelings  of  gratitude  which  fiood  our  heart,  full 
of  tne  confidence  that  in  the  distress  and  difficulties 
of  the  present  time  your  zeal  and  affection,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  fsithful,  will  never  be  wanting  to  us. 
We  have  no  doubt  that  these  remarkable  examples 
of  filial  piety  and  Christian  piety  will  powerfully 
touch  the  heart  of  the  all-merciml  God,  and  will 
cause  Him  to  oast  a  merciful  eye  on  His  fiock,  and 
grant  peace  and  victory  to  the  Church.  But  as  we 
are  convinced  that  that  peace  and  victory  will  be 
more  readily  and  easil3r  accorded  to  us  if  the  faithftil ' 
constantly  address  their  pravers  to  God  to  ask  Him 
for  it,  we  exhort  you  ardentjv.  Venerable  Brethren, 
to  excite  the  zeal  and  fervor  of^tne  fsithful  by  reouest- 
ing  them  to  seek  the  mediation  at  the  Throne  or  God 
of  the  Immaculate  Queen  of  Heaven,  and  as  inter- 
cessors, St.  Joseph,  the  celestial  patron  of  the 
Church :  the  holy  apostles  Peter  and  Paul,  to  whose 
powerful  patronage  we  recommend  our  humble  per- 
Bon,  all  the  orders  of  the  ecclesiastical  hierarchy,  and 
the  whole  flock  of  the  Lord.   In  addition,  we  desire 


736  ROMAN  OATHOLIO  OHUROH. 

that  those  days  when  we  celebrate  the  solemn  anni-  nihilating  the  saored  rights  of  the  Church 
versary  of  the  reeurrection  of  Jeeue  ChriBt  may  be  of  diminiflhing  her  authority;  hew  Prott*- 
blessed  MdtPll  ot  holy  joy  for  you  and  for  alT  the  ^^^  templesTerected  by  the  gold  of  Bibtid 
flook  of  the  Lord;  and  we  pray  God,  who  la  so  good,  "*"r  r'^'r^^,  v»w^ww**  wj  vuv  ^vxu  v«  .^lum* 
to  blot  out  the  sins  which  we  have  eommitted,  and  societies,  ansmg  m  populoas  streets  M  an  m- 
so  mercifully  remit  the  punishments  we  have  de*  salt  to  our  faith ;  here  schools,  asylams,  col- 
served  bv  the  virtue  of  the  blood  of  the  Immaculate  leges,  hospitals  open  to  youth  with  the  appar- 
Larnb  ^ho  has  effaced  the  stain  of  our  condemna-  gn^ly  phifanthropical  object  of  being  nsefnl, 

'^  GWef  ^tit^e^rrJefEome,  Easter  Sunday,  21st  "ot  only  in  intellectual  culture,  but  ako  Id  m- 

April,  1878,  the  first  year  of  our  Pontificate.  tenal  wants,  but  really  with  tlie  design  of  fori- 

LEO  XIII.,  Pope.  ing  a  ffeneration  hostile  to  the  religion  end  tht 

Churdh  of  Jesus  Ohrist.    And  as  if  that  ir&^ 

Pope  Leo  XIII.,  opening  intercourse  with  the  not  sufficient,  a  decree  has  recently  Bv^mit 

EmperorofGermanyand  the  Republic  of  Switz-  from  those  who,  from  the  duty  attachmgto 

erland,  payed  the  waj  to  negotiations  having  their  position,  are  bound  to  watdi  over  the  trae 

in  view  some  modification  of  the  severe  laws  interests  of  the  Roman  people;  and  this  decree 

which  had  for  a  long  time  deprived  Catholics  of  proscribes  the  study  of  the  Catholic  catechism 

churches  and  clergy,  but  no  definite  point  was  m  the  public  schools.    This  very  repreheoiible 

reached  in  1878.  measure,  which  has  just  broken  down  the  nn- 

A  prelate  was  sent  to  St  Petersburg  to  eflTect  part  against  heresy  and  unbelief,  opens  the  flood- 
if  possible  an  arrangement  with  the  Russian  gates  on  every  side  to  a  new  danger  of  fordp 
Government  by  which  the  Catholic  Poles  of  invasion,  more  dangerous  and  &tal  thso  ia 
both  rites  might  be  relieved  from  the  regula-  former  times,  inasmuch  as  it  directly  tends  to 
tions  under  which  thousands  of  priests  and  wrest  from  the  hearts  of  the  Roman  people  tLc 
people  had  been  banished  to  Siberia ;  but  no  precious  treasure  of  the  faith  and  the  fruits  de- 
mit igation  was  obtained.  rived  therefronu^*  On  the  12Uiof  JnlyCsrdin^il 

No  direct  communieation  was  held  with  King  Raphael  Monaco  la  Valletta,  the  Pope^s  Vicar- 
Humbert,  Pope  Leo  XIII.  continuing  the  atti-  GenercJ,  addressed  the  pastors  of  the  chnnLu 
tude  assumed  by  Pius  IX.  On  receiving  Genei^  in  Rome,  warning  them  against  the  propagsn':* 
al  Eamder  (June  6th)  he  said :  **  We  encourage  ism  of  the  various  Protestant  denominations  :l 
you  to  continue  firm  in  your  designs  to  remain  the  city,  and  prescribing  the  spiritual  penaltiii 
faithful  to  the  glorious  banner  you  raised.  And  incurrea  by  all  who  attended  their  services, 
it  is  but  just  and  proper  that  we  should  say  this  On  the  15th  of  July  Leo  XIII.  in  a  consihlory 
glorious  banner,  for  there  is  no  more  beautiful  appointed  a  number  of  archbishops  and  bi.«li- 
and  holy  cause  than  that  of  defending  the  sacred  ops,  and  filled  some  vacancies  in  Uie  Pontific«l 
rights  of  the  Church  and  its  august  Head ;  there  Court.  The  death  of  Cardinal  Franchi  was  M- 
is  no  grander  military  glory  than  that  of  bear-  lowed  by  the  appointment  of  Cardinal  Nina  to 
ing  aloft  the  honor  of  this  sacred  banner.  In  the  position  he  had  held.  On  the  27th  of  K^- 
defending  the  Papacy,  you  defend  one  of  the  gust  Pope  Leo  XIII.  addressed  to  him  a  letUr, 
most  providential  of  diNine  institutions ;  in  de-  in  which  he  sums  up  the  acts  of  his  pontificate' 
fending  the  Papacy,  you  become  the  support  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  Pope  issoed  ao- 
and  stay  of  this  sovereign  position  that  Divine  other  Encyclical. 

Providence  has  granted  to  the  Head  of  the  In   Germany  the   prosecutions  under  tlie 

Church  for  the  independence  of  his  authority ;  Falk  laws  continued,  and  the  few  religious 

m  defending  the  Papacy,  you  aid  it  in  difiTusing  houses  to  which  anj  indulgence  had  kto 

throughout  the  worid  its  beneficent  and  salu-  shown  were  closed.    An  immense  number  of 

tary  efifect."  arrests  was  made  at  Marpingen,  and  a  long 

He  encouraged  the  Catholic  societies  of  Italy  series  of  judicial  investigations,  in  order  to 
to  labor  especially  for  the  Christian  education  base  Government  prosecutions  against  the 
of  youth ;  and  when  the  new  Government  pro-  Catholic  priests  and  others  who  had  eipreseed 
hibited  religious  instruction  in  the  schofds,  their  belief  in  the  reality  of  an  apparition  o^ 
Pope  Leo  XIIL,  in  a  letter  to  Cardinal  Monaco  the  Blessed  Virgin  at  that  place,  but  ther  re- 
la  Valletta  (June  26, 1878),  said :  "  If  from  the  suited  in  the  acquittal  of  all  accused, 
beginning  of  our  pontificate  we  have  ei\joyed  In  Switzerland,  the  churches  at  Chtoe,  Corn- 
countless  motives  of  consolation  and  content-  pessidres,  Confignon,  and  Vemidre  were  seiit^ 
ment  in  the  testimonies  of  affection  and  respect  by  the  State  Council  and  transferred  to  tbe 
which  have  come  to  us  from  all  quarters  of  the  Old  Catholics.  Bishop  Mermillod  proU^t%* 
earth,  we  have  had,  nevertheless,  to  drain  the  from  his  exile,  August  1st,  after  the  Catholics 
dregs  of  bitterness ;  whether  we  consider  the  of  Geneva  had  laid  before  their  conntrjnieD 
general  conditions  of  the  Church,  struggling  the  extent  of  their  sufferings  in  persecution, 
almost  everywhere  against  a  cruel  persecution ;  In  Russia  the  stringent  treatment  of  the 
whether  we  view  what  has  taken  place  in  the  United  Greeks  continu^,  and  the  condition  ct 
city  of  Rome  itself,  the  center  of  Catholicity,  the  vast  numbers  of  Catholic  priests  snd  lay- 
and  the  august  seat,  as  is  seen,  of  the  Vicar  of  men  exiled  to  Siberia  was  revealed  by  the  Rf^- 
Jesus  Christ.  Here  an  unbridled  press,  jour-  Mr.  Mielechawicz,  who  escsped  after  fifteeo 
nals  continually  pursuing  the  object  of  combat-  years*  banishment, 
ing  the  faith  by  sophism  and  irony,  and  of  an-  On  the  12th  of  March  Norway  passed  as  act 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  737 

modifying  greatly  the  oppression  of  other  than  oonnoU,  or,  as  it  is  called,  a  GommiBsion  of  InTea- 

the  Lutheran  state  denomination,  and  extendinK  tigation,  oyer  which  he  sbaU  appoint  one  of  their 

.tiU  more  the  h^herty  given  by  the  act  of  1846.  ^Sr^lJ^sIi;'^:iJt:^^^^^^ 

In  Amenca,  Bishop  Conroy  or  Ardagh,  who  the  Bishop  meanwhile  depute  five  or  three  eoolesiaa- 


oom- 


had  as  delegate  apostolic  adjusted  most  satis-  tics,  qualified  as  above,  for  the  purpoee.    Of  the 

factorily  several  delicate  qaestions  and  ditli-  misaion  so  coDstituted,  the  principal  duty  aliall  be 

cultiesm  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  British  J^hltSer'^miSafwdiwi^m^^^  "^S^'^Z^dS^i 

Pronnoes,  was  about  to  f ulfiU  a  similar  mis-  dergyme^SS)rd°ng  to?he  JSfe  wh?rhim^dittely 

aion  m  the  United  States,  when  he  died  at  St.  follows,  and  thus  aasist  the  Bishop  in  decidintr  the 

John's,  Newfoundiaud,  on  the  4th  of  August.  same.    Hence  those  chosen  must  take  i;ood  care  to 

The  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States  make  diligent  inquiiy  to  bring  put  the  testimony,  to 

had  always  been  regarded  as  that  in  a  mission-  ">*•«•«>?•'•  **>«  delendant  on  all  pomts  that  may  be 

/    *^^"  ^iM«w«  »  ■.»»»  lu  «  uAwotvu  deemed  neceasaiy  to  elicit  the  truth,  so  as  to  funiish 

ary  ooantry,  and  the  canon  law  had  not  been  oertain  or  at  least  snilicient  grounds  for  a  safe,  pru- 

introdnced  in  form.     It  had  long  been  a  mat-  dent,  and  just  decision.  And  should  there  be  question 

ter  of  serious  examination  at  Rome  when  this  of  removing  a  missionary  rector,  it  shall  not  be  law« 

temporary  arranirement  miirht  end.    The  nu-  f"^  ^  depose  him  from  office,  unless  the  BUhop  shall 

tviAM^na  ..««vA«i.  ♦**  17^».A  K«.  «^.:^.f<i  i«j  ♦k*  have  previously  enframed  three  at  least  of  the  al'ore- 

merooa  appeals  to  Rome  by  pnests  led  the  ^^  Councilors  to  ewmine  the  case,  and  shall  have 

Congregation  of  the  Propaganda  to  issue,  Jnly  listened  to  their  advice. 

20, 1878,  the  following :  The  coanoilors  chosen  shall  remain  in  office  until 

,  ,j_  ^.       -^,    «       jr*           ..       .rv  the  meeting  of  the  next  Diocesan  Synod,  wherein 

Infrtidton  of  the  Baerid  Gmgr^atum  ^  B-opagan-  they  shall  be  oonflrmed  in  their  offl<i  or  new  ones 

da  me.  on  i^u  Mods  ?/  Proeodur6  tob€^fsen>€d  by  appointed.    But  if,  in  the  mean  while,  the  number 

ik$  Bukofit  o/ih$  UMUd  SiaUt  of  Mrih  Affurtoa,  of  councilors  be  lessened  by  death,  voluntary  with- 

IS  avrntmnffand  dsathn^  CUneal  Oaset,  wMAsr  drawal,  or  other  cause,  let  the  Bishop,  extru  modum^ 

0/  CYtmt  or  of  Due»,pUiu,  substituU  others,  as  above  provided,  in  their  vacant 

Although  the  second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltl-  places. 

more,  approved  by  the  Holy  See,  enacted  that  a  oer-  '    In  dealing  with  cases,  those  especially  where  it  is 

tiin  kizuT  ofjadicial  form,  already  sanctioned  by  the  question  of  definitive  removal  of  a  miosionanr  rector 

Provincial  Coancil  of  St.  Louis,  should  be  observed  from  hia  office,  the  judicial  commission  shall  act  as 

W  the  eoeleaiastical  courta  of  the  dioceses  of  the  follows : 

uaited  States  of  North  America,  in  criminal  cases  I.  There  shall  be  no  recourse  to  the  Commiasion 
of  the  oleigy,  nevertheless  experience  has  shown  of  Investigation  unless,  after  a  clear  and  precise 
that  ^ha  prescribed  form  of  trial  is  not  quite  suffi-  statement  by  the  Bishop  of  the  cause  that  calls  for 
cietA  to  prevent  complainta  on  the  part  of  those  who  removal,  the  mlssionai^  rector  should  decline  to  re- 
happen  to  be  visitedTwith  punishment.  For  of  late  siffn  of  his  own  free  will,  and  should  prefer  to  have 
it  has  often  happened  that  priests  condemned  by  his  caae  referred  to  the  Council, 
jadieial  trial  and  sentence  or  this  kind,  especially  II.  The  matter  havinff  been  laid  before  the  Coun- 
vhen  removed  from  the  office  of  missionary  rector,  dl,  the  Bishop  shall  charge  his  Vicar^eneral,  or 
HtTi  complained  in  various  quarters  of  their  prel-  other  priest  deputed  to  this  end  by  himsdf,  to  draw 
it«s,  tnd  have  had  recoune  likewise,  not  unA'c-  up  in  writing  a  statement  of  the  case,  with  an  acH 
qa^iitly,  to  the  Apostolic  See.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  count  of  the  investigation,  as  fhr  aa  it  has  gone,  and 
Doreover,  that  not  aeldom  it  happens  that  in  the  of  the  cireumstances  that  may  have  a  special  bearing 
offleUl  papen  transmitted  to  us  many,  and,  it  must  on  the  caae  or  the  evidence. 

be  added,  neceasaiy  documents  are  wantinjr,  so  that  III.  He  shall  appoint  a  auitablo  place,  day.  and 

opoa  examination  of  the  whole,  serious  doubts  fre-  hour  for  the  meeting,  and  notify  the  same  by  letter 

qaently  arise  aa  to  the  credit  to  be  accorded  or  re-  to  each  councilor. 

futtd  to  the  dooumenta  brought  forward  in  the  caaes  IV.  He  shall  alao,  by  letter,  aummon  the  mission- 
tllaged.  All  which  things  having  been  seriously  ary  rector  in  question  to  appear  at  the  place  and  time 
veighed,  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Propaganda  appointed  for  holding  the  meetinff,  stating  in  detail 
Fide  has  concluded  that  some  remedy  must  be  pro-  (unless  prudence  wiU  have  it  otherwise,  as  in  the 
vided  for  these  troubles,  and  the  ends  of  justice  at-  caae  of  occult  crime)  the  cause  thst  calla  for  his  re- 
tained, so  that  innocent  clergymen  may  not  be  pun-  moval,  and  warning  him  further  to  prepare  an  an- 
Uhed  nor  the  guilty  escape  with  impunity  by  any  swer,  supported  by  proof,  to  the  chanea  and  evi- 
improper  form  of  trial.  All  which  could  be  easily  dence  so  far  given,  whether  by  word  oimonth  or  in 
effected  if  the  Sacred  Congregation  were  to  com-  writing. 

mind  that  the  wise  provisions  of  the  Sacred  Canons  V.  When  the  councilora  assemble  at  the  time  and 

for  eonducting  ecclesiastical  trials  from  beginning  place  appointed  beforehand,  let  the  Bishop  enjoin 


try  tius  can  not  be  carried  out  without  difficulty,    end,  and  to  be  ao  conducted,  as  in  all  diliffonce  to  as- 
hss  determined  to  make  provision  that  there  shidl    certain  the  troth,  so  that  each  councilor,  having  duly 


be,  St  least,  such  oareftil  inqoirv  into  the  party's  wei^rhed  idl  thin^,  may  be  able  to  form  an  accurete 

goilt  as  is  absolutely  necessary,  oefore  aentence  is  opinion  of  the  facts  on  which  the  case  is  baaed.    Let 

pronounced.  him  also  warn  them  against  any  thin^r  during  the  in* 

Wherefore,  with  the  approval  of  oor  most  holy  veatigation  which  ini(^t  expose  themselves  or  othere 

'ather,  Leo,  by  Divine  Providence  thirteenth  Pope  to  injury ;  above  all,  that  no  occasion  be  given  for 

of  the  name,  in  general  assembly  held  on  the  5th  libel-suit  or  other  action  before  a  civil  tribunal 

day  of  June,  1878,  the  Sacred  Congregation  has  de-  VI.  A  written  report  of  the  case  ahall  be  read  by 

creed  and  strictly  commanded  that  each  Bishop  of  the  official  of  the  Bishop,  who  shall  likewise  answer 

the  eoontryaboTC  mentioned.  In  a  Diocesan  Synod  to  all  questions  put  by  the  chairman,  or  by  the  other 

be  convoked  aa  soon  aa  poasible,  shall  select  five,  or  conncilon  throuf^h  the  chairman,  in  order  to  get  at 

▼here  the  peculiar  cireumstances  of  the  case  do  not  the  Adl  truth  of  the  matter. 

idinit  of  such  number,  st  least  three  priests,  of  the  VII.  The  missionary  rector  shall  then  be  brought 

moet  worthy,  and  aa  far  aa  posalble  skilled  in  canon  before  the  Council,  to  read  the  answer  he  haa  pre- 

ttv,  who  snail  form,  aa  it  were,  a  kind  of  judicial  pared,  and  to  answer  all  questions  aa  above.    He 

Vol.  rvin.^7    A 


738  ROMAN  OATHOLIO  CHURCH. 

shall  farther  have  fall  libertj  to  prodaoe.  yet  within        DoriDg  the  ravageB  of  the  yellow  feTer,  tLt 

a  Dcriod  of  time  to  be  determined  by  the  Council,  CatboUc  clergy,  from  New  OrieaM  to  Mts- 

"  V^!rB&^  Ltp' "tttX  mUaionaiy  rec-  P|l«,  zealoualy.deToted  them«.lv^^^^^^  mi 

tor  who  18  on  trial  refuse  to  appear  before  the  Coun-  thirty-tnree  pn^to  and  nearly  nfty  bisters  of 

oil^  let  him  be  summoned  onoe  more  by  letter,  and  a  yarioos  communities  and  other  religioiis  djia;: 

suitable  spaoe  of  time  be  fixed  for  hia  appearanoe.  at  their  posts  bj  yellow  fever. 
Should  he  fail  to  appear  on  the  day  appointed,  unless        j^  ^^  United  SUtes  of  Colombia,  ifhn 

'^^uZ^oZti"^'"'"'^  '^'"'''  ''*  ^'"^  ^  '^""^'•^  l^ws  had  beeTpassed  for  a  soDenision  o! 
IX.  When  all  this  has  been  duly  done,  let  the  worships  and  the  confiscation  of  charcb  pr^ 
members  take  counsel  together,  and  if  the  greater  erty,  and  seyeral  bishops  had  been  baoUbtJ 
number  think  the  faota  sufficiently  proven,  let  each  for  protesting  against  them,  great  eidtemtni 
councilor  stato  in  wntmghu  opinion  with  the  rea-  followed.  The  Uovernmentfinanj  entered  into 
sons  on  which  it  is  ffrouuded,  and  let  these  opinions  *""""  '^•,  *"^  ZY  s:  "»"*'*:'' "*^»!v  «••*  "* 
be  collected.  An  aooount  of  the  proceedings  shall  be  *  convention  With  the  banished  Bishops  of  Mi- 
drawn  up  by  the  Bishop's  official,  and  signed  by  the  dellin  and  Antioqaia,  and  abandoned  tbepro^ 
chairman  on  behalf  of  the  Council,  whion,  together  cution  institnted  against  the  clergy.  The  Bisij- 
^>th  the  opinions  of  each  in  fuU,  shall  be  hud  before  op  of  PanamA,  in  an  address  to  the  Congr«». 

*  X.  ShoSd  further  investigation  be  deemed  becom-  Mwch  26tb,  explained  and  justified  the  a^tede 

ing  or  necessary,  on  the  same  day  or  another  day  of  ^^  the  Dlsnops  and  clergy,    (ieneral  InijilJO,  t£« 

meeting  to  be  appointed  hy  the  Council,  let  such  wit-  new  President,  in  a  special  message  to  Coogrea, 

nesses  as  the  Council  think  fit  be  called,  the  mission-  asked  them  to  repefd  tiie  obnoxious  laws;  let 

aiT  rector  having  been  allowed  a  hearing  as  to  the  ti^^t  assembly  on  May  18th  refused, 
witnesses  he  may  wish  to  have  summoned.  «««««*« */vv".-«^«v  ,.  .    \^  T^.  ._i„^ 

XI.  Each  wituess  for  the  prosecution  shall  be  care-  The  Assembly  m  Bolivia  having  mtrodaftd 
folly  examined,  apart  from  the  rest,  by  the  chairman  a  law  suppressing  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Pope, 
and  by  the  other  councilors  through  the  ^airman,  ,  and  makmg  the  clergv  and  bishops  state  o£- 
in  the  absence  of  the  missionary  rector.  No  oath  cials.  Bishop  Juan  de  Dios  Bosque  protested, 
shall  be  required,  but  if  the  witnesses  do  not  refuse  j^  q  ^  persecution  against  the  CatboSi? 
it,  and  declare  themselves  ready,  if  need  be,  to  con-  ,  wi  «•  »  |/^i0cvuutvu  o^ouioi.  ii«;  v 
firm  by  oath  their  testimony,  let  a  note  of  such  dispo-  oe&^  early  m  the  year,  several  Chnstian  tl- 
sition  or  declaration  be  made  m  the  report.  lages  were  depopulated  and  pluDdered,  m 

XII.  Should  there  be  no  discrepancy  in  the  testi-  numbers  of  the  faithful  imprisoned.  BUbop 
mony,  and  the  Council  in  ite  prudence  think  fit,  the  Ridel,  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Oorea,  was  iiupm- 
testimony  shall  be  repeated  m  presence  of  the  mis-  ^„^  Tor»«— «-  oo*i,  ««j  »«««-*vZi  «;tK  «i«ith 
sionary  ^ctor.  who  shall  have  the  right  of  question-  ?^?^  ^^^^  2®^»  *°^  menaced  with  deeU. 
ing,  If  he  choose,  the  witnesses  through  the  chair-  but  was  finally  exiled. 

man.  Dr.  Johann  Alzog,  one  of  the  most  viddj 

XIII.  Witnesses  for  the  defense  shall  be  questioned  known  ecclesiastical  historians  of  the  time, 
^v*lv"rft^''^f,T!J"iT®*5'''"'*SP'^S*?J'**''''*  A  died  of  apoplexy  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  Febnr 
as^bl^No^X)                  '"•    ^^'^^  ary  28th.'  6e  was  bom  at  OWau,  Sileria.  ii 

XV.  Should  the  witnesses  be  unwUling  or  unable  1808,  and  was  ordained  in  1884.    He  was  m*ie 

to  appear  before  the  Council,  or  their  testimony  not  Professor  of  Exegesis  and  Church  Histon  tk 

be  sufficient  to  throw  light  on  the  case,  let  two  coun-  next  year  at  Posen,  and  filled  the  chair  of  HI- 

mlors  at  least  be  deputed,  who,  by  conversing  with  ^^y  ^^  Freiburg  from  1858  to  his  death.  Hi^ 

the  witnesses,  visiting  the  localities,  or  endeavoring  IVt^v  v    ^' j   »  it  ."        ,*'^    V      ^Li^f*" 
in  any  other  way  to  enlighten  their  doubts,  shaD        Lehrbuch  der  Universal  Kirchengeschirte 

hand  in  to  the  Council  a  report  of  their  investiga-  appeared  in  1840,  and  has  gone  ibroDgn  misj 

tion,  so  that  nothing  be  left  untried  to  discover  with  editions.     It  was  translated  into  Frencb,  Ital- 

moral  certainty  the  truth,  before  a  decision  shaU  be  iaD,   and  Polish,   and   recently  into  Eogli^i 

^  XVi.  A  record  of  all  that  has  been  said  and  done  (Cincinnati,  1878).    The  AhU  J  E.  Daim 

during  the  trial  shall  be  carefully  kept  in  the  (ar-  author  of  a  "Church  History,'  also  trans4swi 

chives  of  the)  Episcopal  Court,  so  that  it  may  be  into  English  in  this  country,  died  KovemU: 

produced  without  difficulty  in  case  of  appeal.  8th. 

XVII.  Should  it  happen  that  an  appeal  be  taken        -fh^  j^g^j^  Father  Peter  Angelo  Seccii,  a 

from  the  judgment  pronounced  in  the  Episcopal  ^j  t"      '  Z  a   ^      _       JL  ♦iw?.««*;«;«n  ud 

Court  to  that  of  the  Archbishop,  the  MetrSpoHtsn  distinguished  astronomer,  mathemabcian,  tfd 

shall  proceed  in  the  same  way  to  the  trial  and  deci-  pbysicist,  died  at  Rome,  February  26tii.   m 

sion  of  the  case.  was  bom  at  Reggio  in  1818,  and  entered  tbe 

Given  at  Rome^  ft-om  the  House  of  the  aforesaid  Society  of  Jesus  in  1833.     After  teaching  Mt- 

fhe7L^m?''^'°°'  ^^^  twentieth  dny  of  July,  in  ^^^1  philosophy  in  Italy,  he  began  his  theo- 

JOHN  CARDIN.  SIMEONI,  Prefect.  logical  course,  which  he  completed  at  Geoje- 

JOHN  BAPTIST  AGNOZZI,  Secretary.  t?'^  !>•  C.    In  1850  he  was  made  I^irector^ 

the  Observatory  of  the  Roman  College.  Be 

This  important  act  of  the  Holy  See  excited  invented  a  new  system  of  meteorological  ol>- 

great  differences  of  opinion  as  to  its  meaning  servation  and  a  meteorograpb.    He  was  ap* 

and  effect.     The  archbishops  and  bishops  in  pointed  superintendent  of  the  trigoooinetncti 

the  United  States  proceeded  to  appoint  in  survey  of  the  Papal  States,  was  engineer  oi 

their  respective  dioceses  Judieei  uauiarum^  the  works  introducing  water  into  R<nne  from 

who  like  a  grand  Jury  examine  the  charge,  Frosinone,  and  attained  great  mocess  in  ^ 

and  the  testimony  for  and  against  the  accused,  troscopic  analysis  and  in  solar  and  atrllar  pbjs- 

and  submit  their  opinions  and  record  of  pro-  ics.    His  roost  important  work  on  the  t^n  ^^ 

ceedings  to  the  Bishop  for  judgment.  published  at  Paris  in  1870.     Hia  rcsearcM 


ROSS,  ALEXANDER  M.  ROUMANIA.                   739 

on  electrical  rheometrj  were  published  by  the  In  tbe  bndget  for  1877  the  receipts  were  es- 

Smithsoaian  Institatioii  in  1852.  timated  at  80,487,172  francs,  and  tne  expendi- 

ROSS,  ALBXA.KDBB  MiLTON,  a  Canadian  nat-  tares  at  86,291,617,  leaving  a  deficit  of  5,854,- 
nTslisi  and  author,  was  bom  December  18,  445  francs.  In  the  budget  for  1878  the  receipts 
1832,  in  BeUeville,  Ontario,  Canada.  His  par-  were  estimated  at  121,872,451  francs,  and  the 
ents,  William  and  Frederika  Ross,  were  de-  expenditures  at  98,872,451,  leaving  a  surplus 
scendants  of  Scotch  Highlanders  who  came  of  28,000,000  francs.  Tbe  public  debt  in  Jan- 
to  Canada  from  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  in  1785.  uary,  1879,  was  609,959,499  francs. 
He  evinced  a  great  love  for  studies  in  natural  Tbe  standing  army  on  a  peace  footing  corn- 
history  at  an  early  age,  and  embraced  every  prises  947  officers,  16,222  men,  2,789  horses, 
opportanity  that  offered  to  satisfy  bis  craving  and  96  guns ;  on  a  war  footing,  42,449  men. 
for  knowledge  in  the  field  of  natural  science.  The  territorial  army  consists  of  54,478  men 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  which  occurred  in  and  192  guns.  The  militia  comprises  47,746 
his  eleventh  year,  he  was  removed  from  school,  men.  Thus  the  whole  available  force  in  time 
and  never  again  en  joyed  the  advantages  of  one.  of  war  is  144,668  men  and  288  guns.  The 
For  many  years  he  struggled  with  adverse  cir-  war  navy  consists  of  8  steamers,  6  sloops,  20 
camstances,  but  his  absorbing  love  for  natural  officers^  and  246  men. 

history  never  abated.  The  supreme  object  of  The  imports  in  1875  amounted  to  100,884,- 
his  ambition  has  been  to  collect  and  olaasify  000  francs,  the  exports  to  144,962,000.  The 
tbe  fauna  and  flora  of  his  native  country,  a  length  of  railroads  in  1877  was  1,289  kilome- 
Ubor  never  before  attempted  by  a  Canadian,  tres.  The  number  of  post-offices  was  248 ;  of 
The  purpose  of  his  life  has  finally  been  at-  letters,  6,107,768;  of  postal  cards,  279,189;  of 
tained.  He  has  collected  and  classified  570  parcels  of  printed  matter  and  samples,  4,884,- 
Bpedes  of  birds  that  regularly  or  occasionally  740;  of  valuable  letters,  288,884;  of  packages, 
visit  the  Dominion  of  Canada ;  240  species  of  127,958.  The  number  of  telegraph  offices  was 
eggs  of  birds  that  breed  in  Canada;  247  spe-  178;  length  of  lines,  4,142  kilometres,  and  ot 
cies  of  mammals,  reptiles,  and  fresh- water  fish ;  wires,  7,208  kilometres ;  number  of  private  dis- 
8,400  species  of  insects ;  and  2,200  species  of  patches,  688,602,  of  official  dispatches,  268,110, 
Canadian  flora.  Dr.  Ross  has  by  his  labors  and  of  transit  dispatches,  8,848. 
enriched  the  museums  of  France,  Russia,  £ng*  For  an  account  of  the  war  and  the  para- 
land,  Greece,  Turkey,  Egypt,  Portugal,  Italy,  graphs  of  the  treaties  of  San  Stefano  and  Ber- 
Belginm,  and  Spain.  His  principal  publica-  lin  affecting  Roumania,  see  Tubket  and  £abt- 
tions  are  the  "  Birds  of  Canada,"  ^^  Butterflies  sbn  Qubstiozt. 

and  Moths  of  Canada,'*  **  Flora  of  Canada,"  The  treaty  of  peace  of  San  Stefano  created 

*' Forest  Trees  of  Canada,*'  "  Mammals,  Rep-  great  dissatisfaction  in  Roumania,  owing  to  the 

tiles,  and  Fresh- Water  Fishes  of  Canada,"  and  clauses  relating  to  that  country,  particularly 

inanr  monographs  on  kindred  subjects.     In  the  one  providing  for  the  retrocession  of  the 

recognition  of  his  labors  he  has  been  elected  a  Roumanian  part  of  Bessarabia  to  Russia.  Even 

member  of  nearly  all  the  principal  academies  before  the  text  of  the  treaty  had  become  known, 

«nd  societies  of  science  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  it  had  only  been  rumored  that  such  a 

Many  of  the  monarchs  of  Europe  have  con-  provision  would  be  made,  it  called  forth  the 

f erred  upon  him  decorations  of  knighthood  as  loudest  protests  from  the  people,  from  the 

tokens  of  their  appreciation  of  his  achieve-  Chambers,  which  had  continued  in  session  dur- 

ments  as  a  naturalist.    Dr.  Ross  is  a  resident  ing  the  war,  and  from  Prince  Charles  himself, 

of  Montreal,  and  a  member  of  the  College  of  After  the  treaty  had  been  signed,  the  Rou- 

Phjsicians  and  Surgeons  of  Canada.  manian  Government  officially  declared  that  it 

ROUMANIA,  a  principality  of  southeastern  would  not  recognize  any  of   its  stipulations 

Earope.    Prince,  Charles  I.,  son  of  the  late  affecting  their  interests.    On  March  26th  the 

Prince  Charles  of  Hohenzollem-Sigmaringen,  Senate  and  the  Chamber  held  a  secret  session, 

bom  April  20, 1839.    He  was  elected  Prince  of  in  which  the  exchange  of  Bessarabia  for  the 

Roamania,  May  10,  1866.  and  was  married  No-  Dobrudia  was  unanimously  rejected.  One  dep- 

vemberl5, 1869,  to  Elizabeth,  Princess  of  Wied.  uty  wished  to  discuss  the  course  to  be  taken 

The  area  of  Roumania  underwent  in  1878  by  Roumania  in  the  event  of  the  Congress  not 

important  alterations  in  consequence  of  the  pronouncing  against  the  exchange;  but  this 

treaty  of  Berlin.    It  had  to  retrocede  to  Russia  proposal  was  overruled  by  the  previous  ques- 

tbat  portion  of  Bessarabia  which  had  been  tion,  all  the  deputies!  present  lioloing  that  Rou- 

t&ken  from  Russia   in   1856,  and  in  return  mania,  even  if  deprived  of  Bessarabia,  should 

the  Dobmdja  and  the  territory  south  of  it,  as  not  accept  the  Dobrudja.    On  March  27th  the 

fv  as  a  line  extending  from  Silistria  to  Man-  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  in  reply  to  a  ques- 

galia  on  the  Black  Sea,  was  united  with  Rou-  tion  as  to  what  attitude  the  Government  had 

mania.  By  these  changes  Roumania  received  a  taken  with  regard  to  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano, 

territorial  increase  of  about  2,500  square  miles,  declared  that  this  act,  as  far  as  Roumania  was 

<&d  an  addition  to  its  population  of  about  concerned,  was  null  and  void,  having  been  con- 

300,000.    The  area  of  Roumania  is  now  esti-  eluded  widiout  her  participation.    **  We  have 

mated  at  about  49,262  square  miles,  and  the  protested  against  it,  and  we  shall  send  our  pro* 

popnlation  at  5,876,000.  testa  to  all  the  Powers.  The  treaty  is  a  scourge 


740                   ROUMANIA,  RUSSELL,  JOHN. 

for  the  conntrj,  since  it  virtnally  stipulates  its  of  the  Oonncil,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  aod 

occupation  for  two  years.^*   Another  secret  sea-  Minister  of  War  pro  tern.;   M.  Sturdza,  Fi- 

sion  of  the  Senate  and  chamber  was  held  on  nance ;  M.  Campineann,  Foreign  Affairs ;  M. 

March  81st  to  draw  up  a  formal  protest  against  Statescn,  Justice ;  M.  Ferichidi,  Pnblic  Worb; 

the  treaty  of  San  Stefano.    The  Goyernment  M.  Cantili,  Worship  and  Instroction.    The  kw 

asked  for  a  delay  of  two  days,  to  communi-  for  preventing  the  peasants  from  selling  their 

cate  with  the  Prime  Minister,  then  on  a  special  lands  passed  the  Ofaamber  on  December  15th, 

mission  to  Vienna.    In  spite  of  this  request,  a  and  the  Senate  on  the  SOtb,  where,  liowerer 

committee  of  five  from  each  chamber  was  ap-  it  was  slightly  amended,  necessitating  its  retoni 

pointed  to  draw  up  the  protest.     The  anti-  to  the  Chamber. 

Russian  feeling,  however,  gradually  subnded,  RUSSELL,  Johk,  Earl,  a  Britiab  staiesmso, 
and  in  the  beginning  of  June  an  agreement  was  born  August  18,  1792,  died  May  28,  1878.  E« 
made  between  the  Government  and  the  Rus-  was  the  third  son  of  the  sisth  Dnke  of  Bed- 
sians,  by  which  the  various  details  incident  to  ford,  and  was  educated  at  the  UniTerstty  of 
a  Russian  military  occupation  of  a  part  of  the  Edinburgh,  then  the  academio  center  of  liber- 
country  were  regulated,  and  which  in  this  way  alism.  After  a  tour  through  Spain  and  Por- 
officially  recognized  the  presence  of  the  Rns-  tngal,  he  was  elected  in  July,  1818,  when  still 
■ian  troops  in  the  cotintry.  It  contained  no  under  age,  member  of  Parliament  for  Fair- 
limitation  of  the  time  during  which  it  should  stock.  He  immediately  became  an  actire  op- 
remain  in  force,  and  therefore  by  implication  ponent  of  the  Liverpool-Castlereagh  MinistrT, 
legalized  the  Russian  sojourn  for  any  length  of  and  was  an  eariy  advocate  of  retrenchment  m 
time  the  Russians  might  desire.  Prince  Charles  public  expenditure.  In  1819  he  b^;an  his  grett 
closed  the  session  of  the  Chambers  on  July  battle  for  Parliamentary  reform.  He  declared 
17th  with  a  message,  in  which  he  said  that  his  that  he  would  not  "pledge  himself  to  support 
country  had  been  called  upon  to  make  sacri-  a  measure  that  went  the  length  of  proposiB^ 
fioes  in  order  that  the  Berlin  Congress  might  an  inquiry  into  the  general  state  of  the  represea- 
preserve  the  peace  of  Europe.  The  Chambers  tation,*^  but  proposed  the  disfranchisement  of 
met  in  an  extraordinary  session  on  September  corrupt  boroughs,  the  transfer  of  their  li^U 
27th,  and  were  opened  with  a  message  from  to  great  unrepresented  towns  and  counties, 
Prince  Charles,  which  dwelt  chiefly  on  the  and  le^lation  against  bribery.  As  an  inuie- 
painful  sacrifice  to  which  the  Roumanians  had  diate  measure  he  asked  the  House  to  do  ^um- 
had  to  submit  through  the  decision  of  the  Ber-  mary  Justice  upon  the  proved  infkmy  of  Gram- 
lin  Congress.  The  Prince,  however,  urged  the  pound.  In  1821  Grampound  wasdi^raochieed 
nation  to  have  faith  in  the  future.  On  Octo-  and  its  members  given,  not  to  Leeds  as  Bui- 
her  2d  a  bill  was  introduced  forbidding  the  sell  had  intended,  but  to  Yorkshire.  He  agiin 
peasants  to  sell  the  lands  ceded  to  them  by  the  brought  forward  the  question  in  1822,  when  he 
law  of  1864.  The  act  had  for  its  real  object  suggested  that  100  members  should  be  added  to 
to  prevent  the  Jews  from  becoming  owners  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  that  they  shooM 
the  country  after  they  were  given  the  right  to  be  chosen  by  the  larger  counties  and  tixe  grett 
purchase  all  kinds  of  property,  as  provided  for  commercial  and  mann&cturing  commnnitieg 
oy  the  treaty  of  Berlin.  On  October  12Ui  the  of  the  kingdom.  He  was  also  an  advocate  of 
Chamber  of  Deputies  passed  a  resolution  rec-  Catholic  emancipation,  and  for  that  reasoo 
ognizing  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  lost  his  election  for  the  county  of  Hnntingdos 
after  the  same  had  been  previously  passed  by  in  1820,  when  he  was  returned  for  Baodon 
the  Senate.  The  session  closed  on  the  16th.  in  Ireland.  In  1828  he  brought  f orwaid  a  mo- 
On  November  26th  the  Roumanian  troops  tion  for  the  repeal  of  the  oorporaticn  and  te^ 
entered  the  Dobrudja,  the  Russians  having  pre-  acts,  and  earned  it  by  a  majority  of  44.  In 
viously  taken  possession  of  Bessarabia,  ^nce  1829  he  voted  for  the  Catholic  relief  hill ;  and 
Charlesissued  a  proclamation  to  the  inhabitants,  in  1880,  upon  the  accession  of  Earl  Grey  to 
promising  protection  to  all,  and  abolishing  the  power,  he  was  made  Paymaster  of  the  Forces. 
tithes  and  other  taxes.  On  the  27th  the  Cham-  Many  at  this  time  were  puzzled  by  the  ^q>»- 
bers  were  opened  for  their  regular  session.  In  tion,  which  has  not  yet  been  fully  cleared  ap, 
his  speech  from  the  throne.  Prince  Charles,  why  no  room  was  made  for  him  in  the  Cabi- 
after  referring  to  the  annexation  of  the  Do-  net,  although  his  family  connections  were  most 
brudja,  said  that  the  neighboring  Powers  had  eminent,  and  he  had  been  for  more  than  eeren* 
established  diplomatic  relations  with  Rouraa-  teen  years  a  member  of  Parliament^  and  had 
nia,  in  conformity  with  the  conditions  of  its  for  fully  ten  years  identified  him^lf  with  the 
newly  acquired  independence.  He  was  con-  championdiip  of  the  cause  which  was  at  last 
vinced  that  the  other  Powers  would  follow  succeeding  and  bringing  the  Whiga  back  to 
this  example,  and  that  an  assembly  would  be  power.  The  Grey  Cabinet  was  pledged  to 
elected  which  would  remodel  the  Constitution,  rarliamentary  reform,  and  the  mam  manase- 
and  thus  enable  the  country  to  respond  to  the  ment  of  the  matter  was  confided  to  Lord  John 
expectations  of  Europe.  The  Chamber  unani-  Russell.  Together  with  Sir  James  Graham, 
mously  elected  M.  Rossetti  for  its  President  A  Lord  Durham,  and  Lord  Dnneannon,  be  drew 
new  ministry  was  formed  on  December  4tb,  up  the  bill  which  was  submitted  to  the  Boose 
composed  as  follows:  M.  Bratiano,  President  of  Commons  on  March  1,  1881.    After  a  fierce 


BUSSELL,  JOHN. 


BUSSIA. 


741 


opposition  and  seyeral  obanges  of  ministry,  it 
finaUj  became  a  law  on  J  one  7, 1882.  Lord 
John  Russell  went  oat  with  the  Melbourne 
Ministry  in  1884  on  the  Irish  Ohnrch  question ; 
hot,  on  its  return  to  power  in  1886,  he  became 
Home  Secretary.  This  place  he  held  until 
1839,  wheo  he  became  Secretary  of  State  for 
War  and  the  Colonies.  In  1841  he  again  went 
oat  of  office  with  Lord  Melbourne,  ai^  for  fiye 
years  1<m1  the  opposition  in  the  House  of  Com* 
mons.  The  corn-law  agitation  becoming  the 
most  importaot  feature  of  the  times,  in  1841 
Lord  John  was  returned  as  a  member  for  the 
city  of  London  upon  the  principles  of  free 
trade.  He  supported  the  Peel  Ministry  in  all 
qaestiona  relating  to  free  trade,  the  improTC- 
ment  of  the  condition  of  the  working  classes, 
and  the  preservation  of  order  in  Ireland.  After 
Peers  retirement  in  1846  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  formation  of  a  new  Cabinet,  in  which  he 
took  the  office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasu- 
ry. He  resigned  office  temporarily  in  1851, 
on  the  question  of  the  county  franchise,  and 
in  1853  went  out  with  the  whole  Ministry. 
In  the  succeeding  Aberdeen  Ministry  he  be- 
came Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
snd  afterward  Lord  President  of  the  Council. 
He  left  the  Aberdeen  Ministry  in  1866,  and 
80on  after  became  Colonial  Secretary  in  the 
Palmerston  Cabinet.  Soon  afterward  he  was 
appointed  British  plenipotentiary  at  the  Vi- 
enna Conference  occasioned  by  the  Crimean 
war.  The  results  of  his  negotiations  were 
rejected  at  home,  and  in  June,  1866,  he  re- 
rigned  office.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  Sec- 
retary of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  under  Lord 
Palmerston,  and  in  186il  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Earl  Russell.  In  the  natural  order 
of  sQccession,  Earl  Russell  became  Premier 
when  Lord  Palmerston  died  in  October,  1866, 
and  it  was  immediately  understood  that  there 
would  be  another  reform  bilL  The  fate  of  the 
Government  was  boldly  staked  upon  the  bill, 
and  the  snccess  of  Lord  Dunkellin^s  amend- 
ment left  the  Ministers,  as  Mr.  Gladstone  em- 
phatically said,  no  altematlTe  bat  resignation* 
With  this  act  Earl  RasselPs  actiye  career  as  a 
statesman  closed,  although  he  afterward  put 
forth  numerous  letters,  speeches,  and  pam- 
phlets on  the  leading  questions  of  the  day. 
He  married  in  1886  the  widow  of  Lord  Rib- 
bleadale,  who  died  in  1888,  leaving  two  daugh- 
ters. In  1841  he  married  Lady  Frances  Elliot, 
daughter  of  the  second  Lord  Minto.  By  this 
later  marriage  Earl  Russell  had  three  sons  and 
a  daughter.  His  oldest  son,  Viscount  Amber- 
ley,  died  in  1876,  and  the  title  therefore  passed 


to  his  grandson,  John  Francis  Stanley,  bom 
August  12, 1866.  Besides  the  numerous  pam- 
phlets and  letters  he  left  behind,  he  published 
a  large  number  of  valuable  works,  of  which 
the  most  important  were :  **  Essay  on  the  His- 
tory of  the  English  Government  and  Constitu- 
tion'' (1828;  new  edition,  1865);  "Memoirs 
of  the  Affairs  of  Europe  from  the  Peace  of 
Utrecht "  (2  vols^  1824-'29) ;  '*  Establishment 
of  the  Turks  in  Europe"  (1828) ;  ''Causes  of 
the  French  Revolution"  (1882);  ''Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Christian  Religion  in  the  West 
of  Europe"  (1878);  "Recollections  and  Sug- 
gestions, 1818-78  "  (1876) ;  and  lives  of  Charles 
James  Fox  and  Thomas  Moore,  with  their  cor- 
respondence, etc. 

RUSSIA  (Empibb  or  all  thb  Russiiis),  an 
empire  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  Emperor. 
Alexander  IL,  bom  April  29,  1818,  succeedea 
his  father,  Nichohm  L,  March  2, 1866.  The 
heir  apparent  is  the  Grand  Duke  Alexander, 
born  March  10, 1846.* 

By  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  Russia  added  to  its 
territories  the  province  of  Bessarabia,  retro- 
ceded  to  it  by  Roumania,  and  the  districts  of 
Ardahan,  Kars,  and  Batonm  in  Asia  Minor, 
detached  from  the  Turkish  Empire  and  pro- 
visionally formed  into  the  government  of  Ears. 
With  these  additions,  the  area  and  population 
of  the  great  divisions  were  in  1878  estimated 
as  follows : 


NVBIONa 


1.  Enropefta  BmaiA. 

PoUnd 

BeiMnbtft. 

8.  Grand  doehjr  of  Finland. 
8.  Caocatla. 

OoTemment  of  Bjuat . . . 

4.  Siberia. 

a.  CenttalAda 


Total  Bnadan  Empire. . 


1,88&,6U 

4a.l58 

8,874 

14,288 

188,978 

8.860 

4,884,570 

1,80^480 


8,87Q,7fi8 


88,864,810 
8,988,017 

187,000 
1,841,866 
6,891,744 

600,644 
8,440,868 
4,906^876 


88,889,808 


The  population  of  Finland  at  the  close  of 
1876  was  as  follows: 


LANS. 

u*— 

VfwBK 

Ckvvh. 

^t^^ 

TbtaU 

Krland 

186,098 
888,886 
806,066 
8614)68 
164,088 
884,628 
881,188 
197,468 

1,908,648 

649 
881 

•  •  •  • 

88,888 

68 

T,788 

88 

•  •  •  • 

■  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 
666 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  »  • 

18&641 

Abo-Bj5nMl)0ff . . . . 

Tayaateboa 

Yiboiv 

884,147 
806,066 
SOMIS 

BtHicbael 

KoopAo 

164,106 
842JJ10 

y aaa         ,     . .     . , 

881,816 

Uklboig 

197^466 

Total 

87,141 

666 

1,941,886 

The  reli^us  statistics  of  other  parts  of  the 
Russian  Empire,  according  to  the  St.  Peters- 
burg ^^Ealender"  for  1877,  were  as  follows: 


BEUOIONS. 


61488,898 
1.844,878 
8,868,668 

88^189 


6,210317 

819,488 

486 

846 


8,748,688 

88,788 

1,987,818 

4,668 


8,046,068 

11,941 

61,068 

886,016 


OralnlAriii.- 


888,881 

9Jo99 

8,016,808 

14,740 


*  Vor  a  lUter  aoeonnt  of  the  ImperiaJ  flunlljr,  aee  *"  Annual  Cydopadto**  8or  1877,  artlole  RuesrA. 
t  Mutln't  '^Stataamaa^a  Taarbook"  for  1878  glrea  tba  area  aa  only  6,670  Miiiare  mllaa.    The  Sfoiv  giTvn  abora  ia  froUT 
the  ^  Almaaadi  do  Ootha**  for  1879. 
t  Fordsldlad  atatirtlot  oTtho  Mranl  Cbrfatlaa  deaomiBatlona,  mo  **  Annual  CTdopcdU"*  for  1877,  p.  696. 


743 


RUSSIA. 


The  mt^oniy  of  the  popnlation  in  the  newly 
acquired  territory  in  Bessarabia  belong  to  the 
Greek  Church.    Of  the  population  of  the  new 

government  of  Kars,  417,602  are  Mohamme- 
ans  and  188,042  Christians. 
The  condition  of  the  finances  in  1876  was  as 
follows : 

RvUm. 

Beoelpti  in  1878. 659,8<ia,6»2  {mio m^ ma 

BaUmoe  firom  the  prevloua  yew 83,»61,8b«  f  w»i«*»*>t* 

Expenditure  In  1870 67tf,ai6,189  f  m>^  i  ak  i  tq 

P*ymen»-»  due  ftt>m  1874 44,890,088  f  «»»*«»."» 

Deficiency- 89,800,&98 

The  estimated  revenue  and  expenditures  for 
1878,  according  to  the  budget  as  sanctioned  bj 
the  Emperor  on  December  81,  1877,  were  as 
follows : 

RXVSNXTI. 
I.  Ordlnury  rerenne :  RvUm. 

1.  Direct  taxee 188,802,886 

2.  Indirect  tazea 801,618.877 

8.  Mines,  mints,  potts,  and  telegnphs 2i,A8Q,8Tl 

4.  Statedommlns 27,897,828 

5.  MlMelhneons  receipts 46,772,072 

6.  Kevenae ofTraascMcssift 7,216,016 

Totftl  oidlasry  revenue 668,881,028 

II.  Bxtmordlnary  receipts,  roTenue  of  the  Esst- 

emloenofl877 27,498,708 

III.  Recettes  d'ordre* 82,417,486 

lY.  Extreordlnsiy  receipts  (oonslstinjr  chiefly  of 
sums  borrowed  for  the  porpoee  of  snbsidiz* 
tog  nllwBjs  and  promoting  pobik  works).    12.166,709 

Totd  reTenne. 600,898,426 

IXPSHD1TVRX8. 
I,  Ordinwy  expenditures:  RMm. 

1.  PnUicdebt 188,676,719 

2.  Imperial  Chsneery 1,989.810 

8.  HolT  Synod 10,100,880 

4.  Minlstiy  of  the  Imperisl  Hoase 9,047,464 

6.       »        of  Foreign  AilUrs 8,096.486 

6.  "  ofWsr. 181,841,786 

7.  ••  ofNsTy 26,119,611 

a  ••  ofFinmnce 76l611,918 

9.  **  ofSUteDomslns 17.449,9b9 

10.  ••        oflnterlor 68,962366 

11.  •*        ofEdQcetlon. 16,946,118 

12.  **        of  PnbUo  Works 11,066,700 

18.       "        of  Justice 16,162,-81 

14.  Depsrtment  of  OontroL 8,106,187 

15w  Imperlalstads 818,207 

16.  CiYU  Adminietntion  of  Transcaucasia. . .  6,891,907 

Total  ordinary  expendltnres 668,827,281 

II.  Anticipated  deficits  In  receipts 2,000,000 

III.  IMpenses  d^ordre* 22,417,486 

lY.  Temporary  expenditoies 12,163,709 

ToCsl  expenditures 600,898)426 

The  entire  public  debt  of  Russia,  interior 
and  foreign,  was  estimated  on  the  1st  of  Sep- 
tember, 1878,  to  amount  to  2,450,000,000  rubles, 
including  an  internal  loan  of  210,000,000  rubles 
issued  in  1877,  soon  after  the  commencement 
of  the  war  with  Turkey,  and  another  internal 
loan,  called  the  '*  Second  Eastern  Loan,"  to 
the  amount  of  800,000,000  rubles,  issued  in 
August,  1878.  The  cost  of  the  war  was  esti- 
mated officially  at  the  end  of  June,  1878,  at 
910,000,000  rubles.  Not  included  in  the  debt 
here  enumerated  is  a  yerj  large  quantity  of  pa- 
per money  with  forced  currency.    According 

*The  Recettes  d^ordre  represent  the  estimated  receipts 
from  the  sale  of  Tolnmes  of  law  printed  by  the  Oovemmfint, 
flrom  the  produce  of  state  mines,  and  from  other  mlscellane* 
ons  sonroes.  These  receipts  are  bahmoed  by  sums  of  a  8lmi> 
lar  amount,  placed  on  the  estimates  of  expenditures,  under 
the  headhig  of  D4pensei  d'ordre. 


to  official  reports,  the  total  amount  of  bini 
notes  in  circulation  on  the  1st  of  January,  1876, 
was  797,818,480  rubles.  The  amount  of  thd 
new  issues  of  paper  money  made  during  tbe 
war  was  Tarioosly  estimated  at  from  205,000.- 
000  to  280,000,000  rubles.  The  Minister  cf 
Finance  was  dispatched  abroad  in  November 
for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  a  loan  vLich 
was  to  be  applied  to  the  redemption  of  a  pvi 
of  the  paper  currency  issued  during  the  w&r. 
The  Imperial  Bank  on  November  IStb  as- 
nonnoed  the  issue  of  the  third  series  of  4  per 
cent.  Treasury  bonds  for  60,000,000  rabies, 
the  bonds  to  be  of  the  value  of  1,000  and5,iXi(> 
rubles  each,  and  to  be  redeemable  on  and  afkr 
May  1, 1879. 

The  nominal  strength  of  the  Tarious  diri- 
sions  of  the  Rnssian  army,  according  to  tU 
returns  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  was  as  f  uIIots 
in  1878 : 


CLASSES. 


L  Bcvohtf  anny: 

Infantry 

Carafay. 

ArtlUeiy 

£nglneera. 


Total 

II.  Anny  of  flrat  rcaerre : 

Troops  of  the  line 

Oarruoo  troops  tn  reRlments.. . . 
**  MM  battattoBa..... 


Total 

III.  Army  of  second  reserve : 
Troops  of  all 


Oeoeral  total. 


Oath* 


8«M22 

41,Tin 
1M18 


4K,67S 

80,455 
19.880 


Oaibnr 


fl»i*Ml 

4SJM 

liftl 


;u<i 


i,n«^ 


The  losses  of  the  army  during  the  v&r 
amounted,  according  to  official  returns,  to  89,- 
804  officers  and  men  killed  and  woonded; 
among  them  were  10  generals  killed  and  11 
wounded.  One  Prince  of  the  Imperial  family 
and  84  of  the  higher  nobility  fell  on  the  field  d 
battle.  The  proportion  of  killed  and  wounded 
to  the  whole  number  engaged  was  very  laree, 
one  out  of  every  six  men  who  went  into  scdon 
baring  been  either  injured  or  left  dead  on  the 
field. 

The  Rnssian  navy  In  1878,  according  to  offi- 
cial reports,  was  composed  as  follows :  1.  The 
Baltic  fleet,  consisting  of  187  men-of-war.  in- 
cluding 27  armor-clad  ships,  44  nnarroored 
steamers,  and  66  transports;  2.  The  Black  Sea 
fleet,  consisting  of  25  unarmored  steamers  sod 
4  transports;  8.  The  Caspian  Sea  fleet,  cod^- 
ing  of  11  unarmored  steamers  and  8  trans- 
ports ;  4.  The  Siberian  fleet,  consisting  of  15 
unarmored  steamers  and  21  transports.  The 
total  comprises  228  men-of-war,  all  steamem 
armed  with  561  guns,  with  engines  aggree&t- 
ing  188,120  horse-power.  The  Imperial  lu^ 
was  officered  at  the  end  of  Harcfa,  1878,  by  IT 
admirals,  82  vice-admirals,  81  rear-admirak 
201  first-class  captains,  98  second-class  cfli>* 
tains,  808  captain-iientenanta,  443  lieutenaots. 
and  129  midshipmen  of  the  special  corps  at- 
tached to  the  navy.    The  marine  detachment 


contained  at  th«  BUn«  date  S  ^nerala  and  S08 
staff  officers ;  the  marine  artillery,  4  generals 
and  197  staff  offloers ;  the  nary  engineera,  6 
generals  and  189  staff  officers;  and  the  oavy 
architect  corps,  8  generals  and  46  staff  officers. 
Regulations  hare  been  pabliahed  sanctioning 
the  forma^on,  as  a  permanent  part  of  the 
farcM  of  the  empire,  of  a  "  volnnteer  nafal 
militia,"  to  eonsist  of  able-bodied  men  of  all 
clasaes.  Tbooe  deairons  of  Joining  thia  force 
are  to  make  a  declaration  to  that  effect  to  the 
Kioister  of  War,  when  their  names  will  be 
inwribed  on  its  lists,  and  in  time  of  war  the; 
will  be  appointed  to  ships  of  the  regalar  narj. 
Tbey  will  be  reqaired  to  serve  as  long  aa  hos- 
tilitiM  continae,  bat  will  not  be  retained  in 
the  service  in  time  of  peace.  While  serviDg, 
thej  will  be  subject  to  naval  law  and  all  the 
regulations  in  force  on  board  men-of-war,  and, 
if  woonded,  will  receive  the  same  pensions  as 
uilcrsoftber^alsrnav;.  Owners  of  Teasels, 
er  sooietiea,  who  ma;  be  willing  to  place  their 
ships  at  the  disposal  of  the  OoTemment  in  the  * 
tTeQt  of  war,  ma;  also  make  known  the  fact 
with  its  oonditions  to  the  Minister  of  War, 
when,  if  the  Admiralt;  approve,  the  ships  will 
be  inscribed  on  the  list  of  Kossiao  men-of-war, 
and  in  the  event  of  war  breaking  ont  will  pass 
at  once  nnder  the  control  of  the  Qovernment. 
Further  et«ps  have  been  taken  to  snppl;  the 
wsnt  of  swlors,  which  is  felt  to  be  the  chief 
obMacle  to  making  permanent  additions  of 
vessels  to  the  nav;,  b;  the  establishment  of 
schools  for  the  traming  of  seamen.    Ten  snob 


3IA.  143 

schools  are  being  established  in  the  Baltic 
provinoes,  five  on  the  shores  of  the  White  Sea, 
and  six  in  other  parts  of  the  cotintr;,  A  law 
baa  been  approved,  to  come  in  force  in  1661, 
ordering  the  introdaotion  of  universal  miUtar; 
servioe  in  Finland. 

The   following  tables  exhibit  the  develop- 
ment of  Bnssian  oommeroe  since  IBS? : 


»«*a. 

a.^ 

ru^ 

a^ 

t^ 

MI... 

»)■ 

KM 

u.m,m 

mt... 

NM 

1II.SWIIUM) 

ujanoM 

4n.Mo,Mo 

r  EXFOBTs,  an  aiTBua. 


TKU. 

>-^ 

fU-4. 

AM. 

1*1 

IBST... 

ma 

n,(ino.«» 

8.ooaoo« 

n<i,ii>«,OM 

lais.. . 

w 

The  valoe  of  the  foreign  oommeroe  of  Roa- 
ia  in  1876-'76  was  aa  follows,  in  mhles : 


»»«.. 

.»». 

lara. 

isn. 

uta. 

WtSL 

■aiiw 

OJWOM 

ia,(ii,om 

i5as 

M,SO«,000 

iffis 

"■ZS 

11100.000 

ii.on.«M 

IS^MSOOO 

10I.M.OOO 
180,159.000 

sas 

1»,81*,000 

iij»i,ooo 

'KK 

a.TM,ooo 

S.BTS.000 
1J»4,000 

i,»oo,ooo 

8,148.000 

iio,UMOo 

B» 

'AZ 

ts^-f^ 

The  movement  of  shipping  in  1876  waa  as  follows; 


UBITSD. 

ouum 

nmii 

I-ta. 

UWU-. 

T-J. 

U^ 

I.«U-. 

TM. 

1 

s,m 

1 

%"{ 

SI 

'JS 

>^ 

(.us 

H.U1 

ItJM 

Vtii 

The  tonnage  of  the  vessels   entered  waa    metres  of  railroad  in  operation  In  Rnada,  in- 

!,173,364  tons,  and  of  those  cleared  3,863,278.    olosive  of  Finlaifd  and  exclusive  of  CanoasU. 

On  Jaiuarr  1, 1878,  there  were  Sl,468  kilo-    Id  the  latter  coontr;  there  were  1,004  kilo- 


744  EITSSIA. 

metres  in  operation.    On  the  same  date  there  attacks  were  in  opposition  to  the  Imperial 

were  1,709  kilometres  in  course  of  construe-  policy. 

tion.  Of  these  railroads  the  Russian  Groyern-  An  Imperial  commission  sat  at  Odessa  in 
ment  owned  61  kilometres  in  Russia  and  780  June  to  inquire  into  frauds  which  had  been 
kilometres  in  Finland.  committed  during  the  war  in  connection  with 
The  number  of  post-offices  in  1877  was  8,678 ;  the  commissariat  department  of  the  armj.  Tb« 
of  letters  sent,  90,704,655 ;  of  postal  cards,  investigation  disclosed  that  the  evils  of  corrap- 
2,490,406;  of  wrappers,  6,641,194;  of  registered  tion  and  yenality  were  more  widelj  spresd 
letters,  4,180,680 ;  of  newspapers  and  printed  than  had  been  antidpatod  by  any  one.  Amosg 
matter,  81,130,872;  of  parcels,  2,092,987.  The  the  persons  arrested  in  connection  with  tke 
money  sent  through  the  post  amounted  to  2,016,-  inquiry  were  forty  staff  officers.  As  the  fscte 
692,879  rubles.  were  brought  to  light  public  indignation  be- 
According  to  the  latest  report  of  the  Minis-  came  pronounced  against  the  corruption  which 
ter  of  Education,  the  number  of  elementary  was  oisclosed,  to  which  were  attributed  Id  a 
schools  in  the  empire,  excluding  the  Caucasus,  large  measure  the  extraordinary  losses  whkh 
Finland,  and  the  Baltic  provinces,  was  25,077;  the  armies  suffered  during  the  war.  Corrap- 
the  number  of  pupils  attending  the  schools  tion  in  common  civil  life  is  also  revealed  ia  a 
was  1,036,861,  of  whom  856,189  were  boys,  report  of  Prince  YolkoniU  on  the  district  of 
and  only  180,712  were  girls.  One  school  ex-  Ranenburg.  This  report,  the  main  assertioitf 
isted  for  every  8,070  of  the  inhabitants,  and  of  which  are  substantiated  by  facts  cited  in 
the  proportion  of  children  attending  school  detail,  is  to  the  effect  that  the  present  self-goT- 
was  1*8  per  cent.  Assuming  that  the  insuffi-  ernment,  instituted  under  the  emandpslion 
cient  number  of  schools  and  pupils  proves  that '  act,  is  permeated  with  bribery  and  venslrtT, 
the  schools  do  not  yet  exercise  any  consider-  and  that  the  dissipation  of  comnmnal  or  pnblk 
able  influence  over  the  masses,  the  report  en-  funds  is  one  of  Uie  prominent  features  of  the 
forces  the  necessity  of  *'  the  compulsory  sys-  pessant  life  of  the  country, 
tem  as  the  only  measure  which  can  direct  pub-  The  internal  condition  of  Rnsaa  during  18TS 
lie  education  in  the  right  channel,  and  give  it  was  one  of  continuous  nneasineaB,  growing  o«t 
the  importance  which  it  should  possess  in  the  of  popular  dissatisfaction  with  the  politioJaBd 
eyes  of  the  people."  The  Minister  has  since  administrative  policy  of  the  Govemment,  sod 
called  for  reports  from  all  the  managers  of  discontent  at  the  social  conditioii  of  the  eo<m- 
elementary  schools  on  the  question  of  compul-  try,  quickened  by  the  agitations  of  the  Sociai- 
sory  education.  ists  and  Nihilists.  Vera  Sassoliteb,  a  yoimg 
The  decisions  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin  were  woman  twenty-eight  years  of  age,  was  ^ed  st 
not  well  received  by  the  Russian  people.  The  8t.  Petersburg  in  April  for  an  attempt  to  ss- 
"  Golos"  described  the  impression  produced  sassinate  General  Trepoff,  one  of  the  chieisof 
upon  the  public  as  a  crushing  one,  saying  that  the  secret  police.  The  circumstances  of  tk 
it  was  felt  that  Russia  had  not  attains  her  case  involved  points  which  were  given  a  polit- 
object,  that  she  had  been  deceived  by  her  ioal  bearing ;  and  the  result  of  tiie  trial  wie 
friends,  and  that  she  had  foolishly  helped  her  an  unwelcome  surprise  to  the  Government, 
enemies  with  her  victories.  M.  Aksakoff,  the  and  excited  comment  throughout  Europe.  Tbv 
Panslavist  leader,  made  a  violent  speech  at  prisoner  had  been  under  the  surveillance  ssd 
Moscow  in  July  against  the  resolutions  of  the  displeasure  of  the  Government  for  about  te£ 
Congress,  asking  :'*  Has  victorious  Russia  really  years,  having  been  arrested  in  1867  aa  th« 
volunteered  to  play  the  part  of  the  vanqui^ed,  friend  of  the  sister  of  a  young  man  who  hsd 
to  do  penance  like  a  criminal  for  the  holy  been  engaged  in  a  political  conspiracy.  She 
work  she  has  done,  and  to  beg  pardon  for  her  was  kept  in  prison  for  two  years,  and  wis 
brilliant  victories  ?  Germany  and  the  Western  tiien  liberated,  but  was  arrested  immediatelj 
Powers,  ironically  praising  her  political  wis-  afterward  and  taken  to  eastern  Russia,  where 
dom,  gently  withdraw  the  wreath  of  victory  she  was  carried  from  place  to  place  until  187$. 
from  her  brow,  and  set  up  in  its  place  a  cap  when  she  was  set  free.  In  July,  1877,  ^ 
and  bells."  Tne  '^  St.  Petersburg  Gazette,"  learned  that  a  political  prisoner  named  Bogo- 
defining  the  position  of  the  country  after  the  hichoff  had  been  flogged  by  order  of  6en^ 
war,  said  that  the  Russian  public  might  be  Trepoff,  in  punishment  for  having  refused  to 
divided  into  two  classes :  those  who  wbhed  to  salute  him.  Vera  Sassulitch,  supposing,  as  ^e 
continue  the  military  and  political  action  of  alleged,  that  the  act  of  Trepoff  would  not  be 
Russia  in  the  East,  on  the  ground  that  the  noticed  by  the  Government,  determined  to 
decisions  of  the  Berlin  Congress  were  unsat-  commit  a  deed  that  would  compel  attention  to 
isfactory,  and  that  the  external  greatness  of  it.  She  accordingly  called  on  General  Trepoff 
Russia  was  its  most  important  interest ;  and  at  his  office,  and  shot  him,  wounding  him  k- 
those  who  thought  Russia  had  done  too  much  riouc^ly  but  not  fatally.  The  case  was  bnN#t 
already,  and  should  now  devote  itself  exclu-  to  trial  on  the  12th  of  April,  before  a  coort 
sively  to  its  internal  development.  In  No-  which  was  opened  to  the  public,  and  wss  it- 
vember  the  papers  were  semi -officially  ad-  tended  by  a  crowd  of  persons  of  high  socul 
vised  to  moderate  their  language  in  reference  standing.  The  Jury  was  composed  of  educated 
to  foreign  Powers,  on  the  ground  that  these  men,  of  whom  eight  held  Government  emploj- 


RUSSIA.  7« 

ments  or  decorations,  two  were  merchants,  one  Shortly  afterward  a  ministerial  order  was  pnb- 
was  a  nobleman  of  independent  position,  and  lisbed  calling  attention  to  the  law  which  pro- 
one  was  a  student.  The  prisoner  avowed  her  hibited  assemblages  of  people  in  pablio  places 
act  and  its  motiyes.  The  Government  confi-  where  disturbances  would  be  likely  to  be  ere- 
denUy  counted  on  a  conviction ;  yet  the  Jury  ated.  An  account  of  the  organization  of  the 
onhesitatingly  gave  a  verdict  of  acquittal,  and  Nihilists  at  tiie  time  of  the  assassinations  of 
their  decision  was  received  with  applause  in  the  police  oflScers,  and  of  their  connection  with 
the  court-room  and  public  commotion  on  the  the  assassinations,  was  given  in  a  letter  from 
streets.  The  result  was  approyed  by  the  news-  Odessa,  which  was  published  in  the  '^  Neues 
papers  so  heartily  that  four  of  them  immediate-  Tagblatt "  of  Vienna,  as  follows :  "  The  Nihil- 
ly  received  warning  for  their  comments  upon  ists  may  be  regarded  as  the  front  rank  of  the 
it,  and  was  generally  accepted  as  an  expression  malcontents  in  Russia ;  the  innumerable  forces 
of  the  public  opinion  of  the  nation  condemning  of  the  opposition  who  are  behind  them  do  not 
the  whole  system  of  police.  The  Government  actively  support  them,  but  tolerate  them  as  the 
was  offended  at  the  demonstrations,  and,  while  champions  of  a  cause  which  is  to  some  extent 
it  was  impelled  to  retire  General  Trepoff  from  .  their  own.  In  a  meeting  of  the  so-called  Oon- 
h\a  position  as  chief  of  police,  it  promoted  stitutionalist  party  at  Kiev  it  was  expresslr 
him  to  be  a  general  of  cavalry.  The  news-  stated  that,  although  the  ideals  which  the  Ni- 
papers  were  placed  under  a  censorship,  meet-  hilists  have  in  view  can  not  be  accepted,  their 
ings  were  forbidden,  the  students  were  sub-  efforts  to  overthrow  the  existing  order  of 
jected  to  surveillance,  many  officers  of  liberal  things  must  be  regarded  with  sympathy.  This 
views  were  dismissed,  and  the  intention  was  is  the  universal  feeling  of  all  peo^e  in  Russia 
announced  of  abolishmg  trials  by  jury  for  po-*  who  think.  .  .  .  The  citadel  of  Russian  des- 
litical  offenses  of  a  grave  character  and  for  as-  potism  which  alone  had  not  been  undermined 
saolts  on  fonctionaries  while  engaged  in  the  dis-  by  the  waves  of  the  revolution  is  the  third 
charge  of  theb  duties.  Vera  SassuUtch  escaped  division  of  the  State  OhanoeDery,  or  secret 
from  notice  for  a  short  time  after  the  trial,  and  police,  and  the  Nihilists  determined  to  attack 
orders  for  her  arrest  and  Imprisonment  were  it.  .  .  .  War  has  been  declared  against  the 
issued  without  delay.  An  official  order  was  blue  uniform,  and  the  first  victims  have  been, 
published,  near  the  beginning  of  June,  directing  besides  General  Mesentzoff  and  the  police  agent 
that  political  offenders  be  tried,  according  to  at  Rostov,  the  chief  of  the  gendarmes  in  Khar- 
their  character,  either  before  the  tribunal  by  kov,  the  chief  of  the  secret  police  at  Taganrog, 
which  the  indictment  may  have  been  drawn  and  a  colonel  of  gendarmes  at  Pultava.  .  .  . 
up,  or  by  the  Supreme  Oourt  of  Justice.  On  The  organization  of  the  party  is  a  very  power- 
the  1st  day  of  June  the  Supreme  Court  of  Re-  M  one ;  each  government  hss  a  principal  com- 
vision,  having  before  it  the  case  of  Vera  Sas-  mittee,  and  sub-committees  which  are  caUed 
sulitch,  directed  that  her  acquittal  should  be  ^Erushki.'  These  sub-committees  exist  even 
canceled,  on  the  ground  of  informality  in  the  in  the  Caucasus.  The  leaders  of  the  cora- 
procednre.  mittees  are  not  known  even  to  their  members, 
The  confidence  of  the  Government  received  and  the  central  committee  at  St  Petersburg, 
another  shock  on  the  16th  of  August,  when  which  calls  itself  the  ^National  GK)yemment,* 
General  de  Mesentzoff,  the  successor  of  Gen-  is  shrouded  in  impenetrable  secrecy.  The  cen- 
eral  Trepoff  as  chief  of  the  secret  police,  was  tral  committees  obtain  printed  orders,  arms, 
stabbed  at  St.  Petersburg  while  taking  his  and  plans  of  operations  direct  from  St  Peters- 
morning  walk,  and  died  at  five  o'clock  in  the  burg.  At  Odessa  alone  there  are  several  thon- 
evening  of  the  same  day.  General  Makaroff,  sand  members  of  the  society.  The  panic  in 
chief  o?  the  corps  of  gendarmes,  who  accom-  Government  circles  is  indescribable;  the  or- 
panied  General  Mesentzoff  and  tried  to  arrest  ganization  is  said  to  have  penetrated  the 
the  murderers,  was  fired  upon  by  them.  This  schools,  universities,  and  even  military  aoad- 
attack  and  other  similar  attacks  upon  officers  emies ;  and  the  police  do  not  venture  to  lay 
of  thiB  branch  of  the  service  were  ascribed  to  hands  on  the  Nihilists,  fearing  the  secret  sen- 
the  Nihilista,  who  manifested  renewed  activity  tences  of  the  revolutionary  tribunals.'*  The 
soon  alter  the  close  of  the  war,  and  whose  op-  correspondence  added  that  the  organization 
erations  became  more  threatening  and  open  as  had  powerful  supporters  in  the  highest  ranka 
the  year  advanced,  nntil  at  last  they  seemed  to  of  society,  and  that  a  lady  who  was  one  of  the 
be  abont  to  expose  the  Government  to  embar-  leaders  of  Russian  fashion  had  been  arrested  a 
rassment  if  not  to  danger.  A  secret  association,  few  days  before,  upon  the  evidence  of  a  num- 
calling  itself  the  ^*  National  Government,"  pub-  her  of  letters  found  in  her  house  from  the  i 
Itshed  A  drccdar  in  April,  containing  a  revolu-  chief  of  the  Nihilist  Committee  at  St.  Peters- 
tionary  programme,  and  calling  upon  the  peo-  burg. 

pie  to  take  up  anna.    The  arrival  of  fifteen       The  "  Official  Messenger  *'  of  St.  Petersburg 

students  of  the  University  of  Kiev,  who  had  early  in  September  published  an  article  d^ 

been  sentenced  to  exile  for  breaches  of  public  daring  that  the  patience  of  the  Grovernmenl 

order  in  ^  the  cause  of  the  truth,"  as  their  had  been  exhausted  by  the  series  of  criminal 

partiaana  represented  it,  gave  the  signal  for  acts  committed  by  a  large  number  of  ill-dis- 

diatorbanoea  at  Moscow  on  the  15th  of  April,  posed  persons,  culminating  in  the  assassina- 


746  RUSSIA. 

tion  of  General  Mesentzoff,  and  that  it  woald  and  serious  in  Deoember.    The  distarUnott 
henceforward  proceed  with  inflexible  severity  began  at  the  University  of  Kharkov,  where  tii« 
against  all  persons  guilty  of  or  accessory  to  students  of  the  Veterinary  Institute  chssed  an 
machinations  directed  against  the  laws,  the  unpopular  professor,  then  went  in  a  bodjto 
bases  of  public  or  family  life,  and  the  rights  the  university  to  explain  to  the  students  th^ 
of  property.    A  ukase  was  shortly  afterward  proceedings  and  invite  oodperation.    Several 
published,  announcing  that  all  state  offenses  arrests  of  students  were  made,  in  oooseqnesce 
and  all  assaults  on  public  functionaries  must  of  which  a  breach  took  place  between  the  bod; 
be  punished  by  military  law.    The  pamphlet,  of  the  students  and  the  civil  authorities.   The 
"  Lm  for  Life,'*  or  ^^  Buried  Alive,"  published  students  sent  reports  to  other  univerntj  towcsi 
at  St.  Petersburg  during  September,  was  re-  relating  what  had  taken  place,  and  inritiiig  co- 
garded  as  the  manifesto  of  the  Nihilist  party,  operation.    The  students  of  the  Medico-Obinir- 
It  declared:  *' We  are  Socialists.    Our  purpose  gical  Academy,  the  University,  and  the  Teeh- 
is  the  destruction  of  the  present  economical  nological  Institute  at  St  Petersburg  determiD^d 
organization  and  inequality,  which  constitute,  to  present  an  address  to  tiie  Czareritcb  redt- 
according  to  our  convictions,  the  root  of  all  ing  their  grievances  and  asking  his  tofloeDoe  Id 
the  evils  of  mankind.    The  question  of  the  po-  their  behalf.    The  committee  who  were  8[^ 
litical  form  is  entirely  indifferent  to  us."    It  pointed  to  prepare  the  address  were  arresttd 
further  threatened   that  ^^  our  daggers  will  while  at  work.    A  second  address  was  pn- 
never  be  sheathed  until  our  oppressors,  who  pared  by  a  part  of  the  students^  and  a  depiiU- 
strangle  and  gag  us,  are  expelled  from  the  tion  went  to  the  palace  of  the  Czarevitch  to 
country ;  and  a  terrible  vengeance  will  be  taken  present  it.    His  Highness  was  absent ;  a  mil}* 
if  the  Russian  nation  does  not  put  an  end  to  tary  officer  met  the  deputation  and  ioformtd 
this  mediflsval  bvbarism."    The  Government  them  that  their  action  was  illegal,  bot  took 
seemed  incapable  of  suppressing  the  revolu-  charfre  of  the  address  and  promised  to  prefies; 
tionary  manifestations.    The  state  of  siege  had  it.    The  address  stated  that  the  prevailing  igi* 
been  declared  at  St.  Petersburg  and  other  tation  was  not  due  to  a  few  evil-disposed  per- 
towns,  the  police  was  strengthened,  and  the  sons,  but  extended  to  all  the  educationsl  a- 
streets  were  regularly  patroUed;  yet  the  ef-  tablishments  of  the  country,   and  had  been 
forts  to  discover  the  conspirators  were  fruit-  spreading  for  several  years.    Its  sources  wen 
less.    The  walls  were  covered  with  inflamma-  to  be  found  in  the  intolerable  position  in  wbich 
tory  placards,  which  were  removed  as  soon  as  the  youth  of  Russia  were  placed    It  is  charged 
they  were  seen  by  the  police,  but  those  who  that,  notwithstanding  the  military  officer  a§- 
printed  and  posted  them  could  not  be  detected,  sured  the  students  at  the  palaoe  that  thef 
The  agitation  spread  among  the  students  at  the  should  not  be  molested  for  what  they  hid 
universities.    £ai'ly  in  September  some  stu-  done,  several  of  them  were  arrested  and  guardi 
dents  at  Berlin  who  were  suspected  of  Nihil-  were  placed  around  the  colleges.   The  Etodests 
ism  were  arrested  by  the  police  of  that  city,  at  of  the  University  of  Moscow  made  a  protest 
the  request  of  the  Russian  Gk>vemment    To-  against  attempts  which  they  alleged  had  been 
ward  the  end  of  the  same  month  a  number  made  to  subordinate  them  to  persons  uocgd- 
were  arrested  in  Odessa  and  Kharkov  on  the  nected  with  the  university.  The  Moscow  "Gs- 
charge  of  being  concerned  in  a  conspiracy  for  zette ''  charged  that  they  aJao  displayed  an  b- 
breaking  into  the  state  prisons  and  freeing  subordinate  spirit  against  their  own  proper  of- 
the  Nihilists  confined  therein.    Threatening  fleers.    Instructions  were  sent  to  the  GovefD- 
letters  were  sent  anonymously  from  Kiev  to  ors  of  the  university  towns  to  put  in  force  to 
various  eminent  persons,  and  the  police  and  the  fullest  extent  the  laws  relating  to  those  is* 
gendarmes  were  authorized  to  enter  factories  stitutions,  even  to  closing  them.    An  attempt 
at  any  time  for  the  purpose  of  searching  the  made  by  a  body  of  students  of  the  Univerntj 
premises  in  the  presence  of  the  owners,  and  of  of  Kiev  to  make  a  demonstration  against  the 
making  arrests  if  necessary.    A  professor  of  closing  of  the  university  resulted  in  a  conflict 
the  University  of  Warsaw  was  arrested  for  con-  with  ti^e  soldiers,  in  which  about  eighty  persons 
nection  with  the  Socialists ;  and  an  order  was  is-  were  killed  and  wounded  on  both  sides.   Or- 
sued  warning  employers  against  engaging  work-  ders  were  sent  to  the  police  at  Uie  frontier  to 
Qien  from  abroad,  especially  from  Germany,  exercise  double  vigilance  in  stopping  the  smng- 
on  account  of  the  influence  they  might  exert  gling  of  revolutionary  pamphlets  and  prevent- 
in  promoting  the  growth  of  the  Social  Demo-  ing  the  entrance  of  revolutionary  emisaries 
oratic  party.    The  Minister  Miliutin  received  from  Germany.    From  the  time  of  the  break- 
instructions  from  the  Czar  to  spare  no  pains  ing  out  of  disturbances  at  Kiev  in  the  spring 
and  to  use  whatever  means  might  seem  proper  till  the  end  of  the  year,  more  than  six  ban* 
for  the  sappression  of  Nihilism.  The  **  Golos  "  dred  students  of  the  Universities  of  Kiev,  Khtf- 
was  warned  for  an  article  which  it  had  pub-  kov,  Moscow,  and  St.  Petersburg  were  expelldd 
lished  against  the  German  Anti-Socialist  law,  imprisoned,  or  sent  in  exile  to  Siberia, 
and  another  journal  was  warned  for  publishing  Count  Pahlen,  the  Minister  of  Justice,  irbo 
a  letter  urging  the  chief  of  the  secret  police  to  was  dismissed  from  office  after  tiie  trial  of  Vert 
deal  leniently  with  political  oflfenders.    The  Sassulitch,  was  a  prominent  Liberal  and  a  m- 
agitation  among  the  students  became  general  cere  reformer,  and  had  been  for  some  time  the 


SAN  SALVADOR.  747 

object  of  the  attacks  of  the  reaotioDary  party,  net  it  was  anderstood  that  Oonnt  Shonvaloff 

The  immediate  oooasion  of  his  dismissiu  was  wocud  take  the  chief  position,  an  event  which 

a  demand  by  the  reactionists,  mwing  ont  of  was  made  more  practicable  and  probable  by 

an  incident  in  the  Vera  Sassmitch  trial,  that  the  growing  age  and  infirmities  of   Prince 

adyocates  should  be  subjected  Jto  Gk>yemment  Gortchakoff.    Nothing  definite  on  this  subject 

control    Oonnt  Pahlen  opposed  this  proposal,  had  been  made  known  at  the  close  of  Uie 

sod  was  removed,  to  make  way  for  M.  Nabo-  year. 

koff.  a  reactionist.  Attention  has  been  paid  recently  to  the  oom- 
The  resignation  of  M.  de  Rentem  as  Minister  mnnications  with  Siberia  by  way  of  the  Arctic 
of  finance  was  officially  announced  July  19th.  Ocean  and  the  great  rivers  of  that  country. 
He  was  sncceeded  by  M.  Greig.  General  Tima-  Three  ships  laden  with  com,  hemp,  fiaz,  etc., 
chefT,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  resigned  his  po-  were  sent  from  Siberia  by  the  Arctic  ronte  to 
sition  in  December.  The  Emperor  addressed  Europe  in  1878.  A  great  development  of  in- 
him  a  letter  of  thanks  for  the  service  he  had  dustnal  activity  has  taken  place  in  southern 
given,  and  conferred  upon  him  the  Vladimir  Siberia  since  the  recent  acquisition  by  Russia 
order  of  the  first  class.  Privy  Oonncilor  Ma-  of  Semivitohinsk,  Enl^ja,  and  the  Ili  Valley, 
koff  was  appointed  Provisional  Minister  of  the  The  Russian  legation  at  Teheran  is  promoting 
Interior,  and  General  Timaoheff  was  appointed  the  construction  of  a  railway  between  Tifiis 
a  member  of  the  Senate.  An  intention  was  and  the  Persian  capital,  which  will  be  carried 
attributed  to  the  Ozar,  toward  the  end  of  the  out,  if  necessary,  exclusively  with  means  sup- 
year,  to  take  advantage  of  the  changes  which  plied  from  Russia ;  and  an  extension  of  the 
the  resignations  of  the  old  ministers  were  line,  it  was  said  in  September,  was  even  con- 
making  necessary  in  the  personality  of  his  templated  to  Herat.  A  grand  national  exhi- 
Oabinet  to  introduce  a  new  policy  of  admin-  bition  is  projected  to  be  held  at  Moscow  in 
istration,  and  substitute  for  the  present  Oom-  1880,  a  date  which  will  correspond  with  the 
mittee  of  Ministers  a  Oabinet  which  should  hold  twenty-fifth  year  of  the  accession  of  the  present 
its  councils  under  his  presidency.   In  this  Oabi-  Emperor  to  the  throne. 


S 

SAK  SALVADOR  (RxptteuoA  ds  Sak  Sal-  607,  with  but  $78,792  of  expenditures.    The 

vidor),  one  of  the  five  independent  states  of  spirit  tax  alone  yielded  $146,760  in  the  first 

Central  America.     (For  territorial  division,  quarter ;  and  the  total  yield  of  that  monopoly 

area,  population,*  etc.,  see  **  Annual  Oydopss-  for  the  vear  was  estimated  at  $670,000.    "The 

dia"  for  1878).    The  President  of  the  Repub-  financial   difficulties    having   now   been   re- 

UoisSeAor  DonR.  Zaldivar  (May,  187d);  and  moved,*'  writes  a  newspaper  correspondent, 

the  Vice-President,  Sr.  Don  T.  Larreyna|^a.  "  the  ordinary  revenues  of  the  country  will. 

The  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following  mm-  with  economy  and  wise  management,  suffice 

istere:  Interior,  Sr.  Don  A.  Lopez;  Foreign  to  meet  all  present  requirements."    Thefioat- 

Affairs,  Sr.  Don  0.  Ulloa;  Justice,  Sr.  Don  ing  home  debt  of  the  republic  was  reported  to 

6.  Agailar;   Public  Instruction,  Sr.  Don  M.  amount  to  $1,072,948  on  September  80,  1876. 

Gallardo ;  and  War  and  Finance,  Sr.  Don  A.  The  exports  for  1876  were  of  a  total  value 

Moran.    The  President  of  the  Corps  Ldgislatif  of  $3,605,023,  against  $8,179,614  in  1875 ;  and 

isSr.  Don  M.  Olivares;  President  of  the  Sen-  the  imports,  $1,698,088,  against  $2,689,968  in 

ate,  Sr.  Don  T.  Moreno ;  and  the  Bishop,  T.  M.  1875.    The  following  tables  exhibit  the  value 

Pineda  y  Zaldafia.  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  San  Salvador  for 

The  standing  army  is  1,000  strong,  and  the  the  year  1877,  and  the  countries  with  which  it 

militia  5,000.     The  Minister  of  War  reports  was  carried  on: 

the  condition  of  the  forces  as  most  admirable,  exports. 

and  that  the  troops  were  weU  supplied  with         gS2?SSS: li^sSe^ 

good  arms  of  all  Jonas.  United  states 95S,T61 

The  national  revenue  for  1876  was  set  down         F«noe HS^fZ 

at  $1,096,691,  and  the  expenditure  at  $1,794,-  o2S^miw;;'  ••:::::•:.::::::::::::   SrisS 

282,  constituting  a  deficit  of  $697,691.    The  

financial  condition  of  the  country  has  for  a  '^^*^ $8,960,982 

number  of  years  been  extremely  unfavorable;  ♦oj*^            imports.              .loioeoi 

bat  sjmptoms  of  improvement  have  of  late  fJSo?  !*!"::::::;;;:::*.::":::::::::;   sJ^^ 

been  observed.    For  mstance,  the  revenue  and  United  States'. '. '. '. *.   V.V.V.V.,.                 27(vi» 

expenditures  for  1878  were  estimated  at$l,-         Sfw^ST/^tVi;; MftHi 

500;000  and  $1,800,000  respectively;  and  the         oti^^^^^ _iW26 

Treasury  returns  for  February  and  March  of  To*^ •2,8H,04« 

the  same  year  show  a  total  income  of  $261,-  Accordinff  to  the  foregoing  figures,  the  bal- 

"•  p».,>»^«  ■♦.M»»w,«.  ^**^^k^  a.M  .w.,v«T^M/.T.  «.  ..^  ft^oe  of  trade  in  favor  of  the  republic  was  $1,- 

*saropeftii  ttetlstiGtaaa  eetiinete  tae  popaiMion  as  sot  ^.^  ^aa     ta     -h  ».      v           j*.i.  ^^i.             _i.   *. 

«Mdiag^,ooo.  649,890.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  exports  to 


748              BAN  8ALVAD0E.  8ERVIA. 

Great  Britain  were  of  nearly  doable  the  yfln^  PMtoe  remained  nndistnrbed  thiaa^ont  the 

of  those  to  the  United  States,  and  tiie  yalne  of  republic  during  the  year, 

the  imports  from  the  former  almost  five  times  SERVIA,    a  principalitj   of  Boatheoateni 

as  great  as  that  of  the  imports  from  the  latter;  Europe.    The  Prince,  Milan  lY.  ObrenoTitcb, 

bnt,  what  is  more  remarkable  still,  the  absolute  bom  in  1864,  sooceeded  to  the  throne  bj  iht 

balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  San  Salvador  in  election  of  the  Servian  National  Aasemblj,  af- 

both  cases  was  almost  the  same,  say  very  little  ter  the  assassination  of  his  uncle,  Prince  lii- 

less  than  $700,000.    The  value  of  the  cotton  chael  Obrenovitch,  in  June,  1868.     He  was 

goods  imported  from  the  United  States  was  bnt  crowned  at  Belgrade,  and  assumed  the  goven- 

$45,010,  against  $988,247  from  Great  Britain ;  ment  August  22, 1872.    He  was  married  Octo- 

but  American  maohineiy  was  imported  to  the  ber  17, 1876,  to  Natalie  de  Keshko,  the  dangb- 

amount  of  $20,418,  against  bnt  $1,078  worth  ter  of  a  Russian  nobleman,  and  has  one  loc 

of  British.    The  chief  staples  of  export  are  in-  Prince  Alexander,  bom  August  14, 1876.  Tie 

digo,  co£fee,  sugar,  balsam  of  Peru,  and  India-  area  of  Servia  is  18,687  square  nules;  popnli- 

rubber^e  first  thing  by  far  the  most  impor-  tion  in  1878, 1,720,000.   According  to  the  bod- 

tant    The  total  indijg^o  crop  in  1877  amounted  get  for  the  year  1877-'78,  tlie  revenue  wu 

to  1,686,227  lbs.,  of  which  Great  Britain  alone  88,800,888 ''  tax  piasters  *'  (1  piaster  =  7  ceatB), 

took  1.066,700  lbs.  There  were  16,861,947  lbs.  and  the  expenditures  88,627,752  piasters.   A 

of  coffee  produced  in  the  same  year,  and  8,-  loan  was  oontraoted  in  1876  in  consequence  of 

621,188  lbs.  of  sugar.    Rice  is  now  grown  in  the  war,  the  amount  of  which  is  not  knows, 

considerable  quantities,  as  is  also  tobacco:  of  The  number  of  taxable  persons  in  1875  ws 

the  former  Ck>sta  Rica  took  406,686  lbs.,  and  287,047.     The  imports  in  1874  amounted  to 

of  the  latter  218,660;  the  entire  crop  liiount-  82,466,862  francs,  the  exports  to  89,001,876 

ing  to  604,186  and  270,660  lbs.  respectively,  francs,  and  the  transit  trade  to  6,681,000  frans. 

Of  818,062  lbs.  of  hides  shipped,  the  larger  The  army  consists  of  the  standing  army  and 

portion  went  to  the  United  States.  the  nationid  army.    The  former  is  estimated  ii 

The  total  values  of  some  of  the  principal  4,222  men,  and  tiie  latter  at  160,690* 

commodities  exported  to  all  destinations  in  For  an  account  of  the  war  with  Turkey,  and 

1877  were  as  follows:  Indigo,  $1,686,227  (con-  the  provinons  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin  affeedi^ 

siderably  less  than  usual);  coffee,  $1,686,194;  Servia,  see  TuESXt  and  Eastsbn  Quxsnov. 

silver  ores,  $142,466 ;  sugM-,  $111^684;  balsam  The  Skupshtina  was  opened  on  July  7th,  b^ 

of  Peru,  $60,187.     Cotton  fabrics  were  im-  Prince  Milan.    In  his  speech  from  the  throne 

ported  to  the  amount  of  $1,077,701 ;  woolen  he  stated  the  motives  for  entering  upou  i 

fabrics,  $68,882 ;  silk  fabrics,  $68,216 ;  hard*  second  campaign  against  Turkey,  and  thanked 

ware,  $870,404;  flour,  $111,866  (mainly  from  the  national  militia  for  their  services  in  the 

California) ;  provisions,  $68,242;  wines,  spirits,  field.    He  dwelt  upon  the  article  of  the  treat; 

eta,  $48,066 ;  glass  and  earthen  ware,  $64,448.  of  San  Stefano  relative  to  the  indepoidenoe  of 

The  iiiipping  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  of  Servia  and  the  extension  of  her  territ<»y,  and 

the  republic  in  1877  was  nearly  12,000  tons ;  expected  that  the  C<Higrees  wovJd  sancdoa 

of  which  4,269  were  for  the  United  States,  Servian  independence,  and  increase  Serritt 

4,664  for  England,  1,080  for  France,  788  for  territory  by  those  districts  in  which  ServifiCi 

Germany,  726  for  Costa  Rica,  and  the  remain-  for  centuries  past  have  demanded  nnion  witb 

der  for  other  republics  of  Central  and  South  Servia.     The  Prince  also  expected  lh)m  tlie 

America.  Justice  and  good  will  of  the  Great  Powoi  an 

A  new  contract  with  the  Pacific  Mail  Com-  "amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  Senri&n 
pany  was  talked  of.  The  Government  ex-  countries  not  united  with  Servia.  Beryia,  in- 
pressed  its  willingness  to  pay  $10,000  per  an-  dependent  and  enlarged,  would,  he  said,  ic- 
num  in  addition  to  the  present  subsidy,  on  quire  fresh  strength  for  the  devdofonent  of  all 
condition  that  all  through  steamers  should  toe  national  forces.  The  Prince  conduded  bj 
touch  at  both  La  libertad  and  Acigatla  every  recommending  to  the  Skupshtina  to  confine  it- 
voyage^  keeping  up  the  aame  service  as  usud  self  to  the  most  presdng  matterB,  such  as  tk 
in  the  mtermediate  lines.  budget,  the  laws  enacteof  during  the  war,  tbe 

In  Chalchuapa,  a  fertile  district  in  the  north-  discussion  of  the  law  upon  invalided  soldien, 

em  part  of  the  republic,  inducements  are  of-  and  the  reorsanization  of  the  active  annj. 

fered  to  immigrants.    A  free  building  site  in  Senator  Matitdi  was  then  elected  President  of 

the  town,  and  security  of  person  and  proper-  the  Skupshtina.      On  Jnlv  18th  the  Slnip> 

ty,  are  guaranteed.    The  lands  are  remarkably  shtina  unanimously  voted  the  budget  for  1878 

good,  and  those  not  private  property  can  easily  as  introduced  by  the  Government,  with  the 

be  obtained.    Coffee,  sugar,  indigo,  tobacco,  exception  of  a  few  nnimportant  amendmeote^ 

etc»  are  the  staples  of  production.  and  on  the  20th  the  bill  with  regard  to  tbe 

The  Government  has  announced  its  inten-  pensions  for  invalids  and  the  famifies  of  scl- 

tion  of  joining  the  Postal  Union.    Although  diers  who  fell  in  the  late  war.  K.  Ristitch,  the 

the  mail  service  is  tolerably  well  provided  for,  Minister  for  Foreign  AfiTairs,  addressing  tbe 

so  far  as  the  establishment  of  mdl  routes  is  House  on  the  24th,  declared  that  Servia  aibooid 

concerned  within  tbe  republic,  the  rates  of  be  well  satisfied  with  the  result  of  the  Beriia 

postage  on  letters  have  always  been  high.  Congress.    She  had  acquired  more  thafi  ha 


SEEVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVINQ.  749 

Deiglibora,  and  it  wu  ImpOMible  to  obt^  tuT-  proved  Jane  18, 1878.    It  is  the  onl;  excluMve- 

tfaer  MQcswioDs  from  the  Great  Fowera  with-  I;  goTemment&l  «Btabli3hiiient  of  the  kind  in 

oDt  risldiig  everjlhing.    The  Skapshtma  wm  the  world,  the  life-uTing  inatltationa  abroad 

closed  OD  Julj  20tb.    In  the  latter  part  of  being  all  volontar;  Bocieties,  sapported  bj  the 

Aufnst  the  entire  Ministry  reajgned,  and  M.  donations  of  benevolent  persons;  and  to  this 

Riititoh  was  intrusted  with  the  formation  of  oountrj  belongs  the  eminent  distinction  of  hav- 

a  Dew  Cabioet,  which  wm  cuinonnoed  in  the  ing  organized  an  elaborate  BjBtem  of  relief  for 

eu'l/  part  of  Ootober,  aa  follows:  President  seafarers  wrecked  apon  its  coasts,  backed  b; 

of  tbe  Connoil  and  Minister  of  Foreign  Affaire,  the  means  and  energies  of  the  Government. 

Riititch;    Interior,    MUoikoTitoh ;    Finances,  Although  tbe  ooaatot  the  United  States  is 

Jovanovitoh ;  War,  Leshyanin;  Worsfaip^Wa»-  more  extended  than  that  of  any  other  mari- 

■iljavitch;  JaBtioe,LaiareTitoh;  Pnblio  Works,  time  oonntry,  and  i«  fraught  with  pecaliar 

Alimpitch.    Tbe  Sfenpsbtina  assembled  again  diSonlties  and  perils  to  navigators,  ss  many 

OD  Di^ember  8d.     Of  six  depnties  named  by  ehipwreoks  show,  the  pnblio  movements  for 

the  Sliapsbtina,  Prince  Milan  »eteoted  H.  Ta»-  protecting  the  lives  imperiled  by  disaster  npon 

kakovitoh  as  President,  and  M.  Vsaitcfa  as  Vice-  it  appear  to  have  long  been  remarkably  feeble 

PredileDt.    In  bis  speech  from  the  throne  he  and  diaoonnected,  considi^riDg  the  aotive  sym- 

decUred  that  the  equal  rights  of  Servian  sub-  pathy  called  into  play  by  constantly  recurring 

Jeets  of  all  religiooa  denominationa  shonld  be  calamity.    The  first  regular  attempt  at  organ- 

■     '  '     ■  ■     ■      -'  3  Mas     '- 


recognized.  i»d  suocor  was  made  by  the  1 

Od  Angust  SSd  the  Servians  oelebrated  si-  Humane  Sodety,  an  association  of  gentlemen 

maltaDeowdytheiDdependenoeofS<aTia,Priooe  orimn ally  formed  inlTStl,  incorporated  for  gen- 

UiUn's  birthday,  and  bis  aooeodtxi  to  the  era!  purposes  of  benevolence  m  ITSl,  but  di- 

throne.    Tbe  Prince  Isned  a  proolamation  in  reoted  toward  the  alleviation  of  the  miseries  of 

whjoh  be  annoaaced  a  fbtare  era  of  peace,  shipwreck  in  1789,  when  it  placed  some  huts  on 

th&nked  the  natioo  for  thesaoriflcea  it  made  desolate  portions  of  tbe  coast  of  Massoohuaetts 

dariog  the  war,  coagratnlated  the  ooontry  on  for  the  shelter  of  mariners  who  might  esoape 

tbe  accesaion  of  territory,  and  promised  help  from  the  sea,  the  first  building  for  this  pnrpoee 

lotbe  familiea  of  those' killed  orinjured  daring  being  erected  on  Lovell's  Istuid,  near  Boston. 

tbe  hostUitiea.     In  1807  this  society  wtablisbed  the  first  life- 

SERTIOE,  UNITED  STATES  UFE-SAV-  boat  station  at  Cohasset.  Subseqneutly  iterect- 

ING.  TUi  institation  was  formally  established  ed  a  number  of  others.    Its  eSorta,  although 

during  the  paat  year,  by  ni  act  of  Oongreaaqi-  necassarily  limited  by  reliance  upon  Tolonteei 


crews  and  by  the  conditions  of  extemporized  "  for  fumisbing  tbe  UghthoDses  on  the  Atlantio 

HTviee^  were  of  such  value  as  to  evoke  at  vari-  coast  with  tlie  mesos  of  rendering  assistance 

ens  timee  some  peonniary  ud  from  both  the  to  shipwrecked  mariners,"  which  for  two  years 

Btiteand  the  General  Government    An  appro-  lay  unused  in  the  Treasarv,  was  permitted  to 

prison  of  $6,000  made  by  OongreeG.  in  1847,  be  expended  by  this  society  in  184B.    In  1866 


760  8EEVI0E,  maXED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

it  received  from  Congress  an  appropriation  between  Mr.  Joseph  Francis,  of  New  Jersej, 
of  $10,000 ;  in  1857,  another  of  $10,000 ;  and  then  a  boat-bnilder  of  the  Novelty  Iron  WorL 
again  in  1870,  one  of  $15,000.  The  extension  of  New  York,  and  Captain  Donglas  Ottmger, 
in  1872  of  the  Government  life-saving  service  an  officer  of  the  Revenue  Marine,  under  wLose 
to  Cape  Cod  relieved  the  society  of  its  onerous  supervision  the  establishment  of  these  ^tatiocs 
charge  in  this  region,  and  enabled  it  to  de-  was  effected.  In  March,  1849,  Congress  mtde 
vote  its  main  energies  to  the  better  protection  a  further  appropriation  of  $20,000  for  lift- 
of  other  parts  of  the  Massachusetts  coast.  The  saving  purposes.  With  half  this  smn  eigU 
society  still  continues  its  wardenshin  of  such  buildings  were  erected  and  furnished  on  tie 
localities,  and  has  now  78  stations.  No  other  coast  of  Long  Island,  under  the  superrisioD  cf 
organized  efforts,  outside  of  those  of  the  Gov-  Mr.  Edward  Watts,  a  civil  engineer,  aided  by  a 
emtuent  subsequently  described,  were  made  to  committee  of  the  before-mentioned  New  York 
mitigate  the  distresses  of  shipwreck,  beyond  Life-saving  Benevolent  Association.  The  re- 
those  of  three  or  four  other  societies,  all  ephem-  mainder  of  the  money  was  devoted  to  estab- 
eral  in  their  character,  except  the  Life-saving  lishing  six  additional  stations  on  the  coast  of 
Benevolent  Association  of  New  York,  char-  New  Jersey,  under  the  superintendence  of 
tered  by  the  Legislature  of  that  State  in  1849,  Lieutenant  (now  Captain)  John  MoGowan.  of 
which  is  still  in  existence,  but  whose  operations  the  Revenue  Marine,  assisted  by  a  coninit- 
ha\e  been  mainly  exerted  in  other  and  limited  tee  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Underwriters 
channels  of  benevolence.  The  same  year,  as  before  stated,  an  asex- 
For  nearly  half  a  century  the  efforts  of  the  pended  appropriation  of  $5,000,  made  two 
Government  for  the  protection  of  navigators  years  before,  was  allowed  to  be  expended  br 
upon  our  coasts  were  listless  and  occasional,  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society  upon  Cape 
In  1807  an  attempt  waa  made  to  organize  a  na-  Cod,  so  that  life-saving  protection  wap  extended 
tional  Coast  Survey,  which  failed.  The  charts  simultaneously  to  the  coasts  of  Maasacbiuetts, 
and  sailing  directions  used  for  the  guidance  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  thus  inuring  to 
of  mariners  were  for  a  long  period  of  foreign  the  benefit  of  the  commerce  of  Boston,  New 
origin,  and  extremely  untrustworthy.  These  York,  and  Philadelphia.  The  newly  estal- 
were  superseded,  however,  by  charts  and  a  lidbea  stations,  though  manned  upon  occasica 
"  Coast  Pilot "  of  great  value,  made  by  the  only  by  extemporized  crews,  so  proved  their 
Messrs.  Blunt  from  surveys  of  leading  harbors  value  at  several  scenes  of  shipwreck  that  the 
and  the  more  frequented  and  perilous  parts  of  next  year,  1860,  Congress  again  appropriated 
the  Atlantic  coast,  undertaken  at  their  own  ex-  $20,000  for  life-saving  purposes.  Half  this  gum 
pense.  In  1820  there  were  but  66  lighthouses,  went  to  the  establishment  of  additional  statioss 
all  poorly  built,  mostly  badly  located,  and  fur-  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  and  one  at  WatcL 
nished  with  oil  lamps  of  inferior  illuminating  HiU,  Rhode  Island,  under  the  snpervisioD  ot 
power.  In  1882  the  important  step  was  taken  Lieutenant  Joseph  Noyes,  of  the  Kevenoe  M«- 
of  establishing  the  Coast  Survey,  which  at  once  rine,  cooperated  with  by  the  New  York  Life- 
began  its  magnificently  comprehensive  labors  saving  Benevolent  Association.  The  remaining 
and  the  publication  of  complete  and  accurate  $10,000  was  used  in  placing  life-boats  at  differ- 
charts.  About  the  same  time  the  Engineer  ent  points  on  the  coasts  of  North  and  Soctb 
Corps  of  the  army  began  a  similar  survey  of  the  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Texas,  and  shei- 
Great  Lakes.  The  gathering  movement  in  aid  tering  them  with  boat-honses.  The  groviof 
of  commerce  extended  to  the  lighthouse  system,  interest  in  the  protection  of  navigation  vi^ 
which  by  1887  had  208  fixed  and  floating  lights  strikingly  shown  two  years  later  by  the  act  of 
in  operation.  At  the  latter  date  Congress  Congress  organizing  the  Lighthouse  Board, 
passed  an  act  authorizing  suitable  public  ves-  The  system  of  lighting  the  coast  had  continued 
sels  to  cruise  upon  the  coast  to  assist  shipping  to  be  imperfect,  although  the  number  of  lights 
in  distress,  and  the  revenue  cutters  were  des-  had  been  increaaed  to  820 — a  paltry  niunber, 
ignated  for  this  duty ;  an  action  which  resulted  however,  for  the  then  second  commercial  nation 
in  as  much  benefit  as  could  have  been  expected  in  the  world;  and  all  but  seven  of  them  were  oil 
from  the  limited  number  of  vessels  comprising  lamps  with  common  reflectors.  But  in  IS52, 
the  fleet  No  other  measures  in  aid  of  the  the  date  of  the  legal  organization  of  the  Board 
mariner  were  taken  till  1848,  a  date  which  this  service  underwent  a  memorable  transfer- 
marks  the  inception  of  the  Life-saving  Service,  mation.  A  scientific  programme  for  regnlarlv 
In  August  of  that  year  a  vigorous  and  graphic  lighting  the  coast  was  adopted  ;  towers  of  na- 
appeal  was  made  in  the  House  of  Representa-  sonry  or  iron,  built  by  the  highest  engineerinir 
tives  by  the  Hon.  William  A.  Newell,  of  New  skill,  arose  at  selected  points,  crowned  with  the 
Jersey,  which  secured  an  appropriation  of  $10,-  splendid  Fresnel  lenses,  whose  drum  of  prisrcs 
000  for  providing  snrf -boats  and  other  appli-  augmenta  the  light  eightfold;  responsible  keep- 
ances  for  re!«cuing  life  and  property  from  ship-  era  were  appointed,  under  inspection  and  dlKi- 
wreck  on  the  coast  of  that  State.  With  this  pline,  as  wardens  of  these  beacons ;  and  tba 
money  eight  buildings  were  erected  at  different  work  of  development  was  begun  which  ba»  re- 
points,  and  furnished  accordingly.  An  impor-  suited  in  the  establishment  of  1,886  lights  on  the 
taut  featnre  of  these  appointments  was  the  seacoasta  and  tiie  shores  of  the  great  Weetera 
life-car,  the  invention  of  which  is  in  dispute  rivers,  together  with  a  large  number  of  day* 


SERVICE,  UNIl'ED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING.  761 

marks,  fog-mgnala,  and  bnojB.  The  Ooast  Sar-  life-boats.  Partial  improTement  in  the  service 
Tey  was  iJso  continning  its  vast  hydrographio  resulted ;  bnt  the  absence  of  drilled  and  disoi- 
labors,  extended  to  a  stndj  of  the  Gulf  Stream  plined  crews,  of  regulations  of  any  kind  for 
and  its  influences,  and  the  laws  and  opera-  the  gOTemment  of  wose  concerned,  and  above 
tions  of  tides,  currents,  winds,  and  storms,  and  all  of  energetic  central  administration  of  its  af- 
changes  of  the  shore,  and  involving  the  copious  fairs,  were  radical  defects,  and  the  record  con- 
issue  of  the  best  possible  charts  and  other  pub-  tinned  to  be  one  of  meager  benefits  checkered 
lications  of  signal  value  to  seafarers  and  mari-  by  the  saddest  failures.  In  Congress,  in  1869, 
time  interests  generally.  It  is  possible  that  the  the  Hod.  Charles  Haight,  of  New  Jersey,  at  the 
achievements  of  these  two  noble  branches  of  instance  of  a  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of 
the  pablio  service,  acting  on  the  mind  of  the  his  State,  moved  an  amendment  to  an  appro- 
nation,  had  a  reciprocal  effect  upon  the  for-  priation  bill,  providing  for  the  employment  of 
tunes  of  the  nascent  life-saving  Service ;  for  crews  of  surfmen  at  the  stations,  which,  though 
in  the  years  1868  and  1854  Congress  appropri-  urged  with  great  force,  was  defeated.  Through 
ated  $42,600  for  its  uses.  With  this  money  the  vigorous  efforts  of  the  Hon.  S.  S.  Coz, 
fourteen  new  stations  were  added  to  those  on  however,  a  substitute  was  adopted,  which  se- 
the  New  Jersey  coast,  built  under  the  care  of  cured  liie  employment  of  these  crews,  though 
Mr.  8.  O.  Dunham,  and  eleven  on  the  coast  of  only  at  alternate  stations.  This  was  a  measure 
Long  Island,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  J.  of  signal  benefit,  chiefly  because  it  opened  the 
N.  SohiUenger.  Twenty-three  life-boats  were  door  to  the  subsequent  employment  of  crews 
also  placed  at  points  upon  Lake  Michigan,  and  at  all  the  stations.  At  the  time  it  was  not 
several  others  at  various  places  on  the  Atlantic  enough  to  more  than  improve  the  existing  con- 
and  Lake  coasts.  Exclusive  of  the  boats  at  the  ditions,  and  the  service,  which  then  scarcely 
65  stations  on  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey  deserved  the  name,  remained  half  abortive  until 
coasts,  there  were  in  1854  eighty-two  life-boats  1871. 

at  diJGferent  localities  elsewhere.  This  was  the  date  of  the  organization  of  the 
The  measures  taken  up  to  this  time,  although  present  life-saving  system.  Order  now  began 
dictated  by  frequent  appalling  catastrophes^  had  to  stream  from  chaos.  During  the  winter  of 
nevertheless  a  certain  indeterminate  and  grop-  1870-*71  several  fatal  disasters,  some  of  them 
ing  character.  The  life-boats  provided  and  occurring  near  the  stations,  others  at  points 
the  stations  established  were  doubtless  of  oc-  where  stations  should  have  been,  and  all  ref- 
casional  and  even  signal  benefit,  but  the  lack  arable  to  irresponsible  employees,  inadequate 
of  responsible  custodians  for  these  means  and  boats  and  apparatus,  or  remoteness  of  life- 
appliaoces  of  relief  rendered  them  in  a  great  saving  appliances,  roused  the  Treasury  Depart- 
degree  nugatory.  The  boats  in  many  cases  were  ment,  then  under  the  administration  of  the  Hon. 
appropriated  to  private  uses  or  fell  into  dilapi-  George  S.  Boutwell,  to  make  proper  represen- 
dation.  In  some  instances  natural  changes  in  the  tations  upon  the  subject  to  Congress,  which  on 
beaches,  wrought  by  winds  and  tides,  made  the  April  20,  1871,  appropriated  $200,000,  and  an- 
stations  out  of  situation  for  use,  and  the  ravages  thorized  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  em- 
of  time  and  weather  had  told  upon  them  all,  while  ploy  crews  of  surfinen  at  such  stations  and  for 
their  equipments  became  diminished  by  pillage  such  periods  as  he  might  deem  necessary.  In 
or  worthless  by  decay.  Heart-rending  scones  the  February  previous  Mr.  Sumner  I.  Kimball 
of  disaster  occurred  where,  dther  through  the  took  charge  of  the  Revenue  Marine  Service, 
pancitj  of  the  stations  or  the  time-eaten  char-  and  the  life-saving  stations,  being  then  under 
acter  of  the  appliances  at  hand,  succor  was  the  charge  of  that  bureau,  also  became  the 
impossible.  By  1864  the  inefficiency  of  these  subject  of  his  consideration.  The  first  step 
means,  emphasized  by  frequent  calamity,  had  was  to  definitely  ascertain  their  condition.  At 
become  glaring.  Public  sentiment  now  ex-  his  instance.  Captain  John  Faunce,  of  the  Rev- 
cited  Congress  toward  action.  A  bill  for  the  enue  Marine,  was  detailed  for  this  duty,  and 
increase  and  repair  of  the  stations  and  the  set  out  on  a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  stations, 
guardianship  of  the  life-boats,  passed  by  the  Mr.  Kimball  accompanying  hiiu  a  portion  of 
Senate  in  1858,  had  failed  to  reach  the  House  the  way.  Captain  Fannoe's  report  was  sub- 
before  its  adjournment.  A  frightful  disaster  mitted  on  Augn^t  9,  1871.  The  report  dis- 
on  the  New  Jersey  coast,  the  wreck  of  the  closed  stations  too  remote  from  each  other 
Powhatan,  involving  the  loss  of  800  lives,  and  from  the  scenes  of  periodic  shipwreck; 
bronght  it  up  at  the  session  of  1854,  when  it  the  houses  filthy,  misused,  dilapidated,  some 
became  a  law.  It  is  noteworthy  that  its  pas-  in  ruins,  the  reminder  needing  enlargement 
sage  was  strenuously  opposed  in  discussion  in  and  repairs ;  outfits  defective  or  lacking,  even 
the  House,  and  upon  a  yea  and  nay  vote  45  such  articles  as  powder,  rockets,  shot-lines, 
members  recorded  their  votes  against  it.  Under  hawsers,  and  iliovels  being  often  wanting ; 
its  prorisions  a  superintendent,  at  a  compensa-  apparatus  rusty  or  broken  through  neglect, 
lion  of  $1,500  per  annum,  was  appointed  for  sometimes  destroyed  by  vermin,  or  by  those 
each  of  the  two  coasts;  a  keeper  was  assigned  evil  persons  who,  as  Bacon  says,  are  but  a 
each  station  at  a  salary  of  $200 ;  the  stations  higher  kind  of  vermin ;  larceny  everywhere 
and  tbeir  equipments  were  made  serviceable,  active,  every  portable  article  being  stolen  from 
and  bonded  onstodians  were  secured  for  the  some  of  the  stations ;  the  keepers  often  living 


762  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

at  a  distance  from  their  posts,  a  number  of  sliipwreck  was  saved.    Fatal  disssters,  hitherto 

them  too  old  for  service,  most  of  them  appoint-  incessant,  appeared  to  have  saddenlj  oessed, 

ed  rather  for  their  politics  than  their  com-  as  a  plank  when  sawed  through  drops  to  the 

potency;  the  orews  at  the  alternate  stations  gronnd. 

chosen  for  the  same  reason,  fitness  for  dnty  be-  The  success  of  this  season  excited  livelj  in- 
ing  alwajs  a  secondary  consideration,  and  these  terest  in  the  service.  A  station  had  been  so- 
crews,  under  the  system  of  arbitrary  altemacy,  thorized  by  Congress  in  March,  1671,  for  the 
often  faUing  to  stations  where  they  were  least  Rhode  Island  coast;  and  in  June,  1872,  one  more 
needed,  making  discontent  rampant  among  the  for  that  coast  and  nine  for  Cape  Cod,  Msssacha- 
volunteers  called  into  service  by  disaster  at  setts,  were  authorized,  thus  extending  the  syi- 
the  stations  intervening,  and  breeding  quarrel  tem  to  the  beaches  of  two  other  States.  The^ 
and  disaffection  among  the  coast  populations,  stations  were  built  and  put  in  operation  br 
Such  was  the  condition  of  affairs  at  that  time,  the  winter  of  1872.  Encouraged  by  the  record 
The  vigorous  prosecution  of  reform  was  at  of  the  past  season,  operations  were  vigorooslj 
once  begun.  In  obedience  to  a  resolution  then  continued  for  the  one  to  come.  The  selection 
adopted  and  ever  since  adhered  to,  though  of  the  best  available  apparatus  first  engroesed 
against  manifold  obstacles,  that  professiomd  attention.  A  commission  to  decide  upon  this 
fitness  should  be  the  indispensable  and  the  point  was  procured,  consisting  of  officers  of 
only  requisite  for  the  agents  of  the  Life-sanng  the  Treasury  and  Navv  and  experienced  bead- 
Service,  the  removal  of  all  incapable  and  in-  men,  which  met  in  May,  1872,  at  Seabrigkl 
efficient  keepers,  and  the  appointment  of  the  New  Jersey,  to  examine  and  test  varioni  life- 
best  obtainable  experts  in  weir  places,  were  saving  appliances^  and  reported  in  favor  of  a 
commenced.  At  the  same  time  nearly  all  modification  of  toe  New  Jersey  cedar  enrf- 
the  stations  were  manned  with  orews  of  care-  boat,  an  SprouvetU  mortar,  the  India-rubber 
fully  selected  surfmen,  chosen  without  regard  life-saving  dress  invented  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Meni- 
to  tlieir  politics,  and  for  such  periods  as  the  man,  and  the  Coston  night-aignals,  all  of 
limited  appropriations  would  aomit;  and  the  which  were  brought  into  use  at  the  stations 
patrol  of  the  beaches  each  night,  and  during  with  satisfactory  results.  Before  the  aniTil 
thick  weather  by  day,  was  inaugurated.  This  of  the  season  for  opening  the  stations^  a  coin- 
important  feature,  by  which  those  imperiled  prehenMve  code  of  regulations  for  the  goven- 
npon  stranded  vessels  are  promptly  discov*  ment  of  the  service  was  prepared.  These  reg- 
ered  by  the  beach  sentinels,  and  speedily  made  ulations  arranged  the  coasts  of  Massachnsetu, 
the  objects  of  life-saving  effort,  distinguishes  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  and  New  Jersej 
the  Uiidted  States  service  firom  aU  otJiers  in  the  into  three  districts,  assigning  each  district  to 
world,  and  largely  accounts  for  its  unparaUeled  the  charge  of  a  local  superintendent,  choieii 
triumphs  in  rescuing  shipwrecked  seafarers,  from  civu  life,  and  placing  the  whole  under 
Simultaneously  with  these  measures,  definite  the  inspection  of  an  officer  of  the  ReTenne 
instructions  in  regard  to  their  duties  were  is-  Marine  (Captain  J.  H.  Merryman).  Upon 
sued  to  the  keepers  and  crews.  The  next  step  these  officers  they  laid  the  duty  of  periodical 
was  to  bring  the  stations  widiin  distances  of  examinations  of  the  stations,  and  the  drill  and 
from  three  to  five  miles  of  each  other,  in  order  exercise  of  the  keepers  and  crews  in  life-stT- 
that  neighboring  station  orews  might  be  massed  ing  manoeuvres  with  the  boats  and  spparatiu. 
together  by  signal  or  message,  should  extra  They  also  provided  for  the  keeping  of  jounttb 
help  at  a  wreck  be  required.  To  this  end,  or  log-booKs  by  each  keeper,  recording  the 
twelve  new  houses  were  built  on  the  New  state  of  the  weather  and  the  surf,  and  iJl  o^ 
Jersey  coast  and  six  on  the  Long  Island,  and  currences  at  the  several  stations ;  transcripte 
the  location  of  some  existing  stations  changed,  from  which  were  required  to  be  forwarded 
The  old  stations  were  also  rebuilt  or  enlarged  each  week  to  the  office  at  Washington.  £&^ 
for  the  accommodations  of  their  occupants  and  keeper  was  furthermore  required  to  traosoiii 
of  rescued  persons.  Means  being  limited,  all  to  neadquarters  a  carefully  prepared  report 
the  stations  of  this  period  were  made  the  plain-  of  each  disaster  occurring  within  his  precinct 
est  possible  houses,  42  feet  long  and  18  feet  The  regulations  minutely  defined  the  duties  of 
wide,  of  four  rooms  and  two  stories.  One  keepers  and  siirfmen  in  regard  to  serrice  &t 
room  below  contained  the  boats,  wagon,  surf-  wrecks  and  the  performance  of  patrol,  snd 
car,  mortar,  etc. ;  the  other  was  furnished  as  made  provision  for  their  instruction  in  resosoi- 
the  mess-room  of  the  crew.  In  the  upper  tating  persons  apparently  drowned.  Thepres* 
story,  one  apartment  was  fitted  with  cot- beds  ervation  and  repair  of  the  buildings,  the  regc- 
and  bedding,  and  the  second  was  adapted  for  lar  outfit  and  supply  of  the  stations,  the  peri- 
storing  the  Tighter  apparatus.  These  measures  odical  returns  upon  proper  books  and  forms  i>f 
and  arrangements,  somewhat  provisional  in  the  condition  of  the  station  appointmests,  the 
their  character,  and  struck  off  to  meet  the  methods  of  keeping  the  district  accounts,  and 
present  exigencies,  carried  the  yoang  service  the  general  fiscal  management  of  the  serried, 
on  the  two  coasts  through  the  winter  of  1871  came  within  the  scope  of  th^  proriaons. 
-72.  The  result  of  the  new  organization  was  They  provided  for  boards  of  examiners  to  de- 
striking.  The  reoord  of  the  season  on  the  two  termine  the  professional  qualifications  of  the 
coasts  shows  that  every  person  imperiled  by  keepers  and  crews,  and  to  bar  all  but  experts 


SERVIOE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING.  753 

from  the  servioe ;  and  they  establislied  a  code  view  of  determining,  by  reference  to  the  pe- 
of  signals,  with  flags  for  day  service  and  rook-  riodicity  of  marine  casualties,  the  points  neces- 
ets  for  night,  to  enable  the  patrolmen  to  com-  sary  for  the  protection  afforded  by  life-saving 
manicate  with  the  stations,  and  the  stations  stations,  and  other  means  for  preventing  and 
to  effect  intercourse  with  each  other.  Under  mitigating  marine  disasters — a  matter  of  the 
these  regolatigns  the  efficiency  of  the  service  gravest  importance  on  this  and  other  accounts, 
was  greatly  promoted,  and  the  season  of  1872  which  had  up  to  this  time  been  strangely  and 
-73  was  triumphantly  passed,  only  one  life  unaccountably  neglected  by  the  Government, 
being  lost  by  shipwreck  within  the  domain  of  The  operations  of  the  service  for  the  year 
the  establishment.  1873-"r4  had  meanwhile  been  actively  con- 
This  continued  success  induced  Congress  in  tinned.  The  storm-signal  system  of  the  Signal 
March,  1873,  to  extend  the  system  to  other  Service  had  been  connected  with  seven  sta- 
coasts,  and  mainly  by  the  efforts  of  the  Hon.  tions  on  the  New  Jersey  coast,  an  appropri- 
John  Lynch,  of  Maine,  then  a  Representative  ation  of  $30,000  having  been  made  by  Con- 
la  Congress,  and  a  leading  member  of  the  Com-  gress  for  the  generiU  connection  of  the  system 
mittee  on  Commerce,  to  the  charge  of  which  with  the  life-saving  stations  and  lighthouses, 
matters  relating  to  this  service  were  committed.  The  record  of  the  season  at  its  close  showed 
a  bill  was  passed  appropriating  $100,000  for  1,165  lives  saved  on  the  three  coasts;  only  two 
new  life-savmg  stations,  and  calling  for  a  report  were  lost 

of  points  for  others  upon  the  sea  and  lake  During  the  year  1874-^76  twenty-two  new 

coasts,  with  detailed  estimates  of  cost.    This  stations  established  under  the  act  of  March, 

magnanimouB  legislation  resulted  in  the  crea-  1878,  were  put  into  operation.    The  number 

tion  of  two  new  districts,  one  embracing  the  of  lives  saved  this  season  was  855,  and  there 

coasts  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  the  other  were  16  persons  lost.    Fourteen  of  these  were 

the  coasts  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  be-  from  the  Italian  bark  Giovanni,  wrecked  on 

tveen  Oi^es  Henry  and  Hatteras,  and  placed  Cape  Cod  on  March  4, 1875,  too  far  from  shore 

five  new  stations  on  the  Maine  coast,  one  on  to  be  reached  by  the  shot-line  from  any  ord- 

the  New  Hampshire,  five  on  the  Massachusetts,  nance  then  invented,  and  in  a  surf  in  which  no 

one  on  the  Rhode  Island,  three  on  the  Virginia,  boat  could  live.    This  loss  was  the  first  serious 

and  seven  on  the  North  Carolina.  The  stations  disaster  which  the  service  had  suffered  since 

were  not,  however,  put  into  operation  until  its  organization,  though  fortunately  it  was  one 

the  year  following,  owing  to  delay  in  selecting  not  chargeable  to  any  fault  of  the  establish- 

sites  and  procuring  titles.    To  make  the  report  ment.   By  direction  of  the  central  office,  efforts 

called  for  by  the  law,  a  commissi  on  was  formed  were  at  once  commenced  by  Captain  Merry- 

in  March,  1878,  immediately  after  the  passage  man,  assisted  by  officers  of  the  Ordinance  Corps, 

of  the  bill,  consisting  of  Mr.  Kimball  and  Cap-  to  increase  the  range  of  the  wreck  artillery, 

tarns  John  Fannce  and  J.  H.  Merryman,  of  the  In  the  following  year,  1875-*76,  the  work 

Rerenue  Marine.    Their  report,  made  in  view  of  creating  the  stations  authorized  by  the  law 

of  the  actual  and  prospective  extension  of  the  of  June  20,  1874,  was  actively  pushed.    Six 

aarrice  on  a  national  scale,  was  the  prominent  stations  on  the  Maryland  and  Virginia  coast 

featore  of  the  work  of  the  year,  and  involved  a  were  completed  and  put  into  operation,  involv- 

comprehensive  mental  survey  of  the  nature  and  ing  the  organization  of  an  additional  district 

characteristics  of  our  vast  and  varied  coasts  on  designated  No.  5.    A  gun,  designed  by  B.  P. 

the  ocean  and  the  lakes,  personal  inspection  Parrott,  Esq.,  of  the  West  Point  Foundry, 

And  study  of  the  principal  localities,  and  nu-  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y.,  with  a  maximum  range  of 

merous  consultations  with  underwriters,  ship-  681  yaras,  but  too  heavy  for  transportation  in 

owners,  captains  of  vessels,  veteran  surfmen,  ordinary  life-saving  use,  was  placed  at  Peaked 

and  aU  varieties  of  sources  of  relevant  infor-  Hill  Bar,  Cape  Cod^  the  scene  of  the  wreck  of 

mation.    It  was  transmitted  by  the  Secretary  the  Giovanni.    A  life-rafb  was  added  to  the 

of  the  Treasury  to  Congress,  with  his  approval,  apparatus  at  several  stations.    A  new  self- 

in  January,  1874.    Guided  by  its  recommenda-  righting  and  self-bailing  life-boat,  devised  by 

tions,  Congress  passed  the  act  of  June  20, 1874,  Captain  J.  M.  Bichardson,  the  Superintendent 

authorizing  the  classification  of  stations  into  of  the  First  Life-saving  District,  of  much  less 

three  groups,  designated  respectively  as  com-  weight  and  draught  than  the  English,  was  sta- 

plete  life-saving  stations,  life-boat  stations,  and  tioned  for  trial  at  Whitehead  Island,  Me.    The 

boases  of  refuge ;  establishing  a  number  of  sta-  storm-signal  system  was  still  further  extended 

tions  of  the  several  classes  upon  the  Southern,  to  several  of  the  Atlantic  stations.    This  year 

Pacific,  and  Lake  coasts ;  creating  five  new  several  incompetent  keepers  and  surfmen  were 

<ll9tricts,  each  with  its  local  superintendent  at  discovered  in  the  Sixth  District  stations  by  the 

s  salary  of  $1,000  per  annum;  providing  for  Examining  Board,  put  there  by  local  politicians, 

tbe  bestowal  of  meoaJs  of  honor,  in  two  class-  and  were  promptly  elected,  and  the  District 

^  upon  persons  endangering  their  lives  to  save  Superintendent  was  dismissed.    The  number 

others;  and  empowering  Sie  collection  and  of  persons  saved  from  wrecks  was  729.    The 

tabnlation  by  the  Life-saving  Service  of  statis-  persons  lost  were  22 — 7  of  them  washed  over- 

tios  of  disaster  to  shipping,  both  in  Govern-  board  before  stranding,  6  drowned  by  attempt- 

oient  and  maritime  intereits,  and  also  with  a  ing  to  land  in  the  ships^  boats,  and  9  by  iw 
You  xviii. — iS    A 


764  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

sanely  jomping  en  masse  into  the  sarf-boat  aa  and  26  others  repaired.    On  the  New  Jersey 

it  came  alongside  in  the  darkness,  capsizing  it  coast,  two  stations  were  also  rebnilt  and  SI 

instantly,  and  also  drowning  the  life-saving  repaired.    Four  of  the  Richardson  self-rigbtiog 

crew.    This  disaster  occnrred  on  the  coast  (S  and  self-bailing  life-boats  were  constmcted,  uhI 

North  Carolina,  from  the  Italian  bark  Naova  placed  respective] j  at  Orleans,  Mass.,  Fire  Iil- 

Ottavia.  and,  N.  Y.,  Absecom  Inlet,  N.  J.,  and  Town- 

In  the  year  1876-^77  four  new  districts  were  send^s  Inlet,  N.  J.    A  code  of  signals  for  oom> 
organized — three  embracing  the  lake-coast,  and  mnnication  between  vessels  in  danger  or  d»- 
one  on  the  coast  of  Florida.    Thirty-five  new  tress  and  the  life-saving  stations  was  devised 
stations  of  the  nnmber  aalhorized  by  the  act  of  by  the  Signal  Service,  and  signals  for  Bimik 
Jnne20, 1874,  were  pat  iDtooperationfinclnding  night  commnnioation  were  brought  mto  coo- 
five  houses  of  refuge  on  the  Florida  coast.    A  templation.    A  line  of  telegraph  built  by  the 
new  gun  for  service  at  wrecks,  considerably  War  Department  for  the  Sisnal  Service,  ht- 
lighter  than  the  gun  formerly  in  nse,  and  with  tween  Cape  Henry  and  Cape  Hatteraa^  mnniBg 
a  maximum  range  of  478  yards,  was  invented  by  in  the  neighborhood  of  several  of  the  life-far- 
R.  P.  Parrott,  Esq.,  and  brought  into  use  at  a  ing  stations  on  the  North  Carolina  coast,  and 
number  of  the  stations.    The  second  serious  at-  communicating  with  headquarters  at  WaahiDg- 
tempt  to  subordinate  the  interests  of  the  service  ton,  proved  ox  great  benefit  to  the  estabM- 
to  local  politics  was  this  year  discovered  by  the  ment  by  affording. instant  intelligeDce  of  wred 
Examining  Board  in  the  newly  organized  Fifth  operations.    Preparations  were  made  by  th« 
District,  a  nimiber  of  political  retainers,  without  Chief  Signal  OflScer,  at  the  instance  of  Mr.'Eim- 
character  as  surfmen,  being  found  at  the  open-  ball,  for  establishing  telephones  at  twelve  of 
ing  of  the  season  installed  in  the  stations  as  the  stations  on  the  same  coast,  for  the  purpose 
keepers,  and  surfmen.    They  were  promptly  of  accomplishing  intercommunication  witb  the 
thrown  out,  and  their  places  filled  by  profes-  keepers,  which  have  since  been  put  into  effec- 
sionals.    The  local  superintendent,  in  consid-  tive  operation.    The  extension  of  the  service, 
eration  of  his  having  been  terrorized  by  the  and  the  many  improvements  which  had  been 
politicians  into  accepting  these  men,  and  in  introduced,  called  for  a  thorough  revisioo  of  the 
view  of  his  own  high  personal  and  professional  regulations,  which  was  acconlingly  made  bj 
character,  was  kept  in  the  service,  with  a  strin-  direction  of  the  Hon.  John  Sherman,  Secretair 
gent  admonition  against  another  lapse  of  this  of  the  Treasury.  The  most  remarkable  acbieve- 
kind.    The  stations  this  year  continued  in  effec-  ment  of  the  year  was  that  of  Lieutenant  D.  A 
tive  running  order.    The  number  of  lives  saved  Lyie,  of  the  Ordnance  Corps,  who  was  detailed, 
was  1,500.    One  tragic  disaster  occurred  in  at  the  request  of  the  Life-saving  Service,  to 
the  loss  of  the  British  ship  Circassian,  from  conduct  experiments  in  increasing  the  range  of 
which  28  persons  perished,  the  vessel  being  wreck  artillery,  and  who  succeeded  in  devising 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  wreck  ordnance,  and  two  bronze  guna,  one  weighing  with  its  proiec- 
the  terrific  sea  rendering  boat  service  impossi-  tile  only  202  pounds,  which  has  carried  a  Hoe 
ble.    The  ship's  company  had  all  been  rescued  696  yards,  ana  a  smsller  gun  weighing  witb  its 
by  the  life-saving  crew  about  three  weeks  projectile  only  102  pounds,  which  £tt  an  extreme 
before,  at  the  time  of  its  stranding,  and  those  line-carrying  range  of  477  yards.    This  resiU 
lost  were  mainly  a  corps  of  wreckers  who  had  would  appear  to  make  catastrophes  like  tboee 
been  employed  to  get  the  vessel  off,  and  whose  of  the  Giovanni  and    Circassian  impossible, 
leader  had  refused  to  allow  the  life-saving  crew  The  year  was  one  of  severe  tempest  there 
to  keep  a  line  between  the  vessel  and  the  shore,  being  171  disasters  to  vessels  within  the  scope 
Besidesthese,  11  lives  were  lost  on  other  coasts,  of  life-saving  operations — the  highest  anniul 
seven  of  them  by  the  swift  disintegration,  in  ao  number  previously  known  to  the  service  be- 
ordinary  sea,  of  a  rotten  vessel  upon  striking,  ing  184.    In  the  report  of  the  service  for  1876« 
before  tiie  crew  could  either  take  to  their  own  the  General  Superintendent^  commenting  open 
boat  or  receive  help  from  the  shore ;  three  at  the  the  remarkable  success  which  the  eatabli^meDt 
stranding  of  the  French  steamer  L'Am6rique  had  achieved  in  saving  life,  and  claiming  it  u 
by  an  attempt  of  the  sailors  to  land ;  and  one  the  legitimate  fruit  of  organization,  had  re- 
by  a  man  being  washed  overboard  before  strik-  marked  that,  if  ever  the  annuid  result  sbooM 
ing.  be  less  proud,  it  would  be  because  the  Govern* 

The  next  year,  1877-^78,  is  memorable  in  the  ment  failed  to  meet  the  demands  made  bj  tbe 

history  of  the  service  for  active  efforts  and  im-  natural  development  of  the  service.    There  had 

portant  results.    The  life-saving  establishment  recently  been  such  a  failure,  and  this  year  tbe 

at  its  close  embraced  148  stations.    Of  these,  predicted  result  followed.    An  appropriatioa 

18  were  life-boat  stations,  16  of  them  on  the  by  Congress  below  tbe  estimates  submitted. 

Lakes  and  2  on  the  Pacific  coast,  together  with  prevented  the  stations  on  the  North  Caro- 

6  houses  of  refuge  on  the  coast  of  Florida.  Una  coast  from  being  opened  for  service  esr- 

The  two  Pacific  stations  were  built  during  the  lier  than  the  1st  of  December,  and  nx  davs 

year.    In  the  latter  part  of  1878  two  new  life-  before  this  time  arrived  98  lives  were  lost  hy 

savins  stations  were  built  on  the  coast  of  Long  the  wreck  of  the  U.  S.  steamer  Huron,  no 

Island,  one  at  Coney  Island,  the  other  at  Short  assistance  being  at  hand.     A  simOar  misfoi^ 

Beach.    Two  of  the-  old.  stations  were  rebuilt,  tune  occurred  on  the  1st  of  January  folio v- 


SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING.  765 

ing,  on  the  same  coast,  bj  the  wreck  of  the  powers,  duties,  and  qualifications  were  ex- 
steamer  Metropolis,  whereby  85  lives  were  pressed  in  distinot  terms,  and  for  whose  aid  an 
lost,  the  fatality  being  due  to  the  remoteness.  Assistant  Greneral  Superintendent  was  also  pro- 
of life-saving  relief  from  the  point  of  disaster,  vided.  Provision  was  made  in  one  of  its  see- 
the stations  in  that  locality  being  at  that  time  tions  for  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Revenue 
from  10  to  16  miles  apart,  and  recommendations  Marine  as  inspectors  of  the  stations,  a  duty  for 
for  their  increase,  so  as  to  bring  them  within  which  their  experience  as  revenue  officers  and 
the  ordinary  contiguity,  made  by  the  General  coast  navigators  in  several  respects  quali£es 
Superintendent  for  two  years  previously,  hav-  them.  The  act  extended  the  annual  term  of 
ing  been  disregarded.  In  addition  to  these,  ten  service  at  the  seaboard  stations  from  Septem- 
lives  were  lost  on  other  coasts  at  times  when  her  to  May,  thus  covering  in  the  earliest  storms 
the  neighboring  stations  were  closed,  and  four  of  autumn  and  the  latest  of  sprmg  as  the  period 
at  points  too  remote  for  prompt  life-saving  aid.  for  the  activity  of  the  crews,  and  preventing 
The  number  of  lives  fairly  lost  this  year  with-  for  the  future  the  occurrence  ot  unaided  dis- 
in  the  scope  of  life-saving  activity  was  29.  tress  such  as  befell  the  Huron.  On  the  Lakes, 
The  number  of  lives  saved  was  1,881.  the  term  of  service  was  also  lengthened  firom 
The  season*s  disasters,  no  less  than  its  sac-  the  opening  to  ^e  close  of  navigation.  The 
cesses,  stimulated  Congress  to  action,  and  the  utility  of  this  measure  was  seen  in  the  abun- 
year  ended  like  a  peroration  with  the  passage  of  dant  succor  rendered  to  imperiled  navigators 
theactof  June  18, 1878,  formaUy  organizing  the  on  our  inland  waters  last  autumn,  as  well  as 
service.  The  bill  was  originally  introduce  by  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  pay  of  the  keepers 
the  Hon.  S.  S.  Gox,  who  for  many  years  had  was  raised  by  the  act  to  $400  per  annum,  just 
been  an  ardent  friend  and  promoter  of  the  ser-  double  what  they  formerly  received ;  and  this 
vice.  It  was  opposed  by  a  bill  to  transfer  the  increase  of  compensation  to  professional  ex- 
service  to  the  Navy,  which  was  introduced  in  perts  who  risk  their  lives  upon  many  if  not  all 
both  Houses.  Both  the  House  biUs  were  re-  occasions  of  shipwreck,  besides  its  justice  to 
ferred  to  the  Committee  on  Commerce,  from  them,  relieved  the  ofllcers  in  charge  of  ^e  es- 
which  the  Hon.  Charles  B.  Roberts  reported  tabliahment  from  the  very  serious  anxiety  which 
a  substitute,  incorporating  with  Mr.  Cox's  some  they  had  felt  for  some  time  previous  in  view 
features  of  the  otner  bill.  The  measure  gave  of  the  steady  dropping  away  from  the  stations 
rise  to  a  spirited  discussion,  marked  by  an  able  of  trusty  men«  disgusted  with  the  paltry  pit- 
argument  m  behalf  of  the  existing  service  from  tance  which  had  been  given  them  for  such  la- 
Mr.  Roberts,  a  speech  of  great  brilliancy  on  bors  and  responsibilities  as  theirs.  An  equal 
the  same  side  from  Mr.  Cox,  and  eloquent  and  relief,  and  no  less  justice,  was  effected  by  an- 
cogent  speeches  from  Messrs.  James  W.  Covert,  other  provision  of  the  act,  setting  the  volunteer 
J.  J.  Yeatea,  John  H.  Pugh,  W.  W.  Crapo,  M.  life-boat  serviceon the  Lakes  upon  a  proper  foot- 
H.  Dunnell,  O.  D.  Conger,  and  C.  H.  Brogden.  ing.  Previously  these  men  had  never  been  paid 
The  result  was  that  the  bill  passed  the  House  for  days  spent  in  the  drill  and  exercise  neces- 
without  a  dissenting  voice,  and  upon  reaching  sary  to  perfect  them  in  the  use  of  the  life-boats 
the  Senate  also  there  passed  unanimously.  It  and  apparatus,  nor  were  they  compensated  for 
should  be  remarked  that,  so  long  as  its  fate  was  service  at  wrecks,  no  matter  what  its  hardship 
in  suspense,  the  Boards  of  Trade  and  Chambers  and  danger,  unless  it  resulted  in  the  actual  sav- 
of  Commerce  in  the  various  maritime  cities,  ing  of  life.  This  lottery  of  preponderating 
the  mercantile  and  marine  classes,  and  the  sea-  blanks  was  abolished  by  the  provision  of  the 
board  f>opulation  incessantly  poured  memorials  new  act  giving  enrolled  volunteer  crews  $8 
and  petitions  for  its  passage  upon  Congress,  per  diem  for  each  day  spent  in  drill,  and  $10 
and  protests  against  the  proposed  transfer  to  per  man  for  each  occasion  of  wreck  service, 
the  Navy.  A  clever  woodcut  in  one  of  the  All  keepers  were  created  inspectors  of  customa 
leading  journals,  drawn  by  our  most  popu-  by  the  law,  thus  enabling  them  to  protect  rev- 
lar  caricaturist,  representing  Uncle  Sam  in  a  enae  interests  and  the  interests  of  owners  in 
boat,  fishing  up  the  life-saving  bill  amid  a  gen-  relation  to  stranded  property.  Investigationa 
eral  shipwreck  of  sinking  bills,  with  the  le-  into  the  circumstances  of  all  disasters  involv- 
gend  underneath,  "  The  only  thing  worth  sav-  ing  loss  of  life  were  ordered,  with  a  view  of 
ing,^'  was  an  expressive  token  of  the  ffeneral  ascertaining  their  causes,  and  whether  tiie  offi- 
warmth  of  public  interest  in  the  establishment,  cers  of  the  service  have  been  guilty  of  neglect 
Mr.  KimbaJl  was  immediately  nominated  to  and  misconduct;  and  authority  was  given  to 
the  Senate,  by  the  President,  as  the  General  examine  into  any  alleged  incompetency  or  fault 
Superintendent  of  the  newly  organized  service,  of  the  employees  at  any  time — provisions  whose 
and  promptly  and  unanimously  confirmed,  importance  is  apparent.  The  act  further  ore- 
The  provisions  of  the  new  act  made  it  of  ated  a  new  district  for  the  Gulf  coast,  whose 
great  importance.  A  leading  feature  was  the  shipping  operations  are  steadily  increasing  and 
organization  of  the  service  into  a  separate  require  this  protection  at  seasons  of  tempest, 
and  definite  establishment,  detached  from  the  and  also  provided  for  the  establishment  of  87 
Revenue  Marine,  in  conjunction  with  which  it  new  stations,  6  of  them  upon  the  Gulf  coast,  8 
bad  hitherto  existed,  and  placed  under  the  upon  the  New  England,  8  upon  the  coasts  of 
charge  of  a  General  Superintendent,  whose  Delaware  and  Maryland,  10  upon  the  LakeSi 


756  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

and  16  upon  the  coasts  of  Virginia  and  North  saving  stations — a  class  jndged  proper  for  fiO 
Carolina ;  ten  of  these  last  taking  intermediate  lonely  coast  localities,  where  population  U 
places  between  the  existing  stations,  and  abridg-  ^ther  sparse  or  absent,  and  aid  npon  occasoni 
mg  the  weary  distances  which  had  hitherto  of  shipwreck  can  not  be  improyised,  and  wbert 
aggravated  the  labors  and  hardships  of  patrol  also  the  means  of  shelter  and  subsstence  for 
npon  those  beadies,  and  made  speedy  arrival  the  rescued  are  otherwise  wanting.  Bocfa  n^ 
abreast  of  a  wreck  so  often  impossible,  as  in*  tions  are  distinguished  from  those  of  otler 
the  case  of  the  Metropolis.  The  act  will  doabt-  classes  by  the  presence  of  regularly  emplojed 
less  be  supplemented  by  much  legislation,  die-  crews  of  surfmen,  and  by  being  built  and  kt- 
tated  by  the  requirements  of  a  service  con-  nished  as  their  domiciles,  and  for  the  temporary 
stantly  growing  in  utility ;  but,  as  it  stands,  it  accommodation  of  shipwrecked  persons.  Thej 
has  set  tlie  establishment  upon  its  first  really  are  also  fully  equipped  with  all  the  means  uA 
fair  footing,  enlarged  its  horizon,  and  started  appliances  for  life-saving  operations  from  the 
it  upon  a  fresh  career.  shore.  The  same  class  of  stations  was  deemed 
The  number  of  stations  embraced  by  the  es-  necessiEU^  for  the  coast  of  Maasachnsetts,  vbich 
tablishment  is  196.  Twenty-three  of  these  are  is  contained  in  the  Second  Life-saving  District 
not  yet  completed.  The  stations  consist,  as  This  coast  slopes  seaward  from  New  Hampshire 
before  stated,  of  three  classes,  severally  denom-  out  to  Cape  Ann,  thence  scoops  inward  for 
inated  complete  life-saving  stations,  life-boat  seventy  miles,  forming  Massachusetts  Bij, 
stations,  and  houses  of  refuge.  The  act  which  which  contains  the  thick-masted  nort  of  Bus- 
inangurated  the  ez]tension  of  the  service  to  the  ton,  and,  trending  boldly  toward  the  ocean 
coasts  of  the  entire  country,  which  are  over  makes  the  great,  crooked  peninsula  of  Cape 
10,000  miles  in  extent,  made  their  configuration  Cod,  stretching  forty  miles  outward,  thtrn 
and  distinctive  vicissitudes  of  surf  and  storm  curving  abruptly  upward  for  about  the  Bane 
the  subject  of  anxious  and  exhaustive  consid-  distance,  and  rudely  resembling  in  confonu- 
oration  on  the  part  of  the  Commission  of  1878,  tion  an  arm  raised  in  challenge  to  the  sea. 
with  the  view  of  determining  the  most  effective  This  ci^  is  dreadful  to  mariners.  Ita  oater 
species  of  life-saving  aid  which  could  be  ex-  shore  is  a  barren  bank  of  storm-blown  sand, 
tended  in  the  several  localities  to  shipwrecked  for  ever  shifting  under  elemental  action,  bettes 
seafarers,  under  the  always  narrow  appropria-  by  the  fnU  force  of  the  Atlantic  surfj  and  skirt- 
tions.  Beginning  with  Maine,  they  had  before  ed  off  shore  by  echelons  of  sunken  sand-bars, 
them  a  region  which  from  north  to  south,  and  always  advancing  or  receding,  and  the  frequent 
in  transverse  directions,  the  mighty  plow  of  occasion  of  shipwreck  along  the  entire  penin* 
the  glacier  had  furrowed  in  immemorial  ages  sula.  Below  it  are  the  large  islands  of  Nantnck- 
with  deep  valleys,  which  slope  down  into  uie  et  and  Martha^s  Vineyard,  with  Buzzard^s  Baj 
sea;  their  intervening  ridges,  broken  and  ir-  and  Nantucket  and  Vineyard  Sounds  around 
regular,  forming  submarine  rocks  and  ledges,  them — waters  dangerous  with  submarine  aboais 
or  appearing  as  narrow  capes,  monoliths,  reefs,  and  ledges,  while  the  islanda  they  lave  are 
and  islands  above  the  surface,  causing  capri-  exposed  on  their  seaward  sides  to  the  ocean 
cious  currents  and  abrupt  variations  in  sound-  fury.  The  whole  coast  of  tliis  district  is  rough 
ings,  which,  with  the  numerous  sunken  ro<^s  to  the  mariner.  Dangerous  islands,  rocks,  and 
and  peaks  and  half-submerged  islets  densely  ledges  stud  its  extent  to  the  northward,  aloitf 
paving  the  coast,  like  the  teeth  in  a  sbark^s  the  rugged  projection  of  Cape  Ann,  and  art 
jaw,  make  navigation  in  this  locality  singularly  dense  in  the  mner  part  of  Massachusetts  Baj, 
perilous,  while  at  the  same  time  the  Tees  of  the  entire  extent  of  which  lies  bare  to  tb« 
the  innumerable  capes,  headlands,  and  islands  scourging  easterly  and  northeasterly  gales,  as^ 
afford  frequent  harbors  of  refuge  or  sheltered  has  been  the  scene  of  shipwreck  for  manr  in- 
moorings  for  vessels  which  can  run  their  con-  ward-bound  vessels.  Complete  life-saving  st^ 
comitant  gantlet  of  dangers.  These  dangers  tions  were  nowhere  more  needed  than  on  the 
are  fearfully  angmented  by  the  tremendous  coast  of  this  State,  which  haa  fifteen,  located 
severity  of  winter  storms  in  that  latitude,  at  points  most  liable  to  cause  shipwreck.  The 
with  their  accompaniments  of  impenetrable  same  class  of  stations  were  found  necessarv  for 
fog  and  blinding  snow.  The  numerous  lights,  the  coasts  of  Rhode  Island,  Block  Island,  and 
buoys,  and  sound-signals  of  the  Lighthouse  Long  Island,  which  constitute  the  Third  Life- 
Boa^  and  the  charts  of  the  Coast  Survey,  saving  District,  and  fiice  the  sailing  tracb  of 
have  combined  to  guard  the  mariner  on  this  a  multitude  of  vessels  bound  to  or  from  tbe 
coast,  and  his  hazard  is  further  countervailed  great  port  of  New  York.  From  ita  eastern  to 
by  the  judicious  distribution  at  certain  points,  its  western  boundary,  the  mainland  of  ^e  ep- 
mainly  npon  outlying  islands,  commanding  tire  Rhode  Island  coast,  about  forty  miles  in 
wide  outlooks  upon  the  ocean,  of  seven  life-  breadth,  fronts  the  Atlantic,  and  has  sutiocs 
saving  stations:  six  of  them  upon  the  Maine  at  three  projecting  points  especially  dangerous 
coast,  and  the  seventh  at  Rye  Beach,  where  to  shippmg.  Block  Island,  lying  midwaj  be- 
New  Hampshire  projects  a  narrow  coast  upon  tween  this  coast  and  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  sea.  These  seven  stations  are  compnsed  Long  Island^  directly  in  the  path  of  vessel?. 
by  the  First  Life-saving  District.  They  be-  has  two,  and  Long  Island  haa  thirty-tbree. 
long  to  the  class  designated  as  complete  life-  This  stretch  of  land,  measoring  from  Montaok 


8EEVI0E,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING.  757 

to  Gravesend  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  have  thus  far  made  life-saving  stations  nn- 
miles,  and  Tarjing  from  two  to  twenty-five  necessary  for  about  three  hundred  miles,  when 
miles  in  width,  has  a  beach  which  is  the  the  coast,  receding  for  this  distance,  again 
commencement  of  an  extraordinary  formation,  swells  out  seaward  at  Florida.  The  programme 
This  formation  is  a  strip  of  barren  sand,  from  of  the  service  was  here  shaped  to  new  condi- 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  five  miles  wide,  almost  tions.  This  coast,  closely  approached  by  ves- 
entirely  anpeopled,  separated  by  a  file  of  bays  sels  plying  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf 
from  the  mainland,  which,  commencing  with  of  Mexico,  is  a  coral  formation,  five  hundred 
Long  Isl&nd,  extends  along  the  Atlantic  coast  miles  in  extent,  arid  and  desolate  to  the  last 
to  Gape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  a  distance  of  degree,  with  steep  shores  and  a  depth  of  water 
six  hundred  miles.  It  is  broadly  cleft  three  which  enables  vessels,  when  driven  in  by  the 
times  in  its  course  southward,  by  the  waters  galea  and  tornadoes  of  the  stormy  season,  to 
of  New  York,  Delaware,  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  come  up  almost  high  and  dry,  rendering  com- 
The  bays  which  divide  it  longitudinally  from  paratively  easy  the  escape  of  their  crews,  whose 
the  mainland  are  narrow  till  they  reach  North  chief  liability,  under  these  circumstances,  is  to 
Carolina,  where  tbey  spread  out  into  Albe-  perish  from  hunger  and  thirst.  The  stations 
marie  and  Pamplioo  Sounds,  sinking  thence  to  adopted  for  this  coast,  therefore,  were  of  the 
Gape  Fear  into  swamps  and  lagoons.  A  slow  class  called  houses  of  refuge,  severally  inhab- 
and  perpetual  mutation,  varied  at  times  by  con-  ited  by  a  keeper  and  his  family,  and  stocked 
vnldive  alterations,  is  the  law  of  this  long  chain  with  provisions  for  the  sustenance  of  persons 
of  beach.  At  varying  distances  it  is  traversed  cast  aahore.  There  are  five  of  these  stations, 
by  narrow  inlets,  pierced  by  the  ocean,  which  located  on  the  bulge  of  the  coast  where  vessels 
march  steadily  downward,  year  after  year,  are  liable  to  be  driven  ashore,  and  comprised 
under  the  action  of  the  north  and  east  winds,  within  the  Seventh  Life-saving  District.  Ori- 
the  sand  dosing  up  behind  them,  or  are  arrest-  ginally  no  stations  were  proposed  for  the  Gulf 
ed  or  closed  by  the  operation  of  some  violent  coast,  which  is  generally  a  low  waste  of  sand 
storm,  which  may  at  the  same  time  cleave  the  or  morass,  with  shoaling  waters  and  regular 
beach  across  with  a  new  inlet.  This  march  soundings,  more  fatal  to  marine  property  thud 
of  inlets  threatens  the  safety  of  the  stations,  to  life  when  visited  by  the  southern  hurri- 
and  freqaently  compels  their  removal.  They  canes ;  but  the  recent  increase  of  commerce  at 
are  menaced  also  by  the  ocean,  between  which  Galveston,  and  the  damage  wrought  to  ship- 
and  the  beach  there  is  unceasing  war.  At  ping  by  the  prevailing  northers  on  the  coast  of 
times  the  beach  makes  a  steady  annual  ad-  Texas,  have  led  to  the  projection  of  six  life-sav- 
rance  upon  the  sea,  and  then  for  years  is  ing  stations  for  that  locality  at  points  marked 
driven  back  by  the  onset  of  the  waters.  Off  by  recurrent  disaster,  and  embraced  by  the 
shore,  along  its  whole  extent,  lurk  perilous  Eighth  Life-saving  District.  Five  of  these  are 
shoals  and  platoons  of  submarine  bars,  for  ever  complete  life-saving  stations,  and  one  belongs 
changing  position,  over  which  in  tempests  the  to  the  class  designated  as  life-boat  stations — ^a 
squadrons  of  breakers  mount  and  tumble  with  class  reserved  for  populous  localities  where  vol- 
tremendons  uproar.  Gradually  curving  in  from  unteer  crews  can  be  readily  collected,  and  the 
Moutaak,  this  stretch  of  unstable  beaches  bends  depth  of  water  enables  the  English  life-boat  to 
oat  again  four  hundred  miles  below  to  form  be  used.  The  class  of  life-boat  stations  (estab- 
the  dreaded  cape  of  Hatteras,  from  which  point  lished,  it  may  be  said,  somewhat  experimental- 
the  coast  trends  inward  to  the  boundary  of  ly,  and  with  the  view  of  substituting  for  them 
Florida.  Four  great  marts — New  York,  Phil-  complete  life-saving  stations  if,  after  trial,  their 
adelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Norfolk — bring  the  protection  to  life  should  be  found  inadequate) 
ocean  paths  of  commerce  dose  upon  this  line  belongs  particularly  to  the  Lakes  and  the  Pa- 
of  beach,  and  here  tempest  hunts  the  ships,  cific  coast.  The  Lakes  present  marked  char- 
The  record  of  the  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  acteristics.  They  are  a  group  of  enormous  in- 
beaches  is  terrible.  The  traveler  upon  them  land  seas,  with  2,500  miles  of  American  coast 
sees  everywhere,  protruding  from  the  sands,  line,  generally  regular  shores,  without  many 
the  skeletons  of  wrecks,  and  their  old-time  island,  and  closed  by  ice  to  navigation  for 
story  is  only  of  innumerable  drowned  crewB.  nearly  six  months  in  the  year.  They  have  few 
Here  were  the  earliest  and  the  greatest  success-  natural  harbors,  and  the  entrances  to  most  of 
esof  the  Life-saving  Service,  whose  programme  these  are  narrow,  and  increased  by  the  con- 
devoted  this  entire  line  of  beach  to  complete  trivance  of  donble  piers  jutting  out  consider- 
life-saving  stations.  There  are  41  of  these  in  able  distances.  Their  principal  danger  to 
the  Fonith  Life-saving  District,  embracing  the  navigation  is  involved  in  their  lack  of  sea- 
New  Jersey  coast ;  11  in  the  Fifth  Life-sav-  room,  which  leads  vessels  to  endeavor  in 
ing  Diatrict,  embracing  the  coast  of  Delaware,  storms  to  run  for  shelter  into  the  harbors ; 
Maryland,  and  Virginia  as  far  as  Cape  Charles ;  and  the  entrances  to  these  being  narrow,  ves- 
and  25  in  the  Sixth  Life-saving  District,  em-  sels  are  apt  to  miss  them,  and  be  swept  upon 
bracing  the  coast  of  Virginia  from  Cape  Henry,  the  beach.  They  are  also  subject  to  sudden 
and  of  North  Carolina  to  Cape  Fear.  Below  and  violent  gales,  which  pile  up  seas  so  tre- 
Cape  Fear,  fewer  ports,  a  blander  latitude,  and  mendous  as  to  sweep  anchored  vessels  fore  and 
the  absence  of  most  other  vessels  than  coasters,  aft,  often  forcing  their  crews  into  the  rigging, 


758  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

or   oausiDg  the  oraft  to  fonnder.    At  such  plies  therein  neceasarj,  pays  the  crewB,  keeps 

times,  in  the  cose  of  vessels  heached,  the  life-  the  accounts,  and  oondnots  the  correspoodeaee. 

hoat,  capable  of  being  at  once  let  down  into  He  nominates  the  Keepers  of  his  district^  vho 

the  water  between  the  piers,  at  the  inner  edge  are  subject  to  an  examination  by  a  Board  com- 

of  one  of  which  the  station  is  located,  can  posed  of  the  local  inspector,  a  snrgeon  of  b? 

readily  slip  out  to  the  relief  of  their  crews.  Marine  Hospital  Service,  ana  an  accompMed 

and,  being  very  powerful  and  able  to  sustain  surfman,  and  thrown  out  if  not  able-bodieij 

the  shock  of  the  rudest  seas,  can  also  in  the  experts.    The  Superintendents  receive  tl,u(*/ 

other  instance  be  taken  out  to  vessels  laboring  per  annum,  excepting  those  of  the  Third  tat 

in  distress  at  long  distances  from  shore.    The  Fourth  Districts,  who  each  receive  91^500,  thir'ir 

Ninth  Life-saving  District,  embracing  Lakes  respective  jcoasts  being  more  extensive  Xhsi 

Erie  and  Ontario,  has  six  life-boat  stations,  the  the  others.    The  Assistant  Saperintendest  Ci' 

remaining  three  being  complete  life-saving  sta-  the  Third  District  has  $600  per  annum.   Each 

tions.    Of  the  thirteen  stations  of  the  Tenth  station  has  a  Keeper,  the  best  that  can  be  oV 

Life-saving  District,  embracing  Lakes  Hnron  tained  from  the  athletic  race  of  beachmen,  & 

and  Superior,  three  are  life-boat  stations ;  and  master  of  boat-craft  and  the  art  of  surfing,  ssd 

the  Eleventh  Life-saving  District,  embracing  skilled  in  wreck  operations.     The  profesgon 

Lake  Michigan,  has  thirteen,  with  five  com-  of  a  surfman  is  entirely  distinct  from  that  of. 

plete  life-saving  stations.    At  several  of  the  sailor,  being  only  acquired  by  coast  fisbericefi 

complete  stations  on  the  Lakes,  however,  there  and  wreckers  after  years  of  experience  in  pt;^ 

are  life-boats  as  well  as  surf-boats.    The  eight  ing  out  and  in  through  the  suHT,  the  knowIed:ie 

stations  at  different  points  of  the  Pacific  coast,  of  seamen  being  usually  confined  to  the  »> - 

from  Washington  Territory  to  California,  com-  tion  of  deep  water.    The  Keeper  selects  his 

f arising  the  Twelfth  Life-saving  District,  are  owncrew,  who  are,  however,  subject  to  the  (k- 
ife-boat  stations,  this  class  having  been  die-  cision  of  the  Examining  Bpard.    He  is  bj  lar 
tated  by  the  nature  of  the  coast,  which  is  very  an  inspector  of  customs,  having  authority  for 
regular,  has  few  hiu'bors,  shores  remarkably  tlie  care  of  all  stranded  property,  and  agusA 
bold,  a  mild  and  uniform  climate,  and  only  at  smuggling.     He  preserves  inventories  of  C 
times,  and  rarely  unexpected,  violent  storms,  station  property,  and  journalizes  daily  ^e  \iU 
At  these  times,  a  few  prominent  headlands  or  at  the  station,  sending  weekly  transcripts  of 
river  entrances  may  occasion  disaster  to  ves-  his  journal  to  the  Oeneral  Superintendent  f^r 
sels,  whose  crews  can  be  saved  by  the  life-  his  information.     He  keeps  the  station  adi 
boat.  equipments   in  order,  commands   the  crew, 
The  service,  thus  organized  into  twelve  dis-  steers  the  boat  to  wrecks,  conducts  ill  tit 
tricts,  belongs  by  its  relation  to  commerce  to  operations,  and  governs  his  station  predBcr% 
the  Treasury  Department    It  is  under  the  im-  At  complete  life-saving  stations  they  are  re- 
mediate charge  of  a  General  Superintendent  quired  to  reside  constantly  with  tbeir  crevs  du- 
(Mr.  S.  I.  Kimball),  aided  by  an  Assistant  Gen-  ring  the  active  season.    At  life-boat  6tsTioQ\ 
eral  Superintendent  (Mr.  W.  D.  O'Gonnor),  where  there  are  only  volunteer  crews,  the  Eeef- 
their  headquarters  being  in  the  Treasury  at  ers  must  live  in  the  neighborhood,  keep  sh&.7 
Washington.    An  officer  of  the  Revenue  Ma-  lookout  for  distressed   vessels    during  thk  c 
rine  (Captdn  J.  H.  Merryman)  occupies  the  weather,  and  summon  their  men  upon  oc»* 
position  of  Inspector  of  Life-saving  stations,  sions  of  need.    At  houses  of  refiige,  the  Keep- 
Two  officers  of  the  Revenue  Marine  (Oaptain  ers  live  with  their  families  the  year  round,  vLo 
John  McGowan  and  Captain  J.  H.  Merryman)  after  storms  travel  in  both  directions  from  tic 
serve  as  Superintendents  of  Construction  of  stations  as  far  as  posmble,  searching  for  pem«» 
Life-saving  Stations,  supervimng  all  building  possibly  cast  ashore.     The  oompensatioo  vi 
and  repairs,  and  the  purchase  of  equipments  Keepers  is  fixed  at  $400  per  annnua,  severtl}?. 
for  new  stations.    Their  office  is  in  New  York.  The  crews  of  life-saving  stations  are  ax  n: 
In  each  district  an  officer  of  the  Revenue  number,  and  receive  $40  per  monUi  during  tU 
Marine  is   stationed  as  Assistant  Inspector,  active  season.    They  are  required  to  be  hardj 
his  function  being  to  see  that  the  stations  and  and  skilled  surfmen.    They  constantly  patni) 
their  equipments  are  in  proper  condition,  and  the  beaches  at  night,  with  lanterns  and  ni^ht- 
the  crews  proficient  in  the  use  of  the  lif e-sav-  signals,  on  the  watch  for  endangered  ves^K 
ing  apparatus.    The  districts  are  severally  in  and  also  watch  the  beacli  by  day,  especiallj  in 
the  charge  of  a  Superintendent.    For  the  Rhode  thick  weather.    This  patrol  is  vigilantly  main- 
Ishmd  portion  of  the  Third  District  there  is  tained,  as  befits  its  importance ;  and  the  dlhii- 
an  Assistant  Superintendent  who  resides  at  ner  of  its  observance,  mduding  the  names  of 
Block  Island.     Each  Superintendent  is  ap-  the  men,  and  their  mutual  meetings,  is  minme- 
pointed  after  examination,  and  is  required  to  ly  recorded  by  the  respective  Keepers,  and  tbo 
be  a  habitant  of  the  region,  familiar  with  the  records  forwarded  to  the  office  of  the  Gtaier£ 
coast,  and  with  the  action  of  surf  and  the  use  Superintendent,  where  they  receive  an  ezimi-j 
of  surf-boats  and  other  life-saving  apparatus,  nation  which  detects  through  disorepancj  tLi 
He  is  responsible  for  the  condition  and  con-  evasion  of  the  duty.    The  volunteer  crews  4 
duct  of  his  district,  makes  requisition  upon  the  the  life-boat  stations  are  groups  of  eight  pef^ 
management  for  idl  repairs,  outfits,  and  sup-  sons,  beades  die  Keeper.    They  are  regularly 


SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  UFE-SATING.  759 

enrolled,  and  are  required  to  be  on  tbe  watoh  abingled  with  oedar,  and  are  piunted  like  the 

for  the  signal  for  tlieir  assemblf  in  thick  or  other  etationa.    Thej  are  placed  on  piles  at 

itonnr  weather.    They  reoeiTe  (S  per  man  the  water's  edge,  or  set  on  the  inner  aide  of 

for  eaob  day  devoted  to  drill  and  ezeroise,  and  tbe  piers,  and  are  fnmished  with  an  inclined 

tlO  per  man  for  each  occasioD  of  service  at  platforni,  or  trap  in  tbe  floor,  along  which 

wrecks.  the  life-boat  is  let  down  and  launched  into  the 

The  scheme  of  tbe  service  places  the  long  wat«r  by  a  windlass.    Over  the  door  of  each  is 

chsin  of  complete  life-saving  stations  on  the  a  tablet  inscribed  "TT.  8.  Life-Boat  Srinos." 
Atlantic  beaches  within  an  average  distance 
of  five  miles  of  each  other,  tbe  object  being  to 
maintain  tbe  iateroominnnication  of  patrol, 
and  effect  tne  speedy  assembling  of  several 
crews  in  case  of  the  occnrrence  of  a  wreck 
requiring  multiplied  effort.  The  complete 
lire-saving  stations  are  generally  situated  just 
behind  the  beach,  among  the  low  sand-bills 
common  to  snch  localities.  They  are  typically 
two-story  houses,  mainly  hnilt  of  tongned  and 
grooved  pine,  with  gable  roofs,  covered  with 
cypress  or  cedar  shingles,  and  strong  abnttars 
to  the  windows,  and  are  aecnrely  bolted  to  a 
fonndation  of  cedar  or  locast  poets,  sunk  in 
trenches  fonr  feet  deep.  Their  architeotnre  is 
of  the  pointed  order,  somewhat  in  tbe  chalet 
style,  with  heavy  projecting  eaves  and  a  small 
open    observatory  or  lookout   deck,  on  the 

peak  of  tbe  roof,  from   which  apires  a  flag-  Lm-uvniB  >TATiaii. 
staff.     The  walls  of  the  hoases  are  painted 

drab,  with  darker  color  for  the  door  and  win-  Tbe  bouses  of  refnge  are  two-story  struo- 
dow  trimmings  and  the  roofs  dark  red.  Over  tures,  of  a  style  common  at  tbe  Sooth,  with 
the  door  is  a  tabletwith  the  inscription  "  U.  8.  broad  gabled  roob,  an  ample  veranda  8  feet 
LiFB-BAvraa  Station."  Tbe  appearance  of  wide  on  three  sides  of  tbe  structure,  and  large 
tbe  bouses  is  tasty  and  picturesque.  Their  chimneys  in  the  rear,  bnilt  outside  of  the  wul. 
dimensions  are  from  18  to  20  feet  wide  by  40  Tbe  honses  are  of  pine,  raised  about  six  feet 
feet  long ;  tbe  later  hoases  are  20  by  i6.  Be-  from  the  ground  on  light  wood  posts,  and  the 
tow  they  contain  two  rooms.  One  of  these  is  roofs  shingled  with  cypress.  Instead  of  glass, 
the  boat-room,  about  10  feet  high,  occupying  tbe  windows  are  fitted  with  wire-ganse  moa- 
over  two  thirds  of  the  ground-floor  space,  or  qnito  netting.  Tbe  hoases  are  about  87  feet 
meaan ring  about  IS  by  80  feet,  and  opening  by  long  by  16  feet  wide,  not  including  tbe  veranda 
a  broad  doable-leaf  door  into  the  weather.  In  space.  Tbe  upper  story  is  a  loft,  the  lower  has 
tills  are  stored  tbe  boats,  life-car,  wreck-gun,  toree  apartments.  Each  Iioase  haa  capacity 
and  most  of  the  apparatus.  The  other  room,  for  succoring  twenty-flve  persons,  with  pro- 
about  8  feet  high,  and  measnring  nbont  12  by  visions  to  feed  that  number  for  ten  days.  A 
16  feet,  is  the  general  living-room  of  the  crew,  boat-honse  is  provided  for  each  station,  fnr- 
The  second  story  contains  uiree  rooms,  one  for  nished  with  a  galvanized  iron  boat  with  scnlls. 
the  storage  of  the  lighter  apparatus,  one  for  Aoompletelife-savingstation,  fnllyequipped, 
the  sleeping-room  of  the  keeper,  and  one  for  costs  about  |6,000  ;  a  life-boat  station  abont 
that  of  the  men ;  both  of  these  furnished  with  $4,600 ;  and  a  house  of  refnge  about  |8,000. 
cot-beds  in  sufficient  namher  for  the  aooommo-  The  stations  are  fuily  equipped  with  all  minor 
dation  also  of  the  occasional  guests  sent  to  tbe  appnrtenancea  apposite  to  their  parpose,  snch 
stations  by  shipwreck.  At  stations  where  as  ancbora,  grapnels,  aies,  shovels,  boat-hooka, 
there  is  oommnracation  with  the  Signal  Service,  and  wreckers'  materials  and  implements  gen- 
there  is  an  additional  room  in  tbe  upper  story  erallj ;  and  those  which  are  inhabited  are  also 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  signal  officer,  furnished  witli  atoves,  cot-beds,  mattresses, 
The  later  and  better  built  stations  have  interior  blankets,  and  the  ntensils  requisite  for  rude 
walls  of  lath  and  plaster,  and  are  furnished  out-  bonsekeeping.  Tbe  crews  find  their  own  pro- 
ude  with  cisterns  for  the  collection  of  rain-  visions.  The  stations  are  also  provided  with 
water.  The  lack  of  fresh  water  on  the  beaohes  all  the  most  approved  appliances  for  saving  life 
is  one  of  the  hardships  of  station-life.  from  wrecks.    First  among  these  is  tbe  sii- 

The   life-boat   stations   are  usually  24  feet  oared  surf-boat,  tbe  light  weight  and  draught 

high  from  base  to  peak,  42  feet  long  by  22  feet  of  which  make  it  the  only  boat  yet  found  suit< 

wide,  exterior  measurements,  and  contain  a  loft  able  for  service  for  the  flat  beaohes  and  shoal- 

above,  and  a  room  below  12  feet  high,  20  feet  ing  water  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast, 

wide,  and  40  feet  long,  for  the  accommodation  Though  not  invariably  of  the  same  model,  it 

of  the  life-boat  and  its  gear.    They  are  built  is  usaally  of  oedar,  with  white-oak  frames, 

of  matched  and  grooved  pine,  with  gable  roofs  without  keel,  varying  in  dimensions,  but  gen- 


jeo  SERVICE,  UNITED  BTATEB  LIFE-SAVING. 

erallf  from  25  to  27  feet  long,  from  6)  to  6  feet  iscnpnble  of  mureloni  action,  and  few  rigtb 

wide,  and  from  a  feet  Sinchee  to  3  feat  6  inches  are    more   impresdve   than    the  nuaage  m 

in  least  depth.    It  baa  commonly  air^oasea  at  throagh  the  flashing  breakers  of  uie  frail  »j 

the  ends  and  along  the  interior  sides  under  the  boat,  lightlj  Hwimniing  on  tbe  vast  inttuDfi- 

thwarts,  which  make  it  insnbmergible,  and  le  eence  of  the  snrge,  held  in  Baspennon  befotr 

fitted  with  cork  fenders  raoning  along  the  onter  the  roaring  and  tamoltaons  comber,  or  iut- 

sides  to  protect  it  against  collision  with  hnlls  ing  forward  as  the  wall  of  water  breats  i»] 

or  wreckage.    Its  weight  is  from  700  to  1,000  crumbles,  obedient  to  the  oars  of  the  impu- 

poonds.    It  is  guided  by  a  long  steering  oar,  sire  crew.    Though  sometimes  thrown  b»A 

the  steersman  standing  ia  the  stero.    In  the  and  broken  in  desperate  and  nnarailing  d- 

hands  of  the  skilled  surfmen  of  onr  coasts,  it  forts  at  a  lannoh  against  a  resistless  sea,  Hi) 


boat,  which  might  be  upset  ea^ly,  baa  rarelj  Jersej,  saj  that  in  it  thej  will  face  anj  sea  ii 

in  the  hiatorj  of  the  serTioe  been  capsized  in  which  a  life-boat  can  live, 
passing  throDgh  the  snrf,  so  great  is  the  skill        Un  the  Lakes  and  the  Pacific  ooast,  whn^ 

(it  her  gallant  oarsmen ;  and  oertdn  great  surf-  steep  shores  or  piers  command  deep  wat«r.  ii 

men,  like  Captain  fiildreth,  of  Station  39,  New  by  mechanical  contrirances  heavy  boats  e 


SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 


he  UnnabMl  direct!}'  into  it,  the  Englisli  life- 
boat is  ID  general  use.  This  woDderfol  con- 
triraace,  the  reaalt  of  a  centarj  of  repeated 
effort,  ii  of  roaaeive  Btrengtb  and  stability.  It 
a  bnilt  of  doable  diagonala  of  maboganj.  Tbe 
liie  generallf  in  nse  in  tbis  coontry  is  aboat 
27  feet  in  length,  a  little  orer  7  feet  broad,  8 
feet  8  inches  deep,  carry icig  eight  oars,  doable- 
bmked,  and  weifcbiDB  when  empty  4,000 
pounds.  It  is  self-rignting  and  self-bailing. 
In  other  wonlg,  when  thrown  over,  which  is 
dilGcnlt  to  be  done,  by  a  heavy  sea,  it  instantly 
rights  and  empties.  Tbe  first  of  these  two 
eiiraonjinary  eharacteristJcB,  to  which  a  great 
namber  of  advantages  are  saorificcd,  is  effected 
bj  a  ponderous  false  keel  of  iron,  which  gives 
the  lover  part  of  the  boat  a  constant  deter- 
miDBtioD  toward  the  water,  while  an  eqnal  de- 
termination from  the  water  is  muntained  for 
the  npper  portion  of  the  boat  by  a  distribution 
orair-cAses  at  the  sides  and  ends,  scientifically 
proportioned.  Tbe  self-hailing  characteristic 
H  effected  by  a  deck  adJnBted  with  reference 
to  the  draught  of  the  boat,  so  that,  whatever 
be  tbe  load  of  the  latter,  tbe  deck  is  above 
the  load-line ;  and  being  fitted  with  tabes  ex- 
tending vertically  down  throogh  the  bottom  of 
tbe  boat.  It  follows  that  whatever  water  the  boat 
takes  on  board  falls  throngh  the  tabes,  in  obe- 
dience to  tbe  law  which  compels  fluids  to  seek 
tbeir  level,  and  leaves  the  deck  free.  The 
dehcery  tobea  are  famished  with  self-acting 
valve*,  opening  to  tbe  downward  pressure  of 
tbe  water  shipped  by  tbe  boat,  and  shntting  to 
(be  pressure  of  the  jets  ttom  below.  Cork  oal- 
laxi  adds  by  ite  weight  to  the  stability  of  the 
boat,  and  angments  its  buoyancy  in  case  the 
boat  be  stove.  Two  roasts,  made  detachable, 
are  provided,  fitted  with  two  low  lug-saiLt  and 
a  jib.  The  boat  is  wellnigh  invulnerable,  but 
iU  Kreat  weight  and  draught,  and  the  resistance 
ib-  high  bowa  offer  to  tbe  wind,  often  make  its 
towage  by  steam-tag  necessary  to  enable  it  to 
reach  a  wreck  at  a  distance.  Particnlar  atten- 
tion is  given  to  the  stowage  of  its  ropes,  lines, 
anchors,  and  other  articles  carried  in  life-boats, 
these  being  arranged  by  a  strict  method  with 
reference  to  economy  of  space  and  facility  of 
DM,  and  always  kept  on  board,  ready  for  servioe, 
lesi  any  of  tliem  shoaid  be  forgotten  in  the  ex- 
oitement  of  a  sudden  summons  for  wreck  duty. 
Carriages  of  a  pecaliar  constraotion  are  pro- 
vided in  England  for  the  transportation  and 
Isunching  of  these  boats,  together  with  skids 
aad  rollers  for  returning  them  to  their  car- 
riages ;  bnt  at  present  in  tbis  country  they  are 
let  down  by  the  trap  or  inclined  platform  di- 
rectly into  the  water,  the  station  being  always 
at  the  wat«r's  edge.  The  surf-boats  are  pro- 
vided with  carriages,  by  which  they  are  hauled 
from  the  stations  abreast  of  wrecks.  They  are 
four-wheeled,  with  bed-piecee  between  each 

!i»ir  of  wheels,  on  which  tbe  boat  rests,  and  a 
rag  bar  or  reach  connecting  the  front  and  back 
vbeels,  made  separable  hdi-way  to  enable  the 
boat  to  be  lowered  to  the  ground  by  withdraw- 


ing a  portion  of  tbe  carriage.  The  American 
life-boat,  invented  by  Gaptun  J.  i£.  Richard- 
son, Superintendent  of  tne  flraC  Life-saving 
District,  five  Bpeoimena  of  which  are  now  in  nse, 


rape  ud  gnpwL 
4.  Dngnt-ioiM. 


e.  Jib  ontlnnl  or  tick. 


L  Lotted  anfl,   bHTlsg-llMh 


wonid  seem  to  be  better  adapted  for  the  ser- 
vice on  our  coast  than  tbe  English,  being  con- 
siderably lighter  and  of  less  draught,  and  eqoal- 
ly  self-righting  and  self-bailing. 

When  boat  service  at  a  wreck  Is  impractica- 
ble, resort  ia  had  to  life-aaving  ordnance.  The 


gun  first  in  asa  was  an  Sprouvettt  mortar,  of 
cast  iron,  weighing  288  pounds,  throning  a  S4- 
pound  spherical  ball  with  a  line  attached  there- 


768  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 

to,  ita  extreme  range  being  4S1  yarde.  This  now  read;  for  triuiportAtlon  to  the  te*ot  of 
gaTepUeetotheParrottgiui,  of  cast  iron,  with  a  wreck.  When  brought  there,  it  i»  luratJ 
a  steel  tnbe  or  lining,  weighing,  with  its  ash-  upside  down,  disclosing  the  false  bottom,  vilii 
wood  carriage,  SflS  poanda,  carrying  a  24-  the  frame  superimpoeod  upon  it  Two  ia«iL 
pound  elongated  projectile,  with  a  raazimnni  one  at  each  end  of  the  l>oi,  release  the  Us- 
range  of  4T3  ^ards.  The  L;le  gan,  which  has  euings,  and,  each  preMiag  bis  foot  upon  li» 
superseded  these,  is  of  bronze,  smooth  bore,  false  iMttom  to  keep  it  down,  the  two  lift  of 
weighing  1S6  ponnds,  with  a  cjlindrical  line-  the  frame,  bringing  away  the  pins  with  it  Tht 
carrying  shot  weighing  17  poonds,  and  a  range  false  bottom  is  then  lifted  off  the  lice,  whirii 
of  69S  yards.  The  rudaction  In  weight  over  remains  in  the  box,  disposed  in  the  lajen  vf 
the  lightest  previous  ordaanoe  is  110  ponnda,  diagonal  loops  or  fakes  made  b;  the  pini.  Tbc 
and  the  increase  in  range  over  the  old  iproV'  line  is  thus  arranged  to  pay  oat  freelj,  sod  ij 
iiate« is 374 yards.  Otheradvantagesof  the  Lyte    to  a  wreck  without  entanglement  or  frictioiL 

Sun  are  its  strength,  owing  to  the  tenacity  sud 
iictility  of  ila  material,  its  freedom  from  corro- 
sion, and  its  exemption  from  the  erosive  action  of 
gases,  there  being  little  windage,  and  from  wear 
by  the  projectile,  this  beiDc  nearly  the  length  of 
the  bore.  The  projectile  has  a  shank  protrud- 
ing four  inches  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gQn,  to 
va  ejein  which  the  line  is  tied — adevice  which 


The  end  is  now  tied  into  the  eye  of  the  dunt 
of  the  shot  in  the  gnn;  the  box,  which  ii  il- 
ways  placed  a  few  feet  to  the  windward  of  ilw 
prevents  the  line  from  being  bnmed  off  by  the    gun,  is  canted  np  on  one  side  at  an  sn^c  <"'!' 
Ignited  gases  in  firing.    The  shot-line  is  made    about  4fi  degrees;  and  the  line  is  ready  for  fir- 
of  anbleachcd  linen  thread,  very  closely  and    Ing.    The  line  is  always  brought  read;  hiri 
smoothly  braided,  is  waterproofed,  and  has    to  the  soene  of  action  and  fired  from  the  Wi. 
great  elasticity,  which  tends  to  insure  it  against    In  case  &  second  shot  is  necessary  the  line  U 
breaking.    The  lines  in  use  ore  of  varying    laid  ont  in  large  loops  opon  a  taj-panlin  tfraii 
thicknesees,  according  to  cironrastanoes,  rang-     out  upon  the  beach,  which  is  called  YraA 
ing  from  one  eighth  to  three  eighths  of  on    faking.    This  is  done  to  save  time,  twentj.d<« 
inch,  and  their  length  varies 
from  600  to  TOO  yards.    The 
shot-line  is  carried  in  a  faking- 
box  —  a  wooden    chest  with 
handleH  for  convenience  in  oar- 
rying.    There  are  two  or  three 
Nzea  in  use,  tlie  dimensions  of 
the  largest  being  about  three 
feet  long  by  one  and  a  half 
wide,  and  a  foot  deep.    Oon- 
nected  with  it  is  a  frame,  a  lit- 
tle larger  tiiao  the  box,  witi)  & 
row  of  wooden  pins  set  verti- 
cally into  its  four  sides.     A 
falsa  bottom,  which  is  a  tablet 
of  wood    pierced  with  holes 
corresponding  to  the  pins,  is 

let  down  over  them   until   it  namo  «hot-ij«  to  wb«3. 

reaches  their  bases,  and  rests 

upon  the  frame.  In  disposing  the  shot-line,  or  thirty  minutes  being  requisite  to  fake  s  lit« 
the  faker  begins  at  the  comer,  and  coils  it  in  properly  in  the  box;  bat  it  is  leas  desirable. u 
successive  diagonal  loops  or  fakes  over  the  pins,  '  exposure  to  the  firing  sand  or  the  rain  or  sprsr 
layer  above  layer,  until  the  line  is  completely  lessens  the  range  by  impeding  the  flight  of  tb« 
rove.  The  box  is  then  let  down  over  the  pins,  line.  When  tlie  shot-hne  reaches  the  vnA. 
and  fastened  at  each  end  to  the  frame.    It  is    the  shore  end  is  connected  with  the  whip  oi 


8EKVICE,  DNTTED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 


763 


btoUng  line.  Tbis  is  en  eodleas  rope  or  ellipse, 
an  inch  and  a  balf  in  oiroomfereDce,  and  ions 
enough  to  reach  from  the  shore  to  the  vesseH 
It  is  reeved  through  a  paller-blotsk,  having  at- 
tached to  it  several  feet  of  rope  caiied  a  tail. 
Tbe  shot-line  is  tied  aroand  both  parts  of  the 
whip,  B  few  feet  above  the  pnlley-block,  and 
[he  crew  of  the  vesiiel  at  a  sintal  haul  the  whip 
on  board  by  means  of  the  ahot-line.  With  it 
goes  a  tablet  called  a  tally-board,  on  which  are 
printed.  Id  French  npon  one  side  and  in  Eng- 
lish QpoD  the  other,  directions  for  properly  set- 
ling  ap  the  whip-line  on  the  vessel.  When 
this  is  done,  a  signal  is  made  to  the  shore,  and 
a  hawser  of  snmcient  length  and  four  inches 
in  circnmference,  to  which  is  attaohed  another 
tilly-board,  hearing  printed  directions  in  Eng- 
lish and  French  for  its  disposition,  is  tied  to 
one  part  of  the  whip  or  hauling  tine,  and  Is 
sent  oat  to  the  vessel  by  the  life-saving  crew 
pnUing  npon  the  other  part.  Obeying  the  di- 
rections of  this  tally-board,  the  men  on  the 
ship  &aten  the  hawser  to  the  mast  about  eigh- 
teen inches  above  the  haoling-line.  A  crotch, 
mads  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  three  by  two  inch- 
es thick  and  ten  feet  Jodjc,  crossed  near  the  top, 
so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  X,  and  bolted  together, 
is  erected,  and  the  shore  end  of  the  hawser  is 
drawn  over  the  intersection.  A  eand-anohor, 
compooed  of  two  pieces  of  hard  wood,  six  feet 
long,  eight  inches  wide,  and  two  inches  thick, 
crossed  at  their  oenters,  bolted  together,  and 


saDd-anobor,  held  by  the  lateral  strain  against 
the  nde  of  the  trench,  sastains  the  slender 
bridge  of  rope  oonstitoted  by  the  hawser. 

If  there  are  a  large  nnmber  of  persons  to  he 
saved,  the  life-car  is  nsed.  This  is  a  covered 
boat  of  galvsniied  sheet  iron,  11  feet  4  inches 
long,  4  feet  8  inches  wide,  and  8  feet  deep, 
weighing  226  pounds,  whioh  will  hold  six  or 
seven  persons.  It  is  covered  with  a  hatch, 
and  has  a  few  perforationa  made  in  the  top 
from  the  inside,  whioh  admit  air,  while  their 
raised  edge*  exclude  water.  It  is  snspended 
on  the  hawser  by  bails  and  rings,  to  whioh  are 
also  attached  the  hau ling-lines,  idl  these  ropes 
being  arranged  to  it  before  the  hawser  is  fast- 
ened behind  the  crotch.      It  ta  evident  that. 


famtshed  at  the  center  with  a  stont  iron  ring, 
b  laid  obliqaely  in  a  trench  dog  behind  the 
crotch.  An  iron  hook,  from  which  runs  a  strap 
of  rope,  having  at  its  other  end  an  iron  ring 
called  a  ball's-eye,  is  now  fasteoed  into  the 
ring  of  the  sand-anchor.  This  strap  connects 
by  the  bnll's-eye  with  a  double  palley-block  at 
the  end  of  the  hawser  behind  the  crotch,  by 
which  the  hawser  is  drawn  and  kept  taat. 
Tlie  trench  is  solidly  SUed  in,  and  the  imbedded 


by  pnlling  on  one  part  of  the  banllng-line,  the 
life-saving  crew  can  send  oot  the  suspended 
life-car  to  the  vessel  above  the  surface  of  the 
sea,  and,  when  it  has  reoeived  its  load,  draw 
it  back  to  the  shore  by  pnlling  on  the  other 
part.  Its  nse  has  been  nniformly  snocessfnl, 
201  persons  having  been  saved  by  it  from  tbe 
immigrant  ship  Ayrshire  at  its  first  trial,  in  a 
see  which  made  boat  service  impossible  and 
which  utterly  destroyed  the  vessel.  Another 
mode  of  using  the  life-ear  is  the  following :  By 
means  of  the  shot-line,  a  single  banling-line, 
something  more  than  the  length  of  the  dis- 
tance of  the  wreck  from  the  shore,  is  drawn 
on  board,  the  end  of  it  being  made  fast  to  a 
ring  at  one  extremity  of  the  life-car.  To  a 
ring  at  the  other  extremity  a  similar  hanling- 
line  is  attached,  the  end  of  which  remains  on 
shore.  By  the  first  hauling-line  the  car  is 
dragged  oat  throogh  the  water,  as  a  boat,  by 
those  on  bo«rd,  and,  having  reoeived  its  load, 
is  dragged  back  again  throogh  the  water  by 
the  line  handled  by  the  men  on  land.  This 
method  of  working  the  life-car  is  resorted  to 
under  certain  exigencies,  but  is  less  desirable 
than  the  other,  because,  although  the  people  it 
contains  are  safe,  the  car  is  liable  to  be  turned 
over  and  over  in  its  passage  through  the  break- 
ers, much  to  their  discomfort. 

The  large  m^ority  of  the  vessels  now  strand- 
ed npon  our  coasts  being  coasters  (schooners 
and  barks),  with  crews  of  from  tax  to  ten  men, 
the  breeoties-buoy  is  more  commonly  nsed. 
This  is  a  much  lighter  contrivance,  and  there- 
fore easier  to  transport  and  handle,  weighing 


764  SERVICE,  CNITEU  STATES  UFE-5AVING. 

onlf  SI  ponnda,  and  requiring  for  ita  use  leM    a  traveler.    Th«  hawser  paases  throogl]  tliii 
heavy  cordage,  the  differenoe  in  weight  be-    block,  and  the   Bospended    breechM-bnoj  L' 
tween  the  two  with  their  appendages  amount-    drawn  between  ship  and  shore  by  hiiiJin;- 
ing  to  over  COO  ponndg.    It  conaistB  of  a  com-    lines,  lilie  the  life-oar.    At  each  trip  it  k- 
moD  oircalar  life-preserver  of  cork,  7i  feet  in    oeives  bnt  one  penon,  who  geta  into  it,  si- 
ting, holding  to  the  lanjarda,  (nstaiiied 
b;  the  canvas  saddle,  with  hii  left 
dsngling  below,  and  is  pnlled  iwiftlj 
aabore.    When  there  is  imminent  din- 
ger of  the   breaking  up   of  the  Ttf- 
»el,  and   great   hsste  is  required  for 
the  reaene,  the  hsweer  is  »ometinic» 
dispensed  with,  one  part  of  the  hsiil' 
ing-line  being  osed  for  the  bnoj  tc' 
travel  upon. 

The  spparstoB  having  to  be  drtii 
by  the  men  where  horses  are  not  u> 
cessible,  s  hsnd-cart  is  provided  tor 
this  purpose,  strongly  bnill,  witb  Iitk 
wheels  naving  five-inch  tires  to  ke«p 
them  Bsmnch  as  possible  from  nakiDK 
into  the  sand.  Thesnrf-boat  isdn^d 
in  the  some  way  on  ita  carriage. 

Amedioine-chesttsfiimisheaforfub 
station.  It  oontaius  wine  and  bnodj, 
mustard  plasters,  volatile  salts,  pro- 
bangs,  and  a  few  other  nmple  reme- 
dies and  appUances  for  reviving  ex- 
hausted persons  or  uding  to  nsutK 
those  apparently  drowned,  printed  di- 
rections for  the  nse  of  which  tre 
pasted  within  the  lid  of  each  cbni- 
A  method  of  resuscitation  is  pabliihed 
in  the  regalatiotts  of  the  service,  vhict 
is  also  practically  tanght  to  everj  mem- 
ber of  the  crews  by  the  vindog  nc< 
geon.  The  method  is  that  of  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Howard,  of  New  York,  «tlb 
certain  modifications  by  Dr.  John  M. 
mnoin  bt  BiuacHu-BnaT.  Woodworth,  Iste  Sopervising  &nrg«(>ii- 

Genersl  of  the  IT.  B.  Marine  Hoipiul 
circumference,  to  which  short  canvas  breeches  Service.  Its  extreme  simplicity  of  applicati<^ii 
are  attached.  Foor  rope  lanyards  fastened  and  great  general  utility  merit  for  it  a  partjcukr 
to  this  circle  of  ourk  meet  above  in  an  iron  description.  It  begins  with  the  attempt  tii 
ring,  which  is  attached  by  a  strap  around  a  arouse  the  patient,  who  mnst  not  be  removed, 
block;  with  composition  sheaves,  and  is  called    unless  there  is  danger  of  his  fnenug,  bnt  hL< 


faoeeijKwed  to  the  fresh  air,  the  mouth  and  nos-  patient  does  not  at  once  revive,  a  bit  of  wood 

trils  wiped  dry,  the  clothing  quickly  ripped  open  or    a  cork    is  placed  between  his  teeth  ia 

BO  aa  to  expose  the  chest  and  waist,  sod  two  keep  the  mouth  open,  be  Is  tnmed  upon  hl$ 

or  three  quick,  smarting  slaps  f^ven  npon  the  face,  a  lai^  bnndle  of  tightly  rolled  clothing  i^ 

stomaoh  and  chest  witb  tbe  open  hand.   If  the  placed  beneath  the  stomaciC  and  the  operaioT 


SEKVICE,  ONITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING.  765 

preaaee  faeavilj  upon  his  back  over  the  bundle  hanilkerehief  wrapped  oloaely  aroand  the  fore- 
fur  half  a  minote,  or  as  loDg  m  fluid  flowe  finger;  the  patient  ia  tnrned  npon  his  baok, 
freelf  from  his  month.  {See  cat  below.)  The  nnder  which  the  roll  of  clothing  is  placed  so  as 
monU)  and  throat  are  then  cleared  of  tnncus  to  raise  the  pit  of  the  stomach  above  the  level 
b;  introdacing  into  the  throat  the  end  of  a  of  any  other  part  of  the  bod;.    If  an  aauataot 


is  present,  he  holds  the  tip  of  the  patient's  back  over  the  bead,  which  increasea  the  prom- 

toDgne,  with  a  piece  of  dry  cloth,  ont  of  one  inence  of  the  ribs  and  tends  to  enlarge  the 

comerofthemonth,  which preventsthetongne  chest.    The  operator  then  kneels  astride  the 

from  falling  back  and  choking  the  entrance  to  patient's  hips  and  presses  both  hands  below 

the  windpipe,  and  with  his  other  bond  grasps  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  with  the  balls  of  the 

the  patient's  wrists  and  keeps  the  anns  stretched  thotnbs  resting  on  each  side  of  it  and  tbe  6nger8 


between  the  short  ribs,  so  as  to  get  a  good  back  to  his  first  kneeling  position.    This  oper- 

grasp  of  the  waist.    (See  cot  above.)    He  then  ation,  which  converts  the  chest  of  the  patient 

throws  his  weight  forward  onhis  hands,  sqneeB-  into  a  bellows,  is  continued  at  a  rate  grado^; 

ing  the  waist  between  them  with  a  strong  increased  from  fonr  to  fitteen  times  in  a  minute, 

pressore,  ooonts  slowly  one,  two,  three,  and,  and  with  the  regnlarit;  observable  in  the  natn- 

with  »  final  posh,  lets  go,  which  springs  him  ral  moticou  of  breathing  which  are  thus  imi- 


766 


SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAVING. 


tated.  If  nataral  breathing  is  not  restored  in 
three  or  fonr  zninntes,  the  patient  is  tnmed  a 
second  time  npon  the  stomach  in  an  opposite  di- 
rection from  that  in  which  he  was  first  torned, 
the  object  being  to  free  the  air-passages  from 
any  remaining  water.  The  artificial  respira- 
tion is  then  resumed  and  continued  if  necessarj 
from  one  to  four  hours,  or  until  the  patient 
breathes,  and  when  life  appears  the  first  short 
gasps  are  carefully  aided  by  the  same  method. 
From  the  first,  if  assistants  are  present,  the 
limbs  of  the  patient  are  rubbed,  always  in  an 
upward  direction  toward  the  body  and  with 
firmness  and  energy,  the  bare  hands  being  used, 
or  dry  fiannels  or  handkerchiefs,  and  the  fric- 
tion kept  up  under  blankets,  or  over  dry  cloth- 
ing. Tne  warmth  of  the  body  is  also  promoted 
whenever  possible  by  the  application  of  hot 
fiannels  to  the  stomach  and  armpits,  and  bot- 
tles or  bladders  of  hot  water,  or  heated  bricko, 
to  the  limbs  and  the  soles  of  the  feet.  As 
soon  as  breathing  is  established,  the  patient  is 
stripped  of  all  wet  clothing,  wrapped  in  blan- 
kets only,  put  to  bed  comfortably  warm,  but 
with  a  free  circulation  of  fresh  air,  and  left  to 
perfect  rest.  For  the  first  hour  a  little  hot 
brandy-and- water,  or  other  stimulant,  is  given 
every  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  and  as  often  after- 
ward as  may  be  expedient  After  reaction  is 
established  the  patient  is  in  great  danger  of 
congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  uiSess  perfect  rest 
is  maintained  for  at  least  forty-eight  hours  he 
may  be  seized  with  diflSculty  of  breathing, 
and  death  ensue  if  immediate  relief  is  not  af- 
forded. In  such  cases  a  large  mustard  plaster 
is  placed  upon  his  chest,  and  if  he  gasps  for 
breath  before  the  mustard  takes  effect  his 
breathing  is  assisted  by  the  carefbl  repetition 
of  the  artificial  respiration.  In  connection  with 
this  process  the  snrfmen  are  instructed  to 
consider  tlie  clinching  of  the  jaws  and  semi- 
contraction  of  the  fingers,  which  have  been 
considered  signs  of  death,  to  be  on  the  contrary 
evidences  of  vitality,  and  to  borrow  from  them 
hope  and  confidence  for  redoubled  effort  in 
the  work  of  resuscitation.  This  is  a  discoveiy 
of  Dr.  Labordette,  of  the  Hospital  of  Lisieuz, 
in  France.  He  found  by  numerous  experi- 
ments that  the  jaws  and  hands  relax  when 
death  ensues,  rigor  mortis  supervening  later. 

The  Merriman  life-saving  suit  is  supplied  to 
the  stations,  and  often  proves  useful  by  ena- 
bling surf  men  to  effect  rescues  of  individuals 
struggling  in  the  breakers,  and  even  to  reach 
wrecks  and  assist  benumbed  crews  to  set  up 
the  life-lines.  It  consists  of  footed  pantaloons 
of  India-rubber,  and  above  the  waist  of  a 
double  ply  of  the  same  material  covering  all 
but  the  face,  and  inflated  severally  in  breast, 
back,  and  head,  between  the  plies,  by  three 
rubber  tubes.  Being  thus  buoyant,  and  also 
Impervious  to  air,  its  wearer  can  neither  drown 
nor  freeze.  Since  its  origin d  introdaction  at 
the  stations,  the  exploits  of  Paul  Boyton  have 
given  it  celebrity. 

Upon  occasions  of  boat-service,  the  life-sav- 


ing crews  are  required  by  regulation  to  we&r 
the  cork  life-belts  devised  by  Captain  Ward, 
the  Inspector  of  the  Boyal  National  Life-Boat 
Institution  of  Great  Britain.    These  lif^-belu 


LIFB-«ATXXa  DMEMa, 


weigh  severally  only  4i  ponnds ;  are  flexible, 
being  composed  of  a  series  of  small  blocks  of 
cork  strung  together ;  have  crenellatlons  un- 
der the  arms,  leaving  those  members  unim- 
peded in  action ;  and  by  rendering  the  sorfmen 
secure  from  drowning,  double  their  efficiency 
to  assist  others  in  case  of  exigency. 


ooBX  jjwm-VEur, 


The  stations  are  opened  for  service  on  th^ 
seaboard  from  September  1st  to  May  1st,  or 
for  a  shorter  period  wherever  deemed  pmdoit. 
and  on  the  Lakes  from  the  opening  to  the  close 
of  navigation.  Strict  watch  and  ward  is  main- 
tained during  this  period — at  the  life-boat  sta- 
tions by  lookout,  and  at  the  complete  life-saving 
stations  by  patrol.    The  period  between  sunstt 


SEBVIOE,  U.  8.  LIFE-SAVING.  SOUTH  CAROLINA.             767 

and  dawn  is  divided  into  watches,  each  kept  oyer,  notably  performed  wreckers'  datj,  and 
by  two  men  of  the  crew  of  six  at  the  several  saved  large  amounts  of  marine  property.  The 
stations.  In  conformity  with  this  routine,  two  virtue  of  organization  is  attested  by  these  re- 
men  issue  at  sunset  from  each  coast  station,  suits,  but  large  credit  must  always  be  given 
They  carry  beach  lanterns  and  are  provided  to  the  noble  fidelity,  capability,  and  dauntless 
with  Goston  signals,  which  are  cylindrical  cases  courage  of  the  stout  groups  of  seven  who  man 
of  combustible  materials,  fitted  into  percussion  the  lonely  stations.  Wherever  native  manli- 
holders.  One  man  goes  to  the  right,  ^e  other  ness  is  held  in  honor,  these  heroic  pleiads  of 
to  the  left,  each  continuing  along  the  beach,  the  seaboard  beaches,  and  the  gangs  of  nine 
keeping  watch  to  seaward,  until  he  meets  a  who  drive  the  life-boats  through  overwhelm- 
similar  patrolman  from  the  next  station,  when  ing  seas  upon  the  Lakes  and  the  Pacific,  with 
he  returns  to  the  starting-point,  where  he  sets  hearts  greater  than  danger,  can  never  fail  of 
out  again,  keeping  up  his  march  until  the  term  their  meed.  W.  D.  O'Oonnob, 
of  his  watch  expires  and  that  of  the  next  A»iUiani  Suptrintmd^Hi  u.  8.  L^^wvinif  S§r9ic0. 
patrol  b^ns.    Thus,  every  night,  along  the 

ocean  befushes,  in  moonlight,  starlight,  thick  SHEPLET,G]£obobF.,  died  in  Portland,  Me., 
darkness,  driving  tempest,  wind,  rain,  snow,  or  July  20th.  He  was  born  in  Saco,  Me.,  Janu- 
hail,  a  file  of  sentinels  is  strung  out,  steadily  ary  1,  1819,  and  was  the  son  of  the  late  Chief 
marching,  on  the  lookout  for  endangered  ves-  Justice  Ether  Shepley.  He  was  graduated 
selsw  The  duty  is  arduous,  often  terrilne.  Storm  from  Dartmouth  College  in  1887,  and  after 
tides  flooding  the  beach,  quicksands,  the  be-  studying  law  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  he 
wildering  snowfall,  overwhelming  blasts,  bitter  began  practice  in  Ban^r,  Me.,  but  in  1844  re- 
cold,  are  often  conditions  to  the  journey.  The  moved  to  Portland.  In  1850  he  was  elected  to 
result  is  that,  should  a  vessel  strand,  which  usu-  the  State  Senate.  From  1858  to  June,  1861, 
ally  takes  place  on  some  shoal  or  bar  at  from  he  was  United  States  District  Attorney  for 
one  to  four  hundred  yards*  distance  from  the  Maine,  having  been  appointed  to  that  office  by 
beach,  instead  of  being  left  unnoticed  for  many  President  Pierce  and  continued  in  it  by  Presi- 
bours,  to  be  torn  to  pieces  by  the  furious  surf,  dent  Buchanan.  In  1860  he  was  a  delegate  at 
she  is  sure  to  be  soon  discovered  by  the  patrol-  large  to  the  National  Democratic  Convention 
men.  Seeing  her,  he  at  once  strikes  the  hot-  at  Charleston,  and  attended  its  adjourned  ses- 
tom  of  his  percussion  holder,  driving  its  spike  sion  at  Baltimore.  In  the  autumn  of  1861  he 
into  the  Coston  cartridge,  which  ignites  with  a  became  colonel  of  the  12th  Maine  volunteers, 
fierce  deflagration,  reddening  the  darkness,  and  with  which  he  arrived  at  Ship  Island  in  Feb- 
notifying  those  on  board  the  wreck  that  they  rnary,  1862.  He  was  then  placed  in  command 
are  seen.  The  patrolman  then  races  to  his  sta-  of  the  third  brigade.  On  the  occupation  of  New 
tion  and  brings  the  crew.  The  keeper  knows  Orleans  he  was  made  military  commandant 
by  the  state  of  the  surf  whether  the  boat  can  of  l^at  city.  In  June,  1862,  he  was  appoint- 
be  used,  or  whether  to  resort  to  the  life-car,  or  ed  military  GK)vemor  of  Louisiana,  and  m  July 
breeches-buoy.  The  boat  always  puts  out  if  was  made  a  brigadier-general.  After  the  in- 
possible,  this  being  the  speediest  mode  of  sue-  auguration  of  a  civil  Governor  of  Louisiana, 
cor.  If  the  surf  be  impassable,  the  wreck-gun  Greneral  Shepley  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
casts  its  lariat  over  the  wreck,  tbe  hawser  and  military  district  of  Eastern  Virginia.  He  after- 
hanling-lines  are  set  up,  and  the  imperiled  sea-  ward  became  chief  of  staff  to  Major-General 
farers  are  drawn  ashore.  By  whatever  mode  Weitzel,  and  for  a  short  time,  during  tbe  ab- 
the  rescue  is  effected,  it  involves  hours  of  rack-  senoe  of  that  officer,  commanded  the  25th  ar- 
ing  labor,  protracted  exposure  to  the  roughest  my  corps.  He  continued  with  the  Army  of  the 
weather,  and  a  mental  and  bodily  strain  under  James  to  the  end  of  the  war,  and  after  the  en- 
the  spur  of  exigency  and  the  curb  of  discipline  try  into  Richmond  he  was  made  the  first  mili- 
which  greatly  exhausts  the  life-saving  crews,  tary  governor  of  that  city.  He  resigned  his 
In  the  case  of  the  boat-service,  whether  by  commission  in  the  army  July  1, 1865.  In  the 
surf -boat  or  life-boat,  tremendous  perils  are  following  November  he  was  appointed  an  asso- 
added  to  new  hardships.  Tbe  result  of  these  ciate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maine, 
gallant  toils  in  the  rigors  of  the  winter  beacli  but  declined  the  position.  In  1866  he  was 
and  the  drench  of  the  surf,  since  the  date  of  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Legisla- 
original  organization  in  1871,  has  been  extraor-  ture.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  United  States 
dinary.  During  this  period  of  eight  years,  sta-  Circuit  Judge  for  the  ^rst  Circuit,  in  which 
tistics  show  that  there  have  been,  within  the  position  he  continued  till  the  time  of  his  death, 
scope  of  live-saving  operations,  6,287  per-  In  1878  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  con- 
sons  imperiled  on  stranded  vessels.  Of  these,  f  erred  upon  him  by  Dartmouth  College. 
5,981  were  saved,  and  only  806  lost— 197  ot  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  The  Legislature  of 
these  at  wrecks  remote  from  stations,  or  at  this  State,  after  the  holiday  recess,  resumed 
times  when  they  were  closed,  and  the  others,  its  sittings  on  January  18,  1878.  On  this  occa- 
ia  nearly  every  instance,  under  circumstances  sion,  for  the- first  time  since  the  late  civil  war, 
which  rendered  human  aid  impossible.  During  the  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
thls  period  the  stations  have  also  given  succor  sentatives'  wore  a  robe  of  black  silk  trimmed 
to  1,882  persons.    Their  crews  have,  more-  with   purple  velvet,   the   official   dbtinctive 


768  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

• 

habit  of  Speaker  in  South  Carolina  before  the  tee  *^  to  investigate  the  indebtedness  of  the 

war.  State/'    Under  these  general  words,  however, 

The  question  of  silver  remonetization  being  was  meant  the  debt  resolting  from  tbe  execa- 

then  under  consideration  in  Congress,  in  con-  tion  of  the  forementioned  act  of  1873 ;  the  ob* 

neotion  with  the  resumption  act,  the  following  ject  of  the  work  intrusted  to  ^e  special  coio- 

concurrent  resolutions  were  adopted  in  tbe  mittee,  as  offioiaUy  declared  by  one  of  its  mm- 

House  on  February  2d :  bers  in  tbe  preamble  of  a  joint  resolution  in- 

WAereag,  There  seems  to  be  a  prevailing  opinion  trodnced  at  the  present  session,  being  "  to  make 

throughout  the  country  that  the  people  oftSoutii  Car-  &  complete  and  thorough  mvestigation  of  tb« 

olina  are  in  iavor  of  the  demonetization  of  silver,  following  and  kindred  matters :  First,  the  es- 

and  of  the  act  of  Congreas  to  resume  specie  payments  tire  amount  of  consolidation  bonds  and  wrtif- 

^  ffieS"  It  is  proper  that  the  General  Assembly  ^^^J^f.^'  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^«  been  issued  under  tk 

of  South  Carolina,  now  in  session  convened,  express  ^^    «>  reduce  the  volume  of  the  pubhc  debt, 

its  opinion  on  these  questions  of  vital  importance:  &nd  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  same*; 

therefore,  second,  whether  there  are  in  the  State  Treasor- 

ja«»it»«rf,  bytheHouseof  BepresenUtiveB,t^  er's  office  on  file,  as  vouchers,  canceled  bond?, 

ate  concurring,  That  It  is  the  sense  of  the  General  «^„^^«„   «^j  ™*:«^„+«„  ^^„*««v  ^#*k^ ;,,,-. 

Assembly  of*^Wth  Carolina  that,  while  holding  coupons,  and  certificates  of  stock,  of  the  i&ai« 

that  the  Government  of  the  United  Stotes  should  describea,  issued  m  accordance  with  law,  asu 

maintain  inviolate  good  faith  with  the  public  credit-  authorized  to  be  consolidated,  to  tbe  amocn: 

ors^  as  due  to  its  own  di^pity  and  honor,  and  the  required  by  the  said  act." 

sell-respect  of  every  American  citizen,  ^et  it  is  their  ^^is  special    committee,   commonly  called 

judgment  that  the  demonetization  ot  silver,  in  tbis  u  *v.    r»     j  o         •    •      «       *     *  r^  i     v   ^« 

thegreatest  silver-producing  country  in  thi  world,  ^^^  ^<^^?  Commission  '  met  at  Columbia  oa 

strikes  a  fiital  blow  at  tbe  business  prosperity  of  all  the  Ist  of  August,  1877,  and  continued  there 

sections  of  tbe  Union,  and  tends  to  postpone  or  ren-  to  meet  for  the  performance  of  their  duties 

der  impracticable  the  full  resumption  of  specie  pay-  from  day  to  day  until  the  the  7th  of  February, 

"""Cfo^,  That  it  is  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  J^^^S,  when  they  submitted  their  report  to  the 

section  10,  Article  X.  of  tbe  Constitution  of  the  General  Assembly.     They  declare  that,  of  ^ 

United  States,  that  both  gold  and  silver  shall  be  a  the  consolidated  bonds  and  certificates  of  stock 

legal  tender  In  payment  of  all  debts,  and  that  tbe  issued  under  the  act  of  1873,  to  the  aggregate 

demonetization  of  silver,  and  reauiring  the  interest  amount  of  $4,896,290,  one  portion,  amoonting 

2.^*'l^Si'J^S.^\^.c^mttri;^S^^^^^  ^  $1677,886.6S  are  "vaUd  obligation,  ot  the 

class,  can  not  be  rightly  and  legiQly  demanded  by  S^te    ;  and  that  all  the  rest  are,  wholly  or  m 

tlie  bonded  creditors,  because  not  so ''nominated  in  part,  "not  valid/^    The  presentation  of  tLii 

the  bond,"  while  at  the  same  time  it  is  paralyzini^  report,  declaring  invalid  the  lai^st  portioD  of 

the  industries  of  the  country,  and  has  been  a  Dotent  a  settlement  by  compromise  which  the  State 

trp^ret^T^&S^pr^^^^^^^  five  years  befo4  ha^^^^^             offered  to  her 

people.  creditors,  with  full  knowledge  of  the  satord 

and  character  of  their  claims  against  her— 

The  Legislature  closed  its  session  on  the  22d  which  had  been  accepted  by  the  creditors^  car- 

of  March.    Its  treatment  of  the  State  debt  is  ried  out  already  into  almost  complete  ezeco- 

worthy  of  notice.    An  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  tion,  and  considered  by  all  as  final  ever  siuce— 

reduce  the  volume  of  the  State  debt,  and  to  gave  rise  to  the  greatest  excitement,  diasatisfae- 

provide  for  the  payment  of  the  same,"  was  ap-  tion,  and  contradiction  everywhere,  especiallT 

proved  December  22,  1878.    The  State,  hav-  within  the  legislative  halls,  among  memberg 

ing  sifted  her  liabilities  outstanding  on  October  not  only  of  opposite  political  parties,  but  of 

81,  1878,  threw  out  $5,965,000  entirely,  as  null  the  dominant  Democrauc  party,  ev«i  at  tht 

and  void;  and  for  the  remainder,  $9,886,627,  risk  of  a  split;  some  decidedly  asserting  the  is* 

offered  her  creditors  as  a  compromise  and  final  tangibility  of  the  settlement  effected  under  the 

settlement  that  she  would  recognize  them  at  act  of.  1878,  others  as  decidedly  maintauiisg 

the  rate  of  fifty  cents  on  the  dollar,  and  on  the  correctness  of  the  conclusions  embodied  in 

presentation  of  their  respective  vouchers  fund  the  report  of  the  special  joint  committee,  and 

them  by  issuing  in  exchange  at  that  rate  new  urging  its  adoption.    They  went  under  the  ap- 

consolidation  bonds  and  certificates  of  interest-  potions  of  *^  Debt "  and  '*  Anti-Debt  party,'^ 

bearing  stock  payable  at  certain  specified  times ;  respectively.    After  many  days'  parliamentary 

which  settlement  was  then  accepted  by  the  fight,  on  the  19th  of  February  a  member  of  the 

creditors,  and  during  the  subsequent  four  years  Debt  party  in  the  House  introduced  the  follow- 

had  been  executed  almost  entirely.    The  ac-  ingjoint  resolution  for  adoption: 

tion  of  the  present  Legislature  upon  this  sub-  g,^^^  ^  ^ha^  ^^  .^  inexpedient  to  distnrt)  tbe 

ject  was  considered  the  most  unportant  of  all  adjustment  of  the  indebtedness  of  the  Bute  made  br 

measures  of  the  session.  the  aot  to  reduoe  the  volume  of  the  pabUe  debt  sea 

At  the  extraordinary  session  convened  by  t#  ^^jovide  for  the  payment  of  the  atme,  approved 

the  call  of  Governor  Hampton  when  he  first  I>«5ember  22d,  in  the  year  18Y8.              _v.„v. 

nkTt^^niiA  ««r%/^«*  f Ka  r^^Ai^^^^lA  Ai^^y.^^^^  ^4  \.\m  Sec.  a.  The  proper  ofHoers  of  the  State  are  hereDf 

entered  upon  the  undisputed  diwharge  of  hir  ^^^^^^  ^  eomplete  the  said  adjustment. 

official  duties  m  the  spring  of  1877,  the  Q«n-  *^ 

eral  Assembly  appointed  three  Senators  and  In  opposition  to  this  resolution,  and  as  a  enb- 

fonr  Representatives  as  a  special  joint  commit-  stitate  ror  it,  one  of  the  Anti-Debt  party,  wbo 


SOUTH  CAROLINA.  769 

WW  also  a  member  of  the  special  committee,  made  nnder  the  fanding  act  of  1878  refiised  to 
introduced  **  a  joint  resolntion  concerning  the  take  part  in  it,  and  all  of  them  except  six  with- 
bonds  and  certificates  of  stock  issned  nnder  the  drew  from  the  hall.  The  cancns  was  called  to 
said  act  of  December  22, 1878,"  consisting  of  order  by  the  President  of  the  State  Execntiv^e 
several  sections,  to  the  following  purport :  The  Committee,  and  after  a  long  sitting  was  con- 
preamble  declared  the  object  of  the  investiga-  tinned  to  March  6th.  Its  final  result  was  the 
tion  introsted  to  the  special  committee.  I^o*  appointment  of  a  committee  of  conference, 
tion  1  provided  for  the  adoption  of  the  com-  composed  of  ten  members,  four  Senators  and 
iiuttee's  report  in  general,  as  a  statement  of  six  Representatives,  chosen  from  the  two  op- 
tbe  entire  amount  of  the  consolidation  bonds  posite  sides  in  equal  numbers,  and  charged  with 
issued  ander  the  act  of  1878,  and  of  the  char-  the  dutj  *^  of  considering  and,  if  possible,  sug- 
acter  of  the  vouchers  on  file  at  the  Treasurer's  gesting  some  plan  whereby  might  be  adjusted 
office  for  their  issue.  Section  2  expressed  as  the  differences  of  opinion  between  the  members 
the  sense  of  the  Oeneral  Assembly  that  the  of  the  Democratic  party  respecting  the  funding 
consolidation  bonds  issued  under  the  said  act,  act  of  1878  and  the  report  of  the  Bond  Com- 
in  exchange  for  certain  vouchers  therein  named,  mission  thereon."  After  they  had  spent  sev- 
and  amounting  to  $1,577,885.62,  were  *^  valid  eral  days  in  consultation  among  themselves, 
obligations  of  the  State."  Sections  8, 4, 6,  6,  7,  the  committee  of  conference  reported  on  March 
8,  and  9  expressed  as  the  sense  of  the  General  10th  that,  out  of  a  multitude  of  other  plans  of 
Assembly  that  the  consolidation  bonds  issued  a(\justment  discussed  and  rejected  as  unsuita- 
under  the  said  act,  in  exchange  for  vouchers  of  ble,  they  had  unanimously  agreed  on  one  which 
various  descriptions  severally  specified  therein,  they  deemed  equitable  and  just  to  both  the 
and  amounting  respectively  to  $9,186,  $9,990,  State  and  her  creditors,  including  in  its  opera- 
$186,025,  $881,996,  $2,166,089,  $1,040,440,  and  tions  the  outstanding  floating  indebtedness,  to 
$539,890,  wholly,  or  to  the  extent  in  which  the  be  funded  like  the  rest  at  the  rate  of  fifty  cents 
said  vouchers  entered  into  the  consideration  on  the  dollar  of  its  face  value,  with  the  excep- 
for  the  issue  of  the  said  consolidation  bonds,  tion  of  certain  specified  claims,  which  are  to 
were  **not  valid  obligations  of  the  State."  Of  be  passed  for  their  full  amounts.  This  report 
these  two  contrary  resolutions,  the  last  named  was  adopted,  with  one  vote  only  in  the  nega- 
one  was,  by  consent,  fiirst  taken  up  for  discus-  tive.  It  was  as  follows : 
sion.  The  House  at  a  subsequent  sitting  also  m.  *  „  .  .^.  ,  u  ...  ^  v  . 
agreed  that  thia  reflation  \honldl^''aoted  oa^^rSTa^rr^^A^ 
upon,  not  as  a  substitute  for  the  resolution  ao-  and  of  the  floating  indebtedneis  of  the  State : 
cepting  the  settlement  under  the  act  of  1878  as  1.  To  levy  for  the  current  flsoal  year  a  tax  sufficient 
a  finality,  but  as  an  original  proposition.    The  to  pay  the  ooupona  and  interest  orders  maturing  on 

final  voting  on  it,  section  by  section,  com-  ^^J  S^^^^ew      ^^^^  ^^  "*^^*^  ^^^^^  *^*  ^"** 

menced  on  February  26th,  with  the  following  •\  to  conYtituU  a  special  court  of  three  drcuit 

result :  Section  1,  which  provides  for  the  adop-  judges  to  be  chosen  by  the  General  Assembly  on  the 

tion  of  the  special  committee's  report  as  a  state-  nomination  of  a  caucus,  who  shall  have  jurisdiction 

ment  of  the  number  and  amount  of  bonds  issued  ^  ^«;'  and  determine  a  c^se  or  oases  made  up  to 

under  the  act  of  1878,  and  section  2,  which  de-  ^•'i^®  ^'H^'^^  ?^,  the  various  classes  of  bonds  and 

uuucA  bijv  o^v  V*  A«iw,  au^A  o^mvu  «,  wiiwu  w  gjo^kg  mentioned  In  the  report  of  the  Bond  Com- 

clares  certain  vouchers  therem  specified  to  be  mission  as  "  not  issued  in  aooordanoe  with  law,  and 
valid  obligations  of  the  State,  were  successively  authorized  to  be  consolidated  by  the  act  of  1878,*' 
adopted  without  opposition.  The  remaining  <uid  also  "  as  not  issued  ini  aooordanoe  with  law " 
sections,  from  8  to  9  inclusive,  which  severally  '^o? Jta^«'  designated  in  Schedide  6  of  said  report, 
declare  that  the  bonds  i^ued  under  the  said  tWSS,  "aSS*  ^ni^Jlt^^^^^^ 
act  are,  wholly  or  m  part,  not  valid  obliga-  appeal  on  the  part  of  the  Stote  to  depend  on  the  de- 
tions  of  the  State,"  were  not  put  to  the  vote,  mand  of  the  Attorney-General  and  the  assistant  ooun- 
becanse  of  opposition.  Upon  the  reading  of  »el,  or  a  majorty  of  them.  ,,  ,  ,, 
section  8  the  debate  between  the  opposite  par-  .»;  Jhft  the  Genend  Assembly  shall  employ  two  as- 
#^;^  K^.^»  ««««.  ««^  ^^^4^:^^^  «r.«  ™«««i  ^o—  sistant  counsel  to  aid  the  Attorney-General  m  the  pro- 
ties  began  anew,  and  continu^  for  several  days,  ceedings  to  settle  the  validity  of  sid  bonds  and  stoiks. 
with  ever-mcreaamg  neat  and  earnestness.  4.  That  the  Attorney-General,  with  the  consent 
As  the  continuance  of  these  debates,  instead  of  the  creditors,  or  so  many  of  them  as  maybe  neoes- 
of  tending  to  harmonize  the  contrary  senti-  »"y»  make  up  a  case  or  cases  to  be  tried  in  said 
ments  of  &e  diaputaata..  Beemed  to. widen  their  £nd;^,'ft:5:S^th.^;;«tt^'o'S^^^^ 
disagreement  to  the  pomt  of  making  them  ir-  mentioned  in  aaid  Schedule  6 ;  bringin/c  before  the 
reconcilable,  the  President  of  the  State  Demo-  Court  the  various  classes  of  vouchers  which  are  said 
cratic  Executive  Oommittee,  in  order  to  pre-  to  impair  the  validity  of  said  bonds  and  stocks, 
vent  a  split  in  the  party,  invited  all  the  Demo-  ,  5.  That  as  to  the  coupons  snd  interest  orders  on 
r.^^4^;^  nT^mK^^  ^f  *\*1  n^n^n^^  Aao^«%Ki«^  ♦/v  bonds  and  stocks  mentioned  in  Schedule  5  of  said 
cratic  members  of  the  General  Assembly  to  report,  the  same  be  paid;  those  for  the  last  fiscal 
hold  a  caucus  among  tnemselves,  with  a  view  year  out  of  the  money  now  in  the  Treasury  for  that 
to  bring  about  some  compromise  calculated  to  purpose,  and  those  for  the  current  fiscal  year  out  of 
reconcile  the  consolidation  act  of  1873  with  the  tax  to  be  levied  for  that  purpose. 

on  It.     The  caucus  was  held  on  March  5th.  j^  g^^  Schedule  6,  the  same  be  paid  out  of  the  taxes 

Those  members  who  supported  the  settlement  for  the  last  and  current  fiscal  yean  respeotivelyi 
Vol.  xvm.— 49    A 


770  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

wh«ner6r  there  shall  be  a  final  a^jndioation  as  to  26,  of  the  Constitution,  we  dissent  from  indprotoEt 

the  validity  of  the  said  several  classes  of  bonds  and  agaiost  the  passage  of  "  A  joint  resolutioa  rrorkicK 

stocks  in  fiivor  of  the  said  bonds  and  stocks  and  a  mode  of  ascertainincc  the  debt  of  the  state,  tm 

against  the  State.  of  liquidating  and  settling  the  same." 

7.  That  the  said  Court  shall  meet  in  the  city  of  1.  Because  in  ova  opinion  eveir  bona  JUtM^a 
Columbia  on  the  first  Monday  in  May,  with  power  for  value  of  a  bond  or  coupon  of  the  oonsolidsttc 
to  adijoum  Irom  time  to  time  until  the  whole  matter  debt  of  the  State  is  entltlea  to  be  ^d  acoording  to 
is  disposed  of.  the  terms  of  the  contiact  set  forth  in  the  bonds  asa 

8.  That  DO  further  bonds  or  stocks  be  issued  under  coupons  aforesaid ;  whereas,  under  the  Bttdjoint  recc 
the  act  of  1878,  known  as  the  consolidation  act,  in  lution,  a  part  of  the  said  consolidated  debt  udeeknd 
exchange  for  bonds  or  stocks  issued  since  April,  to  be  valid,  and  is  ordered  to  be  ^d,  while  asothtr 
1868,  until  they  are  duly  examined  by  the  authority  part  thereof  is  declared  to  be  of  doubtful  vtlidiu. 
of  the  General  Assembly  and  found  valid.  and  is  referred  to  a  legal  tribunal,  without  referecec 

9.  That  all  of  the  unfunded  debts  and  liabilities  in  either  case  to  the  honesty  and  hona/da  of  tb« 
of  the  State,  including  herein  the  bills  of  the  Bank  holders  thereof. 

of  the  State  and  so  much  of  the  fuuded  debt  as  is        2.  Because  among  those  declared  tobeof  donbtfiii 

known  as  the  Little  Bonanza,  be  settled  after  proper  validity  there  are  a  number  of  bonds  sod  cocpou 

proof  and  examination  at  the  rate  of  60  per  cent.,  which  are  not  onl^  in  the  hands  of  6oMa/(2i  holaer', 

payable  in  coupon  bonds  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  but  which  were  issued  in  exchaoge  for  old  honcj 

of  6  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  semi-annualljr,  the  and  stocks  of  indisputable  validity,  as  appesn  fn-in 

principal  payable  within years  in  fuU  satisfao-  the  records  of  the  State  Treasurer,  prior  to  186S;  isd 

tion  of  said  demands ;  except  that  advances  made  it  appears  to  us  uxgust  to  refer  these  hoods  and  era- 

for  the  support  of  the  Lunatie  Asylum  and  State  pods  to  the  courts,  while  other  bonds  snd  coupc<ii3, 

Penitentiary  since  the  1st  of  November,  1875,  on  having  no  better  vouchers,  are  to  be  pud  witbo&t 

which  shall  be  paid  the  amount  actually  uadbonajidt  any  oueation. 

due,  after  proof  and  proper  examination  thereof,  the        8.  Because,  in  our  opinion,  the  State  is  in  boner 

said  payment  to  be  made  in  coupon  bonds  of  like  bound  to  recognize  the  rights  of  innocent  holders  of 

character  as  those  above  referred  to,  for  the  full  these  bonds  and  coupons,  who  have  purcbaacd  tb 

amount  allowed  after  such  examination.  SMmo,  trusting  to  the  pleages  made  in  behalf  of  the 

THOMAS  B.  J£T£B,  State  in  the  hour  of  her  dire  extremity  and  peril 

A.  P.  BUTLEK,  4.  Because  if  any  part  of  the  oonsolidated  debt  is 

T.  B.  FBASEB,  to  be  referred  to  the  courts,  it  is,  in  our  opinion,  m 

J.  W.  MAXWELL,  unnecessary  expense  to  the  people  of  the  BUU  to 

On  the  part  of  Senate .  create  a  special  tribunal  for  the  decision  of  qnestioBS 

CHARLES  H.  SIMONION,  which  can  be  decided  in  the  courts  as  now  eoDititDt«<!, 

J.  W.  6BA Y|  especially  when  grave  doubts  must  arise  sf  to  tb« 

ROBERT  R.  HEMPHILL,  powers  of  the  General  Assembly  to  establish  socb  s 

R.  B.  RHETT,  tribunal,  in  view  of  the  proviaioiis  of  Aitiele  iV., 

D.  F.  BRADLET,  section  1,  of  the  Constitution. 

F.  A.  CONNOR,  6.  Because  in  our  opinion  it  is  inconsistent  iritb  a 

,  On  the  part  of  House.  due  regard  to  the  faith  and  credit  of  the  Stste  to  re 

mi.  V  1.  J  xi.  -J.X  pudiate  one  half  of  the  floating  indebtednH«f  aft^ 

Ine  Tn embers  wno  oomposea  the  committee  a  defense  of  the  interests  of  the  Stste  by  sble  md 

of  ooDference  were  then  reappointed  by  the  distinguished  counsel,  and  after  the  amount  of  ead 

oaucns,  and  vested  with  authority  to  propare  olftim  and  thevalidity  thereof  shall  have  bees  deto- 

a  bill  embodying  the  terms  of  the  compromise  "^?«^  i°  *  "P^J^iJSj'"'*^  ''^JJ°fi,°T"*;f^!!^r. 
4r.«4.  ^A^T^^^   ^A  .<^^^«4-  «««!»  v«ii  ««  ™«   -«        And  we  respectftilly  request  that  the  fopepotn^ 

jast  adopted,  imd  report  such  bill  as  soon  as  ^^sons  be  sprS3  upoL  the  Journal  of  thii  Hok«. 
practicable  to  the  General  Assembly,  that  by  S.  DDSBLE. 

Its  action  it  might  receive  legal  force  and  the  JOHN  F.  FICEEN, 

matter  be  definitively  settled.    This  biU,  in  the  t^I^p AiSil       ' 

form  of  a  joint  resolution,  was  introduced  in  ^*  ®'  FARLER. 

the  Lower  House  on  March  12th,  as  an  ameud-       In  order  to  set  the  new  plan  of  a^justmeot 

ment  to  and  a  substitute  for  the  joint  resolu-  of  the  public  debt  in  practical  operation,  tl^e 

tion  introduced  by  a  member  of  the  Bond  Com-  two  Houses  met  in  joint  assembly  on  Msrcb 

mission  on  the  20th  of  February,  the  first  two  22d,  when  they  elected  the  three  Judges  of  the 

sections  of  which  had  been  adopted  on  Febru-  special  court  and  the  other  oflScers,  as  follows: 

ary  26th,  passed  by  a  vote  of  yeas  68,  nays  81.  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Claims — Joshua  H.  Bihi- 

A  motion  to  change  the  title  of  the  original  son,  Thomas  Thompson,  and  A.  P.  Aldrieh. 

resolutions  into  ^^  A  joint  resolution  to  provide  Commissioner  of  Claims  to  examine  ihe  float- 

a  mode  of  ascertaining  Uie  debt  of  the  State,  ing  indebtedness  of  the  State,  J.  H.  Coit^  of 

and  of  liquidating  and  settling  the  same,'^  was  Chesterfield.  Attorneys  to  assist  the  Attonej* 

also  carried — ^yeas  56,  nays  86.     The  Senate  General  in  defending  the   State  before  tlid 

passed  this  joint  resolution  on  March  19th.  Court  of  Claims — Y.  J.  Pope,  of  Newberrr, 

Immediately  after  the  vote  on  the  passage  of  and  Henry  A.  Mutze,  of  Lexington. 

the  foregoing  loint  resolution  had  been  an-        The  State  election  was  held  in  Novmber, 

nounced,  the  following  protest  against  its  adop-  1878.    The  Democratic  State  Convention  &s- 

tion,  signed  by  four  Representatives,  was  pre-  sembled  at  Columbia  on  the  1st  of  Angv^t 

sented  and  read  to  the  House,  to  be  spread  The  State  ofiicers  in  the  Executive  Depart- 

upon  its  Journal :  ment,  with  Governor  Hampton  at  their  hea<i. 

Ik  tbx  Hoxtbs  op  BKPBzex3rrATivxs, )  were  renominated  unanimously.    Tbe  Coic- 

m.  ^1     rr        .COLUMBIA,  8.  c,  Man^  12,  ISIS,    r  ^  mittee  on  Resolutions  recommended  the  adop- 

TbihemnorabU  th€  Sp^aher  ^^-^f^.^'/  ^*<  tion  of  tbe  platform  of  1876  as  the  sense  of  thf 

H^ofBepreunUiUuBofih.SiaUof  South  Caro^  Conventionfand  made  a  report  on  several r*- 

Onnxsiov:  In  aooordanoe  with  Article  I.,  aection  olutions  relating  to  various  local  matters,  IQ- 


SOUTH  CAROLINA.  771 

trodaoed  before  the  Oonventioa,  and  referred  minorities  in  the  oounty  of  Sumter,  and  for  reftis- 

to  them,  which  was  generally  adopted.  ^^«^^  ?««?**  ^«  ^^««  «w*  a»  certain  prednote  at 

TheRepubUcan  SUite  Convention  was  held  Iue^^fS"ari?ie^^^ 

at  Colombia  on  the  7th,  8th,  and  9th  of  An-  pointed  by  themselves.                            ^^ 

gnst,  a  very  large  number  of  delegates  being  6.  We  arraign  the  Democratic  party  for  enacting, 

present  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  except  fonr  *^  ^he  last  session  of  the  Qeneral  Assembly,  the  law 

counties.     In  regard  to  the  nomination  of  the  ^^^^^7  numerous  votlDg  precincts  in  large  Repub- 

c»-*«  «4«i,»4.  i«wL  »n»«.T>AM  <>.*.rw»/.  ♦v.A  A^i^  "0"*  counties  were  abolished,  so  that  thousands  of 

State  ticket,  large  numbers  among  the  dele-  Bepublioan  voters  are  virtuilly  disf^anohiwd,  or 

gates  entertained  quite  opposite  sentiments,  else  compelled  to  walk  twenty  miles  or  more  in  order 

After  much  debate,  the  Convention  determined  to  vote,  and  in  some  places  to  cross  rivers  in  order 

to  abstain  from  a  nomination— not,  however,  toreachapoUinff-plaoe.                        *    ,.      .„ 

ssan  endorsement  of  Governor  Hampton's  ad-  offlU'^t^^afe^^ 

ministration  for  the  past^  nor  as  an  expression  trusts  confided  to  thei,  and  while  denouncing  all 

of  confidence  in  it  for  the  future,  but  for  other  fraudulent  and  dishonest  practices,  and  disclaiming 

reasons  expressly  declared  in  the  following  sny  desire  to  shield  any  individual  proved  to  be 

platform*  gmltv  of  such  offenses,  we  denounce  the  method  by 

^             '  which  the  Democratic  j^arty,  through  manufactured 

1.  The  Republican  party  of  the  State  of  South  testimony,  sought  to  inculpate  men   whose  only 

Carolina,  in  convention  astsembled,  believing  that  «nense  was  their  Republicaniam ;  and  we  fbrther 

the  principles  of  equal  civil  and  political  rights  are  denounce  the  unfair  and  partisan  ohamcter  of  the 

viui  to  the  interests  of  good  government,  and  that  i^<^Qt  legislative  investigations  in  this  State,  where- 

thev  can  only  be  enforced  by  the  party  which  has  ^7  the  frauds  committed  by  Democrats  have  been 

iogrsfted  them  upon  the  Stote  and  national  Consti-  carefully  screened  from  public  view,  and  all  testi- 

tatioDs,  hereby  reaflarms  its  earnest  adhesion  to  the  niony  looking  to  their  exposure  has  been  studiously 

platform  of  principles  adopted  by  the  National  Re-  suppressed.            ,     ,    ,       ,           ^    . 

publican  Convention  at  Cincinnati  on  the  15th  day  ®*  "  ®  reaffirm  the  declaration  made  irom  time  to 

of  June,  1876.  time  that  at  the  general  election  held  in  this  State 

8.  We  reiterate  our  abhorrence  and  repudiation  of  <>»  the  7th  day  of  November,  1876,  for  Presidential 

all  forms  of  violence,  Intimidation,  or  ffaud  in  the  eiectors.  Governor,  and  other  State  officers,  not  only 

conduct  of  elections,  or  for  political  purposes,  and  ^e™   the   Kepubhoan  Presidential    eleoton    duly 

denounce  the  same  as  a  crime  against  the  liberty  of  ciiosen,  but  that  Danrel  H.  Chamberlain,  together 

American  citixens,  aa  well  as  the  common  rights  of  ^i^h  the  entire  Republican  State  ticket,  were  alao 

humanity ;  and,  while  we  insist  upon  and  wUl  seal-  ejected  by  the  votes  of  a  migority  of  the  qualified 

oualy  guard  the   right  of  every  citizen  freely  to  electors  of  this  State. 

choose  his  political  party,  and  deny  the  unfounded  9*  ^e  deem  tt  inexpedient  to  nommate  candidates 

charge  that  the  Republican  party  countenances  any  '<>"■  Gofemor  and  othw  State  offioers.  because,  owinff 

ioterferenoe  with  the  colored  voters  who  may  choose  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  this  State,  occasioned 

to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket,  we  do  protest  against  oy  rifle-dub  rule  and  two  yews  of  Democratic  su- 

aud  denoonce  the  practice  inaugurated  in  the  cam-  premacy,  it  is  impossible  for  the  Republican  voters 

pat^  of  1876,  and  again  revived  in  aome  counties  '^  (°<^J  counties,  without  incurring  great  personal 

by  the  Democratic  party,  of  attending  Republican  danger,  to  ormniie  for  the  campaign  or  to  vote  at 

meetings  or  conventions,  and,  by  show  of  force  and  the  election  when  held.                ...          ,     ^ 

other  forms  of  Intimidation,  disturbing  such  meet-  ^?i  ,^®  Pl«<*«»  ourselves  to  assist  in  the  work  of 

iogs,  or  taking  part  therein  without  the  consent  or  punfVinff  the  public  service,  and  we  demand  that 

invitation  ofthe  party  calling  them.  the  local  Republican  conventions  throughout  the 


the  legislation  ofthe  laat  General  Assembly,  the  established  devotion  to  Republican  prindples. 
jonrnato  of  which  »how  that  the  only  pledges  re-       The  result  of  the  election,  general  and  local, 

'^T!?K!!?J*l*^'^t^''''  T^^'V^^^  f"?*'®  Republican  ^^  November  6,  1878,  was  almost  whoUy  in 

voteof  both  branches  of  the  Legislature  was  cast.  Y  V^lT     Vk      *"•"♦  woo  «mu*wdw  «tuvuj  u* 

4.  We  denounce  the  Democratic  party  for  the  i*^^  of  the  Democrats.    The  aggregate  vote 

frauds,  violence,  and  intimidation  committed  during  for  Governor  throughout  the  State  was :  Wade 

the  general  election  of  1876,  for  the  assaasinations  Hampton,  169,550 ;  all  Others,  218 ;  for  Lieu- 

nnd  murders  committed  during  the  canvass  preped-  tenant-Govemor,  W.  D.  Simpson,  119,  887 ;  all 

mg  that  election,  for  the  violent  seizure  of  the  State  ^ak^--    ia       tiaI;;i^  ♦•!,«  .1ki«J4.«^«.  V^  ♦L^t. 

g?vemment  after  that  election,  for  the  frauds  com-  g^^^f "»,  ^p-    ^^^^^^^  *?«  reClection  of  their 

mitted  at  ^yeij  special  election  held  since  they  ob-  btate  tiCRet,  to  wnion  tnere  was  no  opposition, 

uined  control  or  the  State,  and  for  the  system  of  the  Democrats  elected  all  of  their  five  nominees 

intimidation  which  still  prevails  in  many  counties,  for  Congress,  and  very  considerably  increased 

whereby  the  Republicans  are  actually  prohibited  ^^^  proportion  of  their  previous  m^ority  in 

T  wr-3uSceXl)Tm5iratlc  party  for  the  out-  ^t*»«'  ^^^^  of  ^}^  Jl??^**'^®-  ^°  ^^.^  ^^wer 
rage  perpetrated  in  unseating  Republican  membera  House,  composed  of  124  Representatives,  the 
pr  the  Qeneral  Assembly  so  as  to  mcreaae  their  ma-  relative  number  of  members  from  the  two  par- 
jority  in  the  Legislature,  and  especially  for  depriv-  ties  at  the  preceding  session  was:  Democrats, 
mg  the  seventeen  Renub lican  Repreaentatlyes  from  39  Republicans,  86.  By  the  election  of  No- 
Charleston  County  of  their  seats,  to  which  they  had  "  '  x:  ^m  ioiro  ^  v*a^j  ^lovwwu  w*  xj  v 
been  sleeted  by  over  6,000  minority;  and  when eleo-  J?n*^«f  ^1  1®^®>  ^^^^  ^^-  I>©mocratS,  121; 
tions  were  held  to  fill  these  vacancies  in  Charleston,  Bepubhcans,  8.  In  the  Senate,  which  consists 
Orangeburg,  Beaufort,  Sumter^  and  other  counties,  of  84  members,  there  are  29  Democrats  and  5 
for  refusing  to  give  the  Republicans  anyrepresenta-  Bepublicans. 

tion  whatever  on  the  Commission  of  Rlections  or        A_  v««a«.i*a-  *t*\x  4-\>^  <i/w»/>*t<i  a^^  «#f<>»  \^^ 

the  Boaid  of  Managers ;  for  the  frauds  committed  in  ,   ^^  November  7th,  the  second  day  after  he 

the  management  of  those  elections,  and  partioulariy  had  been  reelected  Governor,  a  lamentable  ao- 

for  stealing  six  ballot-boxes  containing  jSepublican  cident  befell  Mr.  Hampton  while  engaged  in  a 


772            SOUTH  CAROLINA.  SPAIN. 

deer-hant :  he  received  a  fall  which  caused  a  of  the  har,  thus  inoreasiiig  the  Booarlng  prop* 

double  fracture  of  his  right  leg  below  the  knee,  erty  of  the  outflow  between  the  heads  of  the 

of  such  a  character  as  ultimately  to  render  am-  letty  as  much  as  eightfold.    This  will,  accord- 

putation  necessary.    The  operation  was  per-  mg  to  the  calculations,  open  a  channel  24  feet 

formed  on  December  lOtb.  deep  through  the  bar,  where  there  is  now  only 

The  Legislature  met  at  Columbia  on  the  26th  10  or  12  feet  of  water,  thus  enabling  yessek 

of  November,  and  a^oumed  on  the  24th  of  of  the  largest  size  built  to  float  over  Charies- 

December.    The  ceremony  of  the  inauguration  ton  bar  into  the  deep,  commodious,  landlocked 

and  installment  in  office  took  place  on  the  4th  haven  within. 

of  December  at  Governor  Hampton's  residence  An  important  case  was  decided  by  the  Su- 

in  the  suburbs  of  Columbia,  by  the  side  of  the  preme  Court  of  the  United  States  on  October 

bed  on  which  he  lay  in  a  reclining  position.  14,  1878,  one  of  the  parties  in  litigation  being 

On  the  10th  of  December  Governor  Hampton  the  city  of  Charleston.    The  case  arose  under 

was  elected  United  States  Senator  for  the  term  an  ordinance  of  the  City  Council  taxing  the 

of  six  years  from  March  4, 1879,  as  successor  of  six  per  cent,  stock  of  the  city  in  the  hands  of 

John  T.  Patterson.  purchasers.    The  holders  of  the  stock  refused 

The  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  State  to  pay  the  tax,  and  were  sued  for  payment 

during  the  fiscal  year  ending  October  81, 1878,  before  the  courts  of  the  State.    Seeing  them- 

were  as  follows :  selves  defeated  there,  they  carried  the  matter 

B«o6ipts  ftom  an  tooreM $811,940  M  on  a  writ  of  error  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 

Ezpenditurea  on  aU  aooooats <8itT74  80  United  States.    After  hearing  the  argument  of 

Cash  iMianoe  far  the  year. $190,166  46  counsel  on  both  sides,  the  Supreme  Court  de- 

m.  ^ uv    A  U4.   ^  XT         u     11  o»TQ  cided  that  the  city  has  no  power  to  annul  bv 

^^J^^^'^  ^""^^ ''''  November  1,  1878,  was :  j,er  own  acts  any  part  of  the  obligations  ahe 

vSS^St&eii:::::::::::::::::::::::::  ^JmSS,  assumes  toward  her  creditors,  on  this  point 

-^ — - —  the  decision  sets  forth  several  reasona,  cKm- 

Tot^ $6^T,6a$  eluding  with  these  words:  "We  hold  that  no 

Among  the  items  of  revenue  for  1878,  the  municipality  of  a  State  can  by  its  own  ordi- 

royalty  paid  on  phosphate,  from  the  several  nances,  under  the  guise  of  taxation,  relieve 

places  wnere  it  is  dug,  amounted  to  $98,420.98.  itself  from  performing  to  the  letter  aU  that  it 

The  amounts  of  all  taxable  property  in  South  has  expressly  promised  to  its  creditors.'' 

Carolina  for  the  fiscal  year  1878-79  were:  Im-  SPAIN,  a  Idnffdom  of  southern  Europe, 

movable  property,  $85,688,878 ;  movable  prop-  King,  Alfonso  XII.,  bom  November  2S,  1857, 

erty,  $40,088,841;  railroad  property,  $6,530,-  proclaimed  King  December  80, 1874.    TfaeMin- 

772 ;  miJdng  a  total  of  $182,287,986 ;  which  istry  in  1878  was  composed  as  follows :  Cano- 

is  $8,618,028  less  than  the  aggregate  assess-  vas  del  Castillo,  President  of  the  Council ;  Sil- 

ment  of  the  previous  year.  vela.  Foreign  Affairs ;  Calderon  y  CoUante^s 

Public  instruction  in  South  Carolina  appears  Justice;  Caballos  y  Vargas,  War;  Marquis  de 

to  be  in  a  satisfactory  condition,  with  a  ten-  Orovio,  Finance;  Pavia,T^avy;  Romero yBo- 

dency  toward  further  progress.    The  aggre-  bledo,  Interior;    Count  Toreno,  Agriculture 

gate  number  of  children  who  attended  the  pub-  Aud  Commerce ;  Herrera,  Colonies.    The  area 

lie  schools  in  the  year  was  116,289,  or  nearly  of  Spain  is  197,774  square  miles ;  the  popnla- 

14,000  above  their  number  in  the  previous  tion  in  1870  was  16,685,506.    The  area  of  the 

year.    The  charitable  institutions  of  tne  State  Spanish  colonies  was  117,209  square  miles,  and 

appear  to  be  under  praiseworthy  management,  their  population  8,098,610. 

To  meet  the  expenses  of  the  State  charities  The  revenue  and  expenditure  in  the  budget 

for  the  fiscal  year  ending  October  81,  1878,  for  1878-79  were  estimated  as  follows  (values 

the  Legislature  at  the  previous  session  made  in  pesetas— 1  peseta  =  19*8  cents) : 

the  following  appropriations :   For  the  Luna-  rxcxipts. 

tic  Asylum,  $45,000 ;  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and         Directtaxee «a,«iT,900 

Blind  Asylum,  $4,000;  for  the  State  Orphan  ?t2LT.*iSSG;;;^»tmo^^^^         SS©^ 

Asylum,  $8, 000.  lUoeipta  from  nattonal  property 14,«MI.975 

An  act  was  passed  to  cede  to  the  United         Eeceipu  from  the  ooioniea. sa^Tos^soo 

States  of  America  so  much  land  on  the  shore  *r<>*** Tiw,6S0,iw 

of  Sullivan^s  Island  and  Morris  Island,  respec-  sxpnmirvRxs. 

tively,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  erection  of         aniiiat 9,500.900 

the  diore  lines  of  the  jetties  to  be  erected  for  SSte'debt'.*'.*.*.'.*'!.'.'.';*.".'.'.*.'.*.'.'.".*!.'*  Silm]^ 

the  improvement  and  deepening  of  the  bar  of  LUbumea  of  the  stete*. '..'!!'.!!'.'.!!]'.'.!!      t^jaa 

Charleston  HBrbor.  The  prcgected  Jetties  will  ?SgSS^-,rfflUoiii-iVf  wliiiii:    V&^ 

It  IS  expected,  give  that  port  one  of  the  best         MiniatiyofForaigiiAflUit 2Cii7.*5i 

harbors  on  the  Atlantic  coast.     The  plan  is  *|     Sl^**^ ^^^i2 

similar  to  that  employed  at  the  mouth  of  the  «     otvS^V^V^V^V^V//.'.V.:\   ^jaUSk^ 

Mississippi.    The  bar  at  the  entrance  of  the  "*     of inteifar.'. '.'.'.'.*.!!!! !!!'.'. *.!*.!    4i,40i,6es 

harbor  w  10  miles  wide.    The  plan  is  to  inclose  1     Xf^J^"** iSsSSi 

in  a  channel  half  a  mile  broad  all  the  water  Eztraoidinaryezpenditare! '.'.'.!!'.'. '.!!'.      s/ioogoeo 

which  spreads  its  force  over  the  whole  length  Total Tn^ir^stt 


SPADT. 


Hie  pobfie  debc  oo  June  Mc  1ST7«  amoxmteil 


AocoTdmg  to  A  new  (Jan  of  the  ]MEtiiister  of 
Wtr,  the  Spanish  annj  is  to  consst  in  time  of 
peace  of  100.000  men,  of  wliom  69,4M  will  Im- 
long  to  the  infimtrr,  16430  to  the  €sKrahj^  10«- 
232  to  the  artillerT,  and  4^146  to  the  Corps  of 
Engineers  The  fleet  in  1S77  was  oomposed  as 
follows : 


XAYT. 


IT 

tl  gnnUmtn. 

8  aerew  tnoqwrt  Teaaeto. 


1  lron-«lad  moottor 8 


5 

8D 

9 


VOT  OLAflBmiD* 


S  tteamera 

80  small  ateamen.. 

188 


4 
40 


608 


1.0M 


1480 
800 


80 
9,400 

1,010 
8ST 
410 


980 
1,980 


99,459 


The  commerce  in  1875  was  as  follows  (value 
in  pesetas) : 


▲BTicua. 


Onin 

Bereraffea 

Colonial  eooda. 

Beeda  and  ftnita 

AtiitwU  uid  animal  proylalona. 


1.  Aftldeaoflbod. 


Coal 

Orea  and  minerala.. 

Bawmetala 

Hides  and  leather . . 
Bpinolng  material . . 


BDt 

Esparto. 
Wood  and  oork. 


9.  Bawmaterials. 


GlaM  and  pottery  ware. 

MetaJUegooda 

Machinea 


WoTen  gooda 

Furniture 

Corka. 

Paper  and  playing  carda . 


8.  IfiunihetQred  gooda.. 


Dmgs,  ete. ........ 

Bait 

SealD,  ftta,  and  olla. 


4.  ICaoeUaneoaa.. 
Total 


IiBporta* 


4,800,000 

0,900,000 

90,900,000 

9i«bbo,6oo 


04,900,000 
18,900,000 

iiVbb^ooo 

98,600,000 
8^000,000 

98,'8iw)^666 


109,800,000 

1,400,000 
14,100,000 
92,100,000 
96,400,000 
88,800,000 

1,600,000 

i4iDK>,006 


91,800,000 

9,600,000 

19,40(^666 


18,000,000 
108,000,000 

7,000,000 
80,000,000 

8.900,000 


991,900,000 


86,900,000 
49,900,000 

'8,100,666 

10,000,000 

T<lO,000 


104,900,000 


•   •   •    A  •   •   • 

100,000 


10,000,000 
8,000,000 


99,000,000 


888,000,000 


18,700,000 


8;h)o,ooo 

81,900,000 


87,700.000 


878,900,000 


The  commercial  navy  consisted  on  Janaarj 
1, 1877,  of  2,685  sailing  yessels  of  881,070  tons, 
and  230  steamers  of  176,250  tons;  together, 
2,915  Yessels  of  557,820  tons.  The  a^egate 
length  of  the  railroads  in  operation  on  Jannarj 


1«  IST^  w»  tikl99  kilometres.  Tlh<^  e^^tv^rM^ 
len^  of  the  tel<ier«ph  lines  in  IST^  wii$  1$.^!$ 
kilottwtnu;  of  the  winMk  $d^i^^  kiK^aetf>M; 
number  of  dK»iati^h«\  l«56i\$^7«  i^  wUioh  U« 
053»30<  were  inland^  dt^^i^  foie^^m  ^>)k^« 
transit,  and  l»i\8&d  i^lioial. 

TheCorteeaaawihkdoa  Jannwr^Utk  IV 
aada  Herrera  was  electiid  lV\Md«At  ^^^  Ui« 
Chamber  of  I>epnti<«i  «nd  BarsAnelUna  of  th\^ 
Senate.  On  the  11th  i^Aor  Canovas  d«i  1>uk 
tillo  lettd  a  rojal  messase  anmHincing  the  «(w 
proaehimr  marriage  of  the  King  with  l^nct^n 
jlaria  de  las  Mercedes.  Infanta  of  S|)idn«  8e<H\nd 
daaghteroftheDacaeMontpensier.  On  Uie 
14th  the  discnaaon  on  the  marriage  was  o^^nod. 
General  Payia  onpoaed  the  nuurriag\\  whicli  he 
regarded  as  disaavantageous  for  Spain.  SoAor 
Mojana  made  a  long  sueeoh  against  the  mar<' 
riage,  and  also  attamcea  the  IHio  de  Moutpcn* 
sier,  accQsing  him  of  inmtitnde  to  Qu«en  Iimi^ 
bella.  Sefior  CanoTts  del  Castillo  replied,  do* 
olaring  the  language  of  Sefior  Moyana  to  bo 
disrespectfol,  and  stating  that  ho  (K>nsidoroil 
the  projected  union  as  very  advantageous  for 
the  nation,  as  it  brought  together  two  branchoa 
of  the  same  family.  On  the  following  evening 
the  marriage  bill  was  agreed  to  by  80d  votiMt 
to  4.  On  the  17th  It  wan  unanimously  ap« 
proved  by  the  Senate.  The  sossiou  was  dosed 
on  the  29th. 

The  regular  session  of  the  Oortos  was  opened 
on  February  15th  by  the  King,  accompanied 
by  the  Queen  and  his  sisters.  The  King  pre- 
sented the  Queen  to  the  assembled  senators 
and  deputies,  and  then  read  the  spooch  from 
the  throne.  He  said  he  had  seen  tuo  Spanish 
nation  and  the  foreign  powers  greet  his  oholoo 
with  satisfaction — a  choice  he  bad  been  led  to 
make  by  the  personal  qualities  of  the  Queon. 
He  declared  that  both  he  and  his  consort 
would  devote  all  the  strength  and  energv  thov 
possessed  to  the  promotion  of  the  folloity  of 
Spain,  with  whicn  they  identified  all  their  as- 
pirations after  happiness  and  their  views  for 
the  future.  He  expressed  his  gratitude  to  all 
the  sovereigns  and  rulers  of  Uie  states  who 
on  the  occasion  of  his  marriage  had  given  evi« 
dence  of  their  friendly  sentiments  toward  him 
and  the  nation.  He  lamented  the  death  of 
Pope  Plus  IX.,  and  said  he  hoped  that  Provi* 
dence  would  enlighten  the  Oonclave.  so  that 
they  might  elect  a  Pontiff  who  would  insure 
concord  between  church  and  state.  lie  ox« 
pressed  hopes  for  the  maintenance  of  cordial 
relations  with  foreign  powers,  and  added  that 
the  treaties  of  commerce  with  Austria,  Bel- 
ginm,  France,  Greece,  Denmark,  and  the  Unit* 
ed  States  would  be  presented  for  approval, 
together  with  several  financial  bills,  includ- 
ing one  in  virtue  of  which  the  Government 
would  propose  to  sell  the  forests  beUmging  to 
the  state  which  were  not  inalienable*  lie- 
ferring  to  Cuba,  he  sold  that,  thanks  to  the 
exertions  of  the  troops  and  sailors  and  the 
sacrifices  made  by  the  nation,  the  island,  he 
trusted,  would  speedily  be  pacified.    The  ow> 


774                        SPAIN.  STEAM-ENGINE,  WELLS  BALANCE. 

ond  Chamber  elected  for  its  President  Sefior  olared  at  an  end  on  February  21  st.  On  }Luch 
Ayala.  On  February  26th  the  Marquis  of  Ist  telegrams  were  read  in  the  Cortes  anoocn- 
Orovio,  the  Minister  of  Finance,  made  a  state-  oing  the  submission  of  several  thousand  CdUd 
ment  respecting  the  financial  condition  of  the  insurgents,  with  arms  and  cannon,  and  a  large 
country,  which  he  said  was  very  favorable,  number  of  non-combatants.  A  royal  decree 
The  receipts  and  expenditures  in  the  next  was  published  in  Havana  on  March  2d,  ordain- 
budget  would  balance,  and  the  country  had  ing  that  Cuba  shall  have  its  own  deputies,  mo- 
discharged  its  obligations  on  their  falling  due,  nicipalities,  and  councils  general,  and  shall  be 
without  the  necessity  for  any  renewal.  The  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  Porto  Bico.  An- 
revenue  from  taxes  during  the  financial  year  other  decree,  issued  at  Puerto  Principe,  ennct- 
1876-^77  had  yielded  an  excellent  result,  and  ed  that  all  slaves  bom  after  the  passage  of  the 
the  Minister  hoped  shortly  to  be  able  to  reduce  law  of  February  10,  1869,  shall  be  free  if  tbej 
the  taxation.  On  March  7th  the  address  in  re-  present  themselves  to  the  Spanish  aatboritiee 
ply  to  the  speech  from  the  throne  was  adopted  m  Cuba  before  the  expiration  of  the  month, 
by  187  against  62  votes.  Sefior  Castelar,  in  Proprietors  who  had  taken  part  in  the  rebel- 
the  debate  preceding  the  vote,  said  that  Spain  lion  would  not  be  indemnified  for  the  loss  of 
suffered  from  two  wounds— one  at  Gibraltar  the  slaves  t^us  freed ;  but  other  owners,  vho 
the  other  on  the  Tagus.  The  inhabitants  of  had  not  taken  any  part  in  the  rebellion,  would 
Gibraltar,  he  said,  were  of  Spanish  blood,  and  receive  compensation  in  virtue  of  the  law  for 
the  place  should  be  in  Spanisn  hands.  Allud-  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery, 
ing  to  the  recent  Papal  election,  some  speakers  STEAM-ENGINE,  WELLS  BALANCE.  Xhi 
accused  the  Government  of  exercising  pressure  economy  obtained  Dy  diminishing  the  length 
with  the  view  of  influencing  the  Conclave,  of  the  piston-stroke,  and  proportionatelj  in- 
Sefior  Canovas  del  Castillo,  in  his  reply,  de-  creasing  the  speed,  has  led  engine-builders  to 
nied  that  any  such  pressure  had  been  em-  strive  for  the  highest  obtainable  velocity.  The 
ployed.  The  Marquis  of  Orovio  presented  his  advantages  derived  from  small  engines  worked 
budget  to  the  Chamber  on  March  9th.  The  at  high  speed  are  oounterbalanoed  by  the  dis- 
revenue  was  set  down  at  752,000,000  pesetas,  turbing  effect  caused  by  the  inertia  of  the  pis- 
and  the  expenditure  at  760,000,000.  The  pro*  ton,  piston-rod,  and  connecting-rod,  which  in- 
ceeds  of  the  future  sale  of  state  property  are  creases  with  the  rapidity  of  their  motion ;  to 
estimated  at  25,000,000  pesetas.  Petroleum  that  tJbere  is  a  point  of  velocity  beyond  which 
and  other  mineral  oils  are  to  be  subjected  to  an  engine  of  a  given  size  can  not  be  worked 
special  duties,  which  will,  however,  be  re-  without  wearing  out  the  frame  and  the  foandx- 
mitted  on  importations  fronr  countries  enjoj'  tion  with  tiie  Jars  of  the  piston-strokes.  This 
ing  the  most-favored-nation  dause,  but  main-  difficulty  seems  to  be  overcome  in  the  donble- 
tained  in  regard  to  countries  which  have  no  piston  balance  engine,  invented  by  Justin  R. 
treaty  with  Spain.  In  the  first  week  of  May  Wells,  of  New  York.  He  entirely  countertcti 
the  Minister  of  the  Colonies  submitted  a  biU  the  inertia  by  working  two  pistons  in  the  same 
authorizing  a  Cuban  loan  of  500,000,000  pe-  cylinder,  each  traversing  hiuf  ita  length  Exmol- 
setaa,  to  be  guaranteed  by  the  Cuban  customs  taneously  in  opposite  directions,  'fiie  steam 
duties.  The  Cortes  were  prorogued  on  July  is  admitted  alternately  in  the  middle  part  oi 
24th,  and  met  asain  in  the  latter  part  of  Octo-  the  cylinder  between  the  pistons,  to  drive  them 
her.  A  new  electoral  bill  was  presented  to  apart,  and  at  the  cylinder-heads,  to  drive  them 
the  Cortes  and  passed,  restricting  universal  snf-  together.  The  weight  displaced  is  divided  and 
fri^.  carried  in  opposite  directions  simultanedulj, 

On  January  28d  King  Alfonso  XII.  was  thus  entirely  obliterating  the  shock;  the  in- 
married  to  Maria  de  las  Mercedes,  the  second  termittent  action  of  the  steam-pressure  on  the 
daughter  of  the  Due  de  Montpensier.  The  cylinder  is  also  balanced  and  the  strain  obvi- 
young  Queen  was  born  June  24,  1860,  and  ated.  Another  weighty  advantage  is  the  re- 
died  June  26,  1878.  (See  Obituabibs,  Fob-  moval  of  the  dislocating  strain  on  the  journals 
Biov.)  By  this  marriage  the  two  branches  of  by  the  shaft,  and  the  tendency  to  twist  the 
the  house  of  Bourbon  were  united.  The  King  shaft  produced  by  a  nnglej>i8ton  engine :  in 
and  Queen  were  also  cousins,  the  mother  m  this  engine  two  opposite  rorces  act  in  the 
the  Queen  being  a  sister  of  Queen  Isabella,  the  cranks  placed  in  opposite  directions,  leaving 
mother  of  King  Alfonso.  the  action  of  the  shatt  and  journals  perfectly 

As  King  Alfonso  was  returning  from  a  tour  free  and  balanced.  In  three  important  parti^ 
of  the  provinces  to  Madrid  on  October  25th,  nlars,  therefore,  is  the  wear  and  disturbance 
a  young  roan  pressed  forward  and  twice  dis-  produced  in  an  ordinary  engine,  which  in- 
charged  a  pistol,  fortunately  without  hitting  creases  in  proportion  as  the  size  of  the  engine 
any  one.  He  was  immediately  arrested,  and  for  the  same  work  is  reduced  and  the  velocitj 
after  a  trial  sentenced  to  death.  His  name  increased,  removed  in  the  Wells  engine.  The 
was  Juan  Oliva  y  Moncasi.  He  was  a  cooper  full  benefits  derived  from  short  strokes  and 
of  Catalonia,  and  asserted  that  he  had  come  high  speed  can  thus  be  obtained.  An  en^ne 
to  Madrid  for  the  purpose  of  murdering  the  of  this  type  used  by  George  R.  Otis,  of  >ev 
King.  York,  witn  a  cylinder  of  a  five-inch  oore,  and 

The  insurrection  in  Cuba  was  officially  de-  a  stroke  of  five  inches  for  eadi  piston,  can 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  778 

perform  a  dat/  of  twelve  tior»e-power  with  a  tcbwI  for  prodnoing  eleotrio  UlnmiDation  was 
consamption  of  twentj  to  tbirty  ponnda  of  ran  at  tbe  ^eed  of  700  and  even  900  revola- 
coal  p«r  honr.  Two  special  uses  to  which  tioDB  per  mutate,  without  eaj  cops  on  the  pit- 
inch  a  amall  and  rapid  engine  ia  adapted  are  low-blocks.  The  (act  that  the  strun  on  the 
tliedrivingof  aoiroolaTBawandot'adj'naniico-  bearingais  obliterated  in  the  doDble-pistOQ  en- 
«leotric  machine.    One  used  in  a  Russian  naval  gine  can  be  proved  by  remoTiug  the  Ded-plat«^ 


Isiving  the  ojlinder  looae,  or  bj  removing  the  dynasty.    The  Eing,  Osoar  n.,  bom  January 

pillow-blocka,  when  tbe  shaft  will  remnin  sta-  SI,  1820,  sDoceeded  to  the  throne  at  the  death 

lioosry  while  the  engine  movea.    It  is  claimed  of  his  brother,  Charles  SV.,  September  18, 

that  the  work  ia  doubled  in  the  two-piston  bal-  ]  ST3.    He   married,    Jane    8,  1SG7,    Sophia, 

snce  engine  with  the  same  velocity  of  piston ;  danghter  of  the  Dnke  of  NaasaQ,  bom  Jnly  9, 

lod  that,  by  increasing  the  velocity  one  half,  18S6.     Their  oldest  son  is  Oostavoa,  heir  ap- 

ihe  capacity  is  threefold  that  of  an  ordinary  parent,  Duke  of  Wennland,  born  Jane  16, 

eopae  of  tbe  same  siie  of  cylinder.     There  18G8. 

Hems  to  be  a  promiung  fntore  for  snch  an  en-        Swbdeh. — The  executive  anthority  is  in  the 

rice,  in  which  strains  and  shocks  are  minimized  hands  of  the  EJng,  who  acta  nnder  ^e  advice 

and  their  destractive  effects  removed,  when  of  a  ministry,  formerly  called  tbe  Oonnoil  of 

employed  in  vessels  and  railroad  locomotives.  State.    The  oompoutlon  of  the  ministry  at  the 

SWEDEN  AHD  NORWAY,  two  kiufrdoms  close  of  1876  was  as  follows:  Baron  L.  de 

tl  DOTthern  Enrope,  imited  under  the  some  Qeer,  Minuter  of  State  and  Jostioe;  0.  U. 


778                                                TAYLOR,  BAYARD. 

increased  expenses  of  the  Government,  to  tax  was  soon  after  also  ratified  by  the  Gantofial 

the  emission  of  bank  notes,  spirits,  and  tobacco."  Oooncil.    The  session  was  closed  on  Aagmt 

The  Assembly  adjourned  on  February,  22d,  and  24th. 

met  again  on  June  8d.  The  President  of  the  The  elections  for  members  of  the  National 
National  Council  was  J.  Philippin,  of  Neufch&-  Oouncil  took  place  on  October  27th,  and  re- 
tel,  and  the  President  of  the  Oantonal  Council  suited  in  a  victory  for  the  liberals,  leaving  the 
A.  Yessaz,  of  Lausanne,  both  elected  in  June,  political  complexion  of  that  body  virtnaUr  as 
1877.  In  the  latter  part  of  June  the  Federal  it  had  been  in  the  previous  Council  At  the 
Council  resolved  to  submit  to  the  Federal  As-  same  time  tlie  cantons  voted  on  the  GoUiard 
sembly  a  project  for  a  national  subvention  to  question,  which  was  sanctioned  by  21  oantosi 
the  Gothard  Railway  of  6,600,000  francs.  The  The  new  Assembly  met  on  December  2d.  b 
remaining  1,500,000  francs  would  be  provided  the  National  Coundl,  Rdmer,  of  Zurich,  was 
by  the  Northern  and  Central  Railway  Company,  elected  President,  and  in  the  Cantonal  Connci], 
and  no  call  would  be  made  on  individual  can-  Gengel,  of  the  Grisons.  The  Federal  ABsemU; 
tons.  The  Assembly  adjourned  on  June  29th,  then  elected  Hammer,  of  Soleure,  as  Federal 
and  met  again  on  July  29th,  when  it  took  up  President,  and  Welti,  of  Aargan,  as  Yice-Presi- 
the  question  of  granting  a  Government  subsidy  dent.  The  other  members  of  the  Federal  Coan- 
to  the  Gothard  Railway.  The  National  Council  oil  elected  were  C.  Schenk,  Colond  Scherer,  F. 
on  August  8th  adopted  the  proposition  of  the  Anderwert,  J.  Heer,  and  N.  Droz.  The  Fed- 
Federal  Council  by  a  vote  of  87  to  41,  and  it  eral  Assembly  acyoumed  on  December  20tl). 


T 

TAYLOR,   Batabd,  died  in  Berlin,  Ger-  ward  traveled  extennvely  through  A^a  Minor, 

many,  December  19,  1878.    He  was  bom  in  Syria,  and  Europe.    In  the  latter  part  of  1653, 

Eennett  S<mare,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  January  setting  out  from  England,  he  crossed  Asia  to 

11,  1825.    His  father  kept  a  store  in  this  vil-  Calcutta,  and  went  to  China,  where  he  joioed 

lage,  and  afterward  became  a  farmer.    After  the  expedition  of  Commodore  Perry  to  Japuu 

receiving  a  common-school  education.  Bayard  In  1862-^63  he  was  Secretary  of  Legataon  at 

became  m  1842  an  apprentice  in  a  printing-of-  St  Petersburg,  and  part  of  the  time  Cbarg^ 

fice  in  West  Chester.    He  soon  began  to  con-  d* Affaires.    In  1874  he  revisited  Egypt,  anA 

tribute  verses  to  magazines,  and  in  1844  pub-  attended  the  millennial  celebration  in  Iceksi 

lished  a  small  volume  of  poems  under  the  title  For  this  occasion  he  ?nrote  a  poem  which  vis 

**  Ximena,  or  the  Battle  of  the  Sierra  Morena.''  transliU;ed  into  Icelandic  and  read  at  the  cel«* 

With  the  money  realized  from  this  and  ad-  bration.    In  February,  1878,  Mr.  Taylor  was 

vanoed  for  letters  to  be  written  to  the  *'  United  appointed  Minister  to  Germany.    He  had  long 

States  Gazette  *'  and  the  '*  Saturday  Eveniiuf  resided  in  Germany  at  different  periods,  and 

Post,"  together  about  $140,  he  went  abroad,  his  services  to  German  literature,  ids  intimate 

and  during  1844  and  1846  made  a  pedestrian  personal  associations  with  many  distinguifibed 

tour  of  Europe.    In  1846,  after  his  return,  he  uermans,  and  his  familiarity  with  the  langnige, 

published  "  Y  iews  Afoot,  or  Europe  seen  with  country,  and  people,  made  his  appointment  pe- 

^apsack  and  Staff."    The  preface  was  writ-  culiarly  appropriate.  It  was  genendly  approved 

ten  by  N.  P.  Willis,  and  so  great  was  the  pop-  in  this  country,  and  his  reception  in  Germtny 

ularity  of  the  book  that  in  ten  years  it  reached  was  oordial  and  enthusiastic    He  was  at  hH 

its  twentieth  American  edition.    After  editing  post  in  this  bigh  office  when  he  died, 
for  a  year  a  newspaper  in  Phcsnixvilie,  Pa.,  he        Mr.  Taylor  was  a  popular  lecturer  and  a  fre> 

went  to  New  York,  where  he  wrote  for  the  quent  contributor  to  magazines  and  revievs. 

^^  Literary  World,"  and  soon  after  became  an  His  published  works  are  numerous,  and  have 

editorial  writer  for  the  *^  Tribune,"  in  which  met  witii  large  sales.  Many  of  them  hare  been 

journal  many  of  his  subsequent  works  of  travel  trandatod  into  foreign  languages.    For  eevenl 

first  appeared,  and  with  which  he  was  con-  years  prior  to  his  death  he  had  been  engaged 

nected  when  appointed  Minister  to  Germany  on  a  combined  biography  of  Goethe  and  Schil- 

a  short  time  before  his  death.    In  1849  he  ler.    The  great  amount  of  literary  laborwhicfa 

made  a  voyage  to  California,  by  way  of  Pana-  he  performed  is  shown  by  the  following  list  of 

ma,  returning  by  way  of  Mexico.    The  results  his  published  works :  **  Ximena,  or  the  Battle 

of  this  Journey  were  given  in  ^'  El  Dorado,  or  of  the  Sierra  Morena,  and  other  Poeras  "  (1844); 

Adventures  in  the  Path  of  Empire"  (1850).  *^  Views  Afoot,  or  Europe  seen  with  EntpsiclE 

Ten  thousand  copies  of  this  book  were  sold  in  and  Staff,"  with  a  preface  by  K.  P.  Willis  (1846; 

twelve  days  in  this  country.    It  reached  its  20tii  American  edition,  1856);  '*  Rhymes  of 

eighteenth  American  edition  in  1862,  and  had  Travel,  and  California  Ballads"  (1848);  ''Q 

an  extensive  sale  in  England.  Dorado,  or  Adventures  in  the  Path  of  Empire "" 

^  In  1851  Mr.  Taylor  set  out  on  an  extended  (1850;  18th  American  edition,  1862);  ''Thfi 

journey  in  the  East,  in  the  course  of  which  he  American  L^nd,"  a  poem  delivered  before 

ascended  the  Nile  to  lat.  12°  80'  K,  and  after-  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  of  Harvard  U&i* 


TENNESSEE,  770 

versity  in  1850  (1860);  "Book  of  Romances,  $2,000,888.64,  of  which  $238,077.95  was  de- 
Lyrics,  and  Songs"  (1851);  "A  Journey  to  rived  from  the  levy  of  a  State  tax  of  ten  cents 
Central  Africa,  or  Life  and  Landscape  from  daring  the  year  1877-78.  The  disbursements 
Egypt  to  the  Negro  Kingdom  of  the  White  for  the  same  period  amounted  to  $1,661,869.- 
Nile"  (1854;  11th  American  edition,  1862);  79,  leaving  a  balance  of  $478,846.  From  this 
*^  The  Lands  of  the  Saracens,  or  Pictures  of  are  to  be  deducted  the  warrants  outstanding, 
Palestine,  Asia  Minor,  Sicily,  and  Spain**  (1854;  $99,720.23,  and  balance  appropriated  by  the 
20th  American  edition,  1862) ;  "A  Visit  to  In-  Fortieth  General  Assembly,  but  not  expended, 
dia,  Ohina,  and  Japan  in  the  Tear  1858  "  (1855 ;  amounting  to  $87,521.86,  leaving  in  the  Trea- 
16th  American  edition,  1862);  "Poems  of  the  sury  an  actual  balance  of  $291,103.95.  The 
Orient "  (1855) ;  "  Poems  and  Ballads  "  (1854) ;  Comptroller's  books  have  for  years  carried  an 
"  Poems ofHome and  Travel'*  (1855);  "North-  outstanding  warrant  accoant  which,  it  is  be- 
cm  Travel :  Summer  and  Winter  Pictures ;  lieved,  has  no  existence,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Lapland  **  (London,  that  it  is  the  result  of  an  error  of  calculation, 
1857;  New  York,  1858);  "Travels  in  Greece  by  whom  or  when  committed  it  is  impossible 
and  Russia,  with  an  Excursion  to  Crete,  1859  "  to  tell.  On  the  19th  of  December,  1876,  this 
(London,  1859;  New  York,  1869)  ;  "At  Home  outstanding  warrant  account  amounted  to 
and  Abroad,  a  Sketch  Book  of  Life.  Scenery,  $129,060.21.  There  have  been  presented  and 
and  Men"  (1859);  "The  Poet's  Journal  "(1862);  paid  on  this  account  warrants  amounting  to 
"  Hannah  Thurston,  a  Story  of  American  Life  "  $38,980.87,  showing  that  the  outstanding  war- 
(1863) ;  "  John  Gk)dfrey's  Fortunes,  related  by  rants  not  presented  in  two  years  amounted  to 
Himself,  a  Story  of  American  Life  "  (1864) ;  $95,129.34,  at  a  time  when  the  Treasurer  was 
"The  Story  of  Kennett,  a  Tale  of  American  paying  all  warrants  upon  presentation.  Of  the 
Life "(1866);  "The  Picture  of  St.  John,"  a  warrants  issued  since  December  19,  1876, 
poem  (1866);  "Colorado,  a  Summer  Trip"  amounting  to  $1,632,529.81,  the  Treasurer  has 
(1867);  "Frithiofs  Saga,"  from  the  Swedish  paid  $1,627,938.92*  leaving  only  a  balance  of 
of  Esaiaa  Tegn6r,  Bishop  of  Wexio,  by  the  Rev.  $4^590.89  outstanding. 

W.L.Blackley,  edited  by  Bayard  Taylor  (1867);  The  current  expenses  of  the  State  govem- 

**  The  Golden  Wedding  "  (Joseph  Taylor,  Re-  ment  for  the  past  two  years  amount  to  $1,044,- 

becca  W.  Taylor,  October  15,  1868 ;  private-  414,  or  $522^207  for  each  year,  showing  a  ma- 

Iv  printed,  200  copies,  1868) ;  "  By- Ways  of  terial  reduction  in  the  current  expense  account. 

Europe  "  (1869) ;   "  Auerbaoh's  Villa  on  the  This  account  reached  $1,943,663  in  1868-'69, 

Rhine,"  author's  edition,  with  a  biographical  $1,519,088  in  1870-'71,  $1,824,934  in  1873-74, 

sketch  by  Bayard  Taylor  (1869) ;  "  The  Ballad  and  $1,278,908  in  1875-'76.    The  tax  levied 

ofAbrahamLincohi"(1869);  "  Illnstrated  Li-  for  the  year  1878  amounts  to  $228,212,  of 

brary  of  Travel,  Exploration,  and  Adventure,"  which  $18,286.46  had  been  paid  at  the  close  of 

edited   by  Mr.  Taylor  (1872-'74) ;    Goethe's  the  year,  leaving  a  balance  of  $209,926.69  not 

"  Faost,"  Parts  I.  and  XL,  translated  into  Eng-  collected  or  paid.    Including  the  delinquent 

lish  Terse,  with  a  reproduction  of  the  original  list  of  former  years,  amounting  to  $498,000, 

meters  (1870-71) ;  "  Joseph  and  his  Friends"  there  was  at  the  close  of  1878  a  total  nncol- 

(1870);  "The  Masque  of  the  Gk)d8"  (1872);  lected  revenue  of  $702,925.69.    The  total  value 

*^  Beaaty  and  the  Beast "  and  "  Tales  of  Home  "  of  the  property  of  the  State  assessed  for  tax- 

(1872) ;  "  Lars,  a  Pastoral  of  Norway  "  (1878) ;  ation  for  the  year  1878  amounts  to  $228,212,- 

"  Egypt  and  Iceland  in  the  Year  1874,  with  an  158,  showing  a  decrease  since  1877  of  $18,* 

Acxsount  of  a  Visit  to  Fayoum  "  (1874) ;  "  The  696,695.    The  personal  property  assessed  for 

Prophet,  a  Tragedy  "  (1874) ;  "School  History  the  year  1878  amounts  to  $20,871,888.    In 

of  Germany  "  (1874) ;  "  Home  Pastorals,  Bal-  1875,  the  year  of  the  greatest  depression  in 

a  and  Lyrics "(1875):  "The  National  Ode,'^  business,  the  personal  property  or  the  State 

at  Philadelphia,  July  4,  1876   (1876);  was  assessed  at  $87,281,908.    The  tax  aggre- 

"  Boys  of  Other  Countries,  Stories  for  Amer-  gates  for  1878  were  as  follows : 
ican  Boys"  (1876);  "The  Echo  Club,  and 
other  Literary  Diversions  "  (1876) ;  "  Bismarck, 
his  Authentic  Biography,"  by  (George  Heze- 
kiel,  with  an  "Historical  Introduction"  by 
Bayard  Taylor  (1878) ;  "  Prince  Deukalion  " 
(1878).  Mr.  Taylor  also  prepared  a  "Cydo- 
peadia  of  Modem  Travel "  (1857),  and  wrote 

an  introduction  to  the  "  Life,  Trovels,  an^^  The  decrease  in  taxation  as  compared  with 

Books  of  Alexander  von  Humboldt "  (1860).  jgi*^  ^^  gjg  ^^^                             *^ 

Several  nnifonn  editions  of  his  books  have  jhe  retnm'  of' the  local  indebtedness  for 

''MSfesEk.    The  reports  of  the  Oomp-  ''''  -^  -  ^-"^^  ^ 

troller  and  Treasurer  show  that  the  receipts         S2!221*S^V;;^V •J'SJiSS 

J     .         . ,       .  j«        TV  V       Trt  jxir  duel  ana  towM. o,vm,obd 

during  the  two  years  ending  December  19, 

1878,  with  a  balance  of  $189,882.19  in  tbe  The  return  of  the  local  taxes  was  as  fol 

Tteasory  on  December  19,  1876,  amounted  to  lows :                                                              ^ 


Totel  valM. 

Butotuc. 

Sast  TenoeaMte 

|ftl,0(»,(»6 

100,850,4T9 

71,89S,680 

|Al,0e9  96 

Middle  Tenneasee 

100,850  97 

W«fft  TenoMSM 

71,998  8S 

Total 

$223,212,198 

$228,212  44 

780  TENNESSEE. 

In  18TT,  for  oonntlei. $1,971^1  t8  est  upon  this  snm,  at  six  per  cent,  would  iswcl 

In  18T7,  for  dtlea  and  towns 1.04i,4<T  90  to  $728,280.    I  do  oot  heaiute  to  igiin  urge  th«  i^ 

T,u.,oc^ux«,18TT ^*lt.m  0»  "rSrnofS!iSX^''rth.oplnionth..ft.p«. 


In  1878,  for  oounties $1,892,888  69 


pie  of  the  State  are  anxiouB  to  be  delivertd  frim 


In  lb7d,  for  cities  and  towns! '. '.  .'..!.!     *99 1,407  08  hirther  discuaalon  of  thia  queation,  and  from  i  loc^ 

Sostponement  of  its  aettlement.    If  tb»  reoomoiia- 
ation  ia  adopted,  the  Comptroller  ahoold  be  iortittu 

"  These  figures,"  saya  Comptroller  Gaines,  Z}lt  "*Kr"*/'  ^t  ^K-  ^^%  ^^  ?^  ^\  \ 

ii     ^         11    °        'iv     "^  ^        .*^ii      _v^«   :*  xl  make  publication,  with  notice  to  flnaoasl  •wnb'! 

"  are  really   appalling    espeoiaUy   when  it  is  ^he  aeveral  ooun^ea,  announcing  the  numUr  ofdc 

considered  that  they  do  not  inclade   all  the  bonda  returned  and  eanoeled,  with  the  Dimber  if 

ooanties  aod  corporations — ^aboat  one  tenth  of  new  bonds  issued,  and  the  amount  of  rereDiietobc 

them  (in  valuation)  having  failed  to  report,  provided  to  meet  the  interest,  with  the  amoont  u- 

It  would  seem,  indeed,  as  if  the  simple  state-  •'^^  Vl««^^  ^^^Z?  "pon  this  publicstioD  »Di 

"      7^  .r^      '^           »        ij  V       ^  .  "y^*^  notice,  the  County  Courta  should  be  required  w 

ment  of  these  hgures  would  be  sufficient  to  make  the  neoessaiy  levy  to  meet  the  intenat,  via- 

create  an  overwhelming  public  sentiment  de-  out  further  legislation, 

manding  no  more  debt,  and  a  rigorous  econo-  «   i.     t     - 1 

my  in  current  expenses  of  counties  and  cor-  ^  committee  of  the  Legislature,  appomtrd 

porations.    The  devices,  however,  by  which  ^  investigate  the  extent  and  character  of  iU 

debt  is  created  and  taxes  increased,  are  legion,  bonded  debt  of  the  State,  made  an  elaborate 

and  they  are  so  skillfully  managed  that  no  one  '^P^rt  early  m  1879,  givmg  among  other  facts 

seems  willing  or  dare  raise  his  voice  against  ^^  opinions  the  following : 

them.^'  And,  first,  we  are  directed  to  investigate  ud  r^ 

Tennessee  is  burdened  with  a  heavy  State  F^-  l.  Aato  when  and  for  what  purpose  wwtU 

debt    Gra.eaneation8l«veb^n  raised  as  to  r'o'riPn*:S^Tw*e^^?M'E 

the  nature  and  extent  of  the  State's  liability  when  issued,  wen  a  part  of  the  State  debt  proper, 

on  the  bonds  which  have -been  issued  by  it,  and  what  amount  were  railroad  bonds,  u  th^  wcR 

and  as  to  what  course  should  be  pursued  with  distinguished  in  all  official  reports,  message*,  ete., 

reference  to  the  bonded  indebtedness.    At  the  H^^  »^«  ^^  """» ""^  ^^'^  P^  "^  ^'*^"*' 

beginning  of  1879  there  were  outstandmg  20,-  °£j  ii.wer,  we  beg  leave  to  say  that  there  « 

219  bonds,  amounting  to  $20,221,800.    In  ten  outstanding  bonda  of  the  State,  which  hsTe  been 

years  the  State  has  paid  three  installments  of  presented,  registered,  and  renewed,  to  the  number'/ 

interest,  and  seven  are  past  due,  amounting,  20,219,  amounting  to  |20,22l,«oo,  and  that  there  m 

after  deducting  $149,050  paid  to  educational  <>»>*?** "dif^  ^o"<^»  if 'J^.J^^'^  °l'  '^JSil'^t^ 

J    ,".",,*?  v-r  2'         X    A  j^iroWi  iT     ^  regiatered,  or  renewed,  to  the  number  of  789,  smCTCt- 

and  charitable  mstitutions,  to  $4,062,717,  mak-  in  J  to  $789,000.    These  bonds  were  issued  aU  ilotf 

ing  a  debt,  principal  and  interest,  of  $24,274,-  from  January  1, 1888,  to  1876  or  1876,  under  the  •« 

000.     In  his  message  to  the  Legislature  of  of  1882,  act  of  1886,  act  of  l886-'86,  act  of  isia,  i.i 

1879  the  retu-ing  Governor,  James  D.  Porter,  of  January  80, 18S0  act  of  l85l-»52  and  «menamedi, 
_^.^                        ^                    '                                 'act  of  January,  1862,  and  March,  1854,  and  also  oc- 

®**^  •  der  acU  of  1848, 1860, 1862,  1864, 1866,  and  1S«),  mJ 

The  settlement  of  this  debt  is  paramount  to  all  of  1866, 1867, 1868,  and  1878. 

(Questions  of  legislation  that  can  engage  the  atten-  The  State  debt  proper,  as  known  before  the  wir, 

tion  of  the  General  Assembly ;  it  involves  the  honor  was  composed  of  C)onds  issued  for  the  stock  of  tt« 

and  good  name  of  the  State,  the  credit  and  honor  of  State  in  turnpike  companies,  in  railroads,  in  hacks, 

eveiy  one  of  its  citizena ;  it  ia  a  liability  that  waa  for  the  oonstmctlon  of  the  Capitol,  for  the  puretiM 

voluntarily  contracted,  and,  whether  it  waa  wisely  of  the  Uermitaffe,  and  to  the  Agricultural  Bonea. 

created  or  not,  can  not  now  be  a  aueation.    I  hold.  Specifically,  tnere  were  iasued  to  the  Unioo  Baci 

and  have  always  believed,  that  in  tne  light  of  moral  of  Tennessee,  for  stock  of  the  State  therem,  at* 

and  leffal  duty,  as  a  question  of  commercial  honor  der  the  act  of  1882.  6  per  cent,  bonds  to  the  nnmMr 

and  of  State  pnde,  the  best  settlement  of  the  debt  for  of  600 ;  to  the  Bank  or  Tenneaaee,  under  set  of  I^'^ 

Tennessee  would  be  to  pay  the  entire  debt  accord-  6  per  cent,  bonds  to  the  number  of  2,600 ;  to  haud 

ing  to  the  terms  of  the  contract;  thia  would  be  a  the  Capitol,  under  the  acU  of  1848,  I860, 185S.  ISM. 

heavy  burden,  but  when  it  became  oppressive  a  tem-  1866,  and  I860.  6  per  cent,  bonds  to  the  number  cf 

porary  suspension  of  the  interest  payment  could  bo  1,166 ;  to  puronaae  the  Hermitage,  under  the  act  of 

made,  and  with  a  return  of  prosperity,  with  a  mod-  1861-*62,  bonda  to  the  number  of  48 :  to  AgrienlRnal 

erata  mcreaae  of  population  and  a  reaaonable  devel-  Bureau,  under  act  of  1861-'62,  bonos  to  the  nuLoer 

opmeat  of  our  resouroes,  now  in  tdUl  fruition,  the  of  80 ;   for  stock  in  various  turnpike  oompaDwe, 

whole  debt  could  be  paid  without  aerious  embarraaa-  under  the  acta  of  1886-'86  and  1888,  6, 6)^,  sna  6  p«r 

ment  to  any  one.    But  the  oreditora  themaelvea  have  cent,  bonda  to  the  number  of  1,886 :  for  stock  in  the 

relieved  the  State  of  the  necessity  of  providing  for  Hiawaaaee  Railroad  Company,  nnaer  act  of  16^^  ^ 

the  entire  debt  b^  offering  auch  an  abatement  of  the  per  cent,  bonda  to  the  number  of  449  ;^  to  the  Ean 

principal  as  to  bnng  ita  payment  within  the  ability  Tenneaaee  and  Georgia,  201 ;  for  stock  in  l<^P!°g 

of  the  State,  without  mnKing  it  burdenaome.    In  and  Memphia  Bulroad  Company,  under  ad(  of  l3«« 
December,  1877,  certain  creditors  of  f"      ~ 
posed  to  a4jnat  that  part  of  the  debt 

aelves,  upon  a  basis  of  fifty  cents  for  !«.».«.»—  «.^    .».»»,  i^,^.«0.««v.,  ...•».«  w.^«^.  .^^ — . --~ 

past-due  interest,  and  offered  aasurances  that  the  $6,486,716.    Quite  a  number  of  these  bonds  were 

great  body  of  the  crediton  would  accept  the  same  taken  up  before  the  war.  some  have  been  takes  id 

terms ;  this  proposition  was  submitted  to  an  extra  and  canceled  aince,  and  some  have  been  resevea 

aession  of  the  Fortieth  General  Asaembly,  and  ita  under  the  Amding  acta  of  1866  and  1878.    There  tn 

acceptance  earnestly  recommended.    I  am  aatiafled  atill  outatanding,  by  virtue  of  renewals,  nadicfi 

that  the  creditors  making  thia  proposition  would  etc.,  of  the  bonds  issued  to  the  Union  Bsnk,  ItS;  <'t 

still  make  the  adjustment ;  seUled  at  fifty  centa,  the  those  iasued  to  the  Bank  of  Tenneaaee.  214 ;  of  tbcie 

debt  would  amount  to  $12,187,000 :  the  annual  inter-  iaaued  to  build  the  Capitol,  498 ;  of  those  issved  to 


TENNESSEE.  781 

purchase  the  Hermitage,  86 ;  of  those  issued  to  Ag-  issned  under  the  ftmding  act  of  1878 ;  and  of  these 
ricnltural  Bureau,  18 ;  of  those  issued  to  the  various  18,908  bonds  11,321  were  issued  to  railroads  uoder 
turnpike  oompanies,  788;  of  those  issued  for  stock  the  internal  improvement  law  of  1861-^ 62,and  amend- 
in  the  Hiawassee  Bailroad,  280 ;  of  those  issued  for  ments  thereto,  aa  before  stated,  and  were  a  primary 
stock  in  the  Lagrange  and  Memphis  Bulroad,  68 :  oharffe  upon  the  roads,  and,  if  a  charge  at  all  against 
and  of  those  for  stock  in  the  East  Tennessee  and  the  State,  were  so  only  secondarily.  It  is  to  he  ob- 
Georgia  Railroad,  144.  Hence  there  are  outstand-  served  that  we  are  directing  our  answer  to  the  second 
ing,  of  all  the  bonds  ever  issued  and  constituting  a  inquiry  upon  the  assumption  that  it,  as  did  the  first, 
debt  proper  against  the  State,  in  the  sense  of  that  addresses  itself  to  onUtanding  bonds. 
term  as  used  oefore  the  war,  2,105,  amounting  to  The  laws  under  which  these  11,221  bonds  were 
$2  J 05,000.  issued  required  certain  specific  thmffs  to  be  done 
The  remainder  of  the  21,008  bonds  outstanding,  and  certain  specified  evidences  to  be  filed  before  they 
to  wit,  18.908,  are  bonds  which  were  issued  before  were  authorised  to  be  issued ;  and  certain  conditions 


ons  subsequent  amendments  thereto,  most  of  them  of  established  facts  in  saying  that  in  nearly  every 

enacted  since  the  war,  and  bonds  issued  under  the  instance  the  conditions  of  the  law,  either  precedent 

acta  of  1886, 1868,  and  1878,  to  discharge  or  refund  or  subsequent,  with  respect  to  these  bonds,  were  not 

past-due  bonds  and  interest.    In  order,  however,  to  observed, 

answer  the  last  clause  of  the  first  point,  or  interrog>  —,             ...          .        ...        .       ..         ,     . 

atory,  of  the  Senate  resolution,  as  to  what  part  of  The  condition  of  public   education   during 

the  outaUndin^  bonds  are  pod-belhun  bonds,  it  is  the  past  year,  as  compared  with  the  preceding 

necessary  to  give  a  short  reaume  of  the  issuance  of  year,  is  shown   in   the   following   statement, 

^?*^,Vo2^J^^'  •5^,o5S  ^'P^J^^i'?!?^  *V  ^"r ^i^J?  which  comprises  returns  from  aU  but  three 

acts  of  1866, 1868,  and  1878,  and  of  the  acts  of  1869  ^^„_*i^« .     *^ 

and  1870,  allowing  raihoads  to  retire  their  indebted-  counues . 

nesa.    Tnere  have  been  issued  to  railroads  before    Enumeration  for  1878 480,214 

and  aiaoe  the  war,  29,284  bonds.    Of  this  number,  *'  '*  1877 442,453 

851  were  issued  to  the  Hiawassee  and  the  Lagrange  TT"! 

and  Memphia  Railroads  for  State   stock    therem.     „    *J**^-C'-  VcVo 5'SIS 

Thirty-two  bonds  were  issued  to  the  LouisviUe,     Number  of  te«Ji«rs,m8 ^M8 

Cincinnati  and  Charleston  Bailroad,  butthat  enter-  *  ** '. ^ 

priae  did  not  get  well  into  life,  and  these  82  bonds  Incroase 587 

were  never  used  and  were  returned  for  cancellation.     Narober  of  schools,  1878 5^17 

Henoe  there  were  28,85]  bonda  issued  in  the  shape  "  "      1877 4,604 

of  loans  to  railroads.    For  the  payment  of  the  inter- 

eat  and  principal  of  these  bonds  the  roads  were  pri-  NuiigS^roD^d'iQVui/iCTi:::::::: :;:::::         855,809 

mar  I  ly  liable,  and  the  State  only  aecondarily  so,  if  "^j^  "*  «iivucu  |iu|hi.,  ^^^^  ..........                82x1648 

stall.  — ! — 

Of  theae  28,851  bonds,  14,808  were  issued  before  Increase 88«856 

the  war  under  the  internal  improvement  law  of  1851     Average  attandsnce,  1878 188,241 

-'52,  and  iU  ante-war  amendmento,  excent   850,  "  '*        ISH 142£66 

which  were  issued  to  the  East  Tennessee  ana  Geor-  .                                                                     411975 

giaBaihrpad  Company  under  the  act  of  January  30.  ^^  j,  ot ii^:^miiliy/{m:^'^V:^\:\:V^:  $884,^  58 

1850,  which  IS  substantially  similar  to  the  act  of  1851  ^r  »*         «  '  •  137j 718,688  48 

-'62;  and  18,948  were  issued  since  the  war  under  

the  act  ofl851-'52,  and  various  acts  passed  by  the  Increase |lfi5,518  U 

Legislature  since  the  war  amendatory  thereof.  Expenditures  Ibr  1878 tlJ^IS  S 

There  are  outstanding  of  the  14,808  bonds  issued  "  ^^ 691,071  66 

before  the  war,  M  State  aid,  8,688,  and  of  those  is-  ^^^^ ^^^  ^ 

sued  since  only  2,688.    There  were  issued  under  the     Numberof  private  schode  in  1878 1,085 

act  of  1866  4,941  bonds,  to  fund  interest  that  accrued  **  »•  »*        1877 960 

upon  bonds  during  the  war  and  up  to  the  1st  of  

January,  1866,  and  the  bonds  that  had  matured,  and  Increase 46 

of  these  bonds  there  are  outstanding  2,246.  Nomber  of  teachers  In  prtyate  ecbools  in  l^T^.  .            1,151 

Under  the  act  of  1868,  2^200  were  issued  and  used  ^'* '  *•  •  •            ^"* 

by  the  Comptroller  in  raising  monejjr  to  pay  interest  ineiesse 4 

and  maturing  bonds.    This  transaction  amounted  in  Enrollment  or  private  sohoola  in  1878*.  ]['.['. ['...'.          81 .680 

substance  to  funding  the  interest  and  the  matured  '*  mm        Xtt77 88,291 

bonds.    Of  this  series  there  are  ontstsnding  569.  

Under  the  ftmding  act  of  1878,  6,641  bondswere     ^     Increase.    v'r:":"-i''V'\wL^ of'SR 

issned  to  fund  pastniue  interest  aid  matured  bonds ;     Aveijge  attendance  at  prlyste  echools.  1878 81,977 

and  of  these  6,641,  there  are  ouUtanding   4,867.  "'* ^'  ^ 

Hence,  of  the  outstanding  bonds,  10,820,  that  is,  incrveae 4,7C4 

$10,820,000,  are  pod-beUum  bonds.  Nomber  of  praded  acboolsi  1878.'. !'...!'......"...               885 

Tne  second  question  to  respond  to  in  the  Senate  ..  -  u      1377 195 

resolution  is  :  **  What  was  the  nature  and  extent  jjT 

of  the  obUgation  hicurred  by  the  St.te  by  issuing  NniibSTco^lid;i^*iiAiiiil878:::::::^                 886 

each  daas  or  series  of  bonds :  whether  the  State  was  "" ™"""^  *"  wiwuuu««u  bcuwib,  i^^^. . ......                 *^ 

directly  liable  for  said  bonds,  or  waa  only  the  en-  

doraer  on  a  great  part  of  the  same,  or  loaned  the  same  Increeae 65 

to  oertain  railroads  and  other  inoorporated  compa-  Dumber  of  conntyteschere' Institatee,  1878....               161 

niea ;  and  whether  the  conditions  of  the  Stote's  en-  «             «          -            -          187T. . . .              104 

dorsement  or  loan  of  ssid  bonds  have  been  complied ^ 

with!"  ^""^^ " 

^^  '*S- ^'.''fa^cSS  ^^.!^VJ^a1  ?/JiS  ?i'Tn^''^'i'  The  Democratic  State  Convention  assembled 

outatandinff,  18,908  are  bonds  issued  to  railroads,  ^  w    1.    -n      a        ^  -mj.^.         ji          *.'        j   2. 

bonds  issued  under  the  ftmding  act  of  1866,  bonda  i^t  Nashville,  August  15th,  and  continued  in 

iMued  under  the  liquidating  act  of  1868,  and  bonds  session  three  days.    After  a  protracted  senea 


782  TENNESSEE. 

of  ballots,  Albert  S.  Marks  was  nominated  for  ifbed  and  bankrupted  the  country ;  it  has  dm«l 

Governor.    The  platform  adopted  was  as  fol-  {^X°d  wi^uSl^li^Xn'^^'^ud;.'^ 

^^^^  *  uomistakable  ]>recur8on  of  revolutioDary  rtsUuLN 

In  the  name  of  the  Democratic  party  of  Tonnes-  to  oppression,  iigustice,  and  wron^. 
see,  we,  its  delegates,  in  oonvention  assembled,  most        For  these  crimes  against  homaiiirr  snd  eooj  gcr> 

Bolemoly  arraign  the  Kadical  Kepublican  party,  ua-  ernment,  wo  denounce  the  Radical  KepubliciiD  p«ttj 

tional  and  State,  before  the  bar  or  public  opimon,  as  as  unworthy  the  trust  and  confidence  of  fin  i&teiL- 

the  author  of  all  the  misfortunes  which  now  oppress  gent  and  patriotic  people.   As  the  renrcBenUtiTes  cf 

and  threaten  the  people.  tiie  Democratic  party,  we  oongratuUte  the  pocpU 

Protesting  its  friendship  for  the  Federal  Union,  it  that  our  party  has  at  last  won  a  victoiy  for  tt.«n 

Bought  to  destroy  it  in  centralization.    Declaring  its  over  the  Aadical  Bepublican  party  and  iti  allies, 

purpose  to  ^^  establish  justice,**  it  trampled  it  under  monopoly  and  the  moner  power.    ThrDOgh  tb«U- 

its  leet.    To  "  insure  domestic  tranquillity,*'  its  pro-  bora  and  policies  of  the  Democratic  party,  dosKitic 

claimed  mission,  it  preached  the  gospel  of  hate,  and  eoyemmenta,  republican  in  spirit  as  well  u  in  fom, 

filled  the  land  witn  blood,  misrule,  and  anarchy,  nave  been  reatored  to  the  Southern  Stst«s,  and  tke« 

Pretending  to  *^  provide  for  the  common  defense,*'  States  have  been  replaoed  in  the  Federal  circh  w itt 

it  fruitlessly  squandered  millions  of  the  people's  functions  and  rights  coeoual  with  the  other  mw- 

money.    Anectmg  to  *^  promote  the  general  wel-  bera  of  the  Union.    For  tne  accompliBbment  of  tliii 

fare,*'  it  betrayed  the  public  weal.   Affirming  its  de-  great  work  this  political  oivanization  desenei  the 

sign  to  **  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  gjatitude  of  the  South  and  tne  respectful  eouidert- 

and  posterity,**  it  forged  for  the  people  the  chains  of  tion  of  the  whole  republic ;  the  gratitude  of  tb«  fo^ 

perpetual  slavery.    Ostensibly  the  financial  agent  of  mer  is  due  because  it  waa  the  direct  recipient  of  tlK 

the  people,  it  was  in  fact  the  puant  tool  of  the  money  blessings  of  restored  political  and  civil  libeitr;  [U 

power.     It  betrayed  its  trust  when  it  converted  a  respectful  consideration  of  the  national  repTiViie  ii 

non-interest-beanng  debt  into  an  interest-bearing  due  because  by  the  success  of  Democntio  polick-i 

debt,  which  is  a  blighting  public  curse.   It  betrayed  in  this  regard  the  sword  was  eliminated  from  hi 

its  trust  when  it  repudiated  a  contract  which  was  internal  adminiatration,  centralization  arrested,  n*! 

dischargeable  in  Treasury  notes,  and  substituted  a  the  ancient  forms  and  methods  of  the  Fedenl  sji- 

ooiu  contract  in  Its  stead  to  the  prejudice  of  the  peo-  tem  reestablished.    We  pledge  the  people  thisiiir 

pie.    It  betrayed  its  trust  when  it  demonetized  BUver  grand  old  party  will  never  lower  its  banner  nor  tike 

and  forbade  payment  to  the  public  creditors  in  the  a  step  baokwud,  until  the  prosperity  of  the  vkie 

cheaper  metal  provided  for  in  the  contract.    It  be-  people  shall  be  held  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  poiid- 

trayed  its  trust  when  it  organized  a  privileged  class  cal  administration.    In  the  name  of  DemGcney  «e 

into  a  close  banking  corporation,  and,  usurping  all  denounce  an  interest-bearini^  public  debt  a  \^V^' 

banking  power,  invested  its  creature  with  exclusive  curse;  we  denounce  protection  a  public  nH<tn; 

corporate  power  to  destroy  the  business  and  property  we  denounce  monopolies  aa  hateful,  and  dectnxtJt 

of  the  people.    It  betrayed  its  power  when  it  fixed  to  public  liberty,  and  demand  that  thev  be  pat  kvij 

an  arbitrary  period  for  resumption.    It  has  squan-  from  among  the  people.   We  demand  tne  rertonnos 

dered  the  public  wealth  by  donations  to  powerful  of  the  Federal  Qovemment  to  its  conetitutioiu^  lii> 

oorporations.    It  has  wrung  enormoua  taxes  fh)m  its,  and  a  return  of  its  administration  to  its  orlgisal 

the  people,  and  applied  them  to  unworthy  partisan  economy,  simplid^,  and  impartialitv. 
purposes.  We  demand  that  the  military  shall  be  inbordicitc 

Under  the  pretense  of  protection  to  home  icdustry,  to  the  civil  authority  in  fact  aa  well  as  in  tbeorr ;  tM 

it  has  svstematioally  robbed  the  many  in  the  interest  repeal  of  the  laws  which  have  destroyed  our  cc{> 

of  the  few.  merce :  the  repeal  of  the  declaration  that  the  ai* 

By  unfriendly  legislation  it  has  driven  American  rency  bonds  of  the  Government  shall  be  paid  u 

•hips  from  the  high  seas,  and  utterly  destroyed  our  coin,  and  the  payment  in  Treasuir  notes  of  fiosGcb 

foreign  commerce.  of  said  bonds  as  may  be  found  oae  after  (l^J'^ 

It  made  the  army  an  instrument  in  the  annihila-  the  difiTerenoe  between  the  value  of  the  gold  pud 

tion  of  republican  government  in  the  South.    By  the  and  the  currency  due  thereon  according  to  the  {y> 

use  of  the  army  it  put  the  people  of  the  United  tract ;  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the  resnmpt:^ 

States  in  fear  and  robbed  them  of  the  Presidency,  act;  that  the  odious  national  bankioff  act  be  mcaiK 

It  insults  the  laboring  people  of  our  country  by  de-  and  greenbacks  be  substituted  for  the  drcnlatK-c  d 

manding  an  increase  of  tne  armv  for  the  avowed  the  national  banks ;  that  Treasury  notes  be  msdtrt- 

purpose  of  a  standing  menace  to  them.   Bv  the  levy  ceivable  for  all  Government  dues ;  that  no  mnii- 

of  excessive  excise  duties  upon  tobacco  and  alcoholic  terest-bearlng  bonds  be  issued;   that  all  Icas^re 

productions,  it  has  encouraged  violations  of  the  rev-  quired  by  the  Government  be  raised  by  the  usucc* 

enue  laws,  and  under  the  false  pretense  of  protecting  of  non-interest-bearing  Treasury  notes;  thitte 

the  Bevenue  service,  it  has  turned  loose  upon  our  coinage  of  silver  be  made  unlimited,  and  while  ii^ 

people  irresponsible,   bloodthirsty  men,  who  kill  thecheaper  metal  that  it  bepaid  to  the  public oM* 

and  maim  our  people  and  destroy  their  property  at  or  exclusively  upon  all  bonds  justly  payable  ui  eoicj 

will,  and,  confessing  the  want  of  jurisdiction  in  the  that  the  value  of  all  foreign  silver  coins  be  regcUt^ 

Federal  courts  to  punish  them,  yet  it  refhaes  to  allow  and  made  receivable  for  ul  Government  doea.  to  ^e 

these  enemies  to  society  to  be  challenged  anywhere  reooined  by  the  Government  and  paid  out  toiticrta* 

for  their  crimes.  itors ;  the  repeal  of  all  laws  which  deny  to  the  p^p-e 

Acquiring  power  by  accident,  it  has  perpetuated  of  the  several  States  the  right  to  determine  for  tcfls- 

It  by  fraudulently  deceiving  the  ignorant  blacks  of  selves  whether  they  will  authorize  l>*<^^*^'  ^^h 

the  South,  and  misleading  the  oreduloua  maaaes  of  that  capital  in  every  form  be  re<}uired  to  bear  V-^ 

the  North,  and  it  has  uniformly  abused  its  power  by  burdens  of  government  equally  with  iab<Hr  snd  pr^^ 

administering  the  government  in  the  interest  of  the  duction ;   that  the  present  flnandsl  poH<7  ^^  ^ 

creditor  and  against  the  debtor  class ;  in  the  interest  Government  to  contract  the  circulation  of  Ti^cir 

of  the  tax-consumer  and  against  the  tax*payer ;  in  notes,  disparage  silyer,  magnify  gold  and  naticcijr 

the  interest  of  the  rich  and  against  the  poor ;  in  the  bank  notes,  be  reveraed,  and  every  legitimate  c  ;^ 

interest  of  the  strong  and  against  the  weak ;  in  the  adopted  to  swell  the  volume  of  our  cnireocT  viu 

Interest  of  the  few  and  against  the  many.  silver  and  Treaauir  notes.    For  five  yean  tt«  »«: 

As  the  legitimate  fruit  of  its  maladministration,  it  tional  Badical  Bepublican  party  upheld  and  p^f-^^ 

uits ;  it  has  de-  an  irresponsible  minority  m  the  uaurpatioa  of  ^w 


has  paralyzed  all  our  industrial  pursuits 
atroyed  the  value  of  our  property 
labor  of  eooployment  and  reward ; 


atroyed  tbe  value  of  our  property ;  it  haa  deprived    State  government,  and  permitted  it  to  watte  o^ 

;  it  haa  impdver-    aubatance  of  our  unrepresented  and  impovena-i-a 


TENNESSEE.  783 

people  hj  bardcnsome  taxation,  and  the  isiue  and  Jiaotved^  Thatwefa^or  alibenl  STBtem  of  public 

sale,  at  an  enormouB  disooant,  of  milliona  of  bonds,  aohoola,  to  be  aupported  by  general  State  taxation, 

the  proceeds  of  which  in  great  port  were  converted  equal  to  the  education  of  all  children  of  the  State, 

to  toe  private  use  of  its  party  favorites ;  and  when  believinff  it  an  absolute  necessity  to  the  perpetuity 

the  control  of  the  State  government  was  recovered  of  republican  institationa.    Intelligence  ana  good 


ly  of  the  bonds  so  issued.    We  undertook  to  provide  perfecting  and  perpetuating  the  common-school  sy  s- 

for  theae  bonds  as  a  part  of  our  public  deot.    As  tern  on  a  oroad  and  liberal  basis,  that  a  govemmeut 

D«mocrat8  we  point  with  pride  to  toe  fact  that  since  of  the  i>eople  by  the  people  and  for  the  people  shuU 

the  accession  of  our  party  to  power,  it  has  not  ere-  not  perish  from  the  earth. 

ated  a  dollar  of  debt,  out  has  paid  millions  upon  ex-  KuoUnd^  That  we  are  opposed  to  the  system  of 
UtLn^  debts.  It  has  steadily  reduced  the  expenses  leasing  convict  labor  to  be  brought  into  competition 
of  the  administration  of  the  State  govemmeut.  It  with  t£e  mechanics  and  other  laboring  men  of  the 
haa  attempted  to  meet  ^1  the  obuffations  of  the  State,  a  system  inaugurated  and  persistently  main- 
State,  just  and  unjust.  By  reason  ordroumstances  tained  by  Democrats,  having  a  tendency  to  degrade 
orer  which  we  have  had  no  control,  we  are  no  longer  labor  and  deprive  the  toiling  masses  ot  their  just  op- 
able  now  to  meet  the  requirements  of  our  creditors,  portunities  for  merited  rewu^l. 
The  coat  of  all  our  productions  exoeeds  their  market  Beaoltedy  That  we  favor  encouraging  emigration 
valae.  Oar  mechanics  and  laboring  people  are  with-  to  our  State  and  helping  the  incoming  population  to 
oDt  remnnerative  employment.  Our  merchants  are  a  knowledge  of  our  climates,  manifold  resouroes, 
making  no  gains.     None  are  prosperous  save  cor-  and  abundant  harvests. 

porations,  interest-takers,  and  money-lenders.    Wo  Rttolvedf  That  we  demand  such  Isolation  as  is 

reoognizeamon^  ourselves  wide  differences  of  opln-  necessair  to  insure  free  and  fair  elections  and  a  £air 

ion  u  to  the  time,  mode,  and  measure  of  the  pay-  return  of  the  votes  cast. 

ment  of  our  public  obliffations,  but  for  the  present  JSiMofosi.  That  we  favor  the  enactment  of  such  a 

these  diiferences  of  opimon  afford  no  just  occasion  mechanica'  lien  law  aa  will  protect  honest  mechan- 

for  disturbing  that  unity  which  is  so  essential  to  the  ics  in  their  just  right  of  compensation  for  nuteriali 

complete  aucoess  of  our  party  in  its  ffreat  struj^gle  furnished  and  labor  performed. 

for  the  Uberation  of  the  oountry.     We  cordially  rnr      «  n      •               i  j.*                    n*      ^    v 

unite,  however,  in  declaring  that  we  are  opposed  to  ^  The  following  reBolntion  was   offered    by 

the  repudiation  of  the  just  indebtedness  of  the  Xenophon  Wheeler,  of  Ohattanooga : 

State,  that  we  are  in  favor  of  an  equitable  adjast-  Bmolmd,  That  we  oordially  endorse  the  Adminis- 

ment  of  our  public  indebtedness,  but  to  the  end  that  tration  of  President  Hayes  aa  both  able  and  patriot- 

this  question  may  be  put  out  of  the  politics  of  the  ic,  and  one  which  commends  Itself  to  all  fair-minded 

State,  we  declare  that  we  are  for  the  submission  to  men  without  regard  to  party. 
the  people  for  their  ratification  or  rejection  at  the 

hallotpbox,  at  a  separate  election,  of  any  a^ustment  Much  commotion  ensued  upon  the  reading 

l^'.®^?  "^^^-i  ^^'^  T^}"^  "^i  y  l^^  H^^  of  this  resolution,  and  a  motion  was  made  to 

lature;  and  until  such  adjustment  shall  have  been  ^  \^   \\  ^^/Bn^i-wv**,  »*«*  «  «*vi/  v«  «»  i^o^v  w 

made  and  ratified  by  the  people,  we  declare  that  we  J^^le  it.     This  provoked  animated  discussion, 

tri  opposed  to  the  levy  of  any  greater  tax  upon  the  ui  the  midst  of  which  the  chairman  said  that 

people  than  may  be  necessary  for  the  payment  of  if  the  resolution  was  rejected  he  would  with- 

thewpenaeaof  the  State  government,  economically  draw  from  the  chair.     The  resolution  was 

'*^""**^  finally  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolu* 

The  Republican  State  Convention  met  in  t^ons,  from  which  it  was  withdrawn  by  ito  au- 

Nashville,  August  22d,  nominated  Emerson  thor  just  before  acUournment. 

Etheridge  for  (Governor,  and  passed  the  fol-  ^  convention  of  the  National  Greenback 

lowmg  resolutions  *  P&i^Jt  ^^^^  &t  Nashville,  August  29th,  adopted 

The  Bepubllcan  party  of  Temiessee,  whUe  reaf-  ^^^«  ^^^"  ^^  foUowing  resolutions: 

fiminff  ito  devotion  to  the  peat  principles  of  the  Setohsd^  That  we  demand  the  abolition  of  nation- 

Hepablioan  party,  yet  with  direct  application  to  the  al  banks,  and  the  issuing  by  the  Qovemment  of 

present  questions  at  issue  in  our  State  affairs,  do  fur-  legal-tender  paper  money,  made  receivable  for  all 

iher  decfare  that  we  are  opposed  to  repudiation  of  dues,  public  and  private*  including  duties  on  im- 

a&7  kind,  or  bv  any  means ;  that  we  favor  the  pay-  ports,  as  well  as  the  principal  and  interest  on  bonds 

ment  of  all  liabilities  of  the  State  according  to  tne  of  the  United  States,  or  in  other  words  made  an  ab« 

tenna  of  its  obligations,  except  so  far  aa  the  creditors  solute  dollar  equal  m  its  ftmctions  as  a  meaaure  of 

may  voluntarily  concede  more  favorable  terms ;  and  Talues  with  gold  and  ailver. 

that  the  last  Democratic  Legislature,  in  falling  to  2.  That  we  demand  that  the  Government  of  the 

aoeept  the  proposition  of  compromise  offered  by  the  United  States  shall  never  more  issue  United  States 

creditors,  showed  themselves  tmworthy  the  office  of  bonds  of  any  kind  or  class,  whereby  the  money  of 

legialators.  and  unfit  representatives  of  an  honest  the  country  can  be  absorbed  and  oraw  interest  in 

peopls  willing  to  do  right,  and  anxious  to  avoid  the  idleness. 

odjum  of  repudiation.  8.  That  we  demand  of  the  Government  the  retire- 

.  We  arraign  the  Democratic  party  of  Tennessee  for  ment  of  all  national  banks  of  issue,  and  that  the  Gen- 

iti  inoonsiatenoy  and  recreancy  to  the  public  trust  oral  Government  alone  issue  the  money  of  the  coun- 

10  ailing  to  meet  the  question  of  State  liabilities  try,  and  protect  the  same  for  all  time  aa  a  fhU  legal 

vith  frankness  and  honesty  in  its  recent  declaration  tender  for  all  debts. 

of  pnneiples,  so  called,  aa  set  forth  in  its  late  con-  4.  That  the  public  lands,  belonging  as  they  do  to 

▼ention.  sll  the  people,  should  be  held  in  trust  for  the  homes 

amhed^  That  wo  fa^vor  the  strictest  economy  and  of  American  citizens. 

most  acrutinizing  care  in  the  conduct  of  State  affairs,  6.  That  to  afford  a  safe  depository  for  money,  and 

BQd  that  the  present  system  of  allowing  public  of-  to  protect  the  people  against  the  fraud  and  loss  oo- 

neers  to  retain  fees  above  and  over  a  reasonable  cosioned  by  savings  banks  and  trust  companies,  a 

eimpeuaation  for  services  is  oppressive  and  ui^uat,  postal  depository  system  should  be  established  from 

tod  we  pledgee  ourselves  to  the  enactment  of  a  law  which,  upon  money  being   deposited,  certificates 

requiring  the  payment  of  such  excess  of  fees  into  should  be  issued,  which  should  be  payable  on  de- 

the  pnbho  Treasury.  mand  in  full  legal-tender  Government  money. 


784  TENNESSEE. 

6.  That  we  demand  a  gradnated  tax  on  all  inoomea  colonel.  In  the  battle  of  Mnrfreesboro  he  lost  a 
above  one  thousand  doUaw  a  year.    ^    ,  ^    ^  leg.     After  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice  of 

7.  We  demand  the  e»tabliehment  of  a  labor  bureau  j^  j  ^g.^^^  j^  j  ^  Chancellor.  Be 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaming  reliable  statiatica  to  '**  *  ti  "*a  "  7i .  ''™''^^  v/»i«u*,vi*yi.  ur 
form  a  baaia  for  iutelliifent  legUlafcioo  on  Ubor  que»-  was  reelected  to  this  office,  and  was  dischwg. 
tiona.  ing  its  duties  when  he  was  chosen  as  the  liem- 

8.  We  demand  a  thorough  syatem  of  publio-aohool  ocratio  candidate  for  Governor. 

ar^e'tu'L^t^f a^or^^^^^^^^  '^^^  ,  tf  Tr'^ii^r ^n'^"^^^  t}^ 

changes  in  the  same,  and  prevent  the  monopoly  in  8<»tus  of  Tennessee  as  weU  as  other  Sonthern 

tiie  sale  of  sohool-books.  States  dnnng  the  war  was  rendered  in  th£  latt^ 

9.  We  demand  the  abolition  of  the  system  of  let-  part  of  the  year  by  the  Snpreme  Court  of  the 
ting,  by  contract,  the  convicts  in  our  prisons,  and  the  United  States,  in  a  case  bronght  by  Johnl 
bixngingthemincompetitionwithhonestandakiUed  ^^^^^  against  the  ooUector  of  texes  in  MadkoD 

10. '  We  are  utterly  opposed  to  the  importation  of  County,  Tennessee.    The  plaintiff  had  offered 
servile  Chinese  labor  to  come  into  competition  with  in  payment  of  taxes  $40  in  notes  of  the  Bask 
the  free  labor  of  the  country.  of  Tennessee,  which  were  refused  by  the  de- 
ll. Equal  taxation  of  all  property  owned  by  indi-  fendant.  The  former  thereupon  paid  the  amomit 

'^U^'Ane^^Ue'Z^moie^^  lien  law,  which  will  i^  lawful  money,  under  protest,  and  aft.nr«d 
secure  the  wagea  of  the  laborer  and  mechanic  with-  ^^^  for  the  recovery  oi  the  sum.  ILe  fiim 
out  delay  or  excessive  cost.  was  based  on  the  12th  section  of  the  charter 
18.  We  demand  honesty  and  economy  in  the  ad-  of  the  bank  granted  by  the  Legislatare  in  16S8. 
ministration  of  public  aflfaira,  and  prompt  and  severe  xhis  enacts  that  "  the  bills  or  notes  of  said  cor- 
punishment  for  malfeasanoe  in  omoe.  ..  _i_:  n  -^  j  vi^  ^- ^v:«i. 
^  1^  We  deprecate  and  denounce  aU  violent  mea-  Poration  ongmally  made  payable,  or  which 
surea,  and  appeal  only  to  the  good  sense,  love  of  jus-  shall  have  become  payable  on  demand  in  gold 
tice,  and  patriotism  of  the  people,  invoking  them  to  or  silver  coin,  shall  be  receivable  at  the  Tret- 
redress  their  wrongs  only  through  the  ballot-box.  gxiTv  of  this  State,  and  by  all  tax-coUectow  and 

«.K  of'SSSfon":  ±troiS^  ??SV/e?S  other  public  officers  in  all  paTments  for  tai« 

al  expenses,  whether  municipal,  county,  Sute,  or  or  other  moneys  due  the  State."  It  was  projtd 

national.  that  the  bills  were  issued  subsequent  to  Maj 

16.  We  recognize  our  State  debt  and  favor  its  pay-  6,  1861,  and  were  known  as  the  '*  Torbett  or 

ment  or  adjustment  and  compromise  as  soon  as  the  new  issue,"  and  were  worth  in  the  brokers' 

KS?$  ifirbl't.S»r/,J^th?J^lV'"o/Z  ^  jpari^et  «bont  twenty-five  cents  on  the  ddkr 

tional  Greenback  party  by  the  revival  of  trade,  the  The  Court  charged  the  jury  that  if  the  not« 

empIo^mentoflabor,skiUed  and  unskilled,  and  the  tendered  were  issued  subsequent  to  May  Oi 

apnreciation  of  property  and  restoration  of  finan-  1861,  and  during  the  existence  of  the  SUte 

cia\  commercial,  mechanical,  and  agricultural  proa-  government  established  at  that  date  in  hoitilitr 

^Tr.^in  the  present  distress  of  the  people  of  Ten-  ^o  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  then 

nessee  we  favor  low  taxes,  and  also  ravor  a  stay  of  the  defendant  was  not  legally  bound  to  rec^Te 

the  sale  of  property  on  executions,  until  substantial  them  in  payment  of  taxes.     The  reason  given 

relief  is  secured  to  the  productive  industries  of  the  for  this  was  that,  while  tlie  Constitution  of  the 

®'**®-  United  States  protected  the  contract  expreeed 

The  election  resulted  in  the  success  of  the  in  the  section  of  the  bank  charter  above  cit«d 

Democratic  party,  89,018  votes  being  cast  for  from  repudiation  by  State  legislation  as  to  not<3 

Mr.  Marks,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Gov-  issued  prior  to  the  act  of  secession  of  Maj  % 

emor,  42,828  for  Mr.  Etheridge,  Republican,  1861,  it  conferred  no  such  protection  m  to 

and  15,196  for  Mr.  Edwards,  National.    The  notes  issued  while  the  State  was  an  insurrw- 

foUowing  members  of  Congress  were  elected :  tionary  government ;  and  that  consequently  th^ 

R.  L.  Taylor,  L.  C.  Houk,  George  C.  Dibrell,  provisions  of  section  6  of  the  schedule  to  6e 

Benton  McMillan,  John  M.  Bright,  John  F.  State  constitutional  amendment  of  1865,  y^m 

House,  Washington  C.  Whitthorne,  John  D.  declared  that  all  the  notes  of  the  bank  iss&td 

C.  Atkins,  C.  D.  Simonton,  and  Casey  Young,  after  the  date  above  mentioned  were  null  td 

The  only  Republican  in  the  list  is  Mr.  Houk.  void,  and  forbade  any  Legislature  to  pass  la« 

At  an  election  held  on  August  5th  the  follow-  for  their  redemption,  was  a  valid  exercise  of 

ing  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  were  chosen  State  authority.    Under  these  instructions  m 

for  six  years :  State  at  large,  James  W.  Dead-  fury  found  a  verdict  in  favor  of  the  defendant 

erick  and  Peter  Tumey ;   Eastern  Division,  The  judgment  rendered  on  this  verdict  waa 

Robert  McFarland ;  Middle  Division,  William  affirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State. 

F.  Cooper ;  Western  Division,  Thomas  J.  Free-  The  case  was  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Conrt 

man.  of  the  United  States,  which  reversed  the  deci- 

Albert  S.  Marks,  the  newly  elected  Gov-  sions  of  the  lower  courts,  and  held  that  a  la* 

emor,  was  bom  on  Greene  River,  in  Daviess  impairing  the  obligations  of  contracts  wm  nn- 

County,  Ky.,  in  1836.    When  about  nineteen  constitutional,  and  that  there  was  no  evidence 

years  old  he  removed  to  Winchester,  Tenn.,  in  this  record  that  the  notes  offered  in  p«y^*^J 

where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858.  of  taxes  by  the  plaintiff  were  issued  '^'^^f 

When  the  war  began  he  entered  the  Conf  eder-  the  rebellion,  or  any  consideration  forbidden  bj 

ate  service  as  captain  of  the  Seventeenth  Ten-  the  Constitution  or  law  of  the  United  Stj^ 

nessee  Infantry,  of  which  he  afterward  became  and  that  no  presumption  arose  from  ai^ytbmg 


T£NK£SS££.  785 

of  which  the  Court  oonld  take  judicial  oogni-  of  the  (Jnited  States,  and  were  therefore  void 

zanceu    From  this  condasioii    Chief   Jastice  for  all  purposes,"  the  Court  said : 

Waite  and  Justicee  Harlau  and  Bradley  dis-  ^^^      .  ^.  ^^  ^^^^  .^  ^^.^  proposition,  if  the 

Mated.    The  plaintiff  contended  that    each  of  f^^t*  of  the  oMe  come  within  it,  is  one  which  has 

the  eleven  States  who  passed  ordinances  of  se-  repeated!/  been  diiouieed  by  this  Court.    The  de- 

eession,  and  joined  the  so-called  Confederate  oisionB  estabUab  the  doctrine  that  no  promiae  or  oon- 

States,80  far  succeeded  in  their  attempt  to  tract,thepurpo8eofwhioh  was  toaidthe  warof  re- 

-.v^I-T^^  fk^i»..^i»^.  #./^«»  ♦iiA  i?/^^<^»ai  dr^^nfn  belUon,  or  srive  aid  and  comfort  to  the  eoemiea  of 

separate  themselves  from  the  Federal  Govern-  ^^^  bolted  %totes  in  the  proaeoution  of  that  war,  it 

ment  that,  during  the  penod  in  which  the  a  valid  promise  or  contract,  by  reason  of  the  turpi- 

rebellion  maintained   its   organization,  those  tade  of  its  consideration.  .  .  . 

States  were  in  fact  no  longer  a  part  of  the  There  is,  however,  in  the  case  before  us,  nothing 

Union,  or,  if  so,  the  individual  States,  by  reason  ^  ^"™"*  »»^«  conclusion  that  these  notes  were  issuea 

t  *u  •      **•*  A               ^       j««  Vv^«r,  —  for  the  purpose  of  aidmsr  tbe  rebellion,  or  in  viola^ 

of  their  attitude,  were  mere  usurping  powers,  ^^^^  ^f  Jhe  laws  or  the  XJonstitution  oi  the  United 

■all  of  whose  aots  of  legislation  or  administra-  states.    There  is  no  plea  of  that  kind  in  the  record. 

tioQ  are  Yoid,  except  as  they  are  ratified  by  No  such  question  was  submitted  to  the  jury  which 

positive  law  enacted  since  the  restoration,  or  tried  the  case.    The  sole  matter  atated  in  defense, 

BM  roiuHrniyAH   aa  valitl    nn   thtk  nrinninlefl   of  ®*'^«'  ^7  **0t»  ^0"°^  ^  *^®  ^'^^  ^^  exceptions,  or  in 

are  recognized  as  valia,  on  tne  pnncipies  oi  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^        ^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  {^^^^^ 

comity  or  sufferance."     In  answer  to  this,  Mr.  after  May  «,  1861,  whUe  the  State  was  in  inaurreo- 

Jostice  Miller,  who  delivered  the  opinion  of  tion,  and  therefore  came  within  the  amended  Con- 

the  Ooort,  said :  stitution  of  1865,  declaring  them  void.    The  provi- 

nr            *            *^  *vf    A^*.^^^     T*  t ^^^^A  8ion  of  the  State  Constitution  does  not  (jo  upon  the 

We  can  not  apee  to  this  doctrine.    It^a  opposed  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  y^^^  ^^  ^^^^  notes;  which 

by  ths  mherent  powers  which  attach  to  everv  oi-  f^  declared  to  be  invalid,  were  issued  in  aid  of  the 

gu.»d  pohbcal  society  possessed  of  the  nght  of  ^telUon,  but  that  they  were  issued  by  a  uaurping 

self-government.    It  is  opposed  to  the  well-conbid-  government,  a  reaaon  wWch  we  have  alfeady  demon- 

ered  decisions  of  thisCourt..  .  •  Itrated  to  be  unsound.    Not  only  is  there  nothing 

The  political  society  which  in  1T96  became  a  State  ,,^  ^^^  Constitution  or  laws  of  tinnessee  to  provi 

of  the  Dmon,  bj  the  name  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  i^^^^  j^  support  of  the  wbel- 

is  the  tame  which  is  now  reprwented  aa  one  of  those  ,j^^  ^ut  there  is  nothing  known  to  us  in  public  his- 

m  the  Congreaa  of  the  United  States.    Not  only  is  tory  which  leads  to  this^ndusion.    The  opinion  of 

It  the  same  body  pobtio  now,  but  It  haa  always  been  the  Supreme  Court,  which  we  have  already  cited, 

the  same.    There  has  been  perpetual  succession  and  ^-        .     .     i                                    .  .r.  .       > 
perpetual  identity.    There  naa,  firom  that  tim 
vavs  been  a  State  of  Tenneaaee,  and  the  aame 
of  Tennessee.    Its  executive,  its  legislative,  it 

dicial  departments  have  continued  without  inter-  ^^^^  ^  receiv'able  for  tiaes,  thlit  Court  held  them 

nmtioa  and  in  rejrular  order.    It  has  changed,  modi-  ^^  ^e  valid  issnes  of  the  bank,  in  the  teeth  of  the  or- 

Jed,  and  reconstructed  its  orRjmic  Uw,  or  State  Con-  ^^^^  declaring  them  void. 

ttrtaticn.  more  than  once.    It  has  done  this  before  ^  j,  g^i^   however,  that  considering  the  revolu- 

the  rebeOion,  dnrrng  the  rebellion,  and  emce  the  re-  ^^          character  of  the  State  government  at  that 

bihoq    And  It  was  always  done  by  the  collective  ^^       ^^^  ^^^  presume  that  these  notes  were  issued 

auihonty  and  in  the  name  of  the  same  body  of  peo-  ^  aJpport  the  febellion. 

Dh  coosututing  the  political  society  known  as  the  But  while  we  have  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennea- 

TM.^^Ir?'*??!!^- 1,.^  «^»  ««w  K.-«  oil  fv;.  ♦».«.  »««  holding  that  the  bank  during  this  time  waa  doing 

Th^  pohtioa  body  hM  not  only  been  all  this  ^me  ,  legitimate  banking  business,  we  have  no  evidence 

;.?^»K'"n*H'' J?f^»  ®'***'flf.°*i«f^!nl^S'  ^nt!"  whatever  that  these  notes  wire  issued  under  any 

one  of  the  United  8tates--a  State  of  the  Union.    Un-  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^j,^  ,^^^1  government,  or  by  any  Intef. 

JriKtKT^*^*'°°  ''V^^^'^^il^^l'^JLu^'^f  fwonce  of  its  officers,  5r  that  they 'were  In  a£y  man- 

of  which  Tenneaaee  waa  born  into  the  family  of  ^^,  „.^j  ^^  .„,»«r»^  W^  a»-»*.  «A,ro«»«»««f    V  *!.;• 


the  Constitution,  by  reaaon  of  that  force  which,  in  \^  unnnnrS^A 

many  other  instances,  estabUshes  for  jUelf  a_  status  oejuPPo««<i- 

which  must  be  re 

to  sov  question 

woaJd  have  heen,  ««.  .^j,  «™--  ^-  .--  — ™--,  «  >.^  easier  than  to  plead  it  and  prove  .u.     »» u«u«  t«.  .,-«» 

tni^on  of  that  CoMtitution.    Failing  to  do  this,  .    j^^  ^^  presented,  we  can,  if  it  comes  to  us,  paaa 

i^.K""t'?*1*^^^fwr.l^^^^^  intelligentVy  on  its  validity.    If  such  is  taken,  the 

yt^^J^^  obbgationa  of  that  Constitution,  though,  f^^^  ^J^  be  embodied  in  a  bill  of  exceptions  or  iome 

for  a  while,  she  may  have  evaded  their  enforoement.  ^^^^^  f        ^^  ^^  ^„        whether  ttose  facia  ren- 

•  •  It  would  seem  to  follow,  that  if  the  State  of  ^^^  ^^e  contract  void.    To  undertake  to  assume  the 


ms,  to  take  for  her  taxes  all  the  issues  of  the  bank  ^         evidence  of  which  thia  Court  can  take  judicial 

of  her  own  creation,  and  of  which  ahe  waa  sole  stock-  ^^^^^    ^^  ghall,  when  the  matter  ia  presentad  prop- 

hoUer  and  owner,  waa  •  «>ntraot  which  bound  her  ^j   ^       ^^  ^^^'^  determine,  on  all  oonaideratiofs 

n^^!£i^!u"^^i*^'*'  "**  '^^?^  ^^%  Constitution  applicabli  to  the  case,  whether  the  notes  that  may 

Pfoteeted  then  and  now,  aa  weU  aa  before.  be  then  in  controversy  are  protected  by  the  provision 

In  oonsidenng  tbe  proposition  that  "the  of  the  Constitution  or  not.    And  that  is  the  only 

notes  on  whicrrt^^^^^              brought  had  MTav^/jIn^ittLV  ~"  '*^  "^^  ^"""^*'"* 

Men  issued  in  aid  of  the  reoeUion,  to  support  The  judgment  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennessee 

the  insurreotion  against  the  lawful  authority  is,  therefore,  reversed,  and  the  cose  remanded  to 
Vol.  XVIII.— 60    A 


786  TEXAS. 

thai  Comt  for  farther  prooeedingft  in  aooordanoe  with  land,  and  then  the  cotmtry  becomes  nndnlatin^ 

the  opinion.  and  finally  hilly  in  the  north  and  wert,  but  the 

The  views  which  the  dissenting  Jndges  held  highest  elevations  hardly  exceed  600  feet  The 

on  this  important  qnestion  are  shown  in  the  population  is  gradually  increasing,  and  is  nov 

following  extracts.    Chief  Justice  Waite  said :  about  2,000,000,  and  agriculture  is  making 

It  is  an  hiatorioal  fact  that  the  banka  of  the  iniur-  rMd  advances.  The  cotton  crop  of  flie  tw 
gent  States,  and  especially  those  owned  by  the  SUtei,  amounted  to  about  900,000  bales;  the  cat- 
were  used  extensively  in  rortheranoe  of  the  rebellion,  tie  trade  is  said  to  approximate  $10,000,0(< 
and  that  all  or  nearly  all  their  available  funds  were  annuaUy ;  and  the  wool  interest  is  hrge  tad 
converted  in  one  way  or  another  into  Confederate  ;«^«^„„«LL 

ieonrities If  the  bills  of  the  Bank  of  Tennessee  ^'^^J®*™^*      ^  vx     ^  .i.     c.  x         .v    ,^   i 

were,  in  fact,  issued  in  aid  of  the  rebellion,  they  are  Abe  public  debt  of  the  State  on  the  lit  of 
void  as  obligations  of  the  State.  So  the  Constitution  September  was  $5,086,788.15,  showing  a  de 
of  the  United  States  as  amended  provides,  and  so  crease  of  $128,290.90  in  two  veara.  There 
this  Court  has  decided  in  eveiy  case  where  the  ques-  ^eniain  $1,115,009  of  10  per  ce^t  bonds  op- 
tion was  raised  that  has  come  here  since  the  war  ^♦^^Ji^^  '  Vv4J«**«-.-ii -.#*^t«i«i  loiro  Tk* 
dosed.    As  I  construe  the  ordinance  of  Tennessee,  atanding,  subject  to  caU  after  July  1, 1879.  The 

it  is  an  authoritative  declaration,  in  an  appropriate  i^^t  of  the  debt  has  been  funded  at  6  per  cent 

form,  by  the  people  of  the  State,  who  were  cognizant  Considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  im- 

of  the  facts,  that  all  the  issues  of  the  bank  after  Ma/  proving  public  institutions,  establishing  school 

6. 1861,  were  in  furthenmce  of  the  rebeUion.    In  this  J^^  enforcing  kws  for  tLe  protection  of  life 

way,  the  people  m  effect  prohibited  the  tax-collector  j  ^u^viwug  m^o  wm.  umo  v  ]p     a^^  o^  *  -. 

and  officere  of  the  State  from  roceivmg  such  issues  ^^^  property ;  and  the  outlook  for  the  State  u 

in  payment  of  public  dues.  more  promising  than  for  many  years  past 

Mr.  Justice  Bradley  expressed  the  f  oDowing  ^h®  political  campaign  of  the  jear  w"  q^ 

opinion :  ^^^  peaceable,  the  two  principal  parties  to  the 

T*  ^  -. «  «.  VI  v  J  V.  .1  av  « *v  V  contest  being  the  Democratic  and  ^e  Green- 
It  can  not  reasonably  be  doubted  that  the  very  ob-  *  „^.  q^^  r»™^««4.-  \.^^a  -  «^^«^^*;^»  -♦  ifc 
Ject  of  this  extraordiuary  new  Usue  of  bank  ciroula-  ^?^^'  V^®  Democrats  held  a  convention  at  M^ 
tion  was  intended  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  ^n  on  the  19th  of  July,  and  norainated  Oram  jL 
Government  to  carry  on  its  operations.  The  fact  Roberts  for*  Governor,  Joseph  D.  6ayer9  for 
that  the  bills  themselves  commanded  only  a  fraction  Lieutenant-Governor,  George  McOoimick  for 
of  their  par  value  is  proof  that  thev  were  not  issued  Attorney- General,  Stephen  H.  Darden  for 
in  the  regular  course  of  busmess,  but  that  the  pro-  ^  *:  %^  ^^^tL^*"**  ^  -f  ^x.  i.  ^.  -^"**''" 
oeeds  received  therefor  were  destined  for  other  usee  ^^™E*^?P?S  ,  ,*?^  ^  Lubbock  for  TresBurer. 
than  legitimate  banking.  .  .  .  Now,  if  the  position  and  W.M.  Walsh  for  Commissioner  of  the  Ufio 
of  the  majority  of  the  Court  is  correct  ...  I  do  not  OfSce.  The  platform  recommended  sdheresee 
see  why  all  the  obligations  Usued  by  the  State  during  to  the  two-thirds  rule  in  making  nominatiocs ; 

&":tS'drs:?ri>^L^^^^^^^^^  fecW  that  State  troops  al^uld  be  kept ^ 

ligatory  as  these  bills.   How  is  it  to  be  proved  which  the  field  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier; 

of  them  were  issued  for  carrying  on  the  war,  and  made  the  basis  of  representation  in  fdtore  coo- 

which  were  not!  Upon  the  assumption  made  they  ventions  one  delegate  for  every  800  votes  cast; 

I^lUtS^rS)MWerot^!fn   ^^'  '^  ^^  *^""**  ^  °^^^  recommended  an  amendment  to  the  State  Con- 

*  ?deny*tb^  M^Bumptioii  that  the  governments  of  stitution  exempting  farm  producte  from  tax- 

the  insurgent  States  were  lawful  governments.    I  ation ;  demanded  taxation   of    Umted  btate' 

believe  and  hold  that  they  were  usurping  govern-  bonds ;  pledged  devotion  of  Texas  Democnte 

menta.  to  the  Union  of  the  States;  and  declared  tbit 

Mr.  Justice  Harlan  said :  faithful  adherence  to  the  following  principk? 

[  But  in  the  view  which  I  take  of  this  case,  and  the  is  necessary  to  the  preservation  of  tiie  Goreic* 

principles  which  muttt  govern  its  decision,  it  is  im-  ment,  viz. :  Home  rule;  the  supremacy  of  tbt 

materua  whether  the  notes  were  or  were  not  issued  eivil  over  the  military  power ;  the  separation  of 

in  direct  aid  of  the  rebellion.    They  were  the  obli-  j^      j^     ^  ^^   tiie  equality  of  all  citizoiibe. 

gations  of  an  institution  controlled  and  managed  by  ^""*^"  ""^  ow*wo ,  wo  c^t^uoiibj  v*  ou  ^"^** 

a  revolutionary  usurping  State  government,  in  its  fore  the  law;  absolute acquieacencem  the Isw- 

name,  for  its  benefit,  and  to  prevent  the  restoration  fully  expressed  will  of  the  minority,  andmaint^ 

of  the  lawful  government.  It  was  tltat  revolutionary  nance  and  perfection  of  a  common-school  s^ 

government  which  undertook  to  withdraw  the  State  t»m.  It  was  also  declared  that  the  investigation 

S^lTnTar  ^Te'^^»re  ^C^oS^fSd^/i^JT^tSt^^^  of  the  frauds  com.mitted  at  the  last  PresidJtUl 

.  .  .  But  I  am  unwilling  to  give  my  assent  to  the  election,  m  Florida  and  Louisiana,  ougnt  u) 

doctrine  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Statea  have  been  made  by  the  Electoral  Commissior ; 

imposed  upon  the  lawful  government  of  Tennessee  its  refusal  to  do  so  was  a  violation  of  the  spirit 

I2nnu?t?nw*n'^™f«  hv^^^^^^^  of  the  law  uudcr  which  it  wftB  Organised,  and  * 

onpple  its  own  revenue  oj  receiving  for  its  taxes  ^     ^  *              ii_            ^     ^^l    tV  •*  ^c^^.^^. 

baSf  notes  iasued  and  used  under  the  authority  of  gross  outrage  on  the  people  of  the  Umted  Spates, 

the  usurping  government  for  the  double  purpose  of  and  while  the  decision,  as  made  by  the  Fort5- 

maintalning  itself  and  of  defeating  the  restoration  fourth  Oongress,  of  the  question  as  to  who  fibocM 

of  that  UwfUl  government  to  its  proper  relations  to  be  declared  President  of  the  United  Stst^  f<»r 

the  Union.  ^^^  present  Presidential  term,  should  not  »* 

TEXAS.    The  State  of  Texas  embraces  a  disturbed,  that  decision  ought  not  to  prechde 

territory  of  274,866  square  miles,  or  175,687,-  an  investigation  and  exposure  by  the  pror^r 

840  acres,  a  large  part  of  which  is  still  wholly  authority  of  all  the  frauds  connected  with  that 

nnoocupied  or  very  sparsely  settied.  The  coast  election,  and  the  due  accountability  of  all  wbo 

counties  are  nearly  level  for  60  or  80  miles  in-  were  guilty  and  connected  with  thenh 


TEXAS,  787 

The  resolatioiis  relating  to  national  finances       8.  A  gr&daated  income  tax,  hj  wliich  accumulated 

were  as  follows :  wealth  may  be  made  to  bear  a  juat  proportion  of  tlie 

^        ,  '.,,.,.,  ,  burdens  of  ffovemment. 

That  the  commercial  and  induBtnal  stagnation        9.  No  squanderinff  of  the  public  domain  upon  pri- 

which  haa  so  long  prevailed  throughout  the  country,  vate  corporations. 

and  the  oonsequent  widespread  want  and  suffering,        10.  No  contract  system  by  which  convict  labor  ia 

are  dne  directly  to  the  pernicious  financial  legiala-  brought  in  competition  with  honest  labor, 
tbn  of  the  Bepublioan  party,  which  we  hereby  ar-        11.  A  more  efficient  system  of  criminal  procedure 

luign;  contraction  of  the  currency  and  demonetiza-  for  the  suppression  of  crime. 

tion  of  silver  are  denounced ;  the  action  of  Congreas        12.  Honesty  and  economy  in  the  administration  of 

ia  restoring  the  debt-paying  power  of  the  silver  dol-  public  affairs,  both  State  and  national. 

^Wef2?OT^McnrrencyfortheGovemmeiitandthe  Although  the  Greenback  organization  was 
people,  the  laborer  and  the  officeholder,  the  pensioner  niade  ap  chieny  of  opponents  of  the  Democratic 
and  the  soldier,  the  producer  and  the  oondbolder.  party  ot  the  State,  there  was  a  Republican  Con- 
We  declare  that  all  bonda  and  obligations  of  the  yention  held  at  Dallas,  which  adopted  a  plat- 
National  Government  ought  to  be  paid  in  legal-to^^  f  approving  the  Republican  national  plat- 
der  notes  of  the  United  States,  except  where  it  is  ^  i  1  oX*  ^  j  *i.  a  j  .~^  ««w*v««ii  p*€.u- 
otherwise  provided  by  the  original  law  under  which  *p™  o'  IS  <  0  and  the  Administration  of  Presi- 
they  were  issued,  and  all  that  can  be  called  in  and  dent  Grant ;  favonng  a  currency  based  on  and 
paid  now  should  be  paid  at  once  and  the  remainder  redeemable  in  coin ;  aeclaring  that  the  interests 
as  soon  as  it  can  be  lawiUly  done.  of  the  country  demand  a  return  to  specie  pay- 
It  was  fbrther  declared  to  be  the  duty  of  the  ™«,^*  5  charging  the  Democratic  party  with  in- 
Le^slatore  to  pass  an  act  regulatmg  the  rates  solving  the  country  m  war  debt  and  misery; 

of  freight  and  tkriff  on  all  railFoads  in  the  State,  5^y'^/S''^5^?  k^'T™??*!.'''  ^^"^^t^  ^  ''®" 

in  obSience  to  the  provisions  of  the  State  Con'  ^f  °^  f""}^!  their  bonds,  which  were  the  means 
Btitntioo  mamtaming  the  nation's  life  in  time  of  peril, 

The  Convention  of  the  Greenback  party  was  *^*^  congratulating  the  country  on  the  wise 

held  at  Waco  on  the  8th  of  August  ^^^r^*^,  legislation  of  the  Repubhcan  party 

The  candidates  nominated  were  the  follow-  ,^>M^^*i^?  ^°  ^}'tu%!'^  November  result- 
ing?: Governor,  W.  H.  Hammons;  Lieutenant-  f  »S.^^  <5^^'J®  ^V^®  Democratic  candidate 
Governor,  J.  8.  Raine;  Comptroller, H.  A.  Spen-  '^^  Governor  by  a  large  majority  over  Ham- 
cer;  Attorney -General,  /rederick  W.Chan,  mons,  Greenback,  and  Norton  Republican, 
dler  ;  Treasurer,  G.  W.  Whetstone  ;  Commis-  ^  ^lie  following  is  the  vote  for  members  of 
sioner  of  the  Laixd  Office,  Jacob  Kancchler.  ^^^^"^  •  f '"*  Dwtnct-Reagan   Dem^  18,- 

The  foUowing  platfom  was  adopted  by  a  J?^,?  ^^^^^  ''Pftvjo^'  J^^^i^'^^f^ 

conventionofth^eUepartyinMar^:  ?S^aPrVrofn:  S^^^^^ 

WA^retu,  The  object  of  our  republican  Govern-  gett,  Nat.,  9,718.  Fourth  District— Mills,  Dem., 

meat  la  to  protect  alike  the  rights  of  every  indmd-  I0K85.    Smith,  Nat.,  9,089.     Fifth  District— 

oaI  m  the  union,  irreapeotive  of  aection,  State,  noh-  !fyi'""'  1    •^*"»'«*>    ,  a  >J«i      t  vr  *     01  1  m 

M, poverty,  race,  colo^or  creed:  and         ^  ?."^?°^^  ?®™-'«\^;^21 ;  Jones,  Nat,  21,101. 

whereatj  Both  the  old  political  partiea  have  per-  Sixth  Distnct— Schleicher,  Dem.,  19,119;  Ire- 

listently  ignored  this  fundamental  principle,  have  land,  Ind.  Dem.,  15,671.    The  Democratic  ma- 

enwnrigedaeotionaliam,foatered  monopoly,  and  car-  jority  on  the  State  ticket  was  about  80,000. 

;^1:S«5.'?ri4C.S'p^°rt^,:Si!?n''fn.rdl!:  ^t^-^^or  OomptroUer  wa.:  De«^r««c, 

nessand luxury :  1 60,474 ;  National, 49,059 ;  Republican,  28,288. 

Therefore,  we,  the  delegates  of  the  Independent        Governor  Roberts  is  a  native  of  South  Uaro- 

Oreenbackclaba  of  the  State  of  Texas,  in  convention  lina,  born  in  1815.    He  was  educated  at  the 

*StS^^^i^^w  o^Te?^iSde^^  University  of  Alabama,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 

FndeStkdSSTSJwnbwk  p2ty,°a^d  nlke™i^  de<^  ™'^^  *?  *^?  ^a/, ^?  ^^^'   ^^  settling  down 

laration  of  oar  principles :  to  practice  m  Alabama  and  serving  one  term 

1.  The  greenoaok  dollar  mnat  be  a  legal  tender  for  in  the  Legislature  of  that  State,  he  emigrated 
the  payment  of  aU  debts,  and  by  the  Government  to  Texas  in  1841,  and  took  up  his  residence  at 
J5»ned  protected,  imd  received  at  par  with  gold.  San  Augustine.    He  became  District  Attorney 

2.  The  greenback  to  be  a  legal-tender  money  of  .  ,^77®  j>5  a  •  x  ^'^'^j*"*^  *'«*'' *^''^*'«^*"'^ J 
the  coant^,  and  to  be  iaaued  by  the  Government.  ^  l^^i  and  Distnct  Judge  the  following  year. 

>.  The  General  Government  alone  to  issue  money,  After  the  annexation  he  continued  the  practice 

and  this  for  the  benefit  of  all,  and  not  to,  through,  or  of  his  profession,  and  in  1857  was  elected  one 

for  the  enrichment  of  national  bwikers.  of  the  Associate  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 

*,  Al  kinds  of  property  owned  by  indlviduala  or  ^  ^   g^^^       g    ^  President  of  the  Seoes- 

eorporations  to  bo  taxed  alike.  "    ^^  "^*^'     ""."  ,^1 ' «»**«!*«  v*  •**«  »^«v«»- 

5:  The  immediate  calling  in  of  all  United  States  sion  Convention  m  1861,  and  the  next  year 

bonda,  and  the  pavment  of  them,  principal  and  in-  raised  a  regiment  for  the  Confederate  servicOi 

t^re^t,  in  legal-tender  lawful  ffreenbaok  paper  monev  and  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the  division  of 

of  the  United  Stotes ;  and  that  everv  cfolfar  of  such  General  Walker.    While  in  the  army  he  was 

irG^i^^i^t'lf.'at''^^^^^  elected  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 

in  gold  OT  silver  coin,  nevor  to  be  converted  into  the  otate.    lie  served  in  the  tirst  xCeconstruo- 

bonds  of  any  rate  or  class.  tion  Convention  in  1866,  and  was  chairman  of 

9.  Universal  manhood  snlRrage,  without  property  its  Committee  on  the  Judiciary.    The  ensuing 

<littliI<»Ujj,  Legislature  elected  him  to  the  United  States 

7.  An  eflioient  ayatem  of  paDlio  free  schools,  00m-  a       x     v  a  v  i.  «..    •»  *_  a^u^  ui« 

mensurau  with  the  growth  and  importance  of  our  Senate,  but  he  was  not  permitted  to  take  bis 

State.  seat,  as  the  reoonstmotion  of  1866  was  set 


788 


THORPE,  THOMAS  B. 


TURKEY. 


aside  by  the  sobseqnent  acts  of  Oongress.  He 
resamed  his  legal  practice,  and  in  1868  acted 
as  an  instructor  in  a  law  school  at  Gilmer. 
When  the  Supreme  Court  was  reorganized  in 
1874  he  was  restored  to  his  old  position  as 
Chief  Justice,  and  reelected  under  the  new 
Constitution  in  1876. 

THORPE,  Thomas  B«  died  in  New  York 
City,  September  2l8t.  He  was  bom  at  West- 
field,  Mass.,  in  1815.  He  graduated  at  Wesley- 
an  university  in  1842,  ana  in  1846  became  an 
associate  editor  on  a  New  Orleans  newspaper. 
In  the  latter  year  he  published  a  volume  en- 
titled "Our  Army  on  the  Rio  Grande."  In 
1647  he  published  in  "  The  Spirit  of  the  Times  " 
a  sketch  called  "  Tom  Owen,  the  Bee-Hunter," 
which  met  with  great  success  and  made  the 
author  widely  known.  This  and  "The  Big 
Bear  of  Arkansas."  with  other  sketches,  were 

Sublished  in  a  volume  imder  the  title  of  "  The 
[ysteries  of  the  Backwoods."  His  letters  from 
the  battle-fields  of  the  Mexican  war  were  widely 
copied.  At  this  time  he  published  another  vol- 
ume called  "  Our  Army  at  Monterey."  About 
1854  he  settled  in  New  York,  and  became  a 
regular  contributor  to  "Harper's  Magazine." 
He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  "The 
Knickerbocker  Magazine."  Other  volumes 
published  by  him  were  "  The  Hive  of  the  Bee- 
Hunter  "  (1854)  and  "  Scenes  in  Arkansas."  In 
the  late  war  he  served  as  a  staff  officer,  and  was 
made  Surveyor  of  the  Port  of  New  Orleans  by 
General  Butler.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  chief 
clerk  in  the  Warehouse  Department  of  the  New 
York  Custom-House.  He  was  a  clerk  in  the 
Custom-House  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

TURKEY,  an  empire  in  eastern  Europe, 
western  Asia,  and  northern  Africa.  The 
reigning  sovereign  is  Sultan  Abdul-Hamid  11. , 
bom  September  22,  1842.  He  succeeded  his 
elder  brother,  Sultan  Murad  V.,  August  81, 
1876.  The  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  is 
his  brother  Mehemet  Reshad  Effendi,  born 
November  8,  1844. 

The  area  and  population  of  the  Turkish  Em- 
pire, after  the  changes  produced  by  the  treaties 
of  1878,  are  as  follows : 


P0BSIS8ION8. 

^qoart  mOta. 

Ftipalatlaa. 

IbEhtdm: 
ImmediAte  poiMMloBt. 

U188 
18,6S8 

iO,llT 
M,M1 

fi,97BL000 

ProTinoe  of^Mtorn  BomsttliA 

Botnift  nod  HenefOTliiA,  ftdmlnfs- 1 

tared  by  AnstrU f 

Tiibaterj  Prindpalttjr  of  Bnlgarl*. . 

761,000 
1,066.000 
1,860,000 

Total  Ib  Eorope 

180.5T8 

8,971,000 

LiAdftt 

ImmodiatopotMwloiiB. 

Tribatarj  mooipalttj  of  Samoa .... 

719,484 
SIS 

17,600,000 
86^466 

Totil  In  AiU 

789,606 

17,68^465 

InAlHca: 
YUftyet  of  Tripoli 

844,485 

869,888 

45.n6 

1,010,000 

T^.—  .>i._.t..     1  ElFTlft.  •...••••.... 

17,400.000 

Dep«ndonflto».j^^  •    •;; 

1400,000 

Total  in  Africa. 

1,8S9,988 

80,610,000 

Ora&d  total 

8,119,808 

47,000,000 

The  finanoes  of  Turkey  are,  in  oonseqne&oe 
of  the  war  through  which  the  ooimtrr  b&s 
passed,  in  a  very  unsettled  condition.  Officii! 
reports  are  entirely  wanting.  The  foUowisi; 
statement  is  given  by  the  ^*  Bulletin  de  Statu- 
tique  et  de  Legislation  compart  '*  (Jnly,  187^>. 
The  budget  for  the  financial  year  1877-76  was « 
follows  (in  Turkish  pounds — 1  pound  =  $4.28): 

BwMlpto 19i7»itf 

Omrent  aaEpeDtes  (azdiutre  of  war  esEpeaaoa) . . .    81,THvtf 

Defldt lS,fl8S,;(» 

The  extraordinary  war  budget  was  estimated 
at  16,282,786  pounds.  In  order  to  obtaixi  the 
funds  necessary  for  the  administration  of  the 
finances,  the  tax  on  mutton  was  raised  from  1,- 
767,000  pounds  in  1876  to  8,250,000  poimda. 
Then  a  forced  loan  was  issued,  which  netted 
6,000,000  pounds;  and  finally  by  negotisUos 
with  the  holders  of  the  bonds  of  18M,  1855, 
and  1871,  which  are  guaranteed  by  the  Egjptm 
tribute,  a  foreign  loan  was  also  contracted  to 
the  amount  of  280,000  poimds.  As  the  finic- 
cial  difficulties  were  by  no  means  removed  bj 
these  means,  the  emission  of  paper  money  coo- 
tinned  uninterruptedly,  until,  at  the  close  of 
1877,  it  reached  the  amount  of  16,000,OCk} 
pounds.  This  increase  greatly  depreciated  its 
value,  being  quoted  at  the  dose  of  1877  ss  260 
piasters  per  1,000.  The  entire  liabilities  at  the 
dose  of  1877  may  be  summed  up  as  follows: 

ConaoUdateddeM 6,OOQ.O6ei'O0 

PaTineiita  due  on  thedeht 6id,i<6ejO(« 

Floating  debt  to  bankers,  eontractora,  atCL,  tn- 

dnilTe  of  papermoaey 486,666,0(4 

V  Total 6a80.<W.Ml 

The  military  force  consLsts  of  the  regnUr 
army,  the  irr^ular  troops,  and  the  anx^iar/ 
troops.  The  army  in  time  of  peace  would  com- 
prise, after  the  execution  of  the  proposed  re- 
forms, 157,667  men.  The  army  on  a  war  foot- 
ing was  estimated  in  1878  as  foUovrs : 

1.  Be^lartnny ^V^ 

8.  Irrunilara 7^M 

8.An^UaKka S&fi^ 

Total 61U«! 

Nothing  definite  is  known  of  the  total  com- 
merce of  Turkey.  The  value  of  the  goods  as- 
nually  imported  from  European  countries  a 
estimated  at  462,600,000  fi-anca,  and  of  the 
goods  exported  to  Europe,  260,000,000  francs. 

There  are  1,467  kilometres  of  railroad  in 
European  Turkey  and  274  kilometres  in  Asiatic 
Turkey.  There  are  429  post-offices  in  the  em- 
pire, besides  which  most  of  the  European  couo- 
tries  have  their  own  post^ffioes  in  Constanti- 
nople. 

After  the  fall  of  Plevna  (see  "  Annual  Cy do- 
pmdia"  for  1877),  the  Russians  were  enabK-d 
to  send  large  reinforcements  to  General  Gour- 
ko  in  the  Baba  Eonak  Pass.  Owing  to  heavr 
snow-storms  in  Ronmania  and  BulgariJ^  tbej 
did  not  reach  him  until  the  latter  part  of  De- 
cember. On  December  28th  he  crossed  tb« 
Etropol  Balkan  in  the  midst  of  great  difficaltie&, 
defeated  the  Turks  in  two  severe  battles  at 


TukeMn  ud  Kraurli  on  the  SOth  and  Slat,  back,  and  on  ths  ISth  Gonrko  entered  I^Uip- 

lod  DOW  foand  his  way  clear  to  Sophia,  wbiob  popoli.     Here  he  was  joined  bj  Skobelen'a 

heeaterednnoppoMd  on  Jaiioarf  8,1BT8.    On  oaTolrj,  which  had   been  dispatohed  to  his 

Janaory  Tth  General  KarxofF  captared  the  Tro-  assistance  b^  Radetckj.    He  then  poahed  on 

jan  PiM ;  sad  on  the  8th  General  Badetzkj  cap-  again,  and,  after  a  series  of  fierce  engagements, 

tared  the  Shipka  Paaa,  and  the  entire  Torkish  forcedSnleiman'aannjintotheBhodopeMonD- 

arm;  in  it    In  his  telegram  to  the  Ozar,  Ra-  taina.    After  a  most  disastrona  retreat,  loaing 

ietzkj  stated  the  oaptnred  forces  to  comprise  iH  his  cannon  and  thooaanda  of  men,  Saleiman 

41  battalions,  10  batteries,  and  one  regiment  of  reached  the  coast  of  the  .£geanSea,  at  Kavala, 

cavalry.    This  victorj  put  the  entire  range  of  with  the  remnant  of  hia  army  in  a  miaerable 

the  Balkaoa,  from  Bervia  to  the  line  of  Osman  oondition.    After  lying  here  for  over  a  week, 

Baur  to  Belvi,  into  the  hands  of  the  Knasians.  he  embarked  with  hia  men  for  Conatantinople. 

A  genera]  advance  npon  Adrianopte  waa  now  In  tlie  mean  while  General  Btmkoff  had  con- 

miide  by  the  Rusrians,  General  Stmkoft  ad-  tinned  his  advance  upon  Adrianople,  meeting 

vancinf  from  Shipka  with  the  advance- (piard  with  bnt  little  opposition,  and  oconpied  tliis 

of  Rsdetiky'a  army,  while  Oonrko  advanced  cityon  JaonarySOth;  and  on  the  following  day 

tronSophia  with  the  greater  part  of  his  army.  General   Sboheleff,  who  commanded  Bodetz- 

Bt  advanced  to  Tatar  Baiarjik  withont  meet-  ky's  right  wing,  entered  the  city  also, 

ing  with  any  opposition.     A  little  beyond  thia  The  Servians,  who  had  agun  taken  the  field 

ciiv  he  met,  on  the  14tb,  Snleiman  Paaha,  who  in  December,  I87T,  occnpied  the  greater  part 

Iisd  b«en  pat  in  command  of  the  forces  at  Phil-  of  Old  Bervia,  Nissa  surrendering  on  January 

ippopoliin  tbeSntdayaofthenewyear.    The  10,  1B7B.    From  here  they  proceed  south- 

Tarks,  while  ctmtinning  the  fight,  were  forced  ward,  ooonpying  the  territory  aa  far  as  Vranya 


790  TURKEY. 

and  Prishtina.  Widin,  which  had  been  invested  of  the  Powers.  En^and^  however,  al  ^  re- 
by  a  force  of  Roumanians  and  Servians,  snr-  qnest  of  the  Porte,  inquired  confidentiallj  of 
rendered  on  February  2Sd.  When  Suleiman  tne  Russian  Government  upon  what  terms  it 
Pasha  went  to  Philippopoli  with  the  greater  would  make  peace.  The  Russian  Government 
part  of  his  army,  the  remaining  Turks  in  Bui-  in  replj,  whOe  naming  no  definite  oonditioDf, 
garia  gradually  retreated  toward  Rustchuk  and  referred  the  Porte  to  the  Russian  oonunasder' 
Hhumla.  On  January  24th  the  Czarevitch  in-chief,  with  whom  it  was  to  negotiate  direetlj. 
crossed  the  Lom,  occupied  Osman  Bazar  on  the  In  accordance  with  this  answer  the  Porte  ap 
27th  and  Rasgrad  on  the  following  day,  and  pointed  two  commissioners,  Server  Paaha  asJ 
then  proceeded  to  invest  Rustchuk  and  Shumla.  J^amyk  Paahl^  to  meet  the  Grand  Duke  Xich- 
Rustohak  surrendered  on  February  20th.  olas  at  Easanlik,  and  negotiate  for  an  armistice. 
General  Zimmermann  in  the  Dobrudja,  after  The  Turkish  commissioners  were  invested  wit), 
having  virtually  done  nothing  for  over  six  full  powers  to  grant  any  demands  by  the  Ros- 
months,  on  January  20th  began  a  forward  sians,  and  on  January  81st  the  armistice  tad 
movement  against  Bazarjik,  where  a  force  of  preliminaries  of  peace  were  signed  at  Adrian* 
about  10,000  Turks  was  stationed.  After  an  ople.  The  armistice  contain^  ten  article^ 
engagement  at  Gair  Harman  on  the  23d,  and  It  was  concluded  between  Russia,  Servia,  Boa- 
one  at  Bazaijik  on  the  26th,  he  occupied  the  mania,  and  Turkey.  Its  provisions  were  as 
latter  place.  follows: 

The  Montenegrins,  after  the  capture  of  An-       ,    .      *.  ^    #  *v—  j» » i •-     v  * 

4.:««-;  r.«   T«««™  iA«.i.    »«»»^ir.^  hni^:<*»^  r>«  !•  A  notice  of  three  days  most  be  given  before  & 

tivan  on  January  10th,  attacked  Dulcigno  on  resumption  of  hontUitieB  take*  place,  ^he  •rmistiee 

the  19tn,  and  after  a  fierce  conflict  captured  b  to  be  oommnmoated  to  Montenegro  by  Buscia. 

the  town  and  the   citadeL     They  then  pro-  S.  Restoration  of  the  guoa  and  territoiy  taken  aft«r 

ceeded  to  invest  Scutari,  but  were  checked  in  the  signature.    _     „     ^  ,.        _  _        ^   . 

their  operations  against  this  place  by  the  con-  »•  Gj^«»  tb«  details  of  Ime  of  demukation  and 

V    •  "i"'*""""''  oeoi^o**  wuxo  ^Aa,v«  uj  v**«  w.*  neutral  zone  for  Turkey,  Ruaaia,  and  Servia,  placji; 

elusion  of  the  armistice.  in  Ruasian  hands  almost  all  Bulgaria,  RouroeluL  &r.i 

In  Asia  Mukhtar  Pasha  was  replaced  in  the  Thraoe  up  to  the  lines  of  GonsUutinople  and  6«lli- 

last  days  of  1877  by  Ismail  Kurd  Pasha.    The  poll.    Fortiflcatlons  are  not  to  be  retained  o&  the 

investment  of  Erzerum  by  the  Russians  was  neutral  territoiy,  and  no  new  on^  are  to  be  raided 

^r^^^^r.¥^A  :«  ♦i,^*  «.o4.  a^^Zm  ^*  To..nA««-  !»-.  ♦>»«.  there.    A  jomt  commission  will  determine  the  liue 

completed  m  the  first  days  of  January  by  the  ^^  demarlition  for  ServU  and  Montenegro.    Tl. 

capture  of  llidja,  and  was  closely  maintamed  Busslans  to  occupy  Burgas  and  Midia,  on  the  Black 

by  the  Russians  until  the  signing  of  the  prelimi-  Sea,  in  order  to  obtain  supplies,  but  no  war  matcriiL 

naries  of  peace.    It  was  occupied  by  the  Rus-  *•  Armies  bejrond  the  hne  of  demarkation  to  i« 

sians  on  February  18th,  the  Turkish  garrison  J^^^^  "^^^^  *^"®  ^'^^  ^'  signatnw  of  aixLb- 

marching  out  with  their  arms  and  stores.  *^;  ^he  Turks  may  remove  arms,  etc,  to  places  asd 

The  first  direct  step  toward  a  negotiation  for  by  routes  defined,  on  evacuating  the  foTtre««ca  ira> 

peace  was  taken  by  the  Ottoman  Government  tioned  in  Article  8.    If  they  can  not  be  removed,  u 

immediately  after  the  fall  of  Plevna.     On  De-  inventory  of  them  is  to  be  taken.    The  evaeusti'^ 

c«mW12,  1877,  it  issued  a  drcuUirapped  to  ^f  ^^^rbT^'^c^Z.-a"- "^^  "^ '^  "*''' 

the  Powers,  m  which,  after  referring  to  the  5.  Sulina  is  to  be  evacuated  within  three  days  by 

origin  of  the  war  with  a  profession  that  it  had  the  Turkish  troops  and  ships  of  war,  unlesc  pf«- 

not  provoked  it,  and  after  enumerating  all  the  vented  by  ice.    Tne  Russians  wiD  remove  the  obetsr 

measures  of  reform  undertaken  by  it  volan-  oles  In  the  Danube,  and  wUl  superintend  the  navip- 

tarily,  it  declared  the  true  and  only  cause  ol  ^^"^  ^^he  ^r^wlys  are  to  continue  to  work  under  «r- 

hindrances  m  the  way  of  carrying  out  the  re-  tain  conditions. 

forms  promised  in  the  new  Constitution  to  be  8.  Turkish  authorities  to  remidn  in  certain  places 

found  m  the  continuation  of  a  state  of  war.  ».  Black  Bca  blockade  to  be  raised. 

Recalling  the  fact  that  Russia  had  expressly  thl^^of^uwiJ                        ^"^  ""*" 

disavowed  a  desire  for  conquest,  the  circular  ThS'Smisticeto commence  at 7 f. k.  on  the  Slit 

mquired  with  what  object,  then,  should  the  of  Januaxy. 

armies  prolong  desolation  and  ruin  for  their  The  Bussian  and  Turkish  oommandera  on  the  Fpnt 

respective  countries,  and  concluded :  to  settle  matters  relating  to  the  armistice  in  Armema. 

We,  on  our  part,  think  that  the  moment  has  come  The  preliminary  conditions  of  peace  laid  be 

fe'SJ'.hW^Wd  XrC,'^g"!ll  forit^e  Turkish  delegates.by  the  Grand  Duke 

usefully  interpose  its  good  offices.    As  for  &e  Impe-  Nicholas,  the  oommander-m-chief;  were  as  fol- 

rial  Government,  it  is  ready  to  ask  this,  not  that  the  lows : 

country  has  reached  the  end  of  its  resources.    There        „  .,     —    ,  ^  j. ^ ,  ^^^^  ^.  «,»  .««:.*8-^ » .v.. 

are  noSaoriflces  which  the  entire  Ottoman  nation  1/  ^^^  Turks  ^«"fnd  r«*^Jf  ^^J^'^^J^t 

is  not  willing  to  fsce,  to  maintain  the  integrity  and  °?^P?»*?\f  I"  Imperial  ^"^^'^^J}^^,^^^'^^^ 

independen<S  of  the' fatheriand.    But  the'^duty  ot  ^^'^^  •^'^i^  '"^f""  J^f'^^^wj^^  w.  Sf^ii^wl; 

the  4perialGovemment  is  to  avert,  if  possible,  any  juspended  unless  the  following  baaea  ahali  have 

further  effusion  of  blood.    It  i^  therefore,  in  the  *^®f°JPT'!ll  LlSISf^t'iimit.  A^t^rmlr.^  wtV* 

name  of  humanity  that  we  make  this  appeal  to  the  h  %^««5\*v' ^Jj^S.i^^^^^ 

sentiments  of  justice  in  the  Great  Powefs,  and  that  W"?^^^  °^  *^l  Wlt???.«^?«iPfiSil£S^ 

L?rofa'bT>^  "^  "^'^^  ^  ^'^  ^"'  ^^'^'  CrstTntrno^e^^^^^^^^                                   l^lo^l^ 

ises  lavoraoiy.  autonomous  tributary  principality,  with  a  national 

Ko  notice  was  taken  of  this  note  by  any  Christian  government  and  a  native  militia.     TheO:- 


TURKET.  791 

toman  armj  shall  no  longer  rem^  Ihero,  except  at  trei^  between  Roumanla  and  Turkey.    Botimanian 

oertain  points  to  be  settled  by  mutual  agreement.  subjects  shall  have  the  same  rights  in  Turkey  as  the 

S.  The  independence  of  Montenegro  shall  be  rec-  subjects  o(  other  powers, 

offolaed.     An  increase  of  territory,  equal  to  that  6.  The  final  boundary  of  Bulgaria  is  to  be  deter- 

wnich  the  fortune  of  war  has  placed  in  its  hands,  mined  by  a  Busso-Turktsh  Commibsion  previous  to 

shall  be  secured  to  it.    The  definite  fh>ntier  shall  be  the  evacuation  of  fioumelia.    The  boundary  passes 

arranged  hereafter.  from  Vranya  x>ver  the   Karadagh,  the   Karsdrina 

8.  The  independence  of  Roamania  and  Servia  Biver,  the  Grsmmos  Mountains,  passes  by  Kastoria 

shall  be  recognised.    An  adeauate  territorial  indem-  and  around  Salonica,  and  follows  the  river  Karssu 

nity  shall  be  secured  to  the  mrst,  and  a  reotifioation  as  far  as  Yenicye  on  the  jEgean  Sea.    Southwest  of 

of  trontier  to  the  second.  Kavala  the  boundary  runs  luoug  tlie  coast  to  Dedea- 

4.  Bosnia  and  Henegovina  shsll  be  granted  an  gatoh,  thence  northward  as  far  ss  Tohirmen.  It 
autonomous  administration,  with  adequate  guarsn-  winds  around  Adrianople  at  a  distance  of  two  and  a 
tees.  Analogous  reforms  shall  be  introduced  into  half  hours'  march,  passes  through  Kirk  Kilissa, 
the  other  Chnstian  provinces  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  joins  Luleh  Burgas,  and  reaches  in  a  straight  line  to 

5.  The  Porte  shall  undertake  to  indemnify  Russia  liekim  Tabissso,  on  the  Black  Sea.  It  runs  along 
f  >r  the  ezpensea  of  the  war  and  the  losses  which  the  coast  as  far  as  Mangalia,  besrs  off  to  the  west, 
she  has  had  to  bear.  The  nature  of  this  indemnity,  and  terminates  at  Basaova  on  the  Danube, 
whether  pecuniary,  territorial,  or  otherwiae,  shall  be  7.  The  Prince  of  Bulgaria  shall  be  chosen  by  a 
settled  hereafter.  Hie  Majestjr  the  Sultan  shall  flree  vote  of  the  people,  confirmed  bv  the  Porte,  and 
come  to  an  understanding  with  ms  Majesty  the  Em-  approved  by  the  Powers.  No  member  of  any  dyn- 
ueror  of  Bussia  for  the  protection  of  the  rights  and  asty  of  the  Oreat  Powers  shall  be  eligible.  The 
interests  of  Bussia  in  tne  Struts  of  the  Sospoms  National  Assembly  shall  be  convoked  at  Timova  or 
and  the  Dardanelles.  Philippopoli,  to  consider  the  t\iture  orgaciaation  of 

As  a  proof  of  the  acceptance  of  these  essential  the  country,  which  shall  be  analogous  to  that  of  the 

bases,  Ottomsn  plenipotentiaries  shall  proceed  im-  Danubian  principalities  as  established  in  1880,  and 

mediately  to  Odessa  or  Sebastopol,  to  negotiate  there  shall  be  arranged  before  the  choice  of  a  Prince,  under 

preliminaries  of  peace  with  the  Bussian  pleoipoten-  the  superintendence  of  a  Bussian  and  in  the  pres- 

tiaries.    As  soon  as  the  acceptance  of  these  prelim-  ence  of  a  Turkish  commissioner.    The  introduction 

iaary  oonditioos  shall  be  officially  notified  to  the  of  the  new  government  shall  be  intrusted  for  two 

commanders-in-chief  of  the  impenal  armies,  armis-  years  to  a  Bussian  commissioner.    At  the  end  of  the 

tice  conditions  shall  be  negotiated  at  the  two  theatres  first  year  the  pJenipotentiaries  of  other  Powers  may 

of  war,  snd  hostilities  may  be  provisionallv  sus-  participate  if  it  is  considered  necessary. 

pended.    The  two  commanders-in-chief  shall  have  8,  Tne  Turirish  army  having  left  Bulgaria,  all  the 

power  to  complete  the  above  conditions  by  indicating  fortresses  shall  be  rased  at  the  cost  of  tne  oommuni- 

eertain  strategical  points  and  fortresses  as  a  material  ties.    Until  a  national  militia  can  be  formed,  Bul- 

g^jarantee  of  the  acceptance  of  our  armistice  condi-  garia  shall  be  occupied  for  two  years  by  the  Bussians, 

tions  by  the  Sublime  Porte  and  of  its  entrance  on  with  six  divisions  of  infantry  and  two  divisions  of 

the  psth  of  peace  negotiations.  cavalry,  in  all  50,000  men,  which  shall  be  maintained 

These  condiMons  of  pea^e  bad  been  drawn  ^'i^^ruSt  o'/Sb&b'e  paid  by  Bulgaria 
op  before  the  advance  of  the  Russians  m  Roa-  gh^n  ^^  .ettled  by  Turkey,  Bussia,  and  the  other 
raelia,  and  the  negotiations  of  peace,  instead  Powers.  Bulgaria  shall  assume  the  obligations  of 
of  being  condacted  at  Odessa  or  Sebastopol,  Turkey  in  reference  to  the  Bustchuk-Y ama  Bailroad 
now  took  place  at  Adrianople.  The  conditions  Company,  ^r  an  agreement  has  been  reached  be- 
ef the  armistice,  ho werer,  seemed  to  be  bind-  ^"^^  the  Porte,  Bufgaria,  and  the  Company.  Ar- 
.  "^  "i  /^  V^'  ,  i.  » .V^  S  •  fc/^  "»"^  rangementaooncemrngtheotherlmes  are  reserved, 
ing  on  the  Tnrks  only,  for  the  Russians  contin-  jo.  The  Porte  shall  have  the  right  to  construct  a 
ned  to  advance  steadily,  nntil  they  had  reached  road  for  the  transport  of  troops  and  war  material  to 
Bayukdere  on  the  Bosporus,  and  San  Stefano,  the  provinces  lying  beyond  Bulgaria.    This  road 

a  suburb  of  Constantinople,  on  the  Sea  of  ^»"  J»<* 'J"*"  8'J<>^2*  "P  S^^t,  ^»%  ^V^«  V*^^^ 
%r».»«^^  o.<.4^«vi;.Y^«n«»  4'vHiJ  is^^Ar,^M^^^,»  -.4.  and  to  Pnahtma.  The  regulation  of  postal  and  tele- 
Marmora,  establishing  their  headqaarters  at  ^ic  connections  shSf  be  intrustid  to  a  apedal 
the  latter  plaoe.    They  then  pushed  along  the  oommission. 

shores  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora  as  far  as  Eregli  11.  The  same  provisions  are  made  in  respect  to 

and  Rodosto.     Under  these  circumstances  it  ^^^  rights  of  Mohammedans  possessing  property  in 

wa.  unnecesaary  for  the  Turirish  plenipoten-  ««L"D\'Sur.^1oi^?sI:^shaU  be  rased;  the 

tianes  to  go  to  Odessa  or  Sebastopol,  and  the  buUding  of  foru  on  the  Danube  and  iu  navigation 

peace  negotiations  were  began  m  Adrianople,  by  vessels  of  war  are  forbidden.    Only  customs  and 

and  concluded  in  San  Stefano,  where  the  treaty  police  vessels  are  permitted.    The  pivileges  of  the 

of    peace  was  signed  on  March  2d.     It  con-  International  Danube  Commission  sre  continued  in 

tained   twenty-nine  articles,  whose  principal  'X  The  Porte  shall  reCsUblish  the  navigation  of 

provisions  are  as  follows :  the  Salina  mouth,  and' allow  indemnification  for  pri- 

1.  Montenegro  is  declared  independent,  and  re-  vate  losses. 

ogives  Anti van,  Spus,  Podgoritaa,  Gatchko,  and  Nio-  14.  Beforms  shall  be  immediately  introduoed  into 

ale.  Bosnia  and  HerxejBfovina.  the  same  aa  were  demand- 

2.  Its  relations  to  Turkey  are  to  be  settled  by  an-  ed  at  the  first  sittmg  of  tne  Conference  of  Constanti- 
otber  agreement.  Differences  between  these  two  nople,  with  the  assent  of  Austria  and  Bussia.  Ar- 
countries  are  to  be  adjusted  by  Austria  and  Bussia.  rears  of  taxes  are  not  to  be  claimed.    The  revenue 

3.  Servia  is  declared  independent,  and  receives  until  1880  is  to  be  applied  to  indemnify  the  sufferers 
Xissa,  the  vslley  of  the  Drina,  and  Little  Zvomik.  by  the  insurrection. 

4.  The  Mohammedans  may  retain  their  personal  16.  The  application  of  the  ordinance  of  1866  to 
property.  A  Turkish-Servian  Commission  shall  de-  Crete  is  renewed.  Similar  ordinances  shall  be  made 
ctde  within  two  years  all  questions  respecting  the  for  Epjnis,  Thessaly,  and  the  other  parts  of  Euro- 
re«l  estate,  and  within  three  years  those  respecting  pean  Turkey.  A  special  commission  shall  arrange 
the  property  of  the  state  and  of  the  church  (vakuf).  the  particulars  of  this  ordinance,  which  shall  be  su^ 

5.  Boemsnia  is  declared  independent.  The  ques-  mitted  to  the  approval  of  the  Porte,  and  applied  UD- 
tion  oi  a  war  indemnity  shall  be  settled  by  a  special  der  the  supervision  of  Bussia. 


792  TUBKEY. 

16.  Annenia  ihall  be  giTen  reforms  according  to  modem  dvUiiatioii.  Bat  the  war  liaa  pottposcd 
local  needs,  and  shall  be  protected  against  tUe  Kurds  the  ftilflllment  of  these  wishes.  FurtbermoR,  tL< 
and  Circassians.  calamities  of  the  war  have  exceeded  all  limiu^  t 

17.  A  complete  and  general  amnesty  shall  be  de-  numerous  population,  non-combatant  and  iDoffe&iiTe 
Glared.  women  and  children,  whose  life  and  honor  oa^t 

18.  The  Porte  shall  take  into  earnest  consideration  according  to  the  usages  of  war  to  hATe  been  r»K«et- 
the  ▼lews  of  the  commissioners  of  the  mediatory  ed.  have  been  subjected  to  cruel  treatment,  i«Toltii| 
Powers  in  regard  to  the  possession  of  the  city  of  to  numanity.  I  am  pleased  to  hope  that  in  tk«  k- 
Ehotoor,  and  shall  cany  out  the  work  of  the  demar-  ture  nothing  will  prevent  the  truth  in  that  resftet 
kation  of  the  Turoo-Persian  boundaries.  from  coming  to  fight.    We  believe  thst  ve  htu 

19.  The  indemnity  to  be  paid  by  Turkey  to  Bussia  given  you  a  manliest  proof  of  our  firm  iotetitioc 
is  fixed  at  1,410,000,000  rubles,  of  which  900,000,000  to  persist  in  the  path  of  progress,  by  direetiof  cai 
shall  be  charged  to  the  costs  of  the  war,  400,000,000  attention  to  internal  reforma,  even  at  a  tim«  wbeo 
to  the  account  of  damages  to  trade,  100,000,000  to  the  the  Government  is  engaged  in  a  great  war.  It  u  bj 
insurrection  in  the  Caucasus,  and  10,000.000  to  the  means  of  complete  liberty  of  discussion  thst  out  eu 
damages  to  Russian  subjects  and  property  m  Turkey,  arrive  at  the  truth  in  legislative  and  political  qiK«- 

20.  In  consideration  of  the  stringent  financial  con-  tions,  and  thna  protect  the  public  intereit  Tbe 
dttion  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  and  m  accordance  with  Constitution  renaers  this  a  duty  on  your  part,  ud 
the  desire  of  the  Sultan,  the  Czar  of  Kussia  is  satis-  1  do  not  think  I  have  to  give  you  any  other  order  or 
fied  to  be  offered  in  payment,  together  with  the  san-  encouragement  in  thia  respect. 

jak  of  Tultcba  (which  may  be  excnanged  for  Bessaia- 

oia),  Ardah an,  Kara,  Bay ozid,  and  the  Armenian  ter-        A  spirit  of  great  independence  manifested 

ritory  to  the  SoghanU  Dagh.  itself  in  the  deliberationB  of  the  Chamber.  Ai 

.  ?i;  '^n  ""^^^  undertakes  u>  seUle  in  a  conoiliatonr  ^oon  as  the  organization  had  been  finished,  and 

Bpint  all  actions  between  Bussian  and  Turkish  sub-  4.1^^  „.^«««v  *«™  *i»«  4.k«^««  ^^a  ^^  »AA^S*r.\^ 

j4ots,  and  to  execute  immediately  all  legal  judgments  ^}^  ^^^^^  from  the  throne  and  an  ad^stob^ 

already  delivered.  ^    *    ^  drawn  up  replying  to  it  came  to  be  ducoised. 

22.  The  priviieffes  of  the  monks  of  Mount  Athos  the  character  of  the  Assembl j  became  appsr* 

•toP'Sf?'^®*^  *?  "*"™:  ©Dt.    A  party  at  once  formed  bj  whidi  ovw- 

forei         *'^'^'*"         conventions  are  agam  put  in  gjtion  to  the  proposal  for  a  vote  of  thanks  to 

24,*25.  The  Bosporus  and  Dardanelles  are  to  remain  *^®  ^ultan  was  mad^  on  the  ground  ^at  he 

open  in  times  of  peace  as  well  as  war  to  merchant  bad  done  nothing  to  deserve  them ;  and,  after 

ships  of  the  neutral  states  coming  from  or  going  to  a  long  and  animated  debate,  a  motion  directlj 

Bussian  ports.    The  Porte  engages,  therefore,  not  to  censuring  the  Ministry  was  lost  by  onlTOue 

r«5r^f"irrbtti::tt±$ ^i^^i^  vote  ™» r^'^^z^.^'^'^f'^fr' 

opposition  to  the  spirit  of  the  declaration  that  waa  *"®  Ministry  had  exerted  themselves  and  shown 

signed  at  Paris  on  April  16, 1856.    The  evacuation  more  foresight  in  conducting  the  militarj  uxi 

orterritor^  by  the  Bussian  armies,  except  aa  regarda  administrative  business  of  the  country,  the 

Bulgsria,  18  to  be  completed  three  months  after  the  country  would  now  have  found  itself  in  a  inort 

defimtive  peace.    Inordertosave  time  and  avoid  the  i>^«-.«Ai«  •wv-:4.:««  »>     a«  *»«,««^,«««»  ^y^- 

cost  of  mSintoining  the  Bussian  troops  in  Turkey  bonorable  position."    An  amendment,  eoteu- 

and  Boumania,  a  portion  of  the  army  may  be  sent  to  tutmg  for  the  word  Ministry  tbe  words  *'  thcee 

the  ports  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora  in  executive  power,"  was  carried  by  a  decbixe 

inordertoallowof  their  embarking  on  ships  belong-  majority.     In  consequence  of  this  resolution. 

f^th^.  ?l.^nn  ^fli^T,^i??iJl'^  f^'J'*''"!?  A^7  i*  the  Grand  Vizier  andMahmoud  Damad  ofitrtd 

for  the  occasion.    Similarly  the  evacuation  of  Asiat-  xi    •  •       a*  v  1.  ..  *a 

ic  Turkey  is  to  be  complete  in  six  months  after  the  their  resignaUons,  which  were  not  aoDepl«<L 

conclusion  of  the  definitive  peace,  and  the  Bussian  ^^^  Ministers  of  War,  Marme,  and  Foreigs 

troops  may  embark  at  Trebizond,  the  prepsrations  Affairs  were  called  upon  by  the  House  00  J&d- 

for  leaving  to  begin  immediately  after  exclumge  of  uary  8th  to  explain  the  faults  of  their  adminii- 

*  k  Th^SSiians  shall  administer  the  TurkUh  ter-  *"^^^^^2  «^^  ^«^®  submitted  to  a  rigorous  ei- 

ritory  until  the  return  of  their  troops.  aminaUon. 

27.  The  Porte  promises  not  to  proceed  against  An  important  change  in  the  Ministry  took 
Ottoman  subjects  who  have  had  relatione  with  the  place  on  January  11th.  The  Grand  Vizier  Ed- 

Bussiane.  ^   -    .  ^         v  n  *  u     1       ^  ^©™  Pasha  was  replaced  by  Hamdi  Pisbi 

28.  A  discharpre  of  prisoners  shall  take  place  alter  a„;j  i>«„Ko  w.o  ^^^X^ir.^^  \i1,.:.4^.  «f  ♦».«  U. 
the  ratification  of  the  treaty.  °*^^  Vasha,  was  appointed  Minuter  of  the  in; 

29.  Batifioations  shall  take  place  within  not  more  tenor ;  Namyk  Pasha,  of  the  CivU  Dst ;  hjm 
than  fourteen  days.  Tbe  formal  conclusion  of  peace  Pasha,  of  Finance ;  and  Ahmed  Vefyk  Pashi 
is  reserved,  but  in  any  esse  these  preliminaries  shall  of  Public  Instruction.  The  Ministry,  however, 
be  Vmding  for  Bussia  and  Turkey.  ^^^^  ^t  the  time  of  its  formation,  was  regard^ 

The  Turkish  Pariiament  met  for  its  second  ^  *  temporary  one  only.  On  Febniaiy^th  the 

session  on  December  13,  1877.    In  the  speech  grand-vizierate  was  abolished,  and  a  mmwtry 

from  the  throne,  the  Sultan,  after  referring  to  ^««  formed  after  the  European  pattern,  whicb 

the  events  of  the  year  and  the  extension  of  ^as  composed  as  follows:  Ahmed  Vefyk  Pasi* 

the  liability  to  military  service  to  the  Chris-  President  of  the  Council  and  lOnister  of  the 

tians,  spoke  of  the  new  Constitution,  and  the  l°i?!?^^5   ^7^  Pasha,  Minister  ^  Forei^ 

reforms  which  he  had  undertaken,  in  regard  to  ^f  "i,?*"^  P*?^^  ^mister  of  War;  Bad 

which  he  said :  Pasha,  Minister  of  Marine ;  Kiam  Pasha,  Mib* 

_.,,',  .     ^        ,  ister  of  Finance :  Ohannds  Eohamitehian  Eff<n« 

The  salvation  of  the  empire  depends  entireWupon  ^i.  Minister  of  PnbUc  Works;  Namyk  PasK 

the  complete  and  smcere  carrying  out  of  the  Consti-  r«l««^  ur^^«\J  ^\!^  k  «l:ii  tl     aT^^*  P.^K« 

tutlon.  *^Our  greatest  wish  hL  been  to  see  aU  class-  ^^^^  ^^\^^  ^®  ^^^PJ  ^^^^  inn 

es  of  our  subjects  enjoy  the  benefits  of  a  complete  President  of  the  Council  of  State ;  and  tiftiu 

equality  and  our  country  profit  by  the  progress  of  Effendi,  Sheik-nl-Islam. 


TUBKEY.  793 

The  ooarae  of  the  Ohamber,  in  oonstandj  ment  in  England.    The  English  Government 

trying  to  control  the  Government,  finallj  led  to  immediately  took  active  measures  to  protect 

its  disaolntion  on  Febniary  20th.    In  addition  British  interests  in  the  East,  and  for  this  por- 

to  this,  certain  deputies  who  had  played  a  pose  ordered  a  portion  of  the  Mediterranean 

prominent  part  in  Parliament  by  exposing  the  Squadron  to  proceed  to  Constantinople.    Sir 

abases  of  the  administration  were  ordered  back  Stafford  Northcote,  in  announcing  in  uie  Com- 

to  their  homes,  the  Grovernment  even  refusing  mens  on  February  8th  that  this  measure  had 

the  traveling  expenses  allowed  them  by  the  been  taken,  added  that  it  was  done  only  to 

Constitution.  protect  life  and  property.     In  its  orders  to 

Immediately  after  the  conclusion  of  peace  Admiral  Hornby  on  this  subject,  the  English 
with  Rnssia,  Turkey  was  invaded  from  another  Government  instructed  him  to  force  the  pas- 
side.  The  Greek  Government,  unable  any  sage  of  the  Dardanelles  if  necessary.  The  ap- 
longer  to  restrain  the  popular  feeling  for  war,  plication  of  force  seemed  inevitable  for  a  time, 
gave  the  order,  and  on  February  2d  the  Greek  as  the  Sultan  refused  to  grant  the  desired  fir- 
troops  to  the  number  of  about  12,000  men,  man,  on  the  ground  that  the  entrance  of  the 
under  General  Soutzo  and  accompanied  by  a  British  fleet  into  the  Sea  of  Marmora  would 
numerous  band  of  volunteers,  cros»9d  the  fron-  certainly  be  followed  by  a  Russian  occupa- 
tier  at  Lamia  into  Thessaly.  Proceeding  north-  tion  of  Constantinople.  This  view  was  war- 
ward,  they  occupied  positions  near  Domoko,  a  ranted  by  the  semi-official  declaration  by  the 
nnall  town  on  the  Larissa  road,  which  was  de-  *^  Agence  Russe  "  that  the  entrance  of  foreign 
fended  by  a  Turkish  garrison  of  2,000  men.  fleets  into  the  Bosporus  at  a  moment  when 
The  Greek  army  had  precise  orders  not  to  at-  Russia  and  Turkey  were  concluding  peace 
tack  any  Turkish  troops;  and  the  ostensible  would  give  to  the  former  Power  fuU  liberty 
excuse  for  the  measure  was  to  prevent  the  of  action.  If  the  presence  of  the  British  fleet 
massacres  of  Christians  which,  it  was  asserted,  were  necessary  for  the  protection  of  the  Chris- 
would  take  place  in  consequence  of  the  in-  tians,  it  would  also  be  the  duty  of  the  Russian 
sorrection.  The  news  of  this  invasion  hav-  troops  to  afford  them  the  same  protection, 
ing  reached  Constantinople,  the  Turkish  naval  The  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  declared  himself 
squadron,  commanded  by  Hobart  Paidiia,  was  highly  gratified  with  the  resolution  of  the 
instantly  sent  to  the  PirsBus,  the  port  of  Athens;  Porte  to  refuse  the  desired  passage  to  the 
while  Photiades  Bey,  the  Turkish  Minister  British  fleet.  In  the  Turkish  Parliament,  how- 
there,  was  ordered  to  leave  it,  dmost  involving  ever,  this  resolution  met  with  a  strong  oppo- 
a  declaration  of  war.  The  apprehended  visit  sition,  and  Ahmed  Vef yk  was  called  upon  to  act 
there  of  the  Turkish  ships  of  war  caused  great  with  the  greatest  caution  toward  England, 
alarm  to  the  Greek  citizens  and  foreign  resi-  The  Minister,  in  reply,,  stated  that  no  force 
dents ;  but  the  several  foreign  consuls  agreed  would  be  used  against  the  fleet,  but  that  the 
to  promise  that  there  should  be  no  bombard-  Porte  would  content  itself  with  a  simple  pro- 
men  t.  The  Greek  Government,  however,  at  test,  and  would  throw  all  the  responsibility 
the  request  of  the  representatives  of  the  Pow-  upon  England.  On  the  afternoon  of  February 
era,  recalled  its  troops  soon  afterward.  On  18th  the  fleet  passed  through  the  Dardanelles^ 
February  14th  M.  Kumunduros,  the  Minister  and  on  the  evening  of  the  14th  it  anchorea 
President,  stated  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  near  the  Princess  Islands,  two  miles  south  of 
that  the  Powers  having  represented  to  Greece  Constantinople.  Immediately  afterward  Prince 
that  if  she  continued  her  course  of  action  alone,  Gortchakoff  issued  the  following  circular : 
after  the  armistice  was  signed,  she  would  for-  The  BritiBb  Qovermnent  has  annonnoed  to  us  that 
feit  their  protection,  but  if  she  suspended  her  they  were  about  to  di»patoh  a  portion  of  their  fleet 
military  action  she  might  be  assured  of  their  ^  ConBtantinople  for  the  protection  of  life  and  prop- 
«pport,  the  Government  thought  it  w«  their  jTln^^SS  ^^^  1^r.^Z'l^^^ 
duty  to  recaU  the  army.  We  oontemplate  sending  a  portion  of  our  troops 

The  revolt  in  the  southern  provinces  of  Tur-  temporarily  into  Constantinople  for  precisely  tne 

key  spread  rapidly  in  the  beginning  of  the  year.  *i"x>«  purpose,  with  this  distmction— that  our  pro- 

In  Thessaly,  tiie  insurgents  formed  a  provi-  ^^""^^  V^tl^r^n!:^'''''  ^'S^**'  T^^'^^n^*  **" 

.;/v..«i  ^^^JJLwin.,^^*-  «rk«^>.  ^.^^i«:»,^  ♦!•««,.:««  tended  to  all  the  Christians.    The  two  GoTem- 

sional  government,  which  proclaimed  the  union  nj^ntg^  therefore,  would  be  fulfilling  a  duty  of  hu- 

of  the  provmce  with  Greece,  and  sent  petitions  manity  common  to  both.    Consequently  this  act, 

to  the  Greek  Government  on  February  7th  and  pacific  in  its  nature,  could  not  assume  any  charao- 

9th,  praying  that  its  influence  might  be  used  to  ^r  of  mutual  hostility. 

promote  the  realization  and  recognition  of  this  With  regard  to  this  note,  Lord  Derby  said 

nnion.  in  the  House  of  Lords :  "  We  do  not  admit 

In  Crete,  the  General  Assembly  on  January  that  the  cases  of  our  ships  before  Constantino- 

30th  proclaimed  the  abolition  of  the  sovereignty  pie  and  the  military  occupation  of  the  city  are 

of  the  Sultan  and  the  union  of  Crete  to  Greece,  analogous.     That  is  our  opinion ;  and  I  have 

The  proclamation  was  received  with  general  written  a  dispatch  in  reply  to  Prince  Grortdia- 

enthnsiasm  by  the  whole  Christian  popi^ation.  kofTs  telegram  to  that  effect" 

The  rapid  advance  of  the  Russians  upon  On  the  17th  the  squadron  retired  to  Gem- 
Constantinople,  even  after  the  conclusion  of  lik  on  Mudania  Bfty,  85  miles  south  of  Con- 
the  armistice,  produced  the  greatest  excite-  stantinople,  but  witiiin  a  few  days  took  up  its 


794  TURKEY. 

position  at  Tuzla,  a  few  miles  east  of  Prinoe*s  that  the  Rnssians  had  gained  Rauf  and  Osmu 

Islands.  Pashas  over  to  their  side,  and  it  was  generallj 

The  Russians  daring  this  time  had  drawn  helieved  that  an  alliance  between  RosRa  and 

closer  to  the  upper  end  of  the  Bosporus ;  and  Turkey  was  imminent.    Soon  afterward  it  wts 

in  the  bay  of  Buyukdere,  situated  Just  above  announced  that  Mr.  Layard  had  won  these  two 

Therapia  on  the  European  shore  of  the  Bospo-  generals  as  well  as  a  number  of  other  geoer- 

rus,  a  Russian  imperial  yacht,  with  two  other  als  and  statesmen  for  British  interests.    These 

Russian  vessels  had  been  moored.    The  Rus-  conflicts  between  Russian  and  British  ioterees 

sian  Imperial  Guards  were  to  have  been  brought  led  to  a  change  of  ministry.    Ahmed  Yefrk 

there  for  embarkation  and  conveyance  home  offered  his  resignation  several  times,  but  It 

across  the  Black  Sea.     This,  however,  was  was  continually  refused  by  the  Sultsn,  uBtil 

strongly  oblected  to  by  the  Porte ;  and  it  was  on  April  17th  he  dismissed  Ahmed  Yefrk,  and 

also  stated  that  the  British  squadron  would  have  appointed  Sadyk  Pasha  as  his  successor,  with 

immediate  orders  to  move  up  the  Bosporus  if  MoUah  Bey  as  Sheik-nl-Islam.    The  Cabinet, 

the  Russian  troops  came  to  Buyukdere.  Several  as  reconstructed,  was  as  follows :  Sadyk  Pasba, 

of  the  British  stiips  at  Besika  Bay  were  also  President  of  the  Council  and  Minbter  of  Pnl- 

ordered,  in  that  event,  to  join  the  squadron  of  lie  Works;  Izzet  Bey,  Minister  of  War;  Ibre* 

Admiral  Oommerell  at  Gallipoli  to  secure  the  him  Pasbai,  Minister  of  Marine ;  Savfet  Pa^.^ 

Dardanelles.    The  Russians  had  by  this  time  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs ;   Eiani  Pasba, 

occupied  all  the  principal  bays  and  harbors  in  Minister  of  Finance ;  and  AH  Fnad  Pasha,  $e^ 

the  ^gean  Sea  between  Eavala  and  the  Gulf  retary  to  the  Sultan.    The  Snltan  at  the  asme 

of  Saros,  and  they  practically  held  the  north-  time  issued  an  Imperial  hatt  reooramendioR 

em  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Bos-  Sadyk  Pasha  to  observe  the  Constitution  and 

porus  from  Tchaskoi  to  the  Black  Sea,  thus  carry  out  reforms. 

making  a  circle  round  Constantinople.    Their  While  the  rising  among  the  Greeks  in  the 

position  was  considered  a  very  strong  one.  sonthern  provinces  of  Turkey  was  gradnaHj 

They  could  either  limd  or  embark  troops  on  dy ing  ou t,  a  new  revolt  broke  on t  farther  north, 

the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea,  at  Varna  or  Bur-  among  the  Mohammedans  of  Thrace,  partion- 

gas,  or  just  outside  the  northern  outlet  of  the  larly  in  the  Rhodope  Mountains.    Here  the 

Bosporus.     Among  the  places  occupied  by  Mohammedan  peasants  and  the  Pomaks  (BqI- 

them  was  Zekerekoi,  which  lies  on  the  edge  of  garians  converted  to  Islamism),  together,  it  i« 

the  most  northerly  plateau  running  down  to-  claimed,  with  the  missing  soldiers  of  Suleimaii 

ward  the  entrance  of  the  Bosporus,  on  the  Pasha^s  army,  rose  against  Russian  and  BdN 

Black  Sea  side.    The  small  forts  at  the  en-  garian  oppression.    The  first  encounter  took 

trance  of  the  Bosporus  lie  directiy  at  the  feet  place  near  Tchirmen  on  April  14th.    The  re- 

of  this  position ;  so  that,  these  works  being  volt  spread  rapidly,  extending  all  along  the 

mostly  strand  batteries,  open  on  the  land  side,  eastern  slopes  and  valleys  of  the  Arda  and  its 

the  Russians  could  march  in  at  any  time  and  affluents.    Almost  all  this  district  is  largely 

close  the  entrance  to  the  Black  Sea.    In  con-  inhabited  by  Pomaks,  who  extend  likeirise  to 

sequence  of  the  objections  of  the  Porte,  the  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Rhodope  Mountdnss 

Russian  vessels  at  Buyukdere  in  the  middle  of  south  of  Philippopoli  and  Tatar  Bazaijik.  Tber 

March  left  the  Bosporus  and  went  to  San  Ste-  had  been  ignored  in  the  delimitation  of  M 

fano.  garia,  but  seemed  determined  to  attest  their 

On  March  26th  the  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  of  existence.  Troops  were  sent  against  them 
Russia  paid  a  visit  to  the  Sultan  in  his  palace  ft*om  Adrianople  and  Philippopoli.  The  Gruid 
of  Dolma  Baktche,  but  without  entering  Con-  Duke  Kicholas  proposed  to  the  Turkish  Got* 
stantinople.  This  matter  had  been  the  subject  emment  to  send  a  mixed  commission  of  Turk- 
of  considerable  negotiations,  the  Grand  Duke  ish  and  Russian  officers  to  the  scene  of  the  con- 
at  first  desiring  to  visit  the  Sultan  in  Constan-  fiicts,  with  the  object  of  pacifying  the  insar- 
tinople  with  an  armed  escort  of  500  men.  To  gents.  This  proposal  was  accepted  by  the  Sol- 
this  the  Sultan  objected,  and  the  question  of  tan.  Another  insurrection  of  MohaminedaDs 
the  visit  was  finally  arranged  satisfactorily  to  broke  out  in  Macedonia  in  the  latter  part  of 
all  parties.  The  Grand  Duke  was  accompa-  April,  in  consequence  of  which  the  comman- 
nied  by  a  number  of  generals  belonging  to  his  dant  at  Monastir  sent  for  troops.  The  Bos- 
staff.  A  conversation  of  about  half  an  hour  sians  did  not  attach  much  importance  to  thii 
took  place  between  the  Sultan  and  the  Grand  movement,  but  dispatched  forces  from  Philip- 
Duke,  after  which  the  Sultan  paid  the  Grand  popoli  and  Tatar  Bazaijik  against  the  insnr- 
Duke  a  visit  at  the  palace  of  Beglerbeg,  which  gents,  ordering  the  commanders  to  fight  ool; 
had  been  placed  at  the  latter^s  disposal.  The  in  case  they  were  attacked. 
Grand  Duke  then  went  to  Pera,  where  the  In  the  latter  part  of  April,  the  Grand  Doke 
Russian  embassy  was  again  opened,  with  M.  Nicholas  returned  to  St.  Petersburg  and  was 
Nelidoff  as  Charg6  d^Affaires,  and  the  Russian  aucceeded  in  the  chief  command  by  General 
eagle  was  replac^  over  the  gates,  Todleben. 

In  Constantinople  a  great  conflict  was  going  The  insurrection  of  the  Greeks  in  Thessak 

on  in  the  mean  time  betVeen  Russian  and  and  Macedonia  virtually  came  to  an  end  dur- 

British  interests.    At  one  time  it  was  stated  ing  May.    During  April  the  insuigents  hai 


TURKEY,  796 

be«n  met  by  Messrs.  Merlin  snd  Blnnt,  two  retamed  to  Constantinople  from  Lagos,  and 
British  consols,  who  had  conferred  with  them  broaght  with  him  a  report  of  the  intense  snf- 
on  the  terms  of  pacification.  The  insargents  ferings  of  the  refugees  and  popidation  in  the 
presented  their  proposals  to  the  Porte,  through  districts  south  of  the  Rhodope  Mountains.  The 
the  consuls.  Thej  demanded  a  general  amne»-  supplies  Mr.  Fawcett  took  with  him  were  only 
ty  and  mutual  disarmament.  The  Turkish  ir-  a  drop  in  the  oeean  of  staryation  and  misery 
regular  troops,  Gegs  and  Aroauts  from  Alba-  creyailing  in  that  region.  In  one  instance  the 
nia,  and  Zeibeks  from  Asia,  who  had  perpe-  Kaimakan  sold  for  his  own  benefit  the  com 
trated  terrible  outrages,  were  to  be  remoyed  intended  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.  Mr.  Faw- 
from  the  proyinces,  and  the  Greek  yolunteers  oett's  report  proceeded  to  enumerate  the  hor- 
were  to  be  conyeyed  home  in  British  men-of-  rors  perpetrated  by  the  Bulgarians  and  Cos- 
war,  sacks,  and  sometimes  eyen  by  the  regular  Rus- 

A  serious  political  riot  took  place  in  Con-  sian  soldiers,  upon  the   defenseless   popnla- 

Btantinople  on  May  20th.  led  by  a  fanatical  tion.    The  eyident  design  of  these  malefactors 

Softa  named  Ali  SuayL    On  that  day  he  went  seemed  to  be  the  extermination  or  utter  dis- 

with  about  100  armed  men  to  the  Tcheragan  persion  of  the  Mussulmans  and  of  Christians 

Palace,  where  ez-Sultan  Murad  was  confined,  fayorable  to  them.    In  the  Domodea  district 

and  demanded  to  see  him.    The  crowd  persist*  alone  fifty-three  yillages  were  plundered  and 

ing  after  being  revised  admittance,  the  ring-  burnt  by  Russian  and  Bulgarian  troops  within 

leader,  AU  Suayi,  was  shot  by  one  of  the  sen-  two  months.  Twenty-three  yillages  were  eaual- 

tries  on  doty,  and  the  mob  then  dispersed.  ly  laid  waste  and  burnt  in  the  district  of  Has- 

In  the  latter  part  of  May  the  Sultan  appoint-  kiey,  and  in  the  Philippopoli  district  twelve 
ed  Mahmond  Damad  Pasha  Minister  of  War.  yillages  were  burnt.  In  numerous  yillages 
As  this  appointment  was  made  without  the  named  in  the  report  there  had  been  wanton 
consent  of  Sadyk  Pasha,  the  Prime  Minister,  destruction  attended  by  deeds  of  unheard-of 
the  latter  resimed.  The  Sultan  then  appoint-  barbarity.  The  cases  of  men  and  women  de- 
ed Mehemet  Rnshdi  Pasha  as  his  successor,  liberately  burnt  aliye  were  frequent ;  in  one 
and  at  the  same  time  restored  the  office  of  instance  an  old  woman  was  thrown  alive  into 
Grand  Vizier.  Mehemet  Rushdi  did  not,  how-  a  burning  house.  Violation  of  the  young  was 
ever,  hold  office  over  a  week.  On  June  4th  yery  frequent  The  report  spoke  of  a  girl  who 
Savfet  Pasha  was  appointed  Grand  Vizier  in  was  tied  to  the  ground,  hands  and  feet,  and 
his  place,  while  Mustapha  Pasha  succeeded  Mah-  subjected  to  outrages  tiU  she  died  under  their 
mood  Damad  Pasha  as  Minister  of  War.  These  infliction. 

changes  were  made  necessary  by  the  prevailing  Immediately  upon  the  dgning  of  the  treaty 

dissatisfaction  with  Mahmoud  Damad  Pasha,  of  Berlin  (see  Eastbbn  Question),  the  Austro- 

while  Mehemet  Rushdi,  who  felt  himself  una-  Hungarian  Government  opened  negotiations 

ble  to  cope  witii  the  impending  questions,  coun-  with  the  Porte  for  the  occupation  of  Bosnia 

seled  the  recall  of  Midhat  Pasha.    This,  how-  and  Herzegovina,  as  provided  for  in  that  treaty, 

ever,  the  Sultan  declined  to  do,  and  instead  The  Turks  were  at  first  disposed  to  put  serious 

called  Savfet  Pasha  to  the  head  of  afPairs— an  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  Austrians,  and 

appointment  which  gaye  general  satisfaction,  made  some  conditions  which  tiie  latter  declared 

As  the  attempts  to  pacify  the  insurgents  in  the  to  be  unacceptable,  as  fixing  the  time  of  occu- 

Rhodope  Mountains  did  not  succeed,  the  Rus-  pation  at  six  months,  having  a  Turkish  Com- 

sians  began  operations  against  them  from  two  missioner  in  Bosnia,  demanding  a  guarantee 

directions.   On  May  27th  they  marched  in  five  against  any  attack  from  Servia  and  Montene- 

colunms  by  a  simultaneous  movement  from  the  gro,  and  that  all  Turkish  officials  should  be 

east  and  the  south  against  the  insurgent  posi-  kept  in  their  places.  On  July  29th  the  Austrian 

tions  in  the  Upper  Aida  Valley,  but  only  the  col-  troops  which  had  during  the  negotiations  been 

uron  which  set  out  from  Tenidshei  in  the  south  massed  on  the  frontier,  crossed  into  Turkey, 

wassnooessfnl  in  dislodging  the  insurgents  from  As  a  preliminary  to  the  occupation,  the  Aus- 

their  position  at  Memkova,  in  the  Sultan  Teri  trian  Government  issued  a  proclamation  to  the 

district    At  other  points  the  insurgents  not  population  stating  that  the  Austrian  troops 

only  kept  their  positions,  but  infiicted  severe  came  as  friends  to  restore  peace  and  prosperi- 

loss  on  the  Russians,  pursuing  them  in  some  ty  to  the  country.  The  proclamation  stated  that 

instances.  On  the  west  and  north  hostile  prep-  all  would  be  protected,  none  oppressed.    £»- 

arations  were  also  being  made.    With  this  m  tablished  customs  and  institutions  would  be 

view  the  Servian  troops  were  concentrated  to  respected,  the  revenue  would  be  applied  solely 

act  in  the  direction  of  Sophia,  primarily  to  cut  to  the  wants  of  the  country,  and  the  arrears 

the  communications  of  tne  insurgents  in  the  of  taxes  for  the  past  year  would  not  be  col- 

Rhodope  Mountains  to  the  west  with  Macedo-  lected.    Early  on  the  morning  of  Monday,  the 

nia,  and  were  pushed  forward  to  Radomir  and  29th,  the  Austrian  troops  crossed  the  Save  at 

Dubnitza  on  the  road  to  Eustendil  and  Uskub.  Gradiska,  the  Turkish  garrison  of  that  place 

The  condition  of  the  country  was  represented  retiring  on  their  approach.    The  main  body  of 

by  all  authorities  as  truly  horrible,  although  the  troops  crossed  the  Bosnian  frontier  on  the 

they  differed  as  to   the   causes.     On   July  following  day.   General  Philippovitch,  the  Aus- 

8th  Mr.  Fawcett,  the  British  Consul-General,  trian  commander  -  in  -  chief,  entered  Turkish 


796  TUBKEY. 

Brod  on  the  80th,  and  Derbend  on  the  Slat,  and  was  kept  np  with  great  Tigor  by  both  sides, 

reported  that  in  both  places  he  was  received  in  the  Austrians  proceeded  to  storm  the  tovB, 

the  most  cordial  manner  by  the  Turkish  author-  taking  it  after  a  most  determined  reastanee. 

ities.    In  Serayevo,  the  capital  of  Bosnia,  an-  The  insoigents  lost  on  this  oooaaion  800  dead, 

archy  reigned  supreme  during  these  movements  700  wounded,  and  large  qnantitiee  of  ammuoi- 

of  the  Austrians.    At  the  instigation  of  Hadji  tion,  over  1,000,000  cartridges  falling  into  tk« 

Loja,  a  notorious  chieftain  at  the  head  of  a  hands  of  the  victors.    The  Auscrian  loss,  sl> 

band  of  Bashi-Bacouks,  an  insurrection  broke  though  including  but  few  dead,  was  still  severe, 

out  in  Serayevo,  in  consequence  of  which  the  numbering  over  800  wounded.    This  Tictorj, 

Civil  Governor,  Mazhar  Pasha,  and  the  Military  while  placing  the  Austrians  in  a  strong  position, 

Commandant,  Hafiz  Pasha,  fled  with  a  detach-  did  not  have  that  effect  on  the  Bosniana  whiefa 

ment  of  troops.    They  were  pursued,  captured,  was  expected,  the  other  Austrian  generals,  8zt- 

and  brought  back  to  Serayevo  by  Ha^ji  Loja,  pary  and  Jovanovitoh,  being  hard  pressed  bj 

who  deprived  them  of  their  dignities  and  pos-  the  insurgents;  and  it  seemed  highly  probable 

sessions.    The  insurgents  attempting  to  get  the  that  the  Anstnans  still  had  severe  fighting  be- 

armory  into  their  hands,  a  violent  struggle  last-  fore  them.    Under  these  droumstanoea  it  was 

ing  several  hours  arose  between  them  and  the  deemed  advisable  to  increase  the  army  of  oc- 

watch,  which  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the  latter,  cupation.    It  had  originally  eousisted  of  100,> 

The  cordiality  with  which  Oeneral  Philippo-  000  men.    To  this  number  66,000  men  were 

vitch  reported  the  Austrian  troops  to  be  re-  added,  making  the  entire  force  nndtsr  General 

ceived  everywhere,  soon  proved  to  be  a  delu-  PhUippovitoh  165,000  men  in  eleven  divisioiw. 

sioo.    On  August  1st  he  sent  a  reconnoitering  This  force  was  divided  into  four  army  cor|», 

force  into  the  vaUey  of  the  Bosua,  with  orders  which  were  placed  under  the  command  of  the 

to  make  known  to  tiie  inhabitants  the  Austrian  Duke  of  WOrtemberg,  Baron  Bamberg,  Bitter 

proclamation,  and  to  prepare  them  for  the  ap-  von  Bienert,  and  Count  Szapary. 

proach  of  the  Imperial  troops.    At  Maglai  the  In  Albania  also  an  insurrection  had  broken 

force  met  with  the  first  opposition  on  Uie  part  out.    In  order  to  stop  it,  the  Porte  sent  Me- 

of  the  inhabitants.    It  is  situated  in  'a  narrow  hemet  All  to  that  province,  as  Extraordinary 

defile  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Bosna,  is  mostly  Commissioner,  to  quell  the  disturbance.     On 

inhabited  by  Turks,  and  has  a  ruined  castle  com-  the  6th  of  September  he  arrived  at  Jakova, 

manding  the  valley.    In  passing  through  this  where  he  found  the  greatest  excitement  pre- 

defile,  the  Austrians  were  attacked  by  the  in-  vailing  among  the  inhabitants.    He  was  vio- 

habitants,  and  were  forced  to  retreat  with  a  lently  upbraided  with  having  come  to  hand 

loss  of  70.    Shortly  after,  however.  General  over  the  country  to  the  Servians.    The  agita- 

Philippovitch  himself  entwed  the  town.    On  tion  went  on  inoreasing,  and  the  house  selected 

the  border  of  Herzegovina  the  18th  division  by  Mehemet  Ali  for  a  lodgiug  was  set  on  fire 

had  taken  up  its  position.    It  crossed  the  bor-  by  the  Albanians  of  Jakova  and  Spek.    This 

der  on  August  1st,  and  entered  Mostar,  the  done,  there  arose  between  the  incendiaries  and 

capital  of  the  province,  on  the  4th.    Here  also  Hehemet  Ali^s  escort  a  regular  fight,  in  the 

the  inhabitants  had  ti^en  up  arms  against  the  course  of  which  twenty  men  of  the  latter  USL 

Austrians,  but  were  forced  to  submit    On  the  Toward  evening,  through  the  intervention  of 

7th  the  6th  division  set  out  from  Maglai  in  some  ulemaa,  tne  conflict  was  appeased,  tlK^ 

three  colunms.    At  Zepoe  it  again  encountered  insurgents  promising  to  observe  a  pea^ol  at- 

serious  opposition,  being  opposed  by  6,000  in-  titude.    About  six  in  the  evening  the  atmggk 

surgents.    After  a  battle  lasting  from  eight  in  broke  out  anew,  resulting  in  the  death  of  the 

the  morning  until  half  past  three  in  the  after-  Marshal's  adjutant  and  several  officers,  and  the 

noon,  the  enemy  was  defeated,  and  the  AusM-  house  in  which  they  had  taken  refoge  was 

ans  entered  the  town,  which  tney  found  almost  flred ;  Mehemet  Ali  succeeded  in  escaping  from 

deserted.    The  division  under  Count  Szaparv  the  burning  building  and  concealing  himself 

operating  against  Zvomik,  in  advancing  through  near  by;  but  his  hiding-place  was  soon  dis- 

a  quarter  the  people  of  which  showed  decided  covered,  and  he,  too,  was  meroileeslj  put  to 

hostility,  had  important  outpost  engagements  death. 

at  Gracanica  ana  Hanperkovatch,  on  August  In  the  Herzegovina,  General  Jovanoritch 

4th  and  8th  respectively,  and  on  the  two  fol-  continued  to  advance,  meeting  with  but  little 

lowing  days  was  drawn  into  very  obstinate  con-  opposition,  and  on  Septembo*  7th  ooenpied 

flicts  immediately  before  Tuda.    The  Austri-  Trebigne. 

ans  were  defeated  after  a  severe  struggle,  and  The  Busdan  occupation  of  Batum  threat- 
forced  to  retire  to  Gracanica.  Count  Szapary  ened  to  lead  to  a  rising  of  the  Lasis,  the  most 
afterward  took  np  a  strong  position  at  Doboj.  powerful  tribe  in  that  section.  All  through 
After  a  march  of  several  days,  during  which  the  session  of  the  Berlin  Congress  this  poople 
he  was  continually  harassed  by  the  enemy,  was  reported  as  ready  for  an  insurrection  in 
General  Philippovitch  finally  arrived  before  case  that  port  should  be  given  to  Bussia.  The 
Serayevo.  Here  he  met  with  a  stubborn  re-  Lads,  however,  finally  determined  not  to  re- 
sistance, and  on  the  18th  proceeded  to  storm  sist  the  Bussian  occupation,  and  most  of  that 
the  city.  After  a  severe  artillery  engagement,  tribe  resolved  to  emigrate  to  the  territories 
lasting  through  the  entire  morning,  and  which  still  remaining  snl^ect  to  the  Sultanas  rale. 


TURKEY.  797 

Batum  was  oocnpied  hj  the  Russians  earlj  in  ernment  ^ve  an  assoranoe  of  its  acceptance 
September,  wi^  thirty  thoasand  troops,  under  of  the  British  scheme,  with  certain  modifioa- 
the  command  of  Prince  Mirskj,  who  was  after-  tions  which  were  designed,  it  said,  to  gaard 
ward  replaced  bj  General  Eamoroff  as  Got-  the  integrity  of  its  sovereign  rights.  Its  note 
emor  of  Batam.  At  about  the  same  time  the  on  the  sabjeot  made  no  reference  to  the  Anglo- 
RoflBians  began  to  evacuate  Erzeram.  Upon  Turkish  Oonvendon  (see  Eastern  Qujestion), 
a  notice  received  from  the  Archbishop  of  -Er-  in  which  the  introduction  of  reforms  was  stip- 
zeram  that  the  Christians  there  feared  that  ulated  for,  but  treated  the  English  note  as  a 
they  would  be  ill-treated  by  the  Mussulmans  piece  of  friendly  advice  which  happened  for- 
after  the  Bnsdan  troops  were  withdrawn,  the  tunately  to  be  quite  in  accordance  with  its 
Ambassadors  made  representations  to  the  Porte  own  views.  The  fundamental  points  of  the 
on  the  necessity  of  protecting  them  from  at-  scheme  as  accepted  by  the  Porte  were  unoffi- 
taek.  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  AH  Pasha  cially  stated  to  be :  1.  The  establishment  of  a 
exhorting  the  Mussulmans  to  use  toleration  gendarmerie  organized  and  officered  by  Euro- 
toward  their  Ohri^tian  fellow  subjects.  The  peans.  2.  The  appointment  of  European  in- 
Torkish  ofiScers  appointed  to  the  command  of  specters  to  travel  from  one  district  to  anoth- 
the  town  were  given  stringent  orders  to  pre-  er,  receive  complaints  against  the  judges,  and 
vent  outrages,  even  if  martial  law  had  to  be  watch  over  the  administration  of  justice.  8. 
proclaimed;  and  troops  were  dispatched  to  The  reorganization  of  the  finances,  which conld 
Alashgerd  to  maintain  order  in  that  district,  be  applied  at  present  only  in  one  or  two  prov- 
Bj  these  measures  a  temporary  tranquillity  was  inces.  4.  The  term  of  office  of  the  valis  and  in- 
secared  at  Erzerum,  and  the  Kurds  in  the  specters  to  be  not  less  than  five  years.  Midbat 
oQtljing  districts  were  put  upon  their  good  Pasha  was  appointed  Governor-General  of 
behavior.  The  Kurds,  however,  could  not  be  Syria  for  five  years  in  accordance  with  this 
kept  quiet  long,  and  soon  became  unruly,  so  convention,  and  was  charged  with  the  intro- 
that  complaints  arose  at  Erzerum  against  their  duction  of  the  reforms  first  in  that  province, 
excesses,  as  well  as  against  the  obligation  which  Rushdi  Pasha  was  in  September  appointed 
▼as  imposed  upon  the  population  of  furnishing  Minister  of  Finance,  in  place  of  Kiani  Pasha, 
provisions  to  the  Turkish  soldiers.  In  the  who  was  made  a  Minister  without  portfolio, 
mean  while  the  Russian  army  in  the  districts  The  trade  in  bread  became  interrupted  at  Con- 
annexed  to  Russia  was  put  on  a  war  footing,  stantinople  in  consequence  of  the  high  price  of 
with  continued  recruiting  and  the  strengthen-  fiour  and  the  depreciation  of  the  ea%me$  (Gov- 
ing  of  the  fortifications  of  Kars.  ernment  notes).    The  Sultan  ordered  the  flour 

A  revolt  broke  out  in  October  among  some  tax  to  be  suppressed,  and  appointed  a  commit- 

Bedonin  tribes  in  the  province  of  Bagdad,  who  tee  to  inqnure  into  the  best  means  of  with- 

refimed  to  pky  the  taxes.    The  authorities  were  drawing  the  caimds  from  circulation.    This 

not  able  to  compel  them,  having  been  nearly  commission  made  a  proposal  for  raising  a  loan 

deprived  of  military  force  in  consequence  of  to  redeem  the  caim6s,  but  it  failed.    The  Porte 

having  had  to  send  three  fourths  of  their  corps  was  said  at  one  time  to  have  proposed  to  sell  its 

to  Europe  daring  the  war.  domains  in  Bulgaria,  and  the  supplies  of  provi- 

The  British  Ambassador  in  August  present-  sions,  arms,  and  cannon  still  stored  up  in  the 

ed  a  memorandum  to  the  Ck>vemment  recom-  Govern meut  depots,  which  it  was  estimated 

mending  certain  reforms  for  adoption,  particu-  would  bring  in  between  £2,000,000  and  £8,- 

larlf  the  organization  of  a  gendarmerie  to  000,000.    An  Imperial  iradS  was  published  in 

protect  life  and  property,  the  creation  of  courts  the  latter  part  of  November  authorizing  nego- 

of  appeal  with  European  assessors  at  certain  tiations  for  the  conclusion  of  a  loan  of  12,0(K),- 

points,  and  reforms  in  the  methods  of  raising  000  Turkish  pounds,  five  millions  of  which  wero 

taxes.    The  Grand  Vizier  professed  that  the  to  be  devoted  to  the  withdrawid  of  the  caim6s. 

Saltan  was  anxious  to  introduce  the  reforms,  England  was  requested  to  guarantee  this  loan. 

bat  pleaded  that  there  were  great  obstacles  in  It  was  thought  that  Russia  might  raise  otijec- 

the  way,  the  chief  of  which  was  the  want  of  tions  to  the  new  loan,  on  the  ground  that  its 

the  requisite  funds  for  carrying  them  out,  and  terms  might  compromise  the  security  of  the 

asked  for  an  advance  on  the  surplus  revenue  war  indemnity ;  but  at  a  later  date  it  was  an- 

aceming  to  the  Porte  firom  Cyprus.    Mr.  Lay-  nounced  that  Russia  was  desirous  of  seeing  the 

ard  replied  that  this  was  impossible,  inasmuch  finances  of  Turkey  restored  to  a  satisfactory 

as  a  vote  of  Parliament  would  have  to  be  had  footing,  and  would  not  therefore  offer  any  op« 

before  it  could  be  granted.    The  negotiations  position  to  the  scheme  of  a  loan  contracted  un- 

were  continued  for  several  weeks,  the  Porte  der  the  guarantee  of  England,  on  condition  that 

professing  to  be  anxious  to  introduce  even  the  war  indemnity  be  simultaneously  settled, 

more  and  more  liberal  reforms  than  those  de-  A  statement  by  the  Minister  of  Finance  to  the 

manded  by  the  British  Government,  but  always  Financial  Commission  showed  that  the  revenue 

askmg  for  money,  and  objecting  to  single  of  the  empire  was  £16,000,000  Turkish, 

propositions  of  the  British  scheme  as  imprac-  A  new  Ministry  was  formed  about  the  1st  of 

ticable  under  the  existing  condition  and  cir-  December,  composed  as  follows:  Khereddine 

camstaaees  of  the  Turkish  nation.     Finally,  Pasha,  Grand  Vizier;  Ahmed  Assad  Efiendi, 

toward  the  end  of  October  the  Turkish  Gov-  Sheik-ul-Islam ;  Ghazi  Osman  Pasha,  Minister 


798                     TURKEY.  TWEED,  WILLIAM  M. 

of  War ;  Caratheodori  Pasha,  Minister  for  For-  Stefano  which  had  not  been  annulled  by  the 

eign  Affairs;  Eadri  Pasha,  Minister  of  the  In-  Congress  of  Berlin.    In  December  the  Em- 

terior ;  Said  Pasha,  Minister  of  Justice ;  Jevdet  peror  of  Russia  gave  renewed  assurances  to  the 

Pasha,  Minister  of  Oommerce;  Sarvas  Pasha,  British  Goyemment  that  the  Russian  troopi 

Minister  of  Public  Works;  Savfet  Pasha,  Min-  would  evacuate  European  Turkey  within  the 

ister  of  Police.    Raouf  Pasha  was  dismissed  time  fixed  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin.    The  nego- 

from  his  post  as  Grand  Master  of  Artillery,  tiations  in  reference  to  the  definitiTe  treaty  of 

The  Imperial  hatt  announcing  the  change  of  friendship  and  perpetual  iJliance  between  Roi- 

Ministry  recommended  to  the  new  Cabinet  to  sia  and  Turkey  were  begun  in  September.  The 

carry  out  really  and  without  delay  the  pro-  draft  of  the  treaty,  as  submitt^^i  by  the  Ros- 

jected  reforms,  and  to  do  their  utmost  to  re-  sian  Ambassador,  included  clauses  engaging 

pair  the  evils  of  the  war.    The  new  Grand  both  parties  to  respect  aU  the  atipulatione  of 

Vizier  was  a  Circassian,  and  had  been  a  former  the  treaty  of  Berlin ;  confirming  all  the  stipo- 

Prime  Minister  to  the  Bey  of  Tunis.    He  was  lations  of  the  treaty  of  San  Ste&no  which  were 

said  to  believe  that  modern  ideas  of  liberty  and  not  abrogated  or  modified  by  tiie  Congress 

progress  were  not  inconsistent  with  the  cardi-  of  Berlin ;  laying  down  the  principles  which 

nal  principles  of  Islam,  and  that  if  Turkey  was  should  be  observed  respecting  the  payment  of 

to  be  regenerated  it  must  be  done  by  the  Mus-  indemnities,  the  occupation  of  territories,  sod 

sulmans   themselves.     Shortly  after  his  ap-  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  inhabitants 

pointment  he  sent  a  circular  dispatch  to  the  of  both  religions  involved  therein,  inditing 

representatives  of  the  Porte  abroad,  in  which  stipulations  for  the  security  of  inhabitants  who 

he  stated  that  the  object  of  the  change  of  Min-  might  have  compromised  themselves  with  the 

istry  was  to  effect  by  energetic  measures  the  Turkish  Government;  confirming  idl  unabro- 

solution  of  the  internal  difficulties  of  Turkey,  gated  previous  treaties  and  stipulations;  and 

as  well  as  of  the  pending  political  questions,  providing  for  the  appouitment  of  arbitrators  in 

including  those  relating  to  the  treaty  engage-  relation  to  all  matters  of  detaiL    The  negotia- 

ments  of  tlie  Porte.    On  the  28th  of  Decem-  tions  resnecting  this  treaty  were  continued 

ber  the  Sultan,  replying  to  a  speech  of  the  through  tne  remainder  of  the  year ;  they  were 

Grand  Vizier  on  the  occasion  of  the  reception  completed,  and  the  treaty  was  signed,  on  the 

of  the  Ministers  and  public  fVinctionaries,  said  8th  of  February,  1879. 

that  he  relied  on  the  assistance  of  all  in  carry-  Negotiations  for  a  convention  between  Aos- 

ing  out  the  promised  reforms.    The  new  or-  tria  and  Turkey,  which  had  been  b^^n  tfid 

ganic  regulations  of  the  Turkish  provinces  in  interrupted,  were  resumed  in  Novem W,  with 

Europe  would  retain  the  administrative  divis-  especial  reference  to  the  occupation  of  Novi- 

ions  and  subdivisions  hitherto  existing.     With  bazar.    This  question,  it  was  stated  at  the  be- 

the  exception  of  the  customs  duties  and  the  ginning  of  December,  was  settled  bj  an  agree- 

land  tax,  the  revenue  of  each  province  would  ment  for  a  mixed  occupation. 

be  devoted  to  the  expenditure  of  the  province  T  W££D,  Wiluam  Mabct,  died  in  New  York, 

itself.    He  received  M.  Christies,  the  Servian  April  12, 1878.    He  was  bom  in  that  city  in 

Minister,  with  marks  of  distinction,  and  ex-  1828.    After  receiving  a  common-school  eda- 

pressed  to  him  his  desire  for  good  relations  cation,  he  learned  the  trade  of  dudr-making. 

with  Servia.    In  the  reception  to  the  diplo-  In  1852  he  was  made  an  Alderman  of  Nev 

matic  body,  January  2,  1879,  he  said  that  he  York,  and  was  soon  after  elected  to  Congress, 

desired  the  prosperity  of  the  people  and  the  where  he  served  from  1858  to  1856.     In  1856 

continuance  of   amicable  relations  with  the  he  became  a  Supervisor  of  New  York,  and 

Powers.  Chairman  of  the  Board.    He  was  a  Schoot 

The  Ru&sians  ostensibly  began  to  evacuate  Commi88ionerinl85&-'57,  and  a  deputy- Street 

their  positions  around  Constantinople  in  the  Commissioner  from  1861  to  1870.    From  1867 

latter  days  of  October.    The  movements  were  to  1871  he  was  a  State  Senator.    In  1870  be 

conducted  in  a  manner  that  failed  to  inspire  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  the  Depart- 

confidence  in  the  sincerity  of  the  Russian  offi-  ment  of  Public  Works  in  New  York  City.    It 

cers.    They  were  delayed  and  countermanded  was  while  he  was  in  this  office  that  a  oompt 

for  reasons  variously  assigned,  so  that  the  ac-  "  ring  "  of  which  he  was  chief  was  formed,  and 

tual  position  of  the  armies  as  regarded  Con-  vast  sums  of  public  money  were  appropriated 

stantinople  was  but  little  different  at  the  end  to  private  use.    The  building  and  furnishing 

of  the  year  from  what  it  had  been  at  the  time  of  the  new  Court  House  in  New  York  were 

of  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano.  taken  advantage  of  for  these  pecnlationa,  and 

On  the  20th  of  October  Prince  Labanoff  in-  the  money  represented  to  be  spent  on  this 

formed  the  Grand  Vizier  that  the  Russian  work  amounted  to  many  millions  of  dollan 

troops  would  not  retreat  from  the  positions  more  than  was  actually  devoted  to  this  por- 

they  then  held  until  some  arrangement  had  pose.    These  corrupt  practices  were  exposed, 

been  made  concerning  the  Christian  refugees  and  on  October  28,  1871,  Tweed  was  arrested 

who  were  following  their  army,  and  that  they  in  a  civil  suit  on  charges  brought  by  Charles 

would  not  retreat  beyond  Adrianople  until  after  O^Conor  in  behalf  of  the  dty.    Bail  was  fixed  at 

the  signature  of  a  definitive  treaty  which  should  $1,000,000,  and  was  promptly  furnished.    Soon 

embody  those  articles  of  the  treaty  of  San  afterward  Tweed  was  again  elected  to  the  State 


TORKEY.  UNITARIANS.                  799 

Senate,  bnt  did  not  take  his  seat  In  December  made  no  farther  opposition  to  the  legal  pro- 
he  Was  arrested  in  a  criminal  action  on  charges  oeedings  pending  against  him,  hat  took  other 
of  fraud,  bat  was  released  on  $5,000  hail.  In  steps  to  secure  his  freedom.  He  made  a  prop- 
January,  1878,  he  was  brought  to  trial,  which  osition  to  tlie  Attorney-General  of  the  State  to 
resulted  in  a  disagreement  of  the  jury.  In  the  give  up  all  of  his  property  and  etfects,  and  to 
followini^  November  he  was  found  guilty  of  famish  important  testimony  concerning  the 
fraud,  and  was  sentenced  to  twelve  years*  im-  frauds  in  which  he  and  others  had  been  en- 

itrisonment  in  the  penitentiary  on  Blackweirs  gaged,  on  condition  of  his  release  from  iin- 

sland ;  also  to  pay  a  fine  of  $12,650.    In  April,  prisonment.    This  proposition  was  accompa- 

1875,  suit  was  began  in  behalf  of  the  people  nied  with  a  statement  indicating  what  evidence 

for  the  recovery  of  $6,000,000,  and  judgment  he  woald  give.    After  a  somewhat  protracted 

was  entered  for  this  amount  with  interest.    In  examination  of  this  statement  and  the  matters 

the  mean  time  his  counsel  had  taken  exceptions  involved,  the  Attorney-General  rejected  the 

to  the  decision  in  the  criminal  suit,  claiming  proposition  and  refused  to  consent  to  Tweed^s 

that  the  cumalative  sentence  of  twelve  years'  release.    Subsequently  Tweed  was  examined 

impriaonment  on  twelve  counts  in  the  indict-  by  a  committee  of  the  New  York  Board  of 

ment  was  contrary  to  law^    This  view  was  Aldermen,  and  gave  many  details  rjBlating  to 

sustained  by  the  Oonrt  of  Appeals,  which  in  the  pablio  money  that  had  been  stolen,  and 

June,  1875,  held  that  the  sentence  was  not  the  bribery  and  corruption  that  had  been  prao- 

lawful  beyond  one  year.    Tweed's  release  was  ticed  in  the  Legislature  and  elsewhere.    He 

therefore  ordered.    He  was,  however,  held  in  did  not,  however,  succeed  in  obtaining  his 

haXl  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,000  in  the  pend-  freedom,  and  continued  in  prison  untU  his 

ing  civil  suits,  and  in  default  of  this  he  was  death. 

committed  to  Ladlow  Street  Jail.    On  Decem-  TTLER,  Samuel,  died  in  Georgetown,  D.  0., 

ber  4th  he  escaped  from  the  custody  of  two  in  December,  1878.    He  was  bom  in  Prince 

keepers  with  whom  he  had  been  permitted  to  George's  Oounty,  Md.,  October  22, 1809.    He 

ride  in  the  Park  and  visit  his  residence.    He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  began 

remained  concealed  for  several  months,  and  practice  in  Frederick  City.    He  codified  the 

then  saooeeded  in  reaching  Cuba,  whence  he  laws  of  Maryland,  and  was  Professor  of  Law 

went  to  Spain.    Here  he  was  arrested  by  the  in  Colnmbia  University.     Besides  important 

Spanish  Government  and  delivered  to  officers  of  articles  contributed  to  magazines,  he  was  the 

the  United  States.    This  was  an  act  of  courtesy  author  of  **  A  Discourse  of  the  Baconian  Phi- 

on  the  part  of  Spain,  as  there  was  no  extra-  losophy  '*  (1844) ;  *^  Burns  as  a  Poet  and  as  a 

dition  treaty  whicn  provided  for  the  arrest  and  Man  "  (1848) ;  *'  The  Progress  of  Philosophy 

deUvery.    Late  in  the  autumn  of  1876  Tweed  in  the  Past  and  in  the  Future  **  (1859 ;  2d  edi- 

was  brought  back  to  New  York,  where  he  tion,  1868) ;  and  a  biography  of  Chief  Justice 

was  again  confined  in  Ludlow  Street  JalL    He  '  Taney  (1872). 


U 

TTNTTARIANS.  The  '<  Year  Book  *'  of  the  of  the  church  at  Washington,  the  publication 
Unitarian  Churches  (American)  for  1879  gives  of  a  new  and  revised  edition  of  the  *^  Hymn  and 
lists  of  858  church  societies  and  401  ministers.  Tune  Book,"  and  the  various  lines  of  mission- 
The  number  of  societies  shows  an  increase  of  ary  work,  particularly  that  in  India,  in  which 
five,  and  the  number  of  ministers  an  increase  the  Association  was  engaged.  It  placed  stress 
of  thirteen  over  the  record  of  the  previous  year,  upon  the  importance  of  preaching  the  liberal 
Ninety-nine  of  the  churches  were  without  pas-  doctrines  in  the  college  towns  West  aud  £aBt, 
tors.  The  list  of  ministers  includes  many  who  and  of  diffusing  religions  literature  agreeing 
are  not  efficient  for  the  supply  of  churches,  snch  with  the  Unitarian  doctrines.  A  representa- 
as  those  who  are  aged  or  disabled,  some  who  tive  of  the  Unitarians  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  re- 
are  serving  in  educational  and  philanthropic  ported  that  within  the  last  fifteen  years  those 
work,  and  some  who  have  retired  from  the  people  had  founded  Washington  University, 
work  of  the  church  and  are  now  only  nomi-  an  uusectarian  institution  having  about  nine 
nally  ministers ;  so  that  the  number  of  actual  hundred  young  men  and  three  hundred  young 
ministers  is  thought  not  to  be  in  excess  of  the  women  under  its  tuition,  with  law,  polytech- 
need  of  the  churches  for  their  services.  nic,  and  art  schools,  and  separate  academic  and 

The  eighth  National  Cor^&renee  of  Unitarian  collegiate  schools  in  the  girls'  department.  The 
and  other  Christian  churches  met  at  Saratoga  ^  endowment  of  the  iustitution  was  about  $400,- 

Springs,  N.  Y.,  September  17th.    The  Hon.  E.  000.    The  Bureau  of  Ministerial  Supply,  a  body 

Rockwood  Hoar,  of  Concord,  Mass.,  presided,  consistii^;  of  three  settled  ministers  acting  in 

A  report  was  made  by  the  American  Unitarian  conjunction  with  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 

Association,  which  mentioned  the  happy  re-  American   Unitarian  Association^  formed  to 

suits  which  had  followed  the  cooperation  of  serve  as  a  means  of  communication  between 

that  body  with  the  Conference  in  the  building  parishes  and  unsettled  ministers,  reported  that 


800                  UNITARIANS.  UNITED  BRETHREN  CHURCH. 

the  direct  results  of  its  work  had  been  small,  £8,626  on  aooonnt  of  the  Jnbilee  Fond.  £x- 
and  recommended  the  adoption  of  some  more  penditares  had  been  made  for  g;rant8  to  coo- 
thorongh  method  of  operation.  It  suggested  gregationsandtomi8sionB,forbm>lnaDdtnctfi, 
also  that  some  reasonable  method  of  inquiry  for  lectures,  and  for  new  charches.  TheExeeo* 
was  needed  to  be  applied  to  the  case  of  ministers  tive  Committee  reported  that  thej  had  pnbli^ed 
coming  to  Unitarian  churches  from  other  de-  sereral  works  during  the  year,  among  which 
nominations.  The  Committee  on  Fellowship  were  translations  of  five  disoouraes  by  the  late 
was  directed  to  consider  the  snl^ject  of  the  in-  Athanase  Coquerel  on  "  Conscience  and  Faith,'' 
troduction  into  the  Unitarian  ministry  of  per-  and  of  Dr.  R^ville's  **  History  of  the  Dogma  of 
sons  seeking  admission  from  other  churches  the  Deity  of  Christ,"  besides  some  English  and 
and  of  those  who  have  not  received  a  certifi-  American  works  which  they  had  either  re> 
cate  of  their  moral  character  and  ministerial  printed  or  procured  for  circulation.  The  Corn- 
education  from  any  of  the  Unitarian  theologi-  mittee  farther  noticed  **  with  satisfaction  the 
cal  schools  of  the  United  States  or  of  England ;  immense  variety  of  publications  in  whic^  the 
to  prepare  some  plan  for  making  such  introduc-  orthodox  dogmas  are  ignored  or  directly  op- 
tion, and  to  send  a  copy  of  the  same  to  each  of  posed  and  set  aside.  In  journals  and  periodi- 
the  local  conferences  within  the  denomination,  cals,  as  weU  as  in  more  elaborate  books,  tb« 
The  Conference  further  directed  that  a  certifi-  work  is  being  effectually  done,**  the  report 
cate  of  the  acceptance  by  any  local  conference  said,  "  which  was  formerly  confined  within  the 
of  any  applicant  for  admission  to  the  Unitarian  range  of  Unitarian  literature.'*  The  repre- 
ministry,  filed  at  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  sentatives  of  the  Association  had  united  with 
the  American  Unitarian  Association,  shall  en-  a  body  of  Dissenting  deputies  in  presentiug  ao 
title  such  person  to  be  received  into  the  fellow-  address  to  the  late  £arl  KnseeU  on  the  recent 
ship  of  the  churches,  and  enrolled  in  the  minis-  occasion  of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  repeal 
try,  of  the  denomination.  A  resolution  was  of  the  Corporation  and  Test  Acts,  of  which  the 
passed  favoring  the  introduction  of  responsive  Earl  had  been  the  most  conspicnons  promoter, 
worship  in  the  congregations,  and  encouraging  The  meeting  was  attended  by  repreaentatiTed 
the  production  of  manuals  of  worship  and  boolu  of  the  Unitarians  of  Hungary  and  of  the  Liberal 
of  devotion  in  aid  of  worship  of  this  character,  party  in  the  Reformed  Cnurch  of  France,  and 
The  Conference  declared  it  expedient  and  de-  letters  were  read  from  the  Associations  in  Ger- 
sirable  to  appoint  three  missionaries  at  large  to  many  and  Holland.  Delegates  were  also  pretf- 
work  in  cooperation  with  the  American  Unita-  ent  from  Adelaide,  South  Australia ;  and  notice 
rian  Association.  A  committee  was  appointed  was  taken  of  the  commencement  of  Unitarian 
to  consider  concerning  the  foundation  and  en-  services  at  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.  A  n^ 
dowment  of  one  or  more  schools  tor  girls,  and  olution  was  passed  noticing  with  satisfaction 
to  devise  plans  for  the  establishment  and  or-  the  civil  and  religious  reforms  which  had  taken 
ganization  of  such  schools.  The  formation  of  place  within  the  last  half  century,  but  declar- 
a  "  Book  Association  '*  by  the  several  societies  log  that  the  Araociation  could  not  consider  the 
connected  with  tbe  Conference,  or  represented  work  of  liberal  reformation  complete  so  long 
in  it,  was  recommended,  to  provide  a  full  sup-  as  any  vestiges  remained  of  the  privileges  wi6 
ply  of  books  in  harmony  with  the  denomina-  reference  to  the  universities  of  the  teaching  of 
tional  doctrines  for  general  society  and  private  denominational  creeds  in  schools  supported  in 
libriudes.  Several  questions  of  theology  and  whole  or  in  part  by  public  money,  of  ^  the  ex- 
concerning  education  were  discussed.  The  elusion  of  Dissenters  as  such  from,  the  free 
Conference  consisted  of  581  delegates  repre-  use  of  the  parochial  burying  grounds,^' or  of  the 
senting  220  parishes  and  other  organizations.  maintenance  of  the  Church  establishment 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Unita-  The  annual  meeting  of  the  Unitariass  of 

rian  Association  was  held  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Ireland,  who  are  generally  known  as  the  Atm- 

May  28th.    The  total  receipts  of  the  Treasurer  eiatian  of  Non^numorihing  Prednr^nrianij  wu 

for  the  year  had  been  $38,791,  and  his  expendi-  held  in  June.    The  Rev.  David  Thompson,  of 

tnres  $56,184.    The  permanent  fund  haa  been  Belfast,  was  chosen  President.    A  resolution 

drawn  upon  to  meet  the  deficit  in  receipts,  was  adopted  directing  that  the  fnndamoital 

The  sum  of  $7,208  had  been  contribnted  to  the  principles  of  the  Association,  as  adopted  in  18S5. 

Washington  Church  and  paid  to  tlie  same,  be  henceforth  published  with  the  minutes  of 

making  a  total  sum  of  $21,767  which  had  been  the  annual  meeting.    These  principles  avow 

applied  to  this  enterprise.    The  general  funds  allegiance  to  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  as  King 

of  the  Association  had  been  nsed  to  assist  col-  and  Head  of  the  Church,  declare  the  sofificiency 

ored  students  at  Harvard  University,  Meadville  of  the  Scriptures,  recognize  the  right  of  pri- 

Theological  Seminary,  and  Wilberforce  Univer-  vate  judgment,  and  reject  human  authority  in 

sity,  and  in  aid  of  several  Unitarian  churches,  matters  of  faith.    This  action  was  opposed  bv 

The  fifty-third  annual  meeting  of  the  British  tlie  **  advanced  **  party  in  the  Association,  and 

and  Foreign  Unitarian  Atnociation  was  held  the  probability  of  a  separation  was  spoken  ot 

in  London,  June  12th  and  ISth.    Mr.  Herbert  UNITED  BRETHREN  CHURCH.    Thefol- 

New  presided.    The  financial  report  showed  lowing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  this 

that  the  receipts  of  the  Association  for  the  Church  as  they  are  given  in  the  ^*  United  Bretb- 

year  had  been  £6,809  on  general  account,  and  ren  Almanac  '*  for  1879 : 


UNTTED  BRETHREN  CHURCH, 


UNITED  STATES. 


801 


OONFERUfCES. 


Altezbaay 

Aagkixe 

CftUforoia 

Central  Oblo  

Centnl  Illinois.... 

Colondo 

DmkoU 

Eastern 

EastDea  Molnea.. 
EastNebnaka... 
Eaat  Pennsylvania 

Erte 

Fox  RlT«r 

imnola. 

Indian* 

Iowa 

Kaoaaa 

Kentoekj 

Loww  wsbash 

Miami 

Mlcfai«mn 

Mianeaota 

Miasonrl. 

MuaUnffnai , 

North  Ohio* 

Ohio  German 

Ontario 

Orairon , 

Oaaira.... 

I^ric«rsbar; 

PennsylTanla , 

Rock  Rirer 

Saginaw 

Band  oaky , 

Scioto 

Ht.  JoMph 

Bonthem  lUinoIa... 

Tenneaaee 

Tpper  Wabaah*  . . 

vrrrinU , 

VaJla  Walla* , 

West  Dea  Molnea*. 
West  Kebrmska — 
Western  Reaenra . . 

White  Rlrer , 

WIsocmaIn 

Total , 


157 

159 

81 

68 

82 

18 

21 

99 

68 

118 

66 

148 

88 

116 

145 

110 

15T 

19 

119 

S6 

98 

48 

99 

78 

67 

51 

84 

89 

166 

la) 

147 

79 

90 

170 

165 

165 

91 

IS 

126 

170 

7 

104 

48 

71 

114 

77 


4,187 


^  il 

}i 

^i 

§1 

11 

K  ■ 

60 

6,048 

5d 

6,068 

15 

508 

58 

8,593 

46 

9,697 

10 

228 

18 

479 

46 

4,800 

88 

1,866 

86 

1JS9 

56 

4,U5 

60 

8,426 

11 

475 

54 

8,811 

78 

6,268 

80 

8,888 

79 

2,574 

18 

456 

78 

6,829 

65 

6,129 

40 

2,706 

26 

1,217 

46 

2,089 

46 

8,901 

56 

6,024 

81 

1J42 

91 

1,118 

28 

850 

60 

8,841) 

56 

6,496 

66 

7,430 

59 

2,214 

26 

1;B2T 

82 

7,029 

•  • 

6,522 

79 

6,671 

8 

766 

16 

828 

60 

6,796 

68 

7.688 

11 

908 

60 

9,746 

19 

609 

70 

8,063 

65 

6,634 

87 

2.276 

2,163 

162,281 

6,496 
6,6'J6 

260 
8,4()5 
8,289 

189 

616 
4,928 
1,600 
1,999 
5,266 
4,409 

868 
2.828 
4,091 
8,178 
2,175 

106 
4861 
6,142 
8.618 
1,016 
1,678 
4,0S4 
8.900 
1,760 
l,5■^6 

8^8 
8,003 
6.501 
8,505 
2,744 
1,887 
7,664 
6,818 
10.928 

405 

471 

4w200 

7.129 

41 

8^0 

625 
8,508 
8,718 
9,188 


168.169 


Namber  of  meeting-houses,  2,098;  of  par- 
sonages, 308 ;  of  Sanday  schools,  8,060,  with 
24,153  offisers  and  teachers;  whole  amoant  of 
congregational  and  bencTolent  contribations, 
$618,616.  The  Cbarch  has  five  bishops,  viz.: 
Rev.  J.  J.  Glos.*breimer,  Ohurohville,  Va. ; 
Rev.  J.  Weaver,  D.  D.,  Dayton,  Ohio ;  Kev.  J. 
Dickson,  D.  D.,  Westerville,  Ohio;  Rev.  N. 
Castle,  Philomath,  Oregon;  Rev.  M.  Wright, 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.  The  periodicals  com- 
prise one  weekly  English  and  one  weekly  Oer- 
man  newspaper,  and  six  missionary  and  8an- 
daj-schooi  publications.  The  institutions  of 
learning  are  the  Union  Biblical  Seminary,  Day- 
ton, Ohio ;  Lebanon  Valley  College,  Annville, 
Pa. ;  Otter bein  University,  Westerville,  Ohio ; 
Hartsville  University,  Hartsville,  Ind. ;  West- 
field  College,  Westiield,  111. ;  Lane  University, 
Lecompton,  Kansas;  Western  OoDege,  West- 
em,  Iowa;  Philomath  College,  Philomath,  Ore- 
gon; and  five  seminaries  and  academies. 

The  receipts  of  the  ffame^  Frontier,  and 
Foreign  Mieeionary  Society  of  the  United 
Brethren  Church  for  the  year  ending  with  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  m 

•1877. 

You  xvui.^^1    A 


May,  1878,  were  $29,4d9.90,  and  the  expendi- 
tures during  the  same  period  were  $25,431.84. 
Of  the  latter  sum,  $11,389.74  were  paid  for 
home  work,  missions  among  the  Germans  in 
the.  United  States  and  in  Germany,  and  the 
Freedmen^s  missions,  and  $7,706.68  for  tlie 
African  work.  The  Society  had  real  estate 
valued  at  $5,300,  and  was  in  debt  to  the 
amount  of  $18,438.  The  receipts  for  church 
erection  during  the  year  were  $869.85.  The 
assets  of  the  fund  for  church  erection  were 
valued  at  $18,237.  Reports  were  made  at  the 
annual  meeting  concerning  the  home  missions 
in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  and  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  two  missions  to  the  freed- 
men  in  Virgiuia,  two  German  missions  in  the 
United  States,  and  missions  in  Germany,  where 
two  fields  of  labor  had  been  established,  and 
Africa,  where  four  stations  were  returned. 
Philomath  College,  in  connection  with  the  mis- 
sion in  Oregon,  was  reported  prosperous.  Ed- 
wards Academy  had  been  opened  successfully 
in  connection  with  the  mission  at  Greenville, 
Tenn.  Mount  Herman  Seminary,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Freedmen^s  mission  at  Clinton, 
Miss.,  was  devoted  to  the  education  of  colored 
girls.  It  had  a  good  property  in  land  and 
buildings  worth  five  thousand  dollars,  and  was 
attended  by  twenty-five  students. 

A  convention  of  ministers  and  laymen  to 
discuss  questions  of  church  polity  met  at  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  May  21st.  Sixty-seven  delegates 
attended.  The  Rev.  B.  F.  Booth  was  chosen 
President.  The  discussions  of  the  Convention 
favored  the  establishment  of  a  pro  rata  repre- 
sentation in  the  General  Conference,  and  an 
extension  of  lay  representation,  and  opposed 
the  law  of  the  Church  against  secret  societies. 
Among  the  resolutions  adopted  was  one  recog- 
nizing the  value  of  the  literary  and  theological 
institutions  of  the  Church,  and  declaring  &at 
the  questions  in  dispute  within  the  body  should 
not  be  allowed  to  retard  their  progress,  and 
one  in  favor  of  organic  union  with  the  Evan- 
gelical Association. 

UNITED  STATES.  The  progress  of  the 
country  in  recuperation  from  the  destructive 
effects  of  the  late  civil  war  continued  through 
1878.  The  payment  of  specie  in  the  discharge 
of  public  contracts,  whicn  had  been  suspended 
for  nearly  two  thirds  of  a  generation,  was  fixed 
by  law  to  commence  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
The  resumption  of  specie  payments,  therefore, 
entered  into  the  consideration  of  every  finan- 
cial and  commercial  enterprise.  It  became  a 
Solitical  question  also,  and,  with  other  inci- 
ental  ones,  led  to  the  formation  of  a  National 
1>arty  in  February,  which  exercised  more  or 
ess  infiuence  in  all  the  subsequent  elections, 
and  most  in  that  of  the  State  of  Maine.  The 
details  of  this  influence  on  public  questions  and 
at  the  polls  are  fully  presented  in  the  preceding 
pages. 

So  absorbed  was  the  public  mind  with  the 
subject  of  resumption,  that  it  looked  with  com- 
parative indifference  upon  events  and  questions 


802                                                  UNITED  STATES. 

which  at  any  other  period  would  have  awak-  In  regard  to  the  ezeontion  of  qaarantind  and  health 

ened  the  deepest  interest.    The  last  session  of  ^*7"*        j  *  *u  ^          ^  *.      m             ^  ,. 

the  Forty.foilrth  Congress  closed  on  the  8d  of  JJl^re^x^reditioL^^^ 

March,  1877,  with  a  failure  to  make  aijy  appro-  in  regard  to  the  enforcement  of  nentiality  lawt. 

priation  for  the  support  of  the  army.     On  the  In  regard  to  inaurreotion  in  any  State,  ftutborizioi; 

next  day  President  Hayes  was  inaugurated,  and  the  President  to  call  out  the  militia  or  auch  part  0/ 

found  himself  with  a  small  army  on  his  hands,  '*^f  forces  of  the  United  States  as  may  be  nece^jaiy. 

KMf  «,UK  «/x  »«^r.«^  *,.«  ;f«  ««««.;.«♦  ^•^^^^  4.1,7  Inregardtocombmationaorunlawfiilaaaemblaae* 

bat  with  no  money  for  its  support  except  the  t^  obetTuct  the  ordinary  oourae  of  juaioAl  proceSd- 

nearly  exhausted  remnants  of  a  former  appro-  Iq^b. 

priation.     It  might  well  occasion  surprise  that  In  regard  to  domestic  violence,  iinlawfbl  oomti- 

this  event  could  happen  in  a  country  of  such  notiona  or  conapiraoiea  in  any  State,  to  ob«tnict  or 

wealth  and  military  fame,  whose  foreign  and  Si^?,Y  o^r^S'rnriv^*'^^^ 

J          ..         JTJ*                 1.                   X  otatoa,  or  to  deprive  any  portion  or  tne  people  01 

domestic  and  Indian  wars  have  scarcely  ever  ^^y  ri'ghta,  privflegea,  iimuuities,  or  prt>t*ctw>n  cf 

suffered  the  blood  on  its  sword  to  become  dried,  the  Constitution. 

and  whose  cities  are  crowded  with  generals  In  regard  to  veasels  detained  by  customa  offlocn. 

and  veterans.     An  extra  session  of  Congress  To  piotect  the  rights  of  a  discoverer  of  a  guiJio 

was  called,  and  the  money  temporarily  sup-  "^*^**' 

plied ;  but,  at  the  regular  session  ensuing,  the  The  order  closes  as  follows : 

cause  of  the  occurrence  became  a  difficult  ques-  Officers  will  not  permit  the  use  of  troops  to  aid 

tion  which  still  remained  to  be  decided,  and  is  oivil  authorities  as  fotm  eomitatvs  or  in  the  ezeo 

yet  before  the  country,  and  the  settlement  will  *»on  of  lawa,  ezoept  aa  authoriMd  by  the  foiegoiBg 

probably  1H>  miide  at  the  baUot-box.    One  Bide  C?,»rift4?p:^r^V^^Jd;iS.^'.':r 

asserts  that  unless  an  army  is  under  due  con-  ment  of  facto  for  the  consideration  of  the  President; 

trol  civil  liberty  can  not  exist ;  and  the  other  but  in  cases  of  sudden  and  unexpected  invasion,  in- 

insists  that  unless  there  is  an  army  political  surrection,  or  riot,  endangering  the  public  property 

power  and  civil  government  can  not  be  main-  ?^  ^f  United  States,  or  m  cases  of  attemMed  or 

r«^««.i      Tk««  «^  ^:.^»«.  ;««.,«  ^fi  ^«:«..'«i^  :«  threatened  robbery  or  intermpUon  of  United  States 

tamed.     Thus  no  direct  issue  of  principle  is  ^^^^^  or  other  eqial  emergency,  officer,  may  take 

lomed.     Une  side  asserts  that  it  is  proper  to  such  action,  before  the  receipt  of  in^truotionB  frxn 

limit  the  uses  of  the  army  in  the  bill  which  the  seat  of  government,  as  tne  circumatances  of  the 

makes  the  appropriation  for  the  support  of  the  1^*®»  "^^  }^^  ^*^  ^^^^^,  ^^»c^  ^^«y  are  acting,  may 

anny     The  other  insiats  that  one  k  ahonld  {^"^^o ^Vr^llu^T^Ge'S:^ 'for'thTUr^ 

make  the  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  ©f  the  President. 

army,  and  in  another  its  uses  should  be  limited,  -,,              .         *  ^      j  .                ^         .1. 

which  is  a  question  merely  of  form.    Practi-  ,,T^®  S^®^^^?  ?^  fraud  in  connection  with 

cally,  the  side  which  controls  the  army  desires  ^®  Presidential  election  of  1876  was  one  of  the 

the  advantage  of  its  influence  if  necessary  at  the  T**   prominent  m  the  public  raind  danng 

polls ;  but  the  side  which  does  not  control  the  ^^^.  ^^^:    ^^  l^  proceedings  commencwl 

array  desires  to  remove  the  antagonis=m  of  its  ??^»S®*  ^*l«  members  of  the  Louisiana  Retnni- 

influence  from  the  polls.    Under  the  title  Army  !?«  ^?^J^  ^^  the  dose  of  1877  resulted  m 

will  be  found  the  views  of  the  Secretary  of  War  ^»«  ^^  ^^  conviction  of  one  of  them.    This 

relative  to  the  clause  in  the  army  act  respecting  ^^f  afterward  set  aside  on  m  appeal,  and  the 

the  ''posse  comitates.''    Under  the  tide  Con-  Buits  against  the  others  were  discontmoed.  (hee 

OBESS  will  be  found  the  debates  relative  to  the  Louisiana.)    The  subje<^  of  an  investigation 

same.    In  September  a  general  order  was  issued  ^/s  a'so  brought  forward  m  the  Lower  ITonae 

by  the  War  Department  calling  the  attention  of  Con^e^s.    It  was  advocated  by  the  Demch 

of  the  officers  of  the  army  to  the  posse  eomU  f 'f.*^  ^^  ^PPf  «^  ^^  ^^  Repubhc^s.   A  re«)- 

tatus  section  in  the  army  act.    It  stated  that  i°t»<>°  for  tli at  purpose  passed  on  May  lab  br 

provisions  of  the  Constitution  and  acts  of  Con-  pemocTatic  votes,  as  the  Repubbc^s  abstamed 

gress  understood  to  be  excepted  from  the  op-  fronavotmg.    Mr.  Clw-kson  N.  Potter,  of  New 

eration  of  the  section  were  as  follows :  J^^^^i  7^^^  ^i^®  ^^^  Chairman  of  the  Commrt- 

tee  of  Investigation.    The  resolution  and  the 

Article  IV.  of  the  Constitution,  In  regard  to  guar-  debate  will  be  found  under  the  title  Coxofixsa, 

antoeing  to  every  State  a  republican  form  of  gov-  Y^^TJtvt  Rtattm 

emment  and  protecting  them  against  invasion  and  ^^*tkd  otatbb. 

domestic  violence,  on  application  of  the  Legialature  Immediately  after  tne  passage  of  the  reso- 
or  the  Executive.  lution    the    Republican   Congressional    Corn- 
Certain  sections  of  the  oivil  rights  bill  which  au-  mittee   issued  the  following  address  to  the 
thorize  the  arrest  of  persons  violating  its  previa-  country  * 

Sections  of  the  Revised  Statutes  which  forbid  a  Toths  Voters  of  ths  XTniUd  Statts  : 

military  or  naval  officer  to  order,  brinff,  keep,  or  The  Democratic  House  of  Representatives  has  to- 

have^  troops  at  a  place  where  any  general  or  speciid  day,  by  a  party  vote,  adopted  a  resolution  vhich, 

election  is  held,  unless  necessary  to  repel  armed  under  the  pretense  of  an  investigation,  is  to  lay  the 

enemies  of  the  United  States  or  to  keep  peace  at  the  fotmdation  for  a  revolutionary  ezpulaion  of  the  Pteai- 

poUa.  dent  from  his  office. 

In^  regard  to  crimes  and  offenses  in  the  Indian  This  is  the  culmination  of  a  plot  which  has  been 

Territory,  and  arrest  of  persons  who  may  have  com-  on  foot  from  the  day  that  Hayes  and  Wheeler  were 

mitted  crime  in  any  State  or  Territory  and  fled  to  constitutionally  declared  elected.    It  made  its  first 

that  Territory.  public  appearance  in  the  resolution  of  the  last  I>en»- 

For  the  preservation  of  timber  in  Florida.  ocratic  House,  adopted  at  the  dose  of  the  scsaioo. 


UNITED  STATES.  803 

deolaring  that  Tilden  and  Hendrioka  were  elected.        For  the  names  of  the  memhers  of  Congress 

Tilden  and  Hendricks  eubsequenUv  made  similar  ^^q  composed  this  Committee  of  Investiga- 

paohc  declarations  themselves.    A  few  timia  mem-  4..  „    „^  j  5.  ^  xi,^  «„u„4.«««^  ^#  ♦>,«,;«  mr.^^^   r«/v 

bets  have  long  held  back,  and  some  of  them,  after  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  *^«  substance  of  their  report,  see 

Wins  coerced  to  the  final  vote,  still  pretend  that  they  -rUBUO  UOOUMSNTS. 

will  bolt  as  9000  as  thoir  partial  and  one-sided  inves-        On  the  28th  of  May  a  letter  of  the  Chair- 

ti?»tion  shall  be  ended.   In  other  words,  they  intend,  man  of  the  Committee  of  Investigation,  Clai'k- 

aft.r  hearing  suborned  evidence,  to  bring  in  a  veiw  ^^  ^  p^^^      ^^  published,  which  appeared 

diet  that  Hayes  is  a  usurper,  and  that  he  shall  not  .      v         v  •**       x         ^  *     al      vT      ^    * 

remain  in  office.    These  men  have  no  control  in  the  ^  "^ve  heen  written  to  refute  the  charge  oi 

Democratic  party.    They  dared  not  even  follow  Al-  revolution  contamed   in  the   Kepublican   ad- 

exauder  H.  Stephens — or  unite  against  caucus  dicti^  dress,  and  to  answer  many  questions  relative 

tion— to  the  extent  of  showing  some  semblance  of  to  the  purpose  of  the  Committee  then  exciting 

It'  P^*^-  iZ****^  "Tk^  ^®  impotent  in  the  future  as  ^j^    public  mind.    Subsequent  events  have  cor- 
t!i6y  have  been  m  the  past.    Moreover,  it  is  difficult  i'wv«w  wiuu.     i^uoc;^u«7uv  vt  w^  "»;«  ^v* 

to  believe  in  their  sincerity,  in  view  of  the  public  responded  With  its  Statements,  so  that  it  pre- 

avowal  of  their  party  that  its  purpose  is,  if  possible,  sents  the  aspect  of  affairs  at  that  time  better 

to  displaco  the  President.  than  a  sketch  of  the  same.    Mr.  Potter  had 

It  is  a  matter  of  history  that  the  resolution  just  received  a  letter  from  a  friend  in  New  York 

sdopted  was  framed  to  express  this  object.     Ihe  «^„i.„!„;««  ;«/,«;»:«a  ;«   .^i»«:^»  *^  fk^  ;«««fl 

Spekker  of  the  House  was  consulted  in  idvance  as  fontaming  inquiries  m  relation  to  the  inves- 

to  whether  he  would  rule  that  it  was  a  privileged  tlgation  and  Uie  effect  Of  niS  resolution.     He 

question.    The  party  managers  were  anxious  to  con-  replied : 

0^1  their  purposes  if  possible.    In  this  they  were  WAsnnroroir,  May  27, 1876» 

defeated  by  the  Speaker,  who  would  not  rule  it  a        Mt  dkab  Sib  :  I  have  your  letter  of  the  25th.    I 

(question  of  privilege  unless  it  clearly  assailed  the  agree  with  vou  in  wishing  Congress  would  acyoum. 

tide  of  the  President.   The  resolution  being  offered,  I  am  one  or  those  who  think  the  world  is  governed 

hti  read  a  carefuUv  prepared  opinion,  deciding  it  to  too  much.    I  should  be  glad  to  see  the  power  of 

be  a  qaestion  of  tne  highest  privilege,  because  it  in-  Congress  over  matters  of  private  and  special  legislar 

volved  the  question  of  the  validity  of  Hayes's  title,  tion  entirely  cut  off.    And  since  much  of  the  public 

Here  are  his  verr  words :  legislation  proposed  disturbs  business  and  unsettles 

'^  A  higher  privilege  than  the  one  here  involved,  industry,  I  have  thought  it  mifht  be  well  if  Con- 
and  broadly  and  directly  presented,  as  to  the  riffht-  gress,  unless  convened  by  the  President,  met  but 
fal  occupancy  of  the  chief  executive  chair  of  the  Gov-  every  other  year,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Legislatures 
ernment,  and  the  connection  of  high  Government  in  some  of  the  States.  I  accordingly  proposed  an 
officialfl  with  the  frauds  alleged,  the  Chair  is  unable  amendment  to  the  Constitution  providing  for  bien- 
to  conoeive.  The  Chair  finds  enumerated  among  the  nial  sessions  of  Congress,  but  it  had  not  been  re- 
questions  of  privilege  set  down  in  the  Manual  the  fol*  ceived  with  any  favor.  Otner  sections  of  the  country 
lowing,  '  Election  of  Prei^ident.'  The  Chair,  there-  do  not  feel  as  we  do  about  this,  and  want  currency, 
fore,  nues  that  the  preamble  and  resolution  embrace  or  subsidv,  or  other  legislation, 
queitiona  of  privilege  of  the  highest  character,  and  You  asK  me  why  Mr.  Stephens  was  "  howled  *' 
recotrnizes  the  rijjrht  of  the  gentleman  from  New  York  down.  The  *' howling"  was  by  the  newspapers, 
to  offer  the  same.''  To  interrupt  the  penmng  order  of  business  by  a 

Upon  this  the  Kepublicans  commenced  a  struggle  motion  or  a  statement  requires  unanimous  consent, 

against  the  revolutionary  scheme,  which,  after  five  and  every  member  has  the  absolute  right  to  object 

days'  daration,  terminated  in  the  success  of  the  con-  to  the  interruption.    This  objection  is  expressed  by 

spirators.   The  Republicans  offered  to  favor  the  full-  the  words.  '*  1  object,"  or  a  demand  for  ^^  the  regular 

e»t  investigation  into  all  alleged  frauds,  by  which-  order."    Sometimes  one  person  will  prevent  the  in- 

ever  party  charged  to  have  been  committed ;  but  the  terruption.     Sometimes  the  desire  to  prevent  it  is 

D.^mocracy  pursued  its  course  shamelessly  and  re-  general,  and  then  the  cry  of  "regular  order"  will 

lentlcsslv,  and  stifled  all  inquiry  into  attempts  at  be  from  many  persons.    It  so  happened  that  there 

bribery  la  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  and  Louisiana,  was  a  very  general  unwillingness  to  hear  Mr.  Ste* 

and  violence  in  several  of  the  States.  Neither  amend-  phens.     He  had  suggested  that  we  should  receive 

mcnt  nor  debate  was  allowed.    The  inexorable  pre-  and  adopt  the  Hale  amendment.    It  was  reported 

vioos  question  was  applied  and  enforced.  ^  that  he  nas  given  the  Republicans  a  list  of  twenty- 

Tnis  scheme,  if  pursued— and  it  is  now  fully  inau-  two  names  wno  would  follow  him  in  anv  motion  of 

gurdted—can  only  have  the  effect  of  further  paral^z-  his  to  prevent  investigation.     About  this  he  was 

ing  business  of  all  kinds,  preventing  the  restoration  grossly  mistaken,  and  this  made  our  side  especially 

of  confidence,  which  seemed  promising,  casting  a  unwilling  to  hear  him.    But  ^ou  will  observe  that 

gloom  over  every  household,  and  bringing  our  na-  when  I  rose  to  make  a  proposition  to  Mr.  Hale,  and 

tion  into  reproach  before  the  civilized  world.    The  the  Republican  outcrr  prevented  my  being  heard^  it 

peace  of  the  country  is  the  first  consideration  of  pa-  was  announced  by  tne  press  that  "Mr.  Potter's  m* 

triots.    This  new  effort  of  the  Democracy  to  inaugu-  quiry  was  interrupted,"  while  Mr.  Stephens  was 

rate  anarchy  and  Mexicanize  the  Government,  by  head-lined  as  "the  venerable  statesman  howled  down 

throwin-/  doubts  upon  the  legitimacy  of  the  title  of  by  Potter's  mob." 

the  President,  is  in  keeping  with  the  record  of  that        You  ask  me  why  we  would  not  let  the  Halo  amend- 

party,  one  wing  of  which  rebelled  against  the  Gov-  ment  be  attached  to  our  rcHolution.    Because  it  was 

ernment,  while  the  other  wing  gave  them  aid  and  not  germane.    An  inouiry  into  frauds  accomplished 

comfort.  and  which  changed  the  electoral  vote  is  proper  to 

We  call,  therefore,  upon  all  who  opposed  the  re-  prevent  their  repetition,  but  an  inquiry  into  mere  at- 

belUon  of  1861,  without  distinction  of  party,  to  rally  tempts  at  fraud  which  resulted  in  nothing  is  not — 

again  to  the  support  of  law  and  order  and  stable  gov-  first,  because  we  understood  it  contained  recitals  to 

ernment,  and  to  overwhelm  with  defeat  the  reckless  which  we  could  not  assent,  and  which  would  have 

aaritators  wbo,  to  gain  political  power,  would  add  to  forced  us  to  vote  against  our  own  resolution ;  second, 

the  present  distresses  of  the  country,  oy  shaking  the  because  we  offered  Mr.  Halo  every  opportunity  to 

fouodations  of  the  Government  they  failed  in  a  four  have  his  amendment  adopted  as  a  separate  rcs'olu- 

yeara'  war  to  destrov.  tion— that  it  was  not  so  offered  shows  it  was  really 

By  unanimous  ora^r  of  the  Committee :  not  desired ;  third,  because  its  incorporation  into  the 

ECGENE  HALE,  Chairman.  resolution  might  have  had  the  effect  of  preventing 

GioBoa  C.  GoBBAM,  Secretary.  any  report  upon  the  resolutioD.    As  it  is,  the  Com- 


804                                                  UXITED  STATEa 

mittee  will  hsve  probably  bat  one  oppOTtanity  to  re-  was  lost,  and  no  election  hj  the  electors  should  tliot 

port  ID  tiiU  CoDgreaa,  and  this  amendment  coi  Jd,  if  reitult,  we  would  then  ubide  by  and  malnt&io  lit 

added  to  tbe  re»oIutioD,  be  made  to  prevent  the  re-  choice  of  the  Uouae  of  Bepresentativea,  the  bocy 

port  at  that  time,  and  thus  to  deprive  ua  of  an  op-  authorized  by  the  Conatitutiou  to  elrct  the  Fn^citictit 

portunity  to  report  at  all.    Juat  aa  we  frot  ready  to  where  there  ia  no  eltctioo  b>  the  electoral  oollegt. 

report  we  should  be  liable  to  be  stopped  to  take  fur-  Instead  of  doing  this  we  drilled  along,  until  at  hit 

Iber  testimony  in  some  of  the  added  States  brought  tbe  Bepubiicaiu,  hewicg  all  the  whfle  to  tht  line, 

forward  for  the  very  purpose  of  preventing  a  report,  had  got  us  where  we  were  ready  to  accept  the  £!««- 

But  you  suggest  that  to  raise  a  <iueation  about  tbe  toral  Commieaion.     Having  accepted  it,  of  cciin« 

laat  Presidential  election  will  bring  on  disturbance  we  were  bound  to  accept  its  re^uUs.  but  we  ou^ltat 

or  revolution.     Not  at  all.    About  that  *^poa»es8  leaatto  be  allowed  to  »-ho« — if  sucn  «aa  the  fact— 

yourself  in  peace.''  There  is  not  the  slightest  cbaiioe  that  the  returns  upon  vthich  the  Commiaaion  pfitft.d 

of  revolution  or   dibturbance.     When  tbe  whole  wet e  procured  by  fraud. 

country  was  at  fever  heat  on  the  subject  of  the  elec-  I  admit  that  the  Presidency  v  not  worth  a  dvil 

tion,  a  way  wu  tuund  to  establish  a  tribunal  to  pasa  war,  but  I  have  not  believed  there  waa  any  daigtr  oi 

upon  the  election,  and  everyone  submitted  to  that  such  a  war.    Tbe  generation  who  charfftd  up  the 

determination.     The   President's  title  rests  upon  heights  of  Fredericksburg,  md  defendedthe  WLiki 

that.    If  now  it  should  appear  that  there  was  fruud,  at  Petersbure,  will  not  go  lightly  into  another  ei^il 

which  pal i>ably  affected  the  electoral  vote,  and  wliich  Btruffgle.    We  must  get  years  further  on  belore  tLa: 

the  Commission  did  not  notice,  and  if  a  legul  reme-  will lisppen.    I  remember  after  the  election  nmark' 

dy  exists  for  correcting  the  error,  you  can  not  believe  ing  to  General  McDowell  that  agreat  mine  mi^ It  be 

that  such  a  proceeding  under  the  law  oould  lead  to  exploded  bv  a  apaik,  to  which  he  answered,  **  V»e, 

disturbance.    If  there  be  no  such  legal  rtmedy  ex-  if  the  train  oe  iiiflammable,  but  this  time  the  pi^v- 

isting.  and  Congress  should  hereafter,  by  the  ap-  der  i«  wet."    He  waa  right.    There  never  waa  dan- 

Eroval  of  the  President,  or  by  two  thirds  of  both  ger  of  a  civil  war. 

[ou«ea  without  that  aj^proval,  provide  one,  why  The  whole  thing  waa,  as  I  think,  a  gigantic  peine, 

should  the  legal  determination  thereafter  had  any  in  which  we  held  the  cards  and  the  BepuLhcixs 

more  produce  disturbance  than  the  deciaion  of  the  bluffed  us.    Tears  hence,  when  it  ia  runen.btrvd 

Electoral  C«  mmission  did  ?  that  we  needed  only  one  electoral  vote,  and  ihk\ 

It  is  exuctly  because  this  is  not  Mexico  and  be-  your  side  cculd  not  get  on  without  eveiy  one  of  iLt 

oauae  the  people  prefer  determining  questions  by  rtmainixig  seventeen,  that  we  I  ad  S0O,OCO  fciular 

legal  methods,  and,  if  the  legal  methooa  have  not  majority,  that  our  majorities  were  around  tie  «{•')• 

been  provided,  to  invent  legafmethods  of  determin-  tal,  joura  in  New  England,  the  Northwest,  and  tee 

iog^  them,  and  submit  to  the  determination  thus  Pacific  ooaat,  that  the  moral  sense  of  the  oci:ntiyvu 

arrived  at — that  this  coimtry  can  not  be  Mcxicanized.  that  our  man  was  elected  and  yours  not,  that  icu 

About  the  enumeration  of  electoral  votes  there  had  nothing  on  your  side  but  the  cot.Uo]  of  an  ai'nj 

could  be  no  question.    Eight  and  eight  could  only  of  which  10,000  men  could  net  be  got  togetl.er.  tie 

be  counted  aa  nixteen.    Neither  could  there  be  queK-  privates  mostly  in  pympatby  with  us.  and  cotcn  ard- 

tion  that  thi^  conceded  vote  of  everv  State  hhould  be  ed  ty  officers  educated  to  understand  the  snprtn&ij 

counted.     To  refuse  that  would  bo  revolutionary,  of  the  civil  over  the  military  authority — cfficerswlo^ 

But  when  there  were  two^  bonaJkU  returns  from  a  excepting  the  leaders.  Grant,  Sheimaci,  ai.d  hlitn- 

State,  each  claiming  to  be  its  vote,  it  was  a  necessity  dan,  could,  I  believe^  never  have  been  generally  i:Kd 

to  decide  between  these  returns  before  either  return  to  resiRt  the  declaration  of  the  House  of  BcpieteLta^ 

oould  be  counted.    This  determination  could  only  tives  (I  am  told  this  will  appear  certainly  vkhtce^er 

be  made  by  the  Vice-President  who  opened  the  re-  the  secret  correspondence  of  the  ^ar  I>epaTtD!<Dt  2« 

turns,  or  by  the  Congress  in  whose  presence  tiny  reveakd) — and  tnat  you  were  laden  down  witb  tie 

were  opened.    I  thought  it  clear  from  the  nature  of  care  of  the  national  credit,  tbe  fir^t  rbcck  to  wLicb 

our  Government,  from  the  precedents,  and  from  tbe  would  have  arrayed  against  you  all  the  iscn«  jcd  .d- 

opinions  so  many  statesmen  had  expressed,  that  this  stitutions  in  the  country ;  that  under  suck  conuiticss. 

grave  power  upon  which  the  last  election  did,  and  I  say,  vour  leaders  contrived  and  were  able  toctrrj 

upon  which  any  election  misht  depend,  could  only  tlirnufih  the  capture  of  all  theae  seventeen  \ottf, 

be  vested  in  Congress.    If  this  power  rested  in  Ci^n-  will  be  regarded  aa  one  of  the  ^atcat  political  (er- 

gress  alone,  then  the  action  of  Congrcas  was  neces-  frrmances  of  history.    I  admit  the  (uccef  a  of  tic 

aary  before  a  choice  oould  be  made  between  conflict-  Kepubllcan  leaders.     Havii  g  lidn  down  wbin  tl< 

ing  returns;  and  so,  whenever  the  two  Houses  of  law  was  on  our  aide  and  when  we  cngLi  to  Lave 

Congress  could  not  agree  on  their  choice  of  a  return  stood  up,  it  is  not  for  us  now  to  stand  up  aa  long  u 

—one  House  preferring  one  and  the  other  the  other—  the  law  remains  against  us. 

no  choice  could  be  had,  and  the  vote  of  that  State  But  >ou  will  ask  whether,  if  there  be  no  danger  to 

would  be!  oat,  not  because  one  House  had  any  greater  public  order  from  legal  proceedinga,  there  n:a.y  S4't 

rights  or  powers  than  the  other,  not  because  either  oe  from  action  by  Congrefia.    No ;   no  mere  'tbaa 

or  both  Houses  together  had  the  right  to  reject  ar-  fVom  the  action  of  the  courts.    Ccngn  es  reprefrirti 

bitrarily  or  to  refuse  to  reckon  any  certain  electoral  tbe  people  of  the  countrv,  but  does  not  march  befrre 

vote,  but  only  because  in  case  of  bona  fide  confiict-  them.    It  expresses  but  dot  a  not  anticipate  ticir 

ing  returnH  from  a  State,  each  claiming  to  represent  will.     Shoula  ftraud  connected  with  the  electrnl 

the  electoral  vote,  it  was  a  necessity  to  choose  be-  count  appear  ao  stosb  and  palpable  that  ^on  and  aC 

twecn  the  returns  before  the  vote  of  tbe  State  could  honorabje  men  snould  unite  in  dtnouncirff  it,  <Vn- 

be  counted.    This  was  the  view  at  last  established,  gress  niifht  then  take  action.    But  if  so,  what  Ccn- 

The  Electoral  Commiasion  to  decide  the  disputed  gress  might  do,  being  the  result  of  tl  e  action  of 

votes  was  created  by  Congress,  and  that  was  the  men  of  all  parties  of  the  great  body  of  tbe  p<<|^«, 

only  authority  it  possessed.  net  of  a  party,  would  be  effected  quietly,  cettair  ij. 

Now,  it  Mcemed  to  me  in  1876  that  this  was  so  clear,  and  without  violence  or  disturbance.    In  aaj  ing  th^i 

and  that  the  leading  Republican  Senators  had  so  I  do  not  mean  that  I  expect  the  invefti^ation  to  le 

generally  committed  themselves  to  this  view  in  pre-  followed  by  either  legal  or  Congressicnal  action, 

vious  discussions,  that  we  ought  to  stand  upon  that  What,  if  anything,  should  be  done  becanre  of  the 

ground ;  to  declare  that  we  would  abide  tbe  action  ot  inquirv,  mivt  depend  upon  the  results  of  the  icqui* 

CongreH8,wouldaooeptwhomeverthe  Congress  found  ry.    But  I  do  mean  that  whatever  action,  if  arv, 

to  be  elected,  and  that  if  the  two  Hou!>es  should  fail  t^honld    follow  the  investigation,  such  action    c  r 

to  agree  as  to  which  of  the  returns  from  any  State  neither  disturb  the  order  nor  the  profperity  of  tl  t 

from  which  there  were  bona  fitU  duplicate  returns  countrv.    Tlils  cry  of  wolf,  when  there  i*  no  wolf. 

should  be  received,  whereby  the  vote  of  the  State  this  effort  to  make  it  appear  that  there  ia  daziger  t:^ 


UNITED  STATES.                                                  806 

peftoe  or  order  from  this  investigation,  is  a  Rapub-  It  baa  been  said  that  tbere  was  notbinff  more  oow- 
1i.saa  preteode,  like  tbe  ^*  bloody  shirt  ^*  justifloatioa  ardly  than  a  million  dollars  except  two  miliion.  This 
of  carpet-ba^  government ;  like  the  *^  publio-danger  "  is  nature.  But  it  is  the  mistake  of  capital  to  magnify 
excuse,  advanced  for  the  enforcement  of  Durell's  in-  the  dangers  oo  the  surface  and  overlook  those  that 
famous  order,  and  the  protection  of  the  Returning  lie  below.  Just  now  your  capitalists  are  troubling 
Board  by  bayonets ;  like  the  cry  set  up  after  the  themselves  about  the  Commuue,  and  oppose  the  re- 
election to  prevent  any  agitation  and  to  secure  sub-  duotion  of  the  army,  which  they  would  have  kept  up 
mission.  We  most  have  a  very  sorry  sort  of  popu-  as  a  national  police.  And  yet,  in  no  great  country 
jar  govemmeat  if  Congress  can  not  even  inquire  of  the  world  is  there  so  little  danger  of  Communism 
into  frauis  in  the  choice  of  the  Executive  witliout  as  in  this,  for  nowhere  is  property  so  generally  dis- 
endaa^jring  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  coun*  tributed.  But  capitalists  stood  by  supinely  when 
try.  the  army  was  used  to  protect  Returning  Boards  in 
^  What,  tben,  you  ask,  is  the  purpose  of  the  inves-  srifiiug  the  votes  of  States  and  frustrating  the  will  of 
ti^-iti  )n  f  I  answer,  to  ascertain  tne  facts,  so  that  if  their  people,  and  under  the  pretense  of  niamtaining 
fraadi  ba  established  a  repetition  of  such  rrauds  may  order  to  subvert  the  very  principles,  of  free  govern- 
be  prevented,  and  if  not,  to  dear  up  the  general  be-  meut.  Believe  me,  in  this  there  was  real  danger, 
lief  throaghout  the  country  that  there  were  such  Governments  are  based  upon  priociple.  The  theory 
frauds.  It  is  true  that  not  every  allegation  of  wrong  of  this  Government  is  that  the  people  of  the  States 
is  to  be  inquired  into  by  Congress ;  but  when  a  large  shall  choose  electors  for  themselves,  and  that  by  the 
portion,  If  a3t  a  large  minority  of  the  paople,  believe  aggregate  voice  of  such  electors  tbe  national  £xecu- 
that  thi  last  Presidential  election  was  secured  by  or-  tive  shall  be  selected.  To  let  the  party  in  power 
gsnizj  I  fraud,  surely  an  inquiry  to  ascertain  the  facta  interfere  by  force  of  arms  to  proti'Ct  a  local  board 
ou^ht  to  be  had.  in  falsifying  the  will  of  the  localities  is  to  subvert 

The  feeling  among  many  Republicans  after  the  the  theory  of  this  Government,  and  lead  surely  to 

electiDn  was  that,  while  we  had  cheated  in  the  re-  its  destruction. 

tnmi,  we  had  bulldozed  the  negroes  so  badly  that  Whatever  may  result  from  tbe  proposed  investi- 

the  acooants  of  wrong  were  about  equal.    This  be-  gation^  you  may  be  sure  that  nothing  can  result  that 

lief  in  tue  b-jUdoziug  of  the  negroes  was  based  main-  will  disturb  either  your  flocks  or  your  balances. 

Iyup3n  the  fact  that,  in  certain  districts  of  the  South  The  trouble  to  capital,  property,  and  feodum  will 

which  usually  gave  K^publicaii  minorities,  there  was  come,  not  perhaps  in  your  time  or  mine,  but  come 

not  retarnei  that  year  a  Mingle  Republican  vote,  at  List,  from  refusing  to  inquire  into  frauds.    To 

Now,  tlie  people  of  the  N^rth  have  never  understood  confront  the  evil,  if  you  may  not  right  it,  is  to  pre- 

that  thin  condition  of  things  was  fraudulently  pre-  vent  its  repetition.    To  shut  your  eyes  to  it  supine- 

pirel  by  the  Republicans.    They  ought  to  under-  ly  iit  to  jeopard  and  not  to  preserve  the  future  peace, 

stand  thAt,  and  beyond  that  they  ought  to  understand  safety,  and  prosperity  of  the  country.    Faithfully 

that  t'l^re  never  was  anything  so  dangerous  to  a  free  yours,                            CLARKSON  N.  FOTT£R. 

governsnant  as  a  Returning  Hoard.    A  delegation  of        To  the  Rev. , 

persons  vjated  with  discretionary  power  to  revise 

the  vote*  cast  become  thus  the  body  that  elect.  So  Qn  the  same  day  a  letter  from  the  Post- 
lon^  as  t'ley  ex 3rci.e  their  functwns  under  the  master-General,  Mr.  Key,  of  Tennessee,  was 
teeti'>n  of  the  State  alone,  the  influence  and  mdigna-  •**«*^";«»  ^«**«» «»  -«**•  "•«/»  ^*  ^^uuvoo^^v,  nuo 
tion  of  the  people  will  prevent  them  from  any  fla-  puo"8ned  as  an  address  to  the  Southern  peo- 
grant  and  enormous  outrage.  The  public  pressure  plc,  and  as  an  answer  to  many  private  let- 
will  neceisitate  soma  excuse  for  subverting  the  chdice  ters  received  by  him  which  disclaimed  sym- 
of  the  paople,  *ome  limitation  upon  the  outragres  they  p^thy  with  any  effort  to  unseat  President 
do  to  tha  popular  wish.    But  separate  them  from  ii«„«a  • 

the  peoiila  by  a  cordon  uf  Federal  troops  under  the  -""y®"*  ir  oa  iqtq 
pr,5tea*e  of  pres^rviu^  order,  surround  them  with  Wabbiitoton,  May  28,  1878. 
Feier<ftl  biyonets.  an  I  they  cease  to  be  responsible  The  otroumstanoes  attending  the  passare  of  tbe 
to  any  one  but  tne  national  Administration  which  Putter  resolution  to  investigate  the  alleged  ?rauds  in 
protects  them.  There  need,  then,  be  no  limit  to,  as  tbe  Presidential  election  of  1876  in  the  States  of 
there  is  no  longer  any  check  upon,  their  abu!«es.  To  Louiitiaua  and  Florida^  together  with  the  subsequent 
throw  out  the  votes  of  one  side  and  keep  in  the  votes  declarations  of  many  mfluantial  Democratic  politi- 
ofthaoth3rwith'>ut  cause,  to  invent  pretexts  for  such  dans  and  journalists,  evidence  that  if  both  Houses 
wron-^s,  to  oeoipt  aftar  continued  protests  and  man-  of  the  Forty-sixth  Congress  are  Democratic,  the  ma- 
ufscturel  objections  as  color  for  their  action,  to  per*  ioritv  intend  to  oust  President  Hayes  and  InaugurNto 
mit  Aruren  to  be  altered,  returns  to  be  forged,  fra-ids  Hr.  Tilden.  The  title  of  President  Hayes  was  set- 
to  be  oarfected,  and  generally  every  means  by  which  tied  irrevoc-ibly  by  the  Forty-fourth  Congress,  in 
the  will  of  the  people  may  b:  fV'ustrated  and  the  pop-  the  act  creating  the  Electoral  Commission  under 
ular  voise  stifle  1,  t  len  becomes  possible,  and  tnere  which  he  was  legally  declared  elected  and  lejBrally  in- 
may  ba  thus  a  coalition  of  things  absolutely  destruc-  auirurated.  The  Forty-flfth  Congress  has  no  more 
tive  of  free  g  >vemmeni.  We  believe  that  it  was  by  right  to  dispute  his  election  than  he  has  to  question 
such  proceedings  that  we  were  cheated  out  of  the  the  title  of  any  victorious  contestant  to  his  seat  in 
election.  that  bodv.    The  Forty-sixth  Congress  will  have  no 

Unless  the  proceedings  be  exposed,  the  outrage  more  right  to  Ignore  him  and  recognize  hi»  defeated 
will  be  repaited  If  an  A 1  ministration  can  d'^fraud  contistant,  Mr.  Tilden,  than  Mr.  Hayes  would  have 
its  opponents  out  of  the  results  of  an  election,  at  to  send  a  file  of  soldiers  to  the  House  of  Reprc^ent*- 
whioh  they  had  seventeen  electoral  and  three  h.im-  tives  to  unseat  a  Democrat  whom  he  might  consider 
dred  thousand  p  >pul  ir  mqority,  and  .no  effort  is  to  have  been  wron^Ailly  seated  or  fraudulently 
made  even  to  inquire  into  the  wrong,  there  is  nothing  elected.  The  leaders  in  this  desperate  attempt  to 
the  naxt  time  to  prevent  the  same  Administration  Mexicanize  our  institutions  rely  oonfldontly  upon 
eheatin?  their  opponents,  even  though  the  latter  have  the  *^  Solid  South  "  to  ftimish  the  bulk  of  the  Demo- 
forty  electoral  votes  and  a  million  popular  majority,  cratic  majority  in  the  next  Hduse  of  Bepresentatives, 
And  litis  will  go  on  time  after  time,  until  the  out-  the  Senate  being  alreadv  secured.  Bemembsriug 
rage  becomes  intolerable.  Let  us  rather^  as  Mr.  Jef-  the  encouragement  which  tbe  Northern  Democrats, 
fertton  said,  **  have  a  jealous  care  of  the  nj^ht  of  elcc-  in  18  lO  a'ld  1861,  extended  to  the  Southern  States  to 
tion  by  the  people,  and  seek  a  safe  and  mild  correo-  seced;,  and  the  manner  in  which  their  promises  of 
tive  for  the  abuses  which,  where  no  peaceable  rom-  aid  nnd  omfort  were  fulfilled,  can  the  Southern 
edy  is  provided,  are  lopped  by  the  sword  of  revolu-  people  afi'ord  to  join  this  revolutionary  movement 
tion."  with  the  certainty  that  when  the  inevitable  hour  of 


806  UNITED  STATES. 

peril  comeR  thej  will  again  be  left  unaaaisted  and  justice  was  done  to  the  South,  required  neitbcr  t- 

alone  to  meet  the  storm  from  the  North,  onoe  more  apologize  for  my  record  nor  to  disown  my  pctitieil 

united  by  this  attempt  to  revive  an  issue  whose  set-  principles,  it  is  my  duty  now  to  w^am  the  peopit  o' 

tlement  was  forced  by  publio  opinion  upon  an  un-  the  South  of  the  danger  which  threatens  the  c<:>uzi- 

willlDff  Congress!  try.    No  man  need  nope  that  the  scheni&a  ol  tie 

In  the  dark  days  of  February,  1877,  when  civil  men  who  have  engineered  the  movement  to  onsctt 

war  over  the  disputed  election  was  imminent  and  President  Hayes  can  be  carried  out  without  a  blooif 

patriots  trembled  for  the  safety  of  republican  insti-  civil  war.    To  avert  this  danger  I  confidently  rr)j 

tutioDS,  the  Southern  members  of  Congress  averted  upon  the  patriotism  and  honor  of  the  peopI«  cf  mj 

the  danger  by  compelling  the  completion  of  the  elec-  native  section.  D.  M.  KEY. 

toral  count  under  tne  law  which  both  parties  in  Con- 
gress had  enacted.  The  action  in  the  State  of  Maryland  relhtiTe 

But  now  the  Kepresentatives  from  the  Southern  to  the  title  of  the  President  to  his  office  i- 

States,  with  a  very  lew  exceptions   have  joined  a  ^^^  ^^       ^^      ^  ^^  g^^         j 

movement  to  subvert  the  results  of  their  former  pa-  "j^*"^  wiuvuj^  l*io  «uiuxd  vj.  u«ai.  i.««i^     ,».^ 

triotio  action,  and  to  remand  the  country  to  tbat  Mabtland.)     Ihese  proceedings  comprise  ai 

anarchy  from  which,  less  than  two  years  ago,  it  waa  the  official  action  which  has  been  taken  rtk- 

saved  by  their  efforts.  tive  to  the  title  of  President  Haves.     On  tlie 

Grant  thxit.in  permitting  the  autonomy  of  aU  the  p^n  of  the  people  there  was  an  entire  acquit*. 

States,  and  in  appomting  citizens  to  office  in  the  l^^ .     i^.f  a^-^:-.:^^. *: i  »        -i 

South,  instead  o?  strangSrs,  President  Hayes  has  ^^^^  ^  ^^^  Administration,  as  complete  a.<  i 

but  discharged  his  constitutional  duty.    Does  that  ne   had  come  to  the  omc«  by   a   large  and 

excuse  the  Southern  Bepresentatives  lor  attempting  nndispnted    majority.      NeTertheleas  he  ha 

to  invalidate  his  title,  which  they  estoblished,  or  not  been  identified  with  the  Republicans  like 

wUl  it  justify  them  in  bringing  the  country  a^ain  in  j^j    predecessors,  nor  is  he  recognired  bvtbe 
danger  of  civil  war,  m  the  effort  to  unseat  him  and        =  p»vx.^^^^obv*o,  «v»   w  **^  a^^^^m^em^  wj  ^^ 

inaugurate  Mr.  Tildcn  I  V^}y  ^  1^  true  and  distiDguished  leader.    Hb 

The  South  must  now  face  the  most  momentous  policy  of  civil-service  reform  has   not  l»e\.n 

crisis  in  its  hintory  since  1861.    To  endorse  the  re-  sustained  by  it,  and  in  the  appointments  to 

cent  conduct  of  their  Representatives  is  to  admit  the  the  New  York  revenue  offices,    where  tlii 

truth  ot  the  charge  that  the  people  of  the  South  care  ^r.^*?^«   «»««  i^^^i^t^/)    v.<,>  «.»»««-  ♦»,«  k^.^.. 

nothing  for  the  welfare  of  the*^  Union,  desire  the  q?eetion  was  involved    he  was  at  the  begic- 

downfall  of  the  republic,  and  would  rejoice  to  see  it  P^ng  of  the  year  directly  opposed  by  the  ktd- 

again  involvod  in  civil  war.    If  their  Bepresentatives  ing  Republican  Senators,  and  succeeded  onlT 

have  not  reflected  their  sentiments,  as  I  believe  to  through  the  support  of  the  Democratic  Stna- 

^^^' M^^^t' *^®Vm®  ?®?i'^\2V^JJ  s^."^^'?  S**^»  tors.     The  Southern  policy  of  the  Presiden: 

should  take  care  that  in  the  Forty-sixth  Congress  ^i  ^  -l       v         * •s.£L.^  '  j  i*    *    *i. 

they  are  represented  by  men  who  will  defeat  the  ^^  ^^^  ^?^  fruitftil  IB  good  results  to  the 

disturbers  of  the  public  peace  and  prevent  the  Mezi-  country,  although  it  has  not  Deen  a  political 

can  ization  of  our  institutions.    To  do  this  they  mapr  success — perhaps    rather   a   detriment  to  hif 

be  compelled  to  act  independent  of  the  Democratic  party— during  the  year.     The  financial  affair? 

P»'*3:'^»^«°V^«'^**  ^^«  demonstrated  the  inabil-  ^^  ^    count^  have  been  almost  entirelv  con- 

ity  of  Democratic  members  of  Congress  to  resist  the  ^    iT  j  v     xv"^  «otw  */v^**  <muivo.  <c;«via«.  ^v« 

mandates  of  the  caucus  and  the  terror  of  the  party  trolled  by  the  march  of  industrial  events.  seI 

lash,  the  one  wielded  and  the  other  uispired  by  men  Its  mines  and  its  crops  have  overflowed  to  HI 

who  seem  willing  to  endanger  the  welfare  of  the  parts  of  the  world.     The  resumption  of  specie 

country  and  the  stability  of  republican  institutions  payments  was  thus  made  easy,  and  the  prt«- 

frtWe^?te"n^^^^P^^^^^^^  ^««!  of  the  settlement  of  lockl  indebJn«. 

the  Democratic  Representatives  of  the  South  oould  rapid.     Thus  the  Administration  baa   been  i 

not  resist  the  caucus  command  to  pass  the  Potter  good  one  for  the  country,  but  a  poor  one  iL 


and  to  recognize  Mr.  fllden  I    '  clearly  seen  ahead,  but  poUtics  and  political 

It  IB  therefore  the  duty  of  the  Southern  people  to  progress  have  been  inactive, 

afford  a  crowning  evidence  of  their  renewed  devo-  On  the  abstract  question  of  the  Preaidentii] 

tion  to  the  Union,  in  which  they  now  enjoy  every  titie,  and  the  manner  in  which  an  investigatias 

right  of  oitiaenship,  and  are  subjected  to  no  restrio-  {^  ^     ^         ^      decision  enforced,  there 

tions  not  laid  upon  every  oitisen,  by  sending  Bep-  v     ^       »"»«»,  ouu  »  uvvmmvu  ^uxw  s,v\xy  lucic 

resentativea  to  the  Forty-sixth  Congreaa  pledged  to  "»*  ^een  discussion,  but  no  conclnsions  have 

resist  at  all  hazards  the  revolutionary  schemes  of  been  adopted.   If  the  question  ever  arises  again, 

the  mischief-makers  who  seem  to  have  sained  con-  it  will  probably  be  settled  by  the  ultima  ratw 

trol  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Forty-  f^niff^ 

llfth  Congress.    To  this  end  the  people  in  every  a«»J»««  ♦Va  .^..itf^.  #.#  fi,^  ;«^«<.^.^*:^.  k- 

district  should  meet  pubUcly,  orgafiae;  and  reaolve  ,,.^T°^  *S®  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^"^^^f^^  \7 

to  support  no  person  for  Congress  who  haa  given  the  Committee  of  Congress  of  wnicn  C.  >. 

aid  to  this  movement  and  will  not  pledge  himself  to  Pbtter  was  chairman  will  be  found  a  report 

Buatointho  title  of  President  Hayes  during  the  term  on  t^e  so-called    "cipher  telecrama.^'      (See 

for  which  he  was  elected,  against  all  attemnu  at  iu  p^^^  Documents.)    Under  a  resolution  of- 

overthrow.    Only  in  this  way  can  a  grave  danger  to  J      j  j;    o       *      t>i  •          ««    »  *«»^*«mv«  v* 

the  republic  be  averted  and  oonviSoing  proof  be  ^f^^  by  Senator  Blame,  of  Mame,  in  the  fies- 

given  that  the  confldenoe  waa  not  misplaced  which  Bion  of  Congress  oommencmg  in  December, 

rreaident  Hayes  manifested  in  the  South  when  he  1878,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  investi- 

withdrew  the  troops  from  the  State  Houses  of  South  gate  frauds  at  the  elections  in  November  pre 

""T^Z  "ok^'^lSlr  «.d  ««.e.tljr.  for  1  feel  tb.t  l^^^^-    The  report  of  tU«  Committee,  nnder 

I  should  be  unworthy  to  represent  the  South  in  the  Senator  Teller,  of  Colorado,  belongs  to  the  hi*- 

Administration  were  I  to  remain  silent  now.    In-  tory  of  1879. 

vited  to  the  Cabinet  as  a  Southern  man  to  aee  that  The  friends  of  labor  reform,  those  in  favor 


UNITED  STATES.                                                  807 

»f  the  postponement  of  the  resumption  of  spe-  5.  It  is  inoonBUtent  with  the  ffenius  of  popular 

cie  payments,  and  a  large  issue  of  greenbacks,  government  that  any  speciea  of  private  property 

and  many  others,  assembled  in  convention  It  •*"??•  *^  ^*  !f  ^'"P*  ^A^°*  ^*"^f  '^  J^**  ^^T  ""^  *^® 

^7  "*"*y  Z^""^*^""^"'*'*^**  *"  ^vuTouwvji  au  puijiio   burdens.     Government  bouds  and  money 

Toledo,  Ohio,  on  February  22d,  and  organized  should  be  taxed  preoiaely  aa  other  property,  and  a 
themselves  into  a  new  politioal  party  to  be  graduated  income  tax  should  be  levied  for  the  sup- 
known  as  the  National  party.     Delegates  were  P^rt  of  the  Government  and  the  payment  of  its 

present  from  twenty-eight  States.    The  Oon-  ^^^^%.  w    i    j         *u                         _x      /.  ^v 

^  »4-:^.«    ««o    ^««««;,«/i   -kw  ♦!,«    «.^^^i^*.^^^4-  ®»  Public  lands  are  the  common  property  of  the 

vention   was   orgamzed  by  the  appomtment  ^^^i^  people,  and  should  not  be  solS  u>  speculators 

ot  Francis   W.  Hughes,  oi   Fennsylvania,   as  nor  granted  to  railroads  or  other  corporatione,  but 

President.     The  foflowing  platform  was  then  should  be  donated  to  actual  settlers  in  limited  quan- 

adopted :  titles. 

7.  The  Government   should,  by  general  enact- 

WherettSy  Throughout  our  entire  country  the  value  raents,  encourage  the  development  of  our  agricul- 

of  real  estate  is  depreciated,  industry  paralyied,  trade  ^uralj  mineral,  mechanical,  manufacturing,  and  com- 

dopreseed,  business  Incomes  and  wages  reduced*  un-  luercial  resources,  to  the  end  that  labor  may  be  fully 

paralleled  distress  inflicted  upon  the  poorer  and  ^^^  profitably  employed,  but  no  monopolies  should 

middle  ranks  of  our  people,  the  land  filled  with  fraud,  belegaHxed.         «        ,          , 

embezzlement,  bankruptcy,  crime,  suffering,  pauper-  ^*  ^U  useless  offices  should  be  abolished,  the  most 

ism,  and  starvation ;  and  rigid  economy  favored  in  every  branch  of  the  pub- 

WAertagy  This  state  of  things  has  been  brought  li<3  service,  and  severe  punishment  infiicted  upon 

about  by  legislation  in  the  interests  of,  and  dictated  patilic  officers  who  betray  the  trusts  reposed  in  them, 

b^  moneylenders,  bankers,  and  bondholders ;  and  ^*  ^^  educated  labor  has  devised  means  for  mul- 

Wksreae,  While  we  recognize  the  fiict  that  the  men  tiplying  production  by  inventions  and  discoveries, 

in  Congress  oonnected  with  the  old  political  parties  ^^^d  as  their  use  requires  the  exercise  of  mind  as  well 

have  stood  up  manfully  for  the  rights  of  the  people,  ^s  body,  such  legislation  should  be  had  that  the 

and  met  the  threats  of  the  money  power  and  tlie  number  of  hours  of  daily  toil  will  be  reduced,  giv- 

ridicole  of  an  ignorant  and  subsidized  press,  yet  nei-  i^fiT  to  tlie  working  classes  more  leisure  for  mental 

ther  the  Republican  nor  the  Democratic  parties  in  improvement  and  their  several  e^jovments,  and  sav- 

their  national  policies  propose  remedies  for  the  ex-  i^^g  them  from  premature  decay  ana  death, 

isting  evils ;  and  10-  The  adoptioil  of  an  American  monetary  sys- 

Wkervas,  The  Independent  Greenback  narty,  and  tem,  as  proposed  herein,  will  harmonize  all  differ- 
other  associations  more  or  less  effective,  have  been  ences  in  regard  to  tariff  and  Federal  taxation,  reduce 
unable  hitherto  to  make  a  formidable  opposition  to  f^^d  equalize  the  cost  of  transportation  by  land  and 
old  party  organizations ;  and  water,  distribute  equitablv  the  joint  earnings  of  cani- 

WAereaSy  The  limiting  of  the  legal-tender  quality  *«1  '"^d  labor,  secure  to  the  producers  of  wealth  the 

of  greenbacks,  the  changing  of  currency  bonds  into  result  of  their  labor  and  sKill,  and  muster  out  of 

coin  bonds,  the  demonetization  of  the  silver  dollar,  service  the  vast  anny  of  idlers  who,  under  the  exist- 

the  exempting  of  bonds  from  taxation,  the  oontrao-  i^i?  system,  grow  rich  upon  the  earnings  of  others, 

tion  of  the  (uroulating  medium,  the  proposed  forced  *bat  every  man  and  woman  may,  by  their  own  ef- 

resumption  of  specie  payments,  and  the  prodigal  forts,  secure  a  competence  so  that  overgrown  for- 

waste  of  the  public  lands,  were  crimes  against  the  tunes  and  extreme  poverty  will  be  seldom  found 

people,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  the  results  of  these  within  the  limits  of  our  republic, 

eriminal  acts  must  be  counteracted  by  judicious  leg-  ^^-  Both  national  and  State  Governments  should 

islation :  establish  Bureaus  of  Labor  and  Industrial  Statistics, 

Therefore  we  assemble  in  National  Convention  clothed  with  the  power  of  gathering  and  publishing 
and  make  a  declaration  of  our  principles,  and  invite  tbe  same.                                        .        ,     .      ,  , 
all  patriotic  citizens  to  unite  in  an  effort  to  secure  12>  That  the  contract  system  of  employmg  labor 
financial  reform  and  financial  emancipation.    The  i^  our  pnBOHB  and  reformatory  institutions  works 
•— ^ — V -111.-1 ^t..i.Lm.T.s — 1 — ._  .•  great  injustice  to  our  mechanics  and  citizens,  and 


uiM^v/u..,  .^....^  ««»  *ww-.  «»»«^«.w.»  ws,  .«vi^«  v.««        jr- ---ofservile  labor  into  the  United 

election  to  office  of  such  men  only  as  will  pledge  States  fh>m  China  is  a  problem  of  the  most  serious 

themselves  to  do  all  in  their  power  to  establish  these  importance,  and  we  recommend  legislation  looking 

principles:  to  its  suppression. 

1.  It  is  tiie  exclusive  function  of  the  General  Gov- 
ernment to  coin  and  create  money  and  regulate  its        The  party  thus  organized  dates  its  origin  from 

value.     All  bank  issues  designea  to  circulate  as  the  nomination  on  May  IT,  1876,  at  Indian- 

Sr^w\'2^erS?rtri^^^^^^^^  r^«:  of  Peter  Cooper^  as  Jits  candidate  for 

the  Government  and  made  a  Ail  I  le^al  tender  for  aU  the  Presidency.     In  November  of  that  year  it 

debu,  duties,  and  taxes  in  the  Umted  States  at  its  polled  at  the  election  82,640  votes.    On  May 

tumped  value.  _^  .,      ^  ,        ^      ..  10,  1878,  the  Executive  Conncil  met  in  New 

^k  •  I  ®7  "**^^  ^  "''  privileged  class  of  creditors.  York  for  the  purpose  of  devising  plans  for  the 

Official  salaries,  pensions,  bonds,  and  all  other  debts  .,  v  •"''  r^'K^*^  ^'  «v.t«»*««  |^«*«   v        « 

and  obligationi,  public  and  private,  shsll  be  dis-  thorough  and  systematic  organization  of  the 

charged  in  the  legal-tender  mone^  of  the  United  party  m  all  the  States  preparatory  to  the  elec- 

States,  strictly  according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  tions  in  September  and  November.    Very  san- 

^!r*  S.?^?!J'^^®^  they  were  contracted,  gnin^  yj^^g  of  future  success  were  expressed. 

fo^aJg^tef"S5?d^^     "^^^  The  union  of  the  Labor  element  with  the 

4.  Congress  shall  provide  said  money  adequate  to  Greenback  portion  brought  to  the  latter  griev- 

the  ftill  employment  of  labor,  the  equitable  distri-  ances  which  have  been  deep-seated  and  long- 

butioo  of  its  products,  and  the  requirements  of  busi-  continued,  and  which  are  beginning  to  attract 

ness,  fixing  a  minimum  amount  P^  ^i^  of  the  the  attention  of  civilized  society.    The  follow- 

popnlation  as  near  as  may  be,  and  otherwise  regu-  »„  »    xi,^  ^^^  -^^^-o^^  ^^^^i^^^4^  „i.:^i.  »»«« 

ttlnK  its  value  by  wise  and  equitable  provisions  1°»  ^  ™  ^^^  accurate  Statement  which  has 

of  Uw,  so  that  the  rate  of  interest  will  secure  to  labor  heen  made  of  the  number  of  votes  cast  by 

ito  just  reward.  the  National  party  thus  far : 


808 


UNITED  STATES. 


8TATE& 

AUbAina 

Arkmnaas 

Cattfornia. 

Colorado  

Conneciicat 

Delaware 

Florida 

6«orKla  

Illlnoto 

Indiana. 

Iowa 

Kansas 

KentQcky 

LoniaiaDa. 

Maine 

Maryland 

MaMacbusetta. . . . 

Michi;2an 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Mlssoun. 

Nebraska. 

New  Hanpsblre.. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania , 

Bhode  Island 

Boatb  Carolina.... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Yermont 

Virginia 

West  Vlnfinia. 

Wiaoonsin 

Totals 


187«. 

1877. 

•  •  • 

2S8 
44 

•  •  • 

774 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  «  • 

4,000 
128 

•  •  • 

17,288 
9,588 
9.901 
7,776 
1,944 

•  «  t  •  » 

84,228 

9,880 

«  •  «  ■  • 

662 

lU 

779 

9,000 

2,811 

•  •  •  •  * 
■  •  •  •  • 

a,r6i 

A  « •  • 

•  ■  •  ■  • 

8,498 

2,820 

76 

712 

2,014 

«  •  •  t  • 

228 

5,058 
81,000 

•  «  «  •  • 

8,057 

510 

7,187 

68 

•  •  •  •  • 

16,912 

•  ■  ■  ■  ■ 

52,654 
279 

•  •  •  •  ■ 

1,530 

•  •  ■  •  ■ 

t878 
1,508 

•  •  •  •  • 

6,000 
26,216 

82,640 

187,095 

1878. 

6,675 
4,416 

89,000 

1,200 

9,068 

8,206 

OOO 

15,131 

4^uoo 

89,415 

128^^77 

28,000 

2,600 

7,000 
48,200 

8,888 

110,000 

78,iM)0 

22,000 

1,500 
70,000 
21.100 

6,885 
22,1)00 
80,000 

2,500 
88,882 

2,100 

95,659 

990 

650 

6,000 
15,iK)0 

7,988 
12,260 
11,812 
80,000 

1,0004)65 


On  December  2d  the  Central  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  National  party  assembled  in  Wash- 
ington, and  issaed  an  address  to  the  people. 
The  following  extract  will  present  their  yiews 
and  principles : 

2.  The  National  party,  oontinaiog  tho  process  of 
organiEatioD,  in  two  years  inoreaaed  its  votes  to 
l,260j000. 

8.  Thie  great  increase  in  the  National  vote  is  un- 
precedented in  the  history  of  political  parties,  but  it 
falls  far  siiort  of  the  real  strength  of  tlie  principles 
advocated  by  tlie  National  party,  or  of  the  iiold  tlioy 
have  already  taken  upon  tlie  popular  mind  and  heart 
We  do  not  include  the  votes  where,  as  in  Qeorgia 
and  other  States,  there  was  no  National  nomination, 
but  the  contest  was  between  Republican  or  Demo- 
cratic nominees  and  Independent  candidates,  each 
contending  that  he  was  tho  best  and  truest  representa- 
tive of  the  principles  of  the  National  ^arty.  If  thst 
vote  were  included  in  this  estimate,  it  would  swell 
the  present  streiiffth  of  the  National  party  to  from 
1,500,000  to  2.000,000  votes.  Can  any  doubt  exist 
that  a  party  which  has  developed  such  strength  and 
growth  in  the  past  two  years  can,  in  the  next  two — 
Uiat  is  to  say,  m  1880— so  perfect  its  organization  as 
to  elect  the  next  President?  With  majorities  in 
Congress  and  in  nearly  all  the  State  Leirislatures, 
whom  the  money  power  can  not  buy  or  intimidate, 
and  who  can  be  relied  upon  to  le^slate  for  the  benefit 
of  the  whole  people,  and  not  as  the  servants  of  a 
*^  European  Grana  Council  of  International  Fipance,'^ 
then  will  the  iron  hand  of  oppression  laid  upon  the 
people  by  the  **  money  power"  loosen  its  (rrasp, 
labor  will  be  fltiv  and  profitably  employed,  liberty 
and  justice  will  oe  reestablished,  and  pence,  pros- 
perity, nnd  happiness  return  to  bless  the  homes  of 
all  thej>eople. 

4.  We  warn  you,  our  countrymen,  that  your  re- 
publican Government,  which  should  be  dear  tn  ewGry 
Ameiican  heart,  is  in  danger  from  the  combination 
known  as  the  "money  power,'*  to  whom  Congress 


has  transferred  the  tmst  confided  to  it  by  the  Cc«. 
stitution.  We  need  cite  only  two  iuatances  of  dii- 
resard  for  the  laws  and  of  the  will  of  the  («opIe: 
1.  The  existing  laws  for  the  protection  of  labor  arc 
disregarded  and  annulled  bv  the  Executive  author- 
ties.  2.  Th  e  combination  of  banks,  speak  inirthroQfk 
the  Clearing-House  Association  of  Kew  York  Citr, 
are  emboldened  to  proclaim  to  the  world  that  tk> 
laws  which  you  haveeatabUshed  through  vouroripuK 
ized  national  Government,  decreeing  tfie  sdver  doUir 
to  be  a  lawful  money,  shall  not  be  enforced;  tijt 
they  will  not  obey  them,  and  so  far  aa  in  tfadr  povcr 
they  will  prevent  others  rendering  due  obedieoee  to 
them.  If  these  banks  are  permitted  to  annul  th  is  Isw, 
then  they  can  in  like  mariner  annul  any  oCht-r  lav  o{ 
the  land  that  may  not  suit  their  wif^beii,  and  the  re- 
sult follows  that  you  will  be  governed  by  the  meii^ 
est  and  most  heartless  of  all  olifrarchiea — a  moDe^«4  | 
aristocracy.  This  action  of  these  conspiratcr^afsiD^t 
the  laws  of  the  land  and  the  happiness  of  msnkicd 
should  at  once  determine  you  to  unite  with  the  "Si- 
tional  party,  which  is  organized  to  protect  the  pe«if>k 
against  the  encroachments  of  this  '^  mon«y  power." 
that  cares  nothing  for  the  ruin  of  all  things  eke,  to 
long  as  it  may  fatten  upon  the  wreck  of  ii)da»trT. 
The  banks  are  thi-mselves  the  creatures  of  the  lav. 
and  it  is  not  becoming  thst  the  creature  should  aj 
to  the  creator,  *'  Thy  will  shall  not  be  done."  Tb-. 
power  for  evil  of  these  creatures  of  the  law,  whkl 
nave  thus  assumed  to  break  and  annul  the  law,  mwt 
be  crushed.  Tou  can  never  reach-  aiid  control  it 
through  either  the  Kepublican  or  the  Democratic 
party  or^nizationa.  The  leading  and  cotttrollisr 
powers  in  both  are  in  alliance  with  and  fo»teric£ 
this  dangerous  class  who  are  threatening  the  life  cf 
the  nation  by  annulling  the  laws  of  its  creation. 

On  November  12th  a  large  GonventioD  in  tl.€ 
interest  of  commerce  was  held  at  Chica^ 
The  resolutions  urge  the  importance  of  the  de- 
velopment of  commerce  with  other  coiintrie& 
the  completion  of  the  lines  of  Pacific  railroeds. 
etc. 

Another  Commercial  Convention  was  held  A 
New  Orleans  on  December  5th.  Its  resc^o- 
tions  embraced,  among  other  objects,  the  inn 
provement  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  all  it» 
navigable  tributaries. 

Some  conventions  were  also  held  in  the  m> 
terests  of  labor,  but  they  principally  repr^ 
sented  local  organizations. 

The  ninth  annual  Convention  of  the  Women 
Suffrage  Association  was  held  at  Indianapolis 
on  November  18th.  A  large  number  of  dele- 
gates from  other  associations  were  present.  A 
report  was  made  on  the  beneficial  results  vt 
their  labors,  and  the  following  resolutions  were 
adopted: 

WhereMy  Theoretically,  govemmenta  derive  their 
just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed ;  and 

WkertMy  Practically  speaking,  women  are  the 
neatest  sufferers  fVom  defective  legislation :  thcr«> 
fore, 

Muolved,  That  a  government  of  the  people,  by  tl.« 
people,  and  for  the  people,  must  be  equally  coir- 
posed  of  men  and  women :  and  that  the  coTperatlrc 
of  the  sexes  is  alike  essential  to  a  happy  nome.  s 
refined  society,  a  Christian  church,  and  a  fepohiicaa 
atate. 

WhsTMt,  The  American  Women  Suffrage  Ass^:i- 
tion  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  combining  tbe 
women  suffragists  of  the  United  St«tei>,  throagii 
State  societies,  in  an  annual  representative  de)e£&te 
convention  for  conference  and  cooperation :  ther^ 
fore, 

JSiuohed^  That  the  efficiefit  prosecution  of  the  «<^ 


UNITED  STATES.                                                    809 

man  snftaee  movement  requireipenistent  appeal  to  Court  set  at  rest  all  qaostions  relating  to  the 

the  LegieUture  of  each  State  by  the  citizens  tWeof,  opening  and  examining  of  postal  matter  while 

DT  m<jBDB  of  petitione,  anpported  at  legislative  hear-  ^r*i.r^a:-.^  ^c  a       ^*    •      »         •*            *.  ai.^ 

ings,  by  competent  advoSites,  and  acSompanied  by  ^J^^  P?oe  of  deposit,  m   transit,  or  at  the 

public  meetings  and  a  wide  oircolation  of  tracts  and  office  of  delivery.     It  attaches  to  seaK  d  letter* 

iiewitptipers.   And  and  packages  sent  by  mail  the  right  of  privacy 

WAa-eas,  The  United  States  Coortfl  have  affirmed  as  completely  as  to  the  writings  of  citizens  in 

ihf  s^tH'^^SThrf  "  J^^n^«?«°?it1L^ir/ni^  «  their  own  houses.    The  opinion  was  delivered 

trie  otates,  ana  tnat  *  women  are  citizens  and,  aSvT.^      -c^u      tj.        •^.  ^n        '*'*^'^ 

such,  may  be  made  voters  by  appropriate  State  legiala-  "^  •*  ^^^^  *  »®'d-     ^^  PO»D *»  ^®  as  follows  : 

tion " ;  and                                       *  •    *i.    i?  j      i  1*  The  power  vested  in  Congress   to  establish 

^  *^*ff  ^'  ^  sixteenth  amendment  to  the  Federal  u  post-roads  and  poat- offices  "  enibraccs  the  regnla- 

ConeUtution  abo  i^nhing  political  distmctions  on  i^  ti^„  of  the  entire  postal  system  of  the  oounlry.    Un- 

count  of  sex,  althoiyh  Just  and  neesssary.  can  be  der  it  Congress  may  designate  wh,*t  shall  be  carried 

more  eaailv  obtained  wiien  several  States  Lave  set  Jq  the  mails  and  what  sliall  be  excluded, 

the  example :  therefore,                 .  *.      a.  •    a  2.  In  the  enforcement  of  regulations  excludmg 

.  ^I'^y  That  we  urge  every  existing  State  Asso-  ^^uer  from  the  mail  a  dUtinctiSn  is  to  be  made  be- 

eistion  ^renewed  effort  upon  the  next  and  the  foL  t^^en  different  kind-  of  mail  matter-between  what 

lowing  SUt 3  Legislature ;  and  m  eveij  State  where  i.  intended  to  be  kept  free  from  ini»pe .tion,  such  as 

no  Buch^  associslion  exists,  we  urw  individual  effort  lettere  and  sealed  paekagea  subject  tb  letter  postage, 

and  the  immediate  formation  of  a  SUte  society.  ^nd  what  is  open  to  ins7eotion,  such  as  newspap^l 

_,,                    _  *«..«        ,111           ,  magaxines,  pamphlets,  and  other  printed  matter,  puj> 

The  crops  of  1878,  as  has  already  been  else-  poselv  left  in  a  condition  to  le  examined. 

where  remarked,  were  enormoas.     The  com  8.  letters  and  sealed  paoksges  subject  to  letter 

crop  was  Pome  30,000,000  bushels  larger  than  postage  in  the  mail  can  only  be  opened  and  exam- 

that  of  1877.     The  oat  crop  was  somewhat  in  125^  ""!^®'  like  warrant,  issued  upon  si  in  ilar  oath  or 

\  :l   .     c^o^Z  *"*'ij'.""",^"»"^""»»'  "»  affirmation,  particularly  describing  the  thing  to  be 

excess  of  that  of  1877,  making  it  the  largest  ,elxed,  as  is  required  when  papers  are  subjected  to 

ever  raised  in  this  country.    The  average  yield  seareh  in  one*s  own  household.    The  constitutional 

per  acre,  however,  was  less  than  in  1877,  and  guarantee  of  the  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in 

the  quality  in  most  of  the  States  was  inferior.  *^«»^  pereons  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seii- 

Tu^2^  «.-«  .»*>  .»a»<>,»:a1   ^i«a»«.A  «t  4-kA  K<k.iA»  ^res  extends  to  tneir  papers,  thus  closed  against  in- 

There  was  no  material  change  in  the  barley  ep^ction,  wherever  they  may  be.               ^ 

crop   from   1877,   except  that  California    m-  4.  Regulations  against  transportation  in  the  mail 

creased   her  acreage  from  450,000  to  650,000  of  printed  matter  which  is  open  to  exsmination  can 

acres,  and  almost  doubled  her  yield  per  acre.  The  not  be  enforoed  so  a^  to  interfere  in  anv  manner  with 

total  product  for  the  year  was,  in  round  num-  *^<»  ^^?*^?°*,?^V  ®  S™**'  wl^®'^?i''^  circulating  is 

iv««-   A9  AAA  AAA  v,..i.lio  ^rJIw^^i^  QA  KAA  AAA  ;»  esseutial  to  that  freedom.     When,  therefore,  pnnted 

bers,  42,000,000  bushels  against  84,500,000  in  n,.tt^r  is  excluded  from  the  maH  its  trannportation 

1877.     The  rye  crop  was  about  one  sixth  larger  in  any  other  way  can  not  be  forbidden  by  Confess. 

than  in  1877,  but  the  quality  of  the  crop  was  0.  regulations  exoludinfr  matter  fh>m  the  mail  may 

inferior  in  the  New  England  (except  Connect-  ^«  enforced  through  the  courts,  upon  compitent  evi- 

icnt)  and  the  Southern  States,  while  in  the  t'T  ^^  J^^'1 7!«'»»*'o?  o^*»>»«? »"  o^^«'  Y?  *^1? 
a 2  J  c  111  ^vit«i%7.ii  k^i«i.w»,  ««*•«  •*!  i,M«  by  the  unlawfhl  inspection  of  letters  and  ^ealed  pack- 
states  of  the  West,  Northwest,  and  Pacific  a^pes;  and  with  respect  to'objectionable  printed  mat- 
slope,  it  was  superior,  except  in  Illinois  and  ter,  open  to  examination,  they  msy  in  some  cases 
Nebraska.  The  potato  crop  showed  a  large  *1bo  he  enforced  by  the  direct  action  of  the  offices 
decUne  as  compared  with  1877,  though  the  of  the  postal  service  upon  their  own  inspection  as 
^^.^^,^  — —  <.KVv..4.  ♦!»->  -«•««  ♦k^  AiS^^^,^^^  where  the  object  IS  exposed  and  shows  unmirtakably 
acreage  was  about  the  same,  the  difference  t^^^  ^  j,  prohibited,  u  in  the  case  of  an  obscene  pii 
being  less  than  one  per  cent.    The  average  tureorpnnt. 

yield  of  the  whole  country  was  96  bushels  per  6.  When  a  party  is  eoovlcted  of  an  offense,  and 

acre,  against  94  in  1877,  making  a  total  prod-  Bentenced  to  pav  a  fine,  it  is  within  the  discretion  of 

net,  in  round  numbers,  of  124,000,000  bush-  »^?  oourt  to  order  his  imprisonment  until  the  fine  is 

els  for  1878  against  170,000,000  in  1877.    The  ^^^' 

bay  crop  was  20  per  cent,  greater  than  last  An  important  decision  of  Attorney-General 
jear.  Sorghum  is  receiving  increased  atten-  Devens,  respecting  the  preparation  of  patents 
tion,  especially  in  the  trans-Mississippi  States  and  patent  cases,  was  sent  to  the  Secretary  of 
and  Territories.  In  Stearns  County,  Minn.,  a  the  Interior  on  August  14th.  It  was  to  the 
variety  called  amber-cane  is  reported  as  yield-  effect  that  letters  patent  issuing  to  two  or  more 
ing  as  high  as  800  gallons  of  sirup  per  acre,  persons,  when  but  one  of  them  is  the  real  in- 
Delaware  County,  Iowa,  manufactured  100,000  ventor,  are  void,  and  can  not  be  made  valid  by 
gallons  of  sirnp  during  the  year,  and  found  a  any  act  of  the  parties  concerned  or  by  the  Pat- 
home  demand  for  the  whole.  The  tobacco  crop  ent-Office.  This  decision  was  designed  to  cor- 
was  larger  and  exceptionally  good.  There  is  rect  an  irregularity  of  long  standing  in  the  al- 
more  cotton,  more  wheat,  more  com,  and  more  lowance  of  patents. 

pork  to  export  to  other  nations  than  at  any  In  the  act  of  Congress  passed  February  19th 

other  time  in  the  history  of  the  country.    (See  to  authorize  the  free  coinage  of  the  silver  stand- 

Ck)MMEBoi.)  ard  dollar  and  to  restore  its  legal-tender  char- 

The  importation  of  the  single  article  of  for-  acter,  there  was  a  provision  that  the  President 

eign  dry  goods  has  declined  in  value  since  1878  should  invite  the  Governments  of  the  countries 

a3 follows:  1873,  $114,150,465 ;  1874, $106,520,-  composing  the  Latin  Union,  so  called,  and  of 

4*53;   1876,   $99,816,025;   1876,  $80,716,168;  such  other  European  nations  as  he  might  deem 

1877,  $77,756,778 ;  1878,  $74,868,197.  advisable,  to  join  the  United  States  in  a  confer- 

A  decision  of  the  United  States  Supreme  ence  to  adopt  a  common  ratio  between  gold 


810                                                   UNITED  STATES. 

and  silver,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  in-  of  November  25th.    He  was  escorted  to  the 

temationally  the  nse  of  bi-metallic  money,  and  gates  bj  all  the  foreign  residents,  inclading  hi? 

securing  fixity  of  relative  value  between  those  colleagues  in  the  diplomatic  body.    In  bis  suite 

metals.    Such  conference  was  to  be  held  at  were  the  late  Secretary  of  the  British  Legadoo, 

such  place  in  Europe  or  in  the  United  States,  a  French  gentleman  previously  holding  a  high 

at  such  time  within  six  months,  as  might  be  office  in  the  maritime  customs,  two  msn^ 

mutually  agreed  upon  by  the  executives  of  the  rins,  six  attaches  selected  from  the  new  collt^ 

Governments  joining  in  the  same,  whenever  at  Peking,  and  some  twenty  others.    On  March 

the  Governments  so  invited^  or  any  three  of  81,  1868,  Mr.  Burlingame  arrived  at  San  Fnn- 

them,  shall  have  signified  their  willingness  to  cisoo,  and  after  a  short  stay  proceeded  tc 

unite  in  the  same.    Such  Congress  was  held  Washington  and  entered  at  once  into  negom- 

in  Paris,  but  without  any  definite  result.  tions  with  Mr.  Seward,  the  Secretary  of  State. 

For  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  see  for  a  treaty  containing  additional  articles  to  tkt 

CoMMEBOB,  Internal  ;  for  the  condition  of  the  of  June  18, 1858.    On  the  4th  of  July  the  treaty 

military  and  naval  forces,  see  Abmy  and  Navt  ;  was  signed  in  Washington ;  on  the  1 1th  it  waa 

for  the  foreign  relations,  see  Diplomatio  Oob-  transmitted  to  the  Senate,  and  ratified  on  the 

bespondenoe;  for  the  financial  aflfairs  of  the  16th.    The  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  se?enthuf 

Government  and  people,  see  Finances  ;  for  the  additional  articles  are  as  follows : 
civil  and  internal  affairs,  elections,  etc.,  see  the 

articles  on  the  several  States.  -A.rt.  IV.  The  twenty-ninth  article  of  the  trMtjcf 

.  The  increasing  impprtanoe  of  our  con,n,er-  ^^^^ iV^^^^'^ZI «UniSdtS 

cial  relations  with  China,  and  the  present  agi-  and  Chinese  converts  from  prosecution  in  Chiiu 

tation  of  the  public  mind  on  the  subject  of  on  aocoont  of  their  faith,  it  Is  further  agreed  tb&i 

Chinese  immigration,  render  the  establishing  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  every  religioaa  per- 

of  a  permanent  legation  by  the  Chinese  Gk)V-  fluaaion  and  Chinese  subjects  in  the  U^'ted  Siji« 

ernnaent  in  this  country,  during  the  present  ^^Jipn^H^rKbliurof'^^Si^^ 

year,  an  event  of  unusual  interest.  ©f  their  relimous  faith  or  worship  in  either  countiT. 

The  nature  of  the  present  amicable  relations  Cemeteries  for  the  sepulture  of  the  dead,  of  whatever 

between  the  two  nations,  and  the  manner  in  nativity  or  nationality,  shall  be  held  in  respect  and 

which  they  were  secured,  it  may  be  well  here  *''®®  ^^^  disturbance  or  profanation. 

i^-;«fl«.  ♦rs  i,.^«*:^«      TTo^u,  ;«  \rri^r.*^\.^m  laatr  Abt.  V.  The  United  States  of  Amenca  and  the 

briefly  to  mention.    Early  m  November,  1867,  Emperor  of  China  cordially  recognize  the  inh^i 

Mr.  Burlmgame,  the  American  Minister  at  Pe-  and  inalienable  right  of  man  to  change  his  home  and 

king,  informed  the  Chinese  Government  that  allegiance,  and  also  the  mutual  advantage  of  the  fre« 

he  intended  to  resign  his  post  and  return  to  migration  and  emigration  of  then-  citiaena  and  stb- 


nim  resolute,  rrince  K.ung  tendered  him  the  ing  any  other  thui  an  entirely  voluntary  emi^nticii 

compliment  of    a  farewell  dinner.     All  the  for  these  purposes.  They  consequently  a^  to  d^ 

members  of  the  Council  of  Foreign  AflTairs  were  Jj^s  making  it  a  penal  often«e  for  a  citiaen  of  tfee 

present.    Wal  mandarins  spoke  of  the  great  ^^^^^„V^^)ST^^&V^'^X« 

service  which  Mr.  Uurlingame  had  done  China  foreign  country,  or  for  a  Chinese  subject  or  a  dtwn 

during  his  visit  to  Europe  and  this  country  in  of  the  United  States  to  take  citiiens  ot  the  Umted 

1865.    Mr.  Burlingame  answered  that  he  would  States  to  China  or  to  any  other  foreign  conzttrTi 

always  be  ready  to  say  a  good  word  for  their  ^thout  their  free  and  voluntary  consent  reaper 

country  when  the  opportunity  should  present  '  ^|^  yj^  (,j^j^^.  ^f  ^^  U^H^d  States  viaittnf  or 

Itself  to  him.  reniding  in  China  shall  exgoy  the  same  pririle^es. 

The  idea  of  an  embassy  seems  to  have  been  immunities,  or  exemptions,  in  resnect  to  trarel  or 

suggested  by  these  speeches.     The  Inspector  residence,  as  there  may  be  eiyoyed  by  the  citiiw* 

General  of  Customs  and  the  Secretary  of  the  ^'  *?>J®?J;.  ^^  ^^®  P^!l  ^tl^l^  '''^''*'  '^St^  l^l 

British  Legation  were  consulted,  and  /wo  days  SSS5&Ts!.SX^;S^^^^^ 

after  the  dinner  a  deputation  of  nigh  omcials  nities,  or  exemptions,  m  respect  to  travel  or  re»- 

waited  on  Mr.  Burlingame  and  tendered  him  dence,  as  the  most  favored  nation;  but  nothing  hereia 

an  appointment  as  ambassador.    He  accepted  contained  shall  be  held  to  confer  naturslintion  upaa 

on  the  single  condition  that  the  embassy  should  Jhe  cit^n^^^^^^^^^^^^                          China,  nor  upon 

be  placed  in  aU  respects  on  a  footing  of  the  abt.  VII.  Citiiens  of  the  United  States  ihaU  M;oy 

highest  respectability.     Mr.  Burlingame  placed  all  the  privileges  of  the  public  educational  inatitv- 

his  resignation  as  American  Minister  in  the  tions  under  the  control  of  the  Government  of  ChiU| 

hands  of  his  Secretary  of  Legation.    A  week  and,  reciprocally,  Chinese  euMeots  shall  eiy<yi^^ 

afterward  he  received  his  credentials  from  the  P^,%;  <;^'ntJo^^F^Sl"Go%^^^^^ 

hands  of  rnnce  Kung.    Letters  were  addressed  states,  which  are  enjoyed  in  the  respective  oomrtnea 

as  a  notification  to  the  foreign  ministers  in  by  the  citizens  or  sublects  of  the  most  favored  na- 

Peking,  which  expressed  a  strong  wish  on  the  tion.    The  citiiens  of  the  United  States  may  freeiT 

part  of  the  Chinese  to  become  better  under-  estabUsh  and  mwntain  schoola  within  theempi«^ 

Jtood  by  foreign  powers,  and  evinced  a  desire  fi;S?tSf t^o:^^P|dT^^^^^                  SinK 

to  enter  upon  a  course  of  progress.  Jeots  may  enioy  the  same  privileges  and  immnmtiei 

Mr.  Burlingame  left  Peking  on  the  morning  in  the  United  States. 


UNITED  STATES.                                                  811 

Tlic  new  treaty  was  received  in  the  United  from  Mr.  Ynng  Wing,  Yung  Tsang  Siang  hand- 

Bt&tes  with  general  satisfaction,  and  Mr.  Bnr-  ed  Ghen  Lan  Pin  a  long  and  beautiful  bamboo 

linsrame  and  his  embassy  were  the  recipients  roll,  all  embossed  with  gold  and  covered  with 

of  great  ovations.    The  English  press,  on  the  gold-leaf  designs  of  Chinese  figures.     From 

other  hand,  expressed  the  greatest  dissatisfac-  this  sheath,  with  a  stopper  of  like  exquisite 

tion  with  the  new  treaty,  which  was  repre-  workmanship,  the  Minister  drew  forth  his  let- 

sented  as  a  victory  of  American  over  English  ter  of  credence,  written  with  China  ink  on 

diplomacy,  and  as"  altogether  made  in  the  in-  the  thin  yeUow  paper  customarily  used  by  the 

terest  of  Americans.  Chinese.    Chen  Lan  Pin,  who  does  not  speak 

Od  September  28th  the  new  embassy  made  English,  then  unrolled  and  read  the  letter  from 
their  first  official  visit  to  President  Hayes,  and  the  Chinese  text.  When  he  finished.  Assistant 
presented  their  credentials.  The  ministerial  Minister  Yung  Wing  stepped  to  his  side  and 
party  comprised  Chen  Lan  Pin,  Envoy  Extra-  proceeded  to  read  in  distinct  English  the  trans- 
ordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary ;  Yung  lation  of  the  speech  as  follows : 
Ming,  Assistant  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min-  Mb.  Pbesideht:  His  MojeBtv  the  Emperor  of 
i^ter  Plenipotentiary;  Yung  Tsang  Siang,  Chi-  China,  in  appointing?  us  to  reside  at  Washington  as 
nese  Secretary  of  Legation ;  D.  W.  Bartlett,  ministew,  instructed  us  to  present  your  Excellency 
A^rJi^^^  c^«.»«.«w.,  Jr*  T^»l>4^^««.  ♦«,«  ;*i^A.  biB  salutations,  and  to  express  his  aasuranceB  of 
^^!'!l^?r^^^^ .^L.t^J^^Z^.L  o7u^^?^f:  friend8hi£  for  you  and  the  people  of  the  United 


preters,  Hwang  Tah  Kuen  and  Tsai  Sih  Yung ;    states.    HU  Majesty  hopes  that  your  Administration 


the  Chinese  Ambassadors  by  all  tfie  Bplendorg  ^^^^  ^  ^^^  ^  ^^          ^^  Washington  on  a  ape- 

of  an  Oriental  court.     Chen  Lan  Pm  wore  the  ^i^  mUsion,  and  the  results  were  most  beneficent. 

tjpieal  bowl- shaped  hat,  with  the  scarlet  but-  His  Migesty  cherishes  the  hope  that  this  embassy 

toD  of  the  second  order  in  the  center  of  the  will  not  onfjr  be  the  means  of  establishing  on  a  firm 

top,  from  which,  secured  by  jeweled  fastenings,  *>«•»■  <ihe  amicable  relations  of  the  two  countries,  but 

depended  the  peacock  nlume    Hi,  flowtnggar-  Z^^^J^^^f  ir{S«T-V/t'heTJltT?L' 

ments  were  of  the  richest  silk.     A  blouse  of  West  under  an  enlightened  and  progressive  civili- 

Iflveoder  came  a  little  below  the  waist.     This  zation.    We  have  now  the  honor  to  deliver  to  your 

was  decorated  with  a  collar  of  blue  satin,  tJie  Excellency  the  letter  which  accredits  us  as  Envoys 

insignia  of  the  official  dignity  of  the  Minister.  Extraordinary    and   MinUters    Plenipotentiary   at 

The  akirt  was  of  a  heavier  and  darker  material,  ^"^T^"'*. ,    ^       „  ^      ^  „ 

aDd  nearly  hid  the  trousers,  which  were  also  The  President  replied  as  follows : 

richly  embroidered.     His  shoes  were  sandal-  Mr.  MnnsTKBAiro  Mb.  Assistant  Mikistkb:  Ten 

shaped,  but  covered  with  the  finest  kid,  and  7«»"  ^  o?®  °^  °*y  predecessors  in  office  received 

\.\a  \^    •        vvT«*vK*  »»jjt*   w««  **«v  V        ,    .*v.  j^^^^   ^^^  ^j^^^  envoys  who  constituted   the  first 

bi9  leggings   were  of  the  same  matenal.  ^  A  diplomatic  mission  by  the  Emperor  of  China  to  the 

oandsomely  embroidered  case  of  silk  inclosing  United  States  of  America.    Their  coming  was  wel- 

a  fan  completed  the  dress  of  the  Ambassador,  comed  as  auspicious  not  only  of  a  better  under- 

who  presented   a  superb  appearance,   as   he  standing  between  the  two  Governments,  hut  as  in- 

tibnle  of  the  Executive  Mansion,  accompanied  proved  to  be  well  founded.    It  gives  me  pleasure, 

bv  Secretary  Evarts.     The  two   civilizations  therefore,  to  again  welcome  envoys  from  China,  es- 

^ere  plainly  contrasted  in  the  dress  of  these  pedally  as  you  inform  me  that  they  come  with  the 

two  dignitaries.    The  Secretary  of  State  was  intention  and  desiw  to  eaUbUeh  a  permMiMit  lega- 

ftrtiwwl  ;«  fi,^  ^^«*^,^^»^  ^f^oo  onU  ^f  Kiai«ir  tlott  at  this  capital,  upon  a  footmg  with  those  of 

attired  m  the  customary  dress  smt  of  black,  ^^^j^^^  ^^^^^^   ^  ^  „^^  ^oobt  that  the  presence  of 

Willie  the  Chinese  Minister  was  grandly  cos-  g^ch  a  legation  will  tend  to  increase  and  cement  the 
turned  in  the  diplomatic  dress  of  his  country.  fViendly  mtemational  relations  now  ezistinff,  and 
The  Assistant  Minister,  Ynng  Wing,  who  is  will  be  the  means  of  removing  whatever  diflfoulties 
thoroughly  Americanized  in  ideas  and  habits,  J"^ />^  soMng  whatever  qaestions  may  arise  between 
nsoally  wears  citizen's  dress ;  but  on  this  occa-  f^  ^^\l  ad'Stional  gratification  to  find  that  for  the 
non  he  was  arrayed  m  the  full  official  costume  discharge  of  those  delicate  and  reeponsible  duties 
of  his  Chmese  rank,  the  bowl-shaped  hat  with  the  selection  of  the  Emperor  has  fallen  upon  envoys 
the  button,  and  other  decorations  similar  to  who  are  so  well  and  favorably  known  here  through 
thmft  of  Chtkn  Ton  "PiTi  Ynntf  Wtntr  \a  An  their  previous intercourse  With  our  oountrymcn. 
il.^nn  V  V  1  ^  11  •  1.  ^?^^^^  "  *^  Cordially  reciprocating  the  friendly  sentiments 
alumnus  of  Yale  College,  having  been  a  mem-  and  good  wishesjou  have  expressed  on  the  part  of 
wT  of  the  class  of  1854.  the  Emperor  of  dnina.  permit  me  to  assure  yon  of 
The  party  was  conducted  to  the  celebrated  my  good  wishes  for  his  Majesty's  health  and  happi- 
Blue  Room,  where  official  receptions  of  foreign  pess,  and  for  the  continued  well-beinff  and  prosper- 
ministerg  a^e  always  held.  In  a  few  moments  '^  °^  ^"^  «°^P"*  ^^•^  ^^^^^  *^*  P"""^^"' 
the  President  entered,  followed  by  his  Cabinet.  So  far,  only  the  President  and  Chen  Lan  Pin 
The  Chinese  had  ranged  themselves  in  the  or-  bad  been  introduced.  The  latter  was  now  pre- 
mier of  their  respective  ranks  on  the  west  side  sented  to  the  Cabinet  officers.  Assistant  Min- 
of  the  room,  'fiie  President  and  his  Cabinet  ister  Yung  Wing  was  next  introduced  to  the 
took  positions  on  the  east  side.  After  a  brief  President,  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  As- 
introduetion  of  Ambassador  Chen  to  the  Pros-  sistant  Secretary  Seward^  escorting  the  Sec- 
Ident  by  Secretary  Evarts,  on  an  intimation  retaries  of  Legation,  introduced  them.    Yung 


612 


UNIVERSALI8TS. 


Wing  acted  both  as  interpreter  and  partici- 
pant in  the  conversation. 

The  following  is  a  translation  of  the  letter 
referred  to,  accrediting  the  envoys : 

The  Emperor  of  China  to  the  Pretident  of  the  United 
Btatee  of  Aimrioa^  greeting:  Since  the  interchange 
of  treatiM  hetween  your  Government  and  China,  re- 
.lationd  of  amitTand  good  will  having  been  uniform- 
\y  and  8mcore1>  maintained,  it  is  now  our  pleasure 
to  eflpecially  appoint  Ciien  Lan  Pin,  decorated  with 
the  peacock -feather,  wearinff  the  button  of  the  aeo- 
ond  rank,  Pn^aident  of  the  Board  of  Sacrifice,  to  re- 
aide  at  your  capital  aa  Envoy  ExtraordinarV,  and 
Tung  ^iti^^  wearing  the  button  of  the  secona  rank, 
Intendant  of  Circuit,  as  Assistant  Envoy  ;  and  it  is 
also  our  pl^jasure  that  the^r  he  at  liberty  to  go  and 
come  as  ocv^anion  may  require. 

We  are  fully  assured  that  Chen  Lan  Pin  and  hit 
Assistant  are  ju^t  and  honorable  men,  and  we  trust 
that  in  the  discharge  of  their  diplomatic  duties  tliey 
will  give  mutual  satisfaction. 

Having?,  by  the  will  of  Heaven,  succeeded  to  our 
ffreat  patrim'ony,  we  regard  witliout  discrimination 
China  and  all  foreign  nations  as  members  of  one  fami- 
ly, and  we  desire  that  henceforth  our  relations  with 
your  (4overiiment  may  be  farther  strengthened,  and 
that  both  may  etijoy  lasting  peace,  which  is  our  sin- 
cere hope. 

Kwang  Shii^  Ath  year,  Ut  months  26th  day 

{February  26, 1878). 

UNIVERSALTSTS.  The  following  is  a  sum- 
mary of  the  statistics  of  the  Universalists  in 
the  United  States,  as  they  are  given  in  the 
**  Universalist  Register  "  for  1879  : 


STATES,  ETC. 


Alabama 

Arkansas* 

Callfomia 

Canada 

Colorado 

t'onnectioat 

fiakoU 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida. 


Oeonria 

lUtnols. 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas..  

Kentucky 

Looisldna 

Maine 

Maryland 

Maasachiuetts . . 

Michifpin 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

MlMisfllppL 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey.  . . . 

New  York 

North  Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Khodo  Island. . . . 
Boath  Carolina.. 

Tennessee 

Texast 

Vermont 

Vlrglniat 

West  Virjfinia. . . 

Wisconsin 

WyomlngJ 


J 

1 

J 

1 

h 

1 

IS 

184 

81S 

•  • 

1 

•  •  • 

100 

•  ■  • 

190 

9 

863 

886 

1 

« • « 

m   • 

17 

1,108 

878 

1 

85 

•  •  • 

1 

85 

6i 

•  • 

•  • 

83 

13 

SO 

886 

78 

8,849 

8,074 

fiS 

957 

8.744 

89 

978 

1,160 

17 

860 

838 

10 

65 

486 

•  • 

•  •  ■ 

28 

66 

4,490 

1,638 

4 

118 

140 

111 

9,487 

6,838 

27 

945 

809 

14 

48d 

896 

80 

863 

478 

8 

81 

•  •  • 

4 

74 

18 

81 

1,758 

664 

19 

447 

8)6 

1S8 

6,448 

6,7« 

4 

•  •  •  • 

86 

105 

8,764 

6,617 

15 

•  •  •  • 

621 

84 

1,329 

1,579 

7 

825 

601 

•  • 

a  •  •  • 

80 

■  • 

•  ■  •  • 

96 

■  ■ 

68 

•  •  •  • 

8,808 

1,488 

m  m 

8 

■  a  •  • 

65 

■  •  •  • 

88 

84 

761 

6M 

•  • 

•  •  • 

•  »  •  • 

80 
958 

•  •  • 

1,384 

80 

86 

80 

113 

8,839 

8,316 

1,7^8 

600 

40 

•  •  • 

6,477 

8<I6 

15,864 

1,491 

6^7 

75 

•  •  • 

60 

8,106 

669 

8,801 

•  •  «  • 

4,410 

■  »  ■  ■ 

8,881 
1,498 


8,516 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

1,108 


*  One  church,    t  Seven  preachers.    $One  chnroh,  worth 
$10,000.    f  One  preacher. 


The  general  summary  of  the  whole  in :  Om 
General  Convention;  23  8t»te  Conventioos; 
863  parishes,  with  which  are  connected  (hr 
estimation  for  parishes  not  reported)  42,500 
families;  737  church  organizations^  haTiogj 
87,965  members ;  704  Sunday  schools,  havini 
69,845  teachers  and  pupils;  780  church  edi- 
fices, with  a  total  of  parish  property,  above 
indebtedness,  of  $7,057,170;  711  ministers  and 
11  licensed  lay  preachers.  The  edncationsl  n- 
tablishments  include  two  divinity  and  th«al(^ 
cal  schools,  four  colleges  and  universities^  t^ 
six  seminaries  and  academies,  with  83  proft»- 
sors  and  instructors,  787  students,  and  $i,ldv,* 
000  of  property. 

The  universalist  General  Chnvention  of  tie 
United  States  met  at  Providence,  R.  I..  Octo- 
ber 24th.  J.  D.  W.  Joy,  tsq.,  of  Massacba- 
setU,  was  chosen  President.  A  review  of  tbv 
condition  of  the  denomination  and  of  the  pru^- 
ress  of  its  interests  during  the  year  was  gi^tn 
in  the  report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Tac 
amounts  of  the  permanent  fands  of  the  Cod- 
vention  were  as  follows:  The  Murray  fund, 
$120,742.54;  the  Gunn  fund,  $8,000;  Uk? 
scholarship  fund,  $3,227.32 ;  total,  $131,969.86. 
The  condition  of  the  investments  of  the  faoij 
had  been  improving,  and  the  process  of  inTe^t- 
ment  was  continued  as  fast  as  the  loans  maturtd 
and  could  be  secured  without  inapairing  tLr 
principal.  The  receipts  from  the  misaonji? 
boxes  had  been  $1,273.04,  and  the  total  recei(»t> 
to  the  credit  of  the  Convention  had  beeo  |10.- 
856.95,  showing  an  increase  of  $1,417.69  ovtr 
the  receipts  of  the  previous  year.  The  ex- 
penses had  been  $12,886.28  ($1,763  less  th:u: 
m  1877),  of  which  $3,100  were  on  accoaot  of 
missions,  and  $4,600  on  account  of  scholarship?. 
The  work  undertaken  by  the  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  previous  General  Gonveutioc 
to  raise  a  suflScient  amount  of  money  daring 
the  year  to  cancel  the  indebtedness  of  the  Con- 
vention, had  not  been  entirely  successful.  M<  re 
than  $10,000  had  been  pledged  toward  the  ob- 
ject, conditional  upon  the  raising  of  the  whv  > 
amount  during  the  year.  The  present  indebt- 
edness of  the  Convention  was  $23,033.5:, 
against  $25,846.19  in  October,  1877,  sbowim 
a  reduction  during  the  year  of  $2,812.  Bst 
little  had  been  done  on  the  account  of  the  Gen- 
eral Convention  in  the  field  of  missionanr  work 
and  church  extension,  but  a  '*  great  reWral  of 
interest"  in  that  department  was  reported  i& 
the  State  Conventions.  Thirty-three  scholar- 
ships had  been  in  force,  and  seven  beneficiaries 
had  been  graduated  at  the  Tufts  Theologicsl 
School  and  at  Canton.  About  $3,237  had  beeu 
returned  in  the  repayment  of  scholarship  loans, 
all  of  which  had  been  invested  as  a  scholarship 
fund.  An  increased  interest  appeared  to  be 
manifested  in  Sunday  schools ;  and  the  report 
spoke  with  gratification  of  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  educational  facilities  o£fered  by  th« 
Church,  and  the  increased  interest  taken  bj 
the  people  in  the  subject  of  education,  leadiiv; 
to  a  ^*  marked  advance "  in  the  general  intcl- 


UTAH.  813 

fectnal  standing  of  the  Chorch.    An  amend-  ing  conolasionB,  which  were  approTed  hj  the 

meat  to  the  '\^lnche9ter  Profession  of  Faith,  House: 

which  had  been  proposed  hj  the  General  Con-  ^^  ^hat,  while  the  divine  law  moet  Btrictly 
rention  of  the  previous  year,  came  up  for  final  condemii»  forliicatioM,  aduterlsB,  etc.,  it  does  in  nb 
action.  The  amendment  proposed  to  substi-  lutttance  condemn  the  class  of  njarribges  above  re- 
late the  word  *' bring"  for  "restore*^  in  the  ferredto;  but,  on  the  contnury,  buch  utarria^es  were 
following  article  of  the  Winchester  Profession :  sanctioned,  approbated,  blesaed,  and  even,  in  some 
**That  there  is  one  God,  whose  nature  is  love,  '^'^l^"^^^  commanded  by  the  great  lawgiver  him- 

revealed  in  one  Lord  Jesus  Christ  by  one  Holy  Second.  That  while  illegitimate  children,  or  bas- 

Spirit  of  grace,  who  will  finally  r^^^^re  the  whole  tarda,  were  under  the  curse  of  the  divine  law,  and 

famiW  of  mankind  to  holiness  and  happiness."  debarred  from  entering  the  congrefmtionn  ot  the  Lord 

The  advocates  of  the  amendment  urged  it  on  fo' tengenerotionB,theohildreuof  polj^ganiittswere 

♦K«  »»y^.««^  ♦K-*  *u«  ««^  ^^  ♦ix^  »r^.^  iT.»«4.^.^n  oallea  of  God,  and,  by  his  divine  apiiomtment,  were 

the  ground  that  the  use  of  the  word     restore  ^^^^  propheti,  rulers,  and  judges  fn  Israel.     * 

iinphed  the  acceptance  of  the  doctrme  that  the  Third.  That  there  was  no  distinction,  in  tl>e  divine 
primal  state  of  man  was  one  of  holiness,  which  law,  in  the  inheritance  of  property,  between  poly- 
was  not  the  belief  of  the  Church.    The  amend-  gwnic  and  monoeamio  children, 
ment  was  lost,  the  vote  being  26  for  it  and  81  ..  ^^'^^^  That  tTie  law  of  God  emphatically  declares 

._,. .  .^      ^t      o       J     r  ^      «.        the  mamaffe  ordinance  to  be  a  divine  ordinance,  aa 

a^inst  It.    The  Board  of  Trustees  were  au-  i«  ^^^^  clearly  expressed  in  ti>e  following  quita- 

tnonzed  to  add  $300  to  their  appropriation  for  tion : 

scholarships,  and  to  readjust  the  distribution  "What  God  hath  joined  together,"  etc. 

of  the  whole  sum  so  that  more  students  could  Millions  of  Christians,  among  civilized  nations,  are 

be  benefited  by  them  ;  and  the  Convention  de-  ?'i^VJ^'^«  ^""IT^l  **'",  ^""^^  "c™^«Vt,  and  entep 

.1     A  -1  r^  u  "^..       ^^1  I      ,.      7^      T^   i^.v**  vM^  jjjjQ  ^^  sacred  bonds,  only  upon  condiuons  that  the 

dared  it  to  be  its  settled  policy  to  contmue  the  solemn  rites  connected  with  the  ordinance  should  be 

scholarship  loan,   "substantially  on  the  scale  administered  b]^  their  own  regularly  ordained  eccle- 

ot  the  appropriation  for  tbe  present  year."  siacitical  authorities,  being  exercised  with  the  same 

The  Trnstees  had  represented  that  the  statis-  conscientious  and  reliflrious  views  which  they  have 

M  report,  had  been  ftrpished  from  the  State  S-hZY^r  majrity  "f  "IS^roTtM;  'AnZ^, 

Unventions  m  improved  forms  and  with  greater  uke  other  relijfious  bodies/befie ve  in  the  divinity  of 

fallness  than  in  previous  years,  but  that  they  the  marriage  ordinance.    They  also  conscientiously 

were  not  yet  sufficiently  ftilL    The  Convention  and  religiously  believe  in  both  forms  or  conditions 

recommended  that  greater  pains  be  taken  to  of  Scriptural  marriage,  namely,  the  mon:>gamic  and 

get  full  statistics,  au'd  that  Efforts  be  made  to  Lte^irv^ne'cX^^^^^ 

secure  a  larger  natronage  for  the  denomma-  J\fth,  That  your  Committee,  having  sw  om  to  sup- 
tional  schools.  Measures  were  recommended  port  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  do  not 
for  etiraulating  a  more  hearty  cooperation  of  consider  themselves  authorised  to  legislate  against 
the  State  Conventions  with  the  General  Con-  ^^'^  relijgious  belief  and  practices  of  any  ecclj;siastical 
»^..*.:^  •  \ll  i.*.  »^«  •<"« '•^  ^  «  x^v  *  denomination  who  may  wish  to  make  this  Territory 
vention  in  the  matter  of  financial  responsi-  their  home. 
bility.  A  resolution  was  adopted  recommend- 
ing to  any  State  Convention  that  believes  the  The  most  important  measures  enacted  were 
i^miniitration  of  discipline  within  its  juris-  a  criminal  practice  act,  a  revenue  law,  and  an 
diction  would  be  promoted  thereby,  to  desig-  election  law.  By  the  last-mentioned  law  all 
nate  some  person,  when  practicable  a  layman  voters  must  be  over  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  a  kwyer,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  when  oc-  and  must  have  resided  in  the  Territory  six 
<^on  requires,  to  prefer  charges  and  prosecute  months  and  in  the  precinct  one  month.  If 
them  to  trial.  Subscriptions  were  taken  up  males  they  must  be  native-bom  or  naturalized 
daring  tbe  meeting  of  the  Convention,  which  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  tax-payers  in 
resulted  in  securing  pledges  of  money  which  the  Territory.  A  female  need  not  be  a  tax- 
▼ere  regarded  as  sufficient  to  secure  the  pro-  payer,  and,  if  the  wife,  widow,  or  daughter  of 
spective  extinction  of  the  entire  debt  of  the  a  native  or  naturalized  citizen,  need  not  her- 
^.▼.  self  be  native-bom  or  naturalized.  This  law 
The  annual  meeting  of  the  Woman^s  Cen-  is  obnoxious  to  the  non-Mormons  of  Utah,  as, 
tenarv  Association  was  held  in  connection  with  though  nominally  an  improvement  on  the  pre- 
tbe  meeting  of  the  General  Convention.  The  vious  system,  the  ambiguity  of  its  provisions 
Treasurer  reported  that  a  balance  remained  in  in  many  respects  offers  facilities  for  church 
the  treasury  on  October  22d  of  $2,254.65.  The  manipnlation.  The  revenue  law  levies  a  tax 
Tract  and  Publication  Committee  had  received  annually  of  three  mills  on  the  dollar  for  Terri- 
1261,  had  expended  $242,  and  had  circulated  torial  purposes,  three  mills  on  the  dollar  for 
3^,900  pages  of  tracts  during  the  year,  making  the  benefit  of  district  schools,  and  such  sum  as 
A  total  of  2,003,500  pages  circulated  since  the  the  county  courts  of  the  several  counties  may 
enterprise  was  started.  designate  for  county  purposes,  not  exceed- 
,  ITTAH.  The  Legislature  met  in  biennial  ses-  ing  six  mills  on  the  dollar.  The  Legislature 
non  on  January  14th.  On  February  14th  the  also  adopted  and  entered  on  the  minutes  a 
Committee  on  Judiciary  of  the  House  of  Rep-  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  Brigham 
resentatives,  to  which  had  been  referred  so  Young. 

ninch  of  the  Govemor^s  message  as  related  to  The  subject  of  fish  culture  has  attracted  con- 

polygamous  marriages,  reported  the  follow-  siderable  attention  in  the  Territory  during  the 


8U 


UTAH. 


last  few  years,  and  some  progress  has  been  made 
under  the  auspices  of  Zion^s  Co5peratiye  Fish 
Association. 

The  total  receipts  into  the  Territorial  Trea- 
sury for  the  two  years  ending  December  81, 
1877,  amounted  to  $94,410.66,  inclndiug  $582.- 
24  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  the  period ; 
the  diiibursements  were  $94,825.88.  The  as- 
sessed value  of  property  in  1877  was  as  fol- 
lows ; 

COUNTIES.  ^"^  '^"t!L. 

8altT.ake $8,171,880 

Weber 8,106,428 

Utah 2,0S8.904 

BoxElder 1,827,580 

Cache l,«a'),H67 

Tooele 1,060,160 

Summit SC^We 

Davis 81«,18a 

Sanpete 664,078 

Washiogton 605,678 

Juab 469,206 

Iron 446,066 

Morgan 42*^989 

Kane 848,944 

Beaver 410,880 

MUlard 800,816 

Sevier 287,623 

Waaatch 188,760 

Rich 163.940 

Piute 119,618 

Total $22,668,660 

The  school  population  (six  to  sixteen  years 
of  age)  reported  at  the  close  of  the  school  year 
1877  was  80,792 ;  tlie  enrollment,  19,779;  aver- 
age daily  attendance,  18,420 ;  number  of  schools, 
827. 

The  amount  of  Territorial  appropriatioii  timiMl- 

lyla $80,000  00 

The  amount  paid  to  teachers  annually  la. 77,430  63 

The  amount  of  taxes  for  schools  annuallv  is. ... .  80,116  94 

The  amount  of  building  (Und  raised  in  1377  Is. . .  80,717  26 
The  amount  of  Superintendent's  saluy   par 

year  Is 1,600  00 

The  amount  of  stationery,  prhiting,  etc,  per 

year 260  00 

MfMng  a  total  annual  expenditure  of $160,068  88 

Increased  by  salaries  paid  private  and  mission 
school  teachers,  approximate 60,000  00 

Total  expended  on  schools  in  the  Territory..  $310,068  33 

The  reported  value  of  district  school  property  in 
the  Territory  is. $828,203  89 

The  value  of  property  owned  by  private  schools 
is  about 75,000  00 

Which  makes  the  reported  value  of  school  prop- 
erty   $898,208  89 

The  Supenotendent,  however,  thinks  the  ac- 
tual value  of  school  property  is  not  less  than 
$600,000. 

The  Mormon  Oonference  met  in  Salt  Lake 
City  in  April,  and  also  in  Octoher.  At  the 
former  meeting  the  report  of  the  Trustee-in- 
trust for  the  year  ending  December  81,  1877, 
was  presented,  from  which  the  following  fig- 
ures appear :  Amount  of  tithes  received,  $444,- 
902.81;  number  of  tithe-payers,  15,082;  dis- 
bursed to  Indians  and  the  poor,  $21,886.64; 
to  bishops  and  their  clerks,  $40,815.16 ;  local 
disbursements,  $90,925.83 ;  turned  into  the  gen- 
eral tithing  office,  $802,168.30.  The  statistical 
reports  of  the  Oonference  show  22,674  priests 


of  various  degrees,  61,072  lay  members,  asi 
82,975  children  under  eight  years  of  agt 
At  the  October  Conference  the  report  of  a 
committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  ao- 
ooonts  of  the  late  Brigbam  Young  was  pre- 
sented, the  material  portion  of  which  is  as 
follows : 

It  was  known  to  eveirbody  that  in  oonseqiieDci  ot 
Indian  wars,  bad  legislation,  violence  and  no6tiIit; 
of  the  General  Government,  vindictiveneaa  of  the 
Federal  courts,  bitter  aasaults  from  uuprincipled  p«r- 
BODS^  and  malignant  prosecution  and  persecution  from 
all  Bidea,  our  late  revered  and  beloved  leader  h&d 
transferred  certainproperty  from  the  poaaesaionof  the 
Church  to  his  own  individual posseMton.  It  was  droj 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  preserving  it  from  the  spulia- 
tion  of  the  enemv ;  ana  now  that  all  danj^r  is  orer, 
it  has  been  transforred  back  to  the  Oharch  with  tie 
aid  and  counsel  of  President  Taylor,  the  Twelve 
Apostles,  and  the  executors.  When  any  doubu  bare 
arisen  as  to  the  ownership  of  any  property,  we  biTe 

given  the  estate  the  benefit  of  that  doubt,  and  vi 
ope  the  Saints  of  the  living  God  will  support  as  in 
our  action.  Of  course  we  have  found  errors  &Ld 
omissions,  but  the  accounts  are  nevertheleaa  correct 
The  duty  of  investigating  these  accounts  hai  Ucl 
very  unpleasant  and  onerous,  but  after  t)ie  exeroiie 
of  the  utmost  vigilance  a  satisfactory  conclnaion  of 
our  labors  has  been  reached. 

The  recent  decision  of  the  Supreme  Coart  of 
the  United  States  in  the  case  of  Reynolds  tK 
United  States  involves  the  whole  question  of  po- 
lygamy in  the  Territories  and  the  constitatiozh 
ality  of  the  laws  passed  by  Oongress  for  its  sup- 
pression. Reynolds  was  indicted  by  the  grand 
jury  for  contracting  a  bigamous  marriage.  He 
was  tried  in  the  Third  Judicial  Coart  of  Utah 
and  found  guilty.  He  appealed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Territory,  and  finally  to  this  Oootl, 
which  now  affirms  the  indgment  of  the  lower 
tribunals,  and  decides  that  the  plea  of  religions 
conviction  is  not  a  valid  defense ;  that  polVgi- 
my  is  not  under  the  protection  of  the  dause 
in  the  Constitution  which  prohibits  interfer- 
ence with  religious  belief;  that  Congress  had 
power  to  pass  laws  prohibiting  polygamoof 
marriages  in  Utah,  and  that  such  laws  are  con- 
stitutional. The  view  taken  of  this  decision  hj 
the  Mormons  may  be  seen  by  the  following  ex- 
tract from  a  Salt  Lake  paper,  written,  it  is  rt- 
ported,  by  Bishop  Taylor : 

The  question  that  naturally  arises  in  the  pcblic 
mind  is,  "  What  areMormons^oingtodoabout  it!" 
So  far  as  we  understand  their  views  and  feelinr^« 
we  should  say  they  will  leave  the  matter  in  the  haod5 
of  the  Almiffhty.  The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Latter-Day  Saints  is  composed  of  people  who  are 
chiefly  citixens  of  the  United  States.  Many  of  thent 
came  from  foreign  lands.  When  they  took  the  oath 
of  alleffianoe  to  the  Constitution  and  Government  of 
the  United  States  they  made  no  promise  of  submis- 
sion to  any  interference  with  their  religions  liberty : 
neither  did  they  agree  that  Conarress  or  any  court 
should  decide  what  might  or  might  not  be  consider* 
ed  a  part  of  their  religious  faith.  The  celestial  mar- 
riage, including  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  wives. 
was  revealed  directly  to  them  from  God.  It  doe«  not 
matter  who  may  dispute  this  as  a  fact  The  v  hare  evi- 
dence of  it,  which  to  them  is  complete*  leaving  n^ 
room  for  doubt.  Congress,  many  years  after  this 
doctrine  became  an  integral  part  of  their  religious 
creed,  the  practice  of  which  was  oommand«d  by  the 


VERMONT.  815 

Almigbty.  pasned  a  Btatute  deelaiing  what  God  has  are  just  aa  true  to-dajjr  aa  thej  were  at  any  previoaa 

authorixea  a  crime  against  the  law.     The  Supreme  time,  and  no  human  faw  or  court  decision  can  possi- 

Court  now  affirms  that  law  to  be  valid.    Does  this  bly  alter  or  abrogate  them.    The  issue  is  between 

affect  in  anj  wajr  the  truth  that  Ood  has  revealed  the  Supreme  Being  and  those  who  venture,  igno- 

and  commanded  it  ?    Not  in  the  remotest  degree,  rantlj  or  otherwise,  to  oppose  his  purposes  and  de- 

Tue  principles  which  underlie  the  plural  mArnagea  signs. 


V 

VERMONT.     The  Repablican  party  of  this  large  minority  of  the  people  whose  suffrages  elected 

State  held  their  Convention  at  Burlington  on  Democratic  candidates  for  the  Presidency  and  Vice- 

t>iA  QQH   of  Mav  to  noTninid:A  a  RtatA  tinlcfit  Presidency  of  the  nation.     We  recogniie  the  present 

•tu^      ^  if^'  .     nominate  a  btate  ticket,  deplorable  condition  of  morals  and  businesi  inter- 

with   the    following    result:    iJor   Governor,  esu  of  the  country,  as  the  result  of  the  departure 

Kedfield  Proctor,  of  Rutland ;  for  lieutenant-  A-om  the  fundamental  principles  of  government  as 

Governor,    E.,P.    Cotton,    of  Irasbnrg;    for  taught  and  practiced  in  the  earl^- days  of  the  repub- 

State  Treasurer,  John  A.  Page,  of  Montpelier.  1*<^'  and  that  upon  the  Republican  party   its  mea- 

vki-  n^»«.^.,^J.«   «*..  ^^^oiA^^^A  ♦i,^  rL^,*.^^  *^^^^  and  men,  rests  the  grave  responsibility  for  the 

This  Convention  was  considered  the  largest  departure  from  those  principles  and  for  the  inancial 

ever  held  in  Vermont  by  the  Republicans.  The  distress,  misery,  and  want  that  have  brought  the 

platform  adopted  was  as  follows:  country  to  the  Verge  of  bankruptcy  and  ruin.  It  has 


sensible  of  the  gravity  of  present  exigencies  in  our    •  *r".  •'^'Vv  "T*       ^    i  •    u   •  T       *     -^ 

country,  hereby  resolve :  povensh  the  many,  and  to  control  in  Its  interests,  if 

1.  That  the  motives  and  general  course  of  the  Ad-     "?^  «"S*'^i  !!*!"*>»  ^^f  rights  and  franchises  of  peo- 


icy  may  exist  we  rejoice  intne  Deiiertnat  botn  tne  -"—-r-'V'-i  x«  -««,!»-.  «--.»..^,*.,  ^  v^v^^yw^  w* 
Ekeoutive  and  the  Republicans  in  Congress  are  dis-  t»»e  "oh  from  the  just  burdenn  of  the  Go>;emment, 
posed  to  suffer  no  divisions,  but  on  thS  contrary  to  ""^  reckless  and  cnmm^  extravagance  in  pubho 
observe  the  excellent  precept, "  In  essentials,  um^y ;  expenditure,  thus  tending  to  discourage  every  enter- 
in  non-essentials,  liberty ;  In  all  things,  charity."  P"*«  *^**  promised  remuneration  to  labor  or  general 
2.  That,  welcoiiing  tiaih  and  shrinking  not  from  PJ^spenty  to  the  nation.  It  has  granted  the  landa 
inveatigatlon,  we  yet  condemn  aa  nnfaif,  uncalled  of  the  people  to  gigantic  wrporationsan^d  has  shield- 
for,  anS  revilutioiary  the  measure  of  tte  Demo-  S^^^^  most  flagrant  dishonesty  in  official  station 
cratic  House  of  BepreTentativea  to  investigate  a  part  JV»  E!frL^J?lt?P°^^^^^^^^^ 

only  of  the  facts  pertaining  to  the  PresidStial  eleo-  Jj/r^^^P*??^'  "T  /'''^?7,  >"  ahomelcss  defiance 

tion,  and  consideV  that  all  efforts  ^^^n  rquoa-  %^^^  ^i?  <*^?  Rff  ?J^fVt^""^  and  couftitution- 

tion  of  snch  magnitude  after  it  has  l^e^awfully  and,  ^\  exprewed  at  thel>aUot-box  in  1876.    In  onpoai- 

rror^^vi;feou^^^^^^^^^^  '^To^r^^^^^^'^^lt^^^^^ 

IZ^V^l^^atllJ^^Z^Ll^^^^       iv2iM?uS^'  «^e''  VolitiLl  predilections,  to  unite  with  us  in  the 

i  TS!r^§n«  Jn^JfSi^^i'Xf  ^i  following  declaration  of  principles : 

8.  That,  while  wo  deplore  the  continued  opposi-  -    1?; j^i:«.„  ^^  «ii  ♦v^  J»«^„:„:,v«-  ^^*ur.  r'^..4.:»« 

tlon  of  •  portion  of  the'^Sonth  to  the  efforts  of  the  „  l;  ^'^.tlS^^*?.  J?.  '^•/?""°"!  ?'  'f!-i^~i  *1^; 

'^4"Ww*reTdT«iry'V.oommend  .o  the  e«ffl^e.  r/^I!«^/'±t,^r^f  Ll'^rnSli^^rg^ 

of  the  freemen  of  Vemont  the  omdidates  tlii.  day  ?^'i'*?,',?^i  "P'"'*^  "  e"*""'"'  qualiflcationa  for 

nominated  *^  public  offlcers. 

uonuuMou.   ^                                        J,      ^  8.  The  honest  payment  of  the  public  debt  in  such 

The  nomination  of  candidates  for  Oongress  eurrenoy  as  its  terms  imply,  and  the  preservation  of 

by  local  conventions  resulted  as  follows :  First  the  public  faith. 

District,  Charles  H.  Joyce,  of  Rutland;  See-  *•  Home  rule,  no  centralization  ofState  or  Federal 

end  James  M.  Tyler,  of  Brattleboro;  Third,  S^Fe'e'rS^feftSSl."''''"''^" 

W  lUiam  W.  Grout,  of  Barton.           ^  5,  a  just  and  equitable  revenue  tariff  incidenUDy 

The  Democrats  met  at  Montpelier  on  the  fostering  our  agricultural  and  manufacturing  intet 

20th  of  June,  abont  three  hundred  delegates  ^b^b. 

being  present,  and  nominated  candidates  for  ?:  Onecnmncy  for  aU.    Wo  oppose  J^e  present 

Cf»4.r  ^ffi/.^.^  «»  r^ii/^«ro.  T?^«  rLn.»A«^^.  Txr:i  national  banking  system,  and  recommend  the  grad* 

State  offers  as  foUows:  For  Governor,  Wil-  ^^  aubstitution  of  greenbacks  for  national-bank 

liaxn  H.  H.  Bingham,  of  Stowe ;  for  Lienten-  bills. 

ant-Governor,  Jerome  W.  Pierce,  of  Spring-  WhstMt^  The  people  of  the  United  States  in  the 

field;  for   Treasurer,    George    E.    Royce,    of  laatPreaidential  contest  elected  by  an  overwhelming 

^°*^T^L,  T^^fo""-*'^  P'-'f"™  -'«  "^'-  r/ii%he^.u5'o,S'o5TegtVhe'"C'^?Mio3i: 

monsly  adopted :  date  for  President,  and  the  will  of  the  nation  as  con- 

The  Democrats  of  Vermont  in  convention  assem-  stitutionally  declared  having  been  nullified  by  the 

bled  congratulate  the  country  on  the  restoration  of  grossest  usurpations  and  ftnads,  instigated^  protected, 

home  rule  in  the  South,  the  era  of  peace  and  recon-  and  adopted  by  men  now  high  in  position  and  in 

oiliation  and  the  overthrow  of  military  domination,  the  confidence  of  the  Administration^  and  rendered 

brought  about  in  response  to  the  demands  of  the  na-  operative  by  the  presence  of  a  formidable  military 

tional  Democracy,  backed  by  the  strong  voice  of  a  force:  therefore, 


818  VERMONT. 

Its  site  coyers  eight  acres  of  ground,  and  the  trath  of  the  alibi,  which  the  telegranhio  dk- 

workhouse  is  considered  as  being  in  everj  waj  patch  from  Boston  intimated,  and  which  the 

adapted  to  the  purpose.  accused  man  had  pleaded  for  himself  at  hb 

In  1878  an  act  was  passed  which  expunges  trial  three  years  before,  but  was  disbelieved, 

the'  name  of  ^^  workhouse  "  from  former  acta,  On  these  new  discoveries,  Oovemor  Fairbanis 

and  substitutes  the  name  of  *^  House  of  Oor-  ordered  a  further  stay  of  execution  till  the  first 

rection,^^  and  defines  the  object  of  the  institu-  Friday  of  February,  1879,  that  the  LegisUtore 

tion  to  be  *^  for  the  safe-keeping,  correction,  at  the  session  which  would  take  place  in  the 

employment,  and  reformation  of  all  persons  interval  might  take  cognizance  of  the  matter 

above  the  sge  of  sixteen  years,  convicted  of  and  determine  on  it.    In  informing  the  Legii^ 

offenses  for  which  the  punishment  by  law  is  lature  of  this  reprieve,  the  Grovemor  statts 

only  by  fine  and  imprisonment ;  and  also  of  idl  that  by  the  gravity  of  the  circumstances  of  the 

persons  not  less  than  sixteen  years  of  age  at  case  he  was  compelled  knowingly  to  act  against 

the  time  of  conviction,  convicted  of  offenses  the  law  of  the  State,  by  whose  express  pro- 

Eunishable  by  law  with  imprisonment  in  the  visions  the  time  of  presenting  a  petition  for  & 

tate  Prison,  whom  the  Oourt  in  its  discretion  new  trial  in  Phair^s  oehal^  and  of  acting  on  it 

shall  sentence  to  such  institution.*^     It  also  at  all,  had  long  before  elapsed.    To  debar  a 

provides  that,  if  any  other  county  in  the  State  man  under  sentence  of  death  from  the  poasi- 

will  contribute,  and  actually  pay  into  the  State  bility  of  petitioning  for  a  new  trial  at  any  time 

Treasury,  the  sum  of  $20,000  toward  the  es-  before  the  sentence  is  actually  executed,  ereo 

tablishment  of  a  House  of  Oorreotion  within  though  there  might  be  good  reasons  for  such 

its  limits,  then  ^'  it  shall  be  built  at  a  like  cost  petition,  the  Governor  re^u^  to  be  a  defect 

from  the  State,  and  the  county  shall  have  the  in  the  law,  and  recommends  its  ooirectioo. 

right  to  use  it  for  a  common  jail  for  said  conn-  The  Legislature  deliberated  on  Phair^s  caae  at 

ty.*'  this  session,  and  determined  to  allow  him  a 

A  very  extraordinary  case  of  reprieve,  stay-  new  trial,  which  resulted  in  his  conviction,  and 

ing  the  execution  of  a  death- sentence  within  he  was  executed  on  April  4,  1879.    They  alio 

one  hour  of  the  time  when  the  doomed  man  passed  a  law  in  relation  to  the  available  time 

was  to  be  hanged,  occurred  in  Vermont  in  of  petitioning  for  a  new  trial  in  behalf  of  per- 

1877 ;   the  chief  points  of  which  Governor  sons  under  sentence  of  death. 

Fairbanks  thus  states:  In  the  Aqrlum  for  the  Insane  there  are  at 

On  the  day  appointed  for  the  exeoation  of  John  V^^^^  459  patients,  of  whom  295  are  main- 

P.  Phair,  April  6,  1877,  aud  only  an  hour  or  two  tamed  at  the  charge  of  the  State,  and  164  at 

before  the  execution  waa  to  take  place,  a  telegram  the  cost  of  their  respective  towns  or  of  friends, 

was  received  from  M,  0.  Downing,  of  Boaton,  sent  Since  the  year  1871-'72,  the  relative  proper 

by  advice  of  the  Chief  of  Police,  aay  ing  tiiat  he  tion  of  these  two  classes  of  patients  appears  to 

thought  he  saw  and  conversed  with  Mr.  Phair  on  the  v-  ^  t  JT    «  7  L^tT^   L  *"T'^'^  •*'*?*" 

train  coming  from  Providence  to  Boaton  on  the  next  ^^^^  »««".  undergoing  a  steady  alter^on,  to 

day  following  the  murder  of  Mrs.  Friexe ;  and  also  the  pecuniary  loss  of  the  State,  bj  an  mcreaae 

a  telegram  from  Charles  H.  Taylor,  manner  of  the  in  the  number  of  the  former,  and  a  decrease  in 

Boaton" Globe "vouphlngtiut Mr,  Downing w^^^  that  of  the  latter;  as  the  State  beaefidaritf. 

reUable  man.    Phair  left  fintland  by  the  ear&  tnun  ^^o  in  tiiat  year  numbered  238,  in  1878  aw 

on  the  morning  of  the  murder,  and  went  to  Boatob.  TJ*        ,  I^r^t*  ^  ««u*t/w*iw*  «»«,  u«  a^iu  » 

At  the  trial,  and  in  a  atatement  which  he  had  caused  278  ;  while  the  town  or  pnvate  patients,  who 

to  be  published,  he  claimed  that  he  did  not  stop  in  were  then  278,  are  now  164. 

Boston,  but  went  directly  through  to  Provideoce,  The  session  of  1878  dosed  on  the  27th  of 

stopped  over  night,  and  returned  to  Boston  the  next  Kovember.    The  number  of  biUs  acted  upoc 

forenoon.    The  strong  evidence  on  the  tnal  agamst  ^^^^^jt   xk^*  ^#  ,^«^„:^«-  ^^.^^^^s.  k-  ^\Lr* 

him  showed  that  he,  under  the  name  of  "E.  F.  «<»o<i®d  that  of  previous  sessiona  by  aboct 

Soiith,*'  occupied  a  room  .that  niffht  at  the  Adams  l^^* 

House  in  Boston,  in  whtch^  after  ne  left,  was  found  Since  the  adjournment  of  the  Le^slatore  in 

part  of  a  shawl,  which  waa  identified  aa  having  be-  1676,  a  considerable  bequest  has  been  made  to 

longed  to  the  murdered  woman,  and  that  under  the  ^^  q^^^  ^f  Vermont  in  the  interests  of  edncf 

same  name  the  next  morning  he  pawned  in  one  place  T     v     a     J  u  Sr     li  ••**"^  **»«,»«•»  v»  «* 

a  watch,  and  in  another  an  opera-glasa  and  some  ^^^  by  Arunah  Huntington,  who  died  at  B^an^ 

rings,  which  were  also  identified  aa  having  belonged  ford,  Canada,  on  January  10, 1877,  leavmg  to 

to  her.    He  could  not  have  done  thia  if  he  went  to  the  State  the  whole  of  his  property,  invento- 

Providence  and  returned  as  he  claimed,  and  as  Mr.  rfed  in  the  will  at  $202,000,  as  a  common- 

Downmg'a  testimony  tended  to  show.    There  was  j^    j  ^^^    j^  Huntington  was  a  native  ot 

no  time  for  investigation.    I  deemed  it  my  duty  to  ^"""*    T^c    -'**•  "**"v*H5»~*f     ?Sa^    v  *  -^ 

suy  the  execution  of  the  sentence  for  a  short  time,  Vermont,  bom  at  Roxbuiy  m  1794,  but  «- 

and  did  so  until  the  4th  da^  of  May  following.   The  moved  thence  in  1828  to  Brantford,  where  ne 

matter  was  of  so  much  importance,  not  only  to  resided  to  the  time  of  hla  death.    He  left  no 


The  investigation  here  referred  to  by  the  real  estate  in  Oanada,  is  personal,  consisting  of 

Governor  was  immediately  made  under  his  spe*  bank  and  insurance  stock,  railroad  secnritiea, 

oial  appointment  by  the  State's  Attorney  and  and  personal  loans.    Those  who  claim  to  be  hia 

one  of  Pbair's  counsel  at  the  trial,  and  the  heirs  at  law  have  instituted  proceedings  in 

results  of  this  inquiry  tended  to  establish  the  chancery,  praying  that  the  whole  devise  be  d^ 


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VICTOR  EMANUEL  U.  VICTORIA,  QUEEN.          819 

dared  void,  aud  asking  that  the  heirs  at  law  On  the  11th  of  July,  1818,  the  Duke  of  Clar- 

be  declared  totitled  to  the  same,  according  to  ence,  afterward  William  IV.,  married  Adelaide, 

eir  several  interests.    The  Legislature  consid-  daughter  of  the  Dake  of  Saze-Meiningen.    On 

ered  the  subject,  and,  upon  the  report  of  the  the  same  day  the  Duke  of  Kent  wedded  Vic- 

Jadiciary  Committee  to  whom  it  had  been  re-  toria  Maria  Louisa  of  Saxe-Coburg,  widow  of 

ferred,  in  the  name  of  the  State,  accepted  Mr.  Charles  Louis,  Prince  of  Leiningen.  The  Prince 

HuQtington^s  bequest.  had  died  in  1818,  leaving  her  with  two  chU- 

VIOTOR  EMANUEL  IL,  the  firstling  of  dren— Charles,  Prince  of  Leiningen,  who  died 

anited  Italy,  bom  March  14, 1820,  died  January  in  1859 ;  and  Anna,  who  married  Prince  Ho- 

9, 1878.    He  was  the  oldest  son  of  Charles  Al-  henlohe-Langenburg,  and  died  in  1872.    By 

lert,  King  of  Sardinia.     In  the  wars  of  his  her  second  marriage  the  Duchess  of  Kent  had 

f&ther  against  Austria  he  saw  active  service,  issue  only  the  Princess  Victoria.    When  she 

dUtiuguishing  himself  on  all  occasions  by  his  was  eight  months  old  the  Duke  of  Kent  died 

T^rsonal  bravery.    After  the  disastrous  battle  at  Sidmouth,  January  28,  1820,  in  the  fifty- 

of  Novara  his  father  abdicated  in  his  favor,  second  year  of  his  age.    The  Duchess  of  Kent 

March  23,  1849.    The  conditions  under  which  summoned  her  brother.  Prince  Leopold,  who 

he  ascended  the  throne  were  very  difficult ;  henceforward  assumed  a  father^s  place  toward 

bat  by  introducing  reforms  in  the  army  and  in  the  youthful  princess.    Two  daughters,  both 

the  finances,  and  by  selecting  capable  minis-  of  whom  died  in  infancy,  were  bom  to  the 

teni,  like  D'Azeglio  and  Cavour,  he  raised  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  and  the  succession  to  the 

condition  of  liis  country.    The  first  important  throne  was  long  doubtful.    While  carefully 

act  of  his  reign  was  his  participation  in  the  trained  for  the  exalted  position  she  was  des- 

Crimean  war.    In  the  war  with  Austria  in  1859  tined  to  fill,  the  Princess  Victoria  was  sedu- 

he  took  part  himself,  together  with  his  son  lously  kept  in  ignorance  of  this  brilliant  but 

Humbert,  and  through  it  acquired  Lombardy.  uncertain  future.    When  the  Regency  bill  was 

In  1860  he  annexed  Modena,  Parma.  Tuscany,  in  progress,  she  was  twelve  years  old,  and  a 

a  large  part  of  the  Papal  States,  and  the  Two  genealogical  table  was  purposely  placea  in  her 

Sicilies,  and  on  March  17th  assumed  the  title  of  historical  book.    Examining  it,  she  first  dis- 

King  of  Italy.    Venetia  was  added  to  his  do-  covered  that  she  was  heir  apparent.    She  made 

miniona  after  a  short  war,  which  he  carried  on  to  her  governess,  the  Baroness  Lntzen,  this 

in  1866  in  alliance  with  Prussia  against  Austria,  characteristic  observation,  **  I  see  that  I  am 

while  the  remainder  of  the  Papal  dominions  nearer  to  the  throne  than  I  thought — I  will  be 

were  added  to  Italy  in  1870,  and  in  1871  Rome  good."    A  nation  wiU  attest  how  this  childish 

became  the  capital  of  united  Italy.    He  was  promise  has  been  kept.    The  Duchess  of  Kent 

married  in  1842  to  the  Archdnchess  Adelaide  ae voted  her  life  to  superintending  the  educa- 

of  Austria,  who  died  in  1856,  and  by  whom  tion  of  the  Princess,  which  was  intrusted  to 

he  had  six  children.    His  oldest  son,  who  sue-  the  Duchess  of  Northumberland.    Her  chief 

ceeds  him  on  the  throne,  is  Humbert,  bom  instructor  was  Mr.  Davys,  afterward  Bishop 

March  14, 1844,  and  married  on  April  22, 1868,  of  Peterborough.    Sound  constitutional  prin- 

to  Princess  Maria  Margaretha  of  Savoy.    Of  ciples  and  all  princely  lore  were  early  instilled 

Ms  other  children.  Princess  Clothilde  was  mar-  into  her  mind.    When  Prince  Leopold  became 

ried  to  Prince  Kapoleon ;  Pia  is  the  present  King  of  the  Belgians,  he  did  not  relax  his  care 

Queen  of  Portugal;  and  Amadeus,  Duke  of  of  his  royal  niece.    Her  life  was  spent  in  com- 

Aosta,  was  King  of  Spain  from  1870  to  1878.  parative  retirement  until  she  attained  her  eigh- 

Victor  Emannel  contracted  a  morganatic  mar*  teenth  year.    Her  accession  was  then  evidently 

riage  with  Rosina  Vercellana,  whom  he  made  dose  at  hand,  and  under  the  difficulties  of  her 

Countess  de  Mirafiore.    The  sons  of  this  un-  lofty  position,  his  judgment  and  experience 

ion  caused  him  great  trouble  and  annoyance,  were  always  at  her  command.   He  placed  near 

Special  works  on  Victor  Emanuel  and  his  reign  her  his  most  trusted  friend.  Baron  Stockmar, 

have  been  written  by  Rtlffer  (^'  Ednig  Victor  a  man  thoroughly  conversant  with  English 

Emanuel,"  1878)  and  Bersezio  (*^  II  Regno  di  modes  of  thought  and  the  English  Constitn- 

Vittorio  Emmanuele  n.,"  1878).  tion. 

VICTORIA,  Alkxandbdta,  Queen  of  the  On  the  20th  of  June,  1887,  William  IV.  died. 

United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  On  the  28th  of  June  the  coronation  of  Queen 

Empress  of  India,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  Sov-  Victoria  took  place  in  Westminster  Abbey, 

ereign  of  the  Orders  of  the  Garter,  Thistle,  Lord  Melbourne,  the  Prime  Minister,  waa  well 

Bath,  St.  Patrick,  St.  Michael,  and  St.  George,  fitted  to  guide  the  youthful  Queen ;  but  the 

was  bom  at  Kensington  Palace,  London,  May  strife  of  parties  was  peculiarly  fierce,  and  in 

24,  1819.    Her  parents  resided  at  Darmstadt  1889  he  resigned..    Sir  Robert  Peel  attempted 

until  shortly  before  her  birth,  when  they  re-  to  form  an  administration,  which  broke  down 

moved  to  England.    She  is  the  sole  child  of  on  the  question  of  the  retirement  of  the  ladies 

Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  George  of  the  Queen's  bedchamber.    The  Tories  were 

UI.   The  death  of  the  Princess  Charlotte,  wife  exasperated  at  this  failure,  which  they  attrib- 

of  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg,  afterward  uted  to  the  Queen's  partiality  for  the  ministers 

King  of  the  Belgians,  and  only  child  of  George  who  had  first  surrounded  her,  the  first  duty  of 

IVm  occurred  on  the  6th  of  November,  1817.  a  constitutional  monarch  being  to  maintain  a 


820             VICTORIA,  QUEEN.  VIRGINIA. 

poflilion  of  strict  neutrality.  All  parties  were  again  daring  the  long  and  alarming  iUneM  of 
anxious  that-  the  Queen  should  have  the  gold-  the  Prinoe  of  Wales.  The  bursi  of  lojraltj 
anoe  and  support  of  a  husband.  Thus  urged,  which  followed  his  reooyery,  and  the  sympa- 
the  Queen  consented  to  a  marriage  with  her  thy  which  has  been  shown  at  each  fr^  be- 
cousin,  Prince  Albert,  Duke  of  Saxe,  Prinoe  reavement  that  has  saddened  the  royal  familr, 
of  Ooburg  and  Gotha,  which  took  place  in  the  prove  the  affection  and  honor  which  the  Qaeea 
Ohapel  Royal  at  St.  Jameses,  on  Monday,  Feb-  nas  won  as  daughter,  wife,  and  mother.  Dur- 
ruary  10,  1840.  Her  Majesty  has  issue:  1.  ing  the  political  convulsions  which  have  altered 
Victoria,  Adelaide,  Princess  Royal,  bom  No-  the  face  of  Oontinental  Europe,  the  English 
vember  21,  1840 ;  married  January  25,  1858,  throne  has  stood  firm.  The  Conservative  and 
to  the  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William  of  Liberal  parties  have  been  almost  equally  bal- 
Prussia.  2.  Albert  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  anced.  The  Prime  Ministers  who  have  sue- 
bom  November  9,  1841 ;  married  March  10,  ceeded  Lord  Melbourne,  viz..  Sir  Robert  Peel 
1868,  to  Princess  Alexandra  of  Denmark.  8.  Lord  John  Russell,  the  Earl  of  Derby,  Lord 
Alice  Maud  Mary,  Duchess  ofSaxony,  born  April  Aberdeen,  Lord  Palmerston,  Mr.  Gladstone, 
25,1848;  married  July  1,1862,  to  Prince  Lud wig  and  Mr.  Dbraeli  (created  Viscount  Beacons 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  4.  Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  field),  have  each  in  turn  supported  the  honor 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  born  August  6, 1844 ;  mar-  of  England  at  home  and  abroad.  The  Crimean 
ried  January  28,  1874,  to  Grand  Duchess  Marie  war,  the  Indian  mutiny,  the  Abyssinian  war, 
of  Russia.  5.  Helene  Augusta  Victoria,  born  and  the  wars  now  in  progress  with  the  Afghans 
May  26,  1846 ;  married  July  6, 1866,  to  Prince  and  the  Zulus,  show  that  En^^nd  has  main- 
Christian  of  Schleswiff-Holstein.  6.  Louisa  tained  its  military  strength.  Wise  statesman- 
Caroline  Alberta,  bom  March  18,  1848 :  mar-  ship  and  a  resort  to  arbitration  have  prevented 
ried  March  21,  1871,  to  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  other  wars.  The  chartist  riots,  the  Irish  fam- 
Viceroy  of  Canada.  7.  Arthur  Patrick,  Duke  ine,  and  the  Indian  disturbances  have  not  weak- 
of  Connaught,  bom  May  1,  1850 ;  married  ened  the  empire.  Commerce,  arts,  and  liters- 
March  18,  1879,  to  Princess  Margaret  Louisa  tnre  have  been  fostered.  To  the  cares  of  state 
of  Prussia.  8.  Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  her  Majesty  has  added  those  of  authorship, 
bom  April  7, 1858.  0.  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  '^  The  Early  Days  of  H.  R.  H.  the  Prince  Con- 
Feodore,  bom  April  14,  1857.  The  Prince  sort"  was  published  in  1867,  and  was  followed 
Consort  was  born  August  26,  1819,  and  had  in  1869  by  **  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  our 
therefore  not  completed  his  twenty-first  year  Life  in  the  Highlands." 
when  he  was  called  to  fill  the  place  nearest  to  Her  Majesty  spends  a  portion  of  each  year 
the  throne.  By  the  iufluenoe  of  his  life  and  at  Balmoral  Castle  in  Scotland.  Osborne  in 
the  example  of  his  home,  he  strengthened  the  the  Isle  of  Wight  is  the  home  built  by  the 
hold  of  the  monarchy  upon  the  affections  of  Prince  Consort,  where  they  sought  recreation 
the  people.  The  moral  dignity  of  the  Court  after  the  cares  and  splendors  of  Bnckingham 
was  upheld.  He  understood  the  spirit  of  the  Palace  and  Windsor  Castle.  The  Queen  has 
English  Constitution,  and  the  Queen  had  ever  made  various  Continentid  tours  to  Cobnrg,  the 
by  her  side  a  dispassionate  and  judicious  ad-  birthplace  of  Prince  Albert,  and  to  BerHn; 
viser.  Imbued  with  the  love  of  art,  he  became  and  she  visited  France  during  the  reiffus  of 
its  chief  patron  and  reviver.  His  sudden  death  Louis  Philippe  and  of  the  Emperor  Napo- 
on  the  14th  of  December,  1861,  was  an  over-  leon  III. 

whelming  loss  to  the  Queen  and  the  nation.  In  1877  her  Majesty  assumed  the  additional 

Since  that  time  her  Majesty  has  in  a  great  title  of  Empress  of  India.    In  1878  she  was 

measure  withdrawn  from  public  and  court  cere-  represented  at  the  Berlin  Conference  by  Lord 

moniah),  but  she  has  not  in  her  seclusion  re-  Salisbury  and  Lord  Beaconsfield,  on  whom  she 

laxed  her  watchfulness  over  the  interests  of  bestowed  the  Order  of  the  Garter  in  reoogni- 

her  realm,  nor  failed  to  perform  any  of  her  tion  of  their  success  in  securing  *'  peace  with 

duties  as  sovereign.    On  March  16,  1861,  the  honor.*'    Though  territorial  aoquimtions  and 

Duchess  of  Kent  died  after  a  short  illness.    On  prudent  legislation  illustrate  her  reign,  she  is 

Saturday,  December  14,  1878,  on  the  anniver-  chiefly  endeared  to  her  people  by  her  domestic 

sary  of  her  father-s  death,  the  Princess  Alice  virtues.    Foreigners  as  weU  as  Britons  readily 

sank  under  a  virulent  attack  of  diphtheria,  admit  that 

This  disease  had  stricken  her  children  and  car-  _    .  •  '.vv?^® 5^*32 ^n  hearts 

ried  off  one  of  them.    When  this  death  was  Byri«bidiTto6ofspotto«woin«hood. 

announced  to  a  brother,  the  child  threw  him-  VIRGINIA.    The  subject  of  the  public  debt 

self  into  his  mother^s  arms.    In  defiance  of  her  excited  more  interest  in  the  State  during  the 

physician^s  counsel  the  mother  returned  the  year  than  any  other.  Kotwithstandingarrange- 

embrace,  and  this  proved  to  her  the  kiss  of  ments  for  its  settlement  bad  been  made  in  1^ 

death.    The  Princess  Alice  was  the  loveliest  and  1878  (see  *' Annual  Cydopssdia '^,  tbein- 

of  the  Qneen^s  daughters.    She  was  regarded  terest  was  not  regularly  paid,  the  appropriation 

in  her  own  family  and  by  the  English  people  for  schools  was  contributed  only  in  part,  and,  b.f 

with  peculiar  tenderness,  due  to  her  gentle  reason  of  the  reception  of  the  coupons  of  tho 

character  and  to  the  attentions  which  she  lav-  bonds  for  taxes,  the  Treasury  was  almost  with- 

ished  at  the  death-bed  of  Prince  Albert,  and  out  money.    It  was  very  evident  when  the  s» 


VIRGINIA.  821 

sion  of  the  Legislature  began  on  December  6,  on  the  public  debt  should  be  paid  in  full;  and  whereas 

187T,  that  some  measure  should  be  adopted  rela-  **»"  ^^^  ^^^  ^  done  without  an  increase  in  the  pree- 

ti«U,^edebt.    B.t  a  dinged  sentient  had  2^ro.l°erTbP'.rr,i'^'l^rrtl.eX™^^^^ 
alresdy  begun  to  prevail    Some  were  in  favor       Huolved,  That  the  Finance  Committee  be  and  they 

of  an  increase  of  taxes  sufBcient  to  meet  all  are  hereby  instructed  to  report  as  earl^  as  practicable 

delinquencies ;  others  opposed  every  increase  of  >u<^b  a  biu  increasing  the  rate  of  taxation  on  licenses, 

taxation,  and  others  proposed  new  bonds  at  a  P«"o«iai  property,  real  estate,  and  all  other  subjects 

w^n^/Ji  {n«'^»A««      Tir«-  iL»«.«.^<>  *«-  ^^Ai^«t.  tow  taxed  by  law,  as  will  meet  the  current  expenses 

reduced  interest.    Thus  measures  for  readjust-  ^f  t^e  State,^the  pubUo  schools,  the  interest  on  the 

ment  ox  the  debt  were  mtroduced  early  in  the  public  debt,  and  any  and  all  other  debts  now  dae  or 

session.    They  proposed  to  refund  at  8  per  cent,  that  may  become  due  during  the  fiscal  year  by  the 

interest  for  ten  years,  4  per  cent  for  ten  years,  Commonwealth. 

then  5  and  6  per  cent,  in  bonds  of  forty  or  fifty        In  the  House  on  February  1st  the  Committee 

years.    But  the  propositions  contained  a  pro-  on  Finance  reported  as  follows:  **The  Oom- 

vision  retaining  the  tax  feature  of  the  coupons,  mittee  on  Finance  to  whom  was  referred  the 

This  waa  a  fatal  objection  to  them.    Mean-  following  resolution— '^esoZrcef,  as  the  sense 

time  the  Finance  Committee  of  the  House  in  of  this  House,  that  the  rate  of  taxation  upon 

January  reported  the  following  condition  of  real  and  personal  property  should  be  increased 

the  debt :  to  such  an  extent  as  will  enable  the  Common- 

OeM.  ezehasire  of  the  literary  ftind,  the  sink-  wealth  to  pay  the  interest  at  the  rate  of  6  per 

^i!^zSL'!SS:^^^^'^^''^'^oi,fu^«»A^a  cent,  upon  its  debts'— with  instructions  to 

gixiuoff — oeptemMr  80,  1877 129,860,626  88  •         •      •   x      xi.  j*  ^  •  *        xi. 

Aanwd  iDterMt  on  the  debt 4*1^141  88  squire  mto  the  expediency  of  increasing  the 

present  rate  of  taxation,  respectfully  report 

188.088,967  71  ^^^^  jj  jg  inexpedient  to  increase  the  present 

Anmui  Interest  on  the  principal  of  the  debt  of  rate  of  taxation  on  real  and  persona]  property." 

«ie9,aao,8M.aeat6and5pereent $1,748,865  82  The  rennrt  was  Affreed  to— veas  110   navs  4 

JXfbciDdnding  the  litemryand  sinking ftinds.  8J^024;848  68  ^"®  ^^poni  was  agreea  lo—yeas  AlU,  nays  4. 

Aeeraed  Interest  on  litmry  and  linking  ftindfl.     1,108,267  90         Meantime    Uie   finance    V/Ommittce    01    the 

House  of  Delegates  reported  a  bill  which  de- 

$87,082,611  48  ^jj^red  in  its  preamble  that  the  condition  of 

Annisai  tnterest  on  the  principal  of  the  debt  of  the  people  was  such  as  to  render  an  increase 

T«^^*^SJfnSfff&£^i*SJ;y;;y;K-  W«^<»i^«  of  the  rate  of  taxation  impracticable ;  that  the 

lotw  aeot,  iDclnalog  tne  literary  rana  and  the  .       »  « -.  a.         xi.  ^  i.      j     j  j  ii  xi. 

■inking  nmd  and  aocnied  interest 41,220,702  76  ^ &te  ol  nity  cents  on  the  nundrea  douars  was  tne 

Total  aanna]tpt«t^8t  on  ^e  principal  of  the  Utmost  limit  to  which  the  Legislature  should  pro- 

debt,$4i,2«),762.76.t6and6pereent....    a.468,m  81  ceed  in  levying  taxes ;  that  the  present  amount 

BKYKHTrn.  of  taxation  was  not  sufficient  to  maintain  the 

Total  rahie  of  red  estate  as  assessed  with  tastes  governmental  organization,  to  discharge  the 

«nJri'  S?$Joo'J2ifii  iMsWariS  constitutional  obligation  to  the  free  schools,  and 

backtazesaasessedof  $1,1260  22 makes„..  $1,288,216  18  to  pay  the  present  rate  of  interest;  and  that 

"^"iSh^^^fS!? a?i  ffKSJr^L  !!?!S^  the  preservation  of  the  government  was  abso- 

witb  axes  R)rleT7.$To,l7o,4oo;  tax  on  same  i  x  /^  n*\^    i_«ii  xi.     ^^  -j  j 

at  SO  cenu  on  the  $100  rahie 880,892  19  lutely  ncccssary.    The  bill,  therefore,  provided 

"^^  ^J?'  ?.fe^,T.J?*  "■«««^  ^**»  ^^  that  there  should  be  a  tax  first  of  twenty-five 

Jrnt'®"\.*:^!:"*'.*^:.*^.^..T^..^^       84,667  16  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  for  the  exclusive 

Capitsttcm  tax  asMMed  for  1877 :  White,  174,'-  purpose  of  defraying  the  necessary  expenses  of 

^w^ioced.  110,064;  total  tax  at  $iiMr      ^  ^^^  ^  maintaining  the  government ;  second,  a  further 

Ueenses  asMSsed'May  'uid  NorVmber*  1877.'. '.        64ll444  26  taX  of  ten  CCUtS  for  public  frce-BChool  purpOSeS ; 

TaxMderired  frrai  brake,  raOroads, Insnranee        ,^^  ^  third,  a  further  taX  of  fifteen  centS  tO  pay  the 

^^^^i^iT^^"^;i;ii:'x;^x      ^  '^^  interest  on  the  public  debt.    After  an  extended 

and  other  than  extraordinary 75,000  00  debate,  this  bill  was  passed — yeas  71,  nays  40. 

Totairerenuo $2,670,924  77       In  the  Senate  the  bill  WM  amended  by  adding 

Deduct  commissions  for  ooDeeting. 9^06  40  revenue  from  some  mcidental  items  to  the 

i2iS76L72i  87  ^^®^  ccuts  for  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

Deduct  taiolvent  capitation  and  property  and  It  was  then  passed— yeas  21,  nays  16.    In  the 

deiinqnent  land  tax 127,606  78  House  the  amendments  of  the  Senate  were 

$2449  214  64  APP>^^^>  YTith  the  exception  of  an  unimpor- 

Deduct  eorrent  expenses  of  gOTemment llo78,*886  88  tant  One,  whlch  waS  modified  by  the   House 

$i.876l828  81  *^nd  Subsequently  approved  by  the  Senate.    On 

Deduct  affloofit  dne  pnblle  free  schools 497,782  86  February  27th  the  Governor  returned  to  the 

„  ^  „  ,.       ,  .       House  the  bill  with  his  reasons  for  not  signing 

tLSr."*.!??!^  .?!.^!.^!I?!!'!.^??:     $877.646  46  it-    He  urged  that  the  bill  did  not  meet  his 

T   xt    fl      X T Ll^l^  li    *  11 '   .  wishes,  which  were  that  the  State  debt  should 

In  the  8enat«  on  January  29th  the  following  ^^^  g^^y  guttled,  and  that  in  his  opinion  the 

relation  received  four  votes,  and  was  disposed  clauses  of  the  bill  are  both  unjust  and  uncon- 

of  m  the  House  by  reference  to  a  committee :  gtitutional,  apart  from  anything  beyond  their 

Wktnoi^  The  revenue  of  the  Commonwealth,  based  gimple  terms.    The  veto  was  taken  up  for  con- 

on  the  present  rate  of  taxation  of  fifty  oente  on  the  gideration  on  the  28th  in  the  House  of  Dele- 

one  bnndred  dollam  value,  is  inadequate  to  meet  the  •"*«'*  ""^^  ""  »'"^  *^*"  ^  iiT  -  .vT 

expenses  of  the  State,  the  pubUo  schools,  and  the  K^t^-    9",  ^**®  question  of  the  passage  of  the 

interest  on  the  public  debt ;  and  whereas  the  interest  bill  notwithstanding  the  Governor's  veto,  the 


822  VIRGINIA. 

vote  was — yeas  71,  nays  41.    Two  thirds  not  '    Notwithstanding  the  conflicting  views  on  tie 

Voting  in  the  affirmative,  the  hill  was  lost.  snhjeot  of  tiie  State  deht,  and  the  passage  of  a 

On  Fehmary  22d  the  Finance  Committee  of  hill  which  presented  no  special  indaoement  to 

the  House  reported  a  hill  for  the  consolidation  the  hondhofders  for  the  acceptance  of  its  terms, 

of  the  puhlic  debt  and  for  the  payment  of  in-  yet  many  important  meaanres  were  adopted  &t 

terest  thereon.    This  hill  authorized  the  Gov*  this  session.    Salaries  were  redaced,  additional 

emor  to  exchange  for  outstanding  honds,  dollar  sources  of  revenue  provid^  apportionment  of 

for  dollar,  registered  bonds  bearing  interest  at  legislative  members  made.,  and  the  date  for  the 

8  per  cent,  for  twenty  years,  and  4  per  cent,  commencement  of  biennial  sessions  was  fixed 

thereafter  until  paid,  exempted  both  principal  for  December,  1879. 

and  interest  from  taxation,  and  the  bonds  to  On  January  24di  the  Legislature  elected  the 

become  due  in  fifty  years,  but  redeemable  after  following  State  officers :  Superintendent  of  Pob- 

ten  years.   Two  thirds  of  other  interest-bearing  lie  Schools,  W.  H.  Ruffner;  State  Auditor,  W. 

bonds  and  certificates  of  indebtedness  may  be  F.  Taylor ;  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  S.  H. 

funded  in  the  same  manner  upon  a  release  of  Baykin ;  Secretary  of  State,  James  McDonald; 

the  remaining  third,  accrued  and  unpaid  inter-  Superintendent  of  Printing,  R.  £.  Trayser. 

est  to  be  paid  out  of  any  excess  of  revenue  in  Subsequently,  on  March  8d,  the  General  As- 

the  Treasury,  etc.,  etc.  sembly  elected  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  Treasnrer, 

On  March  5th  another  bill  for  the  consolida-  and  Asa  Rogers,  Second  Auditor, 
tion  of  the  debt  was  presented  in  the  Senate,  The  next  regular  session  of  the  Legislatore 
and  its  consideration  postponed.    One  of  the  convened  on  December  4,  1878.     At  its  open- 
Senators  (Fulkerson),  speaking  in  opposition  ing  the  Governor  said :  *^  In  entering  upon  the 
to  its  reception,  said:  duties  and  responsibilities  of  legislation,  the 

There  was  only  $108  in  the  Treasary  this  morning  same  great  question  rises  that  confronted  toq 

— ^not  a  dollar  more.   The  banks  have  refused  to  loan  at  the  beginning  of  your  last  session,  and  oc- 

^^^  ^i^«?JS^®'  *^°"?»  '**•  ^^*'!  ^'^S"  i^^A^^^^u  o^P^ed  you,  in  one  form  or  another,  during  its 

now  $176,000  borrowed  money;  it  is  behind  with    «„i:,<a  /^J^     t*  ;«  ♦!,«  y,«^«4^:««  ^^ ««««♦: ^z-^- 

the  appropriation  to  the  asylums  $121,000 ;  there  U  ®?.*^^^?  ^™^-    \^  }^  ^^^  quesUon  of  questions  for 

$1,000,000  of  uncollected  taxes,  and  $864,000  of  oou-  Virgima,  mvolvmg  every  other.     There  is  not 

pons  on  the  market,  with  $600,000  to  mature  on  the  a  department  of  the  government  it  does  not 

1st  of  July  next.    So  that  we  will  have  less  thas  reach ;  there  is  not  an  operation,  however  ap- 

SXr,%'SSete^reT^^^^^^^^  V^^^^^^  '^?t  or  ^m^l  i^  detail,  that.^  not 
during  that  tune  will  require  $900,000 1  What,  then,  directly  or  mdirectty  affected  by  ita  existence 
shall  we  dof  Fritter  away  the  balance  of  the  session  or  discussion.  As  long  as  the  State  debt  con- 
disoussinff  senseless  propositions  of  compromise^  or  tinues  unsettled,  there  is  an  incubus  upon  the 
set  to  woA  to  devise  the  ways  and  means  of  keeping  spirit  and  a  dog  upon  the  movements  of  Vir- 
the  government  alive  ?  g^^j^ .  ^j^^^  j^  ^s  settled  honorably  and  finallr, 
The  condition  of  the  Treasury  thus  stated  she  will  start  upon  a  career  that  will  not  be 
was  confirmed  by  a  report  of  the  Auditor.  It  unworthy  of  her  history."  The  views  now 
was  finally  relieved  by  the  passage  of  two  bills,  represented  in  this  body  soon  appeared  to  be  as 
one  of  which  required  the  general  license  tax  various  and  conflicting  as  at  the  previous  ses- 
and  the  other  the  liquor  tax  to  be  paid  in  law-  sion.  Some  asserted  that  by  the  payment  of 
ful  money  of  the  United  States.  an  additional  tax  of  twenty  cents  on  the  ban- 
On  March  11th  the  House  ordered  to  be  en-  dred  dollars  the  State  could  meet  all  defidascies 
grossed  an  amended  bill  which  offered  to  the  of  the  revenue,  pay  full  interest  upon  the  entire 
creditors  to  refund  their  bonds  in  reg^ered  debt,  maintain  the  State  government  and  pub- 
bonds  which  will  bear  8  per  cent,  interest  for  lie  schools,  and  provide  a  sinking  fund  which 
eighteen  years,  and  4  per  cent,  for  thirty-two  would  in  a  few  years  extinguish  the  principal 
years.  They  were  to  be  non-taxable  by  city,  of  the  debt.  This  statement  was  denied  bj 
county,  or  State,  on  principal  or  interest.  This  others,  who  urged  that  it  was  based  upon  an 
finally  passed — yeas  84,  nays  18.  In  the  Sen-  erroneous  report  to  the  public ;  and  to  show  it< 
ate  the  bill  was  considered  on  the  next  day,  incorrectness  reference  was  made  to  the  follow- 
when  Mr.  Fulkerson  said  "  he  was  opposed  to  ing  statemait  of  the  Auditor  of  the  Treasurr : 
the  biU  because  there  was  nothing  in  it ;  it  fboii  what  boubois  itxmrjnt  n  dirivhi. 
would  turn  to  ashes  on  the  lips  of  its  invent-  Valae  of  real  estate  as  ssaessad  with  taxes, 

ors  in  less  than  twelve  months.    He  predicted  SJ^Soi^^J^'  ^  ai  w?S65!Sa**aS?uS 

that  in  twelve  months,  if  this  Legislature  as-      taxes,  ssseised  at  $i,Mb.s2|  iwv&g $i;S8i2i€  i? 

sem bled   then,  not  a  single  bondholder  would  Value  of  personal  property  assessed  with  tuwi, 

have  accepted  the  terms  of  the  bill.    The  bill  |i&"^!^A?*'.^°T*.*!.*!!*"!*.'".*^    880,9W  w 

was  only  intended  to  bridge  over  one  year;  YaiaeofinoomMMasaessodiri^^^ 

with  the  weak-kneed  and  the  friends  of  the  carttSoa^ux-i^to^iTiSS^te^d:^^^^^^^^      "^^ 

bill,  it  will  pass  to-day,  and  be  telegraphed  all  & ;  total  tax  at  $i  per  capita! ....  7^. . . ...     na^siR  <*^ 

overthe  country.    But  I  shall  vote  againstit,    I**o°  "5«n**-  ••  • : «oa,«»w 

if  no  one  else  will ;  and  I  am  sure  that  my  pre-  ^^UfciSS.  "S^Sillt^^'T^.     WW  o^ 

dictions  will  be  verified."    The  bill  was  passed  Bevenus  derlyed  from  other  sonroes,  Dot  and 

—yeas  29,  nays  5.    On  the  same  day  the  Legis-      other  than  axtMordinaiy i^e»y^ 

lature  a^onmed.  Total  reTenue ta,T»,4sos 


VTBGINIA.  823 

ftMfht  ftwwMj'*'*;^- •;rj:j"-v ••'!S'JS!  S  niiM«  on  the  dollar  of  assessed  valnefi,  with  a 

Dada.ieammi.«ion.fi»rcaU6etin9,ete im^m  o«  constantly  decreasing  currency,  a  rapidly  di- 

8/M«,8io  60  minishing  market  price  for  lands  and  all  they 

^^SSlSS^***""**'"***^'"*     18&789  8S  PJ-oduoe,  and  a  widespread  prostration  and 

— — stagnation  in  all  enterprise  of  every  kind. 

r^  ^ ^              -              ,          •?»ilJ'S5  a  The  prindpal  staple,  tobacco,  has  been  and 

w«t«m«t«p««.of,»«nim«,t. i,m,m  w  ^^  iJ  burdened  witS  an  nncoiistitutional  and 

^  .                .                                     $1,414,090  44  discriminating  tax,  amounting  to  the  enormous 

D«hiei.»(»]>tdii«tDpobUofW»Behoo]s ui,j6i  9C  ^^^  ^f  twenty-four  cents  on  the  pound;   so 

Net  NTouie  ^pUoible  to  pi^yixMnt  of  intarest   |9T2,26a  49  that,  under  this  burden,  what  was  once  the 

Amnnnt  of  !«♦•«-♦ «« -i*Kt  nf  *9o  AM  MA  M  .* ^^^®^  moucy-crop,  bcst  adaptcd  to  the  soil  and 

^o^f:!•^.~^!'^^?^:^.®*.^'^.^  climate,  is  now  unable  to  realize  tbe  cost  of 

Deficit J770,(t0888  production.    A  bondholder  who  was  a  citizen 

This  $1,742,866.82  does  not  include  the  annual  fF^^^<^  the  following  views  on  the  ques- 

intereal  due  on  bonda  belonging  to  the  literary  ^^^  * 

^» -•'>»''•.  ^'  «of '  """»>  ^^^  -0^^  ^  s?2u"Ctirp.nr4:.i!'K'i'i?,sj;**o5'tt 

^^*  '  gOYemment,  seep  np  the  schools,  and  pay  the  in- 
The  question  thus  presented  was  as  follows :  terest  upon  the  unfunded  debt,  ana  arrears  of  inter- 
Shall  ^e  rate  of  taxation  upon  the  values  in  «•*  il°''-^"?f-  ^ow,  the  condition  of  our  people  in 
♦K^  Q4^a4-a  i*^  -rv  A.«  ;«^.^«<.»/  «-  4.^  ^^«,<..  4-1,^  bouthHBide  Virginia  Is  such  that  they  can  bear  no 
the  State  be  so  far  increased  as  to  cover  the  n^^re  than  they  now  pay,  and  even  the  present  tax 
existmg  deficiency  of  nearly  a  miUion  dollars  ia  so  onerous  that  the  public  officers  have  great  diffl- 
iu  the  annual  revenue,  or  shall  there  be  a  re-  culty  in  making  collections ;  and  when  property  is 
adjustment  of  the  debt,  or  repudiation?  The  lo»i«<i  on  for  taxes,  very  often  it  can  not  be  sold  at 
iMt  mAAsnrA  miffht  hfl  «At  aaMa  frnm  onnaidAm.  "H  forwent  of  buyers.  Beal  estate,  if  now  reassessed, 
last  measure  miffntDe  set  aside  trom  consmera-  ^^^j^  ^^^  geneiuy  be  assessed  at  more  than  half 

U^  for  It  would  find  scarcely  any  advocates,  the  present  valuation ;  for  our  lands  are  going  down 

There  are  only  two  ways,    says  the  Govern-  lower  and  lower  eveiy  year — indeed,  often  can  not 

or,  *^  open  to  us  for  any  honorable  settlement —  be  sold  at  any  prioe^  and  if  sold  scarcely  ever  paid 

by  increasing  the  taxes,  or  by  fair  and  friendly  ^f;  and  ffenerallv  fall  back  into  the  hands  of  the 

adjustment  with  the  creditors.    Between  re-  «ell«.    Iknowofmanyflnetrwtsofb^^ 

V  tr^                   fcijw  vicwwio.    ^oi;fTcvu  lo  ly^n  gold  for  two,  three,  and  four  dollars  per  acre 

pudiation  or  any  settlement  by  force  on  the  which  formerly  brought  twelve  and  fifteen  dollars 

one  hand,  and  an  increase  of  taxation  on  the  per  acre,  and  which  are  now  taxed  at  seveu  and  eight 

other,  I  would  not  for  one  moment  hesitate,  dollars  valuation  per  acre.   Individually  I  would  not 

The  former  would  bring  ruin ;  the  latter,  how-  "K^  a  considerable  increase  of  taxation  in  order  to 

^^^^-^^^u  -««.«:«/•  ^^A\.^-^^*ir.^  u  •«;«!»♦  ^««-^  P»y  the  interest  on  our  pubhc  debt ;  but  I  know  our 

ever  much  sufferiMand  privation  it  might  cause  ft^rmen  generally  conld  not  stand  any  further  in- 

for  a  time,  would  m  the  end  bnng  prosperity  crease  without  very  great  suffering— in  fact,  I  do  not 

and  peace."    It  was  further  urged,  in  reply  to  believe  twenty,  thirty,  or  forty  cents  additional  could 

those  who  advocated  a  State  tax  of  twenty  he  collected  at  all;  and,  without  some  greater  un- 

cents,  that  it  could  not  be  collected.     The  S^^^lf^f^li^Pr^LT^^^ 

.'      .  .  V     •  _.   ^                    ,         J  tx      -rr*  DO  annually  more  aifflcuit  to  collect. 

events  of  the  last  few  years  showed  it     Vir-  The  other  mode  of  settlement  is  by  a  fair  and  just 

gmia,  as  the  principal  arena  of  the  armed  con-  reacQustmenl  of  the  whole  debt,  funded  and  nnfbnd- 

fiict  between  the  States,  was  left  by  the  war  in  od,  and  I  think  the  simplest  way  is  the  best.    Put 

a  condition  of  prostration  and  poverty  wholly  *»•«  ^S^^*^/5?  unftinderf  debt  upon  the  luune  footing 

nnrv«Miii^iA.i  ««i  at*  v  /x»>.  a.  fl/^.^^ y,I*«»  fl^^^f  a     flvl  cxsctly,  aud  the  arrears  of  interest,  including  the  un- 

unparaUeled  in  any  other  Southern  State.    She  ftindei  debt  to  West  Virginia,  as  was  d^e  in  the 

was  snorp  ox  a  large  portion  of  ner  ])opuIation  funded  coupons,  and  make  one  consolidated  debt  of 

and  territory,  as  attested  by  the  existence  of  the  whole,  and  pay  4  per  cent,  upon  the  amount. 

West  Virginia.     No  equity,  nor  justice,  nor  after  support  of  State  government  and  schools.  Issue 

mercv  wm  eTArfiLded  toward  her  Aithc^r  hv  h^r  °^^  bonds  to  effect  this  object,  and  let  these  bonda 

^!^^L«^/*lfI«^«n^r^  o«r^^^               T  !!  1>«  **««d  as  other  property/ani  aboUsh  for  ever  the 

creditors  or  their  agents  in  and  out  of  the  Le-  tax-redcemsble  coupons,  tie  most  odious  feature  in 

gislature,  as  is  establisheNd  by  the  funding  bill,  the  ever- to-be-lamented  funding  bill.   This  plan,  or 

which,  so  far  from  abating  war  interest,  capi-  one  similar,  I  am  sure  would  meet  the  approval  of  a 

talized  that  and  other  interest  as  part  and  par-  l"ge  portion  of  the  State'a  ereditora,  excepting  per- 

cel  of  R  HAW  nrinpioAl  ilAbt  mi  vrMt  aa  that  haps  a  number  of  funded  bondholders  who  bought 

4.     /i^t    JP™®^P*"  °5^^  **  «^^^  as  tnat  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^    ^^  ^i^^,  ^^  ^^^  reduced  prices, 

pretendea  to  be  deoreased.    That  any  oi  the  xho  expenses  of  the  Bute  and  county  govemmenta 

debt  was  even  pretended  to  be  deferred  until  reduced  to  the  lowest  ressouable  amount,  biennial 

a  settlement  between  Virginia  and  West  Vir-  aessions  of  the  Legislature,  and  the  present  rate  of 

ginia  (as  to  that  portion)  should  be  effected,  is  *«f*»<'^  ?  *  ^^'T  sm^ll  inoreaae.  will  effect  this  ob- 

n»/wv#\«^„»i«  ♦!,«♦  fk^  «rir.i^  A^^^*  .v^nivi  \.l^^  Jo«t,  which  I  am  certain  would  be  sanctioned  by  a 

proof  enough  that  the  whole  debt  should  have  i;^^  ;  migority  of  our  people. 

been  postponed  to  an  acgustment  between  the  »      -v     ^ 

two  States.     That  Virginia  was  solely  and  The  views  of  the  Governor  were  delivered  in 

wholly  to  be  victimized  in  this  transaction  is  hig  message  to  the  Le^lature.    He  said : 

evident  from  the  entire  exemption  of  West  _^       ,,,             .        ^t.Li^         jlmj 

Virrinia  from  all  trouble  and  responsibility  ^*  ^^»*?^  be  wrong  for  us  to  shrink  from  a  ftill  and 

.  "©'"«»   "         Vnu     in  A  1     r        '^ojiKfuoAiiuLifj  BQuare  view  of  this  matter  of  mcreaee  of  taxation.  It 

m  the  matter.    The  State  taxes,  m  the  mean  ig  not  the  part  of  wisdom  to  onreflectingly  announce 

time,  have  been  kept  np  to  the  rate  of  five  our  favor  of  inoreased  taxation,  without  considering 


824 


VIRGINIA. 


the  amount  to  be  raised  or  oar  ability  to  bear  it.  I 
think,  in  effect^  this  is  quite  as  an  wise  aa  to  declare 
our  opposition  to  any  increase  wbatevor,  without  re- 
fecting on  the  dreadful  results  that  must  follow. 
To  pay  this  larf^e  deficit,  toother  with  the  back  and 
accruing  interest,  would  not,  aa  some  quite  lightly 
assert,  require  only  a  small  increase  of  taxation.  It 
would  require  no  less  than  an  increase  of  from  thirty 
to  forty  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  of  property  aa 
at  present  assessed,  or  the  finding  of  other  subjects, 
for  which  of  late  so  much  diligent  search  has  been 
made,  and  of  which  as  yet  so  few  can  be  found.  We 
must  also  remember  that  a  large  amount  of  these  as- 
sessed values  are  unproductive,  and  that  they  do 
not  repreaent  the  actual  wealth  of  the  State  upon 
which  there  is  no  other  incumbrance  than  the  State 
debt.  In  addition  to  this  State  debt  are  local  and 
individual  indebtedness.  The  local  often  exceeds 
the  State  tax.  and  much  property  throughout  the 
Commonwealtn  is  mortgaged  ror  the  improvements 
upon  its  surface,  and  which  yet  shows  upon  the 
books  as  so  mucn  dear  value.  It  la  wise  and  right 
for  those  in  office  to  consider  those  things  in  mak- 
ing up  a  calm  and  impartial  iudgment. 

If  the  State  of  Virginia,  tnen,  is  not  able  to  pay 
the  debt  or  the  full  interest  thereon,  and  ultimately 
tbe  prinoipal,  she  oaght  to  have  recourse  to  the  other 
measure  tnis  side  of  force  to  which  I  have  referred — 
an  honorable  and  amicable  adjustment  with  her  cred- 
itors. 

In  March,  as  has  been  stated  abore,  the  Le- 
gislature passed  a  bill  making  a  simple  propo- 
sal to  the  creditors  of  the  State  for  a  settle- 
ment. Under  it  the  Governor  issaed  his  proc- 
lamation^ stating  its  provisions,  urging  a  con- 
sideration of  them  and  a  response.  He  also 
commenced  a  correspondence  with  the  credit- 
ors as  extensively  as  possible.  The  result  of 
the  correspondence  consisted  in  recommenda- 
tions from  the  most  powerful  corporations  and 
the  most  respectable  and  influential  business 
men.  The  first  response  came  from  the  coun- 
cil of  foreign  bondholders  in  London.  It  pro- 
posed 4  per  cent,  in  gold  upon  the  whole  debt, 
principal  and  interest  funded,  exempt  from 
taxes,  with  coupons  receivable  for  all  taxes, 
debts,  dues,  and  demands  due  the  State,  with 
sinking  fund,  the  proceeds  of  the  4  per  cent, 
to  be  distributed  by  the  creditors  among  them- 
selves, so  as  to  make  the  law  effective.  The 
next  response  was  from  Baring  Brothers,  A. 
Belmont  as  the  representative  of  the  Roths- 
childs, and  Brown  Brothers  and  others  of  New 
York.  It  recommended  4  per  cent,  for  the 
consol  and  8^  in  gold  for  all  the  other  classes 
of  bonds,  principal  and  interest  funded,  with 
coupons,  to  be  received  for  taxes  or  other 
dues  to  the  State,  with  suitable  sinking  fund. 
This  was  a  surrender  of  one  third  of  the  an- 
nual interest.  Looked  at  from  the  side  of  the 
State,  the  proposition  seemed  to  possess  fonr 
objectionable  features.  It  made  a  distinction 
between  the  holders  of  consols  with  tax-re- 
ceivable coupons  and  the  other  classes  of  cred- 
itors, it  recommended  the  tax-receivable  cou- 
pon feature,  and  the  funding  of  the  interest, 
and  it  demanded  an  increase  of  taxation.  This 
last  objection  was  of  practical  importance. 
It  was  estimated  that  the  deficit  under  these 
recommendations  would  be  about  as  fol- 
lows: 


The  amouit  of  Interest  to  be  nlsed  on  whole 
debt  Amded,  principal  and  Interest,  at  4  per 
cent $1,141,506  00 

The  smonnt  from  revenues  as  they  now  stsnd 
to  be  applied  to  payment  of  Inteiest,  as  per  re- 
port of  Aoditor 97246S49 

$de9,»5  M 
To  which  add  interest  on  Hterary  Itmd. 64,849  64 

Tobepfovlded  for •t98.«4M5 

Such  was  the  aspect  of  the  State  indebted- 
ness presented  to  the  Legislature  at  the  open- 
ing of  its  session  on  December  4, 1878.  It  re- 
mained at  the  close  of  the  year  in  tbe  same 
position.  A  strong  expression  had  been  madtf 
against  the  adoption  of  any  measure  which 
should  lead  to  an  increase  of  the  State  taxes. 

The  amonnt  of  liquor  licenses  assessed  for 
the  year  1877  was  as  follows : 

Wholesale  and  retail  Uquor^ealeis. t»U44  »A 

Ordinaries ».OsJ  3 

£attng.houses &,v«)  M 

Eectiflers 6«  67 

DistUtors ^878  1< 

Total  tax  assessed  against  Uqnor^ealers  licensed 
daring  the  fiscal  year  emiinff  Septembor  SO, 

isn ' .Tr....!Tr. f«a,i95» 

There  are  ninety-nine  counties  in  the  State, 
of  which  sixty-six  have  made  no  report  of  the 
results  of  the  Moffett  law.  In  some  of  them 
the  registers  have  not  been  put  up.  Reports 
have  been  received  from  twelve  cities  and 
thirty-three  counties,  and  but  partially  from 
some  of  the  largest  of  these.  An  estimate  for 
the  ensuing  year,  made  by  the  State  Auditor,  is 
that  the  tax  on  the  sale  of  liquor  under  tbe 
Moffett  register  would  yield  $600,000.  He  rec- 
ommends a  uniform  tax  on  idl  liquors,  wheth- 
er alcoholic  or  malt 

The  vote  for  members  of  Congress  at  the 
election  on  November  5th  was  as  follows : 


DnraicT. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VL 

vn. 

vni. 

IX. 


•  •  fl  I 

•  •  •  I 


•  • « I 

•  •  •  4 

•  •  •  4 

•  •  •  I 

•  •  •  < 

•  •  •  I 


•  •    •    < 

•  •    •  1 


Beale, 

i,m 

Ooode, 

11,54T 

Johnston, 

fi,T67 
Hinton, 

T,976 
Cabell 

8,540 
Tacker, 

T,8B8 
Hanris, 

7385 
Hnnton, 

6,778 
Bichmond, 

6.K0 


BapobUeui. 


Sound, 
6,474 

Dexendori^ 
6,!f«3 

Newman, 
i,t7a 

Jorgensea, 

Wltcher, 

4,867 

Pstteaon, 

4,520 

PaoL 

^^80 

Carter, 

1,119 

Cainp, 

618 


Cricbt(», 
8,«96 


Coduaa, 
4,8i9  4,M> 


The  various  institutions  of  the  State  are  un- 
der careful  and  prudent  management,  and  shov 
the  usual  results  for  the  year. 

Tbe  institutions  for  higher  education  are 
well  maintained  in  the  State.  There  are  aboot 
1,600  youths  in  the  colleges,  and  1,000  more 
in  the  high-grade  schools.  The  State  appro- 
priations are  also  large. 

The  new  criminal  code  became  operative  on 
July  1st.  The  first  case  of  the  use  of  the  whip- 
ping-post occurred  in  Norfolk.  The  victim  wai 


WADE,  BENJAMIN  F.  WELLES,  GIDEON.  825 

a  wbite  man,  and  the  officer  who  gave  the  competent.  Their  prayer  that  the  canse  might 
flogging  was  a  negro  constable.  be  removed  to  the  United  States  courts  was 
A  decision  was  made  bj  Jadge  Rives  of  the  also  denied.  A  jury  of  white  men,  after  twice 
United  States  District  Ooart  that  under  the  trying  the  prisoners,  disagreed  in  the  case  of 
*'  ciFil-rights  act "  a  colored  man  is  not  tried  one  brother,  and  found  the  other  guilty.  A 
by  his  peers  unless  there  are  negroes  in  the  petition  was  then  presented  to  Judge  Rives  for 
jnry-box.  The  decision  grew  out  of  the  trial  a  new  trial,  on  tne  ground  that  blacks  were 
of  Burwell  and  Lee  Reynolds,  colored  brothers,  illegally  excluded  from  the  jury.  He  not  only 
for  the  murder  of  a  white  man,  Aaron  0.  She!-  decided  as  above  stated,  but  added,  further- 
ton.  They  asked  the  State  Circuit  Court  for  more,  that  their  petition  for  a  removal  to  the 
a  jury  of  both  whites  and  blacks,  but  were  re-  United  States  courts  ended  State  Jurisdiction, 
fused  this  petition,  as  no  proof  could  be  offered  and  nullified  subsequent  proceeaings  in  its 
that  the  white  jarors  were  prc^judiced  or  in-  courts. 


W 

WADE,  Benjamin  Fbanklin,  died  at  Jeffer-  duct  of  the  War,  and  advocated  the  passing  of 
son,  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  March  2, 1878.  a  law  confiscating  the  property  of  Southern 
He  was  bom  near  Springfield,  Mass.,  October  leaders  and  emancipating  their  slaves.  In 
27, 1800.  His  father  was  a  soldier  of  the  Rev-  1862.  being  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
olation,  and  his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  a  Territories,  he  reported  a  bill  providing  for 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  Having  received  a  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  all  the  ferritones  of 
limited  education,  he  started  when  about  twen-  the  United  States,  and  its  prohibition  in  any 
tj-one  years  of  age  for  Illinois,  but  proceeded  that  might  afterward  be  acquired.  He  also 
no  farther  than  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio.  For  reported  the  bill  establishing  negro  sufihige 
several  years  he  was  employed  in  teaching  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  When  Vice- 
school  and  in  agricultural  and  other  manuu  President  Johnson  succeeded  to  the  Pfesiden- 
pursuits.  In  1828,  after  studying  law  about  cy  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  April,  1665, 
t^o  years,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  Mr.  Wade  became  President  pro  tempore  of 
began  practice  in  Ashtabula  County.  In  1885  the  Senate  and  acting  Vice-President  of  the 
he  was  chosen  prosecuting  attorney  of  that  United  States.  In  March,  1867,  he  was  elect- 
county,  and  in  1887  was  elected  to  the  State  ed  President  of  the  Senate.  In  1869  he  was 
Senate.  He  was  then  a  Whig,  and  in  1840  appointed  a  Government  director  of  the  Pacific 
earnestly  advocated  the  election  of  General  Railroad.  The  proposition  to  annex  San  Do- 
Harrison  to  the  Presidency.  He  dso  became  mingo  to  the  United  States  was  approved  by 
distinguished  at  this  time  for  his  oppodtion  to  him,  and  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  sent 
slavery  and  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  colored  to  that  island  in  1871  to  report  on  the  subject, 
race.  In  1841  he  was  reelected  for  the  second  He  did  not  afterward  hold  any  public  office, 
time  to  the  State  Senate.  In  1847  he  wascho-  but  he  continued  to  take  an  active  interest  in 
sen  by  the  Legislature  as  Presiding  Judge  of  politics. 

the  Third  Judicial  District  of  Ohio.  He  per-  WELLES,  Gideon,  died  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
formed  the  duties  of  this  office  till  1851,  wiien  February  11, 1878.  He  was  born  in  Glaston- 
he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  bury,  Conn.,  July  1,  1802.  He  entered  the 
States.  He  was  twice  reelected,  and  contin-  Norwich  University,  Vermont,  but  left  before 
ued  a  member  of  that  body  till  1869.  On  en-  graduating  and  began  the  study  of  the  law. 
tering  Congress  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  In  1826  he  became  the  editor  and  one  of  the 
debates^  and  became  a  prominent  advocate  of  proprietors  of  the  Hartford  "  Times,"  a  leading 
antislavery  measures.  In  1852  he  was  one  of  Democratic  journal.  He  continued  to  write 
the  very  few  Senators  who  voted  for  the  re-  editorial  articles  for  this  paper  for  about  thirty 
peal  of  the  fugitive  slave  law.  He  opposed  years,  though  he  did  not  assume  the  responsi- 
the  bill  to  abrogate  the  Missouri  Compromise,  bility  of  its  editorial  columns  after  1886.  From 
the  Lecompton  Constitution  for  Kansas  in  1827  to  1885  he  represented  his  native  town  of 
1858,  and  the  appropriation  of  $80,000,000  for  Glastonbury  in  the  Legislature.  He  was  chosen 
the  acquiffltion  of  Cuba.  He  had  long  been  an  State  Comptroller  by  the  Legislature  in  1886, 
earnest  advocate  of  the  homestead  bill,  which  and  elected  to  that  office  in  1842  and  1848. 
was  finally  passed  in  1862,  after  it  had  been  re-  From  1886  to  1841  he  was  Postmaster  of  Hart- 
ported  by  him.  Before  the  war  broke  out  Mr.  ford.  In  1846  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Wade  was  a  member  of  the  Joint  Peace  Com-  Polk  chief  of  one  of  the  bureaus  in  the  Navy 
mission.  He  opposed  all  compromises  be-  Department,  which  position  he  held  till  1849. 
tween  the  North  and  the  Soutli  which  were  On  the  organization  of  the  Republican  party 
proposed  after  Mr.  Lincoln^s  election  in  1860.  Mr.  Welles  became  identified  with  it,  and  in 
When  the  war  was  begun  he  urged  that  it  be  1856  was  the  unsuccessftil  Republican  candi- 
prosecuted  with  the  utmost  vigor.  He  became  date  for  Governor  of  Connecticut.  In  1860  he 
chairman  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  the  Con-  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 


826                WELSH,  JOHN.  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

vention,  and  was  cbainnan  of  the  Gonnecfcicnt  people  voted  also  for  members  of  the  Le^ala> 
delegation.  In  March,  1861,  he  was  appointed  tnre,  with  the  following  result :  Senate— Demo- 
bj  President  Lincoln  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  crats  20,  Bepablioans  8;  House  of  Delegates— 
in  which  office  he  continued  ontil  March,  1869.  Democrats  81,  Repoblicans  7,  Greenbackers  8^ 
In  the  latter  year  he  retired  from  public  life.  Independent  Democrats  5. 
but  he  wrote  for  magazines  several  articles  on  The  Legislature  opened  its  regular  session  at 
members  and  events  of  Lincoln's  Administra-  Wheeling  on  Januaxy  8,  1879. 
tion,  which  attracted  wide  attention  and  dis-  The  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  State 
cnsaion.  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30, 
WELSH,  JoH^,  United  States  Minister  to  1878,  were  as  follows :  Receipts  from  all  sources, 
England,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1805:  including  $192,869.88  cash  balance  in  the  Trea- 
and  has  long  been  one  of  the  best  known  and  sury  on  October  1, 1877,  $886,276.29;  disburse- 
most  enterprising  merchants  of  that  city.  For  ments  on  all  accounts,  $572,843.75.  Gash  bal- 
several  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Oity  ance  in  the  Treasury  October  1, 1878,  $313,- 
Oouncil,  and  for  many  years  has  been  President  801.92. 

of  the  Sinking  Fund  Oommission.  He  has  The  education  of  youth  is  well  attended  to 
been  a  member  of  the  Fairmount  Park  Oom-  in  West  Virginia,  the  free-school  system  having 
mission  since  1862.  He  has  been  widely  known  been  adopted  and  put  in  operation.  There  are 
for  several  years  as  President  of  the  Philadel-.  a  few  loud  and  earnest  opponents  of  the  funda- 
phia  Board  of  Trade  and  has  long  been  a  di-  mental  idea  of  free  schools  in  the  State;  bat, 
rector  in  the  Manufacturers'  and  Mechanics'  notwithstanding  this  opposition,  the  subject 
Bank  and  the  Philadelphia  National  Bank,  may  be  regarded  as  settled  by  the  highest  ver- 
For  a  short  time  after  its  organization  he  was  diet  of  popular  approval.  The  aggregate  num- 
President  of  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad  her  of  children  of  school  age  for  &ie  scholastic 
Oompany.  He  was  chosen  President  of  the  year  ending  August  81, 1878,  was  201,287,  of 
Centennial  Board  of  Finance  in  April,  1878,  whom  180,184  were  enrolled  as  pupils  in  the 
and  he  labored  zealously  for  the  success  of  the  free  schools,  an  increase  of  4,852  over  the  pre- 
Ezhibition.  After  the  dose  of  the  Exhibition  ceding  year.  The  number  of  teachers  was  3,- 
$50,000  was  subscribed  by  his  fellow  citizens  as  747,  of  whom  2,822  were  males.  The  average 
a  testimonial  of  his  services.  At  Mr.  Welsh's  school  year  for  1877~'78  was  reckoned  throu^- 
suggestion  the  money  wbs  devoted  to  the  en-  out  the  State  at  4*28  months,  a  slight  increase 
dowment  of  a  professorship  of  English  Litera-  over  that  of  1876-'77,  which  was  4*18  months, 
ture  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  which  On  this  point  it  is  remarked  that,  as  nearly  all 
now  bears  his  name.  Mr.  Welsh  was  an  active  of  the  82  graded  schools  in  the  State,  and  many 
member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Ohuroh,  of  the  ungraded  ones  in  the  roost  populous  sec- 
and  is  one  of  the  founders  and  largest  contrib-  tions,  remain  open  for  ten  or  at  least  eight 
utors  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Hospital  in  months  each  year,  the  duration  of  teaching-time 
Pliiladelphia.  He  has  always  been  an  active  in  the  schools  of  some  districts  must  be  ex- 
Republican.  In  October,  1878,  he  was  named  ceedingly  short.  There  are  56  county  and  citj 
for  the  English  mission,  and  the  nomination  superintendents  of  free  schools  in  West  Vir- 
was  promptly  confirmed.  He  is  a  man  of  large  ginia.  The  number  of  schoolhouses  on  August 
wealth,  cultivated  manners,  and  public  spirit  81,  1878,  was  8,297,  of  which  11  are  stone,  89 
His  appointment  gave  universal  satisfaction  brick,  1,905  frame,  and  1,292  log  buildings, 
in  this  country,  and  was  cordially  received  in  The  number  built  in  1878-'77  was  126,  and  in 
England.  1877-78,  80.  The  cost  of  the  public  schools 
WEST  VIRGINIA.  The  election  for  mem-  for  all  purposes  in  the  latter  year  was  $88,- 
bers  of  Congress  in  West  Virginia  was  held  on  840.85,  or  11*5  per  cent,  less  than  in  the  pre- 
the  second  Tuesday  in  October,  being  the  8th,  ceding.  The  average  cost  of  the  public  schools 
and  resulted  as  follows :  per  capita,  reckoned  on  the  whole  number  of 

children  of  school  age,  was  $2.49  for  tuition^ 
and  $5.28  for  all  expenses,  including  the  out- 
lay for  schoolhouses,  land,  and  their  mainte- 
nance. The  State  normal  schools  continue  in 
their  useful  work  of  training  and  fitting  teach- 
ers to  be  employed  in  Uie  public  schools.  The 
West  Virginia  Uniyersity  appears  to  be  in  a 
satisfactory  condition,  with  a  prospect  of  fur- 

The  votes  severally  polled  by  the  Republican  ther  improvement.    It  is  said  to  have  "  an  able 

and  Democratic  parties  throuffhout  the  State  and  scholarly  faculty,  and  a  currioiUam  equal 

in  October,  1878,  fell  short  of  their  votes  at  to  that  of  the  best  American  colleges."    In 

the  Presidential  election  in  November,  1876,  1878  it  had  108  students  from  28  counties  in 

by  22,668  and  6,187,  respectively.    The  Green-  the  State. 

backers,  who  in  1876  polled  1,878  votes  for  In  the  West  Virginia  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

Peter  Cooper,  their  nominee  for  the  Presidency,  the  number  of  patients  during  the  year  ending 

polled  in  1878  a  total  of  24,581  for  their  three  September  80,  1877,  was  485— males  267,  fe- 

candidates  for  Congress.    At  this  election  the  males  218.    At  the  dose  of  Hxat  year  it  was  417 


DISTRICT. 

I>«nioentIe. 

BflpabUoan. 

VtOatuL 

n.   ;;;;;;;; 
III.   ;;;;;;;; 

Wll»on, 
16,857 

Martin, 
15,421 

KeniuL 
19,040 

Habbard, 

12,443 

Burr, 

7,587 

Walker, 

10,218 

BuBell, 

4.087 

Thoinpsoii, 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  827 

^^miiles225,  females  192.  Daring  the  year  end-  ^'to  confer  and  act  with  similar  commissioners 
ing  September  80,  1878,  their  number  was  474  on  behalf  of  the  State  of  Virginia  in  ascertain- 
— ^males  261,  females  213.  On  October  1, 1878,  ing  and  locating  the  boundary  line  between 
it  was  416 — males  226,  females  189.  Seventeen  the  two  States,  wherever  the  line  is  in  dispate." 
amongthe  patients  were  colored  persons — ^males  At  the  reouest  of  Governor  Mathews,  an  offi- 
7,  females  10.  The  cost  to  the  State  for  each  oer  of  the  United  States  Gorps  of  Engineers  has 
patient  was  at  the  rate  of  $2.88^-  per  week  in  also  been  assigned  to  act  with  the  State  Com- 
1876-'77,  and  $2.22^  in  1877-'78.  The  aver-  missioners  in  locating  the  boundary, 
age  cost  of  patients  in  other  similar  institutions  At  the  Universal  Exposition  held  in  Paris  in 
throughout  the  country  is  $4.60  per  week.  1877We8tVirginiawas  represented  by  two  com- 
The  institution  is  crowded  beyond  its  utmost  missioners  appointed  by  Governor  Mathews, 
capacity.  Besides  those  in  the  hospital,  there  Out  of  the  articles  which  the  State  had  ex- 
is  a  large  number  of  insane  persons  in  the  State,  hibited  at  the  Oentennial  Exposition  in  Phila- 
Applications  for  admission  have  been  made  in  delphia  in  1876,  the  Governor  caused  speci- 
behalf  of  86  more  patients,  which  could  not  be  mens  of  coal,  iron  ore,  minerals,  woods,  wool, 
entertained  for  want  of  room.  The  minority  and  agricultural  products  to  be  selected  and 
of  these  insane  outside  the  asylum  are  kept  in  sent  to  France  for  exhibition, 
county  jails,  at  the  probable  risk  of  their  be-  The  Government  improvements  of  the  navi- 
coming  hopelessly  incurable  by  delay  in  their  gation  of  the  Kanawha  River  will  develop  the 
treatmen;t.  resources  of  an  exceedingly  rich  country.    The 

In  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  Asylum  there  dam  in  the  Ohio  River  just  below  Pittsburg 

were  at  the  session  of  1876-77  62  deaf-mutes  will  slack  water  as  far  as  the  first  dam  in  the 

— males  88,  females  24 ;  and  28  blind — ^males  Monongahela  River,  and  in  the  Alleghany  as 

13,  females  10;  in  all  86.    At  the  session  of  far  as  the  Gannson  Rapids.    The  minimum 

1877-'78  their  number  was  96,  of  whom  66  depth  at  the  breast  will  be  6  feet.    The  shore 

were  deaf-mutes — ^males  89,  females  27;  29  blind  wall  for  the  lock  is  686  feet  in  length,  17  feet 

—males  18,  females  11.    The  entire  number  of  high,  and  S^  feet  thick.    This  dam  wiU  have  a 

those  enrolled  as  pupils  at  this  institution  on  movable  bottom,  so  that  it  can  be  lowered  at 

October  1,  1878,  was  106,  of  whom  78  were  high  water  so  as  to  leave  an  uninterrupted 

deaf-mutes — ^males  47,  females  81 ;  and  27  blind  channel ;  it  is  the  first  work  of  the  kind  con- 

— ^males  16,  females  12.    For  the  support  of  this  structed  on  this  principle  in  the  United  States, 

institution  the  sum  of  $28,000  was  appropriated  At  low  water  the  dam  is  raised  and  boats  are 

for  each  of  the  years  1877  and  1878.    In  the  passed  through  the  locks.    The  dam  has  mov- 

State  Penitentiary  there  were  on  November  able  wickets  which  can  be  raised  and  lowered 

80,  1878,  246  convicts,  of  whom  80  were  pris-  by  the  aid  of  a  shaft  and  engine,  or  can  be 

oners  of  the  United  States.    The  whole  of  the  manipulated  by  hand  from  a  boat.    The  entire 

convicts'  labor,  except  as  much  of  it  as  is  re-  plan  embraces  the  construction  of  ten  dams 

quired  for  prison  purposes  proper,  has  been  let  and  locks,  to  furnish  slack- water  navigation 

to  contractors  outside.  from  the  Ohio  to  Gannelton,  a  distance  of  86 

The  militia  consists  of  thirteen  companies  of  miles,  at  a  cost  of  about  $260,000  for  each  dam 
infantry,  one  company  of  cavalry,  and  one  of  with  the  lock.  They  are  made  in  a  very  sub- 
artillery,  making  nearly  one  thousand  well-  stantial  manner  of  hewed  stone.  All  of  these 
officered  and  weU-armed  men.  They  are  armed  but  one  are  furnished  with  the  movable  bot- 
and  equipped  at  their  own  expense.  Seven  of  tom,  which  is  constructed  of  wood  and  iron, 
these  companies  have  been  organized  into  a  It  is  placed  in  an  open  pass  which  is  260  feet 
regiment,  styled  ^*  The  First  Regiment  of  Vol-  long  vx  each  instance.  The  movable  dam  far- 
unteers."  nishes  in  low  water  a  depth  of  7  feet.    The 

As  to  the  cost  to  the  State  for  restoring  or-  dams  will  be  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kanawha, 

der  and  preserving  the  public  peace  during  the  one  with  8  feet  lift ;  at  Debby's  Ripple,  7  feet 

railroad  riots  of  1877,  mostly  lor  the  transpor-  lift;  at  Gillespie's  Ripple,  6  feet;  at  Red  House 

tation  of  troops,  the  Adjutant-General  says  in  Shoals,  61  feet ;  at  Johnson's  Shoals,  7  feet ;  at 

his  report,  ^*I  have  made  an  estimate  of  the  Newcomer's  shoals,  61  feet;  at  Island  Shoals, 

expenses  of  the  July  riots  in  our  State,  and  am  7  feet ;    at  Brownstown,  7  feet ;    at  Cabin 

of  the  opinion  that  $9,000  will  fully  cover  Creek,  7  feet;  at  Paint  Creek,  16  feet;  total, 

all."  77  feet. 

The  disagreement  existing  between  the  States       The  general  condition  of  West  Virginia  with 

of  West  Virginia  and  Virginia  in  regard  to  regard  to  her  various  interests,  in  1877  and 

the  proportion  which  the  former  should  as-  1878,  and  its  prospects  in  the  near  future,  are 

Bume  of  the  latter's  debt  prior  to  January  1,  represented  by  the  Governor  in  his  message  to 

1861,  seems  to  be  far  from  adjustment  as  yet.  the  Legislature  as  follows : 
Several  reasons  are  urged  to  justify  West  Vir-       in  revidwisff  the  condition  of  the  State  for  the  paet 

ginia  in  her  refusal  to  assume  as  much  of  the  two  yean,  altoough  we  regret  to  find  a  continued 

said  debt  as  the  State  of  Virginia  demands,  depreciation  in  the  value  of  property,  that  the  wajjea 

In  execution  of  the  act  passed  by  the  Legis-  ?^  *i^  ^?v"°«  l^*"*^"  have  eoaroely  been  eufadent 

.     '«^^y.,     V,       F«»«~  tijvu^^^^a-  to  afford  them  subsietence,  that  seriouB  loseee,  oaueed 

lature  m  1877,  the  Governor  appomted  three  by  the  high  waters  of  lait  September,  havi  fallen 

commissioners  on  the  part  of  West  Virginia,  upoo  many,  and  that  depression  still  exists  in  sev- 


828  WISCONSIN. 


At 


$8,621,879  57 

218,090  7T 

S44,S«8  18 

l,0OMO7  67 


Onlttd. 


5a.S28T0 

6,^  (IB 

11^88  96 


$4,089,141  19      $U8,29<  U 


eral  departments  of  basinese,  we  yet  diseoyer  indica- 

tionB  of  a  reviving  proeperity.    T>uring  this  period  fund^ 

the  crops  have  been  abundant.    The  health  of  the  g^j^  -    , 

people  has  been  exceptionally  good.    They  have  uSVwlS  liid ' .' '." 

paid  their  taxes,  apparentlv  with  unusual  ease  and  Afrrleahanl  College  ftixid  '.'..' 

creditable   punctuality.     The   sheriffs  have,  with  Nannai  School  ftana 

commendable  promptness,  paid  their  collections  into 

the  Treasury.    The  public  mstitutions  have  been  ad-  Total  edacatlonsi  Ainds .... 

ministered  with  g^eat  economy.    The  merchants  re-  ~~ 

port  an  incre&siog  trade.    There  have  been  fewer        The  indebtedness  of  the  State  remains  as 

failures  of  business  men  than  in  any  other  State  of  at  the  close  of  the  last  fiscal  year,  and  is  as 

equal  area  and  population.    Many  mines  have  been  foiifxnra . 

opened,  especially  In  the  valleys  of  the  Kanawha  and  ■■•""""»  • 

New  Bivers.    Our  forests  have  attracted  experienced  Bonds  ootstandinir 114,000  oo 

lumbermen,  who  have  established  enterprises  which  CTnrreney  certificates A7  oo 

furnished  employment  to  labor,  and  increased  the  Certificates  of  indebtedness  to  troat  ftiada S,S88,000  00 

wealth  of  the  State.    The  attention  of  those  interest-  -,  ..  ^      mTm 

edinthe  organization  of  colonies  has  been  directed  fr,»s,a&i  w 

to  the  unimproved  lands  in  the  interior  of  the  State,        The   indebtedness  of  the  counties,  cities, 

and  we  have  reasons  to  believe  that  the  popuUtion  towns,  villages,  and    school  districts  in  the 

wiU  soon  be  sensibly  increased  by  the  immigration  o*„f^l.^^„tS-  *J^«.o  ooi  V^o  ra  1       -;i*       * 

of  worthy  and  induStrious  persons.    The  coBstruc  f***«  amounts  to  $9,881,108.50,  according  to 

tion  has  been  commenced  of  two  railroads,  one  of  the  returns  received  by  the  Secretary  of  State. 

whioh  will  pass  through  a  fertile  agricultural  and  The  total  ascertained  public  indebtedness  of 

grazing  region,  and  the  other  through  rich  coal  fields,  the  people  of  Wisconsin  is,  therefore,  $12,083,- 

and  forests  of  valuable  timber.  216.60--8omewhat  less  than  2-7  pTr  ceit  of 

WISCONSIN.     The  Legislature  adjourned  the  total  assessed  valuation,    llie  values  of  all 

March  21st,  after  a  session  of  72  days.    There  property  in  the  State  subject  to  taxation,  as 

were  passed  841  bills,  6  joint  resolutions,  and  1 1  returned  by  the  assessors  for  the  past  two  years, 

memorials  to  Congress.    The  legidation  com-  ^^  ^  follows: 

prised  but  few  matters  of  any  importance.         Personal  property .**.": tnjm^mw 

Chief  among  these  were  the  remodeling  of  the         city  and  nuage  lots 9],fl« i,992  co 

assessment  and  taxation  laws ;  amending  the  re-         Other  real  esuie i82,8»5,ssi  oo 

gistry  law,  so  as  to  make  it  less  expensive,  and  Total |8&i,7»V854  oo 

applicable  only  to  the  larger  polling  precincts ;  isrs, 

the  change  in  the  system  of  publishing  the         S?^"^E^'5^ $M,on,M8oo 

Supreme  Court  reports;  the  provision  for  the         mfeJ^iate^^^^^  IS^'JS*! 

commission  to  obtain  data  and  report  on  the 


school  toxt-book  system;  the  establishment  of  T®*^ |4B\840^« 

a  Stato  Park  in  Lincoln  County ;  and  doubling  Assuming  that  the  sales  of  real  estate,  as  re- 
the  license  fees  of  life-insurance  companies  do-  turned  by  registers  of  deeds,  afford  an  approv- 
ing business  within  the  State.  The  following  imately  correct  ratio  of  the  assessed  to  the 
new  cities  were  incorporated :  Two  Rivers,  actual  value  of  eJl  property,  the  taxable  prop- 
Waupun,  Lancaster,  Fort  Atkinson,  and  Jef-  erty  of  the  Stato  in  1877  amounted  to  $727,- 
f  erson.  A  short  special  session  of  the  Legisla-  871,620,  and  in  1878  to  $887,088,700.  This  is 
tare  was  held  in  June.  It  was  summoned  to  only  the  property  represented  on  the  assess- 
consider  the  revision  of  the  General  Statutes  ors'  books,  and  is  exclusive  of  the  property 
and  to  provide  for  their  publication  and  distri-  exempt  from  assessment  by  law,  and  that  which 
bution.  The  revision  submitted  to  them  was  is  concealed  and  omitted.  '*  I  think  it  safe  to 
promptly  adopted,  and  the  Legislature  then  say,  therefore,"  says  Governor  Smith,*  ''that 
adjourned.^  the  value  of  all  property  in  the  Stato  of  Wis- 
The  receipts  from  all  sources  into  the  State  cousin  to-day  exceeds  a  thousand  millions  of 
Treasury  during  the  year  ending  September  doUars,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  prop- 
80,  1878,  were  $1,851,553,  and  the  disburse-  erty  not  by  law  exempt  from  assessment 
ments  $1,726,529.  The  balance  in  the  Trea-  amounts  to  that  sum.  The  public  indebtedness 
sury  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  $408,288.  The  is,  therefore,  but  a  trifle  more  than  1  per  cent 
receipts  into  the  general  fund  during  the  fiscal  of  the  actual  value  of  the  property  which  con- 
year  amounted  to  $1,120,887,  of  which  $658,-  tributes  to  its  payment,  instead  of  2*7  per  cent, 
158  was  derived  from  direct  Stato  tax,  $879,-  as  might  be  inferred,  ifthe  distinction  between 
474  from  railroad  companies'  Ucense  texes,  and  actual  and  assessed  valuations  was  not  con- 
$41,898  from  insurance  companies'  license  tax-  stantly  kept  in  mind.  It  is  important  that  the 
es.  The  disbursements  from  the  general  fund  facts  in  regard  to  such  matters  should  be  known 
amounted  to  $1,047,796,  including  $886,660  by  the  people,  no  less  than  by  legislators,  that 
for  salaries  of  officers  and  employees,  perma-  we  may  deceive  neither  ourselves  nor  others." 
nent  appropriations,  and  interest  on  the  State  The  total  tax  levied  in  the  State  for  the  year 
debt,  $107,605  for  legislative  expenses,  and  1877  was  $8,081,628,  and  amounted  to  $1.89 
$321,140  for  benevolent  and  penal  institutions,  on  each  $100  of  the  State  assessment  of  $438,- 
The  condition  of  the  several  trust  funds  of  the  696,290.  The  purposes  for  which  this  tax  was 
State  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  was  as  fol-  levied,  and  the  respective  amounts  and  rates, 
lows :  were  as  follows : 


r 


WISOONSESr. 


829 


UNIX 

Amaa.U 

B^ 

PMftaz 

$048,168  00 

00^7  10 

1,0U,98«  00 
8,048,810  00 
2,080,409  00 
1,184,800  00 

'1680 

For  taiterMt  and  prtndpal  on  louis  I 

from  tract  ftoMB  to  counties,  etc  t 

COTutT  tax 

•0148 
*8608 

Tv*ni  taoc 

*6888 

Hfbmltftz 

•4770 

R(wd  tu 

•2077 

Total 

$8,081,088  00 

1*8800 

The  entire  State  tax,  direct  and  indireot, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  80,  1878, 
represented  bj  the  receipts  into  the  general 
fond,  amounts  to  $1,128,887.81,  and  if  levied 
upoa  the  taxable  property  of  the  State  wonl^ 
smoant  tol'l  mill  upon  the  dollar,  or  abont  one 
eighth  of  the  total  tax  paid  by  the  people.  The 
amount  is  $79,000  less  than  was  receiyed  the 
year  before,  which,  with  the  large  deficiency 
existing  in  the  general  fund  January  1,  1878, 
and  the  expenses  of  the  publication  of  the  Re- 
]iiMd  Statutes,  accounts  in  part  for  the  increase 
in  the  State  tax  now  being  collected.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  this  tax  will  pay  all  the  expenditures 
of  the  year  1879,  and  in  addition  very  mate- 
rially reduce,  if  it  does  not  entirely  extinguish, 
the  deficiency  in  the  general  fund  which  has 
appeared  on  each  first  day  of  January  for  sev- 
eral years  last  past. 

The  whole  number  in  attendance  at  the  In- 
dostrial  School  for  Boys  at  Waukesha  during 
the  year  was  527,  the  average  attendance  being 
380,  and  the  number  present  at  the  close  of  the 
year  419.     The   expenditures   for  the  year 
amounted  to  $48,721.    The  city  of  Milwaukee 
has  conveyed  to  the  State  a  most  elij^ble  site 
of  nearly  nine  acres  for  the  Industrial  School 
for  Girls,  and  a  building  has  been  erected. 
The  number  of  convicts  confined  in  the  State 
Prison  September  80,  1878.  was  846,  the  aver- 
age number  for  the  year  oeing  887.    The  re- 
ceipts from  all  sources  were  $76,748,  and  the 
disbursements  $65,088.    The  current  earnings 
of  the  prisoners  are  about  two  thirds  of  the 
current  expenses.    During  the  vear  727  pa- 
tients were  cared  for  at  the  Northern  Hospital 
for  the  Insane,  at  a  cost  of  $146,819,  includ- 
ing $82,707  expended  for  repairs  and  improve- 
ments.   The  average  number  of  patients  was 
543,  and  the  number  under  treatment  at  the 
close  of  the  year  559.    The  Wisconsin  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  had  a  total  of  580 
patients  during  the  year,  the  average  having 
been  880,  and  the  number  under  treatment  at 
the  dose  of  the  year  898.    The  expenditures 
amounted  to  $114,444,  indnsive  of  $18,105  for 
repairs  and  improvements.    Milwai^ee  Coun- 
ty has  availed  itself  of  the  provisions  of  the  law 
of  1878  (chapter  298),  and  has  under  contract 
an  asylum  designed  to  accommodate  250  pa- 
tients.   When  this  is  completed,  it  is  expected 
that  the  pressure  upon  the  State  hospitals  will 
be  BO  removed  that  most  if  not  all  of  the  in- 
sane in  the  State  may  be  comfortably  provided 
for.    The  expenditures  by  the  Institution  for 
the  Education  of  the  Blind  amounted  during 


the  year  to  $19,961,  indading  $2,682  for  build- 
ing purposes.  The  average  number  of  pupils 
in  attendance  was  77,  and  the  total  during  the 
year  90.  At  the  Wisconsin  Institute  for  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  180  pupils 
were  enrolled,  and  the  average  number  m  at- 
tendance was  140.  The  expenditures  were 
$29,522.  In  April  various  charges  of  immoral 
and  corrupt  conduct  on  the  part  of  trustees  and 
teachers  connected*  with  this  institution  were 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Governor,  who 
accordingly  ordered  an  investigation  to  be 
made.  The  gravest  of  the  charges,  including 
all  of  those  against  the  trustees,  were  proved 
to  have  been  unfounded. 

From  the  report  of  the  Railroad  Commis- 
sioner it  appears  that  92  miles  of  new  railroad 
were  built  auring  1878,  making  the  total  num- 
ber of  miles  now  in  operation  2,884,  induding 
94  miles  of  narrow  gauge.    The  whole  num- 
ber of  passengers  carried  was  2,429,926,  an  in- 
crease of  476,697  over  last  year.    The  tons  of 
freight  carried  were  8,448,490,  an  increase  of 
414,199  over  last  year.    Of  the  whole  number 
of  passengers  carried,  only  two  were  killed 
and  two  injured.    *'The  total  absence  of  all 
serious   complaints    against   railroads,"  says 
Governor  Smith,  *^  shows  most   conclusively 
that  our  present  law  is  well  suited  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  was  enacted,  and,  under  the 
watchful  supervision  of  the  Commissioner,  is 
being  most  faithfully  obeyed."    The  amount 
of  «d  to  railroads,  in  bonds  or  otherwise,  by 
towns,  villages,  cities,  and  counties,  outstand- 
ing January  1,  1878,  was  $4,728,180.    On  this 
point  the  Commissioner  says :  '*  I  believe  that 
m  abont  every  instance  where  county  aid  has 
been  voted,  the  resalt  has  been  fruitfm  of  liti- 
gation, overburdensome  to    the  people,  un- 
equal in  its  results,  and  has  created  a  feeling  of 
dissatisfaction  and  unrest  that  checks  enter- 
prise and  is  positively  vicious  in  all  of  its  ef- 
fects.   In  my  jadgment,  all  laws  authorizing 
counties  to  aid  railroad  enterprises  ought  to  be 
repealed."    With  reference  to  rates  established 
by  law,  that  certain  companies  shell  not  de- 
mand a  greater  compensation  than  was  pre- 
scribed by  their  published  tariff  rates  in  force 
June  15, 1872,  the  Commissioner  says : 

While  these  eompanieB  may  lawiiilly  charge  the 
rates  that  were  presortbed  by  those  tariffs,  reduc- 
tions have  been  made  in  them  from  time  to  time ; 
and  a  new  olaaaiflcation  and  revised  tariff  recently 

Promulgated  by  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  and  8t. 
*au1  Company,  and  filed  in  tnia  office  just  as  these 
pages  are  eoing  to  press  (January  20,  i879),  shows 
very  materuil  reductions  in  the  rates,  as  they  had 
previously  existed,  for  transportiYi|^  of  grain  and 
flour,  cattle,  and  hogs.  The  reduction  on  grain  and 
flour  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  is  but  slight, 
but  it  is  horn.  $2  to  |4  per  car  from  Madison  and 
Portage,  and  all  points  on  the  line  west  of  those 
places.  The  rate  for  live  stock  hn»  been  reduced  |8 
per  car  fW>m  the  same  points,  and  $5  per  oar  at  Spar* 
ta  and  all  stations  west.  A  new  class  has  also  been 
established,  called  the  **  fifth  class,"  which  includes 
certain  articles,  when  shipped  in  car-loads,  that  had 
previously  been  in  the  **  fourth  class,"  and  a  reduc- 
tion of  ao  per  cent,  made  in  it.    In  no  case  have  rates 


830 


WISCONSIN. 


been  advanced.  I  bIbo  leam  that  the  Chioago  and 
Northweatern  Company  have  made  a  oorreapondinff 
reduotion  for  their  lines.  These  reductions  in  local 
freights  are  a  liberal  concession  to  the  public  at  this 
time,  and  disclose  a  willingness  on  the  part  of  the 
companies  to  divide  with  the  producers  tne  bordena 
inoiaent  to  a  failure  of  crops  and  low  prices. 

The  namber  of  miles  of  railroad  operated 
within  the  State  by  the  several  companies,  to- 
gether with  the  entire  length  of  line,  at  the 
close  of  1877  and  1878,  was  as  follows : 


NAMK  OF  COMPANY. 

Lufililn 
WlMOfuta. 

Sadra 
Uogih 

Chinago,  Mllwaakee  and  St  Paul 

Mfldifton  And  Portaflpo 

680-69 
8900 
8000 

1,418-84 
8900 

Oshkosb  and  Mlsaiulppi 

80-00 

Diihnniifl  and  SonthweAtem 

5500 

Minneaota  Midland 

59-00 

Totals  of  divisions  operated. 

789  69 

1,585  84 

Ohlduro  and  ItforthwMteni  ..-.r 

00419 
68-68 

1,615*96 

North  western  Union 

68-68 

Totals  of  divisl<»s  operated. 

566-82 

1,078-59 

Gbloa^,  Bt  Paal  and  Minneapolis. . . . 
ChiDDewa  Falls  and  Western 

177-70 
10-88 
«7-60 
80  00 

248-60 

146-70 
4900 
16-00 
1-76 
79-00 
86-SO 

449-50 
89-90 
40-00 

210-40 
10-88 

Fond  da  Lao,  Amboy  and  Peoria 

Galena  and  Boathem  Wisoonsln 

Green  Bay  and  Minnesota 

Milwaukee,  Lake  Sboro  and  Western. 
Mineral  Point 

87-60 

81-00 

848-60 

146-70 

51  00 

Pine  River  Valley  and  Stevens  Point. . 

Prairie  da  Ohlen  and  McGregor 

fihebovffan  and  Fond  da  Lac.  ........ 

16-00 

8-00 

79-00 

Western  Union 

818-75 

Wisconsin  Central 

449*50 

Wisconsin  Valley 

89-90 

North  Wisoonsln 

40*00 

Miles  at  dose  of  1877. 

8,748*79 

4,Sfi4-71 

UOJMS  BUILT  DURQia  18T8. 
Viroqaa  Bailwaj 

1800 
15-70 
80-00 
1-19 
80-87 
18-50 

18-00 

Milwaukee,  Like  Shore  and  Western. 
North  WittConMn 

15-70 
80-00 

Milwaukee  Cement  fiaiiwaj. 

1-19 

Obicago  and  Tomah ' 

80*87 

Hudson  and  Kiver  Fails 

19-50 

Total  at  dose  of  1878. 

8,884-55      4.056- X7 

T    -    ■       —  " 

Under  the  provisions  of  chapter  260  of  the 
laws  of  1878  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  col- 
lect the  statistics  of  agricnltnre.  The  returns 
appear  to  have  been  defective  in  many  oases, 
bat  a  good  beginning  has  been  made,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  reasonable  accuracy  will  be  soon 
attained.  The  tabulated  reports  show  the  fol- 
lowing aggregates : 


CHOPS. 

Pndael,  187T.              Orovtat,  18T8. 

Wheat 

80,596,744  bushels. 

88,788,975       "* 

28,090,807       ** 

4,181,895       " 

8,168,879       " 

6,506,998       *" 

1,975.189       •» 

78,178       *• 

861883       •• 

14,186.074  poands. 

^097,495      " 

6,068,811       *« 

455,810       " 

1,798,647  seres. 

Com 

948388     *^ 

Oats 

878,746    ** 

Barley 

181,464     ** 

Bye 

198,180    ** 

Potatoes 

87,188    " 

Boot  croDB 

11,880     *" 

Oranbernes 

85,04t     •* 

AoDles 

61,819     ** 

f£5"..::::::..::;..: 

69,810     *- 

Hops. ..., «..• 

6,976     •» 

Tobacco 

4,659     ** 

Grapes 

985     " 

Timber.    

1L889,194     ** 

Clover -seed 

191,881  bashds. 
81,017      " 
90,840,700  poonds. 
14,351,046      *" 

96,918     ** 

Timothy'Seed  r . .  r . . . . . 

86,760    ■* 

Batter 

ChOBM. 

In  1878  there  were  889,880  cows. 

"These  statistics,"  says  the  Governor,  "in- 
complete as  thej  are,  f ullj  justify  all  that  has 
been  said  or  claimed  for  our  agricultural  inter- 
ests, as  being  the  leading  and  by  far  most  impor- 
tant industry  of  the  State,  and  indicate  that  the 
money  appropriated  to  the  State  and  county 
agricultural  societies,  which  have  done  so  much 
to  foster  and  develop  our  agricultural  resources, 
has  served  a  beneficial  purpose.  I  see  no  good 
reason  why  the  usual  appropriation  to  the  State 
Society  should  not  be  made  permanent." 

The  political  campaign  had  in  view  the  elec- 
tion of  Congressmen  and  members  of  the  Legis- 
lature. On  August  Ist  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee  issued  the  following  decla- 
ration of  principles : 

1.  Adherence  to  the  principles  of  the  Bepublioan 
national  platform  of  1876  and  the  aentimenta  ex* 

grossed  in  Mr.  Hayea'a  letter  of  aooeptanoe,  reoognis- 
ig  the  honest  difference  of  opinion  amonff  Sepablt- 
cans  respecting  certain  featorea  of  the  pouey  of  the 
national  Administration,  but  cordially  approving  the 
aima  of  the  President  in  seeking  to  reatore  fraternal 
relatione  between  different  aectiona  of  the  eonmiy, 
and  to  purify  and  improve  the  civil  aervioe. 

2.  We  earnestly  desire  the  eatabliabment  of  fra- 
ternal relations  between  different  aectiona  of  the 
Union,  but  demand  that  the  lawa  be  impaitially 
executed,  and  that  all  oitizena,  without  distinetioo. 
shall  e^jov  equal  li^hta  before  the  Iaw  and  eqn&i 
rights  under  it. 

8.  We  rejoice  in  the  prospect  of  the  reaumption  of 
speoie  payments  by  the  dose  of  tbe  preaent  ^ear.  A 
stable,  non-fluctuating  currency^  posaeaaing  mtrinsie 
value,  convertible  into  gold  or  aifver  at  the  pleasure 
of  the  holder,  is  the  only  secure  foundation  of  per- 
manent  busineaa  proaperity.  Such  a  currency  will 
impart  that  ateadinesa  to  prices  which  is  an  essen- 
tial condition  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  legiti- 
mate industry  and  enterprise,  and  la  equally  demand- 
ed by  the  true  intereata  of  the  laborer  ana  the  busi- 
ness man  and  capitalist. 

4.  The  value  of  all  paper  currency,  whether  issued 
by  the  Government  or  by  banka^  consiata  in  tbe 
promise  it  beara  of  payment  and  in  the  de^cree  of 
credit  attached  to  that  promise.  If  it  can  not  be  eoD- 
verted  at  pleaaure  into  currency  of  intrioaic  valu^,  it 
can  not  remain  at  par,  and  its  depreciation  vill  be 
in  proportion  to  the  prospects  of  ita  beinff  converti- 
ble within  a  longer  or  a  anorter  period.  The  print- 
ed bits  of  paper  which  acme  wild  theorista  propose 
to  employ  aa  currency,  and  which  they  term  "  abso- 
lute money,*'  contunmff  no  promiae  of  payment,  and 
no  intrinsic  value,  would  soon  become  abaolute  in 
one  reapect  onlv— they  would  be  absolutely  worth- 
less. These  ana  all  the  other  chimerical  projects  by 
which  it  ia  proposed  to  And  a  cheap  and  worthless 
substitute  for  the  meaaure  of  ralue  accepted  and  em- 
ployed by  the  civilized  world,  are  baaed  upon  delu- 
sion, if  not  dishonesty,  andL  if  adopted,  would  result 
in  disaster  and  shame.  We  hold  it  to  be  the  du^ 
of  Bepublicana  and  all  good  citixena  to  oppose  with 
uncompromising  firmneaa  all  these  miachievoua  the- 
ories, aa  well  aa  the  cognate  doctrinea  of  oommnnism 
andintemationaliam,  which  menace  aocietr,  individ- 
ual liberty,  and  the  accumulated  aavinn  of  industry. 

6.  Condemns  the  Democratic  party  for  attempting 
to  disarm  the  national  Government,  for  seeking  to 
debase  the  ourrency  and  arrest  all  promaa  toward 
resumption,  for  the  vote  to  reduce  largely  the  tax  on 
artidles  like  whiaky  and  tobacco,  thereby  rendering 
neoeasary  increaaed  taxation  on  other  industriea,  ete. 

6.  Declares  that  the  inveatigation  respecting  tbe 
last  Presidential  election  haa  wholly  failed  to  dia- 
doae  an  improper  action  by  President  Hayea. 


WISCONSIN.  831 

7.  Opposes  fiirther  gnnU  of  public  lands  in  aid  trationB."    Jndge  Dyer  based  bis  decision  on 

of  corporations,  against  sectarian  oontarol  in  public  ^]^q  fin-ound  that  Oonflress  has  no  power  to  pass 

idiool.,  and  fayonng  economy  in  public  eipend*.  ^  tr^e-mark  law  unless  it  is  derived  from  the 

clause  of  the  Constitution  which  authorizes 

The  following  members  of  Congress  were  that  body  '*  to  promote  the  progress  of  science 
elected :  Charles  G.  Williams,  Bep. ;  Lucien  U.  and  useful  arts  by  securing  for  limited  terms 
CasweU,  Rep. ;  George  0.  Hazelton,  Rep. ;  Pe-  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to 
ter  v.  Denster,  Dem. ;  Edward  S.  Bragg,  Dem. ;  their  respective  writings  and  discoveries."  Tin- 
Gabriel  Bouk,  Dem. ;  Herman  L.  Humphrey,  der  this  provision  the  several  patent  and  copy- 
Rep.;  and  ThaddeusC.  Pound,  Rep.  TheLegis-  right  laws  have  been  passed.  But  he  holds 
latare  of  1879  is  made  up  as  follows :  Senate,  that  ^*  the  maker  of  a  trade-mark  is  neither  an 
24  Republicans,  9  Democrats;  Assembly,  66  author  nor  an  inventor,  and  a  trade-mark  is 
Republicans,  24  Democrats,  6  Greenbackers,  neither  a  writing  nor  a  discovery  within  the 
3  Greenback  Democrats,  and  1  Independent.  meaning  and  intent  of  the  constitutional  clause 

In  January,  1879,  after  a  protracted  con-  in  question."  Congress,  therefore,  was  not  an- 
test,  Matthew  H.  Carpenter  was  chosen  United  thorized  to  legislate  for  the  protection  of  trade- 
States  Senator.  marks,  and  consequently  the  law  for  that  pur- 

In  November  a  yery  important  decision  was  pose  is  void.  The  soundness  of  this  decision 
delivered  by  Judge  Dyer,  holding  United  States  nas  been  questioned  by  lawyers.  It  is  claimed 
Circuit  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  of  TVis-  that  Congress  is  empowered  to  legislate  on  this 
consin.  It  declares  unconstitutional  the  act  of  subject  by  that  provision  of  the  Constitution 
Congress  providing  protection  for  trade-marks;  which  relates  to  commerce.  This  appears  to 
and  it  was  concurred  in  by  Mr.  Justice  Harlan,  have  been  but  little  discussed  in  the  case  before 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  who  sat  Judge  Dyer,  and  was  very  briefly  considered  by 
with  Judge  Dyer.  The  statute  in  question,  him.  ^*  It  may  be  added,'*  he  said,  **  that  the 
the  first  one  of  the  kind  in  this  country^  was  constitutionality  of  the  trade-mark  statute  can 
pitted  in  1870.  It  provides  for  the  registra-  not  be  sustained  under  the  clause  which  gives 
tion  of  trade-marks  at  Washington  on  payment  to  Congress  the  power  to  regulate  commerce 
of  a  fee  of  $25,  and  gives  remedies  in  law  and  among  the  several  States,  nor,  in  my  opinion, 
eqnity  against  "  any  person  who  shaU  repro-  nnder  any  of  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution 
dnoe,  counterfeit,  copy,  or  imitate  any  record-  which  prescribe  tne  legislative  powers  of  Con- 
ed trade-mark  and  affix  the  same  to  goods  of  gress.''  The  law  on  this  point  can  not  be  re- 
sobfttantially  the  same  descriptive  properties  garded  as  finally  settled  undl  it  shall  be  declared 
and  qualities  as  those  referred  to  in  the  regis-  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 


INDEX    OP    SUBJECTS. 


<♦»■ 


FAOB 

ADVENTISTB 1 

AFGHANISTAN 2 

AFBIGA T 

AQBIOITLTURE T 

ALABAMA T 

ALICE  MAUD  MABY 11 

AMAT  DI  SAN  FILIPPO  £  B0B90,  LUIOI 11 

AMEBIOA 1« 

ANGUCAN  OHUBOHES 18 

ABGENTINE  BBPUBLIC IT 

ABKANSA8 23 

ABMYOFTHE  UNITED  STATES 28 

ASIA 82 

ASTBONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  AND  PROGRESS    88 

AUSTBALIA  AND  POLYNESIA 40 

AUSTBO-HITNG ABIAN  MONARCHY 41 

BACK,  SIB  GEOBGE 4S 

BAPTISTS 46 

BABAGUAY  D'HILLIEBS 68 

BECQUEBBL,  ANTOINE  C£SAB 88 

BEEOHEB,  CATHEBINE  £ fi8 

BELGIUM 64 

BRBABDI,  GIUSEPPE 6T 

BEBNABD,  CLAUDE 67 

BIGELOW,  GEOBGE  T 63 

BIGGS,  ASA 63 

BOLIVIA 68 

BOUTON,  NATHANIEL. 60 

BOWLES,  SAMUEL. 60 

BRAZIL 69 

BRYANT,  WILLIAM  OULLEN 64 

BULGARIA 66 

CALIFORNIA 69 

CAPE  COLONY  AND  BRITISH  SOUTH  AFRICA..    81 

CHEMISTRY 88 

CHILI 98 

CHINA 96 

CHRISTIAN  CONNECTION 101 

CHRISTIAN  UNION 102 

CHRISTINA,  MARIA. 102 

COLOMBIA 108 

COLORADO 108 

COMMERCE    (INTERNAL)     OF    THE     UNITED 

STATES 114 

00N6REGATI0NALISTS 181 

CONGRESS,  UNITED  STATES 186 

CONNECTICUT 218 

COPYRIGHT 228 

COSTA  RICA 22T 

COTTON  AND  SILK 229 

COURBET,  GUSTAVE 280 

OULLEN.PAUL. 280 


rAOB 

CYPRUS S« 

DELAWARE J» 

DENMARK MO 

DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  UNI- 
TED STATES J« 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST Jtf 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA M 

DUPANLOUP,  F^LIX  A.  P. «3 

DUYCKINCK,  EVERT  A S4» 

EARTH,  THE I« 

EASTERN  QUESTION «» 

ECUADOR 2» 

EDISON,  THOMAS  ALVA «1 

EGYPT «« 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT ««8 

ENGINEERING 8» 

EUROPE .-.«« 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION «« 

EVANGELICAL  UNION  OF  SCOTLAND.. »i 

EXPOSITION,  PARIS 2M 

FAZY,  JEAN  JAMES M 

FEVER,  YELLOW «5 

FINANCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES Sa 

FLORIDA 8S0 

FRANCE 833 

FRIENDS S« 

FRIES,  ELIAS  MAGNUS 8» 

GARNIER-PAG2S,  LOUIS  A «5» 

GEOGRAPHICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  8M 

GEORGIA 8« 

GERMANY STS 

GERM  THEORY  AND  SPONTANEOUS  GENERA- 
TION  «T 

GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND »1 

GREECE ¥» 

GREEK  CHURCH 411 

GREENE,  WILLIAM  B 41S 

GR&VY,  FRANCOIS  JULES  P. 41* 

GUATEMALA 415 

GUTZKOW,  KARL  F 41d 

HENRY,  JOSEPH 411 

HODGE,  CHARLES 430 

nOFF,  HENRY  K 430 

HOFFMAN,  MURRAY <« 

HOLLINS,  GEORGE  N 4« 

HOLLY  SYSTEM  OF  STEaM-HEATINO 421 

HONDURAS 4« 

HUNGARY 4»4 

ILLINOIS 1M 

INDIA 4S4 

INDIANA 4» 

INSECTIVOROUS  PLANTS *** 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


833 


FAOV 

IOWA 449 

ITALY 454 

IVOBT,  ABTIFICIAL 468 

JAPAN 460 

KANSAS 468 

KEBTTUCKT 468 

UCHEN8 4T6 

UFE-SAVING  SEEVICE 471 

IITEEATURE  AND  LITEB  ART  PR0QBE8S  IN  1878.  477 

LITEBATUBE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  187& 484 

UTEBATX7BB,  ENGLISH 489 

LONG,  CHABLES  C 488 

LOUISIANA 494 

LUTHEBAN8 £05 

MAINE 608 

MARYLAND 516 

MASSACHUSETTS 628 

MEGAPHONE 687 

MSTEOBOLOGY 687 

METHODISTS 545 

MEXIOO 661 

MICHIGAN 666 

MICROPHONE 608 

MICROTASIMGTER 668 

MINNESOTA 668 

MISSISSIPPI 669 

MISSOURI 575 

MOHAMMEDANISM 681 

MONTENEGBO 586 

MORAYIANS 687 

MUSICAL  TELEPHONE 688 

SAVYOF  THE  UNITED  STATES 5S9 

KEBRASEA 699 

5ETHERLANDS 695 

25EVADA 698 

5EW  HAMPSHIRE 608 

KEW  JERSEY 610 

HEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH 814 

XEW  YORK 614 

KOBTH  CAROLINA 626 

OBITUABIES,  AMEBICAN 681 

OBITUABIES,  FOBEIGN 648 

OHIO 668 

OLDCATHOUCS 669 

OSEGON 670 

PARAGUAY 677 

FENNSYLYANU 678 


rAOB 

PERU 686 

PIUS  IX 688 

PORTUGAL 600 

PREBB YTERLANS 698 

PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CH URCH 701 

PRUSSIA 704 

PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS 706 

BEFOBMED  CHUBCHEri 719 

BEFOBMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 721 

BESEABCHES  AND  EXPERI M  LNTS' 722 

RHODE  ISLAND 728 

BOKITANSKY,  BABON  KABL  YON 789 

BOMAN  CATHOLIC  CHUROH 782 

BOSS,  ALEXANDRE  M 789 

BOUMANIA 789 

BUSSELL,  EABL  JOHN 740 

BUS8IA 741 

BAN8ALYAD0B 747 

8EBYLA 748 

6EBVICE,  UNITED  STATES  LIFE-SAYING 749 

6HEPLEY,  GEOBGE  F 767 

SOUTH  CABOLINA. 767 

SPAIN 779 

STEAM-ENGINE,  WELLS  BALANCE Hi 

SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY 776 

8WITZEBLAND Til 

TAYLOB,  BAYABD 778 

I'ENNESSEE 779 

TEXAS 786 

TUOBPE,  THOMAS  B 788 

TTJBKEY 788 

TWEED,  WILLIAM  M 798 

TYLEB,  SAMUEL 799 

UNITABIANS 799 

UNITED  BBETHBEN  CHURCH 800 

UNITED  STATES 601 

UNIYER8ALISTS 819 

UTAH 818 

YERMONT 815 

YICTOB  EMANUEL  II 819 

YICTOBIA,  QUEEN 819 

YIBGINIA. 820 

WADE,  BENJAMIN  F 825 

WELLES,  GIDEON 825 

WELSH,  JOHN 826 

WEST  VIBGINIA 896 

WISCONSIN 


yoL,  xnii.— 68    A 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


-•♦•- 


Adti  for  draining  aUrer  mines  in  Pern,  291. 

AduUeration  of  cotton  and  silk  goods— bow  done,  989. 

il(2Mn/<st«.—Oenenl  Conference,  1 ;  statistics  of  the  denomi- 
nation,  1 ;  prooeeding%  1 ;  meetings  of  charitaUe  socle- 
ties,  1 ;  receipts  of  associations,  2 ;  reports  of  anzUlar/ 
associations,  2. 

J^gkaiiiitan. — Reports  of  the  internal  conditioB,  2;  eri- 
denoes  of  an  onfHendly  disposition,  2  ;  the  command  of 
General  Kaaftnann,  2 ;  bis  expedition,  2 ;  objects  ot  the 
Bossian  expedition,  8 ;  the  mission  of  Jnly,  8 ;  object 
represented,  8;  mission  appointed  by  the  Indian  Got- 
ernment,  4 ;  its  members,  4 ;  its  progress,  4 ;  dispatch  of 
Lord  Cranbrook,  6 ;  object  of  the  British  Goremment 
during  a  whole  series  of  years,  &  ;  change  in  the  foelinga 
of  the  Ameer,  6;  the  British  embassy  appointed,  5;  or- 
gonixatloii  of  the  British  forces,  5 ;  moTement  of  the 
troops,  6;  oocapation  of  Sibi,  6;  proclamation  to  the 
Afisrhans,  8;  adrance  continued,  6;  position  of  the  Bna- 
sian  embassy,  6 ;  its  answer  to  British  inquiries,  6 ; 
embassy  withdrawn,  6;  death  of  Hhers  Ali^s  youngest 
son,  6 ;  his  five  sons,  6 ;  claimants  to  the  throne,  6 ;  tar- 
ther  adrance  of  General  Boberts,  6;  Alj^han  posltioa 
turned,  6.    (See  Ihdia.) 

4/Hoa.— Divisions  and  snbdiTisions,  T ;  area,  7 ;  population, 
7 ;  CaiKre  rising  In  Cape  Colony,  7 ;  revolution  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  Egypt,  7  ;  disordered  condition  of  Abys- 
sinia, 7 ;  cholera  and  general  distress  in  Moroccoi,  7. 

AgrieulturcU  Product.— Exports  ot,  in  ten  years,  116. 

AgriouUurt.—{^e^  Commskck,  IirrcxNATioirAX.,  UznnD 
Statm,  and  the  states  re»pectively.) 

Akbookd  of  Swat,  Thk.— A  Mussulman  saint -his  influence 
and  career,  fi82. 

Alabama. — Resources  and  expenditures  of  the  year,  7  ;  is- 
sue of  new  bonds  under  the  debt  compromise,  7 ;  classes, 
7;  amount  of  the  debt,  3;  Interest  paid,  8;  rerenne  from 
taxes,  8 ;  rate  of  taxation,  3 ;  revenue  from  the  peniten- 
tiary, 8;  insane  patients,  8;  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College,  8 ;  State  Normal  School,  8 ;  association  of  fire- 
insurance  underwriters,  8 ;  product  of  coal  mines,  8; 
gold,  where  found,  6 ;  Democratic  State  Convention,  8 ; 
nominations,  8 ;  resolutions,  8 ;  Bepublican  State  Con* 
Tendon,  9 ;  no  nominations  made,  9 ;  address  to  the  Be- 
publicans,  9;  resolutions,  9;  result  of  the  election  for 
State  officers,  10 ;  election  of  members  cf  Congreas,  10; 
result,  10 ;  letter  of  Attorney-General  Devens  to  U.  8. 
Attorney  in  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  Sonth  Carolina,  10; 
meeting  of  the  State  Legislature,  10 ;  organization,  10 ; 
internal  condition  of  the  State,  10;  financial  embairaas- 
ment  of  many  cities  and  counties,  10 ;  proceedings  of 
bondholders,  10;  case  of  the  city  of  Montgomery,  10; 
mandamus  issued  from  a  Federal  Court,  10 ;  resolutions 


of  the  State  Senate,  10 ;  eleetlflii  of  Senstor  te  Cos- 
gre6a,ll. 

AucB  Maud  Mabt.— EYinceaa  of  England,  11 ;  marriage  and 
death,  11. 

Allibox,  Williak  B.— Senator  from  Iowa,  185;  effn*  la 
amendment  to  the  bill  for  the  ocrfnage  of  silver  doQui^ 
lift. 

^^um.— Estlniatlon  ot  in  bread,  86. 

Amat  di  Sah  Filippo  E  Sobso,  L^-Oardinal  Bishofi,  11; 
birth,  11 ;  career,  11  ;  death,  12. 

Anuuon  i?ieer.— The  aurvey  ot,  865, 589. 

Amber  Sugar-€ane.—Cu\txxn  ot,  in  MinneaoCa,  568. 

America, — ^AflSdrs  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  12 ;  depreeikM 
In  the  United  States,  12;  Sute  elections,  12;  Indiaada- 
turbances,  12;  yellow  fever,  12;  harveeta,  12:  sootb 
American  states,  12 ;  quiet  aflUra,  18  ;  Chill  fai  floaodal 
trouble,  12 ;  Colombia,  12 ;  political  and  commercial  rda- 
tions  of  Pern,  12 ;  Diaz  Administration  In  Mezko  reoeg- 
nized  by  the  United  States,  12. 

AnglUian  Churchee.—ThB  ConvocatloB  of  CanteriNory,!): 
Its  proceedings,  18;  Convocation  of  Torit,  18;  its  pfo- 
oeedingi,  18 ;  Church  Missionary  Society,  18 ;  Sodety  ibr 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  18 ;  Home  R^'uninn  ^e• 
dety,  14;  Society  for  the  Liberation  of  Bellgioo  tna 
State  Control,  14 ;  final  decision  In  the  ease  of  Martis  ca 
Mackonochie,  14 ;  the  Pan- Anglican  Synod,  14;  piim«d- 
Ings,  15;  subjects  discussed  and  referred.  15;  report  oe 
the  beat  mode  of  maintaining  union,  15 ;  eonrenilnfr  rit- 
ualism, 15;  concerning  eonfossion,  15;  on  Book  of  Con- 
mon  Ptayer  for  nattvea  in  heathen  ooontrlea,  16;  sympa- 
thy toward  Old  Oatholica,  16;  eighteenth  Church  Coa- 
gress,  16 ;  subjects  ot  papers,  16. 

Antaretio  Reificne.- Rieumi  ot  knowledge  obtained,  SSS. 

Anti-SociaUet  BUI.— In  the  German  FarUameat  8ja 

ArPLiT05,  GaoBGi  Swrt.— Bhlh,  16;  punuita,  16;  stK' 
cess,  17 ;  death,  17. 

Arffentine  Je^puMic— Boundaries,  17;  OovemmMt  sod 
mtnlstiy,  17 ;  Governors  of  provinces,  17 ;  message  <tftb0 
President,  17;  expenses,  17;  Import  and  export  trade, 
18;  national  debt,  I.*);  immigration,  IS;  post'oflSee  rf 
turus,  18;  public  instruction,  18 ;  new  frtmti<>r  Bae,  1^: 
railways,  18;  foreign  relationa,  18;  revenue  and  expendh 
tnre,  19 ;  do.  for  elj^ht  years,  19 ;  relative  finaadal  p(«- 
tions  of  ChtU  and  the  Anfentine  BepubUc,  19 ;  tnde  re- 
turns and  duties,  19 ;  imports  from  and  experts  to  tbe 
United  States.  19 ;  cost  and  profits  of  ArgentlBe  mi- 
ways,  90;  Indian  frontier,  20;  granU  of  land  Im-  n»- 
Ing  boraea,  20;  message  on  the  frontier  Hue,  80;  nwaas 
of  deibnse,  21 ;  the  new  census,  21 ;  distnrtaneex  31: 
.increase  of  immigration,  21 :  cattle  and  sheep  la  sct- 
eral  countries,  22  ;  instructions  to  immlgranta,  23;  the 
boundary  question,  22. 

ilrl^ansas.— Meeting  of  the  Domocratic  Stats  CoBTcattoa, 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


835 


S;  aomlnrtlonii  for  BUte  offleers,  2S ;  resoIatloBB,  82; 
fio  other  pArCf  nomlnotlonfl,  28 ;  election,  28 ;  do.  for 
CoogrMsmeo,  28;  deditoii  of  the  Snpreme  Court  on  the 
eoostitottonality  of  the  levee  bonds,  28 ;  natnre  of  the 
boodi,  28;  how  used,  28;  aBaertlons  of  the  bondholders, 
24:  reply  on  the  put  of  the  State,  24;  the  case  of  Hot 
Springs,  24;  location  of  the  town,  24;  population,  Tlstt- 
en,  sod  business,  24 ;  the  GoTemment  title,  26;  dedsioQ 
cf  the  Sapreme  Court,  25;  act  of  Congress  for  settle- 
meat  of  ownership,  25;   oonunissloners  appointed  and 
ergaaiaed,  25 ;  proceedings,  25;  expiration  of  their  tenn# 
SS;  act  to  renew  passed  by  Congress  and  lost,  25;  new 
UIl  Introduced,  25 ;  conflict  of  authority  between  Fed- 
tni  and  State  courts,  25 ;  suits  by  bondholders  sgalnst 
eooBtles,  25;  proceedings  of  the  Federal  Oourta,  26; 
grounds  for  their  proceedings  bssed  on  the  decision  of 
BLgs  ct.  Johnson  County  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  28;  d»> 
tub  of  the  decision,  26;  decision  in  the  case  of  Hew- 
itt and  Cooper,  re.  Judge  and  Justices  of  JelTerson 
Cocnty,  27;  case  of  Pulaski  County,  27;  action  of  the 
State  Snpreme  Court  and  reriew  of  the  Jurisdiction  of  the 
Fedeial  courts,  27;  its  decision,  27 ;  a  Territorial  govern- 
DMot  over  the  Indian  Territory  proposed,  28 ;  focts,  28; 
case  of  Boudinot ««.  United  States,  28;  a  precedent,  2S ; 
artion  of  Congress,  23;  proposal  to  remove  tiie  Indians, 


»9. 


Armtd  Forc^tt  cf  />an.ce.— Estimates  oC  843. 
Arih^  pfVu  UniUd  £itat48.—ltB  strength,  28 ;  expenditures, 
i^\  sctive  service,  28;  Indian  disturbances,  2^;  their  ex- 
tent, 29;  corps  of  mounted  Indian  auxiliaries  recom- 
meitded,  29;  nature  of  the  oiiganizatlon,  29 ;  two  propo- 
fitioas  to  be  enforced  by  the  Indian  policy,  29 ;  testimony 
<tf  >ecretary  Schurs  before  a  Joint  committee  on  the 
transfer  of  the  Indians  to  the  War  Department,  29*  eom- 
mlttee  on  the  reorganization  of  the  army,  80;  their  re- 
port, 80 ;  amendment  to  the  army  bill  forbidding  the 
use  of  the  army  aa  a  posse  eomitattu^  80;  Its  practical 
operation  described  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  80;  procla- 
mation of  the  President  on  disturbances  in  Lincoln 
County,  New  Mexico,  81 ;  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  General  Sherman  on  the  same,  81 ;  distribution  of 
teats  sad  rationa  during  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow 
fsver,  81 ;  appropriation  for  rivers  and  harbors,  81 ; 
QQsrtermaster''s  Department,  81 ;  the  sescoast  defense,  81 ; 
arms  In  store,  81 ;  the  HotchXiss  gun,  81  ;  military  con- 
victs, 82 ;  order  for  an  inquiry  In  the  case  of  General 
Fitz  John  Pbrter.  82 ;  condition  of  the  Union  and  Con- 
federate war  records,  82. 

Art  GalUri€0  In  the  Paris  Exhibition,  801 

ArUdeM  of  /mporf.  ^Decrease  ot  in  five  years,  117 ;  do.  oi 
export,  increase  of.  117. 

A»ia.r—ATtm  and  population,  82 ;  divisions  and  subdivisions, 
83  ;  conquest  of  Kasbgarla,  83 ;  war  In  Afirbanistan,  88; 
Dunine  in  India,  88;  new  Kussian  expedition  to  Central 
Alia,  88:  ikmine  In  North  China,  88;  death  of  King  of 
Bormah.  88. 

Amamitiation,  attempted,  of  German  Emperor,  879;  of 
King  Humbert,  453;  do.  of  the  King  of  Bpain,  774;  do. 
of  General  Trepoff,  chief  of  secret  police  In  Russia,  744 ; 
aasaasinatiou  of  Okubo,  Minister  of  the  Interior  in  Ja- 
pan, 462;  do.  of  Pardo,  ex- President  of  Peru,  6S7;  do. 
of  General  de  Mesentiofl;  chief  of  secret  police  in  Bus- 
913,745. 

AmimmefU  of  TVubm.— Msnner  of;  In  Kentucky,  8^0. 

Attnncmioal  Phenomena  and  Progre99.— Total  eclipse  of 
the  sun,  88;  results  of  observations,  88 ;  observations  of 
the  corona,  84;  relations  between  sun-spots  snd  tte- 
<|ueDey  and  change  of  the  earth*s  atmosphere,  85;  the 
transit  of  Mercury,  85;  relative  brightness  of  Venus  and 
Mercury,  85;  minor  planets,  85;  the  ma»s  of  Satum^s 


rings,  86;  comets,  86;  origin  of  comets,  86;  meteoric 
showers,  86;  meteors  of  April  19th  and  28d,  86;  August 
meteors,  86;  meteoric  fire-balls,  86;  binary  stars,  87; 
new  double  stars,  88;  Birmingham  on  red  stars,  88;  re- 
lationa  between  the  colors  and  periods  of  variable  stsrs, 
88;  origin  of  nebuln,  88;  researches  of  Professor  Chaoe, 
89;  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Atftronomtcal  Society,  89; 
prizes  of  the  French  Academy,  89;  gold  medal  of  the 
Vienna  Academy,  89. 

Atkivs,  D.  C— Representative  flrom  Tennessee,  185;  reports 
a  bill  making  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  srmy, 
186. 

Au&traUa  and  Polynula,-^kttak  sod  population,  40;  colo- 
nies, 40;  population  of  Britiah  colonies,  40;  increase  of 
births  ov^  deaths,  40 ;  revenue,  40 ;  debt,  40 ;  Imports  snd 
exports,  40;  telegrapha,  40;  postal  statistics,  40;  live 
stock,  40;  population  of  New  Zeaknd,  40;  Legislative 
Aasembly  of  Victoria,  40;  its  proceedings,  40;  Psrila- 
ment  of  New  South  Wales,  41 ;  South  Australian  minis- 
tiy,  41 ;  revolt  in  New  Osledonia,  41. 

AuKtro'HunQarian  ifonarefty.— Emperor,  41 ;  ministry  for 
the  Empire,  41 ;  do.  of  ds-Leithan  Austria,  41 ;  area  of 
the  monarchy,  41 ;  dvil  popnktlon,  41 ;  how  distributed, 
41;  movement  of  population  in  1S77,  42;  childi«n,  42; 
universities,  professors,  and  atudents,  42;  commercial 
snd  customs  treaty  between  Austria  and  Hungary,  42 ; 
proceedings  of  the  Relchsrsth,  42;  the  Berlin  Congress, 
42;  budget  discussed,  42:  extra  credit  authorised,  48: 
difBculties  anticipated,  48;  Eastern  aflUrs,  48;  reasons 
for  the  demand  of  a  grant,  48;  bill  of  credit  passed,  44; 
manner  In  which  it  ia  to  be  employed,  44 ;  pohits  of  the 
treaty  of  San  Stefeno  incompatible  with  Austrian  inter- 
ests, 44;  answer  of  Count  Andrassy,  44;  occupation  of  a 
fortress  on  the  Dsnube,  45;  proceedings  of  the  Austrian 
army,  45;  Relchsrath  reaasembled,  45;  reply  of  the  Em- 
peror to  the  Austrian  and  Hungarian  delegations,  45. 


Back,  Sir  Gmbou.— Admiral  and  distinguished  Arctic  navi- 
gator, 46;  birth,  46;  career  and  death,  46. 

Bankruptcy,  statistics  of,  in  1877  snd  1878, 119. 

jBopMcte.— Statistics,  46 ;  churches,  ministers,  and  members, 
46;  snniversary  of  the  Publication  Society,  46;  Home 
Mission  Society,  46;  Mlsstonsiy  Union,  47;  Women^s 
Missionsry  Society,  47;  Southern  Baptlat  Convention, 
47;  Colored  Baptist  Convention,  48;  Free- Will  Baptist 
statistics,  48;  Kentucky  yearly  meeting,  48;  other  asso- 
ciations, 48;  Institutions,  49;  benevolent  societies,  49; 
Seventh-Day  Baptists,  49;  statistics,  49;  snnual  meet- 
ings of  the  Missionary,  Tract,  and  Education  Societies, 
49;  Church  of  God,  60;  statistics,  60;  Monnonites,  60; 
annual  Conference,  60 ;  The  Brethren,  or  Tunkera,  51 ; 
annual  Council,  51 ;  Baptists  of  the  British  Provinces,  51 ; 
statistics,  61 :  Regular  Baptlsto  In  Great  Britain,  51 ;  sta- 
tistics, 51 ;  annual  meeting  of  the  Baptlat  Union,  52 ; 
Missionary  Society,  52;  Zenana  Mission,  52;  Home  snd 
Irish  Mission,  62;  Bible  Trsnsbtion  Society,  52;  Gen- 
eral Baptists,  52;  Union  of  Scotland,  52. 

BAKAorAT  D*HiLLTEBs,  Couut  A.— A  Freuch  general,  68; 
birth,  career,  and  death,  68. 

Batabd,  Tbomas  F. — Senator  fh>m  Delaware,  185;  on  the 
coinage  of  the  sliver  dollar,  149 ;  on  retirement  of  legal- 
tender  notes,  164>166;  on  the  army  bill.  204-203. 

Bbaooitsfixlo,  Eari.— EngHah  Plenipotentiary  to  BerUn,  401 ; 
statement  of  th*e  proceedings  at  the  Berlin  Congress,  402 ; 
states  the  objects  of  the  British  interforenoe  In  Afghan- 
istan, 488. 

BsoK,  Jaxxs  B.— Senator  tnm  Kentucky,  185;  on  the  tamj 
bill,  19a 


836 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


BsoQxnnsLf  Amonfi  C— PhysidAt,  68;  birch,  68;  dJaoor- 
erles,  68 ;  death,  68. 

Bxzcmn,  Gatbkbdii  £.— ToMher  and  aathor,  68 ;  birth,  ca- 
reer, and  death,  58 

Belffivm.—K.ing  and  flunllv,  51 ;  area  and  population,  54 ; 
proTlnoee,  64  ;  population  of  principal  towns,  64}  move- 
ment of  population,  54;  Mboola  and  pnpila,  54;  aniver- 
alties  and  atadants,  54;  receipts  and  ezpenditarea,55; 
pabllo  debt,  55;  strength  of  the  army,  55;  Imports  and 
exports,  65;  length  of  railroads,  65;  ose  of  the  Flemish 
language,  65 ;  increase  in  representation  in  the  Chambers, 
55;  elections.  55;  state  of  partiea,  56;  communal  eleo- 
tions,  56 ;  celebration  of  the  Klng^s  marriage,  66 ;  open- 
ing the  Chambers,  60 ;  King^s  speech,  56 ;  proceedings, 
56 ;  Belgian  tree  churches,  57. 

BntAKDi,  GiirssppB. — Cardinal  and  priest,  57;  birth,  57;  pnr- 
BuiU.  57;  death,  57. 

Berlin^  terms  of  the  treaty  of,  256. 

Bbrnaeo,  Claitdb.— Physiologist,  67;  studies  and  public  po- 
sitions, 57 ;  death,  6d. 

Arrles.— llieir  cultivation  In  Delaware,  88S;  do.  in.Missla- 
sippi,  578. 

BiGKLow,  OnoBG*  T.— An  American  Jurist,  68 ;  birth,  career, 
and  death,  68. 

Bioos,  Asa.— Birth,  66;  public  positions,  56;  death,  58L 

Bi-JfetaUie  Om/trenee.^ltB  lUlure,  609. 

BLA^mB,  Jamb  O.— Senator  fh>m  Maine,  185;  on  the  romon- 
etisstion  of  silver  dollars,  165 ;  on  the  retirement  of  legal- 
tender  notes,  166;  on  the  army  bill,  196, 198,  900, 909. 

Blaiv,  MoirreoimT.— Presents  resolutions  In  the  Maryland 
Legislature  relative  to  a  Judicial  deddon  of  the  kte  Presi- 
dential election,  516. 

Blahd,  B.  P.~Beproaentattve  from  Missouri,  185 ;  introduces 
a  bill  to  aathoriia  the  fr«e  cdnage  of  the  silver  dollar, 
145, 160. 

Bloody  of  yeUow-ftver  patienta,  microscopic  appearance,  890. 

^/JHo.— Boundarlea,  53  ;  departments,  areas,  capitals,  and 
popuhition,  58;  subdividons  of  departments,  66;  Presi- 
dent and  Cabinet,  68 ;  consul  at  New  York,  50 ;  Ameri- 
can Minister,  59 ;  finances,  69 ;  nllwaya,  60. 

Book'keepinff  in  the  Connecticnt  State  Comptroller's  ofllce, 
917. 

Boiton  B€9r  OlomjMiny.— Suit  sgalnst,  680;  dedsioo  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  580. 

BouTOK,  Nathavtsl.— Clergyman  and  author,  60 ;  birth,  ca- 
reer, and  death,  60. 

BowuBs,  SAMimL.— American  JonxnallBt,  60;  birth,  career, 
and  death,  69. 

Bbadlbt,  Mr.  JFtnou.— His  dedston  on  the  application  fbr 
removal  of  the  T/>^isiana  Betunilng  Board  case  to  the 
Federal  Court,  496. 

BrcMU.—lti  situation,  60 ;  provinces,  areas,  and  population, 
60;  capitals,  60;  report  of  census,  60;  disappearance  of 
slavery,  60;  Government,  60;  Cabinet,  60;  Council  of 
State,  61 ;  various  branches  of  national  revenue,  61 ;  na- 
tional debt,  61 ;  statement  of  BrasUlan  finances,  61 ;  value 
of  exports  and  Imports,  61 ;  commodltiea  and  values,  68 « 
duties,  69 ;  coAse  principal  static,  69 ;  its  culture  and 
Increase,  68 ;  primary  schools  in  each  province,  68 :  de- 
grees, how  conferred,  68 ;  rallroada,  68 ;  how  constructed, 
68;  stesmship  line,  68;  subsidy,  68;  famine,  64;  conse- 
quences, 64. 

BxxoKunuiMK,  Jonr  C— Appropriation  in  the  Kcotui&y 
Legislature  for  a  mcmument  to,  470. 

Brooklyn  and  Ntw  York  Stupen^Um  Bridge.— PrognM  of, 
9S0 ;  cut  of  the  approaches,  281. 

Bkowitb,  Mi^Jor-Oeneral  F.  S.— Commands  the  British  force 
in  Afji^hanistan,  5. 

Bbtaht,  Wiluam  CvLLsir. — ^American  poet,  editor,  and  au- 
thor, 64;  birth,  career,  writings,  and  death,  64. 


Building%  and  Grounds  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  2Ml 

A(/(7ar/a.— Province  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  66;  sras  isd 
population,  65;  features  of  the  country,  65;  crigio  of  the 
race,  66;  history,  66;  education  and  reBglco,  66;  Bew»- 
papers,  66;  autonomy  of  the  Bulgariui  Churdk,  6€; 
manulhctures  and  business  enterprise,  66;  boandniei 
defined  by  treaty  of  San  Steikno,  66;  history  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, 67 ;  details  of  the  conclusions,  67 ;  action  of  £i9- 
sta,  66 ;  army  organiiatton,  68 ;  completion  of  dril  orfu- 
ization,  68 ;  the  International  Commission,  69 ;  meetisf 
of  the  Bulgarian  Assembly,  69. 

BuHonARD,  H.  C— Representative  from  Illinoia,  1$5;  oAe»  i 
resolution  on  the  President's  title  to  oflke,  167. 

BuTLSx,  BBNJAMiir  F.— t&epresentstive  frtxn  MasaschiiMtt& 
185;  on  the  free  coinage  of  sUver  doUara,  160 ;  qiecch  a 
Maine,  680 ;  requested  by  voters  in  Maseadtnietts  ts  be- 
come a  candidate  for  Oovemor,  581 ;  answer  to  th*  iv- 
quest,  581;  votes  for,  587;  report  on  the  Eledonl 
fiwids,  717. 


Cqfre  War  with  Englsnd,  81. 

Caixou,  Signer,  forms  a  new  ministry  in  Itsly,  466, 4S7. 

Co/^brfiia.— KesssembUng  of  the  Legislature,  69;  biD  to 
authortae  the  empk>ymeat  of  two  thousand  Isboros,  •; 
speech  In  the  Senate  tm  their  condition,  69 ;  map  of  tt-« 
Toaemite  Valley,  70 ;  ten  thousand  would  come  to  de- 
mand work,  71 ;  report  on  the  oondltSon  of  the  CUse^. 
71 ;  their  relations  to  the  police  In  San  Francisco.  71;  act 
to  prevent  the  destruction  of  small  fiah  by  the  CUscm, 
71 ;  an  act  to  strike  out  the  words  **  white  msle*"  bva 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  71 ;  admlssloo  of  i  womu 
as  a  member  of  the  bar,  71 ;  an  act  to  provide  for  i  dtitc 
Omstitntional  Convention,  72 ;  detaila,  79;  aa  act  to  pr^ 
vide  a  SUte  Labor  Bureau,  79;  deUUs,  78;  th«  tahjeti 
of  irrigation  considered,  72;  the  disposal  of  dtbrit  frua 
hydraulic  mining,  72 ;  its  effects,  72 :  dose  of  the  bm- 
slon,  72 ;  results  of  the  adoption  of  a  tjtum  <rf  Mf*- 
tlon,  72 ;  four  hundred  miles  of  territory  to  be  rtooTCRi 
78 ;  its  soil,  cUmate,  and  products,  78 ;  demoaftratkM 
of  workingmen,  78 ;  an  act  of  the  Leglslstme  reiatlTe  ta 
the  same,  78 ;  letter  of  Kearney,  President  of  the  Woik- 
lngmen*s  party,  to  the  State  Senate,  78;  ConveDtioa  of 
Workingmen,  78 ;  declaration  of  principles,  78 ;  immignr 
tlon  of  the  Chinese  an  absorbing  subject,  74;  fint  tzmxr 
between  the  United  States  and  China,  74 ;  its  prorisiafD^ 
74 ;  progress  of  the  immigration,  74 ;  antldpatioai,  74 : 
investigation  by  Congrcaa  of  the  nature  and  fostsees  d 
the  objectlona  agalnat  them,  75;  reaulta,  75;  tbctr  po^ 
aonal  and  moral  haUta,  75 ;  non-aaalmllatloB  wtUt  tb» 
American  people,  76 ;  detaila  of  their  character,  71:  nt- 
ommendation  to  Congresa,  76 ;  abrogatloB  of  trraty  ibpe* 
lationa,  76 ;  the  question  of  their  natnraliiatloB,  76 :  ei«^ 
tion  of  members  of  the  State  Conatitntlonal  Ceorcatka. 
76 ;  its  session,  76;  report  of  the  Committee  on  CUbth 
Immigration,  76;  dissgre»ient  of  the  Committee,  Tl; 
plan  agreed  upon,  77 ;  what  power  the  State  bad  to  prt- 
tect  herseli;  77;  explsnaticns  of  the  plan,  T7 ;  renarti  a 
the  pbm,  77;  a  second  plan  of  treating  the  sol^  F<^ 
posed,  77;  a  third  plan,  77;  ol^tlons  urged  to  tk«i8  in 
the  Convention,  78;'  adoption  of  the  report,  79;  tW« 
taken  by  the  Convention,  78;  memorial  to  Coofrcei,  >; 
another  view  of  the  sul()ect  relating  to  the  good  qmfiti« 
of  the  Chineae,  79;  the  Chinese  to  be  got  rid  oC  beeia* 
they  are  feared,  80;  the  grape  cultuiv,  80;  the  dcniat 
for  Callforala  wines,  60;  decision  of  Um  Federal  Conrtca 
a  Mexican  grant,  81 ;  the  Court  wiD  not  aet  aaldc  a  ja^H 
ment  becauae  It  waa  founded  on  a  fhtudaleDt  tastiaffiatl 
or  pojured  evidanoe,  81. 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


837 


Qudh  Bsetrie,  tarn  ot,  8TS. 

Cap$  CcUmy  and  Brititk  S9tUh  Afirioa.^knk,  and  popola- 
tioB  of  tba  British  poageariona,  81 ;  raoea,  malea  and  fa- 
malM,  81 ;  rellgiooa  denomlnatlona,  81 ;  tba  Gaffre  war, 
61;  annSatiee  at  an  end,  81 ;  martial  law  declared,  81 ; 
wvere  engafament  with  the  €ta!lULB,  82 ;  general  plan  of 
opentiana,  82 ;  eaptnrea  of  eattle,  82 ;  deciaiye  victory, 
n\  farther  operationa,  82 ;  the  Zoolooa,  82 ;  their  King, 
63 ;  mlalaterial  ctiaia,  88 ;  a  new  miniatry,  88. 

Carhou,  Homogensont^  how  to  obtain,  270. 

CsMe  and  Froduett  qf  /'omw.— Inereaae  of,  la  the  United 
8btM,  fit>m  1870  to  1878, 114. 

OtBiMd,  the  manafhctore  oC    Bee  Itobt,  AHtnoiAX. 

Central  Jato,  diaooveriea  in,  860. 

Ckmiftry.— iritrlficfttlon,  88;  explanation,  88 ;  practical  teats 
oftha  theory,  84 ;  new  oomponnda  flrom  carbon  blanlpha- 
rrt,  S4;  new  compounds  of  chromlnm  and  manganese, 
65;  the  lamlnoslty  of  flame,  80;  alom  in  baking-powders, 
8S;  estimation  of  alum  in  bread,  88;  new  elements,  86; 
pUUppinm,  86 ;  chemistry  of  the  grape,  87 ;  economical 
bestisg-gaa,  88;  the  eqaivalent  of  galliom,  80;  new  oom- 
pooDd  of  paOadinm,  89;  new  procesa  Ibr  the  regeneration 
flf  spent  gaa-Hma,  88 ;  hydrogen  peroxide,  80 ;  new  dla- 
tnerf  of  thermo-cbemiatry,  90;  new  method  of  sepa* 
ntlog  arsenic  and  antimony,  90;  action  of  water  on  me- 
tilUe  aOoja  containing  carbon,  91 ;  nature  of  the  ao- 
csUed  elements,  91 ;  determination  of  organic  matter  In 
water  aaalyais,  91 ;  the  temperatore  of  llamea,  92 ;  new 
test  tar  carbolic  add.  92 ;  determination  of  the  heat- 
ntaa  of  Ihel,  92 ;  a  new  explosive,  98 ;  reaearoh  of 
Berthfllot  on  the  loaa  of  oxygen  in  the  electrolyala  of 
water,  98. 

CMa  Lax  rur.—Ambaaaador  of  China  to  the  United  SUtea, 
811;  Us  reception,  811. 

C^-CoBteat  relative  to  Its  soathem  bonndaiy,  98;  sna, 

prorinoea,  and  popolatlon,  98 ;  the  Pteaident  and  Oablnet, 

»;  ekarffi  to  United  Statea,  98;  army,  94;  navy,  94;  ita 

oflkera,  94  ^  revenoe,  94 ;  foreign  debt,  94 ;  suspension  of 

ths  banka,  M;  cnstom-hoose  retoma,  94;  imporU  and 

•iporta,  94;  ooontriea,  94;  inereaae  of  mining  exporta, 

•5;  foreign  trade,  95;  ooaatlng  trade,  95;  total  tonnage, 

>5;  srtidea  of  the  navigation  law  95;  railxoada,  96;  con- 

fflet between  atate  and  ehorch,  96;  mixed  marriagea,  96; 

the  PaUgonian  territorial  dlapute,  96. 
iwia.— The  Emperor,  96 ;  area  and  population,  96 ;  dlplo 

ttatie  relatSfina,  96;  military  operatlona  againat  Kashgar 
M;  battle  at  Khotan,  97 ;  occupation  of  Kashgar,  97 ;  r«- 
latlona  with  Russia,  97;  occupation  of  KuQa  by  the  Kus- 
sisas,  97 ;  a  matter  for  diplomacy  to  settle,  98;  altuation 
of  KoQa,  93;  conference  of  the  Britlah  ambaaaador,  98  ; 
sdvaaoe  of  tho  Chinese  againat  the  Sungarlana,  98;  de- 
■tmctioo  of  the  Mohammedans,  98 ;  fkmtne  In  the  north- 
ern provlncea  of  China,  93;  aufferinga  of  the  inhabitanta, 
*9 ;  relief  from  abroad,  99  ;  thanks  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment, 99;  relief  hoapital  fbr  reAigees  burned,  99;  in- 
o«ase  in  the  production  of  opium,  100 ;  prohibition  of 
eoltiration  disregsrded,  100 ;  efforts  to  cnrtsU  the  tralBc, 
100;  a  vigorona  voluntary  organisation  In  Canton.  101  r 
■ttacka  upon  Proteatant  miaslona.  101 ;  insurrection  in 
Kwaogsi,  101 ;  examination  of  the  mining  country  of 
Karping,  101 ;  railwaya,  101. 

»<»«•«  QuuUcn,  TAe.— Ita  agitation  in  Oalilbmia,  74. 

C«miTDo,  S.  B.— Bepreaentative  ttom  New  York,  185;  on 
the  repeal  of  the  Specie  Resumption  Act,  179-186. 

<^fid  CftttroA.— Property  in  Chicago,  decision  respectiBg, 
481. 

f^f^ian  OmtueUon.-'QeMnl  Convention,  101 ;  details  of 

Its  proceedings,  102. 
^^^toa  TMicHk-OenersJ  Council,  102 ;  position  of  the 

UnioB,  102 ;  doctrlnsl  position  of  the  Church,  102. 


Onanax  Makia.— Dowager  Queen  of  Spain,  102  ;  birthi 
102;  connections,  102 ;  csreer,  102  ;  death,  108. 

Oh^flU.—A.^  new  crop  in  Kentucky,  472. 

Okureh  and  StaU,  conflitt  between,  in  ChiU,  96. 

CfturoA  of  ^Mf.— Members,  etc.,  60. 

Cipher  IHepaiohM.— Report  of  the  investigating  committee, 
717. 

Cfknbria.^A  German  steamer,  arrlvsl  off  the  coast  of  Biaine, 
618. 

OMl  Damage  Jet.— Qneation  of  its  constltntlonaUty  decided 
by  the  New  York  Court  of  Appeala,  685. 

Clearing- HouM  pf  New  Tork,--l\M  tranaactiona  aince  ita 
organisation,  118, 119. 

Cleopatra^ e  NeedU^  the  raising  oi;  in  London,  288. 

CJboi.— Monthly  salea  and  prioea  in  New  York,  128. 

C(tNf(^ea<i<M».— Action  of  New  York  on  the  aubject,  616. 

CVs^es.— Extent  of  its  culture  In  Brazil,  62 ;  receipta  and  con- 
sumption in  the  United  BUtea,  180. 

Coinage  qf  Silver. —Ytto  of  the  bill  by  PKsident  Hayes, 
16i. 

Cohmbia.'-Ano,  and  popuhtlon,  108 ;  principal  centers  of 
popuktion,108;  staple  prodttcti(ms,  108;  Praeldent  and 
Cabinet,  108;  army,  106;  educational  Intereats,  108;  rev- 
enue snd  expenditure,  106;  national  debt,  106;  efforta  to 
preaerve  the  pubUc  credit,  104 ;  value  and  destination  of 
axporta,  104;  value  of  tmporta,  104;  principal  artldea  of 
export,  quantities,  and  value,  104;  ahipping  movementa« 
105;  contxaet  between  the  Government  and  the  Chief  of 
the  Rdentiflc  Exploring  Expedition,  106 ;  map  of  Cok>m- 
bla,  106;  politioal  stste  of  the  country,  107;  sgxlcnltnral 
appropriatlona,  107. 

OolonUe  and  Foeeeeetane  of  Great  Britain,  complete  Uat  ot, 


Coforodo.— Democratic  State  Convention,  108;  pbUbrm, 
108;  nomlnatlona,  108;  Repnbtteaa  State  Convention, 
108;  pbdbrm,  109;  nomlnatlona,  110;  Greenback  Con- 
vention, 110;  nominatlone,  110;  pktftinn,  110;  the  dis- 
puted election  of  member  of  Congress,  110;  the  question, 
110 ;  decision  of  Congress,  110 ;  i«sult  of  the  State  elec- 
tion, 110;  more  important  aubjecta  of  kglahUlon,  111; 
irrigation  and  mining.  111 ;  the  grain  crop,  111 ;  eflhot  of 
irrigation.  111 ;  State  Convention  to  oonaidcr  the  aubject 
of  irrigation.  111 ;  a  memorial  to  the  Legialature,  111 ;  the 
mining  Intereata,  112 ;  production  of  the  minea,  112 ;  the 
yield  of  countiea  in  aucceasive  years,  112 ;  phMer  mining, 
112 ;  mining  of  eoal,  112 ;  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court 
relstive  to  side  Hues  of  the  mines,  112 ;  extracta  lh>m  the 
decision,  118;  school  Isnds,  114;  Psoitentlsry,  114;  min- 
eral springs,  114 

Oolar-Blindneee.— Extent  of  Its  prevslence,  626;  Importance 
of  the  sul^Ject,  62C 

CoLQirrrr,  Alfbkv  H.— Governor  of  Georgis,  ssks  an  Inves- 
tigation of  sets  of  his  sdmlnistrstion,  868;  report,  869. 

OmiMna^/OA.— Anthracite  coal  and  railroad  report  on,  la  the 
New  Yoit  Legialature,  619. 

Oommeree,  Internal^  of  the  United  ^Wa<M.-Estimste  of  the 
value  of  commodities  trsnsported  by  railroad  In  the  inte- 
rior of  the  United  States,  114;  the  tonnsge  s  hundred 
times  grester  then  thst  of  the  exports  snd  imports,  114 ; 
annual  increment  of  natlonsi  ospltal,  Hi;  sgricultuial 
weslth,  114;  Increase,  114 ;  cause  of  the  balsnce  of  trade 
in  fhvor  of  the  United  States,  116;  excess  of  exports 
over  imports,  116;  development  of  msnnflMtnring  Indus- 
tries, 115 ;  Incrasse,  116;  production  beyond  the  power  of 
consumption,  116;  exports  of  sgricultural  prodncta,  116; 
displacement  of  Itacelgn  msnuflictures,  116;  artlclea  of  Im- 
port ahowing  the  moatramailcable  ikiling  off,  117 ;  artlclea 
of  increaaed exportation,  117 ;  agKregate Inereaae,  117;  the 
deiveaalon  of  bualneas,  118 ;  tranaactiona  of  the  New  York 
Clearlng-Honae,  118 ;  statistics  of  bankrupt^,  119 ;  statis' 


838 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


ticB  of  mercantile  lUlares,  119  *.  deelension  la  tbe  maiket 
Tmlues  of  oorpontion  itocka,  120;  lUutratioDA,  120;  the 
bonds  of  railroads,  121 ;  total  grain  crop  of  187a,  121 ; 
average  prlcea,  121 ;  grain  crop  of  Europe,  *121 ;  more- 
ment  of  grain  for  the  laat  five  yoara,  122 ;  apeoalatlTe 
movement  oocaaioned  by  the  Ruaao-TarUah  war,  122  ; 
the  price  of  Indian  com,  128 ;  increase  In  the  export  of 
proTlaiona,  128 ;  export  of  dairy  prodocts,  128 ;  the  man- 
Qfacturo  of  cotton,  124 ;  increase  of  the  spinning  capacity 
of  the  world,  124;  oonsttmlng  power  of  the  world,  124; 
export  of  American  cottons,  124;  American  cotton  crop 
f6r  a  series  of  yeara.  125 ;  prices,  12ft ;  total  crop  of  all 
countries,  125;  the  trade  and  manufkcture  of  wool,  125; 
enlargement  in  the  means  of  production  of  iron,  126; 
tons  of  railroad  iron  produced  and  the  product  and  im- 
portation compared,  126;  iron  nila  supplanted  by  steel, 
126;  decrease  in  the  imports  of  steel  and  iron,  127 ;  total 
product  of  pig-iron,  127 ;  number  of  fhrnaoes,  127 ;  total 
production  of  varieties  of  rolled  iron,  127;  production  of 
dilTerent  classes  of  steel,  127 ;  production  of  Bessemer 
ateel,  12S;  auction  sales  of  coal,  128;  exports,  123;  prices 
and  exp(Mt8  of  petroleum,  128;  the  tobacco  crop,  128;  its 
manu&ctnre,  129;  prices,  129;  Imports  of  raw  augar, 
129;  the  consumption  of  all  kinds,  129;  prices,  180; 
Louisiana  crop,  180;  product  of  molasses,  180;  receipts 
of  coffee,  180 ;  the  tea  trade,  180  ;  diTeraion  of  trade,  18u ; 
crops,  181. 

Oifnf;regational4tt9,^StMtiBtic^  181 ;  Congregational  Union, 
181;  Home  Missionary  Bodety,  181;  foreign  missions, 
182;  American  Missionary  Aaaodation,  182;  Union  of 
Canada,  182;  London  Misaionaxy  Bodety,  182;  other 
•odetie^  182;  English  sUtlstioa,  188;  Congregational 
Union  of  England,  188;  defining  the  position  of  the 
churches,  188;  remarks,  184;  other  resolutionB,  184; 
Union  of  Scotland,  184;  do.  of  Wales,  184;  missions  in 
Turkey,  184. 

Oon^Mt  qf  JSeWM.-^Prooeedlogs  of;  256. 

Con^veei,  UniUd  Stattt.-YXnX  session  of  the  Forty-flfth, 
185;  proclamation  of  the  President,  185;  list  of  mem- 
bers, 185;  resolution  for  a  committee  to  conaider  the 
state  of  the  law  rehitlve  to  declaring  result  of  Presiden- 
tial elections,  186;  special  object  of  the  extra  session,  186. 
In  the  House,  a  bUI  reported  making  appropriations  for 
the  army,  186;  bill  made  up  on  the  baals  of  twenty  thou- 
sand, 186;  is  this  number  sufficient  to  meet  the  legiti- 
mate demands  of  the  country?  186;  provisions  of  the 
Constitution,  186;  the  prindpleis,  that  States  must  regu- 
late their  own  aflUrs  in  their  own  way,  not  inconsistent 
with  the  Federal  Constitution,  186;  what  are  the  real  and 
true  uses  of  our  army  in  time  of  peace  ?  187 ;  determina- 
tion of  the  President  to  allow  the  people  to  reguhite  their 
own  affairs,  187;  the  inexorable  demand  of  dvU  liberty 
caused  a  reftisal  of  the  appropriation,  187 ;  the  army  was 
used  as  an  involuntary  Instrument  to  perpetuate  wrongs 
187 ;  the  course  of  the  last  House  is  coeval  with  repre- 
sentatire  government,  187 ;  the  President  has  no  right  to 
decide  on  the  legality  of  State  governments,  188 ;  restric- 
tion in  the  use  of  the  army  omitted  in  the  bill,  188;  bill 
passed  by  the  House,  188 ;  posaed  by  the  Senate,  188 ; 
end  of  the  extra  session,  188. 

Commencement  of  the  regular  session,  188;  in  the 
Senate,  a  resolution  offered  relative  to  the  payment  of 
bonds  with  silver  dollara,  188 ;  resolution  of  the  State  of 
Ohio  quoted,  188;  explanation  of  the  resolution  offered, 
189;  the  recitals  refer  to  three  distinct  periods  of  legisla- 
tive history,  189;  first,  the  act  of  March,  1869, 189;  the 
word  ""coin,"'  189;  the  Government's  pledge,  189;  the 
history  of  this  legislation,  189 ;  question  of  the  payment 
of  the  debt  in  greenbacks,  189 ;  have  promised  to  pay 
doOvs,  140;  what  did "« coin  "mean  in  1869  n40;  history 


of  the  silver  dollar  riooe,  140 ;  bonds  dedared  to  be  re- 
deemable in  coin  of  the  present  standard  valae,  141 ;  hew 
do  the  bonds  issued  under  the  act  of  lb75  dUkrt  141; 
what  difference  doea  it  make  if  there  were  no  allrcr  dol- 
lars? 141 ;  have  not  coined  allver  for  forty  years,  142;  tU 
act  of  ldtf2, 142;  the  act  of  IbiO,  142;  the  pnbUc  &lth 
baa  been  pledged  in  relation  to  this  subject.  142;  the 
amendment  to  the  Cooatttution,  142 ;  the  preamble  utd 
resolution  before  the  Senate,  142;  the  propoondhi;  of 
such  a  question  is  aataniahisg,  148 ;  the  rapid  and  uuw- 
cesaary  prepayment  of  a  debt  not  yet  due  at  prLoes  tar 
above  that  which  its  flue  caUed  for,  14J;  any  act  Mbai 
weakens  the  credit  of  the  nation  adds  so  much  lo  t^ 
burden  of  the  biborlng  man,  148;  by  the  art  of  the  G«r- 
emment  the  silver  and  gold  dollar  wereeqaiT.ikota.  14S : 
the  preamble  Is  not  true  historically,  lid;  a  part  of  tie 
history  excluded,  148 ;  we  are  coLsiderlng  a  coctrart  ia 
which  one  of  the  parties  must  alter  the  law  to  obtaia  a 
construction  in  hia  behalf^  144 ;  under  the  pretext  xA  ref  • 
ulating  the  value  of  the  two  metala  it  is  proposed  to  &i- 
slfy  their  real  value,  144 ;  question  taken  on  the  resoia- 
tion,  144;  its  passage,  144;  preamble  adopted,  141;  ce 
action  taken  in  the  House,  144. 

In  the  House,  motion  for  leave  to  Introdnoe  a  UD  te 
authorize  the  free  coinage  of  the  standard  ailvvr  doCar 
and  to  reatore  its  legal-tender  character,  145 ;  featnm  of 
the  bill,  145;  qneation  taken,  145;  rule*  8iu|K-od«d  sad 
bill  passed,  145. 

In  the  Senate,  tlie  bill  referred  and  reported  back  «ith 
amendmenta,  145 ;  a  Congress  to  eatabliah  the  use  ^A  bi- 
metallic moneya,  145;  legialatlon  In  preceding  year^,  14^; 
its  cauaes  and  results,  146;  comparative  relation  of  coU 
and  allver  coin,  146 ;  views  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint, 
146;  the  value  of  the  silver  dollar  in  former  yeara,  145: 
why  was  the  word  ootn  used  in  the  atatnte  1 146 ;  wbr 
haa  not  silver  been  oolned  for  forty  years?  147 ;  gold  vas 
cheaper,  147;  the  act  of  1878  changed  the  base  of  the  m 
tem  from  silver  to  goU,  147 :  resumption  haa  been  ddajcd. 
and  m«eh  of  the  misery  of  the  paat  four  yean  caused  by 
it,  147;  what  dictated  thla  policy?  147 ;  it  Is  the  frait  of 
the  Paria  Conference  of  1867,  147 ;  report  of  GOech<:ii's 
English  Parliamentary  Committee.  147 :  the  total  lAockof 
gold  money  In  the  woiM,  147 ;  if  we  diminiah  the  \e^ 
tender  money  of  the  world  by  two  fifths^  we  add  to  tbe 
value  of  the  remainder  by  folly  the  same  prq>ortioa.  U«: 
if  silver  be  demonetized  as  lawfol  money  can  yon  csf  :t 
as  subsidiary  coin  ?  148 ;  silver  and  gold  as  mutual  fcfck  to 
each  other  open  the  door  to  reaumption,  14S ;  it  is  9*g^ 
that  we  must  follow  where  commercial  natloos  lead,  14^- 
as  a  sUver-prodndng  nation  it  ia  our  Interest  to  gire  it 
use  sa  money,  149  ;  amendment  reported  by  the  Couia-t- 
tee  on  Finance,  149. 

Now  that  silver  has  raaebed  the  loweat  point  knovfi  a 
the  history  of  the  world,  that  moment  ia  taken  advart&jc 
of  to  construe  the  wording  of  the  act  relative  to  certu 
bonds,  149 ;  this  la  caDed  a  raatoratlon  of  the  silfw  t^ 
lar,  150 ;  if  our  people  had  continued  on  the  metallic  basn* 
no  such  law  as  this  conld  have  been  suggested.  l>): 
movements  to  demonetize  silver,  150 ;  the  act  of  l^T^  de- 
nounced as  the  cause  of  the  dechne  of  silver,  ISO ;  wbik 
there  was  nominally  a  double  standard,  ia  real.ty  it  B«f «« 
was  maintained  and  practically  did  not  exist,  15« ;  re- 
markable features  to  be  found  In  the  record  of  the  mir.t, 
151 ;  the  coinage  of  halves  and  quartera,  151 ;  we  do  sc: 
need  this  silver  dollar  to  revive  business,  151;  th«  M 
will  not  give  the  country  a  stable  currency  and  staod^J 
value  at  par  with  that  of  the  ooomftardal  worid,  151 ;  tb« 
proposed  sliver  dollar  wtQ  not  be  equal  in  vahie  to  iLr 
gold  doUar,  151 ;  if  It  would,  the  two  would  drenlate  te^ 
gother,  151 ;  practical  eftecft  of  the  bill  Is  to  demoa«t;i= 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


839 


foU,  in ;  iStw  aloDe  will  ba  the  measure  of  Talne,  102; 
the  legal  tenden  wUl  oooapj  the  same  reletiaD  to  the  sU- 
▼cr  dolhr  ae  they  do  to  the  gold  now,  IAS ;  ia  there  not 
•omething  bejond  this  measure  1 102  ;  this  meaaure  may 
lead  te  an  trredeemeble  cnirenqr,  10S» 

Never  wea  there  half  so  much  carreDcy  lying  idle  ss  at 
preaeoti  IAS ;  the  iireseut  state  of  things,  108 ;  what  were 
the  real  eanaea  that  prodaoed  this  state  of  thlnga  in  the 
money  mAricet  f  108 ;  the  destractlun  of  wsr,  108  ;  an  im- 
mense debt«  158;  a  period  of  reynlslon  could  not  be 
avoided,  108 ;  the  caae  of  the  nation  like  the  case  of  the 
fumer,  108 ;  the  unnatural  stimulus  of  such  an  inflation 
of  the  eorrenqr,  104 ;  all  kinda  of  business  were  bnoyant, 
hri^  and  Urely,  104;  the  sudden  collapse,  104;  theabor- 
tire  fBilroad  projeota  that  went  down,  IM ;  all  other  great 
boaineaa  enterprises  took  a  similar  course,  104;  oonA- 
dence  haa  long  since  been  restored,  100. 

Quid,  and  sUrer  coin  are  the  money  of  the  Constitutlont 
100;  whAt  power,  then,  has  Congress  uyer  gold  snd silTerf 
100 :  if  Germany  would  remonetlze  silver,  and  the  states 
of  the  Latin  Union  open  their  mints,  it  would  at  once  re- 
sume tta  fimner  relation  with  gold,  100 ;  is  it  now  safe 
and  expedient  to  offer  free  coinage  to  silver?  106;  what 
ligoatlee  would  be  done  to  every  holder  of  legal-tender  or 
oatkiDal-bank  notes?  106;  the  responsibility  of  re£stab- 
Bsfainff  silver  in  its  ancient  and  honorable  place  devolves 
on  the  Cottgreas  of  the  United  States,  106;  the  struggle 
tar  e  single  gold  stsndard,  if  successful,  would  produce 
wfd^pread  diaaster  in  the  commercial  world,  106 ;  the 
qoeefilon  of  beginning  anew  the  recoinage  of  silver  dollsrs 
has  axooaed  much  dlacuaaion  as  to  Its  effect,  107;  value 
tf  sllrer  when  we  gave  our  pledge  to  the  public  creditor, 
107;  we  have  been  running  our  mints  to  coin  the  silver 
doDar  for  the  Chinese  oooly  and  the  Indian  pariah,  107; 
the  bin  assailed  on  two  grounds,  157 ;  the  legality  snd  the 
ezpedlsDcy  of  the  proposed  measure,  107;  the  power  to 
coin  money  is  given  to  Congress  in  explicit  terms,  107 ; 
under  the  Constitution  the  whole  question  of  what  shall 
be  legal  tender  resU  with  the  States,  108;  it  is  said  the 
holder  of  the  bonds  hsd  the  right  to  expect  gold,  because 
silver  was  demonetised  when  they  were  iasned,  108;  the 
expediency  of  remonetlzing  silver  and  making  it  a  legal 
tender,  108;  bow  is  It  possible  for  the  stamp  of  the  Oov- 
emment  to  give  e  piece  of  silver  worth  ninety  cents'  vslue 
a«  a  hundred  eentaf  108;  amendments  adopted  and  the 
bill  paeeed,  100. 

In  tibe  House  the  amendments  of  the  Senate  considered 
109 ;  the  amendmenas,  190 ;  it  is  not  well  to  concur  in 
the  amendments,  160;  this  measure  should  be  discussed, 
160 ;  we  sie  in  a  two-tUrds  minority  Id  both  Houses,  snd 
csn  ameoid  it  as  we  ideaae,  160;  it  has  been  debated  in 
the  Senate  three  ooonths,  160;  this  bill  is  not  what  the 
country  expects,  160 ;  nine  tenths  of  the  people  demand 
unlimited  coinage,  160 ;  the  amendments  have  perverted 
the  bill,  160 :  thehr  repulsive  features,  Itfl ;  if  this  is  ac- 
cepted as  a  triumph,  a  long  truce  on  this  question  will  fol- 
low, 161 ;  the  great  object  of  a  ro^rity  of  the  Bouse  is 
accomplished  by  this  bill,  161 ;  amendments  concurred 
In,  16U  162 ;  veto  of  the  President,  162 ;  bill  passed  in  the 
Senate,  168  ;  do.  in  the  House,  161 

In  the  House,  a  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  and  pass  a 
bill  to  forbid  the  fhrther  retireroent  of  legal-tender  notes, 
161 ;  the  bill,  164 ;  rules  suspended  and  the  bill  passed, 
164. 

In  the  Senate,  an  amendment  offered  to  the  above-men- 
dooed  bill,  164;  that  said  notes  shall  be  a  legal  tender 
for  all  dues  to  the  United  States  except  duties,  and  not 
oCherwiae,  164;  now  ia  a  time  of  prufouod  peace,  164; 
the  law  that  waa  enacted  when  the  notes  were  issued, 
165;  for  what  purpose  is  It  proposed  to  receive  the  Trea> 


iUiy  notes  instead  of  coin  f  165;  If  the  noto  Is  at  par  with 
eoln,  what  farther  credit  do  you  desire?  160;  I  do  not 
believe  the  power  exists  under  the  Constitution  to  make 
legal-tender  paper  money,  160 ;  in  the  present  condition 
of  the  country,  gold  and  silver  slone  are  not  sufficient  to 
constitute  its  currency,  166;  moved  to  strike  out  **  ex- 
cept duties  <m  imports,"  166;  the  original  proposition 
would  work  an  extraordinsry  change  in  the  country,  166; 
the  proposition  la,  that  the  note  shall  not  be  reissued 
with  the  legal-tender  clause,  166;  that  mnddlea  the  cur- 
rency, 166;  reaumption  by  the  Treasury  will  be  resump- 
tion by  the  national  banks,  166;  that  may  be,  166;  the 
plan  of  the  banks,  166 ;  the  other  amendment  shuts  out 
coin  from  the  treasury,  167;  the  entire  flnsndal  situation 
of  the  country  has  been  changed  by  the  introduction  of 
the  sOver  dollar,  167 ;  amendment  rejected  and  the  bill 
paMed,167. 

In  the  House,  a  resolution  relating  to  the  Presidents 
title  offered,  167;  the  resolution,  167;  resolution  adopt- 
ed, 16& 

In  the  House,  a  bill  to  provide  for  trying  the  President's 
tttie,  and  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  Maryknd,  report 
on,  168 ;  the  report,  168 ;  resolution  reported  and  adopted, 
160. 

In  the  House,  a  resolution  offered  for  the  Investigation 
of  alleged  fraud  in  the  late  Presidential  election  in  the 
Btatea  of  Louialana  and  Florida,  169 ;  the  resolution,  169; 
not  a  question  of  privilege,  170 ;  It  is  introduced  because 
of  the  memorial  of  a  sovereign  State,  170 ;  sure^  a  sub- 
feet  of  this  nature  should  have  preference  over  the  ordi- 
nsry  business,  170 ;  the  right  of  petition  is  sdmitted,  but 
the  right  of  action  here  is  a  different  thing,  170;  it  woukl 
be  a  question  of  privilege  if  the  resolution  sDeged  a  pur- 
pose to  institute  proceedings  of  impeschment,  170 ;  for- 
ther  ob)ections,  171;  what  the  member  held  ss  one  of 
the  Electoral  Commission,  171 ;  these  questions  not  oat- 
side  the  record,  171 ;  a  question  of  the  highest  privilege, 
171 ;  the  very  memorial  upon  which  this  matter  is  based 
is  not  before  the  House,  171 ;  If  it  is  decided  a  question 
of  privilege,  it  will  be  ^dependent  of  the  foet  that  the 
memorial^ comes  fh>m  a  State,  173;  the  question  of  privi- 
lege raised  is  only  in  the  order  of  business,  178 ;  the  priv- 
ilege arises  fh>m  the  fhct  that  it  is  set  in  motion  by  a 
sovereign  State,  and  from  the  nature  of  the  subifect  mattei> 
172;  the  purpose  is  only  to  inquire,  172 ;  If  a  f^ud  should 
be  Inquired  Into  it  is  when  it  is  successfully  sooompiished, 
178 ;  basis  upon  which  the  preamble  and  resolution  are  In- 
troduced, 172 ;  ruled  to  be  a  question  of  privilege  of  the 
highest  order,178;  sppeal  fh>m  the  decision  of  the  Chair, 
178 ;  appeal  laid  on  the  table,  1 78 ;  reasons  for  voting  fbr  the 
adoption  of  the  resolution,  178 ;  resson  for  introducing  the 
resolution,  174;  it  contempbites  nothing  but  sn  inquiry, 
174 ;  adoption  of  the  preamble  and  resolution,  174 ;  snoth- 
er  resolution,  to  extend  the  investigation  to  any  State,  of- 
fSared  and  lost,  170. 

In  the  House,  a  bUl  reported  to  repeal  the  third  section 
of  the  set  to  provide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
menta,  170;  the  bill,  170 ;  the  features  of  the  third  sec- 
tion, 176;  explanations  of  its  sutbor,  176;  the  theory  of 
the  section,  176;  under  its  operation  a  reduction  of  the 
currency  made,  176 ;  brought  about  by  an  adroit  prooesSi 
176;  the  treatment  of  the  fkvctional  currency,  176;  aeon- 
traction  has  been  made,  177 ;  gross  misstatements  resort- 
ed to  In  order  to  prevent  the  remonetiation  of  sUve^ 
177;  the  national-bank  notes  can  not  do  without  the  le- 
gal-tender notes,  177 ;  this  is  said  to  be  a  revolutionary 
meaaure,  178;  no  legislation  can  bring  the  country  to 
resumption  unless  it  has  the  necessary  resources,  178; 
when  you  contract  the  currency  the  first  thing  you  touch 
is  investments  in  real  estate  and  improvements,  178;  why 


840 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


•re  we  poTerty-Btrlcken  with  the  greatest  cropf  179;  » 
Bubitltate  offered  for  the  bill^  179;  the  blU  under  oonald- 
eretlon  meana  downright  repudiation,  179;  strange  mla- 
takes  made  by  the  preceding  Speaker,  179;  more  green- 
backs in  use  three  weeks  ago  than  In  any  time  from  189d 
to  1878, 180;  the  raiht)ad  mania,  180;  that  flttal  isane  of 
greenbacks  in  1878,180;  the  banks  are  expanding,  180; 
a  mistake  to  say  there  is  no  money  in  the  West,  180;  I 
denounce  the  bill— the  issue  admita  of  no  comprom)B«, 
181;  the  national  integrity  shalJ  not  be  sacrificed,  181; 
extracts  from  the  press,  181 ;  their  meaning,  181 ;  this 
bill  justifies  the  most  serious  apprehensions,  181;  the 
greenback  is  the  moet  powerful  enemy  our  country  has 
ever  encountered,  182;  the  indications  all  point  to  the 
greenback  as  the  rallying -cry  of  the  most  aggresaiye  ele- 
ments of  society,  182. 

It  is  wrong  for  productive  labor  to  conspire  agatost  cor- 
porations, against  bondholders,  agalnit  capital,  182 ;  the 
act  demonetizing  silver  was  the  most  deliberate  and  tn- 
ezcnsable  firaud  upon  labor  known  In  the  legislative  his- 
tory of  the  world,  182 ,  object  of  Germany  and  the  United 
States  In  demonetizing  silver,  188 ;  this  money  power  was 
not  content  with  the  demonetization  of  silver,  18^  if  the 
greenback  cuirency  sustained  the  conntiy  during  ^e  war, 
it  la  more  a  necessity  now  than  then,  188;  we  should 
learn  something  flx)m  history,  181 ;  the  resemblance  be- 
tween the  financial  policy  of  this  Qovetnment  and  Eng- 
land la  impressive,  18i ;  the  objects  of  contraction,  180 ; 
Its  effects  on  the  country,  180 ;  it  la  said  the  panic  came 
before  the  resumption  act  passed,  185;  extract  from  the 
report  of  the  Silver  Commission,  186;  eveiy  millionaire 
la  opposed  to  repeal,  186;  the  ruinous  work  of  contrac- 
tion goes  on,  186 ;  what  is  the  cause  of  the  disease  iriiich 
has  brought  so  much  distress  on  the  country?  186;  the 
financial  policy  now  prevailing,  186 ;  another  evil  haa  been 
contraction  In  a  wonderfhl  degree.  186 ;  then  there  la  an- 
other thing— breach  of  Ikith,  1S7 ;  the  question  before  the 
country  la  between  paper  and  bank  credits,  187;  upon 
what  demands  do  we  propose  to  resume  gold  payments  f 
187 ;  where  are  we  to  obtain  an  adequate  amount  of  gold  ? 
188 ;  the  Geneva  award  was  not  brought  Jxere  In  gold, 
188 ;  the  British  Indian  loan,  188;  the  amount  of  gold 
necessary  to  maintain  specie  payments  is  not  In  posses- 
ilon,  188;  you  can  not  resume  gold  payments,  188; 
what  do  you  propose  to  do  with  that  great  structure,  the 
currency,  production,  and  trade  of  the  United  States? 
188;  attempting  an  impoealbiUty,  189 ;  the  laws  of  trade 
can  not  be  controlled  by  the  wisest  and  most  potential 
of  governments,  189 ;  the  millions  cry  for  the  privilege 
of  work,  189 ;  the  greenback  currency  is  a  forced  loan, 
189;  now  what  are  the  obstacles  to  resumption?  190; 
how  la  it  we  want  twice  the  amount  of  currency  we  had 
in  1860?  190;  historical  reference  to  France,  190 ;  how  is 
it  in  England,  the  great  business  of  commerce  and  trade 
is  done  by  drafts?  190;  so  much  for  the  difference  be- 
tween the  habits  of  France  and  those  of  the  Anglo  Sazmi, 
191 ;  it  Is  assumed  that  specie  payments  will  ii^ure  the 
debtor  dasa  of  the  country,  191 ;  the  bondholders  are  as- 
sailed as  the  rich  men  who  oppress  the  poor,  191 ;  aoppoae 
you  undo  the  work  attempted,  what  will  result  ?199 ;  in  the 
pssaage  from  peace  to  war  there  was  a  great  losa,  192 ; 
our  country  needs  not  only  a  national  but  an  intematltm- 
al  currency,  192 ;  the  struggle  now  pending  is  on  the  one 
hand  to  make  the  greenback  better,  and  on  the  other  to 
make  it  worse,  192;  this  is  the  era  of  purification,  192. 

After  nearly  three  years  of  preparation,  what  have  we 
aooompUsbed  ?  193 ;  ftitile  to  hope  we  can  maintain  re- 
sumption, 198;  It  can  be  maintained  only  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  greater  part  of  the  present  paper  currency, 
198 ;  the  bank  circulation  must  also  be  largely  reduced, 


198;  this  Is  the  storm-dond  that  coven  cor  heavos, 
198 ;  business  dlstreaa  waa  least  when  the  currency  wu 
fhllest,  194;  the  return  to  prosperity  waa  stopped  by 
this  resumption  law,  194 ;  what  ia  the  extent  of  the  la- 
fury  thus  infiicted  ?  194 ;  consider  tiie  wrong  done  to  Is- 
dividual  debton  by  thla  contrived  shxinki^  of  vahtet, 
194;  the  bUl  aa  amended,  196;  the  bill  paaaed,  ISfii 

In  the  Senate,  the  bUl  reported  from  the  Finance  CoS' 
mittee  with  an  amendment  to  strike  out  all  after  the 
enacting  danae  and  insert,  etc.,  196;  the  InsertSeo,  195; 
ita  amendment,  196 ;  bill  paated  by  the  Senate,  196.  In 
the  House  amotion  to  suspend  the  nlea  and  coBeor  fa 
the  Senate  amendment,  lost,  196. 

In  the  Senate,  the  bill  making  appropilatifmB  for  the 
support  of  the  army  considered,  196;  detsOs  of  Uie  WH, 
196 ;  the  29th  section  against  employing  the  army  ss  a 
pattB  eomUatui^  197;  reooouiendatloii  to  atilke  oat, 
197 ;  amendment  proposed  and  agreed  to,  197 ;  med<m 
to  strike  out  considered,  197 ;  a  vesry  importaot  matter, 
197;  useless leglalatSon,  197;  explanation  of  the meanlaf, 
198;  opinlona  of  Attomey-Generala,  198;  object  of  the 
section  to  Hmit  the  use  of  the  army  by  raardials  to  eases 
where  bylaw  they  are  aathorlzed  to  can  for  them,]  96; 
ti^ere  exiats  to-day  the  grievance  which  this  pcovlsIflB 
of  law  ia  Intended  to  corect,  198;  It  la  rather  a  aii^nhir 
statute  to  paaa  to  say  that  the  anny  ahall  not  be  naed  for 
the  purpose  of  executing  the  lawa  aoder  any  drana- 
stances  unless  authorised  by  act  of  Congress  or  the  Cob* 
stitution,  199 ;  provlsiona  of  the  Constftatkn  and  law 
examined,  199;  other  critidsms  on  the  seetloB,  UL 

It  seems  to  be  presumed  that  the  laws  of  the  Untted 
Statea  executed  whenever  physioal  force  Is  neeessiij  to 
that  Mid,  by  the  use  of  tiie  army, 200;  suppose  aooDedsr 
about  to  seize  sn  flUdt  distillery  Is  resisted,  where  to  tbe 
aid  to  come  from— ftmn  the  body  of  dttwia,  Um  per« 
eomUatuSy  sot  firom  the  army,  SOD;  the  arrest  of  tks 
sUve  in  Boston,  200 ;  proceeding  under  the  Oonstitotini 
and  UwB  it  will  be  veiy  seldom  x^bMi  soeh  power  wQ 
have  to  be  employed,  200 ;  if  statutes  seem  to  sotteriae 
It,  it  does  not  Imply  that  they  haimcniae  with  the  Cen- 
stitution,  201;  Illustration  of  the  atilkea,  201;  the  anny 
ean  not  be  used  as  a  pome  comUatu*^  201 ;  the  pcmi 
eomUatut  belongs  to  the  dril  poww,  not  to  the  ndH- 
tary,  201 ;  can  a  aheriff  call  In  a  batteiy  of  Fedstal  Br> 
tillexy  to  suppress  a  mob?  202;  aa  an  army  or  ss  sol- 
diers they  would  hSTO  no  right  or  authority  to  aBsver 
the  demand  of  the  sheriff,  208;  it  Is  time  the  eoontiy 
should  see  the  distinction  between  dvll  anthori^  sad 
military  authority,  208;  you  can  never  make  a  mibimI 
argument  by  supposing  extreme  caaea,  206 ;  the  eoorts 
through  their  dvll  officers  sk>ne  teehnioaQ^  have  aothor* 
ity  to  execute  the  law,  204;  proceedings  until  the  annr 
Is  legiOy  csDed   In,   204;   Inaurrectlona  and  deoMBtk 
yldenoe  are  not  sectional  In  their  character,  204;  whea- 
ersr  the  idea  obtains  that  you  need  a  ndUtaiy  power  to 
govern  the  great  body  of  the  people  of  thla  eoa&try,  yen 
have  given  up  the  ftindamental  theoty  of  your  sysleai  of 
government,  204;  the  amendment  proposes  only  a  vfrhsl 
alteration  of  the  section,  206  ;  dilforent  views  of  Sesston, 
206 ;  should  we  not  define  for  what  purposes  the  mmj 
may  be  used,  and  for  what  not  uaed?  209;  thto  sertloa 
creates  a  crime,  206;  it  Is  the  duty  of  the  Govecuncat 
of  the  United  Statea  to  see  that  we  have  free  pesss;^ 
way  through  all  the  Statea,  206;  the  tntantloB  of  tide 
section,  206 ;  all  human  force  in  thto  eooatiy  to  regakttd 
by  tow,  206;  why  we  afllrm  this  to  the  aniy,2M;M 
aflVont  to  the  army  and  to  the  AdmtntotratloB,  207 ;  |it>> 
poses  new  and  extravagant  penalties  for  vfdsttoa  of 
duty,  207;  if  the  acts  reforrcd  to  are  nntowftil  there  tn 
punJahmenta  provided  for  them  which  art  siriBriwt» 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


841 


f!\  yoQ  an  applying  to  the  army  a  principle  jroa  wonld 
not  tbink  of  app)]ring  to  the  Jodicial  hranch  of  the  Got- 
crameBt,  S06;  yon  never  apply  a  penalty  to  a  jadldal 
cffleer  for  a  mietake,  208;  before  the  law  the  aoldler  and 
the  dTiUan  stand  precisely  on  the  same  level,  S09 ;  will 
yoo  aaj  the  punishment  shall  only  be  inflicted  where  the 
party  errs  with  knowledge  that  he  is  yiolating  Uw  ?  S()9 ; 
BO  amember  of  the  anny  becoming  rabjeet  to  the  articles 
of  war  Is  absoWed  from  his  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the 
United  States,  800;  Hke  aO  laws  of  the  statnto-book, 
910;  who  is  liable  nnder  this  section  f  210;  nnjnst  to 
apply  this  hew  fixing  severe  penalttee  to  subordinate 
oOeen,  211 ;  motion  to  strike  out,  lost,  212 ;  smendment 
^reed  to.  212 ;  bill  passed.  212. 

In  the  HoQse,  the  amendments  of  the  Senate  now  eon- 
eoned  In,  212;  committee  of  conference  appointed,  212 ; 
report  eonoorred  hi,  218;  explanation  of  proceedings, 
218 ;  bfll  passed,  218;  ekwe  of  the  session,  218. 

CoiroBB,  Ok AB  D.— Bepresentotive  lh>m  Michigan,  185 ;  rel- 
ative to  the  Investigation  of  alleged  fraad  in  the  Fresi- 
dential  election,  170,  in. 

CoirKLcro,  BoaooB.^8enator  from  New  York,  185 ;  on  the 
army  bffl,  210,  211. 

OMiMieMoiit— Session  of  the  Legislatore,  218;  contested 
seats,  214;  serions  evils  in  the  working  of  the  legisla- 
tive and  Jodkial  departmente  of  the  Btete,  214;  evils  of 
the  system  of  legal  proeednre,  215;  defoeta  of  probate 
eomts,  215;  frandnlent  corporations,  216;  measore  to 
prevent  tiie  breaking  of  water  reservoirs,  216;  resohi- 
tiens  oo  the  enrrencj,  216 ;  examination  of  the  expendi- 
tares,21T;  ComptroUet's  accounts,  217;  removsl  to  the 
new  State  House,  217 ;  act  to  create  a  Steto  Board  of 
Health,  218;  salaries  of  Stete  officers,  218;  other  acts, 
218;  eomstltntlonsl  amendments,  218;  the  new  Capitol, 
219;  deftails  of  the  building,  219;  Stete  Convention  of 
the  Greenback  Lalior  party,  220 ;  nominations,  220 ;  reso- 
lutiona,  220;  Stete  Democratic  Convention,  220;  nomi- 
nations  and  resolutions,  221 ;  BepubUcan  Stete  Conven- 
tion, 221 ;  nominations  and  resolutions,  221^  result  of 
the  deetlon,  222 ;  Income  and  expenditures,  222:  savings 
banks,  222;  public  schools,  222;  Industrial  School  for 
Oizia,  122 ;  Insane  Asylum,  222;  military  force,  228. 

CausTiAiiOT,  IsAAO  P.— SeDstor  from  Michigan,  185;  on 
the  coinage  of  sliver  dollars,  168 ;  on  the  srmy  blQ,  210, 

211. 

OmtoUdated  Virginia  ifine.— Ito  yield  of  silver,  602. 

Omiagiomt  XMsmmss.— BuIm  to  prevent  their  spread  In  pub- 
He  sehooia,  586. 

CbnirotfU—Between  lieutenant  Wyae  of  the  Isthmus  Scien- 
tifle  Exploring  Expedition  and  the  United  Stetes  of  Co- 
hMnbfaslOft. 

CbnM&tttftffM  to  yellow-fover  sufferers,  818. 

O»pyr<0ilUL— Beport.of  the  Royal  Commissioners  to  the  Kng^ 
Ksh  Paittament,  228;  members  of  the  Commission,  228 ; 
uncertainty  and  confosion  of  the  law,  228;  examples, 
228;  first  question  considered,  Shall  the  royalty  system 
be  Bubstitnted  for  the  copyright  hws?  224  i  report 
against  the  royalty  system,  224 ;  question  of  the  unll- 
OBPSod  abridgment  and  dramatization  of  copyrighted 
worica,  224 ;  how  a  British  author  csn  secure  a  copyright, 
225;  present  law  unsatislhctory,  225;  intematitmal  copy- 
right eonsijiered,  226;  changes  suggested,  226;  remsrks 
on  the  reftisal  of  the  United  Stetes  to  enter  into  a  treaty, 
226;  important  discussions  in  Frsnoe,  226;  prindples 
aflbrined,  226, 227 ;  resolutions  adopted,  227 ;  publications, 
«T. 

Coda  i?<c«t.— Popobtton,  227 ;  Ite  movement,  227 ;  President 
sttd  Cabinet,  227;  recclpteand  expenditures,  227;  esti- 
mates of  the  budget  22S ;  the  new  National  Bank,  228 ; 
vahie  of  exports,  228;  steplsa,  228;  ftnlt  trsde  with  the 


United  Stetes,  228;  Improved  condition  of  sflSdrs,  228; 
contrset  for  immigrant  laborers,  229 ;  mining  lands,  229. 

Cotton  and  Silt  1^M(rWin^.— Adulterations  of  commerdsl 
commodities,  229;  weight  of  heavier  English  cotton 
cloths,  229;  how  weighted,  229;  the  practice  with  silk 
goods,  229;  msnner  in  which  it  is  dune,  229;  effecte  on 
the  goods,  280;  extent  of  weighting,  280. 

CouKBXT,  GusTAVK.— A  Frcuch  painter,  280;  bbth,  280;  his 
lectures  snd  desth,  280. 

Cotton.— Thb  msnufoctnre  of;  Ite  excessive  increase,  124; 
crop  of  1877-'78, 124;  total  crop  of  all  countries,  125. 

Cox,  Sahusl  S.— Bepresentotive  ftt>m  New  York,  185;  rela- 
tive to  the  Investigation  of  alleged  fraud  in  Pr^ldential 
election,  171. 

Oe«ir«M«.— Thdr  dissstrous  effecte  on  the  Mississippi  Blv- 
er,  508. 

Crown  Ptines  qf  Germany.— Ijetter  In  answer  to  Pope  Leo 
XIII.,  881. 

CuLLEir,  Paitl.— A  eardinal,  280;  birth,  280;  career  and 
death,  280. 

Cyprus.— An  Island,  281 ;  area  and  population,  281 ;  admin- 
istration, 281 ;  history,  2S1 ;  lengtii  snd  breadth,  281 ; 
vslne  to  the  British  Empire,  281 ;  temperature  and  cU- 
mate,  281 ;  excellent  ports  in  ancient  times,  282 ;  extrsor- 
dinsxy  capacities  for  agricultural  products,  282;  local 
administration,  288;  antiquities,  288;  treaty  between 
England  and  Turkey,  288;  ite  stipulations,  288;  English 
Governor,  284;  British  occupation  of  the  island,  284; 
works  in  Qypms,  285. 


Dairy  /Vio(lti«<f.— Their  development  in  the  United  Stetes 
in  twenty  years,  128. 

DABwnr,  Fbavois.— Observations  on  the  habite  of  the  Dro- 
ser«,444. 

Davis,  J.  J.— Bepresentotive  from  North  CsroHns,  185;  on 
the  repeal  of  the  specie  resumption  act,  186. 

l>eaih  Penalty.— BwtoreA  in  Iowa,  446;  operation  of  ite  ab- 
olition in  Maine,  512. 

DeaUiB  ftom  yellow  fover,  dally,  in  New  Orleans,  819. 

JM4  qfffie  VnUed  ^StofM.— Stetement  of  outetandlng  princi- 
pal, 824. 

/>M»p  Sea  BoBploraU&na.-'Sim  English  expedition,  859. 

Deiavjore. — ^Debt  decrease,  285;  advance  of  bonds,  285;  re- 
sources of  the  government,  285 ;  provision  for  inmates 
of  chariteble  institotions,  285;  pnbilc-scbool  system,  285; 
Stete  Libraiy,  285 ;  a  case  of  train-wrecking,  285;  boun- 
dary question  with  New  Jersey,  286 ;  Democratic  Btete 
Convention,  286;  resolutions  and  nominations,  286;  Be- 
pubUcan Stete  Convention,  286;  resolutions  and  nomina- 
tions, 286;  result  of  the  election,  287 ;  srea  snd  division 
of  the  Stete,  287  ;  population,  287 ;  inequality  of  repre- 
sentetion,  287;  tncroa«e  of  population,  287;  forms  snd 
their  vslue,  287 ;  population  of  some  counties,  288 ;  the 
peach  crop,  288;  Ito  value,  28S;  shipmente  of  oysters, 
288 ;  shipments  of  berries,  28S ;  wheat  crop,  289 ;  educa- 
tion of  colored  children,  289;  project  of  a  sbip  canal 
across  the  peninsula,  280 ;  proposed  routes,  289 ;  Stete 
Temperance  Convention,  2S0 ;  resolutions,  289. 

J>enmark,—Th»  sovereign  and  his  fiunily,  240 ;  srea  and  pop- 
uhition,  240;  territorial  divisions,  240:  emigration,  240; 
revenue  and  expenditures,  240 ;  sources  of  revenue,  240; 
national  debt,  240;  strength  of  the  army,  240;  value  of 
Danish  commerce,  241 ;  movement  of  shlpi^g,  241 ; 
eommerdal  navy,  241 ;  railroads,  241 ;  post-offloes,  241 ; 
Insurrection  in  Sante  Cruz,  241 ;  opening  of  Parliament, 
241;  discussion  on  the  budget,  241;  foreign  relations^ 
242. 


842 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


DcxBT,  EatL— BeilgnB  his  seat  In  the  EoglUh  Cabliiet,  899; 
ezpUlDB  his  reasona,  402. 

DvTiNS,  Gharlei.— Letter  as  Attoniey-Oenenl  to  U.  B.  attor- 
neys in  Alabama,  Lonlsiana,  and  South  Carolina  relatiT« 
to  elections,  10 ;  InstractlonB  to  tlie  District  Attotney  In 
Korth  Carolina  relative  to  elections,  680;  extract  from 
the  Federal  Bevised  Btatates,  680. 

JHplotnatic  Corrupondenes  qf  ths  United  StaUa^—^j" 
ment  of  the  award  of  the  Fisheries  OomnUssion,  2i2 ;  a 
protest,  842 ;  views  of  the  American  Qovemment  on  the 
award,  242  ;  historical  attitude  of  the  two  Govenimenta 
in  relation  to  the  fisheries,  248 ;  btatistics  of  the  value  of 
the  privilege,  248 ;  other  proofs,  2J8  ;  rep^  of  Lord  Sails- 
bury,  244 ;  dlflSculty  between  flj»hermen  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Newfoundland,  24;^ ;  naturalized  citizens  in  0«r- 
many,  245 ;  treaty  with  the  Chinese,  845 ;  new  Chinese 
Minister,  845. 

JHtciplea  of  C%W«/.— Statistics,  245 ;  receipts,  245  ;  Mission- 
ary Convention,  846;  foreign  missions,  246;  Women^s 
Board,  246;  convention  of  colored  Christians,  846. 

Dock  at  £ri$tol^  In  the  mouth  of  the  Avon,  887. 

Doctritu^  declaratory  statement  of,  by  the  United  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Scotland,  OiW. 

Dom4nion  <^  CSomocIa.— The  political  contest,  846 ;  the  new 
ministiy,  846;  Oovenior-Qeneral  retires,  246;  his  succes- 
sor, 846;  new  ressels  built  in  tho  provinces,  247;  tonnage 
of  Teasels,  247 ;  school  statistics,  247 ;  report  on  the  diffi- 
culty of  inhabitants  of  NewfoundUnd  with  American 
fishermen,  247  ;  the  Canadian  Pacific  Ballway,  248. 

Vouro  SivBr^  in  Portugal^  viaduct  over,  288. 

PuPAiTLOiTP,  Fxux  A.  p.— A  Catholic  bishop,  248  ;  birth  and 
eaieer,  240;  death,  849. 

Durbar^  TAe,  its  efforts  to  relieve  the  flunine  distress  In 
IndU,486. 

DtTTCKiMOK,  Eynr  A.— Birth,  849 ;  literary  career,  849  ; 
death,  849. 


JERxrfA.— ComparatiTe  statistics,  247  ;  area  and  population, 
849;  largest  dties,  249,  2^0;  statistics  of  sex,  251 ;  rail- 
rosds  of  the  world,  251 ;  comparative  Increase,  251 ;  pos- 
tal and  telegraph  statistics,  251. 

VatUm  <^tfe«Mo».— Negotiations  between  Bnssla  and  Tur- 
key, 252 :  Joint  conference  of  the  Powers,  252 ;  question 
of  a  conference  on  Congress,  252 ;  discussion  of  submit- 
ting the  entire  treaty  of  San  Stefano,  258;  important 
change  in  England,  258 ;  note  of  Lord  Salisbury  to  the 
Powers,  258 ;  reply  of  Prince  Gortchakof^  254 ;  question 
of  withdrawal  of  forces,  254 ;  mission  of  Count  Shuvaloli; 
254 ;  an  agreement  concluded.  254  ;  the  first  memoran- 
dum, 254;  the  second,  255;  all  obstaclea  removed,  865; 
•Powers  represented  in  the  Confess,  855;  terms  of  the 
treaty  of  Berlin,  856,  257 ;  treaty  between  England  and 
the  Porte,  858;  an  annex  of  the  same  day,  269. 

£<piMidar.— Boundaries,  259 ;  area  and  population,  269 ;  pror- 
ince^  259;  the  President,  209 ;  army,  269  ;  revenue,  269 ; 
national  debt,  260 ;  commercial  returns,  260 ;  shipping 
moTement,  260 ;  political  aflkirs,  260 ;  constitutional  con- 
vention, 260  ;  legislative  proceedings  unpublished,  260 ; 
subjects  discussed  in  convention,  261. 

Kddytlone  Liu^thmue.— The  new  structure,  2S6. 

Edison,  Thomas  Aly a.— American  Inventor,  261 ;  birth,  861 ; 
inrentloDB  and  career,  262 ;  analysis  of  his  genius,  262. 

EoxuxDS,  GxoBon  F.— Senator  fW)m  Vermont,  185;  offers  a 
resolution  for  a  select  committee  to  consider  the  state  of 
law  for  ascertaining  the  re!«ult  of  elections  of  President, 
186;  on  the  army  bill,  19:),  201,  20). 

JSffypt.—ltB  ruler,  268;  territorlos  annexed,  268;  area  and 
population,  268 ;  movement  of  population,  268;  imports 


and  exports,  864 ;  their  value,  864 ;  moremant  of  aUpfiag. 
864;  the  financial  crisis,  268;  inveatlgatioB  saBctiooed, 
864 ;  report  of  the  commission  of  inquiry,  264 ;  thrse  nd- 
ical  evils  discussed,  864 ;  summary  of  the  floating  d^ 
865;  necessary  expenditures  of  state,  260;  inunediatt 
wanta,  866;  financial  and  adminiatrative  refonns  pn- 
po4ied,  865 ;  new  ministiy  formed,  266;  Minister  of  Fi- 
nance, 866;  a  new  a^iustment,  866;  dalma  of  the  Itdisa 
Qovemment,  8C6;  property  ceded  to  the  state  by  tbs 
Prince  and  JMnoessea,  267 ;  oonneil  of  foreign  boodheld- 
era,  867 ;  contributiona  of  rallwaya,  267 ;  reslgnatkui  9f 
the  Minister  of  Foreign  AflUrs,  867 ;  the  cause,  £67; 
Egyptian  Parliament,  268;  the  viceregal  speech,  2&; 
meeting  of  the  shareholders  of  the  Snei  Canal,  86S;  eoo- 
tributiona  to  the  Paris  Exhibition,  868. 

Xleetion,,  case  of  contested,  for  Congressman  In  Colondo, 
110. 

JOeetion^  Judffti  q^.— Tried  by  Fedeial  Court  for  disobedience 
to  U.  8.  Marshals,  621. 

Jdeetion  <ff  Memberg  </  Conifrem.— The  qaestioB  In  Iowa, 
458. 

.SfeeKons.— Instructions  of  U.  S.  Attoniey-QenenI  reisttvt 
to,  10. 

sudoral  .FWiimZs.— Beport  of  the  Investigating  Commtttes, 
712;  do.  of  the  minority,  716. 

SUcMc  Z^Af.— Lighting  by  electricity  accomplished  in  dif- 
ferent ways,  268 ;  depend  on  the  principle  of  weistinfs 
to  the  electric  current  in  passing  through  its  dreoit,  968 ; 
resistance  infiuenced  by  the  dxe  o/t  thlrfcness  of  eoa- 
ductor,  269;  light  by  the  incandescence  oi  a  rssistiBg 
medium,  269 ;  Davy's  light,  269 ;  this  form  of  light,  26» ; 
chango  in  the  carbon  used,  269:  processes  to  obtiin  bo> 
mogeneous  carbona,  270 ;  difficulty  of  adjustment  ef  car* 
bon  points,  270;  Foucault^s  lamp  described,  270:  the 
Benin  lamp,  871 ;  Bapieff*s  form  of  lamp,  871 ;  Werdsr- 
mann's  lamp,  272;  Seynier's  lamp,  272 ;  Wallaos's  lamp, 
878;  JablochkoiTs  lamp,  878;  dectrie  caadiea,  874;  In- 
ventions  for  the  production  by  Incandescence,  274 ;  Lody- 
guine^s  method,  275;  the  Sawyer-Man  lamp,275;  the 
machines  which  supply  the  power  to  run  the  lamps,  2TS; 
magneto-electric,  275;  the  alliance,  876 ;  Biemflos*!  Ibrm 
of  annature,  276;  the  Gramme  machine,  276 ;  other  de- 
scriptions, 876,  277;  the  economy  and  suitablli^  of  tha 
electric  light  for  illuminating  buildings,  879. 

JR^efro-fiui^e^.— The  contribution  of  PMfeasor  Henry  to 
telegraphy,  420. 

XUtat&d  Railtcaj/a  in  New  York.— The  oonstraction  oi;  284. 

Snginsering.—lATgo  worics  approaching  comptetion,  279; 
the  East  Biver  suspension  bridge,  280;  roadway.  280; 
the  main  cables,  2S0 ;  drawing  of  the  bridge,  Sbl ;  tke 
towers,  2$2 ;  the  caissons,  282  ;  bridge  over  the  MlsMoi 
882 ;  swing  bridge  at  Marseilles,  282 ;  the  Seven  hMgK 
8S8;  the  Britannia  tabular  bridge,  288;  viaduct  over  (ht 
Douro  Biver,  288;  raising  the  Egyptian  Obelisk,  ^; 
the  New  York  Elevated  Kailroeds,  884 ;  plan  of  the  MeC- 
ropolitan,  2S5;  east  side  New  York  elevated,  286;  aBi^ 
tary  ralhvay,  2h6 ;  new  Eddystone  Bghthouae,  886 ;  U«tk- 
water  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tees,  8S7 ;  the  doci^  at 
Bristol,  287;  the  Huelva  pier,  887;  new  harbor  at  Us- 
dras,  287;  the  great  Sutro  Tunnel,  288 ;  St.  Gothard  BaH- 
way,  2S9 ;  the  adit  for  draining  the  silver  mines  of  Pera, 
291 ;  the  Hudson  Biver  Tunnel,  891 ;  new  canal  in  Bwltx- 
erhmd,  291 ;  ship  canal  between  the  Hndsoa  and  £ut 
Blvers,  891 ;  Chinese  Grand  Canal,  291 ;  £i«Bsh  An 
dndnage,  891 ;  sewer  outlets  at  Torquay.  291. 

JSWcsMm^s  submerged  and  armored  vessel,  591. 

.ff^ircipe -rEastem  war,  292;  Berlin  treaty,  298;  oooQpatioa 
of  England  abroad,  292 ;  attempU  on  the  Ufo  of  the  Oer> 
man  Emperor,  292 ;  Austria  and  the  Easten  qiMStioo, 
892;  republican  success  in  Frsnoe,  892;  It^J,  rslitioDi 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


843 


jotdmngtd^  992 ;  the  stetM  of  BnroiM  In  the  order  of 
their  popQletSoD,  888 ;  relative  poeitloii  in  point  of  aree^ 
»8. 

Arydtee  training  ship,  her  loss,  407. 

J^auffUical  Amodation.-^&tatiaiaiBB,  896;  Mlseloneiy  Soci- 
ety, i»i ;  Board  of  PubUcetlon,  8M. 

Etanffelical  Union  of  SeoOand.-'lU  fomuttion,  8M;  its 
objects,  891 ;  its  members,  894. 

Stastc,  Wiluam  M«— 6ecretar>'  of  State,  expresses  the  views 
of  the  Oovemment  on  the  airard  of  the  Fisheries  Ccnn- 
mlasion,  248. 

JWit  in  the  leglshitiTe  and  jodidal  departments  of  Conneetl- 
cat,  814. 

Ewna,  Thomas.— Representative  from  Ohio,  186;  on  the 
free  coinage  of  silver  dollars,  160;  reports  a  bill  to  repeal 
the  resumption  act,  US,  198. 

Exptoring  Partiet  <i»  4Aica,  861. 

E^potUicn^  ParU.-'ltt  annoonoement  and  progress,  894; 
object  of  the  first  London  Exhibition,  894;  Increasing 
magnitude  of  successive  exhibitions,  895;  nnmber  of  ex- 
hibitors, 890;  action  of  the  Oerman  GoYeniment,  89A; 
buildings,  cost,  etc,  89ft;  administrative  oorpS|  895; 
^wnMnt^n  dircotors,  896;  preparatkms,  896;  the  open- 
lag,  296;  buildings  and  grounds';  896,  897;  the  captlre 
balloon,  898;  the  fo^ades,  89B;  dasslflcation  of  exhibitSi 
899 ;  Amerlcsn  manoihctures,  800 ;  British  mannfrctnres, 
800;  Japanese  exhibit,  801;  other  foreign  exhibits,  808; 
French  exhibits,  808;  the  Indian  collection,  808;  the  art 
galleries,  804;  retrospective  srt  collection,  805;  specia| 
classes,  805;  metallurgy,  807  ;  machinery,  808 ;  com- 
pound engine,  808 ;  Airnaoe-feedlng  apparatus,  808 ;  type 
of  flonr-miU,  809;  flreless  locomotives,  809;  combined 
traction  and  ateam  fire-engine,  809 ;  French  locomotives, 
810;  apparatus  for  making  small  screws,  810;  wood- 
working Diachlnery,  810  ;  type-settlng-machlne,  8U ; 
agricultural  implements,  811 ;  mowers  and  reapers,  har- 
rows, and  roOere,  and  binders,  811 ;  hay-presses,  818 ; 
plows,  818;  drain-cutters,  812;  threshlng-macUnes,  818; 
portable  engines,  818 ;  exhibition  of  animals,  818 ;  live- 
stock,  818;  dog-show,  818;  horse-show,  818;  oonoertst 
818;  congresses,  814. 

SBbradition  Ooae.— Decision  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Ap- 
p<tt]a,4T8. 


fiimiH4  In  Brasfl,  64 ;  in  northern  Chins,  98 ;  In  India,  486. 

FanHlng  lands  in  extended  dty  limits,  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  right  to  levy  cl^ 
taxes  on,  686. 

Fazt.  Jsa:^  J.— a  Swiss  statesman,  814 ;  birth  and  career, 
814;  death,  814. 

F€€»  exacted  by  Ooyemment  employees,  bad  eflbcts  of;  869. 

FxLTOx,  WiLUAJL  H.— BepresentstlTe  from  Georgia,  185 ; 
on  the  rep<«l  of  the  specie  resumption  set,  188. 

FemfUe  lawyer,  a,  sdmltted  to  practice  in  Callfbmia,  71. 

ftnian  /Weonert.— Release  oi;  in  England,  406. 

FaxouBoif,  Rey.  Fxsavs.— Case  of;  involving  questions  of 
doctrine  before  the  Synod  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Scotlsnd,  700. 

#i^«r,  YtlUnc.—TbA  fever  In  the  Southern  States,  816 ;  de- 
scription of  yellow  fever  by  Dr.  Paget,  of  Fsris,  815;  Dr. 
Nott's  remarks  on  bilious  fever,  815;  complications  of 
the  New  Orleans  fever,  815 ;  Tariations  between  the  types 
in  Memphis  and  New  Orleans,  815;  origin  of  the  epi- 
demic, 815 ;  peculiarities  of  seasons,  815;  decided  by  tb^ 
Kew  Orleans  frculty  to  be  a  specific  disease,  816;  ylews 
of  Dr.  Wanen  Stone,  of  New  Yoik,  816;  influence  of 
ffilswms.  816;  fku^  at  New  Orlesns,  816;  how  the  fever 
was  traced,  816;  its  prevalence  In  various  places,  817; 


disinitetants  in  New  Oiieans,  817;  its  prerslenoe,  817; 
Howard  Associations,  817;  Increase  in  the  city,  817;  re- 
medial agents,  817;  sums  contributed,  818;  total  ex- 
penditures, 818;  quarantines,  818;  earnings  of  railroads, 
steamers,  etc ,  decreased,  818;  quarantines  of  dties,  818 ; 
▼sgarles  of  the  disease,  818 ;  diversity  of  views,  818 ; 
number  of  esses  and  deaths,  819;  number  In  all  places, 
819 ;  ofBdal  figures  ct  six  epidemics  in  New  Orleans, 
820;  rise  end  frll  in  difierent  years,  820;  a  discovery 
from  taivestlgationa  of  the  blood  of  patients,  820 ;  Rich- 
mond Public  Heslth  Association  report,  820 ;  topography 
of  New  Orleans,  881 ;  donation  Ibr  an  Investigation,  821 ; 
opinion  of  a  board  of  experts,  821 ;  yellow-fever  commit- 
tee of  the  United  States  SonatCi,  828. 

Financet  <^  tk*  VniUd  ifiVat^.^Receipts  and  expendlturea, 
882;  estimates,  888;  sctual  receipts,  888;  statement  of 
the  outstanding  principal  of  the  public  debt,  824;  pro- 
cess of  refhndlng  the  debt,  885 ;  measures  in  anticipation 
of  resumption,  885;  sctlon  of  the  Treasury  Department 
In  the  way  of  fortifying  itself^  885 ;  conference  of  the  £u- 
ropesn  Powers  to  fix  an  international  ratio  of  g(dd  and 
silyer  coin  a  fUhire,  886;  ratio  fixed  by  Congress,  826; 
DKUietary  transactions  of  the  Government,  how  conduct- 
ed, 826;  number  of  national  banks,  887 ;  details,  887 ;  re- 
port of  the  Dlreotor  of  the  Mint,  887 ;  production  of  bul- 
lion fhim  the  mines,  887  ;  gold  values  of  exports  and 
Imports  of  the  United  States,  887 ;  specie  snd  bullion 
exports,  887;  excess  of  exports  oyer  hnporta,  887;  re- 
^ipts  flfom  the  several  sources  of  taxation,  888 ;  total 
tonnsge  of  yessels  in  the  United  States,  888;  vessels 
built,  888;  do.  during  the  year  1678,  889;  entries  snd 
elesrances,  889;  oomparative  prices  of  a  series  of  articles 
for  eleven  yesrs,  8M ;  New  YoA  money  nuvket,  829 ; 
low  prices  of  stocks,  889. 

Financial  hittofy  of  the  country  since  the  war,  168.' 

JVaA.— Necessity  for  sn  abundance  of  fbod  tot  them  in  streams, 
680. 

JF7ori<fa.— Aflbirs  during  the  year,  880;  State  indebtedness, 
880;  reduction  of  taxes  made,  830;  want  of  unllbrmlty 
in  taxation,  880;  plan  of  remedy  adopted,  880;  mode  of 
assessment  sdopted  In  Kentucky,  880;  present  condition 
of  public  schools,  880;  proposition  to  Umlt  pubHc-scbool 
instruction,  880;  lesslng  conylcts  of  the  Penitentiary,  881 ; 
thehr  cost  to  the  State,  881 ;  sales  of  State  tends,  881 ; 
State  Board  of  Health,  881 ;  attractions  to  Immlgrsnta, 
831 ;  West  Florida,  Its  climate,  soil,  snd  productions,  881 ; 
Middle  Florida,  its  climate,  soil,  snd  productions,  888 ; 
East  and  South  Florida,  the  climate,  soil,  and  produc- 
tions, 888;  the  sea-breezes,  888 ;  temperature,  888;  the 
trad^  of  Pensacola,  838;  subject  of  a  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, 888 ;  nominations  for  Congress,  888 ;  the  regis- 
tration law,  888;  yote  for  Congressmsn  In  the  First  Dis- 
trict, 884;  do.  in  the  Second  District,  884 ;  certificate  of 
the  Board  of  State  Canvassers,  884;  certificate  of  the 
Governor  Issued,  885;  sppUcation  fbr  a  mandamus  to 
control  the  Board  of  Canyassera,  885;  the  hearings,  885 ; 
decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  886 ;  dissent  of  Justice 
Westcott,  885,  886 ;  powers  of  the  State  Bosrd,  886, 887 ; 
decision  of  the  Court  In  the  esse  of  the  State  eo  rel. 
Drew,  88& 

Foot,  G.  L.— Representatlye  fW>m  Illinois,  185;  on  the  re- 
tirement of  legal-tander  notes,  164. 

/Wifioe.— President  and  Ministry,  888;  resignation  of  Mao- 
Mahon,  888 ;  election  of  M.  Grdvy,  888;  legislative  body, 
83S ;  area  and  poputetion,  888 ;  poputetion  by  depart- 
ments, 889 ;  movement  of  poputetion,  840;  stilibom  chil- 
dren, 840 ;  tUegltimate,  840 ;  deaths,  840 ;  manriagea,  840 ; 
voters,  840 ;  revenue  snd  expenditures,  840 ;  new  army 
tew,  840 ;  reorganisation,  840;  strength,  841 ;  force  of  the 
navy,  841 ;  oonuneroe  with  foreign  countries,  841 ;  do. 


844 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


irltii  colonies,  841 ;  moTnuents  of  Fiwnch  oommeroo,  841 ; 
aiticl6B  of  import  uid  export,  841 ;  entries  of  Tessels,  842 ; 
oommerdsl  nary,  812 ;  ndlrosds,  842 ;  telegrsphs,  842 ; 
popnlstlon  of  Paris,  842 ;  area  and  popolatlon  of  ooIonieSf 
842;  opening  of  the  French  Chambers,  842;  election  of 
Presidents  of  each,  843;  election  of  life  Senators.  848; 
amnesty  bill  passed,  848 ;  passa^  of  the  bill  fbrbidding 
the  declaration  of  a  state  of  siege  without  the  Chambers* 
consent,  848 ;  the  colportage  bill,  848 ;  its  natore  and  object, 
848;  opposition,  848;  passed,  844;  the  state  of  siege  bill 
considered,  844 ;  amendments  of  the  Governments  propo- 
sitions, 844;  lost,  844;  psssage  of  the  bill,  844;  amnesty 
bill  for  offenses  of  the  press  passed,  844;  recess,  814 ;  its 
cloB^844;  blU  for  direct  taxes, 844;  passed,  844;  Fran- 
co-Italian treaty  of  commerce  rejected,  844 ;  policy  of  the 
GoTernment  during  negotiations  on  the  Eastern  question, 
844;  GoTemment  ylotory  over  the  De  Broglie  party,  845; 
a4)oammont  until  October,  845;  reassembles,  345;  life 
members  elected,  845;  report  of  the  Budget  Committee, 
845;  statement  respecting  the  foreign  poli<7  of  France,  845 ; 
elections  of  the  year,  845 ;  growth  of  the  BepnbUcans,  845 ; 
able  to  cany  the  donate,  845 ;  better  terms  with  President 
MaelCabon,  845;  tour  ofGambetta,  846 ;  his  speeches,  846 ; 
explanations,  846;  elections  in  August,  846;  retiring  Sen- 
ators, 846;  proceedings  previous  to  elections,  846;  re- 
view of  the  dianges  in  the  Senate  during  three  years, 
847 ;  plans  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works,  847 ;  a  grand 
and  comprehensive  scheme,  847 ;  the  pay  and  pensions 
of  non*comml8sloned  officers  of  the  army,  847 ;  Inquiry 
into  the  depressed  condition  of  trade,  847;  stoppage  of 
an  proceedings  for  olTenses  during  the  ascendancy  of  the 
Commune,  847;  questions  relative  to  the  equipment  of 
taflmtiy  soldiers,  847 ;  estimates  of  the  aggregate  strength 
of  French  forces,  848;  Judgment  on  the  right  of  '*un- 
fttwfed"  priests  to  marry,  848;  the  Exposition.  848; 
number  of  persons  under  vows  in  France,  848 ;  the  Postal 
Congress,  848 ;  Congress  for  the  Promotion  of  Commerce 
and  Industry,  818 ;  disturbances  at  MarseUIea,  849.' 

Fr9ightag€^  FortiQn^  of  the  United  States  In  ten  years,  690; 
loss  to  the  country,  600. 

Friendt  —dtatUtics,  840 ;  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting,  840 ;  Ohio 
Yearly  Meeting,  849;  Western  Yearly  Meeting,  840; 
New  England  Yearly  Meeting,  840 ;  London  Yearly  Meet- 
ing, 848. 

FniM,  EuAs  Maohvs,  a  Swedish  botanist,  860 ;  birth,  850; 
wxltingB,  860. 

G 

GAiiBvrrjL,  M.— Uls  tour  of  France,  846. 

GAxnxLn,  Jambs  A. — ^Representative  from  Ohio,  185  ;  rela- 
tive to  the  investigation  of  alleged  fraud,  170 ;  on  the  re- 
peal of  the  specie  resumption  act,  189. 

€ku^  an  economical  heating,  88. 

G€offraphi4sal  ProgreM  and  /Msoovery.— General  results  of 
expeditions,  851 ;  recent  improvements  in  hydrograpfaical 
knowledge,  861 ;  ritumi  of  knowledge  attained  of  the 
antarctic  regions  ttom  better  understanding  of  ocean  cir- 
culation and  Ice  formations,  852 ;  a  new  English  expedi- 
tion for  deop-sea  explorations,  852 ;  next  serious  attempt 
to  pierce  the  Arctic  regions,  852;  departure  of  the  Wil- 
liam Barents,  853 ;  return  of  Captain  Tyson,  858 ;  expe- 
dition of  the  Pandora,  858;  the  Norwegian  North  Sea 
exploration,  853 ;  new  Island  discovered  in  the  polar  sea, 
854 ;  Swedish  Arctic  Expedition,  854 ;  the  most  extensive 
enterprise  yet  undertaken,  854;  history  of  previous  ex- 
plorations, 856 ;  sailing  of  the  Yega,  866 ;  their  course, 
856;  Tklmyr  Island,  856  ;  fhrther  progress,  856,  SHI ;  be- 
came lee-bound  to  the  east  of  East  Cape,  868:  difficulty 
•f  the  utlllation  of  the  new  ocean  route  to  the  mouths 


of  the  Ob  snd  Yenisd,  866:  seversl  sneeeaaflBl  voyage^ 
866  ;  expedition  for  expkmtions  In  Greenland,  868;  ex- 
plorations south  of  Bokhata,  800;  examination  of  the 
geological  formation  of  the  Pamir  and  Afad  ranges,  869 ; 
a  region  of  great  humidity  suironndtaig  the  Thibetan 
plateau,  850 ;  questions  connected  with  Lake  Lob,  860  , 
discoveries  in  i*'«ntral  Asia,  860;  the  land  of  Midlaa  861  ■ 
Belgian  expedition  in  Central  Africa,  861 ;  English  mis- 
sion on  the  banks  of  Victoria  N*yauBS,  868 ;  trip  to  Koa- 
Klorra,  862 ;  the  aid  of  the  Indian  elephant,  862 ;  Beatrice 
Gulf,  862;  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyasaa,  868;  the  re- 
gion of  CsBtral  AiHca,  868;  two  German  expcditio&i, 
868;  expedition  of  SoleUlet,  864 ;  Journey  of  Dr.  Pegge, 
864;  Miklucho-Maday's  third  visit  to  New  Gaines,  864; 
voyage  of  D'AIbertb  up  the  Fly  Siver,  864;  BaAsy't 
visit  to  the  island  of  GUolo,  865 ;  survey  of  the  Amaioo, 
865;  setiveTolcano  In  Patagonia,  866. 

GnoBOB,  ex-S[lng  of  Hanover.— Decease  of,  884. 

&€ori^.~BeceiptB  and  expenditures  and  debt,  866  ;  Stats 
University  and  Agricultural  College,  866;  lunatic  asy- 
him,  866;  expenses  and  patienta,  866;  the  blind,  866; 
deaf  and  dumb,  866 ;  common-school  attendance,  whits 
and  ookired,  866;  department  of  agriculture,  866 ;  prog- 
ress of  geological  survey,  866 ;  State  Ut^tlon— raflrosd 
tax  cases,  867 ;  convicts  of  the  Penitentiary.  867 ;  decrease 
in  the  taxable  values,  867 ;  unequal  and  dcfoctlre  valos- 
tlons,  867 ;  material  condition  of  the  State  oompsred  with 
previous  year,  867 ;  relative  wealth  of  five  most  popu- 
lous counties,  867;  message  of  the  Governor  demand- 
ing an  investigation  of  his  end<»sement  of  certain  bonds, 
868;  the  reasons  given  for  his  action,  868;  special  com- 
mittee appointed,  866;  letter  of  Senator  B.  F.  BlU,  868; 
a  minority  and  minority  report  of  the  eommittea,  860 ; 
fhll  statement  of  the  case,  860 ;  a  practice  odstlng  among 
the  State  officials,  860 ;  conclusion  of  the  committee,  8TD; 
State  bonds  to  be  issued  in  sums  of  five  doflsrs,  870 ;  offer 
of  Atlanta  as  seat  of  govemmrat  870 ;  electSon  of  U.  S. 
Senator  Gordon,  870;  the  homestead  act,  870;  an  act  to 
authorize  munldpal  corporations  to  compromise  their 
bonded  debts,  870  ;  other  acts  of  the  Leglslstnre,  8T0; 
the  debt  of  Savannah.  871 ;  eseapea  and  mortality  at  the 
Penitentiary,  871 ;  crops  in  Georgia,  8t1 ;  sheep,  871 ; 
wild  lands,  871 ;  gvdd-mining,  871 ;  Improvement  of  tbo 
Savannah  River,  871 ;  trial  and  acquittal  of  ex-GoTeraor 
Bullodk,  872 ;  election  of  members  of  Coogreas,  871 

O^rmany. —Tb»  Emperor  snd  Dunily,  878 ;  the  states,  87i ; 
their  srea  and  population,  872 ;  populatloQ  of  BerflD,8n ; 
government  of  the  states,  878 ;  rulera  and  heirs  appareot, 
878 ;  legislative  ftmctlons  of  the  empire,  how  vested,  ST8 ; 
members  of  the  Bundesrath,  878 ;  emigration  moreme&ti, 
874 ;  movement  of  population,  874 ;  religious  denooiBi- 
tlons,  874;  universities,  profosaors,  and  studentB,  874; 
exclusively  Germsn  universities,  375 ;  budget  of  the  Get- 
man  Empire,  875;  contributions  divided  among  the 
ststea,  876;  expenditures  of  the  empire,  875;  pobfie 
debt.  876;  budgets  and  publio  debt  of  the  seversl  ststec, 
875;  military  forces  of  the  empire,  876 ;  do.  in  tims  of 
peace,  876;  German  navy,  876 ;  movement  of  diipplsf, 
876;  commercial  navy  of  Germany,  876;  length  of  nJ> 
roads,  877*.  postsl  statisties,  877;  extont  of  talfgrapba, 
877 ;  opening  of  Parliament,  877 ;  speech  ftt>m  the  throne, 
877;  organfatation  of  the  Reichstag,  878;  financial  state- 
ment, 878 ;  Blsmsrck  explains  the  ytews  of  the  Goven- 
moot  with  regard  to  tbe  Eastern  question.  878:  r^merki 
on  the  tobscco  duty,  878;  replyof  GampbauseD,S78;  tea- 
ders  his  reslgnstion,  878;  leave  of  absence  to  Btimsr^ 
879 ;  action  of  the  Federal  Council,  870 ;  attempt  oo  th« 
Emperor's  tifo^  879 ;  repressive  measures  proposed,  SiS ; 
discusdon  of  the  propositions,  879;  temponry  ehiage 
of  Government  after  the  second  attempt,  879 ;  new  elas- 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


845 


tloiM  ordered,  8T9 ;  results,  879 ;  oomparlson  of  parties 
in  the  two  ParHanients,8S0;  reopening  of  the  Beichstag, 
8S0;  speech,  880 ;  attempt  on  the  £inperor*s  life  stated, 
880 ;  Anti-SodsUst  bill,  880 ;  remarks  of  the  speakers,  880 ; 
passage  of  the  hUl,  880 ;  its  proTisions,  881 ;  pat  into  ef- 
Utet,  8S1 ;  the  attempts  un  the  life  of  the  Emperor,  881 ; 
rojal  marriages  in  Berlin,  881;  international  exhibition 
of  puper  and  pasteboard,  881 ;  letter  to  the  Emperor  from 
Im  XIIU  881 ;  reply  of  the  Crown  Prince,  881;  a  Phpal 
Nuncio  Tisits  Bismarck,  888  ;  report  of  the  negotlationA, 
8S8;  letter  of  the  Pope  to  Caidinsl  Nina,  882 ;  change  of 
basis  of  negotiation,  888;  improyement  in  the  relations 
with  the  French  Bepublie,  888;  MacMahotfs  telegram  to 
the  Emperor,  888 ;  German  fine  arts*  section  of  the  Parte 
£3thibition,  888;  consternation  caused  by  the  passage  of 
the  Anti-Socialist  bill,  883, 884 ;  death  of  George,  ex-King 
of  Hanorer,  884 ;  plan  for  the  establishment  of  the  fleet, 
881 ;  destnictioQ  of  the  Gtorman  iron-clad  Grosser  Kor- 
flrst,  885;  sabseqaent  inTestlgatlon,  865;  a  commission 
to  doTise  means  to  raise  the  reyenne,  886 ;  difUcolty  with 
Nleangoa,  886;  consmnption  of  American  articles  in 
OerraaDy,  886;  yield  of  the  Westphalia  coal-fields, 
88T. 

€tnn  Tktfory  and  8pontan€OU»  OeneraUon.—Uecent  in- 
restlgations,  887 ;  question  revived,  887 ;  its  history,  887 ; 
experiments  of  Bolfon  and  Needham,  887;  doctrine 
reviewed  by  Foudiet,  887;  experiments  of  Flastear, 
8S7:  his  germ  theory,  887;  accepted  by  pathologists, 
888;  discovery  of  Pastenr,  888;  ftirther  conflrpiation  of 
the  germ  theory,  888;  Tyndall's  attention,  how  attract- 
ed, 888;  his  experiments,  889;  tests  of  patresciUe  liquids, 
889;  experiments  with  hermeticaUy  sealed  flasks,  888; 
fbrther  details,  889 ;  snswer  to  the  ol^ectloo  of  Huxley, 
8iM;  tempoature  a  matter  of  high  importance  to  the 
experimentalist,  890;  results  of  experiments  of  Dr.  Bss- 
tian,890. 

Gold  and  Sil^tr  Coinage^  ^meKoaf».— History  of;  145. 

Oonnos,  Jajos  B.— Elected  Senator  from  Georgia,  870. 

^a»i».— Crop  in  the  United  States,  121;  In  Europe,  121; 
movement  of,  in  five  years,  122. 

Qrand  •/wries.— Remarks  in  the  Iowa  Legislature  on  the  ab- 
olition of  the  system,  44a 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,— The  Queen  and  Ikmily,  891 ; 
Cabinet,  891 ;  composition  of  Parliament,  891 ;  area  and 
population  of  the  empire,  891;  movements  of  population, 
^1 :  list  of  colonies  snd  possessions,  891 ;  area  and  popu- 
lation of  the  United  Kingdom,  892;  population  of  the 
principal  cities,  892;  emigration,  892;  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures, 898 ;  public  debt,  898 ;  the  British  army,  how 
filled  up,  898 ;  its  composition,  898 ;  how  distributed,  898 ; 
military  educational  Institutions,  898;  navy,  894;  imports 
and  exports,  894 ;  value  of  the  principal  articles  of  export 
and  import,  895;  movement  of  shipping  for  a  series  of 
years,  895;  oonomerdal  navy,  895;  postal  statistics,  895; 
railroad  statistics,  896;  condition  of  the  primary  schools, 
896;  Parliamentary  grant  to  schools,  896;  finances,  com- 
merce, and  movement  of  shipping  In  the  British  colonies, 
896;  attention  to  the  Busso-Turkish  and  Afghan  wars, 
886;  views  of  the  course  of  the  Government,  896;  the 
Qneen*s  sddreas  at  the  opening  of  Parliament,  897;  dec- 
larations snd  notices  of  the  Chancellor  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  897;  his  explanations,  898;  situation  at  Con- 
stantinopie  explained,  888;  statements  on  behalf  of  the 
Government  respecting  the  passage  of  the  Dardanelles 
by  the  fleet,  898;  action  of  the  House  relatlvo  to  the 
srmy,  899 ;  dissatis&ctlon  with  Lord  Lyons  as  the  repre- 
sentative at  the  Congress,  899 ;  message  of  the  Queen 
relative  to  calling  out  reserves,  899;  resignation  of  Eari 
Derby,  899 ;  circular  of  the  Government  to  the  Powers  on 
the  Eaatern  question,  899 ;  removal  of  a  contingent  of  na- 


tive Indian  troops  to  Malta  ordered,  899 ;  exptenati(»s  of 
the  Chancellor,  400;  discussion  on  the  action  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, 400;  constitutional  aspect  of  the  question,  400; 
opposition  withdrawn,  400 ;  Invitation  firom  the  German 
Government  to  attend  the  Berlin  Congress,  401;  plenipo- 
tentiaries, 401 ;  document  relative  to  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  Foreign  Ofl&ce  and  Bussla,  401 ;  the  convention 
vrith  Turkey  announced  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament, 
401 ;  Besconsfleld^s  statement  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Berlin  Congress,  402 ;  Earl  Derby  explains  the  ressons 
for  his  retirement  from  the  Cabinet,  402 ;  resolution  of 
the  Msrquls  of  Hartington,  402;  debate  on  the  resolutioo, 
402 ;  Queen^s  messsge  on  the  prorogation  of  Parliament, 
408;  most  important  domestic  measure  the  act  for  the 
intermediate  education  in  Irehmd,  408;  its  nature,  408; 
other  educational  acts,  408;  the  additional  Bishoprics  act, 
408;  report  of  the  business  committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  404;  conmilssion  on  codifying  the  law  of  in- 
dictable offenses,  404;  discussion  on  the  Kueso-Turklsh 
policy  of  the  Government,  404 ;  effect  of  the  refusal  of  the 
Ameer  to  receive  the  British  embassy,  405;  Parilament 
summoned,  405 ;  the  Queen^s  message,  405;  address  to 
the  Crown,  405 ;  concealment  of  the  origin  of  the  Af)phan 
war,  406;  dianges  In  the  composition  of  the  House,  406; 
notice  of  the  marriage  of  the  Princess  Louise,  406;  Im- 
perial Order  of  the  Crown  of  India,  406;  meeting  in  Ikvor 
of  the  neutrality  of  the  tteed  provinces  of  Turkey,  406; 
murder  of  the  Earl  of  Leitrim,  406;  Fenian  prison^*, 
406;  home  rule  In  Ireland,  407 ;  strike  in  the  cotton-miUs 
at  Lancashire,  407;  depression  of  trade,  407  ;  commercial 
fidlnres,  407  ;  loss  of  the  training  ship  Euiydioe,  407  ; 
explosion  in  the  Prince  of  Wales  colliery,  407. 

^eee«.— King  and  fkmlly,  408;  area  and  population,  408; 
the  war  excitement,  408;  the  ministry,  408;  conflict  In 
Athens,  408 ;  secret  sittings  of  the  Chamber,  408  ;  rectifi- 
cation of  the  Greek  frontier,  408 ;  new  ministry  formed, 
403;  sgreement  fbr  the  conversion  of  Greek  stock,  408; 
the  Greek  srmy,  its  composition,  409;  military  and  naval 
preparations,  409;  angiy  feeling  at  the  results  of  the 
Berlin  Congress,  409 ;  Turkish  circular  on  the  demand  of 
the  Greeks,  409:  no  genuine  movement  In  Crete  for  a 
sepsratlon,  410;  the  drcolar  not  well  received  by  the 
Powers,  410;  Hobart  Pttsba's  Interview  with  the  King, 
410;  military  commission  to  examine  the  rectification  of 
the  boundary,  410;  stirring  events  in  Crete,  410;  oon- 
fiicts  with  the  Turks,  411 ;  proposition  to  the  Porte,  411 ; 
nonnsl  schools  at  Athens,  411. 

Or€sk  CAnncA.— How  affected  by  changes  in  the  map  of  Eu- 
rope, 411;  population  connected  with  it,  412;  aflhlrs  of 
the  Russian  Church,  412 ;  institutions,  teachers,  and  pu- 
pils, 422 ;  death  of  the  Archbishop  of  Thera,  412 ;  open- 
ing of  the  university  at  QEemovitz,  412. 

Grkkiu,  William  B.— Birth,  412 ;  writings  snd  death,  418. 

Gr^vt,  TKAsqon  J.  P.— President  of  the  French  Bepublio, 
418;  career,  418-415. 

GROoxa,  Jamis  B.— Elected  Senator  in  Congress  ttoai  Mary- 
knd,620. 

OroMer  Kur/Unt.—A,  German  ironclad,  865 ;  destruction  ot, 
885;  subsequent  investigation,  885. 

tf'tia/emato.— Boundaries,  415 ;  boundary  line  with  Mexico, 
415;  President  and  Cabinet,  416;  army,  416;  national 
finances,  416;  national  debt,  416;  Bank  of  GuatemaU^ 
416;  its  business,  416 ;  exports,  417;  commodities,  417; 
overtrading,  417;  line  of  railway  ftx>m  the  Gulf  to  the 
Psdfic,  417;  progress  of  the  work,  417 ;  antlcipatloni  of 
ite  advantages,  417;  wagon-road  In  the  interior,  418; 
steps  taken  to  attract  immigration,  418;  telegraph  lines, 
418 ;  public  instruction,  418 ;  courts  of  Justice,  418. 

Gnzsow,  Kabl  F.— Birth,  418;  literary  care«r,  418;  writ- 
ings and  death,  410. 


846 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Hampton,  Wabi.— Governor  of  Soath  Carolina— reqidsltioii 
on  the  Governor  of  MaMacbasetts,  529. 

Habtbidgb,  Julian. — Bepreaentattve  from  Georgia,  185; 
offers  a  report  and  rebolation  relative  to  the  President's 
office,  169. 

Hayes,  B.  B.— President,  proclamation  on  dlstarbanoes  in 
Lincoln  County,  New  Mexico,  81 ;  proclamation  for  aa 
extra  session  of  Congress,  185;  veto  of  the  silver  coinage 
bill,  162;  annual  message,  December,  2, 1878,  706. 

IIenst,  Joseph.— An  American  scientist,  419;  birth,  419; 
electrical  experiments,  419  ;  electro-magnets,  419 ;  mag- 
netic telegraph,  419 ;  career,  420 ;  writings,  420 ;  portrait* 
420. 

fierMy.— Trials  for,  among  Presbyterians,  698,  698,  700. 

Hewitt,  Abbah  8.— Bepreaentatlve  from  Now  York,  185; 
on  the  army  bill,  212. 

Hill,  Berjaiiix  H.— Senator  from  Georgia,  185;  on  tba 
army  bill,  201,  208, 204. 

HoAB,  QsosoB  F.— Senator  flrom  Massachusetts,  185 ;  on  the 
army  bill,  208. 

HoDOX,  Chaslxs.— American  theologian,  birth,  420;  pur- 
suits and  writings,  420. 

HoLLiNB,  Gbobox  N.— American  naval  officer,  birth,  420; 
career  and  death,  421. 

HoUy  System  of  8team-Il6aHng,—Genentlng  heat  fbr 
thickly  settled  communities  in  central  k)calltleB,  421; 
conducting  it  in  steam  through  pipes  into  dwellings  like 
water  and  gas,  421 ;  the  inventor,  421 ;  its  application, 
421 ;  Its  operation,  421 ;  average  cost,  421 ;  advantages 
offered,  421;  detaUs  of  the  invention,  422;  boiler-house, 
422;  combined  meter  and  regulator,  422;  estimates  of 
capacity,  422. 

^Toik/ura^.— Area  and  population,  428 ;  President  and  Minis- 
ter, 428;  strength  of  army,  428;  national  revenue,  428; 
debt,  428;  indications  of  prosperity,  428;  railway,  428; 
commerce,  428 ;  schools,  428 ;  peacefVil  state  of  affairs, 
428;  triumphs  achieved,  424. 

Bot  Springa^  in  Arkansas,  the  case  of,  24. 

Boward  A980ciation.-~ltB  activity  against  the  yellow  fever, 
817. 

Howe,  Tuiotbt  O.— Senator  from  Wisconsin,  185;  on  the 
army  bill,  206w 

fftidson  River  Tuntul,  its  progress,  291. 

Humbkbt,  King.— Takes  the  oath  of  office  in  Italy,  456;  at- 
tempted assassination  of,  458. 

Bungary.—Kretk  and  population,  424 ;  ministry,  424 ;  receipts 
and  expenditures,  424;  public  debt,  424;  length  of  rail- 
ways, 424  ;  telegraphs,  424 ;  influence  of  the  developments 
uf  Eastern  alEiirs  on  the  ftiture  of  Hungary,  424 ;  state- 
ments of  the  Prime  Minister,  425 ;  Emperor  closes  the 
session  of  the  Diet,  425;  his  speech,  425;  elections,  425 ; 
resignation  of  the  ministry,  425 ;  new  ministry,  425 ;  bills 
passed,  425;  policy  with  respect  to  the  settlement  of  the 
BuBso-Turkish  question,  425;  letter  of  Kossuth,  426; 
manifestations  of  popular  displeasure,  426. 

ffydrographical  Knowledge^  recent  improvements  in,  851. 


Jc^,  legislation  to  preserve  In  Maine,  508. 

lUinoU. — Funds  in  the  Treasury,  426 ;  ftands,  how  disbursed, 
420 ;  chief  items,  426 ;  money  required  by  taxation,  426; 
the  bonded  debt,  426 ;  the  municipal  debt  of  the  State, 
42T;  expense  of  railroad  dlsturbanot^s  of  1S77,  427 ;  the 
rate  of  interest,  437 ;  amendment  proposed  to  the  State 
Constitution.  427;  its  design,  427 ;  amount  of  lands  to  be 
reclaimed,  427 :  division  of  the  State  Into  snull  fiirms, 
427 ;  the  yield  of  the  crops,  42T ;  total  value,  427 ;  hogs  and 


their  vahie,  tfT ;  yield  of  crops  eompared  wfth  fbrroer  year. 
428 ;  butter  and  cheese  factories,  428 ;  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture and  its  reports,  428 ;  contents  of  State  moseoms, 
428 ;  complete  seriee  of  fishes  of  the  State,  488 ;  the  State 
Library  and  contents,  428;  free  and  letters  received  by 
Secretary  of  State,  4^ ;  licenses  to  businesa  eorporatloDs, 
428;  patients  in  charitable  instttntions,  429;  proposed 
appropriations,  429 ;  insane  hospltala,  429 ;  deaf  and  dumb 
institntionB,  429 ;  average  cost  of  pupils  in  serenl  States, 
429  ;  receipts  irom  taxes,  429 ;  school-frmd  receipts,  4S9 ; 
receipts  from  Illinois  Central  BaUroad,  429;  balance  in 
Treasury,  429 ;  penalties  for  non-payment  of  taxes,  429; 
accumulations  of  back  taxes,  430 ;  fire,  marine,  and  In- 
land insurance  companies,  480;  the  milltaiy  force,  480; 
decision  of  Supreme  Court  rehitlveto  admission  of  pvpils 
in  High  Sdiool,  481 ;  opinion  of  State  Sopertotendentoo 
powers  of  boards  of  edncatioo,  480 ;  case  of  the  Qaia 
Churdi  property  in  Chicago,  481 ;  objects  of  the  Sute 
election,  481 ;  convention  on  the  remonetlatSon  of  silver, 
481;  resolutions,  aSl;  National  Convention,  482;  nom- 
inations and  reaolntlons,  482;  Democratk  conventiea, 
482  ;  nominations  and  resolutions,  482;  BepnbHcan  con- 
vention, 488 ;  nominations  and  resolutions,  488 ;  results 
of  the  election,  488, 484. 

Immigration^  Chiruu^  memorial  of  the  Oregra  Legistatuie 
to  Congress  on,  676. 

Implem^ntt,  American  Agriculiural,  at  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion, 811. 

Importation  qflHwased  Catt?e.— An  act  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
sissippi, to  forbid,  declared  unoonstitutional  1^  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  575 ;  points  decided,  575. 

india.— British  vioeroyalty,  484;  Governor-General,  494; 
Executive  Conndl,  484;  lieutenant-governors  of  prov- 
inces, 484;  area  and  population,  484;  presidencies  ind 
provinces,  484 ;  public  debt,  484 ;  revenue  and  expendi- 
ture, 484;  value  of  principal  exports  and  Imports,  481; 
movement  of  shipping,  485 ;  raihtiads,  486 ;  post'Offiees, 
485;  telegraph  Unes,  485;  details  of  tho  rcTenne^  485; 
abstract  of  Indian  finance,  485;  bill  for  the  better  regnk- 
tion  of  the  native  press  passed  by  Council.  485;  additioa 
to  the  native  army,  486;  important  dispatch  In  Govern- 
ment policy  relating  to  feudatory  armies,  486;  sufferings 
from  the  great  fiunlne,  486 ;  scheme  of  pobHc  works  to 
be  instituted,  486;  call  of  the  British  GovemmHit  for 
tiYX>ps  for  Malts,  436  interest  in  the  vrar  with  A^baais- 
tan,  487 ;  flirther  details  of  the  war,  43T;  movements  of 
General  Boberta,  487;  the  advance  <»  Qmdahar,  4ST; 
statement  of  the  ChanceUorof  the  Exchequer,  48$;, re- 
port of  the  flight  of  Shere  All  48S ;  trial  of  the  Bs)ah  of 
Pooree  for  murder,  48S ;  constitutional  right  of  the  Onm 
to  cede  Indian  territory,  488 :  occupation  of  the  Island  of 
SocotrB,  488 ;  new  Order  of  the  Indian  Kmplre,  4S$. 

Indian  AuaHliariet,  a  mounted  corps  proposed  by  ths 
Secretary  of  War,  29. 

Indian  Territory^  The.— Federal  eneroachmente  on,  28. 

Indiana.— The  State  debt,  488;  amendments  to  the  State 
Constitution  proposed,  489 ;  hospital  for  the  insane,  439 ; 
dally  cost  of  each  patient,  489 ;  ennixoratioin  of  school 
children,  489;  school  expenditure,  489-  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institution,  489 ;  Institute  for  the  Blind,  489 ;  inciesae  of 
crime,  489 ;  convicts  In  the  prisons,  489 ;  house  of  refo^e, 
489;  unemployed  prisonent,  489 ;  report  of  Secretary  of 
State,  440;  provision  for  the  erection  of  a  new  ^tate 
Hocse,  440;  the  plan  adopted  by  taxea,  449;  style  of  ar- 
chitecture, 440 ;  details  of  the  Interior  arrangrement,  449; 
the  State  election,  441 ;  Democratic  Cbnvention,  441 ; 
nomhiations  and  resolutions,  441 ;  the  National  Labor 
Convention,  441  ;  nominations  and  re6olatiooa.442;  the 
Bepub'ican  Convention,  442;  nominations  and  tttain- 
ttosi,  448 ;  election  of  membera  of  Gongreas,  44S;  da 


INDEX  OF  CONTEirrS. 


847 


of  Stale  ofllMH,  448 ;  da  of  memben  of  tho  LegUhtare, 


Ikmetitorom  I^<mt§,—lAaig  obserred,  444 ;  the  boit  known 
of  the  piuitai  444 ;  obaeiren  and  their  obsorvattoiis,  444; 
do.  of  ftands  Darwin,  444  ;  hid  experiments,  444 ;  feed- 
lag  and  etaninff  planta,  444 ;  experiments  of  fieiaa,  Kd- 
krman,  and  Von  Baamer,  444. 

bUtmal  Ji§0€nue  TaoBaiion^  receipts  of;  828. 

IntemaiUmai  Copyright  treaties  in  Europe,  228. 

iMMw— Meeting  of  the  Legiabtore,  445 ;  law  to  oontrol  rail- 
waTii  446 ;  its  constitnttonality  aiOrmed,  446 ;  principle 
of  the  control  of  all  corporations  based  on  a  natural  law, 
416 ;  diffisrent  opiniono  in  regard  to  the  law,  446;  election 
^  Senator  in  Congress,  445 ;  resolutions  in  the  House 
relattng  to  financial  questions,  446 ;  minority  report  on 
them,  445  ;  amendments,  4J5  ;  substitute  adopted,  446 ; 
Mil  to  restore  capital  punishment  befbre  the  Senate,  446 ; 
its  dlseoaaion  and  passage,  446 ;  passed  by  the  House, 
446 ;  bill  to  allow  defendants  hi  criminal  actions  to  be- 
eooe  wftnessea,  446 ;  passed,  446 ;  Commissioners  of 
Immigratioii,  446 ;  jury  trials  with  less  than  twelve,  446 ; 
good  conduct  a  source  of  diminution  of  sentence,  446 ; 
taxation  of  telegraph  Hues,  446 ;  dlssatisfketlon  with  the 
epeiatlon  of  the  ndfatMwl  tarifi;  446 ;  manner  in  which 
the  law  opentes,  447 ;  bill  for  the  appointment  of  Bailroad 
Commissioners  passed,  447 ;  three  Commissioners  to  be 
appointed,  447 ;  their  powers  and  duties,  447 ;  tariff  act 
repealed,  447 ;  proyision  relattTe  to  railroad  charges,  447 ; 
towns  permitted  to  Tote  aid,  447 ;  amendment  to  the 
eonstitatlon  permitting  women  to  Tote  and  hold  office 
psMed,  447  ;  State  Convention  of  county  supervisors, 
447 ;  their  recommendations  and  resolutions,  447, 44S  ; 
abolition  of  the  grand  Jury  proposed,  448  ;  or  left  to  the 
Legislatare,  448 ;  temperance  discusBi:>n,  448 ;  public  ex- 
pense of  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors,  448 ;  memorial 
to  the  Legislature,  448 ;  amount  of  public  hind  approved 
and  certified  to  Iowa,  448 ;  live  stock  assessed  in  the  State 
for  eleven  years,  449 ;  gradusl  deaease  in  value  per 
head,  449 ;  loss  by  bog  cholera,  449  ;  swine  assessed  for 
1878, 449 ;  amount  of  loss,  449 ;  number  of  sheep,  449 ; 
crop  of  oats,  449 ;  crop  of  barley  and  vahie,  449 ;  rye  and 
value,  449  ;  flax  and  value,  449 ;  area  sown  In  wheat, 
449  ;  Tslue  of  the  crop,  449  ;  short-humed  cattle,  449 ; 
deUils  of  ralboads,  449 ;  new  SUte  Capitol,  460  ;  expendi- 
ture, 450 ;  convention  to  organize  a  State  Liberal  League, 
490 ;  resolutionB,  4S0 ;  State  Convention  of  Nationala, 
400 ;  nominations  and  resolutions,  460 ;  Democratic  State 
Convmtion,  461 ;  nominations  and  resolutions,  461 ;  Be- 
pubfican  State  Convention,  461 ;  nominations  and  resolu- 
tions, 461 ;  State  election,  468 ;  dispute  as  to  the  time  for 
the  election  of  Congressmen,  468  ;  decision  of  the  Qov- 
emor,  458 ;  result  of  the  election  fbr  Congressmen,  463  ; 
do.  for  State  oflloers,  468 ;  do.  for  members  of  the  Legis- 
lature, 454. 

Irvn  /luftM^ry.— Enbirgement  of  its  means  and  extraordi- 
nary demand,  126;  total  product  for  eleven  years,  128; 
total  product  of  pig,  127;  production  of  Iron  rails,  127; 
do.  of  Bessemer  steel,  128. 

iirrC{fa«on.— System  of;  for  California,  72 ;  do.  in  Colorado, 
111. 

Ai/y.—King  sad  Ihmfly,  464 ;  territorial  divisions,  area,  and 
popolation,  464;  sources  of  revenue,  4M  ;  expenditures, 
454 ;  total  debt,  464 ;  value  of  dlflTercnt  articles  of  export 
am*  Import,  464;  movement  of  special  fbrelgn  trade,  454; 
eommwclal  value  of  Imports  and  exports,  456 ;  movement 
of  shipping,  465;  strength  of  the  Italian  army,  4A6;  force 
of  the  navy,  465;  railroads  in  operation.  466;  length  of 
tslegrsphs,  455;  death  of  Victor  Emanuel,  466;  oath  ad- 
ministered to  the  new  King,  466 ;  his  speech,  456;  speech 
sn  opening  the  Chambers,  456 ;-  reforms  proposed,  466; 


position  of  the  ministry,  456;  new  Cabinet  formed,  466 
reported  to  Parliament,  and  statement'  of  polioy,  466 
measures  before  Parliament,  457 ;  war  estimates,  457 
construction  of  new  railways,  457 ;  the  financial  state- 
mmt  presented,  457 ;  resignations  of  ministers,  457 ;  new 
appointmenta,  457  ;  attempted  assssslnation  of  the  King, 
466;  the  Baassnti  clubs,  4.'i8;;duty  of  the  Goveniment, 
456;  new  Cabinet,  468 ;  the  attack  on  the  King,  468 ;  agi- 
tation caused  by  the  Berlin  Congress,  468 ;  demonstx*- 
tion  sgalnst  the  residence  of  the  Austrian  consul,  466 ; 
reparation  made,  46S. 
/«ory,  ArHJMal.—'SjxmetoxA  patents  granted,  468 ;  their 
compositions,  469;  invention  of  Hyatt,  469;   a  process 
and  apparatus  for  manuHMturbig  ceDnlold,  469 :  proper- 
ties of  the  substance,  469 ;  employment  in  the  Industrlxd 
arts,  459. 


JahlcehkoJT*  electric  candle,  form  of;  278. 

Japan.— The  sovereign  and  departments  of  the  administra- 
tion, 460 ;  area  of  the  several  islands  and  population,  4<M); 
receipts  and  expenditures,  460 ;  public  debt,  460 ;  strength 
of  the  army,  461 ;  the  naval  fbree,  461 ;  imports  and  ex- 
ports, 461 ;  at  the  dllTervnt  ports,  461 ;  trade  of  foreign 
countries  with  Japan,  461 ;  length  of  raiboads,  461 ; 
postal  service,  461 ;  newspapers,  461 ;  end  of  the  civil 
war,  461 ;  unsatisfactory  condition  of  af&drs,  461 ;  effects 
of  the  revolution,  461 ;  revision  of  treaties,  461 ;  protec- 
tive tarifi;  461 ;  provisional  loan,  461 ;  assembly  of  pro- 
vincial governors,  462 ;  modifications  of  the  press  laws, 
462;  assassination  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  462; 
manner  of  proceeding,  462;  punishment  of  the  assassins, 
462  ;  mutiny  of  soldiers,  462 ;  proceedings,  462;  singular 
disturbance  in  Yokohama,  462 ;  discontent  of  the  dis- 
banded Samurai,  462 ;  Japanese  department  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  468 ;  native  editions  of  the  Bible,  463 ;  other 
publications,  468. 

t/avo,  an  island,  its  railroads  and  telegraphs,  C07. 

JUtiet  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  Elver,  502. 


jranM<.~The  great  prosperity  of  the  State,  468 ;  increase  of 
population,  468;  receipts  of  the  Treasuiy,  468 ;  amount 
of  taxes  coDected,  404 ;  rate  of  taxation,  464 ;  vahiation  of 
property,  464;  sources  of  revenue,  464 ;  total  State  debt, 
464;  prisoners  in  the  Penitentiary,  464;  expenditure, 
464 ;  Asylum  fbr  the  Blind,  464 ;  Deaf  and  Dumb  Insti- 
tution, 464;  Insane  Asylums,  464;  reports  of  State  Boartf 
of  Agriculture,  464 ;  one  of  the  first  wheat-growing  States, 
464 ;  Fish  Commission.  466 ;  length  of  railroads,  466 ;  chdm 
against  the  United  States,  466 ;  cultivated  acreage  of  the 
State,  465;  acreage,  pntduct  and  value  of  the  five  princi- 
pal crops  in  theoouDiU'S  on  Kansas  River,  466 ;  thehr  com- 
bined product,  466 ;  amount  and  proportion  of  cultivated 
and  uncultivated  land  in  these  counties,  466;  stock  of 
horses,  mules,  snd  ssnes,  4C5;  milch  cows,  466;  increase 
and  decrease  of  other  cattie,  466 ;  amount  of  bonded  and 
floating  debt  of  cities,  oountie^  townships,  and  school  dis- 
tricts, 466  ;  proceedini^  in  court  by  bondholders  against 
officials  of  Leavenworth  City  and  County  and  others, 
466;  a  case  of  quo  uarranidio  test  the  title  to  s  seat  in 
the  LegiaUtnre,  466;  opinion  of  the  Court,  466 ;  Republi- 
can State  Convention.  4({6;  nominations  and  resoluttons, 
466;  Democratic  State  Convention,  487  ;  nominations  and 
resolutions,  467;  National  Labor  candldate^  468;  elec- 
tion of  State  ofllcers,  4AS ;  do.  of  members  of  Congress, 
468;  do.  of  members  of  the  State  Leglslatnre,  468. 


848 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


KAvniAKN,  Oenenl.— Commands  a  Boaalaii  czpedltioDary 
force  through  Bokhara. 

Kbaxhst,  Duns.— Letter  to  the  Senate  of  CaUibmla,  78. 

Kkllvt,  Wn.uAX  D.— BepreaentatiTe  from  PennaylTanla, 
18ft;  on  the  repeal  of  the  spede  reaomptlon  act,  187. 

KnUuekif.— Meeting  of  the  State  Leglalatare,  468;  an  act 
rehittng  to  a  call  of  a  State  ConaUtatlonal  Conyentton, 
468;  Biz  per  cent  rate  of  Interest  adopted,  468;  the  sale 
of  spirltuoos  Uqnora  to  inebriates  and  drockards  for- 
bidden,  468;  State  Board  of  Health  created,  468 ;  features 
of  the  act,  468 ;  new  county  of  Leslie,  469 ;  mode  of  as- 
certaining the  ralue  of  the  property  of  railroad  companies 
for  taxation  prescribed,  id^ ;  details  of  the  act,  460 ;  c 
bill  for  the  refetabU&hing  of  the  whipping-post,  460; 
reasons  urged  to  show  its  necessity,  460 ;  speech  of  one 
of  the  advocates  of  the  bill,  469 ;  passed  by  the  House, 
and  a  tie  vote  In  the  Senate.  47u;  appropriation  for  the 
erection  of  a  monument  to  the  Lite  J.  G.  Breckenrldge, 
470 ;  act  in  reference  to  carrying  concealed  deadly  weap- 
ons, 470 ;  geological,  topographical  and  botanical  surveys, 
470;  the  State  militia,  470 ;  Agricultural  College  endow- 
ment, 470 ;  Jdnt  resolution  relative  to  the  yellow  ferer, 
470 ;  resolution  relative  to  the  reduction  of  the  tobacco 
tax,  471;  resolution  relative  to  the  Texaa  and  Padfle 
Ballway,  471 ;  resolution  relative  to  the  repeal  of  the  re- 
sumption act,  471 ;  value  of  taxable  property  In  the  State, 
471 ;  value  of  the  same  belonging  to  blacks,  471 ;  State 
Penitentiary,  471 ;  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Equal!- 
lation  of  the  value  of  railroad  property,  471;  present 
rate  of  State  taxation,  472 ;  estimate  of  the  production 
of  whisky  in  the  State,  472 ;  the  crop  of  wheat,  472 ;  do. 
of  barley,  472 ;  com,  hemp,  and  oata.  478 ;  tobacco,  hay, 
and  grass,  473  ;  acrea  of  peach  and  apple  orcharda,  472  * 
sheep  and  hogs,  472 ;  poultry  and  its  value,  472 ;  bee 
colonies,  472 ;  a  product  of  honey,  478 ;  crop  of  chuika, 
472;  fish  preservation,  478;  distnrtwnoe  at  Jackson, 
Breathitt  County,  47H ;  election  of  members  of  Congress, 
478;  do.  of  State  Legislature,  478 ;  change  In  the)  Court 
of  Appeala,  478 ;  a  case  in  the  Court  of  Appeala  on  the 
right  of  a  court  to  try  an  extradited  prisoner  Ibr  a  non- 
extraditable  otrense,  478 ;  (kcts  of  the  case,  478;  decision 
relative  H  the  dominant  principle  of  modem  eztxadition, 
478-476. 

KsurAK,  FsAKCiB.— Senator  from  New  York,  186;  on  the 
coinage  of  silver  dollars,  IM ;  on  the  army  blfl.  197-190. 

Kit,  D.  M.— Postmaster-Qeneral,  bOo ;  letter  to  the  Southem 
people,  806. 

KiMBAtL,  ScrKKSB  I.— Takcs  charge  of  the  Eerenne  marine 
service,  and  the  life-saving  stations,  761;  appointed  su- 
perintendent of  the  service.  766. 

KofnoM,  HiBAH  H.— A  requisition  for,  isaaed  by  the  Qov- 
eraor  of  South  Carolina,  629. 

KiKXwooD,  Sahitbl  J.->Senator  from  Iowa,  186;  on  the 
anay  bill,  206. 


Labokdrtk,  Dr.— Discovery  of  evidences  of  vitality  that  hare 
been  considered  signs  of  death  In  apparently  drowned  per- 
sons, 766. 

Zamps  for  electric  lights,  forms  of.  271. 

Lbo  XI II.— Elected  Pope,  7o2 :  commnnioates  his  election  to 
the  Powers,  782 ;  announces  his  policy,  788 ;  correspond- 
ence with  the  Oorman  Government,  881 ;  reftiaea  the  an- 
nual dotation  of  Italy,  4%4. 

LioroLD,  King  of  the  Belgians,  celebrates  his  **  allver  wed- 
ding," 66. 

lAheral  League^  organization  of,  in  lows,  460. 

XicAeiw.— Thehr  position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  a  sutject 
of  animated  controveisy,  475;  Stahl^s  recant  investiga- 


tloBa,  476;  his  greatest  dlsooveiy,  475;  the  tnie  repro- 
duetire  process,  477 ;  final  proof  of  the  Schwendenerka 
theory,  477;  huw  dassifled,  in  Germany,  477. 

lj{fe-9aviiig  Service^  United  SUttet;  aee  Serviee^  UuiUd 
8tat4i  I^f&'VitinQ. 

Light,  the  Electric,  at  the  Paria  Exhibition,  807. 

Lighting  by  BUctricity.—DMStxioA  ways  of  sooompBahment, 
268. 

LnmaxT,  Chief  Justice.— Decision  In  the  Kentucky  extradi- 
tion case,  472. 

lAUratwrt  and  Literary  Progre»9,—lSvm\»n  of  new  publi- 
cations not  small,  477  *,  poetry,  woika  of  Biyant,  Tajlor, 
Longfellow,  Ilelen  Whitman,  and  othera,  477;  hislcvy 
and  biography,  478 ;  science  and  philosophy,  479 ;  ivU- 
gton  and  theology,  480 ;  essays  and  oiticiam,  481 ;  tnv- 
•la,  481 ;  fiction,  488 ;  Juveniles,  482  ;  iext-booka,  4s»; 
miscellaneous,  4S8. 

LUerature,  Continental,  in  1876.— In  Belgium,  464;  In  Bo- 
hemia, 486;  in  Denmark,  4<^;  in  France,  466;  tn  Gtr- 
many,  486;  in  Holland,  487;  in  Hungary,  488;  in  IUt, 
488;  In  Norway,  488;  In  Portugal,  488;  In  Bnsaia,  4»»; 
In  Spain,  480 ;  In  Sweden,  4d0. 

Literaiure,  JTn^MaA.— Histoir,  490 ;  biography,  480;  fletioQ. 
491;  theok)gy  and  religion,  492;  sdenoe  aad  philosophy, 
408 ;  travel,  492 ;  poetry,  498. 

Long,  Ceablss  ChaiuJ.— Birth,  498 ;  mlUtafj  oareer,  49S: 
explorations  in  Egypt,  494. 

LoBKi,  llasQciB  or.— Arrival  as  Goyemor  of  Caoads,  241 

XouMana.— An  information  filed  against  the   Betmniafr 
Boaitl,494;  itschargea,  494;  the  trial,  494;  the  evidence, 
494 ;  verdict  of  the  jury,  496 ;  sentence,  486 ;  case  car- 
ried to  Supreme  Court,  496 ;  decision  of  Chitf  Justice 
Manning,  496 ;  verdict  set  aside  and  the  prisoner  dis- 
charged, 406;  views  of  the  Court,  496;  appUeatka  to 
Justice  Bradley  for  removal  of  the  caae  to  the  Fedcnl 
Court,  486 ;  his  dedston,  496;  meeting  of  the  Legislstan; 
496;  resolution  relative  to  an  InveetlgatloB  of  the  cor- 
ruption of  the  State  electoral  vote,  497 ;  anbstitote  of- 
fered, 497 ;  debate  on  the  resolution,  497 ;  Its  adeptioB. 
497 ;  report  of  the  Committee  on  Federal  Belatlons  oa  tb« 
admission  of  W.  V.  Kellogg  to  a  seat  in  the  United  StotM 
8enat^  497;  adopted,  498;   resolutions  rslative  lo  the 
''Bland  Silver  Blir'  adopted,  498;  amendments  pr»- 
posed  to  the  Stete  Constitution,  498 ;  the  retrenehairat 
of  expenditures,  498 ;  embarrassed  conditloo  of  the  Si»M 
finsnces,  499 ;  the  bonded  debt  of  the  Stete,  499;  prori- 
sions  of  the  ftinding  Uw,  499 ;  lU  limiting  features,  499; 
the  rate  of  taxation,  499  ;  moat  important  cn^  of  tke 
State,  600 ;  crop  of  siigar,  600 ;  damage  of  it,  600;  prod- 
uct of  augar  lor  forty-three  years,  500;  Increase  in 
molasses,  600 ;  remartiable  extension  of  tlie  rice  cattorr. 
600;  amount  of  crop,  600;  proflta,  600;  <xmgt  crop  ol 
Louisiana,  600;  receipts  at  New  Orleans  from  the  istr- 
rlor  of  the  lesding  artidea  of  trade  with  the  inacase  cr 
decrease,  601 ;  the  yellow^bver  epidemic,  501 ;  s  pobfie 
meeting  to  express  thanks  for  aid  contrlbated,  501 ;  me- 
lutlons  adopted,  601 ;  dlatnrbance  at  If  ooroe,  501 ;  da  fat 
St.  Charles  Parish,  501 ;  do.  In  Tensas  and  Coaeorda 
Parishes,  601 ;  statement  of  the  afliUr  by  the  Ooreraor, 
602 ;  success  of  the  efforts  to  increase  the  depth  of  water 
sn  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missisaippl,  dOt;  the  on- 
provements  under  Captain  Eads,  602 ;  details  ef  the  mo- 
tract,  502 ;  resulu,  502;  demand  for  imptwemcDU  of  the 
Miaalssippi,  so  that  it  shall  become  the  outlet  for  the  im- 
mense crops  on  its  banks  and  those  of  its  trihatsrit'S* 
608  ;  area  of  the  valley,  508 ;  extent  of  the  dialoave.  di^S 
the  (Ul  of  the  water,  608;  range  between  high  sad  lo« 
water,  608;  crevasses  in  Louisiana  leveea,  50S;  naBBcr 
of  their  formation,  508 ;  effect  of  the  overflows,  808 ;  cxat 
of  repairing  existing  le  veea,  604 ;  Demociatic  Statt  Con- 


INDEX  OP  CONTENTS. 


849 


TODtioii,  604 ;  nomfoatloo  and  reioIiitloDA,  604 ;  RepobH- 
eus  GoDTOitiMi,  606 ;  proeeedingt,  608 ;  refittered  TOten 
Id  the  State,  600 ;  Toto  on  the  oonstitntlonal  ameDdmenta* 
SOS ;  eleoCkm  of  membera  of  Coogreaa,  606;  State  eleo- 
tk«,60& 

Z,stf<rtiiM.— Statlatlea,  606 ;  Inatltattona,  606;  Syoodtoal  Con- 
ftrance,  006;  anbjecte  of  dfacoaaioii,  606;  report  on  the 
miidoQ  te  ttw  freedmen,  60T ;  General  Synod  South,  607; 
mtelaa  In  Indl%60T;  Lntberaa  ft«e  Diet,  607. 

Lrrroir,  Lord. — Bemarka  on  tho  bill  for  the  better  regnla- 
dflo  of  the  natlTe  Indian  preaa,  48S. 


VadUnsTf,  Aninrlwm,  at  the  Parla  Exhibition,  806. 
IfoiM.— Ifeetinr  of  the  Legialatnre,  606;  acta  paaaed,  606 ; 
nibjeet  of  trampa,  606;  eonrention  of  ahertflh  and  Jailera, 
soft;  reaolntions  on  the  aobject,  606 ;  action  of  the  Legia> 
latere,  606;  a  eammlaalon  to  InTeatlffate  the  eqnalltf  or 
fawqnalltj  of  tazatkMi,  606;  paaaed  the  Senate  and  loat  In 
the  Honae,  608 ;  an  InaolTenojr  bill  paaaed,  606;  ite  pro- 
Tlaiooa,  008;  an  act  to  prOTlde  agninat  lijaxy  to  Ice  in- 
tended Ibr  maiket,  008 ;  the  manner  of  determining  any 
election  by  ballot  preacribed,  609 ;  the  bw  gorenilng  the 
■ale  of  railroad  tieketa,  609;  the  lien  on  hemlock  bark 
609;  the  eztenahre  tanning  Interoat,  609;  amonnt  of 
pkUed  fish  inspected,  609 ;  the  military  Ibrce,  600;  the 
3Ute  tax,  609 ;  the  land  Agent^a  report,  609 ;  the  Swedish 
settlementa,  610 ;  tbe  Agrlealtiiral  College,  610 ;  work- 
shop inatmetlott,  610 ;  the  Rnsalan  system,  010 ;  length 
of  rallroada,  610;  the  mercantile  marine,  610;  second  In 
extent  of  any  Stete,  610 ;  the  ftmded  debt,  610 ;  reeelpte 
from  all  sonroes,  610;  Inyeatraonto  in  mortgagee,  610; 
saTlnga  banka,  610 ;  asseto  aa  compared  with  last  year, 
511 ;  depoaito  and  deposltora,  611 ;  changes  in  the  public 
echoed  611 ;  expenditure  and  the  wages  of  teaehera,  61 1 ; 
some  groonda  on  which  oppoeltlon  is  made  to  them. 
Ml ;  the  Olrla*  Induatrlal  School,  611 ;  Stoto  Reform 
School,  61);  Stete-Prison  conyleto,  61S;  their  eanilng% 
MS ;  erfmea  committed,  619 ;  operation  of  the  abolition 
of  the  death  penalty,  61S ;  the  Insane  Hospital  and  pa- 
tienta,  61S ;  general  paralysis  a  cause  of  death,  612 ;  crops 
*  In  the  Stote,  619 ;  oom  and  wheat,  61S ;  potetoes  a  fldl- 
nre,  512;  applea  and  dder,  619;  hay,  barley,  and  oats, 
618 ;  the  German  steamer  Clmbiia,  618 ;  Stote  Temper- 
ance Conrentlon,  618;  resoluttons,  618;  sddreas  to  the 
State  Legialature,  618 ;  remarks  of  Goremor  Connor, 
614;  the  Greenback  Conyentlon,  614 ;  oigantetlon,  614; 
remarks  of  the  Pkesldent,  614 ;  resolutions,  614;  nomlna- 
tlona,  614;  Democratic  State  Conyentlon,  616;  resola- 
tlona  and  nominations,  616 ;  the  Republican  State  Con- 
yentlon, 516;  resolutions  and  nominations,  M6;  election 
of  members  of  Congress,  616;  do.  of  Stete  officers,  616; 
do.  of  State  Legislature,  610 ;  assembling  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  the  dioloe  of  Goremor,  616 ;  yote  on  constitu- 
tional amendments,  616. 

Mallow,  Indian,  yields  a  fiber  equal  to  Jute,  699. 

Mdndam'us  oaM$  in  Arkansas,  20 ;  opinion  of  the  Stete  Su- 
preme Court  on  the  right  of  the  Federal  Courto  to  enter- 
tain suits,  27. 

If  A!iin2rG,  Chief  Justice.— Dedslon  In  Louisiana  Retunlng 
Board  case,  495. 

Ifnni^aetvrea,  American,  in  the  Paris  H^xhlbltion,  800. 

Mdp9.—Of  Aflfbanlstan,  8;  of  the  Tosemlte  Valley,  70;  of 
the  United  Stetee  of  Colombia,  106;  of  Turkey,  789. 

If  Axxa,  Albxbt  B.— Elected  Governor  or  Tennessee,  784. 

SfarriagM  and  JlUgiUmate  CMldren.—lQ  France,  840. 

Marrisd  ITomen.— Law  rslattve  to  the  property  ot,  in  Ore- 
gon, 676b 

Vol.  xviii.— 64    A 


Mabtih  «s.  MaoKovocbis.— Decision  In  the  Qneen^a  Bench, 
14. 

JfaryfoiMl.— Report  In  Congreaa  on  the  re8<^utlon  relatiye 
to  Prealdent  Hayes's  title,  168. 

JAirytofMf.— Meeting  and  organiatloii  of  the  Legialature, 
616;  resolutions  and  a  memorial  to  Congreaa  relatiye  to 
a  judicial  decision  of  the  late  Presidential  eleetioin,  616 ; 
referred  to  CMumittee  on  Federal  BelatJona,  617 ;  sixth 
sectioo  cf  the  bill  proyidlng  fir  the  creation  of  an  Elec- 
toral Commission,  517 ;  report  of  the  majority  of  the  com- 
mittee nnlkyorable,  517 ;  extract  from  the  mlnortty  re- 
port, 517 ;  subsequent  report  of  one  of  the  mi^Jorlty,  018 ; 
reporto  considered,  518 ;  substitute  oflRwed,  518 ;  remarks 
of  Mr.  Blair,  518;  substitute  adopted,  518;  but  reso- 
lutions rejected,  518;  another  resolution  offned  and 
adopted,  618;  preaented  in  Congreaa  and  referred,  518; 
act  to  appoint  a  State  Tax  Commissioner,  618 ;  his  du- 
ties, 619 ;  appropriations  to  yarious  charlteble  institu- 
tions, 519;  to  other  Stete  objecto,  519;  an  act  Ibr  the 
preyentkm  of  cruelty  to  animals,  519;  commissioners  to 
settle  the  boundary  line  with  Weat  Yiiginia,  519;  a 
memorial  in  opposition  to  a  local  optton  law,  619 ;  the 
msgnltode  of  the  Hqnor-selllng  Intereet,  619;  election  of 
United  States  Senat<M',  590 ;  reyenue  from  Ufe  insurance 
companiea,  600 ;  public  schools  in  Batttmors,  620 ; 
teaehera  and  expenditures,  020;  State  expenditure,  680 ; 
total  fended  debt,  520;  leductkni  o^  620;  receipto  from 
an  sources  snd  disbursements,  620 ;  Agricultural  College, 
520 ;  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,  091 ;  operationa  of  the  Flah 
Commissioner,  521 ;  a  canal  to  connect  Baltimore  with 
the  ocean,  521 ;  suryeys  and  route,  521 ;  ooal  ahipmenta, 
021 ;  election  fbr  membera  of  Congrasa,  661 ;  do.  Dor 
membera  of  the  State  Leglshture,  621 ;  trials  of  judges 
of  elections  in  the  Federal  Court  Ibr  disregard  of  United 
States  marshals,  621. 

JfoMooAiMeMf.— Lcglslatlye  session,  022;  reduction  of  the 
State  tax,  622;  Incroaae  alnce  IBOl,  522;  extra  appro- 
]»1atk>ns,  522 ;  Interest  and  principal  €f  the  debt  to  be 
paid  in  gold  or  ite  equlyalent,  522;  an  act  Ibr  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  State  deteetlye  fbroe,  622;  proceedings 
relatiye  to  the  liquor  question,  522;  act  relatiye  to  the- 
transportation  of  Uquors,  588 ;  strset  railway  tlcketa  In 
Boston  good  on  all  roada,  628;  la  a  bill  approprlattng 
money  a  money  bill?  two  Houses  disagree,  028;  aigu- 
ment  of  the  Speaker  of  the  Lower  House,  628 ;  dedslon 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  628;  a  kwn  of  $6,000,000  to  the 
New  Tork  and  New  England  rBibt>ad  defeated,  528; 
legislation  relatiye  to  tbe  Hoosac  Tunnel,  624 ;  statement 
of  one  of  the  membera  of  the  House,  624 ;  the  employ- 
ment of  childrsn  under  Iburteen  yeara  in  manufeetnring, 
mechanical,  or  mercantile  establishments,  whUe  flie  pub- 
lic scho(da  are  in  session,  fivbidden,  684;  a  poHoe  com- 
mlssion  for  Boston,  524 ;  an  eflbrt  to  aboUah  the  use  of 
the  gag  In  penal  instltution^  624 ;  treatment  of  trampa, 
084;  a  bill  to  aflbrd  temporary  relief  to  aaytnga  banka, 
025;  details,  686:  amendment  to  the  Conatttntion  to  ae- 
oure  woman  suffrage  reported,  626 ;  views  of  the  minority, 
625;  a  bill  rejected,  526;  report  of  the  Labor  Bureau, 
686;  report  of  the  Committee  on  Prisons,  686;  report  of 
the  State  Board  of  Health,  526;  eokv-bltndnesa,  Ite  ex- 
tent in  public  inatltatlons,  020;  rules  for  the  preyentlon 
of  the  sprsad  of  contagious  diseases  in  schools,  020; 
amount  of  the  State  debt,  and  ita  daasUlcatlon,  687 ;  the 
trust  ftinds,  687 ;  taxable  property  of  the  State,  687 ;  de- 
crease, 687;  causes  of  the  burden  of  taxatioin,68T;  statis- 
tics of  municipal  indebtedness,  687 ;  grosa  Intereat-bear- 
Ing  debt  of  towna,  027 ;  aggregatea  of  the  seysral  daases 
of  exempted  property,  687 ;  tons  and  paaaengers  on  rail- 
roads, 688;  expenses  and  earnings,  688;  expense  of  the 
State  Board  of  Charitiea,  688;  abolMoo  of  the  Board 


860 


INDEX  OP  CK)NTENTS. 


reoommeoded,  588 ;  Are  grrat  iiutltatiaiifl  opened  during 
the  year,  688 ;  petiente  in  the  Iniane  Asylnmaf  688 ;  penal 
eatabllahmenU  In  the  State,  029 ;  inmatea,  529 ;  the  p«i- 
per  population,  how  proTided  for,  029 ;  number  and  aex, 
689 ;  ftiU  or  partial  Ba|q[>ort,  589 ;  ayemge  inereaae,  599; 
institationa  aided  by  State  granta,  589;  nnemployed 
lahorera  in  the  State,  589 ;  report  of  Labor  Bnreaa  there- 
on, 689 ;  a  requisition  from  the  Governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, 689 ;  the  State  bw  on  the  subject,  689 ;  reply  of  the 
Ooremor  of  Massachusetts,  680;  suit  against  the  Boston 
Beer  Company,  680;  decision  of  the  United  Statea  Su- 
prame  Court,  580 ;  appearance  of  Denia  Kearney  from 
CaUfoniia,  580 ;  resohitions  adopted  In  Fsnueil  Hall,  680; 
speech  of  General  Butler  in  Maine,  680;  requested  by 
TOters  in  Maasachusetts  to  become  a  candidate  for  Goy- 
ernor,  581 ;  answer  to  the  request,  081, 688 ;  the  Prohibi- 
tory State  Convention,  582 ;  resolutions,  588 ;  nomina- 
tionsi  088;  Independent  Qreenbadt  Convention,  588; 
resolutions,  688;  nominations,  084;  State  Democratic 
Convention  called,  584;  declaration  of  the  Executive 
Committee  on  the  quaUfloatlons  of  delegatoa,  584;  reply 
of  General  Butler,  684 ;  proceedings  of  the  delegates  at 
Worcester,  684 ;  address  of  EsMcutlve  Committee  post- 
poning the  Convention,  684 ;  organisation  of  the  dele- 
gates, 584;  nominationa  and  Msolutions,  685;  Kepubli- 
can  State  Convention,  685;  nominations  and  resolutions, 
686;  adjourned  Democratie  Convention,  668;  nomina- 
tions and  resolutions,  686;  election  of  members  of  Con- 
gress, 567;  do.  of  State  officers,  587;  do.  of  members  of 
the  State  Leglalature,  687. 

MATTHSwa,  Stavlbt.— Senator  from  Ohio,  186;  ofllars  a  reso- 
lution that  the  bonds  of  the  United  States  be  paid  in  sil- 
ver dotlars,  188. 

MoCuira,  Bev.  W.  C.-Caae  before  the  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly,  698. 

MaoMahon  resigns  as  President  of  Frsnce,  888. 

McMiLLAx,  S.  J.  B.— Senator  from  Minnesota,  185;  on  the 
army  bill,  198, 807. 

Megaphone^  combination  of  the  speaking-trumpet  and  the 
ear-trumpet,  587;  details,  687. 

Memorandum  between  Busria  and  Great  Britain  on  the 
Eaatem  question,  854. 

JfennonUet. — ^Annual  Confrrence,  etft,  00. 

MuBmoir,  kvevrnva  S.— Senator  from  Ncnih  GaroUna,  185; 
on  the  army  bill,  800. 

MnnraxovT,  General.  ~A  Busslan  chief  of  poUce,  aasassi- 
nated,746. 

JTetoMur^.— Exhibit  at  the  Paris  Bzhibitloo,  807. 

Metsoroloffy.—yniMX  haa  been  accomplished  of  bte  years,  687 ; 
the  present  organliatlon  of  meteorological  work  in  Africa, 
088;  Algeria,  088;  Argentine  BepubUo,  088;  Austria  and 
Hungary,  686;  Australia,  668 ;  Belgium,  688;  Canada  and 
Hewfbundland,  688;  Cape  Colony,  668;  C^hm,  689 
Chili,  689;  China,  689;  Coata  Eica,  689;  Denmark,  689 
Egypt,  689;  Finland,  589;  France,  089;  Germany,  089 
Great  Britain,  040;  Greeoe,  040;  India,  640;  Italy,  040 
Japan,  041;  Mauritius,  041;  Mexico,  041;  Netherlands, 
041 ;  New  Zealand,  041 ;  Norway,  641;  Philippine  Isles, 
041;  Portugal,  641;  Busala,  041;  South  America,  Oil; 
Spain,  048;  Sweden,  048;  Switserland,  048;  Syria,  048; 
Turkey,  048;  United  States,  048;  West  Indies,  048;  in- 
tamattonal  organisationa,  048;  ooean  meteorology.  048 ; 
meteorologleal  instruments  and  methods,  044. 

ireAMttfte.— Methodist  Episcopal  itsttstlcs,  040, 046 ;  Freed- 
men^s  AM  Society,  046;  Sunday  School  Unk>n,046;  Gen- 
end  Committee  of  Church  Extension,  046 ;  Genmal  Mis- 
sionary Committee,  047;  treatment  of  Chinese  tanml- 
granta,  047;  Woman*s  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  047; 
Methodist  Episcopal  Chnreh  South,  statistics,  047;  the 
Publishing  House,  047;  Board  of  Education,  048;  General 


Conference,  648;  Methodist  PrateatsDt  Orardh,  stadsocs. 
048;  Board  of  Misaiou^  048;  Methodist  Episoopal  Chnreh 
In  Canada,  General  Conteenee,  049;  Methodist  Cbnicfa  fa 
Canada,  statistioa,  549;  General  Conferenoe,  6:9;  Wes- 
leyan  Connection,  statlsCiea,  049;  Conferaioes,  548;  Wee- 
leyan  Methodist  Thanksgiving  Fund,  050;  Wesleyas 
MIssionsry  Society,  560;  Australian  WeobiyMi  Methodvt 
Church  statistkis,  060;  General  OonferoiM,  000;  Meth- 
odist New  ConneetlaB  Coof^renee,  551 ;  Primitive  Meth- 
odist Church,  ststlstios,  051 ;  United  Methodist  Free 
Church  ststlatlcs,  051 ;  Bible  Christisn  ststistks,  661 ; 
Independent  Methodist  Chnrdiee,  501. 

JTegptfoo.— President  snd  Cabinet,  061;  Governors  of  States. 
068;  Mexican  Ambassador,  002;  srmy  and  B»vy,  66i; 
revenue  and  expenditures,  568 ;  distribution  of  cxpadi- 
tnro,666;  nstkMial debt,  608;  publie-sciiool  system, 5« ; 
foreign  commerce,  508;  Ameriesn  Manofbctaren*  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Northwest,  668;  Mexiean  tsriff  datSea,  OSS; 
cost  and  changes,  568;  Stste  tsxas,  054;  revisioii  of  the 
tariH;  554;  oooanmptioa  of  cotton  fthrtcs,  604;  Imperftei 
mesne  of  communication,  606 ;  reoognitloB  of  Dlax  by  the 
United  States,  660;  condition  of  the  repabUc,  555;  the 
PMsldenCs  remsrks  on  the  border  difficulties,  OOGi 

IfioM^OA.— State  of  the  Treasmy,  006;  reesipts  snd  dis- 
bursements, 006 ;  surplus  spedfle  taxea,  666;  tadebted- 
ness  to  the  trust  ftmds,  656;  value  of  rasl  sad  pevMoal 
property,  566;  acres  of  Isnd  held  l^  the  Stste,  666;  tb« 
new  Capitol,  666;  Stato  paupers,  606;  eoat  of  msia- 
tenance,  007 ;  condition  of  the  State  Prison,  657;  tb« 
Stato  House  of  GoRectton,  067;  the  Befecm  Mtoti  557; 
the  Stato  Public  School,  607;  a  ehsritahle  iMtitotioQ, 
007;  detalla  of  It,  007;  Asylum  fiir  the  Insnce.  556; 
Deaf  sad  Dumb  Institution,  568;  stotlstlos  of  the  pob- 
Ue  schools,  668  ;  the  AgricoltttEal  CoOege,  COS;  kglils- 
ttve  appropriations,  668 ;  rsUroada  in  the  State,  508.  t» ; 
land  reservstton  for  s  northern  rood,  556;  Insmaaee 
compsnies,  660;  sggregsto  of  buslaess  done,  009;  crc^ 
of  wheat,  060;  yield  in  ceitshi  eoutles,  560;  otfaff 
crops,  660;  product  of  sslt,  560;  Nstionsl  ConvestieQ. 
660;  nominstions  snd  resolutions,  660;  Bepubfiosn  Stste 
Convention,  660;  nominattona  and  resotatlona,  560; 
Democratic  Stato  Convention,  661 ;  ftomlnatkHis  sod 
resolutions,  661;  ProUbltloB  Stato  Convention,  561; 
nominstions,  661 ;  election  of  Ststo  offieets,  561;  do.  of 
member  of  Congress,  068 ;  voto  on  saMndments  to  tbe 
Stoto  Constitatton,  60L 

Mieropkom^.  —Description  of  the  Instrument,  662 ;  ststemeot 
of  Pkofessor  Hughes,  069. 

ifieroAMiiiMfar.— A  messure  of  inflnltesimsl  paesaure,  54C ; 
the  modut cpttandl,  568;  ito  uses,  068. 

Mixxva,  Bev.  Jom.— Chsiged  with  heresy  beiire  the  Ftei' 
byterisn  Goieral  Assembly,  696. 

jaafMSoto.F~Condition  of  the  Ststo  Tkessnzy,  068;  cU^ 
items  of  expenditure,  068 ;  defest  of  the  propositkMk  t« 
settle  the  old  rsUroad-bond  debt,  664;  pioviston  of  tbe 
act,  564;  assessed  value  of  property,  664;  nto  of  fix- 
ation, 064;  decrease  of  tsxsble  value,  564;  oodiflcatfca 
of  the  tax  Ism,  564;  set  fer  the  provision  of  uaiffldB 
snd  che^  text-books  for  pubUe  sdbools,  665;  the  U\^ 
Schod  Bosrd  of  Commissioners,  665 ;  s  pahhe  exsaxb^ 
sppointed  of  the  books  and  aoeounto  of  the  aeversl  pob- 
lio  educational,  charitable,  penal,  and  reJbnaatory  laiti* 
tutions  of  the  Stoto,  665;  Stato  Board  of  ImmigrstioB 
oraated,  566;  acqutttal  of  Judge  Psg«,  560 ;  Democntk 
Stoto  Convention,  066;  nomtnatloas  and  rciolatkMA 
066;  BepubUcan  Stato  Convention,  066;  nomiiiadoe} 
and  resohittons,  066;  eleotloB  of  State  offieets,  5$t; 
eleotton  of  Congressmen,  667;  do.  of  members  of  the 
Leglslsturs,  067 ;  report  of  Prison  Inspectors,  067;  wbait 
crop, 068;  oropofosta,568;eultui«ofsmberBngar«iMi 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS.                                              851 

66d  ;  iU  jrlaU,  M8 ;  lales  of  State  lands,  508 ;  State  rap-  Mobbill,  Jusnir  B.— -Senator  from  Vermont,  185;  on  pay 

ply  of  frain  to  sufferers  from  graeshoppera,  568;  floor-  ment  of  the  debt  in  silyer,  142. 

mills  in  the  State,  568;  length  of  railroads,  568;  earn-  Municipal   OorporatioM.-^UMo\atioaB  in   the   Ahtbama 

iD^Bt  expenses,  etc,  569 ;  Commerdal  Conrentlon  at  St  Legislature  relative  to  the  exercise  of  Jurisdiction  by  the 

Pftol,  060.                    .  .  courts  of  tbe  United  States  In  suits  against  municipal 

JfTau  f<iiJ/)p<.— fleaaiop  of  tho  I<egislainre,  569 ;  act  to  estab-  corporations,  10. 

Bah  a  tystem  of  free  schools,  560 ;  the  Alcorn  Agrlcultn-  Municipal  IndebUdruu  of  towns,  and  taxes  to  be  levied 

ral  and  Mechanical  CoUege,  560 ;  provision  fur  a  system  limited  by  law  in  Bhode  Island,  728. 

of  Ugh  schools,  669  ;  reorganiiation  of  the  SUte  Board  Mutical  Telephone.— Ita  object,  583;  the  apparatus,  58S; 

of  Health,  570;   iU  powers   end  duties,  570;   county  Its  action,  589. 

boards  of  health,  670 ;  State  Board  of  Immigration,  570 ;  Murs-HiTC—The  Emperor  of  Japan,  460 ;  his  powers,  460. 
AHRoprlations  for  chuitabls  institutions,  570;   aasess- 

mieai  of  rest  estate,  570 ;  troublea  in  the  southwestern  jf 
eoontiefl,  570;  resolutions  relative  to  national  railways, 

571 ;  do.  relative  to  archives  of  Confederate  States  relet-  J^atal  Squadront^  American,  the  commanders  ot  589. 
lag  to  Miaalssippt,  571 ;  do.  relative  to  tbe  remonetization  Navy  qf  the  United  State*.— Th»  value  of  the  property,  589 ; 
of  fl&ver,  571 ;  damage  to  the  water-front  of  Yicksbuzg  total  cost,  580 ;  cost  of  the  service,  589 ;  fighting  force, 
by  sand-bars,  571 ;  constitutional  amendment,  571 ;  589 ;  number  of  vessels  unfit  for  service,  589 ;  command- 
thanks  to  colored  members  of  the  Legislature  for  their  ers  of  squadrons,  589 ;  survey  of  the  Amazon,  569 ;  its 
ooortesy,  572;  construction  of  the  Ship  Island,  Ripley,  results,  590;  navy  invalids,  690;  relations  of  the  navy  to 
«Dd  Kentucky  Ballroad,  678;  details,  672 ;  railroads  in  its  commerce,  500;  the  loss  in  national  wealth  by  decline 
the  State,  672;  finances  and  State  debt,  578;  State  Insane  of  commerce,  690;  causes,  590 ;  American  and  foreign 
Asylum,  673 ;  crops  of  the  State,  578 ;  Fruit  Orowors*  ships,  690 ;  ttHmage  of  each,  600 ;  navy-yards,  801 ;  ar- 
CoBvention,578 ;  the  ft^t-belt  of  the  State,  578;  berries,  mored  ships,  591 ;  thickness  of  turrets,  601 ;  torpedo-sta- 
peadiea,  and  apples,  578 ;  sheep  husbandry,  574 ;  dimate  tion  at  Newport,  691 ;  Ericsson^s  submerged  and  armored 
of  the  State,  574 ;  divisions  ss  sn  sgrlcultural  State,  574 ;  vessel,  691 ;  trials,  591. 

soil  and  products  of  each  division,  574 ;  the  **  yellow-loam  Kebraeka.—QeoMXiA  ot^  692 ;  tillable  land,  692 ;  amount  of 
region,''  574 ;  the  "  long-leaf  pine  region,''  574 ;  the  "  prsi-  school  lands,  592 ;  State  lands,  692 ;  length  of  raihtwds, 
rle  region,'^  574;  the  **  basin  region,*'  574;  the  **  bluff  692;  rateof  taxation,  692;  amount  of  several  ftinds,  692; 
region,*'  576;  damage  tnm.  yellow  &vot,  675;  election  of  Aindlng  State  warrants,  692  ;  counties  and  school  dis- 
members of  Congress,  576;  sn  act  to  exclude  the  impor-  tricts,  692;  State  University,  692;  Penitentiary,  698; 
tation  of  diseased  cattle,  676 ;  declared  unconstitutional  by  labor  contracted,  698 ;  National  State  Convention,  698 ; 
the  Federal  Court,  676.  resolutions  and  nominations,  698 ;  Democratic  State  Con- 

MiMcurL — ^Irregularities  in  the  ofiloe  of  State  Treasurer,  675;  vention,  698 ;  nominations  snd  resolutions,  694 ;  Repub- 

inveatigatiun  of  a  committee,  676;  state  of  the  books,  lican  State  Convention,  694;  nominations  snd  resolutions, 

575;  qorations  before  the  Committee,  576;  state  of  the  604;  election  of  State  oflScers,  695;  do.  of  members  of  the 

aoooonts,  576 ;  explanation  of  the  Treasurer,  676 ;  his  in-  State  LegisUture,  695;  revision  of  the  State  statutes, 

dlotment,  676 ;  Stste  debt  and  provision  for  its  ftmding,  695. 

677;  National  Labor  Convention,  677;  nominations  and  ITebulas^  Dr.  James  Croll's  hypothesis  oi^  83. 

resolutions,  577;  Democratic  (invention,  578;  nomina-  Jfetherlande.—Klng  and  Ihmily,  696;  area  and  population, 

tions  and  resolutions,  578;  BepubUcan  Convention,  579;  696;  provinces,  srea,  and  popuktion,  695;  movement  of 

nominations  and  resolutions,  579 ;  election  of  Stste  ofQ-  population,  695;  population  of  krger  dties,  696;  revenue 

een,  579;  proposed  amendment  to  the  Constitution  de-  and  expenditures,  696;  national  debt,  605;  hnports  and 

foated,  579 ;  report  of  the  Ballroad  Commissioners,  679,  exports,  596 ;  movement  of  shipping,  596 ;  army  and 

560;  sale  of  the  Illinois  and  St.  Louis  Bridge,  680;  suit  navy,  596;  lengUi  of  railroads,  696;  telegraphs,  696; 

to  dose  a  trust  of  the  Hannibal  snd  St.  Joseph  Rail-  post-offices,  696;  area  and  population  of  colonies,  596^ 

road,  580;  esse  of  the  validity  of  certain  coun^  bonds,  budgets  of  colonies,  696;  commerce  of  East  Indian,  597 ; 

680.  Java,  its  railroads  and  telegraphs,  697  ^  a  Government 

ifoAammectan^sm.'— Statistics  of  the  Mohammedan  popula-  loan,  607 ;  bills  regarding  primary  education  in  the  Cfaam- 

tion,  561 ;   aggregate  area  of  principal  Mohammedan  bers,  607 ;  the  Bible  in  schools,  697 ;  speech  of  the  King, 
countries,  581 ;  blow  at  its  political  and  military  prestige  ^        697. 

by  the  conquest  of  Turkey,  581 ;  the  Mohammedans  In  ^eeoda.'^Btate  BepubHoan  Convention,  698;  nominations 

India,  662;  the  Snnnlte  sect,  582;  the  Wahabees,  682;  and  resolutions,  608;  Democratic  State  Convention,  690; 

the  Akhoond  of  Swat,  688 ;  his  influence  and  author!^,  nominations  snd  resolutions,  699 ;  charges  ol^  against  the 

Kf2 ;  Persia  the  weak  point  of  Mohammedanism,  688 ;  Bepubllcans,  600 ;  election  of  State  officers,  600 ;  do.  of 

four  reasons,  688;  khanates  of  Central  Asia,  588;  educa-  members  of  the  Legislature,  600;  gratifying  condition 

tional  inatitutions,  SB8 ;  growth  of  the  religion  in  the  in-  of  the  State  finances,  600 ;  educational  institutions,  601 ; 

terlor  of  Aftics,  6S4;  proceedings  of  its  missionaries,  584;  schools  and  expenditures,  601 ;  charitable  institutions, 

increased  activity,  564 ;  literary  productions  of  the  Mo-  601 ;  Penitontisry,  601 ;  exorbitant  rates  of  tzansporta- 

hammedan  mind,  565 ;  most  effective  method  of  present-  tion,  601 ;  Fish  Commissioner,  601 ;  Austin  devastated  by 

ing  Christianity,  586;  efforts  of  Protestsnt  missionaiy  flood,  601;  the  mines,  602;  *'yirglnia''and  ''California,'* 

sodeties,  685.  602 ;  amount  of  silver  yielded,  602. 

Montenegro.— Prtaee  sod  flimlly,  666;  area  and  population,  JTew  iTafnpsAire.— BepubUcan  State  Convention,  608 ;  nomi- 

686;  religions,  586;  finances  and  income  of  the  Prince,  nations  and  resolutions,  602;   State   Councilors,  608; 

6Stf;  military  strength,  666 ;  effects  of  the  Beriin  Treaty,  Democratic  State  Convention,  008;  nominations  and 

686 ;  proceedings  of  the  AihanUna,  667 ;  conflict  with  the  resolutions,  608 ;  Councilors,  608 ;  Tempersnce  and  Na- 

Turkish  troops,  687;  ftirther  military  proceedings,  687.  tional  nomination,  604;  election  of  State  officers,  604; 

Maravians^StMtiBticA,  687 ;  synod  of  the  northern  district,  do.  of  members  of  the  Legislature,  604 ;  finances  of  the 

688 ;  Provincial  Elders*  Conference,  588 ;  Board  of  Church  Bute,  604 ;  Board  of  Tax  Commissioners,  604 ;  taxation 

Sxtenalon,686;  missions,  68&  of  railroads,  604;  savings  banks,  604;  Insurance  com* 


852 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


paoies,  604 ;  public  instnietloii,  605 ;  Temarksble  InoreftM 
of  prison  convicts,  605;  insane  paupers,  605;  method  of 
keeping  the  poor,  605 ;  an  act  to  punish  trampSi  606 ; 
referee  laws  for  small  eauses,  606 ;  geological  snrTey,  606 ; 
the  question  of  the  eleotion  of  U.  B.  Senator,  606;  re- 
port of  tbtf  committee  of  the  Senate  in  Congress,  607 ; 
biennial  sessions  and  fkll  elections,  608;  National  State 
Oonreotlon,  608;  nominations  and  reeolutions,  608;  Be- 
pubUcan  State  ConTention,  608 ;  nominattons  and  resolu- 
tions, 608;  Democratic  State  Convention,  609;  nomina- 
tions and  resolutions,  600;  Prohibition  nominations, 
610;  election  of  State  offlcerfl,  610;  do.  of  Congressmen, 
610 ;  do.  of  members  of  the  State  Legislature,  610. 

iTew  t/dTMy.- Session  of  the  Legislature,  610 ;  act  to  prevent 
the  attempt  to  bribe  delegates  to  political  oonventtona, 
610;  an  act  to  regulate  caucus  nominations  and  primary 
meetings,  610 ;  resoIuti(ms  in  opposition  to  the  ftee  coin- 
age silver  bin,  611 ;  resolutions  rolative  to  the  restoration 
of  the  American  oommerdal  marine,  611;  Bureau  of 
Labor  SUtistics  estobllshed,  611 ;  debt  of  the  State,  611 ; 
rate  of  taxation,  611 ;  valuation  tax  and  school  tax  in 
each  county,  611 ;  rate  of  taxation  in  the  principal  dtlea, 
611;  railroad  companies  in  the  State  and  their  taxes, 
611 ;  the  National  Guard,  611 ;  the  public  schools,  612; 
school  property,  attendance,  and  tax,  613;  view  of  the 
Governor  on  school  education,  618 ;  the  Normal  School, 
618;  feeble-minded  children,  618;  Insane  Asylum  at 
Morristown,  618;  .investigation  of  cruel  acts  to  prison 
eonvlets,  618;  Instruments  of  punishment  used,  618; 
marriages,  births,  and  deaths,  618 ;  Nstlonal  Labor  Con- 
vention, 618 ;  resolutions,  618 ;  election  of  members  of 
Congress,  618 ;  do.  of  members  of  State  Legislature, 
614. 

Nm»  Jermaiem  C7tiircA.— General  Convention,  614;  new 
book  of  worship,  614;  Tbeologioal  School  ftind,  614. 

Nma  yb^l^— Session  of  the  Legislature,  614 ;  the  sul^Ject  of 
appordoDment,  614 ;  right  of  a  succeeding  Legisbiture  to 
make  the  apportionment,  614 ;  opinion  of  the  Attorney- 
General,  614;  proceedings  in  the  Assembly,  615;  code 
of  dvll  procedure^  615;  action  of  New  York  on  the  sub- 
ject of  codification,  615;  provision  in  the  Constttution, 
615;  first  CommlssioD,  615;  subsequent  proceedings, 
615,  616;  chaiges  of  official  misconduct  against  the  Su- 
perintendent Of  the  Insurance  Department,  616;  the 
charges,  616;  trial  and  aoqiiittal,  616 ;  the  question  of 
abandoning  the  canals,  616;  expenditure  and  revenue, 
616 ;  inquiry  of  the  Assembly  as  to  the  cost  of  main- 
tenance after  abandoning  the  tolls,  617;  reply  of  the 
State  Auditor,  617 ;  investigation  of  the  revenues  and 
Increase  of  commerce  of  the  canals,  617 ;  report  of  the 
Commission,  617 ;  yaluation  of  the  various  classes  of 
charities  and  their  receipts  and  expenses,  617 ;  amount 
required  to  complete  the  new  Capitol,  61S;  act  to  pro- 
vide fbr  the  incorporation  of  pipe-line  companies,  618; 
question  of  constitutionality,  618  ;  opinion  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, 618;  views  of  the  Attorney-General,  618;  a  mar- 
ried woman  may  execute  a  power  of  attorney,  619; 
threats  Ibr  the  purpose  of  extortion  punishable,  619 ; 
report  of  the  Bank  Superintendent,  619;  Insurance  com- 
panies, 619 ;  anthracite  coal  and  railroad  combination,  re- 
port on,  6t9 ;  Fish  Commissioners*  views  of  food  for 
fishes,  620 ;  financial  condition  of  the  State,  620  ;  finan- 
cial operations  of  the  year,  620;  tax  levy,  620;  canals- 
tonnage,  revenue,  and  expenses,  620;  State  Prisons, 
080 ;  expenses  and  earnings,  621 ;  insane  asylums  and 
patients,  631 ;  Inebriate  Asylum,  631 ;  National  Guard, 
621 ;  condition  of  common  schools  and  number  of  pupils, 
621 ;  views  of  the  Governor  on  ooounon-sohool  educa- 
tion, 621;  Woroen^s  BuAage  Convention,  621;  resoln- 
tlona,  628;  Prohibition  State  Convention,  682 ;  nomina- 


tion and  reaolutlooa,  688;  National  Labor  CoBTentiott, 
688 ;  nomination  and  resolutioiis,  628 ;  BepnbUcaii  State 
ConventiiHi,  688  ;  Domination  and  reaolntloDa,  688 ; 
Democratic  State  Convention,  684 ;  nomlnatlm  and  reso- 
lutions, 684;  electioD  fbr  Stale  Judge,  681 ;  do.  for  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  684 ;  do.  tat  members  of  the  State 
Legislature,  085;  deeialon  under  the  dvO  damage  art, 
685. 

IRhUiiiU^  the  fhnt  rank  of  malcontents  In  Bnaala,  745. 

NUrate  itf  8oda^  export  of;  iW»n  Peru,  668. 

IfUr^lcaUon^  an  entirely  new  theory  of  the  prooeaa,  88. 

north  OiroUfMS.-Debt  of  the  State,  686;  what  ahaU  be 
done  with  this  debt  f  686 ;  embarrassed  coodltkn  of  the 
current  finances,  686 ;  the  penitentiary  ayatam  the  roost 
costly  of  its  Instltntians,  686 ;  convicts  set  to  work  on  rsi)- 
roads,  626 ;  number  of  oonviets,  687 ;  ooadnaloBS  reb- 
tive  to  convict  labor,  687 ;  increased  Inter  eat  tn  popular 
education,  687 ;  the  law  relating  to  pubUe  acboola,  637; 
provision  fbr  the  care  of  the  insane,  687 ;  efforts  to  eany 
out  a  system  of  internal  iminrovementa,  687;  the  plaa 
of  the  system,  687 ;  unrivaled  railroad  englneexlng  in 
the  mountain  section,  688;  details  of  the  work,  CSS; 
wealth  of  eleven  western  counties,  6B8 ;  statistics  of 
their  productions,  689 ;  agriculture  throughout  the  State, 
689;   aggregate  values,  689;  aaimala  and  value,  629; 
total  real  and  personal  property,  680;  monidpal  Sec- 
tions, 680  ;  State  election,  680 ;  oonrentlaoa,  680 ;  rs- 
sults,  680;  the  Chief  Jnsttce,  680;  State  Legisktar^ 
680 ;  instructions  of  Attorney-General  DeTms,  680;  ei* 
tract  ttom  the  Federal  statute,  680;  election  for  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  681. 

ybrtoegian  North  Aa  BaepodUU^  its  reeulta,  856. 


ChUuaHn^  American,     See  a^habetlca]  amngemeot  o£ 
tSUeteeq, 

Obituarie$f  Foreign,    See  alphabetical  arrangement  oi  CIS, 
tteeq, 

OMo.— The  SUte  finances,  668;  ftanded  debt.  668;  local  b- 
debtedneaa,  663 ;  Increase  in  the  debts  of  dtles,  663 ;  tuei 
levied  in  1878,  668;  amount  of  taxable  property,  6et; 
raUrcNids  and  telqfraphs,  664;  debt,  eandaga,  expenses, 
passengers,  etc,  664;  aoddents,  664 ;  agrlenltoral  statis- 
tica,  664;  production  of  wheat,  oats,  baiky,  hay,  fltx, 
poUtoea,  tobacco,  cheese,  sugar,  fhiits.etc.,  664;  beesasd 
honey,  66i;  antmala,  664;  State  charities,  664;  lamstea, 
664;  insane,  blind,  deaf  and  dumb,  imbeciles,  PeniteD- 
tiary,  etc.,  666;  statistics  of  common  adiools,  665;  Ubor 
statistics,  665;  military  service  of  the  State,  665;  sbaa- 
donment  by  lessees  of  public  works,  665;  receipCs  tad 
expenditures  o%  666;  acts  of  the  L^isJatnre,  666;  ar- 
rangement of  Congressional  districts,  666 ;  charges  sgshst 
a  member  of  the  Lower  House,  666;  State  Prahiblti9D 
Convention,  666 ;  nominations  and  resolutioiia,  666;  Be- 
pubUcan  State  Convention,  666;  nominatkMia  and  recdn- 
tlons,  667;  Democratic  State  Conventioa,  667;  booIds- 
tions  and  resolutions,  667 ;  National  Labor  Cooreotios, 
668;  nominattons  and  resoluttooa,  66S ;  eleetioo  of  SUte 
offloera,  668;  do.  of  Coogressmen,  669. 

Okvbo,  Minister  of  the  Interior  In  Japan,  assasalBated,  46J. 

Old  Catholioe.^ThtAr  crisis  in  Germany,  609;  question  d 
^srical  celibacy,  669 ;  points  decided  by  the  Synod,  ¥»\ 
statistic^  670;  the  Synod  in  Switierland,  670;  qocftioa 
of  the  reception  of  the  Lord'*s  Supper  In  both  kiods,  O; 
compromise,  670;  statistics,  670;  Old  Catholics  is  Ao*- 
tria,  670;  do.  in  Italy,  670;  da  In  Franca,  670. 

Oref^m.— Prosperity  of  the  State,  670 :  revenue  end  expa* 
diturea,  670;  Stste  debt,  670;  paymeata  on,  670;  m^t 
ample  foundation  for  schools,  671 ;  ooal  deposits  of  Oi» 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


853 


Cimntf ,  vn ;  iwamp  knd«,  fTl ;  State  PenltMntltty,  671 ; 
Inflax  of  tramps  and  Tigaboiida,  671 ;  the  wheat  crop, 
<n  ;  nlmoo  liaheiiee,  671 ;  catch  of  theaeaaon,  671 ;  the 
caBoorlea,  672 ;  how  operated,  672 ;  number  of  caaes  pat 
vpi,  C72 ;  export  of  wool,  672 ;  maniilhctorea,  672 ;  mining, 
€72  ;  articles  exported  daring  the  fear  and  amoant,  672; 
■aocasment  roll,  672  ;  railroad  onmectlona,  672;  Indian 
distarbaaeea,  672 ;  State  National  Oonrention,  6TB ;  noml- 
natioDS  and  reaolutions,  678 ;  Democratic  State  Umren- 
tloo,  674 ;  nominations  and  raaoloti<ma,  674 ;  BepnbUcan 
State  CoBTention,  675 ;  nominatlona  and  resolntiona,  675; 
dectioa  of  memben  of  Gongreaa,  675;  do.  of  State  <^- 
een,  675 ;  do.  of  memben  of  tbe  Leglalatare,  675 ;  Legla- 
lative  sesiion.  675;  United  BUtea  Senator  elected,  676 ; 
anKBdment  to  the  Ubel  law,  676;  a  separate  Supreme 
Court  created,  676;  tbe  property  of  married  women  not 
Eabie  fbr  hasbands*  debts— details  of  the  kw,  676;  Fish 
Commiaaioner  appointed,  676;  memorial  to  Congreas  on 
ths  sobt^ect  of  Chineae  immigration,  676. 


PaeMotlhe  horse,  722. 

Pdrd,  a  dty  on  the  Amszon— its  popalation,  etc,  500. 

Paraguay, -The  Preddent,  677 ;  raTenue  and  expendltare, 
6T7 ;  pnbilc  debt,  677 :  valae  of  importa  and  ezporta,  677 ; 
chief  atq>les,  677;  the  state  railway,  677;  boandaxy 
trwtj  with  the  Aigentine  Bepabllo,  677;  details,  678. 

Pa&do,  Doir  Maxusl.— His  sasassinatlon  in  Pera,  687. 

VkaBxsAWTM^  OiOTAX3n.~Attempts  to  asss»slnate  the  King 
of  Italy,  453. 

PmcA  industry  in  Delaware,  28S. 

P*mnsyltania.—Clo99  of  the  leglshttlTe  session,  678 ;  its 
bnsinesa,  678;  what  institutions  are  aectarlan  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Goremor,  673 ;  appropriation  tor  military 
expenses  at  Pittsborg,  678 ;  oniform  rate  of  Interest  de- 
sired, 678 ;  the  rapid  growth  of  the  oil  boslness,  678 ;  a 
TcsolutioD  passed  opposing  any  raductlon  in  the  Federal 
army,  679;  damages  sostained  by  counties  during  the 
late  civil  war,  673 ;  resolutions  relatire  to  kbor  and  In- 
doatry,  679;  raTenue  derived  from  indirect  taxea,  679; 
debt  of  the  State,  679;  annual  recelpta  and  expendltnrea, 
679 ;  decrease  of  ravenues,  679 ;  banks  in  the  State,  680  ; 
sarings  and  trust  companies,  680 ;  views  of  the  Ooveraor 
on  publtc-school  education,  630 ;  the  But:()ect  of  monidpal 
indebtedness,  680;  municipal  reform  oommlsalon,  690; 
report,  630 ;  plan  raported  in  New  York,  680 ;  detaila  of 
the  Pennaylrania  raport,  681 ;  ramarka  of  the  Governor 
on  this  subject,  681 ;  penal  Inatitutlons  of  the  State,  631 ; 
rate  of  flum  wages,  631 ;  value  of  sheep  and  fleece  In 
western  counties,  682 ;  flUlura  of  attempta  to  acclimate 
the  jote-plant,  682;  the  fiber  of  the  Indian  mallow,  682; 
the  petroleum  export,  682;  difficulties  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company.  682;  pipe-line  companies,  682;  National 
Bute  Convention,  68*2;  resolutions,  682;  nominations, 
638 ;  Republican  State  Conventloa,  688 ;  resolutions  and 
nominations,  688;  Democratic  State  Convention,  681; 
resolutions  and  nomlnationa,  684 ;  election  of  State  offl- 
oera,  684 ;  do.  of  membera  of  the  Leglslatare,  685;  do.  of 
memben  of  Congress,  685 ;  decision  aa  to  statute  regula- 
tion respecting  marriage,  685;  a  case  involving  the  lia- 
bility of  the  dty  of  Pittsburg,  6S5;  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  on  taxing  fhrming  lands  in  extended  dty 
limits,  686. 

P«r«.— Population,  666;  President  and  Ministers,  686 ;  navy, 
666;  army,  686;  success  of  the  Civil  party  in  Congress, 
686 ;  national  credit,  686 ;  seizure  of  the  Huascar  by  an 
English  ship,  686;  annual  sessions  of  Congress,  637;  a 
fine  art  institution,  687 ;  asssssination  of  Pardo,  637 ;  pub- 
lic debt,  687;  tUlure  to  pay  interest,  687;  receipts  and 


expenditures,  687 ;  Imports  and  exportSi  687 ;  nitrate-of- 
Boda  production  in  Peru,  688;  export  of  guano,  688;  rail- 
roads, 698;  mines,  688. 

Pstroleiwn.— Pricea  and  product,  128. 

pBiLLm,  William  A.— Bepreaentatlve  fttm  Kansas,  186 ;  on 
the  rapeal  of  the  spede  resumption  act,  175. 

Pip*-lUu  LtgUUMon.'^L  qnestioii  of  its  constitntionatt^, 
618. 

Plus  IX.,  Pope.~Birth  and  death,  668 ;  his  csreer,  688. 

Policy  qf  Zso  XIII.—JLSm  Encyclical  foreshsdowlng  It,  78& 

Poppy^  ?%«.— Its  cultivation  in  China,  100, 101. 

Population^  density  and  death-rate,  788. 

Popular  Sepreasntation,— The  cry  in  Ji^Mn,  468. 

PoriraiU^  €ompo§lts^  how  produced,  726. 

Porfti^a/.— King  and  family,  690 ;  area  and  popuhttton,  690 ; 
do.  of  provinces,  600;  movement  of  population,  690; 
area  and  population  of  Portuguese  possessiona,  690; 
budget  estimates,  691 ;  trade  and  movement  of  shipping, 
691 ;  chief  srtldes  of  export,  691 ;  commerce,  601 ;  milt- 
tsry  and  naval  force,  691 ;  Cortes  opened,  691 ;  new 
ministry,  691 ;  bill  psased,  692 ;  elections,  692. 

PotM  OMititalus.— Views  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  80; 
using  the  army  for,  197. 

Pottal  and  TtUgraph  statistics  ot  the  world,  251. 

PotTBR,  Clakksou  N.— Kepresentative  from  New  YoiiE,  185 ; 
olTert  a  raaolution  to  inveatigate  the  alleged  fhuid  in  the 
Pnsidentlal  election,  169, 170, 172. 

Potter  SMoluHon,  TAe.— Its  adoption,  178. 

Pau)or  of  School  Board*  to  exclude  childran  from  public 
schools,  deddon  of  Suprame  Court  of  Illinois,  480. 

iVssfrytertofM:— Church  In  the  Qnited  Statea,  aUtUtioa,  692 ; 
aa  shown  by  Synods,  692;  Board  of  Education,  692; 
Committee  of  Freedmen,  692;  Foreign  Mladona,  692; 
General  Assembly,  698  ;  case  of  Bev.  Isaac  M.  See,  698 ; 
do.  of  Rev.  John  Miller,  698 ;  do.  of  Rev.  W.  0.  Mc- 
Cune,  608 ;  new  baais  of  rapresentation,  694 ;  Pkeabyte- 
rian  Church  of  the  United  States,  694;  ststisacs,  694; 
Publication  Committee,  694;  Suatentation  Committee, 
6M;  foreign  missions,  695;  General  Assembly,  605; 
United  Pkesbyterian  Church  of  North  Amerin,  695; 
home  misdons,  695 ;  foreign  misdons,  605 ;  missions  to 
freedmen,  695;  General  Assembly,  606 ;  Reformed  Pres- 
byterian Church,  696;  General  Sjmod,  696;  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  Church,  696  ;  statistics,  696;  General  As- 
sembly, 696 ;  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church, 
696;  Presbyterian  Church  of  Canada,  607;  General  As- 
sembly, 697;  Church  of  Sootbnd,  698  ;  Free  Church  of 
Scotland,  698;  case  of  Professor  Smith,  charged  with 
heresy,  693;  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland, 
699 ;  declaratory  statement  of  doctrine,  699 ;  case  of  Rev. 
Fergus  Ferguson,  700 ;  Presbyterian  Church  of  Engbmd, 
700 ;  Presbyterian  Church  in  IreUnd,  701. 

PreHdency^  raport  in  Congress  on  providing  a  mode  to  try 
the  tiUo  of  President  Hayes,  168. 

Prieet  of  srticles  in  New  York  for  eleven  yesrs,  829. 

Probate  Syttem  of  Connecticat,  radically  defective,  215. 

ProUttan*  Epinoopal  CAitraft.— Statistics,  701;  Domestie 
Committee,  701 ;  Indian  Committee,  702;  Foraign  Com- 
mittee, 702;  Woman*s  Bdsrd  of  Misdons,  708;  Evan- 
gelical Education  Sodety,  706 ;  Christianlation  ot  the 
Jews,  708 ;  dectlon  of  bishops,  703 ;  Church  Congress, 
704. 

ProvUiontf  incresse  in  the  export  o^  138. 

iVtMSto.— King  end  ministry,  704 ;  recdpts  and  expenditures, 
704 ;  provincea,  area,  and  population,  705 ;  branchea  of 
expenditure,  705;  public  debt,  705;  subjects  beforo  the 
Diet.  70S;  rasignation  of  the  Minister  of  Finance,  705; 
causes,  705 ;  other  rasignations,  705 ;  speech  of  the  King, 
706 ;  law  relating  to  raligious  ordera  and  congregations, 
706. 


854 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Public  Do6tinf«nte.->MesBage  of  PrcBident  H«ye8  to  Con- 
gress on  December  2, 1878,  706  ;  report  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Investigation  into  the  electoral  frauds,  712 ;  re- 
port of  the  minority,  716 ;  report  of  Bei^amln  F.  Butler, 
717 ;  report  on  the  cipher  dispatchef,  717 ;  a  card  fh>m 
Mr.  Tlldcn,  717. 

Public  SchooUt  grounds  of  opposition  to  them  in  Maine, 
511. 

Publie  Works  In  Costa  Rica,  223. 


Quo  warranto^  to  test  the  title  to  a  seat  In  the  Kansas  Leg- 
islature, decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  466. 


Railroad  C%m«/rtM;/<on.— Unrivaled  engineering  in  the 
mountain  section  of  Nurth  Carolina,  628. 

Railroad  Foredoaurea  since  1875,  with  length  and  capital, 
121. 

Railroads  of  the  world,  251. 

Railroad  TickeU,  the  sale  of,  how  regulated  in  Maine,  609. 

Rajah  qf  Pooree^  his  trial  for  murder,  489. 

BakdalIi,  Chief  Justice  of  Florida.— An  opinion  !n  the  case 
of  Drew,  relator,  against  tho  State  Canvassers,  885. 

Bkagak,  John  H.— Representative  from  Texas,  185 ;  on  the 
Potter  resolution,  178. 

R^orm  in  City  GocemmenU. — Report  of  a  Commission  in 
Pennsylvania,  680 ;  do.  in  New  York,  680. 

R^OTTMd  Churcfus.—Oenen]  Synod,  719;  Board  of  Direc- 
tion, 719;  of  Domestic  Missions,  719;  of  Publication, 
719 ;  General  Synod  of  Reformed  Church,  719 ;  Reformed 
Church  in  the  United  States,  720 ;  General  Synod,  720. 

Riformed  Episcopal  CAvrcA.— Statistics,  721 ;  General 
Council,  721 ;  resolutions  relative  to  popular  amuse- 
ments, 721 ;  constitutional  amendment,  721. 

ReliCfious  Bodies  in  France,  two  kinds  of,  848. 

Researchsa  and  Experiments. — Mouchat's  solar  boiler,  722  ; 
ventilation  of  sewers,  722 ;  the  Danube  and  the  Aach, 
722 ;  utilization  of  the  blast-fUmace  slag,  722 ;  utilizing 
exhaust  steam,  728 ;  the  paces  of  the  horse,  722 :  popu- 
lation, density  and  death-rate,  728 ;  steering  great  steam- 
ships, 724 ;  the  paper  mann&cture.  724 ;  substitute  for 
Bilk,  724 ;  the  Shotts  of  Algeria,  725 ;  atmospheric  elec- 
tricity and  plant-life,  725 ;  a  registering  sounding  ap- 
paratus, 725 ;  new  photographic  process,  735 ;  composite 
portraits,  726 ;  an  enemy  of  the  colTee-plant,  727 ;  the 
phoneidoscope,  727. 

J^Mvmp^A.— Preparations  of  the  Federal  Government  for, 
825. 

Resuscitation  of  those  apparently  drowned.— Method  used 
in  the  life-saving  service  at  shipwrecks,  764. 

Returning  ^oard.— Decision  of  the  Louisiana  Supreme 
Court  in  the  case  of  the  indictment  and  trial  of;  495. 

Revolutionary  manifestations  in  Russia,  745. 746. 

Rhods  /s/antf.— Legislative  session,  728;  a  limit  fixed  to  the 
indebtedness  of  towns  and  the  taxes  that  may  be  im- 
posed, 728 ;  the  act,  72S ;  an  act  passed  to  prohibit  the 
wrongs  of  children  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  728; 
State  Board  of  Health  established,  728 ;  convention  of 
the  Prohibition  party,  728 ;  resolutions  and  nominations, 
728;  Republican  State  Convention,  728;  nominations 
and  resolutions,  723 ;  Democratic  State  Convention,  728 ; 
nominations  and  resolutions,  729 ;  minority  resoluttons, 
729  ;  election  of  State  officers,  729 ;  do.  of  members  of 
the  Legislature,  729;  insolvency  act  passed,  729;  its 
features,  780 ;  amendment  to  the  liquor  law,  780 ;  amend- 
ment proposed  to  the  State  Constitution  on  the  subject 
of  liquor  legislation,  780 ;  National  Labor  Convention, 


780;  resolutionB,  780 ;  election  of  members  of  Congreu, 
781 ;  receipts  and  expenditures,  781 ;  savings  banks, 
781 ;  school  sUtistlce,  781 ;  Bute  charitable  and  penal 
institutions,  781 ;  under  the  property  qualification  can  s 
man  vote  on  the  property  of  bis  wife  T  788 ;  decision  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  788. 

Ries  euUurs  in  Louisiana,  500. 

BoBSBTS,  QettftraL— His  campaign  in  Al^rhaaiataa,  ^7. 

RoKiTANSKTf  Barcm  Kakl  von.— Austrian    physiologist: 
birth,  738;  career  and  death,  788. 

Roman  Ga^olic  C%«rcA.— Election  of  a  new  Pope,  785; 
crowneff,  788 ;  proceedinga,  7S8 ;  EncycUeal  forealiadow- 
ing  his  policy,  788 ;  intercourse  opened  with  the  Emperor 
of  Germany  and  the  republic  of  Switaeriand,  786;  smx^t- 
ment  attempted  vrith  Russia  relative  to  tbe  (^thcdk 
Poles,  786 ;  no  direct  oommnnleation  with  King  Humbert. 
786 ;.  Catholic  societies  in  Italy  encouraged,  786;  arch- 
bishops and  blshope  appointed  to  yaoandea,  7M;  p«fse- 
cutions  in  Germany,  786;  churches  tranaf^Rcd  to  OU 
Catholics  in  Switzerland,  786;  escape  of  an  exile  fhm 
Siberia,  786;  modifying  act  of  Norway,  787;  death  of 
Bishop  Conway,  787 ;  Instructions  relative  to  clerical  castii 
in  the  United  States,  787;  the  instructions,  787;  opixiioBt 
of  tbe  meaning  and  effect  of  the  act,  788 ;  deaths  by  yel- 
low fever,  788;  albirs  in  the  United  States  of  Cokmbis, 
788;  persecution  in  Corea,  788;  death  of  Dr.  Aliog,  73^^ 
death  of  the  astronomer  Seochl,  788. 

Rosa,  Alkxavdkb  Miltoit.— Canadian  naturalist;  birth, TV; 
classification  of  the  fkuna  and  flora  <^  his  native  coufitiT, 
789. 

J7ou«min<a.— Sovereign,  789;  arM,  789;  bndget,  7S9;  amy, 
789;  imports,  789 ;  railroads,  post-offices,  and  telegrapbs, 
789;  dissatisfaction  vrith  the  treaty  of  San  StefiuM),  7S9: 
declaration  of  the  Government,  789  ;  seciet  aessSoB  of  the 
Chambers,  789 ;  message  tnm  tbe  sovereign,  740;  an- 
nexation of  the  DobruilUa,  740;  settlement,  740;  tb« 
ministry,  74a 

Royalty  System  of  book  publication,  884. 

BiTSSXLL,  JoHK,  Earl.— A  British  statesman ;  birth  and  destii, 
740 ;  career,  740. 

J?us«ia.~Sovereign,  741 ;  additions  bj  the  treaty  of  Berita, 
741 ;  grand  divisions,  area,  and  population,  741 ;  popula- 
tion of  Finland,  741 ;  religious  statiattoa,  741 ;  oosdhioB 
of  finances,  742;  entire  public  debt,  748;  nominal  streo^ 
of  the  various  divisions  of  tbe  army,  748;  kMses  doxisf 
the  war,  748 ;  Bussian  navy,  748;  steps  taken  to  ohtoo 
sailors,  748;  development  of  Busaian  commerea,  7IS; 
value  of  imports  and  exporta,  748 ;  value  of  foreign  eom- 
merce  with  different  countries,  748;  movement  of  ship- 
ping, 748 ;  tonnage,  748;  railroads  and  poet-cAoes,  T44; 
elementary  schools  and  pupils,  744;  dedsioos  of  tlM 
Congress  of  Berlin,  how  received,  744 ;  fteuda  committed 
during  the  war  in  the  oommissarfst,  741 ;  internal  eeodi- 
tion  of  Bussia,  744 ;  continuous  nneaslneaa,  744 ;  trial  of 
Vera  Sassulitch,  744;  attempt  to  assassinate  TrtpoA 
744  ;  a  shock  to  the  Government,  745 ;  students,  Ttf : 
Nihilists,  745;  description  of  the  internal  oooditha  of 
society,  745, 746. 

8 

SAUSBimT,  Lord.— Reply  to  tbe  views  of  the  ilmeriean  Gov- 
ernment on  the  fisheries  award,  844;  in  a  note  to  tb« 
European  Powers,  defines  the  position  of  Great  Brttsis 
on  the  Eastern  question,  258;  English  nenlpotentiaiyto 
Beriin,401. 

Salmon  Canneries  on  the  Cohambla  River  In  Orsgon,  6TL 

Sanitary  Engineering  at  Torquay,  891. 

San  Salvador.— PreelAeat  and  Cabinet,  747;  army,  747; 
revenue  and  expenditure,  747 ;  spirit  tax,  747 ;  exports 
and  imports,  and  countries,  747 ;  the  crops,  748 ;  vahw  of 


INDEX  OF  0OOTENT8.                                             855 

the  princiiMl  exports,  748 ;  do.  of  imports,  748 ;  the  Psdflo  SOwr  JOntt  <tf  ^^Moda.-Thoir  prodaet,  608. 

MaU  Company,  748 ;  Indaoements  to  Immigrants,  748.  SUiw  in  Bra0U,~-yTOgren  of  emsncipsUon,  flO. 

&&ssiruTOH,  YsKA.— A  Bussfam  young  woman  tried  for  at-  Smith,  Professor  Robbwboh.— Trial  for  beresy  by  Free 

temptad  assassination,  744.  Church  of  Scotland,  69a 

SbMpoI  Afnoo/ifm.— Views  of  the  Governor  of  New  Jersey  Sntth    (?<»ro/<»a.— Legislatiye  session,   767 ;   robe  of  the 

on  the  edooation  giyen  in  pobUc  schools,  612;  da  of  the  Speaker  of  the  Hoose,  767;  resolatlons  on  the  remoneti- 

Goremor  of  New  Yortc,  681;  do.  of  the  Governor  of  lation  of  silver,  768;  act  to  reduce  the  volume  of  the 

Fennylraala,  680;  do.  of  tho  people  ia  Maine,  6.  State  debt,  768 ;  committee  to  inveatlgate  the  debt,  768 ; 

fticcHt,  PsTXB  AKdxLO.— Italian  astronomer  and  Jesuit—  proceedings  and  report,  768 ;  Debt  and  Antl^Debt  parties, 

birth  and  death.  788 ;  his  inventions  and  pursuits,  788.  7d8 ;  rasolutlon  of  the  Debt  party,  768 ;  substitute  of  the 

Sectarian  or  fio</-How  the  question  is  decided  by  the  Anti-Debt  party,  769;  its  provisions,  769;  suUtttnteao- 

GoTcraor  of  Pennsylvania,  678.  oepted,  769 ;  a  caucus  called  to  prevent  a  spttt  among  the 

SiE,  R*T.  Uaao  M.— Case  before  the  Presbyterian  General  Democrats,  769;  a  conunlttee  of  conferance  appointed, 

Aasembly,  698.  769.  j^p^yt  of  the  committee  adopted,  769  ;  the  report, 

SxisiiTT-DoDA,  Signer.— Minister  of  Finance  in  Italy— makes  760 ;  bill  on  Joint  resolution  passed,  770 ;  protest  sgainst 

a  flnandal  statement,  407«  it,  770 ;  offlcen  of  the  special  court  elected,  770 ;  Demo- 

Smator  £rom  New  Hampshke,  the  question  of  the  election  cntio  State  Gonvention,  770 ;  nominations  sad  resolu- 

oA  606.  tions,  770 ;   BepubUcan  State  Convention,  771 ;  resolu- 

SiTTxa. — ^Prince  and  ftmily,  748 ;  army,  743;  opening  %f  the  tions,  771 ;  election  of  State  officers,  771 ;  do.  of  memben 

Skapahtina,  748 ;  speech  of  the  Prince,  743;  legislative  of  the  Leglsktnre,  771 ;  accident  to  Governor  Hampton, 

proceedings,  748;  the  ministry,  748.  771 ;  session  of  Legislature,  778;  receipts  and  expendl- 

Serriee^  UniUd  Statu  L\f&-«xving.^-OvL\j  governmental  tures,  778 ;  progress  of  Public  Schools,  772 ;  Jetties  to  be 

establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  worid,  748 ;  the  flnt  constructed  in  the  harbor  of  Charleston,  778 ;  taxation 

regular  attempt  at  organized  succor,  748 ;  pecuniary  aid  of  city  stock,  772 ;  decision  of  United  States  Supreme 

given  to  it,  749 ;  only  occasional  ciTorts  for  the  protection  Court,  778. 

of  navigatora  for  the  last  half  century,  750;  history  of  the  Spain.— Thb  King  and  ministry,  778  ;  revenue  and  expendi- 

suecesalve  steps  and  methods  for  the  aid  of  navigators,  ture,  778 ;  public  debt,  778 ;  army  and  navy,  778 ;  oom> 

750;  action  of  Congress  in  1854,  751 ;  organization  of  the  meroe,  778;  commercial  navy,  778;  Cortes  assembles, 

present  system  in  1871,  751;  the  appropriation  of  1871,  778;  message  announdng  the  royal  marriage,  778;  mar- 

751 ;  in  charge  of  the  Bevenue  Marine  service,  751 ;  sa  risge  bin  passed,  778 ;  regular  session,  778;  speech  fh>m 

expiration  and  examination  and  reorganization  of  the  the  King,  778;  financial  condition,  774 ;  Cuban  loan,  774; 

stationa,  751 ;  Kimball,  Sumner  L,  put  in  charge— the  marriage  of  the  King,  774;  attempt  to  shoot  the  King, 

work  that  was  done  and  its  successAil  results,  758 ;  extent  774 ;  insurrection  in  Cuba,  774. 

of  the  stations  and  selection  of  the  best  available  appa-  Spectra»eoj>ie  J?«ssaroA.— Its  bearings  on  the  nature  of  the 

ntna,  7S8;  code  of  regulations  prepared,  758;  details  of  elements,  91. 

them,  758 ;  continued  success,  758 ;  Increase  of  the  sta-  ^^incMM.— Increase  In  the  number  employed  in  the  United 

tions  and  districts,  758 ;  reports  and  farther  legislation  of  States  ttom  1870  to  1878, 115. 

Congress,  758 ;  fbrther  increase  of  stations  snd  Improve-  Stahl. — ^His  investigations  into  the  structure  of  lichens,  476. 

meota  in  apparatus,  758;  attempt  to  subordinate  the  State  Capital^  Nigw.—Isi  Connecticut,  819;  in  lBdlana,440; 

servlca  to  local  poUtica,  754 ;  disaster  of  the  British  ship  In  Michigan,  556. 

Ctrcassiaa,  754;  number  of  stations  in  1677,  754;  im-  /Stote  PvNto  5qAoo/.— A  charity  peculiar  to  Michigan,  557. 

proved  aiq>aratus,  telegraphs,  snd  boats,  754 ;  Uves  saved  Statu  iff  tht  German  Empire.— Are^^  population,  votes,  872. 

and  lost,  755;  act  of  Congress  of  June,  1878,  formally  Steam-Sngine^  Welle  Balance.— InyentSon  of  the  piston-rod, 

organizing  the  service,  755;  details  of  the  set,  755;  num-  774 ;  two  pistons  in  the  same  cylinder  of  the  engine,  774, 

ber  of  stations  embraced,  and  their  location  and  their  775l 

organization,  756,  757;  offlcen  of  the  service,  758;  de-  ififMWfHf  great  steamships,  784. 

seription  of  the  duties  of  subordinates,  758 ;  do.  of  the  SrsraKirs,  Alkxaitdsb.— Representative  from  Georgia,  185 ; 

house  of  the  station,  750;  do.  of  houses  of  reftage,  759;  on  the  tne  coinage  of  silver  doIUrs,  161. 

equipment  of  the  stations,  759 ;  the  surf-boat  and  its  SL  Octhard  Raitwiy  Tunnel.— lie  construction,  889. 

carriage,  760;  description,  761 ;  manner  of  stowing  gear,  Stock  Exchange^  Neva  Forib.- Depredation  of  values  in  five 

761 ;  deseriptim  of  the  Ul^-saving  ordnance,  761 ;  the  years,  180. 

Lyle  gun,  762 ;  method  of  withdrawing  frame  and  pins  iAi(7ar.— Imports,  exports,  manulhctures,  and  product,  189 ; 

from  shot-line,  762;  firing  shot  to  wreck,  768;  crotch,  molasses  product,  189. 

hawser,  sad  sand-anchor,  768;  Hfo-car  with  hawser  and  Sun^  7^.— Studenta  in  Japan  ridicule  the  assertion  that  it 

hawDng-llnes,  763;  rescue  by  breeehes-bnoy,  764;  using  moves  round  the  earth,  and  are  mobbed,  468. 

the  buoy  with  hawling-line,  764 ;  method  of  resnsdtation  Sutro  Tunnd^  TTke.— Its  extent  and  construction,  888 ;  drain- 

of  those  apparentiy  drowned,  764,  765 ;  evidences  of  vi-  age  and  temperature,  889. 

taUty4ieratofore  considered  ss  signs  of  death,  766;  life-  Siceden  and  Jfortoay.— The  King  and  flunlly,  776.    Sweden. 

saving  dress,  766 ;  cork  llfo-belt,  766 ;  the  saved  and  lost  — ^Ministry,  775;  area  and  population,  776 ;  population  of 

In  six  yean,  767.  the  prindpal  dtles,  776;  revenue  and  expenditure,  776; 

Sewere^  ventilation  oi^  728.  debt,  776;  army  and  navy,  776;  imports  snd  exports, 

9axn.BT,  Gkobov  F.  — Blrih  and  death,  767 ;  career,  767.  776 ;  movement  of  shipping,  776.    Norwxy.—TYit  Coun- 

Shsbc  a  LI,  ruler  of  Af^rhanistan.— His  answer  to  the  ultima-  dl  of  State,  776;  area  and  population,  776;  debt,  and  n- 

tnm  of  the  British  Government,  487.  cetpts  and  expenditures,  777 ;  navy,  777 ;  railroads  and 

SHXSMAif,  JoHir,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  — Statements  telegraphs,  777:  post-offloes,  777;   the  army  bill,  777; 

rektive  to  the  preparations  for  resumption,  885l  St.  Bsrtholomew  ceded  to  France,  777 ;  Crovemment 

Ship  Canal  across  Delaware,  889.  kian,  777. 

&de  Linse  qf  Mince.— Deeleion  of  the  Supnme  Court  of  Swedish  Arctic  Etepeditian.—ltB  nsults,  864. 

Colorado,  118.  Swing  Bridge^  the  longest  span  crossed  by,  888. 

8iUt  Ooodc,  the  practice  of  weighting  of,  229.  Switaerland.—Tbie  President  and  Council,  777;  area  and 


M^. 


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MS. 


/<S78' 


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